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SPECIAL COLLECTIONS

QKllO
£14

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127915

This book must not be
taken from the Library
building.

NORTH AMERICAN BOTAN¥;

COMPRISING THE

NATIVE AND COMMON CULTIVATED

PLANTS,

NORTH OF MEXICO:

GENERA ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE ARTIFICIAL
AND NATURAL METHODS.

BY AMOS EATON, A. M.,

Senior Prof. Rensselaer Institute ;

Member of the Institutes, Academies, Lyceums, and other Learned Societies in Philadelphia, New- York ,
New-Haven, Albany, Troy, Utica, Detroit, &c.

IN THB PRESENT EDITION THE A0THOR IS ASSOCIATED WITH

JOHN WRIGHT, M. D.,

Prof. Vegetable and Animal Physiology in Rensselaer Institute ;

Member of Yale College Natural History Society, Member and Official Lecturer in Troy Lyceum of
Natural History, and State Botanist in the Geological Commission of Michigan.

EIGHTH EDITION;
With the very valuable additions of the Properties of Plants, from Lindley's New Medical Flora.

That existence is surely contemptible, which regards only the gratification of instinctive
wants, and the preservatian of a body made to perish.— Xinneus.

TROY, N. Y.:
PUBLISHED BY ELIAS GATES,

Sold by O. Steele, Albany ; Grigg & Elliot, Hogan & Thompson, Thomas, Cowperthwait

& Co., Haswell, Barrington &. Haswell, Philadelphia; Collins, Keese & Co.,

Robinson, Pratt & Co., D. Appleton & Co., F. J. Huntington & Co.,

Wiley & Putnam, Gould, Newman Sc Saxton, New- York ;

C 0. Little & Co., Billiard, Gray & Co , Boeton;

Z Clark, Troy

1840.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1840, by the proprietor, Elias Gates,
iu the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Northern District
of New York.

N. TUTTLE, IriNTER.

REV. ELIPHALET NOTT, D. D.,

PRESIDENT OF UNION COLLEGE, SCHENECTADY, N. Y. ; PRESIDENT
OF R1SNSSELAER INSTITUTE, kC. &C.

Sir,

For the last ten years, the reputation and (it is hoped) the benefits of tliis
institution have been greatly promoted by your care and watchfulness over it, and by
your wide-spread influence. You are, therefore, entitled to the first place in the
memory of its teachers, T^fcnever their labors may take a form admitting of a
dedication. And as preceding' editions of this general system of North American
Botany have procured for it a fair name, and as this edition is much improved, both
in plan and execution, I have ventured to trust that you might deem it worthy of
some consideration.

I, therefore, in accordance with the desires of numerous graduates, students, and
my colleagues, dedicate to you, this (at least laborious) work on an important
branch of Natural Science, as a small testimonial of my, and their, grateful acknow-
ledgements.

AMOS EATON, Senior Prof, in the Inst.

Rensselaer Institute, Troy, N. Y.
April, 1840.

127015

SPECIAL DIRECTIONS AND NOTICES.

Rules for correcting inistakes in this book.— The mistakes are few; but all books,
wherein errors cannot be corrected by the sense, ever did and ever will contain some
errors.

Classes and Orders. Compare them under the heads of genera and species.

Natural Orders. Compare them under the heads of species, and Jussieu's benti-
grade.

Genera. Compare them under the generic head, the head of species, and with
their etymologies.

Species. Compare them as they are often used under numerous different genera;
allowing for case and gender.

Technical terms, used in descriptions. Compare them with those in the Botanical
Dictionary, and thus approximate the truth, and then consider the context.

Running head. Correct these and analygous errors by common sense.

Until the species were printed as far as Malvaviscus, p. 314, it had not occurred,
that T. & G. should have been inserted where T. alone was inserted, also that T.
alone should have been inserted where T. & J. were inserted.

Rosa sabifolia should be Rosa rubiginosa. In this edition, as well as in former
editions, we use italic instead of greek letters, for the sake of economy. As Gr. is
always prefixed, no inconvenience can accrue. We exclude capitals, by using colons
in place of periods, in descriptions. Also exclude capitals, when specific names are
made of proper names. We have the authority of Persoon, where localities gave
specific names. Since his time more specific names are derived from names of bota-
nists, than from localities; consequently we have still higher motives of economy for
excluding capitals in these cases. No inconvenience attends this practice.

Avoid misconception in the late application of gymnospcnnia, by authors. All
seeds have a covering, called testa, tripple cuticle, &c. This is very manifest on the
peas and apple seed. It is said to be divisible into three coals. It has recently been
discovered that not only the seed, within described pericarps, are covered; but that all
seeds, excepting those of conifereae and cycadeae, have acheneous coats or tunics,
outside of the testa, which bear stigmas. Such coverings, with their seeds, are
called achenes; as of sunflower seed, borage, carrot, Indian corn. To avoid confusion,
such coverings should be called tunics, not fruits. Gijmnosptrmia should retain its
original application. Achitospermae (a, without; chiton, tunic; sperma, seed;) should
be applied to pines, cedar, yew, and sago. N. B. On p. 539, Wild, should b«
acheneous.

PREFACE,

As about eleven thousand copies of former editions are in the hands of Botanists,
a descriptive preface is not required. A few extracts and references may, however,
be acceptable, on the origin and progress of this work.

In May, 1810, I made the first attempt in this country at a popular course of
lectures; with a view to make practical Botanists of young persons of all conditions
and pursuits. For this class I compiled a small elementary treatise. During that
course I received a letter from Dr. D. Hosack, (my teacher in 1802.) I make the
following extracts from that letter.

"New York, August 30, 1810.
" Dear Sir,

" I received yours of the 6th instant, and am happy to be informed of the progress
of the Botanical Institution at Catskill, under your direction. You have set an
example that, I doubt not, will be followed by many, if not most, of the Academies
throughout the State "

"You have adopted, in my opinion, the true system of education; and very properly
address yourself to the senses and to the memory, instead of the faculties of judgment
and reason, which are, comparatively, of slow growth. % * * *

To your pupils and their teacher, as first in the field, much praise is due. I doubt not
they will reap both pleasure and profit, as the reward of their enterprize. If I can
contribute to either, I shall be happy to do it, in any manner that you may suggest."

In 1816, I translated from Pursh, Persoon and Michaux, and made extracts from
other authors, sufficient to furnish materials for the first edition of the Manual of
Botany. I was favored with books and advice by Prof. Ives of Yale College; also
with books by Gov. Clinton, of New York. The first edition was published in a very
contracted form, by seventy-two students of Williams College, Mass., as no book-
seller would risk the publication. A thousand copies were published and ready for
use in June; and not a copy was left in market after six months. An enlarged edition
■was ready in the spring of 1818. Now Ihe 8th edition is completed.

The following extract from the present publisher's circular will give all further
account of the progress of this work, which will be desired by readers. His circular
was issued February 1, 1840.

VI PREFACE.

"To Botanists and their Pupils, who have contributed to, and patronized, the
Manual of Botant, through the seven preceding Editions:*

" Most of you remember, tliat the first spark of zeal for Botany, as an Academic
study, was the scintillation produced by legislative collision; when the question on
the purchase of Dr. Hosack's garden was agitated in the New York legislative assem-
bly. You will also remember, that this treatise was well-timed; by coming out when
we had Ito substitute in English. Bigelow's Boston Florula, and Muhlenburg's
Catalogue^Vere our only guides, until the learned work of Frederick Pursh appeared.
This being in Latin, it did not check the progress of the Manual. You all united in
its support, and carried it on by your liberal contributions, unto its seventh edition in
1836. For more than a year it has been out of the book market; though loudly called
for by you, and by those who have been accustomed to asking your opinions."

"Age, and declining vision, have admonished the author that he must call in the
aid of youthful zeal, with talented energies, to supply his loss by the waning of years.
He has been so fortunate as to succeed in associating Dr. John Wright with him in
this edition. He is a very zealous and accurate young naturalist. After some years
of ardent devotedness to the Natural Sciences at this institution, he had the benefit of
Professors Ives' and Silliman's instructions at Yale College. He has since been
united with Prof. Halljin the descriptive catalogue of Troy Plants. In the summer of
1838 he collected and reported, the plants of Michigan, as ofiicial Botanist to the State
Geological Commission."

'' Dr. Wright is now going through all the generic and specific descriptions;
correcting and modernizing the language, as far as may be done, without departing
from the original simplicity of manner, peculiar to this work. New, and well
authenticated discoveries, are also added by him. He has before him the works of
Lindley, Torrey, Darlington, Hooker, Beck, &c. The contributions of many friends,
in catalogues, letters, and rare plants, afford him many facilities."

Dr. Wright has now completed his labors to my entire satisfaction; and to the
satisfaction of those learned friends, to whom I have referred the sheets. To do even
tolerable justice to those Botanists, who have given me direct information by corres-
pondence and personal conversation, would require a volume. I should do violence
to my own feelings in naming one, without adding scores. It would too far extend
this volume, even to name published authorities in all the cases where I have quoted.

A word to Teachers. — To you I address a few lines, as a humble suppliant.

If you have any respect for yourselves or for human science, T beg that you will
never lend your aid in that public imposition, which has, within the last dozen years,
degraded and debased the study of Botany. I mean that of pretending to teach
Practical Botany by school lessons, without having each student hold in his hand a
system of plants and living specimens for perpetual demonstration. Botany must be
taught in the summer season only; unless the student studies in a green-house,
containing several hundred flowering species of plants. Even then, a winter course
is a miserable one. The student ought to collect in the field; but a collector may be
hired for about two dollars per hundred^ for four or five hundred species, if the class
amounts to twenty persons. In performing this duty, he collects and puts in press in
good order; the student furnishing paper and press. But all gentlemen students
should collect their own plants in the field. At any rate, it may be asserted

* These five last editions extended to two thousand copies each — and one of them
to two thousand five hundred.

PREFACE. VU

confidently, that there is not a botanist in the world, and there can never be one,
who has not analyzed and prepared with his own hand, at least three hundred species
of growing plants. Few garden plants are fit for analysis. By rich culture they
become unnatural and monsters. See pages 8, 12, and 16.

The question may be asked, how can Botany be taught to those who cannot afford
to give three dollars, or more, for a full System of Botany. I would answer by
applying the same question to every branch of valuable learning; and I would answer
all of them by saying — it is dishonest to take the property of students, under the
pretence of teaching tlaem,. when you know that they cannot be taught by the means
put into their hands. Postpone the study of any science, until necessary books
can be procured. Time is worth more than books. Shall youth waste away, to
accommodate a teacher or book-maker 1

It is some times said, as a mere subterfuge, that Vegetable Physiology may be
studied without living vegetables. It is true, that pictures may be studied; so may
the picture of a blacksmith shoeing a horse, be studied. But can you become a
blacksmith by studying this picture?*

The new terms introduced in this edition, are no more than appeared necessary in
the present state of the science. They are so often repeated, that they appear
numerous at first sight. The whole will hardly amount to one dozen. The chief are
sepal, for the leaf of a calyx; palca, for inner chaff, or the petal of a grass flower;
glume, outer chaff, or calyx; which saves numerous repetitions of calyx-glume,
corol-glume, calyx-leaves, etc. Sepal expresses the same as " the leaf of a perianth
calyx;" palsa, the same as the valve of a corol; glume, the same as the valve of a
calyx. Achene, or akene, is used for what was formerly considered as one of the coats
of the testa, and the seed was considered as destitute of fruit. This covering ought
to be called a tunic, to avoid confounding it, in language, with what was formerly
considered as fruit. If we consider the achene as tunicated seed, as carrot, sunflower,
savory, et cetera, it will accord better with former language. Involucre is now used
instead of imbricated calyx, of sunflowers, lettuce, etc. See p. 78 to 84.

AMOS EATON.

Troy, N. Y., April, 1840.

* In the preface to the seventh edition, the proprietor gives notice of a system of
North American plants, prepared for common students, whose cost was less than a
dollar. A new edition will be in the book-market for summer schools. It is called
Botanical Teacher. All district schools may be conveniently taught with it, if
the teachers (and perhaps a few older students) have large systems. Plants may be
collected, analyized, and labelled by it, by the aid of teachers with large treatises; for
the plants are contained in it which are in large Floras. Experienced botanists
procure it for the pocket, when traveling on botanizing excursions.

NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA,
NORTH OF MEXICO.

Number of native flowering genera .
Number of native genera of ferns
Number of common introdueed genera

Number of genera of the five lower orders of Cryptogaraia, published,
but not all proved to be }ialives

Total genera published,

1011

28
50

1089

236

1325

Number of native flowering species . . • 4637

Number of native species of ferns ... 99

Number of common introduced species . . . 350

Number of native flowerers, and ferns, and introduced . 5086

Number of species of the five lower orders of Cryptogamia, published,
but not all proved to be natives; neither is it probable that half of

our species have been determined . . . 900

Total species published, 5986

NUMBER OF SPECIES IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK,
Talcen from the Report of State Botanist, Torrey. Reported January 24, 1840.

Number of all flowering and flovverless plants, about 2400. "■''.

Number of flowering plants, about 1350; ferns, 53. Total 1403. '
Number of mosses, about 150; fungi, 300; algae unknown.
Trees and shrubs, 277 (150 medicinal): ornamental herbs, 250 (140 exotic);
grasses, 116 (24 exotic); sedge grasses, 140, mostly carexes.

REFERENCES

TO BE MADE BY STUDENTS, UNDEK THE DIRECTION OF A TEACHER, WHILE
STUDYING BOTANY WITH LIVING SPECIMENS.

For authors' names

•For time of flowering, color, &c.

For localities

ABBREVIATIONS.

Page.

15

15
15.16

For properties of plants

For diseases

For best authority for properties

Page.
31
32
32

Artificial classification
Natural classification
Genera of Fl. P. described

offerns

of lower orders

SUBJECTS OF THE BOOK.
11

17, 21, 539

33 to 94

94 to 96

97 to 110

Species of Fl. P. and ferns 111 to 485

of lower orders 487 to 530

Physiology 531 to 537

Index of English names 557 to 566

Dictionary 567 to 625

AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS

FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PLANTS.

[See Botanical Dictionary attached to this work.]

Classes, Okukks and Genera, are distinguished bj the organs of fructitication.
Elementary organs of fructification arc,

1. Calyx. The outer or lower part of the flower, generally not colored.*

2. Corol. The colored blossom, within or above the calyx.

3. Stamens. The organs immediately surrounding or adjoining the central one;
consisting of mealy or glutinous knobs, either sessile or supported on filaments.

4. Pistil. The central organ of the flower, whose base becomes the pericarp and
seed.

5. Pericarp, The fruit, whether pod^ shell, bag, or pulpy substance;

6. Tunic. The membranaceous covering of the seed; whether it is enveloped in
fruit, or naked.

7. Seed. The essential pai't, which contains the rudiments of a new plant.

8. Placenta. A cellular substance to which seeds are attached, and from which they
originate.

9. Receptacle. The base which sustains the other six parts, being at the end of the
flower stem. It is called torus, when a thickened mass.

■^ SUB-DIVISIONS OF THE CaI.YX.

Every eal^ is ehher mnnophyUous, consisting of one leaf; or polyphyllus, Consistino-
of more than one leaf. The divisions of thecaly.t are called leaves, or seirments in old
authors; but they are called sepals by late authors, which is now adopted.'

1. Perianth. That cnlyx which adjoins and surrounds the other parts of the flower
as of the apple, rose, &c. When sepal is used, it always implies the leaf of a
perianth calyx.

About two-thirds of all plants have perianths.

2. Involucre. That calyx which comes out at some distance below the flower, and
not enclosing it. It is commonly at the origin of the peduncles of umbels, and
sometimes attached to other aggregate flowers. The common calyx of a compound
flower, is an mvolucre; as of tlie dandelion.

Involucres are either universal, placed at the origin of the universal umbel as in
sunflower, caraway, lovage, &c. ; or partial, placed at the origin of a particular
umbel, as in coryander: or proper, placed beneath a single flower.

3. Spathe. A kind of membrane which at first encloses the flower, and afler it
expands is left at a distance below it; as daffodil, onion, Indian turnip.

4. Glume. That lund of calyx which is composed of one, two, or three valves or
scales; commonly transparent at the margin, and often terminated by a long awn

* In the language of Botany, any part of a plant is not colored when it is green; as
the calyx of the apple is said not to be colored, because iLis green; and that of the
nasturtion is colored, because it is not green.
1

D. H. HILL LIBRARY
HoiA Carolina SJateCollfege

2 AUXIHARY EXPLANATIONS.

or beard. All grasses have glums calyxes. Glumes are, physiologically, bracts;
but they are treated as leaves of tlu? calyi in the descriptions of gernera. For the
sake of precision in descriptions, the leaves or scales of the calyx are called glumes;
omitting the word calyx or scale. And the petals or scales of the corol, are called
paleas ; omitting the word corol.

5. Anient. An assemblage of flower-bearing scales, arranged on a slender thread or
long receptacle; each scale generally constituting the lateral calyx of a flower, as
in the willow, chesnut, pine, ttc. The hard scaly anient of pine trees, and the
like, is called strobile, or cone.

6. Calyptre. The cap or hood of pistillate mosses; resembling, in form and position,
an extinguisher set on a candle. Conspicuous in tlie common hair-cap moss.

7. Volva. The wrapper at first enclosing the pileus or head of a fungus, (toad-stool)
and which, after the plant has arrived to maturity, contracts and remains on the
stem at the root or foot of the stipe. Some toadstools have a red, (vtbnn) at the
edges of the cap or head, which was at first attached to the stem by the lower
edge. Some have a ring ( annvlusj on the stem, which was at first a part of the veil.

SUB-DIVISIONS OF THE CoROL.

Every corol is either monopetalous, consisting of one petal or flower-leaf; or poly-
petalous, consisting of more than one.
Monopetalous Corals are,

1. Bdl-form. Hollowed out within the base, and generally diverging upwards, as
Canterbury bells, gentian, &c.

2. Funnd-forni. With a tubular base, and the border opening gradually in the form
of a funnel, as the thorn-apple, morning glory.

3. Salver-form. Having a flat, spreading limb or border, proceeding from the top of
a tube, as lilac, trailing arbutus, &c. * '

4. Wheel-form. Having a spreading border without atubs, oi;,witb an exceeding
short one, as borage, laurel, mullein. - i,

5. Labiata. A labiate corol is divided into two general .parts, somewhat resembling
the lips of a horse or other animal. „
Labiate corols are either personate, (with the throat mutfled) as snap-dragon; or

ringent, (with the throat open) as mint, motherwort, catnip, monkey-flower.
Polypctalous Carols are,

1. Cruciform. Consisting of four equal petals spreading out in the form of a "cross,
as radish, cabbage, mustard, &c.

2. Caryophi/Ueus. Having five single petals, each terminating in a long claw, eliclosed *
in a tubular calyx, as pink, catch-fly, cockle, «S:c. »;• ,, .

3. Liliaceous. A corol with six petals, spreading gradually fioiu the baic, so as
altogether to exhibit a bell-form appearance, as tulip, lily, cVc. ' r

4. Rosaceutis. A corol formed of roundish spreading, petals without claws, or with
extremely short ones, as rose, apple, strawberry, A;c.

5. Papilionaceous. A flower which consists of a banner, two wings and a keel, as
pea, rlover, <Jtc., supposed to resemble a butterfly.

If a coiol agree with none of the above descriptions, it is called anomalous.
SuB-DivisioRs or THii Stamen.

1. Anther. The knob of the stamen, which contains the pollen; very conspicuous in
the lily, «S:c. Never wanting.

2. PpUen. The dusty, mealy, or glutinous substance contained in the anthers. Never
w'Sinting.

3. Filament. That part of the stamen which connects the anther with tiie receptacle,
calyx or pistil. Often wanting; generally thread-form when present.

SUB-DlVlSIONS OF THK PiSTIL.

1. Stigvia. The organ which terminates the pistil; very conspicuous in the lilly,
and hardly distinguishable in the filameut (silk) of the Indian corn. Never wanting.

AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS. S

2. Germ, ovarium. That part of the pistil which, in maturity, becomes the pericarp,
as in the cherry, pompion. Never wanting. It encloses the ovules, which are the
seeds vVhen mature.

3. Style. That part of the pistil which connects the stigma and the germ; very con-
spicuous in the lily; wanting in the tulip.

SujJ-DrVISlONS OF THE FliKlCARP.

1. Sillque. That kind of pod which has a longitudmal partition, with the seeds at-
tached alternately to its opposite edges, as radish, cabbage.

2. Legume. A pod williout a longitudinal partition, with the seeds attached to one
suture only, as the pea.

3. Capsule. That kind of pericarp which opens by valves or pores, and becomes
dry when ripe, as the poppy, which opens by pores and the mullein by valves.

4. Drupe. That kind of pericarp which consists of a tiiick fleshy or cartilaginous
coat, enclosing a nut or stone, as in the cherry, in which it is said to hejmlpj; and
in tlie walnut, where it is dry.

5. Achmc, (acine) a dry indeliiscent pericarp, small and seed-like in appearance; as
the ripened germs of the rose and crowfoot. A variety caryopsis, has the pericarp
so closely attached to tlie tunic, that they are scarcely separable: as Indian corn,
wheat, &.C. [see Gray, p. 22S.'\ A variety crcmocarp, consists of a pair of achenes
laterally attached; as of carrot, angelica. They are often in double pairs, »fec., as
in the steen-ciout, forget-me-not, hound- tongue, mother-wort, &c.

6. Pome. A pulpy pericarp without valves which contains within it capsules, or
carpels, as apples, quinces, &c.

7. Berry. A pulpy pericarp enclosing seeds without any capsule, as currant, grape.

8. Pepone. A fleshy pericarp with a firm rind, and pulpy partitions, which often
almost disappear in ripening; as gourd, pumpkin, cucumber.

9. Strobile. An aoient with 'woody scales, as the fruit of the pine.

SfcB-Dl VISIONS OF THE SsEED.

J. Cotyledon. The thick fleshy lobes of seeds; very manifest in beans, whose coty-
ledons grow out of the ground in the form of two large succnllent leaves. Many
plants, as Indian corn, wheat, the grasses, .tc , have but one cotyiedos; mosses •
&c. none. The part or organ producing the new plant (performing the function
of. a seed) is called a spornle in all cryptogamous plants; as toadstools, mosses, «&c.
Cotyledons are incnmheut, when their backs are presented to the radicle; and accum-
bent when their edges are thus presented.

2' Embryo, corcle. The rudiment of the future plant embraced in the seed. It con-
sists of the radicle, which becomes the root; the plumula, which becomes the her-
bage; and the collet, or caulicuLus, which is a kind of neck uniting the radicle and
plumula, and becomes the part of most plants just at the surface of the earth
where the root and stem take their respective directions upwards and downwards.

3. Tegument, or integument. The covering or bark of the seed. The tunic.

4. Albumen. This is not found in all seeds. When it is present, it is the dense part
included between the tegument and embryo. It constitutes the chief of a kernel of
Indian corn, and of some other monocotyledonous seeds. But it is often small,
and is never present in peas or beans; the thick fleshy part of such seeds being the
rudiments of cotyledonous leaves, which e.\pand before the plumula ascends from
between them.

5. llilum, or umbilicus. ' The external mark, scar, or eye; being the place where the
seed is connected to the point or placenta, from which it grows.

Sub divisions of the Receptacle. ** "

1. Proper. That which belongs to one flower only.

2. Common. That which connects several distinct florets, as in the sun-flower, daisy
teasel. A common receptacle may be,

3. Racfiis. The filiform receptacle, connecting the florets in a spike, as in the heads
of wheat.

4 AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS.

4, Columella. The central column in a capsule, to which tlie seeds are attached.

5. Spadix. An elongated receptacle, proceeding from a spathe, as Indian turnip.

General Divisions of Floweks.

1. Simple. Having a single flower on a receptacle, as in the quince, tulip, &c.

2. Aggregate. Having on the same receptacle several flowers, whose anthers are
not united, as teasel, button-bush.

3. Compound. Having several florets on the same receptacle, with their anthers
united, as sun-flower, china-aster.

4. Staminate. Having stamens only, as those in the tassels of Indian corn.

5. Pistillate. Having pistils only, as the fertile flower of the cucumber, •

6. Perfect. Having both stamens and pistils.

7. Neutral. Having neither stamens nor pistils.

8. Complete. Having a calyx and corol, as well as stamen and pistil.

Inflorescence.
The m,anner in which Flowers arc situated on Plants.

1. Whorl. In which the flowers grow around the stem in rings one above another,
as mother-wort, catnip.

2. Raceme. Having the florets on short undivided pedicels, arranged along a general
peduncle, as currants.

3. Panicle. Having some of the pedicels, along the general peduncle of the raceme,
divided, as in oats. A panicle contracted into a compact somewhat ovate form, as
in lilac, is called thyrse.

4. Spike. Having the florets sessile, or nearly so, on the elongated general recep-
tacle, as wheat, mullein.

5. Umbel. Having the flower-stems diverging from one place.V^e the braces of an
umbrella, bearing florets on their extremities, as cairot, dill, fennel.

6. Cyme. It agrees with the umbel in having its general-flower-stems spring from
one centre, but differs in having those stems irregularly sub-divided, as elder.

7. Corymb. In the corymb the peduncles take their rise from different heights along
the main stem; but the lower ones being longer they form neai^ a level or convex
top, as yarrow.

8. Fascicle. In general external appearance it resembles the umbel, but the foot-
stalks are irregular in their origin and sub-division, as sweet william.

9. Head. In this the flowers are heaped together in a globular form without pedun-
cles, or with very short ones, as clover.

Concentric Cylinders of Roots and Herbage.

The substance of Roots and Herbage consists of—

1. Cuticle. The thin outside coat of the bark, which seems to be without life, and
often transparent, Very conspicuous on some kinds of birch, cherry, currant
bushes, »tc.

2. Cellular integument. The parencliymous substance between the cuticle and bark,
generally green. Plainly seen in the elder, after removing the cuticle.

3. Bark. The inner strong fibrous part of the covering of vegetables.

4. Camb. The mucilaginous or gelatinous substance, which, in the spring of the
year, abounds between the bark and the wood of trees.

5. Wood. The most solid part of the trunks and roots of herbs and trees.

6. Pith. The spongy substance in the centre of the stems and roots of most plants,
Large \n the elder.

7. Medidlunj sheath. A cylinder surrounding the pith, made up of spiral vessels and
ducts, through which sap ascends.

AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS.

ROOTS.

Roots are the descending parts of vegetables, and are annual, liennial, or perennial
They are of seven kinds.

1. Branching. Having tlie whole root divided into parts as it proceeds downwards,
as the oak, apple tree, &.c.

2. Fibrous. The whole root consisting of filiform parts, originating immediately
from the base of the stem, as many of the grasses.

3. Creeping. Extending itself horizontally, and sending out fibrous radicles, as
quack-grass.

4. Spindle. Thick at the top, and tapering downwards, as carrot, parsnip, «S:c.

5. Tuberous. Roots which are thick and fleshy, not of any regular globular form.
They are hnohbecl, as the potatoe; oval, as those of orchis; abrupt, as the birdsfoot
violet; or fascicled, as asparagus.

6. Bulbous. Fleshy and spherical. They are either solid, as the turnip; coated, as
the onion; or scalt/, as the garden lily.

8. Granulated. Consisting of several little knobs in" the form of grains, strung to-
gether along the sides of a filiform radicle, as the wood-sorrel. -

Herbage is all the plant except the root 3ind fructification. It includes stems, leaves
and appendages.

STEMS.

1. Tigc, or proper stem. The ascending herbage-bearing trunk or stem of all plieno-
gaiiious plants except the grasses, as the trunk of the oak, tl}e grape vine, the
mullein stalk.

2. Culm. The stalk or stem of the grasses, as wheat-straw, sugar-cane, &c.

3. Scape. That kind of flower-bearing stem which springs immediately from the
root, and is destitute of leaves, as dandelion.

4. Peduncle. The flower- bearing stem which springs from any part of the stem or
branches, as apple, cucumber, &c.

5. Petiole. The foot-stalk of the leaf.

C. Frond. Applied entirely to cryptogamous plants. It includes the herbaceous,
leathery, crustaceous, or gelatinous substance, from which the fruit is produced,
called the thalUis or hymcniuni, when it bears fruit as the receptacle.

7. Stipe. The stem of a fern, of a fungus, of compound egret, and of a pericarp,
when elevated from the receptacle; as of maiden hair, garden caper.

LEAVES.

Regular leaves never grow out side by side. The alternate position along opposite
sides, seems to be the real normal principle of arrangement, towards which all other
positions tend. Though we find them opposite and in wliorls, our best physiologists
ascribe this to the unequal developement (to which some plants are habitually sub-
ject) of the internodes ot'tlie axis.
* The leaves of exogenous (dicotyledonous) plants derive their spiral vessels from the
medullary sheath, which tlie structure of the ribs and veins greatly resemble. The
cellular integument and cuticle of the leaf are derived from that of the stem: and
become more or less expanded and attenuated. The veins of exogenousfleaves branch
oft' in various directions among the substance of the disk (made up of cellular integu-
ment and cuticle) called parenchyma.

Tlie leaves of endogynous plants (monocotyledonous) derive their spiral vessels
from bundles, diverging oft" as a sub-division of the general quantity of bundles con-
stituting the whole culm, which the slrbeture of the veins greatly resembles. Their
veins mostly extend from the base of the petiole to the apex, or to a kind of eorol or
edging which carries them on, in an united state, to the apex.

The petioles of some leaves become spiral climbers, as of the Clematis. In many
cases the leaf does not expand into a disk; but becomes two or more (rarely one)
branches of a climber, called a tendril, as grapes and peas. Sometimes the petiole
spreads into an enormous cup, as that of the Sarracenia, (side-saddle.) This cup is
called an ascidium, (bottle-leaf) (Greek, askos, the leathern bottle of the ancients^
idios, peculiar or particular kind. )

t> AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS.

Kinds of leaves, as distiiiguished hij their form, surface, position, aggregation and duration.
In duration, leaves are ever(;reen, deciduous and caducous.

FORMS OF SIMPLE LEAVES.

1. Orhi.cular. Nearly circular, as the leaves of red clover, of cabbage, &c.

2. Ovate. Resembling the longitudinal section of an egg, thq base being broader
than the extremity. One of the most common forms of leaves.

3. Oml. Difleringfrom ovate, in having both ends equal in breadth.

4. Oblong. Tlie length more tlian twice llie breadtji, and the sides somevphat parallel.

5. Ohuvnle. Ovate, with the narrowest end towards the stem, as those of red clover.
.6. Cordate. Heart-shaped, the hind lobes being rounded, as lilac.

7. Olif.ardate. Cordate, with the apex or narrowest end towards the stem, as of wild
indigo.

8. Kidney form. Hollowed in at the base, with rounded lobes and rounded ends, as
mallows.

9. Lanceolate. In the form of the ancient lance, tapering from near the base to the
apex, and narrow, as the leaves of most of the willows, ot ribwort, »&c.

10. Linear. Continuing the same widtli through nearly the whole length; usually
pointed at one or bolji ends, as most grasses.

11. Awlform. Linear at the base and becoming more or less curved at the point.

12. Acuminate. Any kind of leaf terminating more or less suddenly in a point turned
towards one edge of the leaf.

13. Arroicform. Shaped like an arrow-head; diifering from cordate in having the
hind lobes more or less acute. «.

14. Halbertform. Hastate. Shaped like an halbert, as field-sorrel, creeping snap-
dragon.

15. Guitarform. Oblong, broadish near the base and contracted at the sides.

16. Lobed. Deeply parted, and the divisions large, with rounded sides or ends, as
the white oak.

17. Palmate. Resembling a hand with the fingers spread, as horse-chesnut.
\S. Pedute. Resembling a bird's foot. IP

19. Sinuate. Having the margin liollowed with deep sinuses or bays, as the white-
oak.

20. Pinnatifid. Divided transversely by deep incisions, not extending to the midrib.

21. Li/rute. Pinnatifid with the largest division at the apex, and diminishing from
thence to the Ijase, as hedge-mustard.

22. Runcinatc. Pinnatifid, with tlie divisions pointing backwards, as dandelion.

EUGES OF LEAVES.

23. Serrate. Having sharp notches resembling saw-teeth along the margin, and
pointing towards the apex, as those of clierry trees, roses, &c.

24. Toothed. Having projections from the margin of its own substance, which are
neither serratures, nor crenatures, as those of the blue-bottle.

2.5. Crenate. Having uniform notches on the margin of the leaf which incline to-
wards the apex, or the base, or neither, as gill-overground.

ENDS OF LEAVES.

2G. Eniarginatc. Notched at the termination of the midrib.

27. Rduse. Emarginale with a shallow sinus.

28. Obtuse. Having the apex of the leaf more or less rounded.

29. Acute. Terminating in an angle; that is, not rounded.

SURFACES OF LEaVES.

1. Hairy. Having distinct, straight hairs.

2. Downy. Covered vvith fine coiton-like down.

3. Sillaj. Covered with soft close-pressed hairs.

4. Bristly. Set vvith stiff hairs.

5. Ciliate. Edged with parallel hairs or bristles, resembling eye-lashes.

6. Nerved. Furnished with mid-nb-like fibres running from the base to the apex.

7. Veined. Having tendinous fibres variously branched.

AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS.

POSITIONS OF LEAVES.

1. Decurrent. When the two edges of the leaf extend along the stem below the place
of insertion.

2. Clasping. Sessile with the base more or less heart-form, so as entirely or in part
to surround the stem.

3. iShcatlting. Willi the leaf prolonged down the stem, so as to cover it, in the
manner of the grasses.

4. Ptifoliate. Having the stem passing through the leaf.

5. Coiuiale. Leaves opposite, with their bases united.

6. Pdtatc. With the foot-stalk attached to the lower side of the leaf, so as to
resemble a sliield.

7. Opposite. Standing at the same height with base against base.

8. Wlwrled. Surrounding the stem in horizontal rings or rows.

y. Imbricate. Lying over each other like shirgies on a roof, so as to " break joints."
10. Fascicled. Growing in bunches from the same point, as leaves from white pine.
iL Radicle. Proceeding immea.ately Ironi the root.

COMPOUND LEAVES.

1. Ternatc. Having three leafets proceeding from the end of one petiole.

2. Biternate. Twice ternate; when the petiole is ternate, and each division bears
three leafets.

3. Triternate. Three times ternate,

4. Pinnate. With distinct leafets airanged on opposite sides of the same petiole.
6. Bipinnate. Twice pinnate.

6. Tripinnate. Thrice pinnate.

7. Interruptedly-pinnate. Having smaller leafets dispersed among the larger, as potatoe.

Leaves and appendages used in descriptions.

Stipules are rudimentary leaves and sometimes are transformed into real leaves,
with buds in their axils. They are generally appendages attached to the bases of
leaves, as of rose leaves.

Bracts (often called floral leaves) are generally near the origin of a flower and at
first surrounding or adjoining it. Biacts are at a small distance below the calyx,
when present. The chafls or husks of grass and corn, are strictly bracts; but in
descriptions they are treated as equivalent to calyxes and corols.

Thorn, an abortive indurated bud flxed on the wood.

Prickle, arises from the bark by expansions in minute spots.

Hairs, arise in the same manner: sometimes they yield an acrid liquid by compres-
sion, as of the nettle.

Gland, a roundish (generally minute) appendage on various organs of some plants.

Tendril, a flliform appendage by whicii some plants climb other plants, fences,
poles, «&c.

LATIN AND GREEK NUMERA.LS, AS USED IN COMPOSITION.

Before entering upon the study of the Natural Method, as well as of the Artificial^
(and even before using the Botanical Dictionary), the student should be perfectly
familiar with those numerals wliich are perpetually used in composition. They are-
ilie following; and are applied to classes, orders, <lk.c.

Latin. Nos. Greek. Nos. Classes.

Unus,

1

IVlonos,

1

MoNANDRiA, 1 stamen.

Bis,

2

Dis.

2

DiANDRiA, 2 stamens.

Tres,

3

Treis,

3

Triaxdria, 3 stamens.

Quatuor,

4

Tettares,

4

Tetraxdria, 4 stamens.

Quinque,

.5

Pente,

5

Pentanoria, !"> stamens.

Sex, ,

6

Ex, (pronounced
hex. )

0

Hexakuria, G stamens.

Septem,

7

Epta, (pronounced 7

Heptandria, 7 stamens.

hepta. )

AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS.

Latin.

Nos.

Greek.

Nos.

Octo,

8

Okto,

8

Novern,

9

Ennea,

9

Decern,

10

Deka.

10

Undecem,

11

Endeka,

11

Duodecem,

12

Dodeka,

12

Tredecem,

13

Dekalreis,

13

Quatuordecim,

, 14

Dekatettares,

14

Quindecim,

J 5

Dekapenta,

15

Sexdeciin,

16

Dekaex,

i6

Septeindecim,

17

Uekaepta,

17

Octodeciin,

IS

Dekaokto,

18

Novendecim,

19

Dekaennea,

19

Vigiriti,

• 20

Eikosi,

20

Multus,

xMany

Polus,

21

Classes.
OcTANDiiiA, 8 stamens.
Enneanuria, 9 stamens.
Decanuria, 10 stamens.
IcosANDRiA, 20, and down to 10, on

calyx.
PoLYANDRiA, many, above 10, not on

calyx.
DiDYNAMiA, 2 longer than 2.
Tetradynamia, 4 longer than 2.
MoNADELPHiA, in 1 set by filaments.
DiADELPHiA, in 2 sets by filaments.
Syngenesia, united anthers.
Gynandria, stamens on pistil.
iVIoNOECiA, same root, not flower.
DioECiA, different roots and flowers.
Cryptooamia, stamens wanting.

The first ten numerals only are applied to the' classes set opposite to them.
See each class in the Dictionary.

ANALYSIS, FOR FINDING THE NAME OF A PLANT.

The art of searching out the name of. a plant is denominated the analysis of thef
plant. It is, in truth, an elegant illustration of the Analytic method of logic; as the
construction of a genus, order and alass, is of the SijnllietKul method.

When we analize a plant by the aid of the artificial system, our final purpose is to
ascertain the specific name, by which it is called by tiie first botanist, who published a
description of it. But in doing this, we trace it through several intermediate steps.
Species are grouped together under generic names; genera under orders; orders under
classes. By this arrangement much labor is saved. For example, we see the com-
mon wild strawberry, for the first time, and are desirous to learn its name. By com-
paring the proper organs with the description of the classes, we find it belongs with
the group of plants, which constitute a class, called Ir.osandria. This class is sub-
divided into orders, and we find our plant is to be referred to the order Polijgyiua.
Here we find the names of several genera, such as rose, the raspberry, the straw-
berry, the five-finger, the avens, &c. On comparing our plant with all the genera
under this order, we find it will agree with none but the strawberry.

On turning to the strawberry (under the botanical nawe fiagaria, (p. 246,) we find
there are several kinds of strawberry. Each kind is called a species, as the English
strawberry, hautboy strawbeiry, pine-apple strawberry, vi-ild strawberr}', &c. are
different species. On carefully comparing our plant with the descriptions of all the
species, we find it will agree with none brt the wild strawberry (virgiriiana.) Thus
we arrive at the generic name strawberry, (fragaria,) and the specific name wildf
(virginiana.)

At the right of the generic name, we find 92, the number of the order of Jussieu, to
which it belongs; and Rosa, the abbreviation of Rosaceae, Lindley's order. See p.
29, where we find 14 associate genera (as Vaspberry, five-finger, «&c. ) We also find
(at the same p. 24G) at the right of Rosa, four abbreviations. These are explained on
p. 31, thus: the general pro()erties are astringent, fruit refrigeient or cooling to the
feverish patient; and a specific febrifuge. If we wish to pursue its natural affinities,
we find the order Rosaceae in the table at pp. 18, 19, 20, and find its reference to p.
545, where this order and its associates are minutely dissected.

LINNEAN ARTIFICIAL CLASSES.

The Linnean Artificial classes are founded upon the four following circumstances
of the stamens; nuiiilier, pnsition, rclatice length, and cviiiicriun. The first ten are
distinguished by the number of stamens; the elecenlh and twelfth by number and posi-
tion; the thirteenth anfiL fourteen th by number and relative length; the ffteenth, sixteenth,
and sccenteenth by connexion; the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth by position.
The last or twenty-first class, being a natural one, is not distinguished by any circum-
stance of the stamens.

AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS. . D

TJie first twelve classes are named by prefixing Greek numerals, expressive of the
number of stamens, to andkia; which is a Greek derivative, used metaphorically for
stamens.

The thirteenth and fourteenth classes are named by prefi.xing the Greek numerals,
expressive of the number of long stamens, to dynamia; which is a Greek derivative,
signifying power, importing that the longest stamens are most powerful.

The fifteenth and sixteenth classes are named by prefixing Greek numerals expreS''
sive of the number of parcels in whicli tlie stamens are united by their filaments, to
the word auelphia; whicli is a Greek derivative, used to signify brotherhood.

The seventeenth class is named by prefixing stn, (a Greek derivative from sun,)
signifying togetiier, to genesis, a Greek derivative, signifying produced or growing
up. The name is intended to signify that the anthers grow up together, or in an
united state.

The eighteenth class is named by prefixing an abbreviation of gynia, a Greek deriv-
ative, used metaphorically to signify the pistil, to andria; as the stamen and pistil are
.united in tjiis class.

The nineteenth and tvventietli classes are named by perfixing Greek numerals ex-
pressive of tlie number of plants occupied by tlie stamens and pistils in order to com-
plete a species, to cecia, a Greek derivative from oikos, a house. The name is intend-
ed to signify, that the stamens and pistils inhabit the same or different tenements.

Tlie twenty-first class is named by prefixing crVpto. a Greek derivative, signifying
concealed, to gamia a Greek derivative,- used metaphorically for the strewing of pollen
from the anthers upon the stigmas of pistils. It is intended to signify, that ths
operation of strewing the fertilizing pollen upon stigmas, eo manifest in lilies, poplars,
Indian corn, &c., is concealed in plants of this class; though it is possible that such
operations are as regularly performed incryptogamous as in phenogamous plants.

ARTIFICIAL ORDERS.

Each class is subdivided into two or more orders. These subdivisions are founded
upon the number of styles (or stigmas when styles are wanting); the covering or ap-
parent nakedness of seeds; the relative lengths of pods; the comparison between disk
and ray florets of compound flowers; and the characters of preceding classes. The
orders of the class cryplogainia are distinguished by natural family Characters.

The orders of the first twelve classes are distinguished by the numbr of styles: and
named by prefixing Greek numerals, expressive of the number of styles to gvnia, a
Greek derivative, used metaphorically for style or stigma. The styles are numbered
at their origin on the germ. Their subdivisions above the germ are not taken into
view in determining the number of the order. Sometimes the style is wanting, leav-
ing the stigma to sit down upon the germ; in such cases the stigmas aie numbered in
determining the number of the order.

The orders of the thirteenth and fourteenth classes are but two in each. Those in
the thirleenth are named by perfixing gymno, a Gieek derivative, signifying naked, or
angio, a Greek derivative, signifying bag or sack, to spermia, a derivative signifying
seed. In the fourteenth, they are named by using a derivative from the Latin siliqua,
a pod, and from the diminutive of the same, sieicula.

The orders of tiie fifteenth, sixteenth, eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth classes,
are distinguislied by the characters of preceding classes, and assume the same names.
Therefore when a plant is found in either of these five classes, we inquire which
nearest preceding class it would fall into, if its particular classic character were
wanting. The answer to this inquiry gives the order.

The four first orders of class 17, are distinguished by comparing the disk and ray
florets. The first, second and third orders have perfect florets in the disk: the fourth
has staminate florets only in the disk. The first has perfect florets in the ray, the
second and fourth have pistillate, and the third has neutral. The fifth order has par-
tial perianth calyxes to all the florets: whereas none of the other orders have any but
the general calyx — the egret, when present, being a substitute for the perianth.' The
orders of this class are named by joining the word polygamia to an appropriate adjec-
tive. Polygamia is a Greek derivative, used metaphorically to signify numerous
organs for carrying on the process of strewing the fertilizing pollen upon stigmas.
The adjective cequaeis is used to signify, that the organs for furnishing pollen are
equalized, or duly proportioned to the stigmas to be fertilized; superflDa, that the
pistillate florets in the margin or ray are superfluous, each fertile floret of the disk
having stamens and pistils in due proportion; frcstranea, that the ray florets are

10 AUXILIARY EXPLANATIONS.

empty or vain, having no stamens or pistils; necessaria, that the ray florets are
necessary to tlie production of seedj the disk florets being all staminate; segregata^
that the' Horets are disjointed, or separated from eacii other by partial calyxes.

•The orders of the twenlv-first class are distinguished by natural family characters;
this class embraces six natural families. The species of the five last of the families
Sre placed at the end of the plienogamia, at page 4S7.

OMITTED Cl^ASSES.

The classes of Linneus, called Dodocandria, Poly adelphia, and Polygamia. are omit-
ted: and their respective geneia are distributed among other classes. For the Dode-
candria is a small class and the charattpr variable. The Polyacfelphia is exceedingly
variable, and not necessary. The Pf)lygamia is inconstant in its character, and the
plants may be classed by their perfect flowers.

N. B. When a star(*) is placed before generic names at the end of an order, it is
to be understood, that though some species of these genera fall here by the rules of
the artificial system, yet that as no natural, genus must be divided, these stragglers
must be referred back to tiieir natural genera for descriptions. They may thus be
referred back by aid of the alphabetical arrangement of generic names, where the
species are described.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR NEXT PAGE EXPLAINED.

Mon. monogynia, 1 §tyle, or sessile stigma, to each flower; Dig. digynia, 2 styles
or sessile stigmas to eajh flower; Tri. trigynia, 3: Tet. tetragynia, 4; Pen. penlagy-
nia, 5; Hex. hexagynia, 6; Hep. i)«plagynia, 7: Oct. octagynia, 8; Dec. decagynia,
JO; Pol. polygynia, over 10. In classes 15, 16, 18, ID, 20. preceding classes become
orders by their names and characters. Here. Mon. monandria: Dia. diandria; Tri.
triandria; Tet. tetrandria; .Pen. pentandria; Hex, hexaudria; Hep. he|)landria; Oct.
oclandria; Dec. decandria; Pol. polyandria: I\Ion. nmnadelphia. In class lo, Gym.
gyifinospermia; Ang. angiospermia. In class 14, Silic. siliculosa: Siliq. siliquosa.
In class 17, .'Eg. polygamia aequsrlis; Sup. polygamia superflua; Frus. polygamia
frustranea; Nee. prilygamia necessaria: Seg. polygamia segregata. In class *<il, Fil.
Filices, (ferns;) Alus. Alusci, (mosses;) Hep. llepticae, (liverworts;) Alg. Algae,
(seaweeds;) Lich. Lichens; Fun. Fungi, (mushroom, mould.)

ACXILIARY EXPLANATIONS.

II

SYNOPSIS OF THE ARTIFICIAL CLASSES.

Number of
Stamens.

Nuiiibcr and
Position.

C 1. MoxANDRiA, one stamen to each flower.

2. DiAiNUKiA, 2 stamens. .

3. Triandria, 3 stamens.

4. Tetrandria, 4 slamens.

5. PtNTANURiA, 5 stamens.

6. IIexandria, 6 stamens.

7. HtPiANURiA, 7 stamens.

8. OcTANPRiA, 8 stamens.

9. Enneandria, 9 stamens.
1^10. Deca.ndria, 10 stamens.

C 11. IcosANDRiA, over 10 stamens, on the calyx. Generally, about 20.
< 12. PoLYAXDRiA, over 10 stamens, not on calyx. Generally over 20,

and variable.

Number and
relative
Length.

13. DinvN A.MIA, 4 stamens, 2 of them longest. Flowers labiate.

14. Tetrauynamia, U stamens, 4 of them longest. Flowers cruci-
form. .

f 15. MoNADELPHiA, filaments united in one set. The stamens present
Connexion of | a columnar form, altogether.

the Slamens J 16. Diadelphia, filaments united in two sets; papilionaceous. Sta-
by filaments | mens may be in one set, if the flower is papilionaceous.
or anthers j 17. Syngenesia, anthers united; flowers compound. The filaments

^_ are always 5, and separate.

fl8. Gynandria, stamens on the pistil, distant from the corol. Pollen
Position of j mostly glutinous; and most of the flowers contain nectaries.
Stamens rela--( 19. Monoecia, stamens in flowers separate from pistils, on the same
tive to the | plant. Pollen generally abundant.

Pistils. I 20. DioEciA, stamens in flowers separate from pistils, on separate
l^ plants. Pollen abundant. Pistillate plant generally most robust.

Invisible or S 21- Crvptogamia, stamens invisible, wanting or very caducous. This
Caducous, i^ class includes six natural orders.

ORDERS OF EACH CLASS.

1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. oth. Gth. 7lh. 8th. 10th. 12th.

1 Mon. Dig.

2 Mon. Dig. Tri.

3 Mon. Dig. Tri.

4 Mon. Dig. Tet.

5 Mon. Dig. Tri. Tet. Pen. Pol.

6 Mon. Dig. Tri. Hex. Pol.

7 Mon. Tet. Hex. Hep.

8 Mon. Dig. Tri. Tet.

9 Mon. Dig. Tri.

10 Mon. Dig. Tri. Tet. Pen. Dec. ■

11 Mon. Dig. Pen. Pol.

12 Mon. Dig. Pen. — Pd.

13 Gyi

Ano

14 Silic.

Siliq.

15

Tri.

Pen.

16

Hex.

17 iEq.

Sup.

Frus.

Nee.

Seg.

18 Mon.

Dia.

Pen.

Hex.

19 Mon.

Dia.

Tri.

Tet.

Pen.

Hex.

20

Dia.

Tri.

Tet.

Pen.

Hex.

21 Fil.

Mus.

Hep.

Alg.

Lich.

Fun.

Hep.

Oct.

Dec.
Dec.

Dec.

Pol.

Pol.
Pol.

16th.

Mon.
Mon.

13 AUXILARY EXPLANATIONS.

FRUIT AND SEED, TAKEN IN CONNEXION.

The study of vegetable pliilosopliy requires a knowledge of natural alliances. After
the description of species in tiiis book, a concise view of the natural method is given,
sufficient for that purpose. It is not however intended for ascertaining the names of
genera, without the concurrent aid of the Linnean method. Many botanists consider
the artificial system in this respect preferable to the natural method; even if we
leave out of view the vast labor of arriving at a sutTicient knowledge of it. The
celebrated Hooker says, " The experience of nearly one hundred years has proved to
every unprejudiced mind, that no system has appeared which can be compared with
that of the immortal Swede (Linneus), for the facility with which it enables anyone,
hitherto unpractised in botany, to arrive at a knowledge of the genus and species of a
plant."

To prepare for the study of natural alliances of plants, as a necessary step towards
the study of vegetable physiology, the student must have distinct views of the parts
of seeds and fruit.

Fig. 1.

Beginning with the seed when mature, and yet enclosed in the fruit, we find it in
a kind of tunic, or an outer and inner sack, called primine and secundine. These are
not always separable. Fig. 1. c. points to the nucleus, a. to the primine, h. to the
secundine. e. is the point where the coats and nucleus are united by their constituent
organs. This point of union is called chalaza. At this point the seed grows to the
placenta. The nucleus and its coats, while in the growing state, constitute the ovule.
The ovule never has a stigma, but derives its fertilizing pollen tlirough its placenta,
by way of tiie stigma of its carpel (pericarp.) The pea is the ovule, the pod is its
carpel, the thickened edges of the pod at their meeting is the placenta, along which
the pollen is conveyed from the stigma for the use of the ovules: which pollen the
gtigma received from the anthers.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

The pod, which was at first a germ or ovary, is a single carpel, as Fig. 6, w^ith the
oyules along one edge, as o, along the placenta p. But when their pod was in the

AUXILARY EXPLANATIONS.

13

bud (called its state of estivation) it was a leaf, with its edges meeting as at p.
These edges grew together and thickened into placenta. Here granulations were
formed, wiiicii became ovules, and finally seeds and their tunics. The midrib of the
ieaf r. extended upwards and became the pistil; its tip end became a moistened
jtigma, St.

The germ is often made up of a whorl of leaves; whose edges grow together, and
form several distinct carpels. Fig. 7. exhibits five separate carpels. This is apocarji
fruit. Their approximating folded edges present their separate lines of placenta, /n
bearing their respective ovules; o. also exhibiting the midrib of each leaf >•, which is
elongated into the st3'le and siigma st. The carpels marked c. exhibit their apocarpous
position; a. shows the opening between them.

The germ is also made up of a whorl of leaves, as in the last case: but unite in one
mass of fruit, as Fig. 8. Here ihe five lines of placenta, formed of the folded edges
of the leaves, grow together, and produce single columella of placenta, p. This is
called syncocaip fruit, because the carpels unite in one. The ovules surround the
columella, o, but the sides of the leaves become septae, s, and thus cut the fruit into
cells. These septae are truly double; but they grow so compactly, that they appear
to be single. The midribs sometimes unite so closely as to tbrm but one style and
one stigma, st. But this single style and stigma retain so much of the separate
character of their respective midribs, that they conduct the pollen to their respective
series of ovules by way of their respective lines of placenta, though united in a single
columella. In the apple, the five valve-like carpels, which are enveloped in a poma-
ceous mass, keep their styles distinct.

Fiff. 3.

Fig. 4.

The size, proportion and distinctness among parts of carpels and ovules, are
remarkably difi^erent in different kinds of plants. But their analogies are astonishingly
constant, as far as they have been thoroughly investigated. The carpels of the
strawberry, Fig. 4, are very small, and stand in whorls around a fleshy, conical recep-
tacle. The rose has its carpels in a cup-form or tubular calyx. Fig. 3. These carpels
are called aikcnes, and are indehiscent. The crowfoot and virgin bower are examples.

When two aikenes are attached side by side, as the sunflower, artichoke and dande-
lion, angelica and carrot, they are called nikenes, variety crcmocurp. The same may
be applied to steen-crout, borage, and hound-tongue. Indian corn, wheat, oats,
barley, and many of the proper grasses, have an exceedingly thin membrane for a
pericarp; so that it can scarcely be separated from the cuticle of the seed. These are
called aikenes, variety canjopsis. -s

Fig. 2.

The ovules of peas, beans, and other of the same family — also of pinks, soap- wort,
and lychnes — also of radish, mustard, cabbage, cresses, and pepper-grass, and of
some other plants, curve round upon themselves, as Fig. 2. By following the order

14 AUXILARY EXPLANATIONS.

of the letters, which are Bimilar in position to the fame of Fi^r. 1, with a pea in hand,
this form will be readily understood. The seeds or ovules of oranges, apples, &.c.
have tlieir tops, or foramens, d. turned to the placenta. These have a kind of stem-
like organ, called rap/ie, forming a ridge along tiie side of the seed or ovula, which
serves as the alem supporting the ovule, in this inverted order, from the placenta.

Placenta is parietal, or M'all-placenta, when it forms a Kind of side-wall ahoul the
ovules; as the germ (ovarium) of the violet. Fig. 5. a. points to the thick parietal
placenta — o. to the ovules.

These figures are sufficient to illustrate the most important parts of fruit and seed,
with genuine specimens, well selected. Teachers must be furnished with more exten-
sive ph}'siological treatises. Gray's I'^lenipnts is a convenient guide; but Lindley's
Introduction to Botany is more extensive, more elegantly executed, and fouifold the
expense.

AUXILIARY EXPLANATIOiVS, 15

ABBREVIATIOxNS AND CHARACTERS.^ '
Authors' names, who first determined a Genus or Species.

Ach. Acharius — A. Aiton — B. and Bart. Barton — Bk. Beck — B. Bridel — Bw. Bige-
•low — Br. Robert Brywn — Cates. Catesby — C. Curtis — D. Desfonlaines— Dc. De
Candolie — Dn. Darlinijtoti — Ds. Desveauz — E. Elliott — Ea. Ealon — Eli. Elirhart —
Fos. Foster— Gn. GiDelin— G. Gronovius— H. lledwig— Hn. Hoffii.an— Hr. L'Heri-
tier — Hk. Hooker — J. James — Ju. Jussieu — Jn. Jacquiii — L. Linneus — Lb. Lambert
— Lk. Lainarc!{— M. Muhlenberg— Mx. Michaux— Mn. Moenchausen— Mr. Murry—
N. Nuttall— Pall. Pallas— P. Persoon— Ph. Pursh— Pt. Poiret— Poit. Poilean— Pb.
Palisot de Beauvois— R. Rafinesque— Relz. Retezius— Rs. Roemer and Shultes— Rd.
Richard — S. Smiih— Scop. Scopoli^Sl. Spreiigel — Sr. Screber — Sy. Salisbury — Sw.
Svvartz — Sii. Schkuhr — Sz. Scliwintz — Sp. Sibshorp — T. Torrey — Tt. Tournefort —
Tr. Turton— V. Ventenant— VVh. VVahlenburg— VV. WiUdenovv— Wr. Walter— Wm.-
Waiigenheim— T. & G. Torrey and Gray.

Time of Flowering, Duration, Color, asd average Height.

Time ftf Floicering.

Ap. April— M. May— J. June— Ju. July— Au. August— S. Septemher— Oc. October.

Duration of Plants.

O annual — q biennial — ZC perennial—'^ woody.

Color of Carols.

r. red — p. purple — y. yellow — w. white — b. blue — blk. black — g. green.

Height of Plants.

A figure at the end of a specific description with i. signifies its most conimoii

Jheighl in inclies — wiih f. in feet.

LOCATION OF SPECIES. ^

Species standing next to the generic name, grow North of the State of Virginia.

S. at the end of a specific description indicates that it grows South of the North
line of Virginia, as v;ell as Noith.

W. (capital) within the parenthesis after a species, indicates, that it grows West
of the Allegany range and its continuation through Ca3^uga Lake, &c. — also East of
the West line of Missouri and Arkansas.*

A. (capital) within said parenthesis, indicates that it is Alpine, or that it prefers
mountainous districtt.

L. (capital) within said parenthesis indicates, (Littoribus) that it prefers the sea-
shore.

O. (capital) within said parenthesis (Omnibus locis) that it is throughout the
Northern and Southern States.

Capitals set at the end of Specific Descriptions, indicating particular
Localities.

B. Boston, Mass. Bigelow.

C. Connecticut, particularly N. Haven. Ives, Tully. Eaton.

D. Detroit and N. W. Lakes. Cooly, Houghton, James.

F. West Chester Co., N. Y., particularly North Salem, Fairfield Co., Conn. Dr.
Mead.
H. Harrisburgh, &c. Allegany range in Vir.* and Penn. Aikin.
K. Kentucky, particularly Lexington. H. H. Eaton, Short, Peter.
La. Louisiana.

M. Maryland, particularly Frederick. Aikin.
Mch. M"ichigan.

N. Northampton, Amherst, Deerfield, Mass. Hitchcock, Cooley.
O. Ontario Co., particularly Gorham, Ac. Aikin.

* This limit is authorized by Drs. Short, Peter, Riddel!, and Lock.

16 AUXILIARY EXl'LANATIONS

P. Pfiiladelphia and Chester. Darlington and Barton.

S — C South Carolina.

T. Troy, N. Y. The Eatons. Aikin. Hall, Wright.

V. Rutland Co., Vt.. and Washington county, N. Y. Eaton, Stevenson, Fitchv

W. Williamstovvn, Mass. Dewey, Eaton and Emmons.

Arctic, RocJnj Ml., and Oregon Species.

A. Arctic, growing near or within the Arctic circle.

R. On the Rocky Mt. or west of it: or between the Mt. and the States of Missouri
and Arkansas. The-!e distant localities will not embarrass the student; because a
solitary R. or A. will, at first glance, indicate, that such species are not to be
expected elsewhere.

Cal. California.

Remark. The districts about our N.W. Lakes, and about the S. W. region of N.
America, have been in a great measure deficient in recorded localities of plants.
The perilous and most disinterested labouts of iNuttall, in California: and the bota-
nical surveys of Dr. Houghton, Dr. Wright, and his diligent assistant Mr. G. Bull,
have supplied these deficiencies.

Numerous localities, and more numerous pi'omises, have been received, in answef
to a circular requesting such favors. But the slow progress common with publisiiera
of such works, seems to have induced scientific friends to expect a delay of a year or
two in the present case. After tendering- them sincere thanks for their kind feelings,
it is necessary to say, that the promptness and punctuality of the publisher and pro-
prietor of this edition, have defeated Jlieir good intentions, in most cases.

Localities given may appear to be unnecessarily minute and particular in some dis-
tricts, and unpardonably deficient in others. To equalize this matter is, surely,
exceedingly desirable; and great improvements in this are made yearly. Students are
requested to adopt the five following rules, both for their own convenience, and for
aiding the progress of tiie science. 1. Look for plants, whose localities are given,
in, or near the same latitude. 2. Near the same degree of elevation above tide- water
level. 3. On the same side of great mountain ranges; as the east side, or west side
of Allegany and Cal skill ranges, continued through Cayuga lake into Canada.
4. Near the sea shore, though in very different degrees of latitude. 5. At great dis-
tances down the course of rivers below known localities, through a belt of many
miles, on each side of such river.

But one method can ever make localities of plants, through our vast territory, even
tolerably full. That is the method proposed to Prof Ives of Yale College, and my-
self, in the summer of 1S16, by the amiable and lamented Dr. McBride; the particular
scientific friend of the celebrated Elliott, of Charleston, S. C. Natural History
Societies were to devote a secure place to the preservation of manuscript catalogues
of all collecting botanists. These catalogues were to be accessible to all, who com-
pile general or local tloras. A. E.

17

LINDLEY'S NATURAL ORDERS,

[arranged alphabetically.]

Pirst column contains abbreviations of Orders. Second column present the numbers of
Jussieu's Natural Orders, which succeed this alphabetical list ; by which tluse may be
found, and t.lieir respective Genera. Third, t/ic names of Lbidlcy's Orders, and their
properties abbreviated. Fourth, the pages where each Order may be foundj according
to Lindley's arrangement of 1835.

Acanthacae. emet. ton — . - - .

Acerineae. sug. diu. cab. ^s. b. ast. feb. - -

Alismacea. sec-sti. amy. acr. - - .

Amarantaceae. cata. r. ton — . ...

Amarryllideae. stim. poi — . some poi-odo.
Ambrosiaeeae. ton. erne — .

Amygdalaceae. feb. pius-acid. ast. f. edi. b. ton.
Amyrideae. r. erne. diu. h. b. frag. res. gum. elat.
Anacardiaceae. f. h. poi. ton. tan. res. varnish.
Annonaceae. f. aro. b. bit-ton. - - .

Anthemideae. h. acr. f. res. sto- bit-ton. ase. cac.
Apocyneae. exp. dia. ton. r. bit. em. millc poi.
Araliaceae. r. res-ton. pec. exp. heal. cac. haem.
Aristolochiae. ath. nau-bit. r. ton+. con. sto. stim. -
Aroideae. acr. poi. some aro. stom.
Artocarpeae, or JVIoreae. edi. some poi.
Asclepiadeae. exp. dia. ton. pleu. pneu. milk poi. -
Asphodeleae. ton. exp. stim. ast. squill and onion
Astereae. ton. sec-sti. dia. r. edi. dem. ton. chamomile
Aurantiaceae. f. cool. sto. ref. feb. frag. acid.

Balsameae. cath. diu. - - - .

Begoniaceae. eme — . ast — . ton — . - - .

Berberideae. b. ast. r. ton-f . dye. f. ref. gel.
Betulineae. ast. sto. feb. - . . j

Bignoniaceae. dem. det — . - .

Boragineae. ton. vul. r. dem. dye.
Bromeliaceae. edi. ref sug. aro. pine apple.

Cacteae. cool. emol. cata. acid — . - - -

Callitrichinae. emo — . - - . .

Calycantheae. f aro. ton. ....

Campanulaceae. ton — . - - . .

Cappaiidea'. asc. sti. aper.

Caprifoliaceae. r. erne—, h, lax — . some ton. feb.
Carduaceae. sec-sti. ton. h. if nau. cath. r. eme.
Caryophylleae.* odo. dem. asc.
Cedreleae feb. ton. cab. stim.

* This order includes Alcinaceae and Silenaceae.
3

Aca.

39

Ace.

66

Ali.

13

Ama.

30

Amarr.

17

Amb.

55

Amy.
Amyr.
Ana.

92
94
94

Ann.

76

Ant.

55

Apo.
Ara.

47

59

Ari.

33

Aro.

7

Art.

98

Asc.

47

Asp.

Ast.

16

55

Aur.

70

Bal.

73

Beg.
Ber.

28

78

Bet.

99

Big.

40

Bor.

43

Bro.

15

Cac.

85

Cal.

88

Caly.

92

Cam.

52

Cap.
Capr.
Car.

64

58
54

Car.

82

Ced.

71

550
543
553
448
552
549
545
546
546
541
549
550
541
548
552
546
551
553
549
544

545
550
541
546
550
551
552

542
547
546
549
542
549
549
544
544

18 lindley's natural orders.

Celastrineae. ton-catli. det. pial. - - - 544

Ceratopliylleae. emo — . cata — . ... 546

Chenouodiaceae. nut. lax. asc. beet sug. - - 548

Chrysobalaneae. ton — . dem. f. edi. - - - 549

Cichoraceae, sal. asc. asc. ano. - - - 545

CircasBa. - - - - - - 541

Ciiichoiieae. ton. ast. feb-}-. - - - 549

Cinerocephalae. sec. slim. r. eme. ... 549

Cistineae. stiin. ano. cut. ... 543

Coinmelineae. ton — . ..... 553

Conifereae. res. pec. b. la.Y. cou. con. - - 547 551

Convolvulaceae. r. oath. edi. jalap, h. cata. - - 549

Corymbeferae. sec-slim. r. enie. ... 549

Crasulaceae. h. niuc. lax. cool to tviii — . det. - 546

Cruciferae. asc. sal. lax. s. con. nut. pun. sti. - - 542

Cucurbitaceae. f. ref. lax. h. catli. em. - - 542

Cupulitereae. b. tan. ton. ast. f. nut. amy. tim. - - 546

Cycadeae. f. edi. pith. amy. sago. ... 551

Cyperaceae. fod. ton — . .... 553

Datisceae. ton. det. bit. - . . - - 547

Dioscoreae. ton. r. amy. edi. yam. ... 552

Dipsaceae. ton. teazle of fullers. ... 5-50

Droseraceae. ton — .- - . - - 542

Ebenaceae. f. edi, ton. b. ast-j-. feb. w. cab. - 549

Elaeagneae. ton. ..... 5.57

Elalineae. dem — . - - - - - 543

Empeterea. ton — . dem — . acr — . .... 546

Eupatorineae. sec-stim-f- eme. feb. cold.fev. - 549

Euphorbiaceae. r. ast. deob. some ole. arc. em. castor oil. 544

Ericeae. bit-ton. sed. aio. e-o. sto. - - . 548

Ficoideae. f. edi. nut-(-. lax. b. ton — . - - - 542

Fluviales. dem. a})plied to tumors ... 547 552

Fumariaceae. r. acr. bit. dia. aper. ... 54O

Gallacineae. ast. ton — . ....

Gentianeae. r. bit. ton-f-. .... 550

Geraniaceae. aro. ton. ast. .... 545

Gramineae. ton. far. tod. ..... 553

Grosseulariae. ref. feb. dysp. .... 541

Guttiferale. ton. ......

Haemodoraceae. ton — . ....

Halorageae. ape. ton — . - - - . . 541

Hamamelaceae. ton — . some feb. ... 542

Helianllieae. sole-j-. sto. ton. .... 549

Heleotropieae. ton. test. .... 551

Hieraceae. sec-sti. ..... 549

Hippocaslaneae. ton — . lax — . ... 543

Hydrocliarideae. emol. ..... 552

Hydrocliarides. ton — . .... 552

Hydroleaceae. r. epis. bit-ton. .... 549

Hydropbylleae. asp. ton — . .... 55£

Hypericineae. li. ast — . cath. feb — . ... 543

Ilypoxideae. ton — . . - . . 552

Ilicineae.* b. ton — . eme. ast. holly, cab. - - - 549

lUecebreae. ast — . - . - . . 544

Inulae. r. exp. ton. ..... 546

Irideae. g-r. acr. cat. ton. aro. dia. dysp. - - 552

* This is also Aquifoliaceae.

Gel-

95

Cer.

88

Che.

29

Chr.

92

Cic.

57

Cir.

88

Cin.

57

Gin.

54

Cis.

80

Com.

13

Con.

100

Coin.

44

Cag.

55

Cra.

83

Cru.

63

Cue.

97

Cup.

99

Cyc.

100

Cyp-

9

Dat.

98

Dio.

12

Dip.

56

Dro.

68

Ebe.

49

Elae.

24

E!e.

86

Ernp.

96

Eup.

55

Euph.

96

Ere.

51

Fie.

87

Flu.

7

Fum.

93

Gal.

83

Gen.

46

Ger.

73

Gra.

10

Gro.

85

Gut.

69

Hae.

18

Hal.

88

Ham.

78

Heli.

55

Helio.

43

Hier.

53

Hip.

66

Hydr.

88

Hydro.

, 22

Hydr.

44

Hydrop. 43

Hyp.

68

Hypo.

17

Hi.

95

111.

30

Inu.

55

Irid.

18

lindley's natural orders, 19

Jasmineae. ton. sto. . - . . . 551

Juglandeae. b. cath. eme. f. ole. edi. - - 546

Juucagineaa. ton — . fod — . .... 553

Junceae. fod — . - - - . . 55'4

Labiatae. sto. car. ton. dia. bev. e-o. cool. Jla. col. - 550

Laurineae. arc. sto. b. & r. deob. asp. exp. - - 547

Legumenoseae.* f. nut. g-h. asc. ... 545

Lentibulariae. ton — . .... 550

Liliaceae. dia — . eino. ..... 553

Lineae. s. muc. dem-cata. b. flax. ... 543

Laosaceae. emo. slinging. ....

Lobeljaceae. acr-nar. eme-f-- exp. dia. - - 549

Lorantheae. ton — . ast. ..... 542

Magnoliaceae. aro-bit. rlic. .... 54I

Malvaceae, emo. muc. f. nut. ... 544

Marantaceae., amy. ..... 552

Melanthaceae. r. h. bit-ton. acr. ath. itch. - - 553

Melastoniaceae ton. ast. .... 542

Meliaceae. feb — . ton. stim. .... 544

Menispermea. ton. dia. dysp. s. nar. - - 448
Musaceae. f. edi. amy. banana. - .

Myoporineae. (See Bignoniae. ) ... 550

Myriceae. r. ast. f. producing wax. aro. ton. - - 546

Myrtaceae. f. aro. ton. 1. odo. b. ast. - - 542

Nelumboneae. r. amy. nut. .... 541

Nyctagineae. r. oath, eme — . ... 543

Nymphaceae. r. nar. sed. ast — . .... 540

Oleaciae. f. ole. emo. lax. ton — . o. edi. - . 551

Oiiagareae. ton — . ast — . emo. - . . . 541

Orchideae. r. amy. vis. aro. (salep) war. . - 554

Orobancheae. bit. ast. - . . . . 559

Oxalidea. aci. ref. ace. - . . . 545

Palmae. nut. ole. vin. amy. sago, cocoa. - . 553

Papaveraceae. e. off. ano-|-. some r. feb-f- poi. nar. 540

Pa — payaceae. ver. 1. sapo. f. edi. ... 543

Passifloreae. r. eme. pec. omam. ... 553

Pedalineae. emo — . dem. .... 559

Pbiladelpheae. f. h. ton. act. ... 542

Pliytolacceae. eme. nar. - . . . . 543

Piperaceae. con. acrid, war. sto. aro. Jlat. - - 547

Pistiaceae. acr — . turn. ..... 553

Piantagineae. lax. cool. dem. turn. ... 55Q

Piantaiieae. ton — . bit. ornament. ... 547

Plumbagineae. r. asc-(-. ajn. some ton. r. acr-cau. - .550

Podophylleae. r. cath-(-. .... 540

Polemoniaceae. ton — . h. nar — . ... 549

Polygaleae. r. sial. sud. exp. ast. rheu. - - . 543

Poiygoneae. 1. acr. amy. nut. lax. rubarb. cath. - 548

Pomaceae. r. & h. ton. f. ref. lax. ... 544

Pontedereae. ton — . .... 553

Portulaceae. muc. nut-lax. .... 544

Priir.ulaceae. sop. ast. sed. .... 543

Pyrolaceae. h. bit-ton. diu. healing. ... 543

Ranunculaceae. g-r. poi-|-. h. acr. epis. ver. some dra-eme. 540

Resedaceae. asc. ape. - - . . 542

Rhamneae. cath. r. hea. f. pec. bev. some juri-paste. - 544

This Order includes Mimoseae. Gum arabic, catechu.

Jas.

34

Jug.

94

Jun.

7

June.

13

Lab.

72

Lau.

27

Leg.

93

Len.

35

Lidi.

14

Lin.

82

Loas.

88

Lob.

52

Lor.

58

Mag.

75

Malva.

74

Mar.

20

Mel.

13

Mela.

90

Meli.

71

Men.

77

Mus.

19

Myo.

40

Myr.

99

Myrt.

89

Nel.

62

Nye.

32

Nym.

62

Olea.

34

Ona.

88

Orch.

21

Orob.

36

Oxa.

72

Pam.

11

Pap.

62

Papay.

97

Pass.

26

Ped.

40

Phil.

89

Phy.

29

Piper.

98

Pis.

7

PI a.

31

Plan.

99

Plu.

33

Pod.

62

Pol.

45

Poly.

93

Poly.

28

Pom.

92

Pont.

17

Por.

86

Prim.

35

Pjr.

57

Ran.

61

Res.

14

Rha.

95

20 lindley's natural orders.

Rhizophorae. ast — . bit — . . . - - 542

Rhodoraceae. aro — . deob. (See Ericea.) - - 548

Rosaceae. f. conserves, ref. lax. r. ton. b. aro. ast. - 545

Rutaceae. acr. stini. 1. epis. bit. atii. - - 544

Salicariae. ast. acr. ..... 544

Salicineae. ast. ton — . dia. catb — . b. feb. - - 541

Sanguisorbeae. ton. ast. cool-bev. ast. - - - 545

Santalaceae. sed. ton. .... 545

Sapindaceae. f. det. r. ape. 1. poi. - - - 543

Sapoteae. b. ast. s. diu. f. ole. edi. s. feb. - - 543
Sarracenieae. cath — . erne — . .... 941

Saurureae. cath — . ast. .... 547

Saxifrageae. ast — . ton — .... 546

Sclerantaceae. ton — . .... 548

Scrophularineae. cath. eme. ast. abs. dro. pec. - - 550

Smilaceae. lax. dia. nar — . amy. . . ^ 552

Solaneae. nar-(-. f. & 1. poi. r. amy. nut. - - 551

Spigehaceae. g-h. ath-]-. cath. ver+. - - 550
Staphylaceae. cath. dem — . .... 544

Stellatae. ton. diu. dye. ast. ... 549

Styraceae. aro. sti. ast. res. benzoin. - - 549

Ternstromiaceae. bev. ton. nar. aro. sto. - - 543

Thymeleae. b. caus — . .... 547

Tiliaceae. muc.*«mo. cata. dia. con. lax. - - 544

Tropaeoleae. asc. far. con. .... 545
Turneraceae. emo. cata — . .... 543

Typhaceae. 1. used in arts, pollen ast. - - 552

Ulmaceae. ton, some muc. cata. lax. some bit-ast. - 547

Umbellifereae. sto. if odo. poi. if nau. r. edi. if not nau. 541

Urticeae. ton. b. stinging, rubifac. hop. res. sto. - 546

Vaceineae. f. res. lax. ref. gal. - - - 548

Valereaneae. r. ner-(-. sed. /;a<. h. bit-ton. ver. - - 550

Verbenaceae. h. dis. cata. aro. r. bit. - - 550

Violaceae. text. tine. off. cath — . - - - 542

Vitis. f. ref vin. sug. ase. . . - - 541

Wintereae. b. &, h. aro. spi. sto. b. stim. r - 541

Xanthoxyleae. aro. pun. stira-(-. sto. rhm. • 545

Xyrideae. fod — . ..... t 553

Zygophylleae. ton. war. sud. guaiacum. - r 545

Rhiz.

91

Rho.

67

Ros.

92

Rut.

81

Salica.

91

Sali.

99

Sang.

92

Sant.

25

Sapi.

65

Sapo.

78

Sar.

62

Sau.

98

Sax.

84

Sol.

30

Scr.

37

Smi.

12

Sol.

38

Spi.

46

Sta.

95

Ste.

57

Sty.

71

Ten

70

Thy.

25

Til.

79

Tro.

73

Tur.

88

Typ.

8

Ulm.

99

Umb.

60

Urt.

98

Vac. 1

50 51

Val.

56

Ver.

41

Vie.

80

Vit.

72

Win.

57

Xan.

94

Xyr.

13

Zyg.

81

21

LINDLEY'S NATURAL ORDERS,

[arranged under jussieu's centigrade.]

Note. The five lower orders of Cryptogamia are omitted here; but are introduced
at page 487.

5. FiLicEs (polypods, breaks, &c.) Genera 28 — described at pages 118 to 120.
Secernant stimulanls.

6. Naiades. Genus 1. (Chara) — described at page 108. Nauseous and cathartic.

SECOND GRAND DIVISION.

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. CLASS FIRST.
Stamens belovj the pistil. Flowers suh-petaloid.

7. AROIDEAE.
A. Aroideae.
Prop, acrid.
Acorus, L.
Orontium, L.
Calla, L.
Arum, L.
Calladium, Vent.
Renssejaeria, Beck.
Ictodes, Bw.

B. JUNCAGINEAE.

Tonic and cathartic.
Triglochin, L.
Scheuchzeria, L.

C. Fluviales.
Feeble tonics.

Podostemum, Mx.
Najas, L.
Potamogeton, L.
Zostera, L.
Ruppia, L.
Caulinia, Willd,
Zanichellia, L.

D. PiSTIACEAE.

Stimulant, acrid.
Pistia, L.
Lemna, L.

8. TYPHAE.
A. Typhaceae.
Prop. Typha, L.
Sparganium, L.

9. CYPEROIDEAE.

A. Cyperaceae.

Farinaceous, nutritious,

sugary.

1. True Cyperaceae,

Cyperus, L.
Kyllinga, Mx.
Scirpus.

Dulichium, Pers.
Mariscus. Vahl.

2. Scirpeae.
Mapania, L.
Fimbristylis, Vahl.
Eriophorum, L.
Dichromena, Michx.
Fuirena, Liu fil.
Schoenus, L.
Rhynchospora, Vahl.
Vaginaria, Rich.

3. Sclerae.
Scleria, L.

4. Cariciniae.
Carex, L.

10. GRAMINEAE.
A. Gramineae.

Cattle fodder, farinaceous
food, tonic.

1. Agrostideae, (Field-grass

like.)
Agrostis, L.
Cinna, L.
Phleum, L.
Polypogon, Desf.
Muhlenbergia, Shereb.
Bracliyelytrunj.
Phalaris, L.
Trichochloa, Desf.
Alopecurus, L.
Crypsis, Lamk.

2. Paniccae. (Panic-grass

like.)
Milium, L.

Digitaria, Hall.
Paspalum, L.
Orthopogon, R. Br.
Tripsacum, L.
Piptatherum, P. de Beauv.
Pennisetum, Nutt.
Aulaxanthus, Ell.
Beckmannia, Jacq.
Panicum, L.
Ceresia, Pers.
Manisuris, L.
Cenclirus, L.
3. Avenaceae. Oats-like.
Stipa, L.
Eriocoma, Nutt.
Aira, L.
Trisetum, Pers.
Uralepsis, Nutt.
Danthonia, Dc.
Aristida, L.
Anthoxanthum, L.
Miegia, Pers.
Holcus, L.
■Arurido, L.
Calamagrostis, Roth.
Pleuraphis, Tor.
Avena, L.
Arrhenatherum.
Hierochloa, Gmel.
Psamma, P. d. B.
4. Fcstacaceu. (Fesc-gras0»

like.)
Festuca, L.
Diarrhena, Mx.
Poa, L.
•Coix.

Trichodium.
Vilfa.

22

ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JESSIEU.

Sesleria, Scop.
Briza, L.

Ceialochloa, P. de B.
Koeleria, Pers.
"Windsoria, Nutt.
Melica, L.
Dactylis, L.
Bromus, L.
Glyceria, R. Brown.
Uniola, L.

5. CIdor'uimc. (Hair-beard

like.)
Chloris, Swlz.
Atlieropogon, Muhl.
Monocera, till.
Oxydena, Nut.
Cyriodoii, Rich.
Eleusine, Gaert.

6. Hurdcaccae. (Barley-like.
Hordeuni, L.
Triticum, L.
.S^gilops, L.
Limnelis, Richard.
Secale, L.
Lolium, L.
RoUboiiia, L.
Elyinus, L.
Lepturus, R. Brown.
Nardus, L.

7. Saccka/ineae. (Cane-like.
Saccharuni, L.
Erianlhus, Michx.
Andropogon, L.
Sorghum, Pers.
GyiTitiopogon, L. de B.

8. Ori/zeiie. (Rice-like.)
Leersia, L.
Zizania, L.
Oryzopsis, Michx.
Oryza, VVilld.
Hydrochloa, P. de B. non

Hort. Brit.
Zea, L.

9. Bainhusnccae. (Reed-

like.)

CLASS SECOND.

Stamens surrmindinir the pis-
til, above its base.
Flowers petio led.

11. PALM^.
A. Palm^.
Food, oil, wine and tonic re-
medies.
Chamaerops, L.
Sabal, Ad.

12. ASPARAGI.
A. SmilacejE.
Diuretic and demulcent.
Smilax, L.
Streptopus, Michx.

Uvularia, L.
Asparagus, L.
Gryonia, Nutt.
Convallaria, L.
Trillium, L.

B. DlOSCOREAE.

Tititritiuiis, tonic.
Dioscorea, L.

13. JUNCI.

A: Al.lSMACKAE.

Stivndaling and acrid,
Sagitlaria, L.
Alisma, L.

B. Cmmelineae.
Feeble tonics.
Commelina, L.
Tradescantia, L.
) C. Xyrideae.

Antiscorbutic.
Xyris, L.
Tripterella, Mx.
Apteria, N.

D. Junceae.
JVeak tonics.
Jiincus,i.-L.
Narthecium, Mohr.
Pleea, Michx.
Liizula, Dc,
)Eriooaulon.

E. Melanthaceae.
Poisonous, antiscorbutic.
Melanthium, L.
Helonias, L.
Zigadenus, Mx.
Tofielda, Huds.
Nolina, Mx.
Xerophyllum, Mx.
Varatruin, L.

14. LTLTACEAE.
A. Lillaceae.

Diuertics, emollients.
Tulipa, Willd.
Yucca, L,
Pol\'anthes.
Lilium, L.
Hemerocallis.
Calochortus, Pursh. ^
Friitillaria, L.
Erylhronium, L.

15. BROMELIA.
A. BroSieliaceae.
Refrigerants, cathartics.
Tillandsia, L.
Agave, L.

16. ASPHODELI.

(liyacinlh-like.)

A. Asphodeleae.

Bitter stimulants; some areeX'

pectorants and absorbents.

Scilli, L.
Allium, L.
Hyacinthus, L.
Ornitliogalum, L.
Aletris, L.
Brodiaea, Sm.
Phalangium.
Asphodelus, L.

17. NARCISSI.

Marcissus.

A. Hypoxideae.
Feeble tonics.
Hypoxis, L.

B. Amaryllideae.
Stimidants, and some poison-
ous.
Amaryllis, L.
Galanthus, Willd.
Pancratium, L.
Crinum, L.

C. Pontedereae.
Weak tonics.
Pontederia, L.
Syena, Willd.
Heleranthera, Beav.
Schollera, Schrb.

18. IRIDES.

A. Haemodoraceae.
Tunic.
Dilatris, Ker.
Conostylis, R. Brown.

B. Ikiueae.
Slightly stimulating, some are

poisonous.
Iris, L.
Crocus, Ker.
Sysiriiichium, L.
Ixia, L.
Tigridia.

CLASS THIRD.
Stamens on the pistil or

STYLE.

Flowers petaloid.

19. MUSAE.
A. Musaceae.

Tonic.

20. CANNAE.
A. Marantaceae.
Nutritious, tanic, demnlcent.
Thalia' L.
Canna, L.

21. ORCHTDEAE.

A. Orcuideae.
Nutritions, emollient.
1. Neotlieae.
■Goodyera, R. Br.
Neottia, Sz.

ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JESSIEU.

2. Arethuseac.
Pogonia, R. ]5r.
Ajjltictruin, Nutt.
Triphora, iXult.
Listeria, R. Br.
Corallorhiza, R. Br.
Arelliusa, L.

3. Ophrydeae.
Orcliis, L.
Ilabenaria, R. Br.
Tippularia, Nutt.

Cranichis.
Thalia.
Cynibekium.
Plutanthera.

4 E/jidcndrene'
Epidendruin, L.
Bietia, R. & P.

5. Maluxidcae.
Malaxis, Swartz.
JMicroslylis, Ntitt.
Calypso, Salisb.

6. Cypripcdcac.
Cypripedium, L.

22. HYDROCHARIDES.

A. Hydrochauides.
Weak tonics somachat nutri-
tious.
Hydrocliaris, L.
Vulis-neria, L.
Serpicula, Muhl.

THIRD GRAND DIVISION.

DICOTELODONOUS PLANTS. Section first. Flowers apetalous.

CLASS FOURTH.

Stamens o\ the pistils.
23. ARISTOLOCHIAE.

A. Aristom)chiae.
I'oiiir and stimulating.

Aristolochia, L.
Asarum, L.

CLASS FIFTH.
Stamens around the germ

ABOVE the base.

24. KLiEAGNL

A. Elaeagseae.
Tonic.
Eleaghus, L.
Hippopliae.
Nysisa.

25. THYMELEAE,
A. Santalaceae.

Rffritrcrent, sedative.
Nvssa, L.
Hainiltoiiia, Muhl.
Thesium.

B. THYMELEAE,

Caustic, cathartic.
Dirca, L.
Daphne.

26. PROTEAE.
A. Proteae.
Weak tunics.

27. LAURL
A. Laurineae.

Aromatic, stomachic, icarm-

ing.
Laurus, L.

28. POLYGONEAE.

A. PoLYGONEAE.

Calkarlic. cooling.
Brunichia Gaert.
Calligonum.
Polygonum, L.

Rheum.
Rumex, L.
Oxyria, Hill.
Eriogonum, Michx.

B. Begoniaceae.

Bitter astringent.

29. ATRIPLICES.

A. Chenopodeae.
Nutritious, tonic.

Chenopodium, L.
Carnphorasina.
Salicornia, L.
Blitmn, L.
Kochia, Schr.
Atriplex, L.
Corisperiiium, L.
Beta.
Diotis, L.
Acnida, L.
Salsola, L.
Spinacea.
Polycnemum, L.

B. Phytolacceae.
Deolistruent, emetic.

Phytolacca, L.
Rivinia, L.

CLASS SIXTH.

Siamens heluw the oerm.
30. AMARANTL
A. Illecebreae.
Astringent.
Queria.
Siphonychia.
Stipulicida.
Polycarpon, L.
Soeflingia.

B. Amarantaceae.
Dieure/ic, nutritious.
Amaranthus, L.
Achyranthes, L.
Anychia.
Paroiiynliia.
Oplolheca, Nutt.
Gomphrena.

Iresine, L.

Celosia.

Philoxerus.

C. Sclekantheae.
Feeble tonic,
Scleranthus, L.

31. PLANTAGINEAE.
A. Plantagineae.
Emollient, astringent.
Plantago, L.

32. NYCTAGINES.
A. Nyctagineae.

Cathartic.
Boerhaavia, L.
AUionia, L.
Calymenia.
Mirabilis, Conradia, N.

33. PLUMBAGINES.
A. Pi.umbagineae.

Cathartic, tonic.
Statice, L.

CLASS SEVENTH.

Carols below the ircrm.
34. JASMINEAE.

A. Jasmineae.
Fragrant stomachics, tonics.

Jasuiinum.

B. Oleaceae.
Nutritions, tonic, febrifuge.

Olea, L.
Centaurella.
Syringa, L.
Ligustrum, L.
Fraxinus, L.
Chionanthus, L.
Ornus, Pers.

35. LYSIMACHIAE.

A. Primulaceae.
Some acrid, mostly feebly
tonic.
Primula, L.

24

ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JESSIEU.

Trientalis, L*
Lysimachia, L.
Centunculus, L.
Androsace. L.
Hottonia, L.
Anagallis, L.
Sarnolus, L.
Dodecatheon, L.
Glaux, L.

Micranthemum, Michx,
B. Lentibulariae.
Scarcely tonic.
Pinguicula, L.
Utricularia, L.

36. PEDICULARES.
A. Orobancheae.
Astringent.
Orobanche, L.
Epiphegus, Nutt.

B. Rhinanthaceae.
Aromatic, tonic.
Rhinanthus, L.
Bartsia, L.
Melampyrum, L.
Pedicularis, L.
Euphrasia.
Juslicia.

Castilleja, Mutis.
Orthocarpus, Nutt.
Euchioma, Nutt.

37. SCROPHULARIAE,

A. Scrophularineae.
Acrid, poisonous, anti-scor-
butic.

1. Veroniceae.
Veronica, L.
Leptandra, Nutt.

2. Erinaccae.
Euchnera, L.

3. Scroplmlarinae.
Scrophularia, L.
Mimulus, L.
Schwalbea, L.
Herpestris, Gaert.
Limoselld, L.
Seymeria, Pursh.
Antirrihinum, L.
Gratiola, L.
Chelone, L.
Hemianthus, Nutt.
Capraria, L.
Digitalis, L.
Lindernia, L.
Pentstemori, Willd.
Collinsia, Nutt.
Gerardia, L.
Cliionanthus.
Gyninandra.

38. SOLANEAE.

A. SoLANEAE.

Poisonous fruit, not herbage 3. Ajugoideae. (Horsebalm

or root. like.)

1. Solaneac (Potatoe-like.) Ajuga
Solanum, L.

Hyoscyamus.
Androcera.
Physalis, L.
Datura, L.
Capsicum, L.
Nicotiana, L. '
Lycium, L.
2. Verbasceae. (Mullein-
like.)
Verbascum, L.
Atropa.

39. ACANTHI.

A. ACANTHACEA.

Emollient, aromatic, ionic. Ocymum.

Molucella.
Teucrium, L.
Collinsonia, L.
Trichostema, L.
Ceranthera, Elliot.

4. Monurdeae.
Monarda, L.
Cunila, L.
Syiiandra, Nutt.
5. Ncpeteae. (Catmint-like.)
Leucas, R. Brown.
Lamium, L.
Nepeta, L,
Macbridea, Elliot.
Galeopsis, L.

Justicia, L.
Ruellia, L.
Elytraria, Michx.

40. BIGNONTAE.

A. Pedalineae.
•. Emollient.

Sesamum.
Martynia, L.

B. BlGNONIACEA.

Nutritious and tonic.
Bignonia, L.
Catalpa, Juss.

C. Myoporineae.
Astringent.

Avicennia, L.

41. VITICES.
A. Verbenaceae.

Dracocephalum, L. Bentb<
Glechoma, L.
Melissa, L.
Leonurus, L.
Stachys, L.
Marrubium, L.
Hedeoma, Pers*
Calamintha, Ph.
Scutellaria, L.
Clinopodiuni, L.
Salvia, L.
Prunella, L.

6. Ocymoideae.
Hyptis, Jacq.

43. BORAGINEAE.
A. Boragineae.
Emollient and astringents
Borago.

Dieuretic and moderately tonic. Li thospermum, L.

Verbena, L.
Lantana, L.
Callicarpa, L.
Zapania, Link.

42. LABIATEAE.
A. Labjateae.
Stomachic, tunic.
Boltania.
Lavandula.
Rosmarinus.

1. Mcnthoidea. (Mint-like.)
Lycopus, L.
Isanthus, Michx.
Mentha, L.

Symphytum, L.
Myosotis, L.
Pulmonaria, L.
Batschia, Gmel.
Echium, L.
Rochelia, L.
Anchusa.
Onosmodium, Mx.
Lycopsis, L.
Cynoglossum, L.

B. Heliothopiceae*

Astringent.
Heliotropium, L.

C. Hydrophylleae.
Emollient, feebhi tonic^

TuUia. Hydrophyllum, L.

2. .SV/<2<remeae. (Savory-like. )Phacelia, Mx.

Satureja.

Tliymus, L.

liyssopus.

Rosmarinus.

Phryma.

Pycnanthemum, Mchx.

Origanum, L.

Nemophila, N.
Ellisia, L.

44. CONVOLVULL
A. ConvolVulaceae.
Roots mostly cathartic.
Convolvulus, L.

ORDERS" OF LINDLEY AND JUSSIEU.

25>

Evolvuliis, L.
Iponiea.

Dichondra, Foist.
Cuscnta, ]j,

B. Hydroleaceae.
Tunic.
Hydrolea, L.
Diupensia, L.

45. POLEMONIA,

A. POLEMONIACEAE.

Scarcely tunic.
Polemonium, L.
Collomia, N.
Phlox, L.
Cantua.
Acerales.

46. GENTIANEAE.

A. Gentianeae.
I'ery tunic.

Gentiana, L.
Sabbatia:, Adans. ^
Opliiorhiza.
Lisianthus, P. Br.
Obolaria, L.
Swerlia, L.
Exacum, L.
Houstonia, L.
Villarsia, Vent.
Frasera, Walt.
Bartouia, Ph.
Polypreinum, L.
Menjanthes, L.

B. SPIGELIACEAE.

Vermifugo, cathartic.
Spigelia, L.

47. APOCYNEAE.

A. ASCLEPIADEAE.

Acrid, stimulating, emetic,
sudui ific.
Podostigma.
Gonoiobus, Mx.
Enslenia, N.
Asclepias, L.
Avicennia.
Cynanchum, L.
Vinca.

Periploca, L.
Hbya.

B. Apocyneae.
Very acrid, febrifuge, emetic,

sudorific.
Apocynum, L.
Gelseminum, Ju.
Amsonia, Walt.
Echites, L.

28. SAPOTAE.
A. Sapote^:.
Food, diuretic, tonic.
Bumelia, Swtz.

CLASS EIGHTH.

CoROLS SURROUNDING THE
GERM, ABOVE THE BASE.

49. GUAICANAE.

A. Ebenaceae.
Nutritious, tonic.

Diospyros.

50. RHODENDRA, and
51. ERICAE.

A. Ericeae.
Diuretic, astringent.
1. Ericeae vcrue. (Heath-
like, or wintergreen-like. )
Erica.
Pyrrocoma.
Laussurea.
Arbutus, L.
Mylocarium, W,
Elliotlia, Muhl.
Gaulllieria, l.
Clellira, l.
Menziesia. l.
Andromeda, L.
Cyrilla, i..
Pickeringia, N.
S. Rhodoruceae. (Honey-

suckle-like. )
Kalmia, l.
Rhododendron, l.
Ledum l.
Epigea, l.
Leiophyllum, Ell.
Bejaria, Mx.
Rhodora, l.
Azalea, l.

B. Vaccineae.
Astringent, tonic ; fruit
refrigerant.
Vaccinium, l.
Oxycoccus, P.

C. Pyrolaceae.

Tonic, diuretic.
Chimaphila.
Monotropa, l.
Pyrola, l.
Monotropsis.
Pteiospora, N.

52. CAMPANULACEAE,

A. COMPANULACEAE.

Mild tonics, those loith milky

juice are acrid.
Campanula, l.
Specularia, Hiest.

B. LOBELIACEA.

Acrid when they contain milk,

mostly poisonous.
Lobelia, l.
Clintonia, Doug.

CLASS NINTH.

CoROLS ON THE GERM,

ANTHERS UNITED.

CoMPOSITAE.

Tonic hitter, cecerncnt stimu--
lanls, carrninitives,

53. CICHORACE^.

Secernent, stimulants,

anodynes.

Hieraceae. (Hawk^Veed-
like.)

Cichorium.

Hieraceum, L. — D. Don.

Prenanthes, l.

Lygodesmia, Don.

Taraxaceae. ( Dandelion-
like. )

Leontodon, Schreb.

Tragopogon.

Troximon, P.

Apargia, Scop.

Lapsaiiia, L.

Lactuceae. (Lettuce-like.)-

Lactuca, L.

Sonchus, L.

Borkhaasia, Moench.

Schorzonera.

Ammobiuin.

Apogon.

Krigia.

54. CINEROCEPHALAE.

Secernent stimulant ; if
\nanseous, cathartic.
A. Carduaceae. (Thistle-
like.)
Chaptalia, Vent.
Carduus, L.
Centaurea, l.
Echinops, W.
Calendula, L.
Cnicus, L.
Sausurea, Dc.
Carthamus, W.
Brickellia.
Arctium, r.
Onopordon, t.
Cynara, W.

55. CORYMBIFERAE.

Tonics and secernent slimti'
la.nts, feb. sud,
A. Inulae. (Elicampane-

like.)
Elephantopus, l.
Liatris, l.
Pyrrocoma, Hk.
Pterocaulon, E.
Arnica, i..
Gnaphalium, l.
Antennaria, R. Brown.
Tagetes.

0. H. HILL LIBRARY

26

ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JUSSIEU.

Veinonia,L.
Baccharis, l.
Inula, L,
Erachyris.
Buphthalmum, l.
Espeletia, H. and B.
Gjinnoslylis,
Conyza, l.
Baltimora.
Chrysopsis.
Stokesia, le'Her.
Madia.

B.'AsTEREAE. (Star-flower-
like.)
Erigeron, l.
Diplopappus, Cassin.
Chrysocoma, l.
Aster, L.

Tripolium, Dod. Nees.
Euribia, Cassin.
Galatella, Cassin.
Boltonia, le'Her.
Townsendia, Hk.
Crinitaria, Cassin.
Solidago, L.
Bellis, L.

C. EUPATORINEAE. (BonS-

set like.)
Kuhnia, e.
Stevea, Con.
Tussilago, L.
Cineraria, l.
Nardosmia.
Enpatorium, l.
Polypteris. N.
Senecio, l.
}3(Ebera, W.
I\j'ikania, W.
Caealia, L.
Donia.

D. Heliantheae. (Sun-

ttower-like. )
Hymenopappus, le'Her.
iMarshallia, Ph.
Melenium, l.
Zinnia, l.
Gallardia. Lk.
Coreopsis, Jacq.
Chrysogonuni, L.
Leptopoda, N.
Pedis, L.
Starkea.

Trichophyllum, N.
Blepharipappus, Hk.
f^clipta, L.
Siegesbeckia.
Bidens, i,.
Silphium, r,.
Balduina, N.
Melananthera, Mx.
Tetragonotheca, le'Her.
Heliopsis.
Helianthus, l.

Wyethia, N.

Rudbeckia, l.

Acmella.

Actinella.

Actinomeris.

Ageratum.

Dablia.

Calliopsis, Reichenb.

Polymnia, l.

Chrysanthemum, l.

Pyrelhrum, W.

E. Akthemiuf.ae. (May-
weed-like.)

Sparganophorus, Mx.

Anthemis, l.

Sanlolina, l.

Tanacetum, l.

Achillea, l.

Artemisia, l.

Omalanthus, Lessing.

Verbesina.

Matricaria.

F. Ambrosiacea. (Hog-
weed-like.)

Partheniumj l.

Xanthium, l.

Iva, Lr

Ambrosia, l.

CLASS TENTH.

COROLS ON THE GERM, AN-
THERS SEPARATE.

56. DTPSACEAE.

A. DlPSACEAE.

JFeak tonics.
Scabiosa.
Dipsacus, L.

B. Valerianeae.
Tonic, aromatic, vermifuge.
Plectritis, Dc.
Valeriana, L.
Patrinea, Juss.
Fedia.

Valerianella, Dc.
Phyilactis, P.

57. RUBIACEAE.
A. Stellatae.

Astringent, and a good
dye weed.
Rubia, L.
Galium, L.

B. CiNCHONEAE. (Peruvian-
bark-like.)
Powerful febrifuge, tonics.
1. Spenna eocene.
Spermacocea, Mayer.
Diodia, L.
Cinchonia.

2. Cephalantheae. (Button-
bush- like.)
Cephalanthus, I..

3. Hedyotideae.
Hedyotis, L.
Anotis, Do.

4. Cinclionaea.
Pinkneya, Mx.

5. Psycholriaceae.
Chiococca, P. Br.
Psychotria, L.
Milchella, L.

58. CAPRIFOLIA.
A. Caprifoi.iaceae.
Astringent, fragrant.
I. Lonicereae. (Honeysuckle-
like.)
Xylosteum.
Triosteum, L.
Lonicera, R. and S.
Symphoricarpus, Dill.
Diervilla, Tourn.
Linnaea, Gron.
Symphoria, P.

2. ^amhucinea,
(ftder-like.)
Viburnum, L.
Sambucus, L.

3. Hedereae.
Hedera.
Cornus, e.

4. Hydrangeae.
Hydrangea, l.
Horlensia.

B. Lorantheae.
Astringent.
Viscum, L.
Arceuthobium, M. Bieb.

Section third. Floiccrspoly-

jjttalous.

CLASS ELEVENTH.

Stamens on the germ.

51). ARALIAE.

Stimulants.

Aralia, l.

Panax, L. ■-

60. UMBELLIFEREAE.

A. Umbelufereae.
Stomachic, or narcotic if nau-
seous.

1. Orthospcrmaeac.
(Fennel-like.)
Hydrocolyle, l.
Sanicula, l.
Zizia, Koch.
Coriandrum.
Bupleurum, l,
Seseli, L.
Angelica, l.
Carum.

Polytaenia, Dc.
Daucus, L.
Anethum.

/

ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JUSSIEU.

27

Eryngium, l.

Sison.

Cnidium.

Arclieinora, Dc.

CEnanilie, l.

Cynosciadium, Do.

Cliaeropliyllura.

Osinorhiza.

Tliapsia, L.

Ferula, l.

Pastinaca, L.

Trepocarpus, N.

Eulophus, N.

Cyniopterus, Raf.

Apium.

Cicuta, L.

Helociadium, Koch.

Discopleura, Dc.

Leptocaulis, N.

Slum, L.

Uras[)erinum.

Cryplotaenia, Dc.

Ligusticum, l.

Thapsium, N.

Peucedanum, Koch.

Heracleum, l.

Aethusa.

2. Caiiipijlospcrmae. (Hem-

lock-hke. )
Conium, l.

3. Codospermae.
Atrema, Dc.

CLASS TWELFTH.
Stamkns below the germ.

CA. RAX'JNCULACEAE.

A. Ranun'colaceae.

Acrid, c'lusiic, poisonous.

Tribe I. Cl.cmalidac. (Vir-
gin-bower-like.)

Atragene.

Clematis, l.

Cyrloihvncha.

T. 2. Aneinoneae. (Wild-
flovver-hke.)

Thalictrum, l.

Hydrastis, l.

Anemone, l.

Adonis, l.

Hepatica, l.

T. 3. Raiiunciilaceae. (Crow-
foot-like.)

Myosuris, l.

Ranunculus, l.

T. 4. HtUcborinae. Colum-
bine-like.)

Caltha, L.

Enemion, R.

Helleborus.

Trollius, L.

Aquilegia, l.

Delphinium, l.

Coptis, Sy.

Nigella.

Aconitum, l.

T. 5. Paeoneae. (Peony-like.

Actaea, l.

Xanthorhiza, l.

Ciniicifuga, l.

Paeonia, l.

Macrotys, R.

Hydropeltis.

Kectris.

62. PAPAVERACEAE.
A. Papaveraceae. (Poppy-
like.)
Narcotic, anodyne.
Papaver, l.
Platystemon.
Platystigma.
Sanguinaria, l.
Argemone, l.
JMeconopsis, Vig.
Glauciuni, l.
Chelidonium, l.
Chrysis.
Meconella.

B. NymphjEaceae.
Sedative and narotic.

■ Nymphaea, S.
Nuphar, S.

C. Neh'mboneae.
Tonic and cathartic.

Nelumbium, Ju.

D. PoriOPHYLLEAE.

Cathartic.
Podophyllnm, l.
Jeffersonia, B.

E. SAriRACENIEAE.

Slightly cathartic.
Sarracenia, l.
Dendromecon.

63. CRUCIFERAE.

A. Cruciferae.

Antiscorbutic and nutritions.

T. 1. Fleurorhiteae. (Water

cress-like.
Cheiranthus, R. Brovvn.
Braya, Stermb.
Leavenworthia.
Lunaria.
Pachypodium.
Cardamine, L.
Visicaria, Lk,
Cochlearia, l.
Isatis.
Selenia, N.

Nasturtium, R. Brovvn.
Turiitis, l.
Dentaria, l.
Parrya, K. Brown.
Alyssum, l.
Tliysanocarpus, Hk.
Iberis, L.

Streptanthes, N.
Barbarea, R. Brown.
)Arabis, r,.
Camelina.
Crambe.
Phoenicaulis.
Draba, l.
Thlaspi, L.
Capsella, Vent.
Hutchinsia, R. Brown.
Cakile, i..
T. 2. Notorhizcae. ( Pepper -

grass-like.)
Hesperis, l.
Stanleya, N.
Warea, N.
Coronopus.
Sysimbrium, l.
Senebiera, Poir.
Erysimum, i..

Oreas, Cham and Schlecht.
Lepidium, l.
Platyspermum, Hk.
T. 3. Orthoploceae. (Mus-
tard-like.)
Sinapis, l.
Brassica, l.
Platypetalum.

T. 4. Diplecolobcae.
Subularia, l.
Eutrema.
Hynienolobus.

64. CAPPARIDES.

A. Capparideae.
Isorneris.

Cleome, l.
Crista tella.
Polanisia.

B. Resedaceae.
Tonic; used in dying.

Reseda.
Ellimia.

65. SAPINDL
C. SapindacejE.

Tonic or poisonous,
Cardiospermuai, l.
Sapindus, l.
Dodonaea.

66. ACERA.

A. Hippocasta.nae. Horse-

chesnut-Iike.)
Aesculus, L.

B. AcERINEi.

Sugary nutritious, tonic.
Acer.
Negundo.

67. MALPIGHIAE.

68. HYPERICA.

ORDERS Of LINDLEY AND JDSSIEU.

A. HrpERicwEiE. (Johns-

wort-like.)
Cathartic and febrifuge.
Hypericum, l.
Ascyrum, i..
Diodea.

B. DROsERACta:. (Sundew-

like.)
Slightly acrid, ionic.
Drose;a, l.
Dionaea, l.

69. GUTTIFERAE.
A. GdttiferejI:.
Cathartic, acrid.

70. AURANTIA.

A. TERNSTRojiiACEiE. (Tea

like. )
Stomachic, tonic refrigerant
Thea.

Gorgonia, Ellis.
Stuartia, Cav.

B. AuRANTiACE^. (Orange

like.)
Stomachic, tonic, refrigerant.
Citrus.
Limonia.

71. MELIAE.
A. MELiACEa:.
Tonic.
Melia, t.

B. Gedrele^. (Mahogapy.

Febrifuge.
Swietenia, L.

C. SxYRACEffi. (Benzoin-

like.)

Stomachic, aromatic, astrin-
gent.

Styrax, L.

Hopea.

Halesia, L.

72. VITES.

A. VlTES.

Refrigerant, tonic, acid.
Ampelopsis, Mx.
Vitis, L.

73. GERANIAE.

A. Geraniace^:. (Gerani-

um-like. )
Astringent, aromatic.
Geranium, L.
Pelargonium.
Erodiurn.

B. Oxalideae. (Sorrel-like.

Refrigerant, tonic.
Oxalis, L.

C. Tropaeoleae.
Tropaeolum.
J-iinyiantliPs.

D. Balsameae.

Scarcely caUiartic.
Impatiens, L.

A. VrotACE>!E.
Emetic, ionic.
Viola, L.
lonidium, Dc.
74. Malvaceae. (Mallows- B. CisTiNEiE.

like.) Stomachic, tonic.

A. Malvaceae. Heliantheuiurn.

Mucilaginous, all wholesome. Turnera.

Althea.
Malope, L.
Lavatera.
Sida, L.
Abutilon.
Gossipium.
Malva, L.
Malvaviscus, Dill.
Hibiscus, L.

75. MAGNOLTAE.
A. Magnoliaceae.
Tonic, fragrant.
Magnolia, l.
Liriodendron, l.

B. WiNTEREAE.

Stomachic, carminative^
Illiciura, L.

76. ANNONAE.

A. Annonaceae.
Aromatic.
Porcelia.
Aunona, Adans.

) 77. MENISPERMA.

A. Menispermea:.
Tonic, rarely narcotic.

Menispermum, l.
Scliizandia, Mx.
- Cissampelos, D. C.
Wendlandia.

78. BERBERIDES, (Bar-
berry-like.)

A. Barberidf.?:.

Refrigerant, tonic.
Berberis, l.
Leontice.
Vancouveria.
Achlys, Dc.
Dipl^ia, Mx. ■

B. Hamamelideae.
Tunic.

Hamamelis, l.
Fothergilla, l.

79. TILIACE^. (Bass-
wood-like.)

) A. Tiliace;e.

Emollient.
Tilia, L.
Corchorus.

80. CTSTI.

Iludsonia, t.
Lechea, l.

81. RUTACE^.

A. RUTACE^E.

Tonic.
Ruta.

B. Zygohpylle^.
Tribulus, l.

82. CARYOPHYLLE^.

(Pink-lit<e.)
A. .LiNEiE. (Flax-like.)
Emollient.
Linum, l.

B. CaryophyllejE. (Pinkr

like.)

Emollient.

1 . Sileneae,
Dianthus, l.
Silene, l.
Saponaria, l.
Agroslemma.
Bryophyllum.
Lychnis, l.

2. Alsincae.
Sagina, l.
Spergiila, l.
Arenaria, l.
Mollugo, L.
Merkia.
Slellaria, l.
Cerastium, l.
Micropelalon.
Fiankenia.

CLASS THIRTEENTH,
Stamens surrounding the

germ.
83. SEMPERVIVE.E.

A. Crassulace/E.
Refrigerant, emollient.

Sempervivum.
Levvisia, Ph.
Tillaea, l.
Penthorurn.
Sedum, l.

B. GALLACINEiE.

Scarcely ionic.
Galax, L.

84. SAXIFRAG.F..
B. Saxifrage;f,.
Astringent.
Saxifraga, l.

ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JUSSIEU.

29

Leptarrhena, R. Brown.
Adoxa, L.
Tiarella, l.
Heucliera, l.
Ilea, L.
Parnassia, l.
Clirysosplenium, l.
Telliina, R. Brown.
Drummondia, Dc.
Mitella, l.
Lepuropetalon.

85. CACTI. (Prickly-pear-
like.)
A. Grossulariae.
(Gooseberry and currant.)
Rrfrigerants, tonics, emetics.
Ribes, L.

B. Cacteae. (Prickly-pear-
like.)
Refrigerants, demulcents.
Cactus.

86. PORTULACCE^.

(Purslane-like.)

A. Elatineae.

Scarcely tonic.

Crypta, N.

B. PORTUEACCEAE. (PurS-

lane-like.)
Emollient, scarcely tonic.
Portulacca, l.
Montia, l.
Talinum, l.
Claytonia, l.
Cal9.ndrinia.
Calyptridium.

87. FICOIDE^. (Fig-like.
A. Ficoideje.
Emollient, nutritions.
Mesembryanthemum.
Sesuvium, l.
Ficus, L.

88. ONAGRI.

A. Onagariae.
Emollient.

Epilobiuni, l.
Oenothera, l.
Isnardia, Dc.
Ludwigia.
Clarkia, Ph.
Gaura, l.
Jussiaea, i,.

B. Halorage^:.
Aperient, tonic.

Proseripnaca, l.
Myriophyllum, l.
Hippurus, L.

C. CiRCAEACEiE. (En-
chanter's shade.)
Feebly catliartic.

Circaea, l.

D. Callitrichin^.
Emollient, cooling.

Callilriche, l.

E. Ckratofhylle^.

Sub-tonic.
Cerratophyllum, l.

F. Hydrocharide^.

Sub-tonic.
Fuchsia.
Mentzelia, l.

G. Laoase^;.
Bartonia, N. & Ph.

H. TURNKRACE^U

Sub -ionic.
Turnera, l.
Touterea.

Horkelia, Cham.

Fragaria, i,.
Geum, L.
Sieversia, W.
Rubus, L.
Punica.
Dalibarda, L.
Dryas, L.
Sibbaldia, L.

2. Rosea. (Rose-like.)
Rosa, L.

3. Spiraeaceae.
Spiraea, L.
Purshia, Dc.
Gilleuia, Mn.

D. PoMACK^. (Apple-like.)
Refrigerant, aperient, tonic.
Aronia.
89. MYRTI. Mespilus.

A. PaiLADRLPHKiE. (Mock^ Pyrus, L.

orange-like.) Crataegus, L.

Tonic, aperient. Sorbus.

Philadelphus, l. Armeniaca.

Decuniaria, L. E. AwYGDALEiE. (Peach and

B. Myrtace^. (Myrtle- plum-like.)

like.) Astringent, febrifuge, seed

Aromatic, stomachic. and leaves often narcotic.

Myrtus.

90. MELASTOMiE.

A. Melastomacks:.
Astringent, refrigerant,
Rhexia, l.

91. SALICARIiE.

A. Sai.icari^.
Astringent, vulnerary.
Ammannia, l.
)Lythrum, l.
Cuphea, i..

B. RHIZOPHOREiE.

Astringetit.
RJiizophora, l.

Prunus, L.

Aniygdalus.

Cerasus.

F. Chr¥sobalanf;e.
Sub-tonic and nutritious.
Chrysobalanus, L.
Floerkea, \V.

93. LEGUMINOS^.

(Pea-like.)
A. Leguminos.e. (Indigo

and clover-like.)
Nutritious, antiscorbutic,
aperient.
Curvembriae. (Radicles re-
flexed on (he Cotyledons. J
1. Fapilionaceae. (lobes of

the calyx distinct.)
Sophora, R. Brown.
Baptisia, Vent.
iVIedicago, L.

92. ROSACE^,.
A. Calycanthe^e.
Aromatic, sub-tonic.
Calycanthus, L.
B. Sanguisorbe^. (Burnet- Trigonella

like.) Indigofera, L.

Sanguisorba, l. Petaiostemum, M\'.

Polerium, l. Tephrosia, Persoon

Alchemilla, l. Robinia, L.

C- RosACEJE. Dolichos.

Astringent, refrigerant, febri- Astragalus, L.

fuge. Spartium.

1. Potentillea. (Five finger- Coronilla.

like.) Lespedeza, Mx.

Potentilla, l. Pisum, L.

Aphanes. Phaseolus.

Stylipus, Raf. Erythrina.

Agrirnonia, Tourn, Thermia.

Comarum. Crotellaria, L,

30

ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JUSSIEU.

Hosackia, Benth,
Trifolium, L.
Vexillaiia, Ea.
Dalea, L.
Amorplia, L.
Sesbania, P.
Phaca, L.
Zornia, Gn.
Ulex, L.
Arachis.
Vicia, L.
Lalhyrus, L.
Lupinaster.
Virgilia, Lanik.
Genista, L.
Meli'.oUis, Tourn.
Psoralea, L.
Galactia, L.
Glycina.
Homalobus.
Kentrophyta.
Pitcheiia, N,
Glycirrhiza, L.
Colutea.
Cicer.

Oxytropis, Dc.
Centroseina.
Chapmannia.
Stylosanthes, Swtz.
Aeschyiiomene, L.
Hedysaruin, L.
Ervum, L.
Astrophia.
Lupinus, L.

Rectcmbriae. (Radicle
straight. )

94. TEREBINTACEAE.

A. Amyrwem.
Amyris.

B. JOGLANDE/'E.

Cathartic, astringent.
Juglans, L.
Carya, N.

C. Anacardiack^.
Poisonous, acrid, astringent.
Rhus, L.
Slyphonia.

D. Xanthoxyle.e.
Xantlioxyluni.
Pitavia.
Ptelea.

G5. RHAMNI.

A. Cki.astkine.e.
Cathartic.
Celastrus, L.
Euonymus, L.

B. PcHAMNEiE.

Cutliartic.
Rhamnus, L.
Ceanolhus, L.

Or Staph YLACEiE.
Cnlkartic.
Staphylea, L.

D. Ilicine^.
Tonic, astringent.
Ilex, L.

Nemopanthes, R.
Prinos, L.
Myginda, Jacq.

CLASS FOURTEENTH.

2. Mimoscae. (Divisions of Flo" crs mostly apctalous.
tlie calyx and corolvalvate 96. EUPHORBEiE.

in aestivation. A. Euphokbiace^. (Spurge,

Darlingtonia, Dc. caper.)

Acacia, Necker. Tonic, irritating, stomachic.

Schranckia, W. Pacli^'sandra, JVIx.

Prosopis, L. Borya, VV.

3. Caesdlpincae. (Petals im-Pliyilanthus, L.
bricate in aestivation.) Acaiypha, L.

Cassia, L. Croton, JL.

Gledilschia, L. Tragia, L.

Agati. Jatropha, L.

Gymnocladus, L. Euphorbia, L.

Cercis, L. Crotonopsis, Mx.

Pomaria, Cav. Stillingia, L.

B. PoLYGAi-EiE. (Seneca Ricinus, L.
snake-root.) Buxus.

Stimulant, diuretic. B. Empetue*.

Polygala, L. Sub-tonic.

Krameria, L. Empetriim, L.

C. Fu.MARiACE^. Ceratiola, JVlx.

Diuretic, apcriejit,' diaphoretic.

Corydalis, Dc. 97. CUCURBITACE^.

Adluinia. A. Passifi,ork;e. (Passion-

Dielytra. flower.)

Fumaria, L. Fragrant, sub-tonic.

Passiflora, L.

B. Papayace^. (Papaw
tree. )
Solvent, vermifuge.
Carica, L.

C CUCURBITACEJE.

Nutritious, re/ringerant,
cathartic.
Cucumis, L.
Cucurbita.
Melothria, L.
Sicyos, L.
Moinordica, L.

98. URTICEAE.

A. Urtice;e. (Nettle-like.)
Narcotic, tonic, anodyne.

Urtica, L.
Humulus, L.
Parielaria, L.
Boelimeria, W.
Cannabis, L.

B. Atrocarpe.e. (Poison
upas and Caoutchouc tree
are here. )

Morus, L.
Madura, N.

C. DAT1SCE.E.

Broussonetia.
Datisca, L.

D. Sacrure^e.
Cathartic,
Saururus, L.

E. PiPERACEAE. (Pepper.)
Piper, L.

99. AMENTACE^.
A. Ulmaceae. (Elm.)
Emollient, tonic.
lUlmus. L.
Planera, Gmel.
Celtis, L.

B. Cupulifereae. (Oak.)
Quercus, L.
Coryius, L.
Castanea, Tourn.
Fagus, L.
C. Betulineae. (Birch-
like.)
Astringent, febrifuge,
stomachic.
Betula, L.
Oslrya, Mx.
Alnus, \V.
Carpinus. L.

D. Salicine.-f:. (Willow )
Astringent, ionic, stomachic.
Salix, L.

Populus, L.

E. Platanaee. (Button-

wood.)
Tonic, aromatic.
Platanus, L.
Liquidambar, L.

ORDERS OF LINDLEY AND JUSSIEU.

F, Mtriceae. (Sweet-fern.) a. Cycadkae. (Sago-plant.)Pinus, L.

Aromatic astringent,
stomachic.
Myrica, L.
Comptonia, Gaert.

C. CONIFERE^.

Emollient. Thuja, L.

Cycas. Taxus, L.

Zuinia, L. Cupkessus, I„

B. CoNiFEUE.'E. (Tines. Toneya.
Balsamic, stumaJdc, healing.
Juniperus, L.

31

ABBREVIATIONS OF WOBxDS,

U3ED FOU INDICATING THE

PROPERTIES OF PLANTS, OR OF PARTICULAR PARTS OF THEM.

Letters, b. bark, d. dry, c. extract, f. fruit, g. r^reen, h. herbage, o. oil or olifiant,
r. root, s. seed, w. wood; g. d. and e. are often joined to other abbreviafions, as
g-r. green root, d-h. dry herbage, e-o. essential oil. TJie signs, plus and minus,
express the degrees of strength; as ton-|-. strong tonic, poi — . weak poison.

abs— orbent.

dia— phoretic.

opi— ate.

aci— d.

dis — cutient.

pec— toral.

acr— id.

din— retic.

pru — ssic acid.

ale — oholic.

dra — stic.

poi— sonous.

amy— laceous.

dye — stulf, dying.

pti — san.

ano— dyne.

edi-ble.

pun — gent.

ant — idote.

enie— -tic.

ref— rigerent.

ath. anthelmintic.

emo — lient.

res— inous.

anm. antimiasmatic.

epi— spastic.

rub— ifacient.

ape — rient.

esc— arotic.

sal — ivary.

aro — matic.

exp — ectorant.

sap— onaceous.

ase. antiseptic.

fac — tory work.

sec— ernant.

asc. antiscorbutic.

far— inaceous.

sed — ative.

asp. antispasmodic.

feb— rlfuge.

sia — logogue.

ast— ringent.

fod— der for cattle.

sol— vent.

bal — sainic.

fom — enting.

sop— orific.

bev — erage.

fra— grant.

spi— cy.

bit— ter.

gar — gle.

sti — mulant.

cab — inet work.

gel — atinous.

sto— machic.

car — minitive.

gum — miferous.

sud— oritic.

carp— entry work.

hea— ling.

sug — ary.

cath — artic.

irr — itating.

tan — nin.

cata — plasm.

jel — ly- bearing,
lax— ative.

tes— ts for acids and ai.

cau — stic.

tiin — ber.

con — diment.

lot--ion making.

tin — cture.

coo — ling.

muc — iiaginous.

ton— ic.

cor— dial.

nar — cotic.

ver— mifuge.

cos— metic.

nau— seating.

vin — ous.

dem — ulcent.

ner — vine.

vis— cous.

deo— bstruent.

nut — ricious.

vul — nerary.

det— ergent.

odo — rjferous.

war — ming.

32'

ABBREVIATIONS OF WORDS

USED rOR INDICATING THE

DISEASES FOR WHICH PLANTS ARE USEFULLY EMPLOYEE^
[Sueh abbreviations are printed in Italics.]

ast — hma.
cac—hexy.
can — cer.
col — ic.

cons — umption.-
conv — ulsions.
cos — tiveness.
cou — gh.
CTa — mp.
era — up.
cyn — anche.'
(lea — fness.
diub — etes.
(liar — rhea.
(Iro — ^^psy.
dijse — ntary.
(iysp— epsidi.
dijsu — ria.
ej)i — lepsy^

cru — ption.
cry — sipelas.
fai — nting.
j'ev — er of any kind.
fev-a. fever-ague.
Jla — tulence.
gan — grene.
gid — diness.

gout. .

hem — optesis.
hec — tic.
kic — cough.
hyd — rophobia.

itch, -c .

jau — ndice.
leth — argy.
oph — thalmia.
palp — i tat ion.

pal — sey.

pi — les.

])le — urisy.

p7ie — umonia-.

qui — nsy.

ra — sh.

r're^umatism.

ric — kets.

tin — gworm.

St. V. St. vitus-dance-

sci — rrhous.

Scr — ophula.

sen— rvy.

tuiii — or.

tae — nia.

'die — ers.

vom — iting.

wor — ^His.

[C The properties of plants, and the diseases to which they are applied, are giveii
on higher authority in the part of this work where the species are described, and in
the alphabetical catalogue of Natural Orders, than under the hundred general orders
of Jussieu.

NORTH AMERICAN PLANTS.

GENERA.

CLASS I. MONANDRIA.
Order I. Monogynia.

Saucornia. Calyx fleshy; entire, 3 or 4 sided, obconic: corol 0: stamen in the
bottom of the calyx; style 2 cleft; utricle 1, vertically compressed, enclosed in the
calyx, (saphmire.) S.

Hipp0Ri.s. Calyx superior, obsolete, with a 2-lobed margin: corol 0: seed 1: stigma
simple: style in a. groove of the anther: germ crowned by the rim of the calyx,
(marestail.)

Southern.

Canna. Calyx double; outer one short, 3-cleft, permanent; inner one (or corol)
6-parted; one of the divisions reflexed: anther simple, attached to the margin of the
filament, which is petal-like and 2-lobed; style thick, club-form; stigma linear ob-
tuse; capsule muricate, 3-celled; seeds numerous and globose, (flowering reed.)

Thalia. Calyx double; outer one small, 3-sepalled, inner one (or petal) 5-partedt
anther simple, ovate, inserted into a depressed filament: style short, bent from the
anther: stigma perforated, depressed, ringent: capsule 2-celled, (in some species a 1
celled nut) (long stems.)
*Scirpus, Cyperus.

Order II. Digynia.

Calhtriche. Calyx inferior, 2-sepalled: capsule 2-celled, membranaceous and mar-
gined: seeds 4, com])ressed: (flowers sometimes monoecious, and by some the calyx is
called the corol.) (water-starwort.) S.

Blitum. Calyx 3-cleft, or 3-parted, berry-like: corol 0: seed 1, immersed in the
calyx. (bUte.)

Southern.
CoRispERMUM. Calyx 2-parted or 2-sepalled: corol 0: seed 1, plano-convex, oval,
having an acute, circular margin. Stamens sometimes 5. (tickseed) S.

Calyptridium. Sepals 2, ovate, permanent, corol monopetalous, minute, diaphan-
ous, slightly 3-toothed at the apex — soon detached from the base and carried up, on
the summit of the elongated capsule: the capsule oblong-linear, many times longer
than the calyx, 1-celled, 2-valved, 6 to 10 seeded.
*Uniola, Saccharum.

5

CLASS II. DIANDRIA.

Order I. Mokogynia.

A. Carol 1-petalled, inferior, regular.

LiGusTRUM. Calyx- 4 toothed: corol with 4 ovate divisions: berry 1 or 2-celled, 2

to 4-seeded. (prim.)

Chionanthus. Calyx 4-parted: corol 4-parted, with very long divisions: nucleus
of the drupe striate-fibrous. (fringe tree.) S.

Orkus. Calyx 4-parted: corol 4-parted; divisions long, ligulate: stamens with
two barren filaments: fruit with a winged nut. (flowering ash.)

Exotic.
Jasmincm. Corol salver-form; 5 to 8-cleft: berry 2-seeded, each seed solitary, aril-
led, (jasmine. )
Stringa. Corol salver-form 4-clefL: capsule 2-celled. (lilac.)

Southern.

Olea. Calyx small, 4-toothed: corol with a short tube, 4-cleft, segments ovate:
drupe 1-seeded, often with an abortive rudiment, (american olive.)

Elytraria. Calyx 4 or 5-parted. with the front segment cleft: corol 5-cleft, seg-
ments nearly equal: stamens with 2 barren filaments: capsule 2-celled, 2-valved; each
valve having half the partition attached to it.

B. Corol 1-petalled, inferior, irregular.

Veronica. Calyx 4-parted: corol cleft into 4 lobes, lower division smaller: cap-
sule obcordate. few-seeded, 2-celIed. (speedwell.) S.

Gym.nandra. See description m its order in Species part.

Leptandra. Calyx 5-parted, acuminate: corol tubular, 4-cleft, with one division
smaller: capsule ovate, 2-celled, opening at the top. (culver's physic.) S.

Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted or 5-sepalled, sometimes with a 2-leaved calycle: corol
2-lipped, reversed, tubular, upper lip 2-lobed, under one equally 3-cleft: stamens 4,
(2 of them barren:) stigma 2-lipped: capsule 2-celled. (hedge-hyssop.) S.

Linder.nia. Calyx 5-parted, equal: corol reversed, tubular, ringent, the upper lip
very short, the lower one unequally 3-cleft, 2-keeled at the base: anthers cohering by
pairs, 2 stamens longer, forked, barren: capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the partition par-
allel to the valves. S.

PiNGDicuLA. Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip 3-cleft, lower one 2-cleft: corol ringent,
with a spur at tlie base; limb 2-lipped, upper lip 3-lobed, lower one 2; throat con-
tracted: stamens and style short: stigma 2-lipped, covering tlie anther: capsule 1-cel-
led, many seeded, receptacle of the seed central, unconnected, (butter-wort.) S.

Hemianthus. Calyx tubular, border 4-toothed, cleft on the under side: corol with
the upper lip obsolete, lower one 3-parted, with the middle segment linear, or strap-
like and truncate, long, closely incurved: stamens with 2-cleft filaments, bearing the
anthers on the lateral branches: capsules 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded: seeds ovate,
shiningt

Catalpa. Corol 4 or 5 cleft, somewhat inflated, bell-form, calyx 2-parted or 2-sepal-
led: stigma 2-lipped: capsule cylindric, 2-celled. (catalpa tree.) <S'.

JusTiciA. Calyx simple or double, 5-parted: corol ringent, or nearly equal, upper
lip emarginate, lower one 3-cleft: anthers 1 or 2 on each filament: capsule 2-ceiled,
bursting with an elastic claw, partitions transverse, (iiialabar nut.) S.

Utricularia. Calyx 2-sepalled or 2-parted, equal: coral ringent, with a sub-
cordate palate, the upper lip bearing the stamens, the lower lip spurred: stigma
2-lipped: capsule 1 celled, globular, (bladder- wort.) iS'.

Soutlier7i.
Micranthemum. Calyx 4-parted: corol 4 parted, and somewhat 2-lipped, with the
upper one smaller than the rest: filaments incurved, shorter^than the coral: capsule
sub-globular, 1-celled, 2-valved, with many striate seeds.

C. Coral l-petalled, inferior, irregular. Fruit of 1 — 4 nut-like cells, enclosed
in Uie calyx.
Lycopcs. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed: corol tubular, 4-cleft, nearly equal,
1 division broader and «raarginate: stamens distant: nuts 4, retuse. (water hore-
hound.) fii.

CLASS III. ORDER I. 35

MoNARDA. Calyx cylindrio, striated, 5- toothed: coral ringent, tubular, upper lip
lance-linear, involving the filaments, lower lip reflexed, 3-lobed. (Oswego tea, moun-
tain mint.) >S^.

Salvia. Calyx tubular, striated, 2-lipped, upper lip 2 to 3-toothed, lower lip
2-cleft: corol ringent: filaments transversely or laterally affixed to a pedicel, (sage.)
S.

CoLr.iNsoNiA. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped, upper lip 3-toothed; corol funnel-form,
unequal, under lip many-cleft, capillary: one perfect seed, nut one. (horse-balm.)

Exotic.
Rosmarinus. Corol ringent, upper lip 2-parted: filaments long, curved, simple,
with a tooth, (rosemary. )

D. Corol superior.

Circ^a. Calyx 2-sepalled or 2-parted: corol 2-petaIled: capsule hispid, 2-celled,
not gaping; cells 1 or 2-seeded. (enchanter's nightshade.) S.

*Salicornia, Cunila, Schoenus, Scirpus, Verbena, Hedeoma, Lemna, Crypta.

Order II. Digynia.

Anthoxanthum. Glumes 2, 1-flowered: paleas 2, accuminate, awned near the
base, (sweet vernal grass.) S.

Crypta. Peplis. Calyx 2-sepalled, inferior: corol 2 or 3-petalled, closed: styles
none: stigmas 2 or 3, very minute: capsule 2 or 3-celled, 2 or 3 valved: cells 4 or 5-
seeded: seeds sub-cylindric, striate, incurved, (mud-purslane.) The corol appears
like a capsule with an aperture at the top, when examined without a lens.

Southern.

Erianthus. Glumes 2, valves nearly equal, villose at the base: paleas 2, unequal,
inner glume bearing a long awn near tlie summit.
*Holcus, Festuca, Saccharum.

Order III. Trigvnia.

Piper. Calyx 0: corol 0: berry 1-seeded: spadix simple, slender, covered with
little flower-bearing scales.

CLASS III. TRIANDRIA.

Order I. Monogynia.

A. Flowers superior.

Fedia. Calyx 3 to 6-toothed, permanent: corol tubular, 5-cleft or 5-parted: nut
or capsule 2 or 3-celled: seed naked, or crowned with a tooth, (lamb-lettuce.) jS.

Iris. Calyx spathe 2 or 3-valved: corol (5-parted, divisions alternately reflexed: .
stigmas 3, petal-like: style short: capsule 3-celled. (flower-de-luce, iris or flag.)

DiLATRis. Lachnanthes. Perianth petal-like, hirsute outside, permanent, deeply
divided into 6 nearly equal parts: the third filament less than the rest: stigma
minutely 3-lobed, style declining: capsule globose, 3-celled.

Patrinia. Calyx with the limb truncate, or erect, very short, sub-5-toothed: corol
regular, obtusely 5-lobed not spurred: stamens 4, adnate to the tube of the bottom
of the corol, alternating with the lobes uppermost deficient, rarely 5; all then standing
together; stigma in a 3-cornered head: capsule 3-celled, crowned with the limb of
the calyx.

Plectritis. Calyx with the margin straight entire: corol with the tube short-
spurred at the base, gibbose before, limb 5-cleft 2-lipped: capsule 1-celied 2-winged.

Valerianella. Calyx with the limb toothed, permanent: corol not spurred, regular,
5-lobed: stigma sub-trifid: capsule 3-celled, subuiembranous crowned with the thick-
ened variably toothed limb of the calyx.

Valeriana. Calyx extremely small, finally enlarged into a feathery egret: corol
funnel-form, 5-cleft, base gibbose: seed 1: stamens, 1, 2, 3, and 4: exsert. (vale-
rian.)

36 CLASS III. ORDER I,

Exotic.

Crocus. Spathe radical: corol funnel-form, with a long slender tube: stigma deep
gashed, crested, (saffron.)

Sovthem.

Phyllactis. Involucre 1-leaved, sheathing: calyx marginal, minute: corol 3-cleft;
seed J: styles and stamens exsert.

Apteria. Calyx 0: corol monopetalous, wingless, bell-tubular with the margin
6-toothed, alternately smaller: capsule 1-celled, valveless: seeds numerous minute.

Tripterella. Calyx (or corol) tubular, prismatic, with winged margins, base
ventricose; limb 6-cleft, internal teeth covering the stamens: corol none: stigmas 3,
capitate: capsule 3-sided 3-celled, many-seeded: stamens included within the tube of
the calyx.

BoERHAAViA. Calyx tubular: margin entire: corol 1-petalled, bell-form, plaited:
nut 1, invested by the permanent calyx, naked or tubercled, 5-grooved, obconic:
stamens various in number, as 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 54, 32.

Calymenia. Allionia. Involucre perianth-like, 5-parted, permanent, 1 to 5-
flowered: perianth none: corol sub-campanulate, plaited, 5-parted; laminae emargi
nate, tube permanent: stamens exsert: seed 1, covered with a coriaceous membrane,
obconic, 5-furrowed.

IxiA. Spathe 2 or 3-valved, ovate, short: corol 6-parted or 6-petalled, sometimes
tubular: stamens straight or incurved: stigmas sub-filiform.

B. Flowers ivferior.

CoMMELiNA. Spathe cordate; sepals 3: corol 3-petalled, sub-equal: 3 barren fila-
ments— sometimes the whole (5 filaments bear anthers: stigma simple: nectaries 3,
cross-form, inserted on peculiar filaments: capsule sub-globose, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded
or empty, (day flower. ) S.

Xyris. Calyx a cartilaginous glume, 2 or 3-valved, in a head: corol 3-petalled,
equal, crenate: capsule 3-valved, many-seeded, (yellow eyed-grass.) S.

ScHOLLERA. Leptanthus. Spathe l-flowercd; corol long-tubular: border 6-parted,
with the stamens on the divisions: filaments equal.

Heteranthera. Calyx a 2 or 3flowered spathe: corol dull-colored, membrana-
ceous, with a long slender tube, border 4 to 6-parted: anthers 3, 2 of them attached to
the divisions of the corol, the other attached to the top of the style, and much larger:
Stigma sub-capitate, 1-sided: capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent at the angles.
This genus is intermediate between the class Triandria, and the class Gynandria.

Southern.

Syena. Calyx deeply 3-parted (or 3-sepalled) acute, permanent: petals 3, roundish:
anthers oblong: stigma 3-cleft: capsule rendered acuminate by the permanent style,
1-celled, 3-valved.

Stipulicida. Calyx 5-parted, permanent: corol 5-petalled, entire, as long as the
calyx: style short, stigmas 3: capsule 1-celled 3-valved: seeds few, attached by fila-
ments to the receptacle.

PoLYCHNEMUM. Calyx 3-sepalled: petals calyx-like: capsule 1-seeded, membrana
ceous, not opening, covered by the calyx. Stamens vary from 1 to 5.

C. Flowers with glumes. Sedges.

Kyllinga. Spikelets 1-flowered: glumes 4, imbricated in 2 rows, compressed; the
2 lower ones are swollen and the upper one empty, the intermediate similar to
the upper and including a naked perfect flower: style bifid: no bristles under the
ovarium: seed lenticular, (bog-rush.) S.

SciBPus.* Glume 1-valved, 1-flowered, chaffy, scales imbricated every way, some
of them empty: styles filiform, caducous: ovarium single, naked, or surrounded with
hairs or bristles, (club-rush.) S.

ScHOENus. Spikelets sub convolute, acute; scales or glumes heaped in fascicles,
puter ones dry, shining, empty: ovarium roundish, naked: style caducous, (bog^
rush.) <S.

*Trichophorum is united to this genus.

CLASS. III. ORDER II. 37

Rhynchospora. Scales or glumes of the calyx fascicled into a spike, lower ones
empty: styles permanent at the base: bristles surrounding the base of the ovarium,
(false botr-rush.) &'.

]Maris( us. Spikelets few-flowered: glumes imbricated in 2 rows, the lower empty;
stamens sometimes '2: style 3clefi: neither scales nor bristles below the ovarium:
seed triangular, (hedgehog-rush.) &'.

DuLicHiuM. Spikes sub-racemed, proceeding from the axils of the leaves: spikelets
linear-lanceolate, sub-compressed: scales or glumes somewhat 2-ranked, closely im-
bricated: styles very long, 2-cleft: germ with small bristles, rough backwards, (galin-
gale. ) iS.

CvPEKus. Scales imbricated 2-ways: ovarium without bristles: spikelets com-
pressed, distinct. .S'.

Eriophordm. Glume chaffy, 1-valved, imbricated every way into a spike: pericarp
beset round with very long dense wooly hairs, (cotton grass.) -S.

Fi'iRENA. Scales mucronate or awned, every where imbricate in a spike: pericarp
beset round with broad chatf-like scales, sometimes awned. These scales are called
valves of a corol by some, (umbrella-grass.) iS.

Cenchrus. Involucie aciniate, echinate, 3 or 4-flowered: glumes 2-valved, 2-
flowered, outer valve smallest: florets dissimilar; the outer staminate or neutral, the
inner i)erfect: style 2-cleft. (hedgehog-grass.) S.

LiMNETis. Spartina. Gluuie 2-valved, compressed, one of them keeled and longer
than the other: paleas (chaffs) 2-valved, awnless, unequal: flowers in unilateral spikes,
somewhat imbricated in 2 rows, (salt-grass.) S.

Oryzopsis. Glume 2-valved, lax, obovate: paleas coriaceous, cylindric-ovate, sur-
rounded with hairs at the base; valves 2, outer one awned at the tip: ovarium with 2
linear appendages, or one 2-parted: styles united in one, with 2 diverging or reflexed
stigmas, (mountain rice.)

FiMBRisTYLis. Scales imbricated on all sides into a spike: style ciliate, caducous,
bulbous at the base. JS'.

So2ditern.

Mapania. Flowers in heads, involucre 3-leaved: perianth none: paleas glumaceous,
6-valved, toothed, imbricate: stigmas 3: seeds enveloped in a 6-parted glume.

Vaginaria. Spike ovate, scales imbricated on all sides, acuminate: stigmas 3;
ovarium surrounded at the base with three scales and three bristles.

Narpus. Glume 1-flowered, 1-valved: palea 1, included in the calyx: stigma 1.
Flowers spiked, alternating and sessile, (mat-grass.)

MiEGiA. Arundinaria. Flowers polygamous panicled: glume 2-valved, many-
flowered, shoit and unequal: paleas 2, unequal, the larger one acuminate: style
very short, 3-cleft, plumose: nectary 3-parted, divisions lanceolate, acute, as long as
the germ: large, acuminate, (cane.)

Eriocoma. Glumes 2, 1-flowered; valves gibbous, compacted above, longer than
the palea, 3-nerved, cuspidate: paleas 2, roundish, coriaceous, invested with wool;
the outer valve terminated by a short 3-sided caducous awn; anthers bearded; pericarp
sub-spherical, large, (silk-grass.)

DicHROMENA. Spike in a head, involucred: scales imbricated on all sides into
crowded sessile spikelets, with the lower ones empty; style bristle-form, 2-cleft: no
bristles under the ovarium: pericarp sub-lenticular, sub-rugose, terminated by the
triangular permanent style.

*Juncus, Galium, Oryzopsis, Queria.

Order II. Digynia.
A. Spikelets \-flowered: paleas wiUiout abortive rudiments of Jloioers at the base.
( Glume and paleas different in texture. J
Leersia. Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed, glumes 0: chaffs compressed, awnless,
lower one much broader, boat-form, with prominent keel: scales ovate, membrana-
ceous, smooth: stamens! to 6. (cutgrass.) &'.

Paspalum. Ceresia. Glume in 2 membranaceous, equal, roundish, valves: paleas
awnless, cartilaginous, of tlie form of the glume; stigma plumose, colored; nectary
lateral: flowers in unilateral spikes. .S.

Milium. Glume 2-valved, herbaceous, ventricose: paleas 2, awnless, coriace-
ous, oblong, concave, shorter than the glume: seed 2-horned: nectary lateral: stig-
pias villose. (millet.) /5.

50 CLASS III. ORDER 11.

PiPTATHERUM. Glumc membranaceous, loKgcr than the paleas: paleascartalaginous,
oval; lower valve awned at the tip; nectary ovate, entire: seed coated.

Stipa. Glume 2-valved, membranaceous: paleas 2-valved, shorter than the calyx,
coriaceous, sub-cylindric; valves involute, truncate: awn tenniual, very long, cadu-
cous, twisted at the base: seed coated, (feather-grass.) S.

Aristida. Glume 2-valved, membranaceous, unequal: paleas 2-valved, pedicelled,
sub-cyUndric: lower valve coriaceous, involute, 3-awned at the tip; upper valve very
minute or obsolete: nectary lateral, (bread-grass.) S.

Exotic.
Saccharum. Glume involucred with long wool at the base, 2-valved: paleas 1 or
2-valved: stamens 1 to 3. (sugar-cane.)

(Glume and paleas of similar texture— Jioiocrs in spreading panicles.)

MuHLENBERGiA. Glumc 1 Or 2-valved, very minute, truncate, unequal: paleas
2-valved, base hairy, outer valve a<vned at the tip: seed naked, not furrowed, (drop-
seed-grass.) S.

Trichouium. Glume 2-valved, valves nearly equal, acute: keel scabrous, paleas
1-valved, awnless, shorter than glume: stigmas nearly sessile, sub-hispid, (thin-
grass.) S.

Agrostis. Glumes 2, nearly equal, sometimes longer, but often shorter, than the
paleas; the lower one longer, sometimes awned, often hairy at the base, enclosing the
seed, (redtop.) iS.

CiNNA. Glume 2-valved, compressed, nearly equal: paleas linear, compressed,
short-stiped, naked at the base: lower valve inclosing the upper, short-awned near the

tip- ' ...

Poi-YFOGON. Glume 2-valved, 1-flowered; valves nearly equal, terminating m a
bristle, shorter than the glume: the lower valve terminating in the bristle.

Trichochloa. Glume 2-valved, 1-flowered, very minute: paleas much larger than
the glume, 2-valved, naked at the base; lower valve convolute at the base, terminating
in a long awn not articulated.

Calamagrostis. Spikelets 1-flowered: glumes nearly equal, acute or acuminate:
paleas 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, suirounded with hairs at the base; lower
one acuminate, mostly awned below the tip; the upper one with a stiped pencil-form
egret at the base, (reed.)

(Glume and paleas of similar texture— Jloicers in compact panicles, often spike form. J

Psamma. Glume 2-valved, awnless: paleas shorter than the glume, surrounded with
hairs at the base: nectary lance-linear, longer than the seed: style 3-parted.

Cripsis. Glume 2-valved, oblong, keeled, membranaceous: paleas 2-valved, longer
than the glume, which it resembles in texture and form; nectary none: stamens some-
times but 2.

Alopecurus. Glumes 2, equal, generally connate at the base: paleas 1-valved,
utricle-like, cleft on one side, awned below the middle, (foxtail-grass.) (S.

Phleum. Glume hard, 2-valved, equal, sessile, linear, truncate, bicuspidate: paleas
enclosed in the glume, 2-valved, awnless, truncate, (timothy-grass.) &'.

Southern.
Ceresia. Flowers lateral, 2-rowed, under a wide membranaceous boat-form rachis:

B. Spikelets 1-flowered; paleas tcith 1 or 2 abortive rudiments of floicers at the base.
( Glume and paleas of different texture.)

Cynodon. Glume 2-valved, lanceolate, spreading: paleas 2, longer than the glume:
the outer valve larger, and somewhat oval, and surrounding the inner one: rudi-
ment minute, pedicelled: scale truncate: spikes digitate and fascicled: flowers soli-
tary, (dwarf finger-grass.)

Southern.
Gymnopogon. Anthopogon. Glume 2, keeled, nearly equal, longer than the paleas:
paleas, nearly equal, having a straight bristle a little below the tip of the lower one:
rudiment awn-form.

CLASS 111. ORDER II. 39

AuLAXANTHus. AuLAXiA. Glumcs 2, l-floweted, with the rudiment of a second;
valves equal, furrowed, the furrows villous.

C Giumes and palcas of similar iexlure. '

Phalakis. Glumes 2, niembranancous, keeled, nerved, equal in length, including
the 2 pilose paleas: the paleas are shorter than the glumes, and coriaceous: rudiments
opposite, sessile, resembling valves: scale lateral. (ribbon-gras8, canary-grass.) S.

BiiACHVELYTKUM. Gluuies verj minute; one longish and acute, the other scarcely
perceptible: the lower palea terminated by a bristle twice as long as the glume.

SoutJiem.

Beckmannia. Glumes 2-valved, 1 or 2-flowered, valves somewhat obcordate, in-
flated, equal: paleas 2,included in the glume, valves unequal, the dorsal valve acumin-
ate-awned: one flower often abortive.

Orthopogon. Glumes 1-flowered; valves 3, awned, nearly equal; awns straight,
smooth, that of the outer valve longest.

C. Spikelets many-Jtowered.
(Flowers in panicles; paleas unarmed.)

Glyceria. Spikelets terete, elongated: glume many-flowered, shorter than the
florets; lower valve of the paleas membranaceous and somewhat herbaceous; upper
one somewhat conduplicate: scale lateral, connate: stigma decompound.

Uniola. Spikelets many flowered, flat. 2-edged, ovate: glumes 3 to 5; paleas 2, awn-
less, inner one smallest, concave on the back; outer one boat-form: stamens 1 to 3: ap-
pendages 2, somewhat 2-horned emarginate. (sea rush-grass.) S'.

Briza. Spikelets heart-ovate, many-flowered: glume boat-form, shorter than the
2-ranked florets: paleas ventricose; lower valve cordate, upper one orbicular, short,
(quake-grass.) S.

PoA. Spikelets oblong or linear, compressed, many-flowered: glume shorter than
the florets: paleas herbaceous, awnless, often arachnoid at the base; lower valve
scarious at the margin, (spear-grass.) S.

Exotic.

Sorghum. Florets in pairs, one perfect, with 3 paleas and sessile; the other stam-
inate or neutral, and pedicelled. (broom-corn.)

C Flowers in panicles: paleas armed or mucronaie. J
( Seeds free. )

Arundo. Spikelets many-flowered: glumes 2, lanceolate, unequal; the lower florets
staminate and naked at the base; the others perfect on villous peduncles: paleas un-
equal, the lower one much longer with a long involute awn-like acumination.

KoELERiA. Glume 2 — 4-flo\yered, shorter than the florets: lower palea mucronate,
or with a short bristle a little below the tip.

Uralepsis. Glumes 2, scarious, 2 or 3-flowered: paleas 2, stiped; outer valve with
hairy nerves, much longer than the glumes and tricuspidate, with the middle cusp
longest, and terminated with an awn; inner valve short and arched: seed arilled:
florets alternate and distinct, both flowers and culm purple, (purple hair-grass. )

VVijjDsoRiA. Tricuspis. Glumes 2, keeled, 1-nerved: scarious, acute or cuspidate:
paleas 2, outer valves having nerves with mucronate points, teeth between the points,
and ciliate below; inner valves mostly naked, emarginate: flowers closely imbricated
2- ways in a thick spike.

( Seeds adnate. )

Festuca. Spikelets oblong, more or less terete, at length compressed, acute at
each end: florets sub-terete: glumes unequal shorter than the lower florets, keeled,
acute: paleas lanceolate, the lower one acuminate or rounded at the extremity,
(fescue-grass.) »?.

Ceratochloa. Spikelets lanceolate, somewhat 2-edged, many-flowered: glume
shorter than the imbricate florets: lower palea compressed, mucronate below the tip:
upper valve somewhat conduplicate; styles 2 — 3-parted.

40 CLASS III. ORDER II.

DiARRHENA. Glumes 2, very unequal, 2 to 5-flowered, rigid, upper valve 2-keeled,
very rough, acuminate-mucronate: paleas cartilaginous; inferior valve entire, broad;
superior one very short, eniarginate: seed coated, in length equal with the superior
palea: scale ovate, ciliaie.

Dactylis. Spikelets aggregated in unilateral heads, many-flowered: glumes shorter
than the florets, with a large one keeled, pointed: lower palea eniarginate, mucronale;
upper one sub-conduplicate. (orchard-grass.) S.

(Flowers inpanidcs; paleas more or less 2-cleft, and the loiccr one awned on the back
or a little below the tip. )

Danthonia. Glumes 2 to 5-flowered, longer than tlie florets, cuspidate: paleas
bearded at the base; lower one 2-toothed, with a twisted awn between the teeth; up-
per one obtuse, entire, (wild oats.)

Trisetum. Glume 3 to 5-flowered, membranaceous, as long as the florets: lower
palea with 2 bristle-form teeth at the tip, and an awn below the teeth.

Bromus. Glumes 2, shoiter than the florets: spikelets terete-2-ranked, many-
flowered: outer paleas bifid, awned below the tip; inner one pectinate-ciliate, sub-
conduplicate. (chess, broom-grass.) »S'.

Arrhenatherum. Glumes membranaceous, 2-flowered, rather shorter than the
florets; lower florets bearing anthers, lower valve 2-cleft, awned below the middle;
upper floret perfect, lower valve cleft, unarmed, or with a short awn below the tip.

AvENA. Glumes 2; 2, 3, or many-flowered: paleas mostly bearded at the base,
lower one torn, with a twisted awn on the back: glumes membranaceous, and some-
what folicle-like: seed coated, (cats.) iS.

AiRA. Spikelets slender: calyx longer than the florets, glossy, 2-valved, 2 or 3-
flowered: paleas 2, lower valve gnawed or toothed, awned on the back below the
middle, (hair-grass.) /S.

D. Floicers in spikes.

LoLiUM. Spikelets sessile; to the lowest a glume of 1 valve, to the uppermost of 2
opposite valves: lower palea with a bristle, or mucronate point, at the end: upper is
membranous, bifid-toothed: scales with 2 unequal teeth: seed furrowed: spike com-
pound, (darnel-grass.)

Eleusine. Glumes awnless, keeled, 5 to 9-nerved, membranaceous, 4 to 6-flowered,
obtuse, unequal: inflorescence an unilateral digitate spike: paleas 2, awnless, mem-
branaceous, unequal; lower valve keeled, upper one concave on the back: seed trian-
gular, transversely rugose, (dogtail-grass.) .S'.

Triticum. Glumes 2, many-flowered, shorter than the spikelet, nearly equal,
beardless, or with one beard: paleas 2, one of them bearded from the end: seed
inclosed in the paleas, generally. Agropyron is expunged, and the couch-grass restored
to this genus, (wheat.)

Sec^le. Glumes 2, 2 or 3-flowered: spikelets sessile on the teeth of the rachis,
with the terminal floret abortive: glumes subulate, opposite, shorter than the florets:
lower palea long-awned. (rye.)

Elymus. Glumes in pairs, involucre-like, subulate: lower palea entire, mucronate,
or with a short bristle at the tip: spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis: 3 to
9-flowered. (lime-grass, wild rye.) iS.

Melica. Glumes 2, unequal, colored, obtuse, 2 to 4-flowered, and as long as the
florets; one or more of the upper florets abortive and incomplete: palea unarmed,
membranaceous: scales connate, truncate, fimbricate: seed free, (melic-grass.) S.

Athzrofogon. Spikes in unilateral racemes: glumes 2, membranaceous, 2-flowered;
inferior valve bristle-form: perfect floret 2-valved; inferior valve 3- toothed, or3-bristled;
superior valved bifid: abortive floret pedicelled, 2-valved, 3-bristled. (hairy-beard.)

Southern.

Sesleria. Glumes 2 to 5-flowered: paleas 2, toothed at the tip: stigmas sub-
glandular: flowers often purplish; base of the spike bracted or involucred. (moor-
grass.)

OxYDENiA. Spike panicled, filiform; spikelets 3 or 4-flowered, alternating on a
1-sided rachis: general glume permanent, 2-valved, accuminate-subulate, 1-nerved,
longer than the florets; paleas 2, small, caducous, obtuse, with or without awns: seed
roundish, naked, smooth, somewhat gibbous.

CLASS III. ORDER III. 41

Chi.oris. Spikes digitate, one-sided : calyx '2-valved, 2 to 4-flowered ; valves keeled.
Flowers dissimilar, and the abortive florets pedicelled.

Aegilops. Glumes lateral, 2, mostly 3-flo\vered; valves coriaceous, broad, with
many rigid diverging awns: paleas 2, outer valve 2 or 3-awnedi spikes with the inter-
mediate ones barren, lateral ones perfect, sessile.

E. Flowers polygamous.
(In panicles. )

Panicum. Glumes 2, 2-flowered ; the lower glume generally very small, and differing
in texture from the other: the lower florets abortive, 1 or 2-valved: the lower valve
resembling the glumes, the upper one membranaceous: peifect floret with cartilaginous
valves, unarmed, (cockfoot-grass, panic-grass.) S.

HiERocHLOA. Glumes 2, 3-flowered, scarious: lateral florets staminate, central
ones perfect and diandrous, rarely triandrous.

HoLcus. Glumes 2-flowered, membranaceous, boat-form, mucronate; panicle com-
pact: lower florets perfect, sessile, unarmed; upper ones ^staminate orneutral, pedi-
celled, awned near the middle of the back.

(In spikes.)

Pennisetum. Setaria. Inflorescence a compound cylindrical spike; spikelets 2
flowered, invested with an involucre of 2 or more bristles: glumes 2, unequal, herba-
ceous: superior florets perfect, paleas cartilaginous, (bristled panic.)

Digitaria. Glumes I or 2, 2-flowered; the outer valve very small, or none; the
inmost of the length of the paleas, 2, oblong-ovate, awniess paleas: style very long;
spikes digitate, unilateral, linear: spikelets on short bifid pedicels, in pairs, lower floret
perfect, with coriaceous valves, (finger-grass.) «S.

Andropogon. Spikelets in pairs, involucred; the lower one staminate or neutral
on a bearded pedicel: glumes and paleas often very minute, or wanting: upper spike-
lets sessile, 1-flowered, perfect; glumes sub-coriaceous; paleas 2, shorter than the
glumes, membranaceous, lower valve generally awned. (beard-grass.) (S>.

HoRDEUJi. Spikelets 3 at eacli joint of the rachis, 1 or 2-flowered, all perfect, or
the lateral ones abortive: glume lateral, subulate: perfect flower with 2 paleas, lower
valve ending in a bristle: seed coated, (barley.)

Southern.

MoNOCERA. Flowers in 2 rows on one side of the rachis; glumes 3, many-flowered;
valves awned below the tip. Perfect flowers have 2 paleas, unequal; the outer valve
awned below the tip. Neutral flowers have 2 awniess paleas.

Manisuris. Perfect flowers mixed with the staminate, glume 1-flowered, valves 2
unequal; outer one coriaceous, roundish, emarginate on one side of the base: paleas
2, smaller, included in the glume. Staminate and neutral have the glume uniform or
regular.

Lepturds. Rachis articulated, filiform: articulations single-flowered: glume grow-
ing to the rachis, 1 or 2-valved: valves simple or 2-parted.

RoTBOLLiA. Rachis fragile, articulated, cylindric, often filiform; articulations 2-
flowered or more: glumes lance-ovate, flat, 1 or 2-valved: paleas 2, smaller.

Pleuraphis. Central spikelets perfect, with glumes 1-flowered, wedge-obovate,
2-cleft, 5-bristled: lateral spikelets staminate; glume 2-flowered, with one valve bristl-
ed near the base.

* Stellaria, Anthoxanthum, Oryzopsis.

Order III. Trigynia.

MoLLUGO. Calyx 5-sepalled,, inferior, colored inside: corol 0: capsule 3-celled
3- valved, many-seeded. Stamens 3 to 5. (carpet-weed.) S.

MoNTiA. Calyx 2— 3-sepalled: petals 5, sub-connate at the base, 3 a little smallest:
stamens on the claws of the petals, mostly before the three smaller ones: styles short
reflexed: capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded. Scarcely distinguished from "Claytonia!

Lechea. Calyx 3-sepalled: petals 3, linear: stigmas 3, plumose: capsule 3-celled
3-valved, with 3 inner valvelets: seed 1. (pinweed. ) aS>.

Proserpinaca. Calyx 3-parted, superior, permanent: corol 0: nut bony, 3-sided
3-celled, crowned by the calyx, (mermaid-weed.) S, '

6

42 CLASS IV. ORDER I.

SouUiem.
PoLYCARPON. Calyx 5-sepalled: petals 5, very short, emarginate, permanent: cap-
sule ovate, 1-celled, 3-valved. , . ^ „ • /tt , .

•Zanthoxylon, Siellaiia, Eriocaulon, Queria or Anychia, Stellaria(llolosteum).

Order IV.

Soulhern.

Pellimia. Sepals 4; petals 2, small, membranaceous, linear oblong; capsule depres-
sed, globose, 1-celled, somewhat 8-lobed, opening by a quadrangular cleft at the sum
mit; stigma sessile, seeds numerous very shining.

CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA.

Order I. Monogynia.

A. Flowers superior.

( 1-petalled. )

Cephalanthds. Inflorescence in a head: general calyx none: proper calyx supe
rior minute, angular, 4-cleft: corol funnel-form: receptacle globular, hairy: capsules
2 to 4-partible: seed solitary, oblong, (button-bush.) /S*.

DiPSACUs. Common calyx involucre-like, many-sepalled: proper calyx 1-sepalled,
superior: receptacle chaffy: corol tubular, 4-cleft: nut 1, crowned with a wineglass-
form egret: inflorescence an ovate-head, (teasel.)

Galium. Calyx 4-toothed: corol flat, 4-cleft: fruit dry; nuts 2, roundish: (leaves
stellate.) (bedslraw.) .S'.

Spkrmacoce. Calyx 4-tootlied: corol funnel-form, 4-cleft: capsule 2-celled: seeds,
2, 2- toothed. S.

DioDiA. Calyx 2-cleft: corol tubular, funnel-form, 4-cleft: capsule 2-celled, 1-
seeded. S.

Hedvotis. Or.DENLANDiA. Calyx 4-toothed or 4-parted: corol funnel-form, 4-cleft,
or 4-petalled: capsule 2-celled, many-seeded; receptacle adnate to the partition. S.

Anotis. Calyx an obovate tube, 4-toothed: corol salver-form with a 4-lobed limb,
throat sub-glabrous: stigma sub-2-lobed: capsule I-celled, and 4 to 8-seeded, seeds
ovate sub-angled.

HousTONiA. Calyx half superior, 4-toothed or 4-parted: corol salver- form, 4 cleft:
capsule 2-celled, many seeded, opening transversely, (venus pride.) S.

MiTCHELLA. Calyx 4-toothed: corols 2 on each germ, tubular, limb 4-parted,
spreading, villose inside: stamens scarcely exsert: berry double, 4-seeded: stigmas 4
or 4-cleft. (partridge berry, checker berry.) S.

LiNNiEA. Calyx with the tube ovate: limb .5-parted, segments lanceolate-subulate:
corol turbinate, sub-campanulate, .5-lobed: stamens 4, sub-didynamous, included:
stigma globose; berry dry, small, globe-ovate, 3-celled, one cell only bearing perfect
seed, (twin flower.)

Exotic.

ScABiosA. Common calyx many-sepalled; proper one double, superior: recep.tacle
chaffy or naked. (Flowers aggregate. ) (scabious. )

Southern.

PoLYPREMUM. Calyx 4-parted: corol 4-cleft, wheel-form, bearded at the orifice:
stamens included: capsule compressed, 2-celled, many-seeded.

Allionia. Common calyx oblong, simple, 3-flo\vered: proper calyx obsolete: corol
irregular: receptacle naked.

RuBiA. Calyx 4-toothed: corol 4 or 5-cleft, bell-form: berries 2, one-seeded, (sta-
mens 4-5; leaves stellate. ) (madder. )

(^-pdalkd.)

CoRNUs. Calyx 4-toothed: drupe with a 2-celled nut. Some species have a 4-
leaved involucre, (dogwood, false box.) S.

CLASS IV. ORDER II. 43

LuDwiGiA. Calyx 4-parted, the divisions long, permanent: capsule 4-cornered,
4-celled, perforated at the top, many-seeded— (petals sometimes wanting.) (seed
box.) ^^

( Apctalous. )

IsNARPiA. Calyx bell-form, 4-parted or 4-cleft, superior: capsule 4-celled, 4-cor-
nered, many-seeded, surrounded by the calyx, (water purslane.)

Southern.

Eleagnus. Calyx 4-cleft, bell-form, colored within; stamens alternating with the
divisions of the calyx (corol?) anthers sub-sessile: style short: drupe dry, 1-seeded,
marked with 8 furrows.

B. Floicers inferior.
(\-petaUed. )

Plantago. Calyx 4-cleft: corol 4-cleft, reflexed: capsule 2-celled, opening trans-
versely: stamens exsert, very long, (plantain, ribwort. ) -S'.

Sanguisorba. Calyx 2-sepalled: corol 4-cleft, wheel-form, adhering to the germ so
as to appear as if superior; capsule 4-sided, (burnet sa.\ifrage.) S.

Centaurella. Bartonia. Calyx 4-parted, close pressed, permanent: corol 4-cleft
or 4-parted, bell-form, permanent; stigma thick, glandulous, sub-bifid: capsule 1-
celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, (screw-stem.) I regret that I am compelled by supe- .
rior authority to substitute Centaurella for Bartonia, contrary to all rules for generic
names.

ExACUM. Calyx deeply 4-parted: corol 4-cleft: tube globose; capsule 2-furrowed,
2-celled, many-seeded, opening at ihe top; cells 2-seeded.

SwERTiA. Calyx flat, 4 or .5-parted: corol 4-parted, wheel-form, with nectariferous
pores at the base of the divisions: germ tapering to a poin'. style short, terminating
in 2 stigmas: capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, acuminate, (false gentian.)

Frasera. Calyx deeply 4-parted: corol 4-parled, spreading; segments with bearded
glands in tiie middle: capsule compressed, sub-margined, 1-celled, 2-valved; seeds
few, imbricated, oval, with a membranaceous margin, (pyramid flower.) S.

Southern.

Lycium. Corol tubular, having the throat closed by the beards of the filaments:
stamens often 5; berry 2-celIed, many-seeded, (matrimony.)

Centunculus. Calyx 4-cleft: coral 4-lobed, tubular, permanent, border spreading:
stamens short, naked: capsule 1-celled, dividing into 2 hemispheres, man^'-seeded.

Calucarpa. Calyx 4-cleft: corol tubular, border 4-cleft: stamens exsert: berry
4-seeded.

(i-pclalled.J

Ammannia. Calyx bell-tubular, plaited, 8-toothed: petals 4, or none, on the calyx:
capsule 4-celled, many-seeded — (sometimes 2-celled and 8-stamened.)
(tooth-cup.) ,S.

Ptelea. Calyx 4-parted: petals 4, spreading: stigmas 2: samara compressed,
orbicular, 2-celled, 2-seeded. .S'.

Southerit.

Krameria. Calyx none: corol 4 or 5-petalled: nectary 4-leaved, two-shaped:
anthers perforated: drupe prickly.

( Apdalous. )

RiviNiA. Calyx 4-parted; permanent; berry 1-seeded; seeds lentiform, scabrous:
stamens 8, 4, 12.

Alchemilla. Calyx 8-cleft: segments spreading, alternately smaller: style lateral
from the base of the germ: fruit surrounded by the calyx, (lady's mantle.)

Ictodes. Sympujcarpus. Pothos. General calyx a spathe; spadix simple, covered
with flowers: perianth corol-like, deeply 4-parted, pern)anent, becoming thick and
spongy; style pyramid-form, 4-sided; stigma simple, minute: berries globose, 2-seeded,
inclosed in the spongy spadix-receptacle. (skunk-cabbage.)

Southern.
Camphorosma. Calyx pitcher-form, 4-parted, segments alternately larger: stamens
exsert; style 2-cleft: capsule 1-seeded, covered by the calyx.

*Convallaria, Cardamine, Prinos, Calymenia, Euouynnis.

44 CLASS V. ORDER I.

Order II. Digynia.

Hamamei.is. Involucre 3-leavecl: perianth 4-sepalled or 4-cleft: petals 4, very long,
linear: nut 2-celled, 2-horned (witch hazel.) Flowers in autumn, and perfects its
seed the following spring. S.

Southern.

Aphanes. Caly.x 2-cleft, alternate; segments minute: petals none: stamens mi-
nute: styles 2: seeds 2, covered by the converging calyx, one of them often abortive.
Stamens 1, 2, and 4.

*Sanguisorba, Cuseuta, Swertia, Oldenlandia, Gentiana, Morus, Juglans,
Thuja, Galium, Cuseuta.

Order IV. Tetragynia.

Il,EX. Calyx minute, 4 or 5-toothed: corol 4-parted, wheel-form: style 0: stigmas
4: berry 4-celled, cells 1-seeded. (holly.)

Nemopanthes, R. Flowers abortively dioecious or polygamous: calyx scarcely
conspicuous: petals 5, distinct, linear-oblong, caducous: germs liemisplieric, covered
with a viscous juice: style none: stigmas 4: berry 4-celied, l-seeded. Professor
Dewey defines this genus — Calyx none, or ideally conspicuous: petals 4, lanceolate,
sub-acute: stigmas sessile: pericarp 4-celled, 1-seeded: stamens 3 to 5; stigmas 3 to 5.
This description was written long before tliat of R.

Sagina. Calyx 4-sepalled: petals 4, often caducous: capsules 4-celled, 4-valved,
ipany-seeded. (pearl-wort.) >S.

Tillaea. Calyx 3 or 4-parted: petals 3 or 4, equal: carpals 3 or 4, two or many-
seeded. Sometimes there are 4 barren stamens, (pigmy-weed.)

PoTAMOGETON. Calyx (orgreen corol) 4-sepalled: petals 0: style 0; anthers sessile,
alternating with the divisions: nuts 4, 1-seeded, sessile: seeds 4. (pond-weed.) iS.

RuppiA. Calyx 0: corol 0: seeds 4, pedicelled.

Sojithern.
Myginda. Calyx small, 4-parted: corol 4-petalled or deeply 4-parted; stigmas 2 or
4: drupe globose, 1 seeded.

*Proserpinaca, Myriophyllum.

CLASS V. PENTANDRIA.

Order I. Monogynia.

A. Flowers 1-peialled, inferior; seed-like nuts^ naked in the bottom of the calyx.

Rough-leaved plants.

PuLMONARiA. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled: corol funnel-form, with an open throat:
stigma emarginate: nuts roundish, obtuse, not perforated at the base. (Whole plant
smooth in this country, though rough-leaved in Europe.) (lung-wort.) -S'.

LiTHOsPF.RMUM. Calyx 5-parted, with acute keeled divisions: corol funnel-form,
with an open throat, border 5-lobed: stigma 2-cleft: nuts ovate, pointed, stony, not
perforated: stamens and pistils inclosed in the tube of the corol. (stone-seed or grom-
well.) S'.

OsosMODiuM. Calyx deeply 5-parted, segments linear: coral oblong, somewhat bell-
form, with the acute divisions converging, the upper part of the corol being ventricose
and half 5-cleft, throat open: anthers sessile, enclosed: styles e.xsert, nuts not perfo-
rated at the iiase. (Spikes revolute.) (false gromwell.) S.

EcHiuM. Calyx 5-parted, segments subulate, erect: corol bell-form, obliquely and
unequally 5-lobed; tube short; throat naked; stigma cleft: nuts tubercled, not perfo-
rated at the base, (viper's buglcss.)

Myosotis. Calyx half 5-cIeft or 5-clefl: corol salver-form, curved, 5-cleft, vaulted,
the lobes slightly emarnrinate; throat closed with 5 convex converging scales: nuts
smooth or echinate.. (scorpion-grass.)

Lycopsis. Calyx 5-cleft: corol funnel-form; throat closed with ovate converging
scales: nuts perforated at the base.

*As the seeds of these plants have stigmas at their apexes, they are, according to
modern physiologists, not entitled to the name of jseed.

CLASS V. ORDER I. 45

Batschia. Calyx about 5-cleft: corol ealver-form, with a straight tube longer than
the calyx; having a bearded ring within at the base; tliroat naked, or partly closed,
with rounded divisions: nuts hard and shining, (flilse bugloss.) S.

Ctnoglossum. Calyx 5-parted: corol short, funnel-form, vaulted; throat closed by 5
converging convex processes: nuts depressed, afiixed laterally to the style, (hound-
tongue.) §.

RocHELiA. Calyx 5-parted: corol salver-form, throat closed with converging scales:
nuts prickly, compressed, affixed latterly to the style.

Exotic.

BoRAGo. Corol wheel-form, segments acute; the throat closed with rays: filaments
conniving: nuts rounded, closed at the base, rugose, inserted into an excavated base,
(borage.)

Anchusa. Calyx 5-parted: corol funnel-form, vaulted; throat closed: nuts marked
at the base, and their surface generally veined, (bugloss.)

SyMPHiTUM. Limb, or upper part of the corol, tubular-swelling; the throat closed
with the subulate rays: stigma simple: nuts gibbous, not pierced at the base, (com-
frey.)

Southern.

Heliotropicm. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed: corol salver-form, 5-cleft, with teeth or
folds between the divisions; throat open. (Spikes recurved, involute.) (turnsol.)

B. Flowers 1-petalled, ivferior.
(Capsule 1-cellcd.)

Anagallis. Calyx 5-parted: corol wheel-form, deeply 5-lobed: capsule opening
transversely, globose, many-seeded: stamens hairy, (scarlet pimpernel.) S,

Lysimachia. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted: corol wheel-form, 5-cleft: capsule 1-celled;
globular, 5 or 10-valved, raucronate: stigma obtuse: (In some species the filaments
are united at the base.) (loose-strife.) S,

Primula. Umbellets involucred: calyx tubular, 5-toothed: corol salver- form, 5-
lobed; tube cylindric: throat open; divisions of corol emarginate: capsule 1-celled
with a 10-cleft mouth: stigma globular. (primrose-cov;slip.)

DoDECATHEON. Calyx 5-cleft: corol wheel-form, 5 parted, reflexed: capsule oblong,
1-celled, opening at the apex: stamens on the inside of the tube short; anthers con-
verging: stigma obtuse, (false-cowslip.)

Menyanthes. Calyx 5-parted: corol hairy, funnel-form, 5-lobed, equal and spread-
ing: capsule ovate, 1-celled. 2-vaIved, with the seeds attached to the valves: stigma
2-cleft, capitate, (buck bean.)

Villarsia. Capsule 1-celled, 1 or 2-valved, many-seeded: corol wheel-form, 5-
lobed; divisions bearded at the base; margin inflexed, having 5 glandular nectaries,
alternating with the stamens: stigma 2-lobed. (spur-stem, heart water-shield.) S.

HoTTONiA. Calyx 5-parted: corol salver-form, 5-lobed: stamens on the tube of the
corol: stigma globular: capsule 1-celled, globose, acuminate, (feather leaf ) K

Samolus. Calyx 5-cleft, half superior, permanent: corol salver-form, 5-lobed, with
5 intermediate scales fencing up the stamens between them: capsule 1-celled, 5-tooth-
ed, many-seeded, (brookweed.) iS.

Sabbatia. Calyx 5 to r2-parted: corol wheel-form, 5 to 12-parted: stigmas 2,
spiral or coiled: anthers becoming revolute: capsule 2-valved, many-seeded, (cen-
taury.) S.

Hydrophylltjm. Calyx 5-parted: corol bell-form, 5-cleft with 5 margined, longi-
tudinal, honey-bearing grooves inside: capsule globose, 2-valved: stamens exsert:
filaments bearded in the middle: stigma 2 cleft, (water-leaf, burr-flower.) S.

Nemophila. Calyx 10-parted, alternate lobes reflexed: corol sub-cam panulate, 5-
lobed: the lobes emarginate, with margined nectariferous cavities at the base: sta-
mens 5, shorter than the corol, filaments naked: style 2-cleft; capsule fleshy, 1-
celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded. Germ 1-celled, with two wall-like partitions, each bear-
ing two distinct germs or capsules; capsule 1-celled, with fleshy masses fixed to a
longitudinal axis, bearing the seeds on their inner surface.

Southern.
ErxisiA. Calyx deeply 5-parted: corol smaller, funnel-form, 5-cleft, naked within:
stamens not exsert; filaments smooth; anthers roundish: stigma 2-cleft: capsule 2-
celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded; seeds punctate. Capsule on the spreading calyx.

46 CLASS V. ORDER I.

Androsace. Flowers in an involucred umbel: calyx 5-cleft, permanent: coro?
salver- form, 5-lobed, tube ovate, orifices glandular: capsule 1 -celled, globe-ovate, 5-
valved, many-seeded.

( Capsule ^-celled — rardy 2-celled. )

Phacelia. Calyx 5-parted: corol somewhat bell-form, 3-cleft, with 5 margined,
longitudinal, honey-bearing grooves inside: styles filiform; stigmas 2: stamens ex-
sert: capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded; with partitions attached to the middle of
the valves. S.

Spigelia. Calyx 5-parted: corol funnel- form; border equally 5-cleft: anthers con-
verging: capsule twitined, 2-celled, 4-valved, many seeded. S.

Verbascum. Calyx 5-parted: corol wheel-form, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular:
stamens declined, hairy: capsules 2-celled, 2-valved; valves inflexed when ripened,
man3'-seeded. (mullein.) S.

Convolvulus. Calyx 5-parted, with or without 2 bracts: corol funnel-form, plaited:
stigma 2-cleft or double: cells of the capsule 2 or 3; each 1 or 2-seeded.
(bind-weed.) &*.

Ipom^a. Calyx 5-cleft, naked: corol funnel-form or bell-form, with 5-folds: stigma
globe-headed, papillose: capsule 2 or 3-celled, many-seeded, (cypress vine, morning
glory.) -S.

Exotic.

HvoscrAMUs. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft: corol funnel-form, 5-lobed, obtuse irregular:
stamens inclined: capsule 2-celled, covered with a lid. (henbane.)

Southern.

NicoTiANA. Calyx urceolate, ^ub-tubn!ar, 5-cleft: corol funnel-form, 5-cleft, limb
plaited: stigma notched, capitate: stamens inclined: capsules 2-celled, 2 to 4-valved.
(tobacco.)

Ophiorhiza. Calyx 5-cleft: corol 5-cleft, funnel-form: germ 2-cleft: stigmas 2;
capsule mitre-form, 2-lobed, 2-celled, many-seeded.

BuMELiA. Calyx 5-parted: corol salver-form, deeply 5-parted: nectary (inner corol)
5-leaved: drupe 1-seeded.

LisiANTHUs. Corol tubular, ventricose; divisions recurved: calyx bell-form, keeled:
stigma in a 2-lobed head: capsule 2-celled, 2-furrowed, 2-valved: seeds numerous,
sub-imbricate, surrounded with a very small membranaceous margin.

(Capsule 3 to ^-celled.)

Phlox. Calyx prismatic, 5-cleft or 5parted; segments converging: corol salver-
form, 5-lobed, with a tube somewhat curved: filaments unequal in length, attached to
the inside of the tube of the corol: stigmas 3-cleft: cells 1-seeded, seeds oblong, con-
cave, (lichnedia. ) S.

PoLEMONiuM. Calyx bell-form, half 5-cleft: corol bell-wheel-form, 4 or 5-lobed,
erect: stamens bearded at the base, on 5 valves, closing the bottom of the tube: stigma
3 cleft: capsule roundish, 3-celled, many-seeded; valves membrano-crustaceous: seeds
oblong, sub-triangular. (Greek valerian, false Jacob's ladder.) 6'.

DiAPENsiA. Calyx deeply 5-parted at tlie base, imbricated with 3 leaflets: corol
salver-form: limb fiat, 5-cleft: stamens compressed, crowning the tube of the corol;
stigmas 3: capsules 3-celled, 3- valved, many-seeded, (mountain-box.) iS.

Datura. Calyx tubular, angled, caducous, with a permanent orbicular base: corol
funnel-form, plaited: capsule 4-valved, 2-celled, and each cell half divided: generally
thorny, (thorn-apple.) S.

Azalea. Calyx 5-parted; corol tubular, half 5-cleft, somewhat oblique: stamens
on the receptacle, declined; stigma declined, obtuse, usually ending with 5 short
papillaB:i[capsule 5-celled, 5- valved, opening at the top. (wild honeysuckle.) S.

Exotic.
ViNCA. Corol salver-form, twisted, border 5-cleft, with divisions oblique, throat
5-angled: seed oblong: capsule follicle-like, erect, narrow: 2 glands at the base of the
ovary.

Southern.
CoLLOMiA. Calyx wineglass-form, large, 5-cleft, acute: corol funnel-form, with 5
short oval-oblong lob^: tube straight, long, slender: capsule 3-cornered, 3-celled, with
3 obcordate valves; seed oblong, angular, with a mucilaginous covering.

CLASS V. ORDER I. 47

Cantua. Ipomeria. Calyx 3 to 5-cleft: corol funnel-form: stigma 3-cleft: capsule
superior, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded; seeds winged.

( Seed in a berry. J

Physalis. Calyx 5- toothed: corol bell or wheel-form; tube with 5 concave impres-
sions: anthers converging: berries 2-celled, contained in an inflated calyx: seeds nu-
merous, (winter cherry.) &'.

SoLANUM. Calyx 5 to 10-parted, permanent: corol bell or wheel-form, 5-lobed,
plaited: anthers thickened, partly united, with two pores at the top; beriy containing
many seeds, 2 to G-celled. (potatoe, nightshade, bittersweet. ) S.

NicANDRA. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the angles compressed, segments sagittate:
corol bell-form: stamens incurved: berry 3 to 5-celled, covered by the calyx.

Exotic.

Atkopa. Corol bell-form: stamens distant: berry globular, 2-celled, sitting on the
calyx, (deadly nightshade.)

Capsicum. Corol wheel-form: berry juiceless, inflated: anthers converging: calyx
angular, (red pepper.)

Southern.

Androcera. (Solanum.) Calyx inflated, 5-cleft, caducous: corol sub-ringent,
wheel-form, 5-clefl: stamens unconnected, unequal, declined, one larger and horn-
form; anther with 2 terminal pores: style simple, declined; stigma not distinct: berry
dry; seed without margins, rugose.

C. Flowers ] -pelalled, svperior.
( Seeds in a capsule. )

Campanula. Calyx mostly 5-cleft: corol bell-form, or wheel-form, closed at the-
bottom by valves bearing the flattened stamens: stigma 3 to 5-cleft: capsules 3 to 5-
celled, opening by lateral pores, (bell-flower.) S.

Specularia. Calyx 5-lobed, tube elongated prismatic or long-obconic: corol wheel-
form, 5-lobed: filaments membranaceous, pilose, shorter than the anthers: style in-
closed, pilose; s'igmas 3, filiform: capsule long-prismatic, 3-celled, 3-valved.

Clintonia. Calyx superior, 5-sepalled, sub-equal: corol 2-lipped, lower lip wedge-
form, 3-lobed, upper one erect, 2-parted; stamens in the tube, connate incurved; an-
thers connate, two bristle-bearing at the apex: germ silique-form, triangular, contorted,
1-celled: capsule dr}', many-seeded.

Lobelia. Calyx Scleft: corol irregular, often irregularly slitted: anthers cohering,
and somewhat curved: stigma 2-Iobed: capsule 2 or 3-celled. (cardinal flower,
wild tobacco.) &'.

DiERViLLA. Calyx oblong, 5-cleft, with 2 bracts: corol 5-cleft, twice as long as the
calyx, funnel-form: border 5-cleft, spreading: stigma capitate: capsule oblong, 4-cell-
ed, naked, many-seeded, (bush honeysuckle.) S.

Southern.

PiNCKNEYA. Calyx 5-parted, 1 or 2 of the divisions large, bract-like: corol long,
tubular; border re-curved: stamens exsert: capsule roundish, 2 or 4-valved, with con-
trary partitions: seed winged.

Chiococca. Calyx 5-toothed: corol funnel-form, equal: berry compressed, twinn-
ed, 2-seeded: seed oblong, compressed.

PsYCHOTRiA. Tube of the calyx ovate, crowned: limb short, 5-lobed, 5-toothed or
sub-entire: corol funnel-form, short, 5-cleft; throat bearded: stigma 2-cleft: berry
drupe-like.

C Seeds in a herrij. )

LoNicERA. Caprifolium. Calyx 5-toothed: corol tubular, long 5-cleft, unequal:
stamens exsert: stigmas globose: berry 2 or 3-celled, distinct; seeds many, (trumpet
honeysuckle.) S.

Xylosteum. Calyx 5-toothed with 2 connate bracts: corol tubular; border 5 parted,
nearly equal: berries in pairs, united at their bases, or combined in one; 2-celled. (fly
honeysuckle, twin- berry.)

Symphoricarpus. Calyx globose, tubular; limb small 4 or 5-toothed: corol funnel-
form sub-equal 4 or 5-lobed: stamens a little exsert: stigma half-globose: germ adnate,
4-celled; berry crowned with the calyx.

48 CLASS V. ORDER I.

Symphoria. Calyx small, 4-toothed, 2-bracted at the base: corol tubular, ehort,
5-cleft, sub-equal: stigma globose; berry ovate, small, crowned with the permanent
calyx, 4-celled, 4-seeded; (sometimes two of the cells are abortive. ) S.

Triosteum. Calyx permanent, of the length of the corol, 5-cleft, with linear divi-
sions: corol tubular, 5-lobed, sub-equal, gibbous at the base: stigma capitate, sub-5-
lobed: beiry 3-celled, 3-seeded. (feverwort, horse ginseng.) 6'.

Exotic.
MiRABiLis. Corol funnel-form, coarctate (compressed or narrowed) below: calyx
inferior: germ between the calyx and corol: stigma globular, (four o'clock.)

D. Floicers 5-petallcd, inferior.
(Seed in a capsule. )

Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, minute, bearing the 4 long linear reflexed petals: stigma
capitate, 2-lobed: capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded; the valves bearing the
seeds, and having inflexed margins. &

Impatiens. Calyx 2-sepalled, deciduous; corol irregular, spurred: anthers cohering
at the top: capsule 5-valved, bursting elastically when ripe, (touch-me-not, jewel-
weed.) S.

Viola. Calyx 5-sepalled or deeply 5-cleft: corol irregular, with a horn behind:
(sometimes the horn is wanting or a mere prominence) anthers attached by a mem-
branous tip, or slightly cohering: capsule 1-celled, 3- valved. (violet.) &.

loNiDiuM. Ionia, (from Viola.) Calyx 5-sepalled, with bases extended: corol
somewhat 2-lipped, not spurred: stigma simple: capsule 1-celled, 3-valved; seeds on
the middle valve.

Claytonia. Sepals 2, or calyjt 2-parted, the leaves valve-like: corol 5-petalled,
•emarginate:.stigma 3-cleft; capsule l-celled, 3-valved, 3 to 5-seeded. (spring beauty.)

Ceanothds. Petals scale-like, vaulted: claws long, standing in the 5-cleft, cup-
form calyx: stigmas 3: berry or capsule dry, 3-grained, 3-celled, 3-seeded, 3-parted,
opening on the inner side. (New Jersey tea.) <S'.

EuoNYMUs. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, flat: corol flat, inserted on the outer margin
of a glandular disk: capsule 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-valved, colored; cells 2-lobed; seeds
calyptred or arilled. (spindle tree.) S.

Celastrus. Calyx 5-lobed, flat: corol spreading; capsule obtusely 3-angled, 3-
celled, berry-like; valves bearing the partitions on their centres; cells 1 or 2-seeded;
stamens standing around a glandular 5-toothed disk: style thick: stigma 3-cleft; seeds
calyptred or arilled. (staff tree, false bittersweet. )

Exotic.

GoMPHRENA. Sepals 5, colored, outer 3 conniving, keeled: petals 5, villose: nectary
cylindric, 5-toothed: capsule opening transversely, 1-seeded: style semi-bifid, (ba-
chelor's buttons.)

Southern.

Cyrilla. Calyx minute, sub-turbinate, 5-parted: petals 5, stellate: stigmas 2 or
3: capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, not opening; seed ovate, attached to the summit of a
columella by a filament.

Pickeringa. Calyx small, 5-parted, inferior: petals 5: anthers sagittate: style sim-
ple: capsule 1-celled, sub-globose, many-seeded.

Galax. Erythrorhiza. Solandra. Calyx 5-parted, permanent: corol twice as
lorigas the calyx, 5-petalled, affixed to the base of the stamens; anther-bearing tube
10-cleft, the 5 shorter segments bearing the anthers: stigma 3-lobed: capsule 3-celled,
3-valved; seeds many, affixed to the columella.

(Seed in a berry.)

Rhamnus. Calyx cup-form, 4 to 5-cleft: corol consists of scales fencing in, or op-
posite to, the stamens, and inserted on the calyx, (sometimes wanting:) stigma 2 or
4-cleft; berry 3 or 4-seeded, (sometimes polygamous or dioecious.) (buck-thorn,
dwarf alder. ) S.

ViTis. Calyx 5-toothed, minute: petals cohering at the tip, hood-like, withering:
styles 0: stigma obtuse, capitate: berry 5-seeded, globular, seeds sub-cordate. Often
dioecious, (grape vine.) »S'.

CLASS V, ORDER II. 49

AiwPELorsis. Cissus. Calyx minute, 4 or Smoothed: petals reflexed, spreading, 4
or 5, unconnected above, calyx-like, caducous: germs surrounded with a glandular
disk; berry 2-celled, 2 to 4-seeded. (false grape, creeper.) <S.

Stypho^ia. Sepals 7 to 9, with bracteoies at the base: petals 5, oblong, slightly
unguiculate, of the same texture as the sepals, pubescent within near the base: style
short, stigma minute, 3-lobed: fruit a dry flattened drupe; nut compressed, long,
1-celled, 1-seeded.

E. Flowers o-petalled, superior.

RiBES. Calyx bell-form, 5-clefl, sometimes flat: corol and stamens inserted on the
calyx: style 2-cleft; berry many-seeded, (currant, gooseberry.) <S'.

Exotici
Hedera. Petals oblong; berry 5-seeded, surrounded by the calyx: style simple.
(European ivy.)

F. Carols wanting^

Thesium. Comandra. Calyx superior, half 5-cleft, with petal-like edging attached
to its margin: anthers adhering to the edging by means of filamentous tufts: nut or
capsule 1-seeded, covered with the permanent calyx, (false toadflax.) S.

Anychia. Paronychia. Queria. Sepals 5, united at the base, slightly concave,
sub-saccate at the apex, sub-mucronate on the back; petals none; stamens 2 to 5,
inserted on the base of the sepals; styles very short, distinct or united at the base; .
utricle enclosed in the calyx; 1-seeded.

Paronychia. Sepals 5, united at the base, persistent, cuspidate or rounded at the
apex, cucullate or concave at the summit: petal 0: utricle 1-seeded, enclosed in the
calyx.

SiPHONYCHtA. Sepals 5, linear, petaloid above, cohering into a tube below, slightly
concave at the apex, unawned: nectaries 5: style filiform; minutely bifid at the apex:
utricle 1-seeded, enclosed in the calyx.

Glaux. Calyx inferior, bell-form, 5-lobed, colored: capsule globose, acuminate,
1-celled, 5 valved, 5-seeded, surrounded by the calyx: receptacle rounded and punc-
tured, (sea milkwort.)

Petalanthera. Calyx superior, 10-parted: anthers arrow-form, inserted under the
apex of petal-like filaments: style bears a sub-2-lobed stigma: capsule cylindrical, 1-
celled, 1-seeded.

Exotic.

Celosia. Sepals 3, like a 5-petalled corol: stamens united at the base by a plaited
nectary: capsule opening horizontally: style 2 or 3-cleft.

*Queria, Prinos, Polygormm, Ledum, Geniiana, Cassia, Passiflora, Lycium.

Order II. Dygynia.

A. Corol Upetalled, inferior.

[Plants yj'iih follicles are removed to class gynandria, order peniandria.^

Gentiana. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft: corol with a tubular base, bell-form, without pores,
4 or 5-cleft: stigmas 2, sub-sessile: capsule 1-celled, oblong; columellas 2, longitudi-
nal: stamens but 4, when the divisions of corol are 4. (gentian.)

Cdsccta. Calyx 4 or 5'cleft: corol 4 or 5-cleft, sub-campanulale, withering: cap
sule 2-celled, dividing transversely at the base; seeds binate: stamens sometimes 4.
(dodder.)

Southern.

Gelseminum. Calyx 5-sepalled, very small: corol funnel-form, border spreading,
5-lobed, nearly equal: capsule compressed, flat, 2-partible, 2-celled: seeds flat, at-
tached to the margins of the valves.

Hydrolea. Calyx 5-parted: corol wheel-form or bell-form: anthers cordate, and
their filaments cordate at the base: styles long, diverging; stigmas head-peltate: cap-
sule 2-celled, 2-valved.

Dichondra. Calyx 5-parted; segments spatulate: corol short, bell-form, 5-parted:
stigma head-peltate: capsule sub-compressed, twinned, 2-celled, 1-seeded; seeds glo-
bose.

7

60 CLAES V. ORDER II.

EvoLvuLUS. Calyx 5-partecl, corol bell- wheel-form, with sub-emarginate lobes: styles
2, deeply 2-cleft, with diverging capillary divisions: stigma simple: capsule 2-celled,
4-valved, 2 to 4-seeded.

B. Corol ^-petalkd.

DnuMMONDiA. Calyx obconic, tubular, adnale to the germ, tlie limb 5-cleft into tri-
angular lobes, valve-like, and at length reflexed: petals 5, pinnatifid, Iternating with
the lobes of the calyx: stigmas 2, spreading, 2-lobed: capsule 1-celled, 2 valved at
the apex, opening long before the seed is ripe.

Heuchera. Calyx inferior, 5-clefl: corol on the calyx; petals small: capsule 2-
beaked, 2-cel!ed, many-seeded, (alum-root.) (S.

Panax. Polygamous. Umbelled. Involucre many-leafed: calyx 5-toothed in the
perfect flower, superior: berry heart-form, 2 or 3-seeded: calyx, in Ihe staminate flower,
entire, (ginseng.;

C. Corol iranling.

Atriplex. Polygamous. Calyx 5-sepalled, or 5-parted, inferior; style 2-parted:
seed 1, vertical; fruit depressed. Pistillate flowers are intermixed, in which the calyx
is 2-sepalled or 2-parted. (orache.) iS'.

Chenopodium. Calyx 5-parted, obtusely 5-angled, inferior: style deeply 2-clefl:
utricle thin, horizontal, invested by the calyx: seed 1, lens-like, (pigweed, oak of
Jerusalem.) &'.

Salsola. Perianth 5-cleft, permanent, enveloping the fruit with its base, and
crowning it with its enlarged limb: styles 2: embryo spiral, (saltwort.) S.

Ulmus. Calyx bell-form, withering; border 4 to 5-clefl: seed 1, enclosed in a flat
membranaceous samara. (Stamens vary from 4 to 8.) (elm.) -S.

Celtis. Polygamous. Perfect flowers have the calyx 5-parted: styles thickish,
spreading: drupe 1 -seeded: staminate flowers beneath the perfect ones, with 6-parted
calyxes: stamens often 6. (nettle-tree.) -S'.

Exotic.

Beta. Sepals 5: seed kidney-form, within the fleshy substance of the base of the
calyx, (beet.)

tiouthcm.

KocHiA. Calyx inferior, ^bell-form, 5-cleft, forming a permanent band around the
fruit, somewliat resembling 5 petals: corol none: styles short, stigmas 2 or 3, long
simple: seed incurveid.

Planera. Polygamous. Calj-x membranaceous, sub-cam panulate, 4 or 5-clefl:
corol none: stigmas 2, oblong, glandular, recurved: capsule (nut) sub-globose, mem-
branaceous, 1-celled, nut opening, smooth or scaly, 1 -seeded, not winged.

D. Plants idiich bear flowers in Umbels; corals superior and 5-petallcd: carpels two.
( Carpels with. 3 ribs, nearly equal. )

Hydkocotyle. Crantzia. Euigenia. Carpels 3-ribbed, flat; dorsal rib sometimes
obsolete; joining sides flat, linear: germ sub-orbicular or reniform, compressed laterally;
styles short: stigmas capitate; perianth none: petals entire, spreading: involucres va-
rious, (pennywort.) .S*.

Erigenia. Calyx with the margin obsolete; petals equal, entire, obovate, expanded:
style permanent, subulate, very long: fruit oval, somewhat compressed: the half-fruit
gihbously convex, 3 ribbed: j6ining edges narrow, flat, not edged with a margin.

CEnakthe. Carpels 3-ribbed, (rarely 5-ribbed;) styles permanent: germ oblong-
ovate, corticate, solid; apex denticulate: perianth slenderly 5-toothed: petals of the
disk, florets of the umbel, cordate-inflexed, sub-equal; those of the ray-florets large
and deformed: general involucre mostly wanting, (water dropwort.)

Exotic.
Carum. Seeds oblong-ovate, striate: petals carinate, emarginate, inflexed: invo-
lucre about 1-leaved. (caraway.)

( Carpels prickly or hispid. )

Sanicui.a. Carpels hispid, with hooked prickles: calyx 5-parted, permanent: um-
bel sub-simple, capitate: involucre few-flowered, (sanicle.) iS.

CLASS V. ORDER 11, 51

Eryngium. Fruit oval-oblong, with cliafF-like scales, often hispid: calyx G-parted
permanent: petals oblong, inflexed at the apex and adnate at the base: flowers sessile,
capitate, intermixed with chaff: involucre many-leaved, sub-spinous. (sea holly.) S.

Daucus, Carpels striate on their joining sides; outer sides convex, having. hispid
ribs; involucre pinnalifid; flowers sub-radiated, abortive in the disk, (carrot.) .S'.

OsMouHiZA. Uraspermum. Calyx with the margin obsolete: petals ovate, scarcely
emarginate with a very short inflexed point: fruit elongated, alternate at the base,
acute-angled, in the tranverse section roundish: carpels with hispid angles and 5
acute ribs; commissure sulcate: general involucre 2 or IMeaved; partial ones 5-leaved:
the flowers all white with the central ones barren, and the outer ones fertile, (svveet-
cicilj-. ) This genus has run the round of Uraspermum, jMyrrhis, Chaerophyllum,
and Scandix.

Chaerophyllum. Uraspermum. Calyx with the margin obsolete: petals obovate,
emarginate, inflexed: fruit not beaked, lateially compressed: carpels with 5-obtuse,
equal ribs — lateral ribs margined: general involucre few-leaved; partial one many-
leaved: flowers white or reddish.

( Carpels icitli 5 ribs, nearly equal, or none. )

CicuTA. Carpels gibbous-convex: ribs 5, obtuse, converging, with intervening
tuberculate grooves and prominences: joining sides flat; germ sub-globose, corticate,
compressed laterally: calyx obsolete, 5-toothed: petals cordate inflexed; partial invo-
lucres 5 or 6-leaved, or wanting, (water hemlock. ) »S'.

Co.MUM. Carpels 5-ribbed: ribs at first crenate with flat intervals between them;
germ ovate, gibbous: perianth entire; petals unequal, cordate, inflexed: general invo-
lucre about 3 to 5-leaved; partial ones mostly 3-leaved, unilateral, (poison hem-
lock.)

EuLOPHUs. Calyx 5-toothed at the margin, deciduous: fruit subcontracted at the
side, ribs somewhat prominent: joining edges bearing 4 similar marginal wings: car-
pels crescent-like, plant glal)rous; umbel 10-rayed.

ZiziA. Margin of the calyx obsolete or very short-5-toothed* petals oval, tapering
into a long point: fruit contracted from the side, roundish or oval; carpels terete-con-
vex, a little flattish before. Flowers yellow.

In the UmbellifersB exotics are not designated.

Apium. Carpels convex externally; ribs 5, small, a little prominent: germ sub-
globose: perianth entire; petals equal, roundish, inflexed at the apex; involucre 1 to
o-leaved or wanting, (celery, parsley.)

Helosciadium. Calyx with a margin 5-toothed or obsolete: petals ovate, entire:
styles short: fruit compressed at the side, ovate or oblong, with lateral margins; car-
pels gibbosely or teretely convex, flattish before. Flowers white.

DiscoPLEURA. Calyx with 5 subulate permanent teeth; petals ovate, entire, folded
a little at the apex: fruit ovate, often paired; ribs always five: dorsal 3 filiform, ex-
sert, sub-acute; 2 laterals with a thick accessory margin; carpels teretish.

Leptocaulis. Calyx with the margin obsolete: petals ovate, entire: style short,
peruianent: fruit compressed at the side, ovate; carpels convex outside, flattish: fruit
covering bifid at the apex: stem terete, and leaves many-cleft.

SisoN. Ammi. Carpels 5-ribbed, ovate, solid; intervals convex; sides contracted;
general involucre wanting, and sometimes the partial also, (bishop weed.) S.

Cryptotaenia. Calyx with tiie margin obsolete; petals obovate sub-entire narrow-
ing into .an inflexed point; fruit contracted at the side, linear-oblong with a short
slender foot-stem and crowned with a straight style; and having many edging fillets,
concealed or nearly so; fruit covering bifid at the apex. Plant glabrous; leaves 3-cleft,
segments curve-tonthed.

SiCM. Carpels ovate, gibbous-convex, 5-ribbed, with 4 intervening grooves: germ
oblong-ovate, glabrous, compressed laterally: perianth obsolete: petals cordate, in-
flexed; involucres many-leaved, entire, (water parsnip.) S.

BuPLEURUM. Fruit ovate-oblong, gibbose, obtuse, with prominent, acute, abrupt
ribs, with flat interstices and contracted juncture: calyx none or scarcely any: petals
equal, broadish, involute; styles short.

Atrema. Teeth of the "calyx 5, acute, small, permanent; petals obovate, emar-
ginate, with sub equal inflexed divisions; fruit sub-didymous, sub-globose, ventricose,
marked with 5 prominent ribs.

CoRiANDKUM. Carpels sub-spherical; germ spherical: perianth 5-toothed: petals
cordate-inflexed, outer ones largest; involucre 1-leaved, or wanting, (coriander.)

62 CLASS V. ORDER. III.

Carpels icith winged orfilletted margins; or thin dorsal fillet-like ribs.

Angelica. Carpels with 3 ribs on their baclis, and winged margins: intervals
between the ribs grooved: germ oyal, corticate; general involucre none, (angelica.)

Ferula. Calyx minute entire: petals oblong, sub-equal: fruit sub-oval, compressed,
flat, wing-margined: caipels with 3 dorsal lines; intervals and joining sides striate;
general involucre caducous, partial ones manj-leaved.

AiVETHUM. Carpels flat or convex, 5-ribbed: germ lenticular, compressed; calyx and
petals entire: involucres none, (fennel, dill.)

Archemora. Calyx with the margin 5-toothed: petals obcordate with inflexed
divisions: 'fruit compressed at the back; sides dilate into a membranaceous margin
rather broader than the seed. Leaves pinnatifid. No general involucre, but many-
leaved partial ones.. Flowers white.

Pastinaca. Carpels emarginateat the apex, somewhat winged; ribs 3 besides the
wings; intervals striate; joining sides 2-striate: germ oval, compressed: perianth-
calyx entire: petals entire, incurved, sub-equal: involucre none, (parsnip.)

Carpels with wing-like ribs.

Heraclecm. Carpels with winged margins, and 3 ribs on the back, obtuse, and 3
grooves on their outer sides, with tlie intervals dotted half way down; joining sides
flat, with 2 dots; germ oval, emarginate at the apex: petals emarginate, inflexed:
general involucre none, partial involucre 3 to 7-leaved: flowers somewhat radiated,
(cow parsley. )

PoLVTiEN'iA. Calyx 5-toothed: petals oval, emarginate, with inflexed divisions:
fruit oval, compressed from its lenticular back, very glabrous with a smooth tumid
margin; a pair of dorsal fillets between the pair of carpels.

Feucedanusi. Calyx minute, 5-toothed: petals oblong, incurved, equal: fruit oval,
compressed, surrounded with a winged margin, having 5 striae on each carpel, and
elevated intervals, joining sides flat, (sulphur wort.)

Trepocarpus. Ca^x 5-toothed; teeth subulate: petals obcordate, with inflexed
margins: fruit pyramid-angled: commissure thick, furrowed in the middle, fiUetted
within.

Cymoptercs. Calyx minutely 5-toothed: petals round-oval, inflexed at the apex:
fruit sub-oval, compressed, 7or8-winged; wings undulated; joining sides naked.
Plant smooth, low, root perennial. Umbel with 4 to 6 short rays. Sub-polygamous.

Cynosciadium. Calyx with 5 permanent subulate teeth: petals sub-obovate, obtuse,
entire, flat: fruit oval-oblong or ovate, tapering to the apex— the slender foot is coni-
cal permanent, and the style is very short and reflexed; lateral margins two. Plant
glabrous: stem angled.

Seseli. Umbel globose: margin of the calyx 5-toothed: petals obovate: fruit oval
or oblong, crowned with a reflexed style.

Cnidium. Selinom. Carpel ovate, solid; ribs 5, acute, somewhat winged; inter-
vals furrowed, striate: general involucre wanting, partial, 1-leaved, or none.

Thaspium. Calyx 5-toothed at the margin: petals oval, tapering into long inflexed
apexes: fruit not contracted at the side, sub-oval; wings sub-equal filletted at the join-
ing edges; carpel terete. No general involucre, partial ones 3-leaved.

LiGUSTicuin. Carpels with 5 acute ribs and 4 intervening grooves: germ oblong,
corticate; general and partial involucres many-leaved, (lovage, ) iS.

Order III. Trigynia.

A. Flowers superior.

ViBCRNDM. Calyx 5-parted or 5-toothed, small: corol bell-form 5-clefl, with spread-
ing or reflexed lobes: stigmas almost sessile: berry or drupe 1-seeded. (snowball,
sheep-berry, high cranberry.) S.

Sambucus. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, small: corol sub-riKieolate, or sub-rotate, 5-
cleft: stigma minute, sessile: berry globose, 1-celled, 3-seeded. (elder.) S.

B. Flowers inferior.

Rhus. Calyx 5-parted: petals 5: berry 1-seeded, small, sub-globular, (sumac,
poison-ivy.) S.

Staphylea. Calyx 5-parted, colored: petals 5 on the margin of a glandular 5-
angled disk: capsules inflated, connate; nuts globular, having a cicatrice, 1 or 2 re-

CLASS VI. ORDER I. 53

maining in each capsule, though several appear as rudiments while in bloom, (blad-
dernut.) S.

Southern.

TuRNKRA. Calyx 5-cioft, funnel-form, often witli bracts at tlie base: petals 5 with
claws, inserted on the calyx: stigmas inany-cleft: capsule 1-celled, 3-valved.

Lepuropetai-on. Culyx 5-parled: petals 5 resembling scales, inserted into the
calyx: cai)sule free near llie summit, 1-cclled, 1-valved.

LoEFLi.NGiA. Sepals 5 united at the base, subulate, cuspidate, the three exterior
with a seti-form appendage on each side near the base: petals 5, very minute, conni-
vent; stamens 3 to 5; styles 3, distinct or united below, sometimes almost none: cap-
sule 1-celled, many seeded.

Merkia. Sepals 5; petals 5, unguiculate, entire; styles 3; capsule sessile, inflat-
ed, depressed-globose and umbilicated, grooved, imperfectly 3-celled; 3-valved; seeds
numerous, minute.

Meconella. Sepals 3; petals 5 to 6; stamens 4 to 6; filaments membranaceous,
dilated upwards; anthers very short, the cells disjoined; stigmas 3, rarely 4, linear,
very short sessile; capsule 1-celled, pod-shaped, slender, 3 rarely 4 valved: valves flat,
1-nerved, dehiscent from the apex to the base; seeds numerous, smooth and shining,
sub-globose.

*Polygonum, Arenaria, Hypericum, Panax.

Order IV. Tetragynia.

Parnassia. Calyx inferior, permanent, 5-paited: corol 5-petalled: nectaries 5-fring-
ed, witli stamen-like divisions with globular tips: stigmas sessile: capsule 4-valved, 1
or2-celled: seed membranaceous-margined. (parnassus grass, flowering plantain.)

Order V. Pentagynia.

Aralia. Umbellets involucred; perianth 5-toothed, superior: petals 5: stigmas
sessile, sub-globose: (oblong) berry crowned, 5-celled; cells 1-seeded. (spikenard,
wild sarsapanlla. ) S.

Statice. Calyx 1-sepalled, entire, plaited, scarious, inferior; corol 5-petalled: cap-
sule 1-seeded, valyeless, covered with the permanent calyx, (marsh rosemary.) S.

LiNUM. Calyx 5-sepalled or 5-parted, permanent: corol 5-petalled, inferior, with
claws: capsule 5 or 10-valved, 10-celled: seeds solitary, ovate, compressed: filaments
spreading or united at tlie base, (flax.) S.

SiEBALDiA. Calyx lU-cleft, with tiie alternating segments narrower: petals 5, in-
serted in the calyx: styles attached to the germ laterally: nuts 5, in the bottom of
the calyx. &'.

*Spergula. Cerastium.

Order VI. Hexagykia.

Drosera. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-cleft, permanent; petals 5, marcescent: anthers
adnate: styles 6, or one deeply divided: capsule round, 1 or 3-celled, many-seeded;
valves equalling the number of stigmas, (sundew.) The leaves of all the species
are beset wiih glandular hairs resembling dew. <S'.

Order XII. Polygynia.

Myosurus. Petals 5, with tubular, honey-bearing claws: calyx spurred at the base.
Xanthorhiza. Calyx 0: petals 5: nectaries 5, pedicelled: capsule half 2-valved,
1-seeded: stamens 5 — 10. (yellow-root.) S.

CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA.

Order I. Monogynia.

A. Flowers having a perianth and corol, without a spathe.

Tradescantia. Calyx inferior, 3-sepalled; corol 3-petalled; filaments with jointed
beards: capsules 3-celied, many-seeded, (spider-wort.) S.

Leontice. Caulophyllum. Calyx inferior, 3 to 6-sepalled, caducous: nectaries 6,
sub-reniform, fleshy, glutinous at the margin, attached to the claws of the petals:

64 CLASS Vr. ORDER I.

seed naked, elevated on a stipe, after having burst its caducous pericarp. The seed
was formerly taken for a drupe, until Brown detected the error. (Poppooseroot.) S.

Vancouveria. Sepals G, oblong-, thin and membranaceous, with 3 — 9 bracteoles
at base, caducous; petals 0, reflexed; nectaries G, opposite the petals, linear spatulate:
ovary follicle-shaped, ovules numerous.

Berbeuis. Mahonia. Sepals inferior: petals G, with 2 glands at the claw of each:
style 0: berry 1-celled, 2 or 4-seeded: (stigma umbilicate: stamens spring up on being
irritated.) (barberry.) S.

Prinos. Calyx inferior, 6-cleft, small: corol wheel-form, 6-cleft or G-parted: berry
6-seeded: seeds nut-like, (winter-berry.) S.

Flcerkea. Sepals 3, inferior: corol 3-petalled, shorter: style 2-cleft: capsule blad-
der-like, 2 or 3-grained. (lalse mermaid.)

Cleome. Sepals 4, distinct, or sometimes more or less united below: petals 4: re-
ceptacle minute or nearly hemispherical: stamens sometimes 4, often unequal: pod
linear or oblong, sub-sessile or raised on a stipe.

Gynandropsis. Sepals 4, distinct, spreading: petals 4: receptacle linear, elongated:
stamens with the lower part of the filaments, adnate to the receptacle its whole
length; pod linear-oblong, raised on a long stipe, which rises from the top of the
receptacle.

Cristatella. Sepals 4, somewhat united at the base, spreading: petals 4, on fili-
form claws, fimbriate-tootlied, or laciniate, the two lower mucli smaller: receptacle
minute, bearing a conspicuous tubular and truncate petaloid nectary, between the ovary
and the upper sepal: stamens G to 14, filaments nearly equal, declined: ovary declined;
style filiform; pod linear-slipitate.

Isomeris. Sepals 4, united below, somewhat spreading, marcescent: petals 4, ob-
long, sessile, regular: receptac]^ fleshy, sub-hemispherical, produced into a small
dilated appendage on the upper side: stamens equal, much exserted: capsule large,
obovate elliptical, coriaceous, indehiscent, stipitate, crowned witli the very short sub-
ulate style: seeds several, very large, smooth.

Cleomella. Sepals 4, very small, distinct, spreading; petals 4, sub-spatulate, sub-
sessile: receptacle short, oblong: pod obovate-rhomboidal, 4 — G seeded, raised on a
filiform stipe.

So2ilhei-n.

TiLLANDsiA. Calyx 3-cleft, sub-convolute, permanent: corol 3-cleft, bell tubular:
capsule 1 to 3-celled: seed comose.

DiPHYLLiA. Sepals 3, caducous: petals 6, opposite to the divisions of the calyx:
anthers adhering to the filaments, with cells opening longitudinally: berry 1-celled:
seeds 2 or 3, roundish.

B. Floiccrs having a spathe or glume, icilhout a perianth.

Amaryllis. Corol superior, G-petalled, unequal: filaments unequal in proportion
or direction, declined, inserted in the throat of the tube, (damask lily.) S.

Allium. Spathe many-flowered: corol inferior, 6-parted, very deeply divided:
divisions ovate, spreading: capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded: (flowers in close
umbels or heads.) (leek, garlic, onion, cives.) S. ,

Hypoxis. Glume-like spathe, 2-valved: corol superior, G-parted, permanent: cap-
sule elongated, narrow at the base, 3-celled, many-seeded: seed roundish, (star-
grass.) S.

Pontederia. Corol inferior, 6-cleft, 2-lipped, with 3 longitudinal perforations be-
low: capsule with utricles, fleshy, 3-celled, many-seeded: 3 stamens commonly in-
serted on the tip, and three on the tube of the corol. (pickerel- weed.) S.

Exotic.

Galanthus. Petals 3, concave, superior: nectaries (or inner petals) 3, small, emar-
ginate: stigma simple, (snowdrop.)

Narcissus. Corol bell-form, spreading, 6-parted or G-petalled, equal, superior: nec-
tary bell-form, 1-leaved, inclosing the stamens, (jonquil, daifodil.)

Southern.

Pancratium. Corol superior, funnel-form, with a long tube: nectary 12-cleft,
'bearing the stamens.

Brodi^a. Corol inferior, bell-form, 6-parted; filaments inserted in the throat of
■the corol: germ pedicelled: capsule 3-celled, many-seeded.

CLASS VI. ORDER I. 55

Ckinum. Corol superior, funnel-form, half G-cleft; lube filiform; border spreadingf,
recurved; segments subulate, channelled: filaments inserted on the throat of the corol,
separate.

C. Floincrs having no calyx.

CoNosTYi.is. Corol more than half inferior, 6-cleft, permanent, with branching
hairs: anthers erect: style conic, 3-parted: stigma simple: capsule opening at top,
3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. S.

Aletris. Corol superior, funnel-form, wrinkled, somewhat 6-clefl: tlie stamens
inserted at the base of its divisions: style 3-sided, 3-partible: capsule 3-celled, many-
seeded, half inferior, opening at the summit, when mature, (false aloe.) (S.

Agave. Corol erect, s,u])erior, tubular, or funnel-form: filaments erect, longer
than the corol: capsule triangular, many-seeded, (agave.) S.

Phalangiom. Corolinferior,G-petalled, spreading: filaments smooth: capsuleovate;
seeds angular.

Narthecium. Corol O-petalled, infeiior, spreading, permanent: filaments thread-
form, hairy: capsule prismatic, 3-celled; seeds many, appendaged, or long and slen-
der at both ends, (false aspiiodel.)

Ornithogalum. Corol G-petalled, inferior, erect, permanent, spreading above the
middle: filaments dilated, or subulate, at the base: capsule roundish, angled, 3-clleed;
seed roundish, naked, (star of Bethlehem.) iS'.

LiLiuM. Corol inferior, liliaceous, 6-petalled: petals with a longitudinal line from
the middle to the base: stamens shorter than the style; stigma undivided: capsule
sub-triangular, wiih the valve connected by hairs crossing, as in a sieve, (lily.) <''^'.

Erythronium. Corol liliaceous, inferior, 6-petalled; petals reflexed, having two
pores and two tubercle-form i:ectaries at the base of the three inner alternate petals:
capsule somewhat stiped; seeds ovate, (dog-tooth violet, or adder-tongue.) iS.

Uvularia. Corol inferior, G-petalled, with a nectariferous hollow at the base of
each petal: filaments very short, growing to the anther: stigmas reflexed (perhaps
on the divisions of the style): capsule 3-cornered, 3-celled, 3-valved; with transverse
partitions: seeds many, sub-globose, arilled at the hilum. (bell-wort.) S.

Streptopus. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, sub-campanulate: stigma very short: berry
sub-globose, smooth, 3-celled: seeds few, not arilled at the hilum. (rose bellwort.)
S.

*Convai,laria. [Smilacina. Polygonatum. Dracjena.] Corol inferior, 6-cleft:
berry globose, ii-celled, spotted before ripening. (Solomon's seal.) S.

Asparagus. Corol inferior, G-cleft or G-parted, erect: the 3 inner divisions reflexed
at the apex: style very short; stigmas 3; berry 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. (asparagus.)

Exotic.

Polyanthus. Corol funnel-form, incurved: filaments inserted in the throat: stigma
3-cleft; germ within tlie bottom of the corol. (tuberose.)

Hyacinthus. Corol roundish or bell-form, equal, G-cleft; three nectariferous pores
at the top of the germ: stamens inserted in the middle of the corol: cells somewhat
2-seeded. (Ijyacinth.)

TuLiPA. Corol G-petalled, liliaceous: style none; stigma thick: capsule oblong,
3-sid<d. (tulip.) ' <

Asphodelus. Corol 6-parted, spreading: nectary covering the germ with 6 valves,
(king's spear, or as])hodei.)

Hemerocallis. Corol G-parted, tubular, funnel-form: stamens declined: stigma
sinall, simple, somewhat villose. (day-lily.)

Southern.

YcccA. Corol inferior, bell-form, segments not nectariferous: filaments sub-clavate;
style none: capsule oblong: with 3 obtuse angles, 3-celled, opening at the summit:
seeds flat, (adam's needle.)

Frittillaria. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, bell-form, with a nectariferous cavity
above the claw of each: stamens of the length of the corol: seeds flat, (crown
imperial.)

Scilla. Corol 6-petalled, spreading, caducous: filaments thread-form, attached to
the base of the petals, (squills.)

'^I follow Dr. Torry with pleasure, in bringing back these three genera to the Con-
vallaria.

56 CLASS VI. ORDER III.

D. Flowers incomplete; having perianth-like calyx or coral; hut neither in perfection.

Orontium. Receptacle spadix-like, cylindric, covered with florets: spathe 0: corol
6-petalled, naked: style 0: capsule bladder-like, 1-seeded. (tioaling arum.) &'.

AcoRUS. Receptacle spadix-like, cylindric, covered with florets; calyx 6-parted,
naked: corol 0; (or calyx none, corol 6-parted or 6-petalIed:) style none; stigma a
mere point: capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. (sweet flag. ) 8.

JoNcus. Glume or outer calyx, 2-valved: perianth inferior, 6-leaved, glume-like
permanent: stigmas 3: capsules 1 or 3-ceIled, 3-valved, many-seeded; seeds attached
to a partition in tiie middle of each valve, (rush-grass, bul-rush.) S.

LuzuLA. Glume, or outer calyx, 2-valved; perianth 6-leaved, glume-like: capsule
3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded; valves without partitions, (false rush-grass.) /S*.
*Trientalis, Laurus, Lythrum, Corydalie, Polygonum.

Order II. Digynia.

Exotic.
Oryza. Glumes 2, J -flowered: paleas 2, adhering to the seed, (rice.)

Sovthern.
OxYRiA. Perianth simple, 4-sepalled, 2 inner ones largest: corol none: nut 3-sided,
with a broad membranaceous margin: stamens 2 to 6; stigma large, plumose.

Nectris. Cabomba. Calyx inferior, G-sepalled: corol none: carpels 3, not open-
ing. The calyx may be considered as 6-parted, and the 3 inner divisions are petal-
like, obtuse, and smaller. The capsule is bladder-like, 1 or 2-celled, 1 or 2-seeded.

Order III. Trigynia.

Melanthicm. Polygamous. Calyx none: corol wheel-form, 6-parted or 6-petalIed,
each part with 2 glands at the base: stamens from the lengthened claws of the petals:
capsule ovatish, somewhat 3-cleft at the apex, 3-celled: seeds membrane-winged,
numerous, (black-flower.) S.

ZiGADENus. Calyx 6-sepalled, spreading, with 2 glands above the narrow base of
each leaf: stamens inserted in contact with the germ; capsule membranaceous, 3-
celled, many-seeded. (Calyx is colored and corol-like.) (zigadene.) 8.

Veratrum. Polygamous or dioecious. Calyx 0; corol 6-parted or 6-petalled, ses-
sile, spreading, without glands: capsules 3-lobed, many-seeded. (The staminate
flowers have the rudiment of a pistil. ) (ilchweed, or swamp hellebore. ) 6'.

Helonias. Calyx 0: corol 6-parted or 6-petalled, spreading, glandless: styles dis-
tinct; capsules 3-celled, 3-horned, few seeded, (helonias.) iS*.

Xerophyllum. Corol wheel-form, deeply 6-parted: filaments contiguous at the
base: stigmas 3, revolute, sub-connate at the base; capsule sub-globose, opening at
the top into three fissures, 3-celled, each 2-seeded.

Tofieldia. Calyx 3-elefl or 3-sepalled, inferior: petals 6: anthers roundish; styles
vertical, short; capsules 3-lobed, lobes joined at the base, many seeded. /S. ^

Schei'chzeria. Calyx 6-parted, inierior: corol 0: (or corol 6-parted and calyx 0:)
anthers linear: stigmas sessile, lateral: capsules 3-lobed, inflated, 1 or 2-seeded. . (less
flowering rush.)

Triglochin. Calyx 3-sepalled, inferior: corol 3-petalled, resembling the calyx: (or
a double calyx with 3 outer and 3 inner sepals) stamens 3 or 6: styles 0; stigmas 3 or
6, hairy: capsules 3 or 6-lobed, united above and separate at their bases, 1-seeded, not
opening, (arrow-grass.) /S.

Gyromia. Medeola. Calyx 0: corol deeply 6-parted, revolute: anthers slightly
attached to the filaments: style 0; stigmas 3, long-linear, revolute, spreading, sfightly
united at the base; berry 3-celled, cells 5 or 6-seeded; seeds compressed, 3-sided.
(Indian cucumber.) .S'.

Trillium. Calyx 3-sepalled, inferior, spreading: corol 3-petalled: styles 0; stigmas
3: berry 3-celled, many seeded, (false wake robin.) <S.

RuMEX. Calyx 3-sepalled: petals 3, valve-like, converging, (or calj'x 6-sepalled,
and corol none:) stigmas many-cleft; nut 1, naked, three-sided, (dock, field-sorrel.)
iS'.

Southern.
Sabal. Flowers perfect: spathes partial: filaments unconnected, thickish at the
base: drupe spherical, dry-cartilaginous: seed 1, indurated, (false fan-palm.)

CLASS. VIII. ORDER I. 57

Chamaf.rops Flowers polygamous: spathe compressed; spadix branched: perianth
3-parted: corol o-petalled: filaments partly united: drupe 3-celled, two of them often
empty. The staniinate flowers grow on distinct plants, (fan palm.)

Calochoktus. Corol (j-parted, spreading; 3 inner segments larger, with the upper
side woolly, and marked near the base with a roundish smooth sjjot: filaments short,
inserted on the base of the petals: anthers arrow-form, erect: stigmas reflexed: cap-
sule 3-celled.

NoLiNA. Corol 6-parted, spreading; segments nearly equal: styles very short;
stigmas recurved: capsule 3-sided, membranaceous, 3-celIed, opening by a divisible
partition: seed 1, incurved, convex, abortive in 1 or 2 of the cells.

Order VI. Hexagynia.

Southern.
Wesdlandia. Menisperbium? Calyx G-sepalled: corol 6-petalled: (succulent?)
styles reclined: carpels 6, each with J compressed nut-like seed, (false moonseed.)
*Saururus (rarely.)

Order XII. Poltgynia.
Alisma. Calyx 3-sepaIIed: petals 3: carpels numerous, 1-seeded, not opening,
(water-plantain.) /S.

CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA.
Order I. Monogynia.

Trientalis. Calyx 7-sepalled: corol 7-parted, equal, flat: berry juiceless, 1-celled,
many seeded: number of stamens variable, (chick-winter green.)

Aesculus. Calyx bell-form, 5-lobed: petals 4 or 5, expanded; limbs-ovate: fila-
ments recurved inwardly: carpels prickly. Leafets sessile or sub-sessile.

S. G. Pavia. Calyx tubulose: petals 4, erect, narrow: stamens straight: crapels
not prickly.

*Sabbatia.

Order III. Trigynia.
Frankenia. Sepals 5, united in a furrowed tube, persistent equal: petals 5, unguicu-
late, with appendages at the base of the limb; capsule 1-celled, many-seeded.
*Polygonum.

Order IV. Tetragynia.

Saururus. Flowers in an anient or spike, with 1 -flowered scales: corol 0: anthers
adnate to the filaments: carpels 1-seeded: stamens 6, 7, 8 or more, (lizard tail.) iS.

' CLASS Vin. OCTANDRIA.
Order I. Monogynia.
A. FLoicers superior.
Rhexia. Calyx pitcher-form, 4 or 5-cleft: petals 4, oblique, inserted on the
calyx: anthers declined, attached to the filaments behind, naked at the base: capsule
4-celled, within the calj'x, setose: seeds numerous, cochleate. (deer-o-rass. ) /S'.

Oi^NOTHERA. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular, caducous; divisions deflected: petals 4, insert-
ed on the calyx: stigma 4-cleft: capsule 4-celled, 4-valved: seed not feathered,' afiixed
to a central 4-sided columella, (scabisb, or tree-primrose. ) &'.

Gaura. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular: corol 4-petalled, ascending towards the upper side:
nut 4-cornered, 1-seeded. (virginian loose-strife. ) 6'.

Epilobium. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular, or 4-sepalled: corol 4-petalled: capsule oblong
and of great length: seeds feathered, (willow-herb.) S.

OxYcoccus. Calyx superior, 4-toothed: corol 4-parted, the divisions sub-linear,
re volute: filaments converging; anthers tubular, 2-parted: berry many-seeded, (cran-
berry.) .S'.

Exotic.
Fuchsia. Calyx funnel-form, colored, superior, caducous; petals (or nectaries) 4,
sitting in the throat of the calyx, alternating with its divisions: stigma 4-sided-capi-
tate: berry oblong, 4-celled: seeds numerous, (ear-drop.)

8

58 CLASS VIII. ORDER IV.

Southern.

Clarkia. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular: corol 4-petalled, S-lobed-crossform, with claws:
stamens 4, with roundish anthers, imperfect: stigma petal-like, 4-lobed: capsule 4-
celled. (false tree-primrose.)

B. Flowers inferior.

Menziesia. Calyx monophyllous: corol monopetalous, ovate: filaments inserted
on the receptacle; anthers awnless: capsules 4-celled, the partitions from the inflexed
margins of tlie valves: seeds many, oblong. S.

Acer. Polygamous. Sometimes hexandrous. Calyx 5-cleft: corol 4 or 5-petalled,
or wanting: samaras 2, united at the base, 1-seeded, often one rudiment of a seed,
(maple.) S.

DiRCA. Calyx 0: corol tubular; limb obsolete, unequal: stamens unequal, longer
than the tube of the corol: style filiform: berry or diupe 1-seeded. (The corol may
be taken for a colored calyx, (leather- wood.) S,

Jeffersonia. Calyx 4 or 5-sepalled, colored, caducous: corol 8-petalled: capsule
obovate, sub-stiped, 1-celled, dehiscent below the top: seeds many, oblong, arilled at
the base, (twin-leaf.)

Dodona:a. Sepals 4, deciduous: petals 0: style 1, filiform.

Exotic.

Erica, Calyx 4-sepalled, permanent: corol 4-cleft, permanent: filaments inserted on
the receptacle: anthers bifid: capsules membranaceous, 4 to 8-celled, the partitions
from the margins of the valves: seeds many in each cell, (heath.)

Daphne. Calyx 0: corol 4-cleft, withering, including the stamens: drupel-seeded,
(mezereon. ) •■

TROPa:oLUM. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, colored, spurred: petals 4 or 5, unequal: nuts
leathery, sulcate. (nasturtion.)

Southern.

Elliottia. Calyx 4- toothed, inferior: corol deeply 4-parted: stigma capitate,
(false spiked alder.)

Amvris. Flowers perfect: calyx 4-toothed, permanent: petals 4, inferior, wedge-
fbrm, having claws, imbiicate in the bud: the 8 stamens all shorter than the petals:
germ 1-celled, sitting on a thickened disk-form receptacle; stigma sessile; drupe by
abortion, 1-seeded.

*iEsculus, Vaccinium, Gaultheria, Polygala, Populus.

Order II. Digynia.

Chrtsosplenjum. Calyx superior, 4 or 5-cleft, colored: corol 0: capsule 2-beaked,
1-celled, man)'-seeded. (The terminal flowers in the European specimens are decan-
drous, but the plant is always octandrous in America, (golden saxifrage, water-
carpet.) S.

Order III. Trigvnia.
Polygonum. Calyx inferior, 5-parted, colored: corol 0: nut 1, angular, covered
with the calyx. Stamens and pistils vary in number. Tlie cal3TX in some species
might be taken foj a corol. (knot-grass, water pepper, buckwheat, hearts-ease.) S.

Southern,

Brunichia. Calyx tubular, inflated, 5-cleft; angular at the base and decurrent in-
to the dilated peduncle, becoming coriaceous: corol none: styles short: stigmas 2-
cleft: pericarp lobed: seed 1, ;5-sided. Stamens vary from 8 to 10.

Cardiospermum. Calyx 4-sepalled: petals 4: nectary 41eaved, unequal: capsule
membranaceous, inflated, 3-!obed, 3-celled: seeds round, marked at the hilum with a
heart-form spot, (heart seed.)

Sapindus. Calyx 4-sepalled: petals 4, glandular at the base: capsule 3-lobed, con-
nate, fleshy, inflated, 2 of them often empty: seed spherical, (soap-berry.)
*Myriophyllum.

Order IV. Tetragynia.
Exotic.
Bryophyllcm. Sepals 4: petals 4, connate into a cylinder: seeds many.

CLASS X. ORDER I. 59

Southern.
Adoxa. Calyx inferior, 2 or 3-cleft: corol 4 or 5-cleft, apparently superior: berry
1-celled, 4 or 5-seeded, attached to the calyx. Flowers lateral, stamens 8 to 10.

CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA.
Order I. Monogynia.

Laurus. Calyx 4 to 6-parted: corol 0: nectaries 3, each a 2-bristled or 2-lobed
gland, surrounding the germ: drupe 1-seeded. Stamens vary from 3 to 14, but they
are generally in two series of 6 each, witli 3 of the inner series barren— often dioe-
cious. The calyx may be taken for a corol. (sassafras, spice-bush.) <S. /#

Order II. Digynia.

Soutliern.

Eriogonum. Calyx wineglass-form, tubular at the base; border 6-cleft; segments
unequal, villose outside: corol none: nut 1, 3-sided, without margins, covered by the
calyx. Flowers involucred — no stipules.

Fleea. Calyx none: corol t)-parted, spreading; segments linear, acute: capsule
roundish, 3-angied, 3-celled; partitions obsolete: seeds numerous, minute, sub-terete
and caudate, attached to the margin of the valves.

Order III. Trigynia.
Ex'oiic.
Rheum. Calyx none: corol 6-cleft, permanent: imt 1, 3-sided, (rhubarb.)
*Lechea.

CLASS X. DECANDRIA.
Order I. Monogyma.
A. Flowers pohjpetalous, irregular, (mostly papilionaceous. )
Cassia. Calyx 5-sepalled: corol 5-petalled: anthers 3, lower ones beaked, and on
longer incurved filaments, legume membranaceous, (cassia.) >S?.

Baptisia. Podalyria. Calyx 4 or 5-cIeft half way, (sometimes 4-toothed) some-
what 2-lipped: corol papilionaceous; wings of the length of the reflexed banner;
stamens caducous; legume inflated, smooth, many-seeded, (wild indigo.) S.

Cercis. Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous below: corol papilionaceous; wings longer than
the banner; keel 2-petalled: legume compressed: seed-bearing suture margined; seeds
obovate. ( judas-tree.) S.

Rhodora. Calyx 5-toothed: corol 3-petalled, or 2-petalled, with the upper one
deeply parted: stamens declined: capsule .5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the top: par-
titions formed of the inflexed margins of the valves, (rhodora. )

Southern.

SoPHORA. Calyx 5-toothed, bell-fonn, gibbose on the upper side: corol papihona-
ceous; wings of the length of the banner: legume with globular joints.

Thermia. Thf.rmopsis. Calyx somewhat bell-form, half 4-creft; the upper seg-
ment truncate and emargiiiate: corol papilionaceous, with petals about equal length;
banner reflexed at the sides; keel obtuse: legume many-seeded, compressed, falcate
tapering to the base.

V^irgilia. Calyx 5-cleft: corol papilionaceous, with petals of about equal length;
sides of the banner not reflexed: stigma beardless: legume compressed, oblong, many-
seeded.

Pomaria. Calyx turbinate, 5-parted, caducous: petals 5, with short claws, upper
ones concave, short: filaments hirsute below: stigma capitate: legume 1-celled, 2-
seeded.

B. Floicers pohjpetalous, regular.

Pvrola. Calyx 5-parted: petals 5: styles longer than the stamens: anthers with
2 pores at tiie base bef jre, and the top after, the opening of the flower: capsule 5-
celled, dehiscent at the angles near the base, (shinleaf ) iS'.

60 CLASS X. ORDER I.

Chimaphila. Calyx 5-parted: petals 5: anthers beaked, with 2 pores at the base
before, and at the top after, the opening of the flower: style immersed; stigma thick,
orbiculate: capsule 5-celIed, dehiscent at the angles near the summit, (prince's pine,
pipsissiwa. ) S.

Ledum. Calyx small, 5-toothed: corol flat, 5-petalled or 5-parted: stamens exsert;
anthers opening by 2 terminal pores: capsule 5-celIed, dehiscent at the base, 5-valved,
valves with approximating, inflexed margins: receptacle 5-lobed; columella 5-angled,
pedicelled: seeds numerous, winged. (Stamens sometimes 5: leaves downy.) labia-
dor-tea. )

Leiophyllcm. Calyx 5-parted: corol flat, 5-parted or 5 petalled: stamens longer
than the corol, with lateral anthers opening longitudinally on their insides: capsule
5-celled, dehiscent at the top, 5-valved; valves ovate with margins inflexed, remote,
straight: columella subovate, terete, rugose: seeds small, not winged, (leaves always
glabrous.) (sleek leaf. ) /S.

Clethra. Calyx 5-parted, permanent: corol 5-petalled: style permanent; stigma
short, 3-cleft: capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, enclosed by the calyx. (Spiked.) (sweet
pepper-bush.) .S'.

Exotic.
■' RuTA. Calyx 5-parted; petals concave: receptacles surrounded by 10 nectariferous
dots: capsule lobed. (Petals sometimes 4, and stamens 8.) (rue.)

Southern.

Mtlocartum. Calyx 6-toothed: petals 5; stigma capitate, 3-cornered, sessile: cap-
sule superior, somewhat corky, 2 or 3-winged, 3-celled. 1-seeded: seed subulate,
(buckwheat tree.)

Melia. Calyx 5-parted, smaH: petals 5: nectary cylindric, 10-toothed; teeth 2-
cleft at the points, orifice bearing the anther within: style cyhndric; stigma 5-rayed:
drupe globose: nut 5-celled, 5-seeded. (pride of china.)

Swietenia. (Cedrus Miller's Die.) Calyx small, 4 or5-cleft: petals 4 or 5: stamens
8 to 10, filaments united into a tube, toothed at the apex, bearing the anthers within:
style 1; stigma capitate: capsule woody, 5-celled: seed expanded into wings, (ma-
hogany tree.)

'Tribulus. Calyx 5-parted: petals 5, spreading: styles none; stigma partly 5-cleft:
capsules generally 5. gibbous sub-spinose, 2 or 3-seeded. (caltrops.)

Dion^a. Calyx 5-parted or 5-sepalled: petals 5: stigma fiinged: capsule roundisli,
gibbous, 1-celled, many-seeded. Petals sometimes 6. (venus fly-trap. )

JussT^A. Calyx 4 or 5-parted. superior, permanent: petals 4 or 5, ovate: capsule
4 or 5-celled, 4 or 5-valved, oblong, cylindric or angular; many-seeded: seeds minute,
attached to an angular columella. Stamens sometimes but 8.

Prosopis. Calyx hemispherical, 4-toothed: petals 5, lance-linear, recurved at the
apex: filaments capillary, adnate at the base: stigma simple; legume long, many-
seeded.

LiM.vANTiiEs. Sepals 5, united at the base: petals 5, cuneiform, retuse, longer than
the sepals: ovaries 5; styles united into one, near!}' to the top.

LiMONiA. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, urceolate, niarcescent: petals 4 or5: stamens 8 to 10;
filaments dislinot, subulate; anthers cordate, oblong: receptacle elevated, forming a
short stipe to the ovary: style], stigma somewhat lobed: fruit orange-form, 4 or 5-
celled — or by abortive growth fewer: seeds solitary in each cell.

C. Flowers monopetalous.

Arbutus. Calyx inferior, 5-parted, minute: corol ovate, pellucid at the base;
border small, 5-cleft revolute: filaments hairy: berry 5-celled. (bear berry.)

EriG-5:A. Calyx double, outer 3-sepaIled, inner 5-parted; (or calyx 5-parted, with
3 bracts): corol salver-form; border 5-parted, spreading; tube villose within: capsule
5-celled, many-seeded: receptacle 5-parted. (trailing arbutus. ) 6'.

Gaultheria. Calyx inferior, double; outer 2-sepalled, inner 5-cleft: (or calyx
5-cleft, with 2 bracts;) corol ovate; border small, 5-cleft, revolute: filaments hairy:
receptacle lO-toothed; (or with a 10-pointed nectary:) capsule 5-celled, invested with
the inner-berry-like-calyx, (spicy wintergreen.) 8.

Vacciniuii. Calyx superior, 5-toothed or .^-parted: corol bell or pitcher-form, .5-
clefl, the divisions reflected: filaments inserted on the germ with the corol: berry 4 or
5-celled, many-seeded. (The foreign species are sometimes octandrous.) (whortle-
berry.) S.

CLASS X. ORDER III. 61

Andromeda. Calyx 5-parted or 5-toothed, inferior: corol ovate, roundish, or sub-
cylindric, witii a 5-cleft reflexed mouth: capsule 5-celled, 5-vaIved, with partitions
contrary. (Stamens sometimes 8.) (wliite-bush, leather-leaf. ) »S'.

Kai.miv. Calyx .5-parted: corol wlieel-salver-form, with 10 horns beneath and 10
cavities within, containing the anthers until the pollen is mature: capsule 5-celled,
many seeded, (laurel.) )S'.

Rhododendron. Calyx 5-parted: corol 5-clefl,, somewhat funnel-form and oblique:
stamens declining; varying from 5 to 10; anthers opening by 2 terminal pores: cap-
sules 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the top. (rosebay.) S.

D. FloiDcrs loithout a calyx; (or loitli a colored petal-like one) whole plant destitute
of green herbage.

MoNOTROPA. Corol confusedly polypetalous, permanent: petals 5 to 7, with necta-
riferous hollows at their bases: stamens sometimes 8; anthers 1-celIed, bilabiate:
stigma orbicular, umbilicate or depressed: capsule 5-celIed, 5-valved: seeds numerous,
invested with an arillus-like membrane, (bird's nest.) <S. Hypopithis returned.

Pterospora. Corol 5-parted: nectary ovate, with a 5-toothed reflexed margin,
enclosing tlie stamens: anthers 2-celled, 2-bristled, su"b-peltate; filaments flat: style
sliort; stigma capitate: capsule sub-globose, 5-celled. The nectary is considered as a
corol, and the corol as a calyx, by some, (albany beech-drops.)

Southern,
Monotropsis. Corol 5-petalIed, withering, ovate acuminate, close-pressed to the
nectary: nectary bell-form, fleshy; limb with 5 ovate-acute divisions: anthers clavate,
bag-like: germ 4 or 5-sided: stigma sub-globose. (Carolina beech-drops.)
*Geranium, Betula, JefFersonia, Asclepias, Portulacca, Lythrum.

Order II. Digynia.

Hydrangea. Calyx 5-toothed, superior: corol 5-petalled, capsule 2-ceIled, 2-beak-
ed, dehiscent between the beaks, (hydrangea.) Vid. Hortensia. S.

Saxifraga. Calyx 5-parted, mostly half superior: corol 5-petalled: capsule 2-cel-
led, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks; many-seeded, (saxifrage.) iS.

TiARELLA. Calyx 5-parted, permanent: corol inserted on tlie calyx, 5-petalled;
petals entire, with claws: capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, one valve larger. Sometimes
tlie petals are more or less toothed, (mitre- wort.) &'.

MiTELLA. Calyx 5-cleft, permanent: petals 5 on the calyx, pinnatifid: capsule 1-
celled, 2-valved, valves equal, (false sanicle, currant leaf)

Teli.ima. Calyx adnate to the base of the germ, part free, inflated, ovate, 5-tooth-
ed, and part adhering, conic; petals 5 on the calyx, divided: styles distinct from base;
stigma sub-capitate, angled: capsule 1-celled, 2-valved at tlie apex.

Leptarrhen'a. Calyx 5-parted or cleft, witii the divisions greater or less and
scarcely adhering to the geim: corol with 5 petals, shortly unguiculate entire: sta-
mens stand alternately opposite to the petals and divisions of the calyx: anthers 1-
celled; pericarps in two, scarcely adhering at the base. Leaves leathery.

Saponaria. Calyx inferior, 1-sepalled, tubular, 5-toothed without scales: petals
5, with claws: capsule oblong, 1-celled. (soap-wort.) >S'.

Dianthus. Calyx inferior, cylindrical, 1-sepalled, with 4 or 8 scales at the base:
petals 5, with claws: capsule cylindrical, 1-celled, dehiscent at the top. (pink, sweet-
william. )

ScLEKANTHUs. Calyx inferior, 1-sepalled, 5-cleft: corol 0: capsule very smooth,
indehiscent covered by the indurated tube of the calyx: stamens inserted on the calyx,
^^knawel.)

*Chrysosplenium, Quercus.

Order III. Trigynia.

SiLENE. (CccuBALDS included.) Calyx tubular, inflated or cylindric, 5-toothed, naked
at the base: petals 5, with claws, mostly crowned at the tiiroat: ovary superior; cap-
sule 3-celled at the base, opening at the summit into 6 teeth.

Stellaria. Calyx 5-sepalled, inferior, spreading: petals 5, deeply cleft, mostly to
the claw, spreading: capsule ovate, 1-celled, many-seeded, 6-toothed at the top.
(starwort.) S.

h.

62 CLASS XI. ORDER I.

Arenaria. Calyx inferior, spreading, 5-sepalled: petals 5, entire: capsule 1-ceVled
many-seeded, (sandwort.) S.

EmUc.
HoRTENSiA. Flowers deformed: floret solitary: calyx 5-toothed, minute; corol 5-
petalled: the gay flowers composing the cyme have a large colored, permanent, petal-
like, 5-sepalled calyx, and a minute caducous, 4 or 5-petalled corol: stamens 8, 10 oi'
11. (changeable hydrangea.)

*Castanea, Acalyplia, Jatropha.

Order IV. Tetragynia.

MicROPETALUM. Spergulastrum. Scpals 5, expanding: petals 5, minute, entire,
oflenjwanting: stigmas 4, sessile: capsule ovate, longer than the calyx, 4-valved.
(blind-starwort.)

Order V. Pentagynia.

Spergula. Calyx 5-sepalled, inferior: petals 5, entire: capsule ovate, 1-celled, 5-
valved: (stamens often 5.) (spurry.) S.

Cerastidm. Sepals 5: petals 5, 2-cleft, or emarginate: capsule 1-celled, dehiscent
at the top, 10-toothed. (mouse-ear chickweed. ) S'.

Agrostemma. Calyx 5-cleft, prismatic or tubular; coriaceous: petals 5, with claws;
border obtuse, entire: capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, opening with 5 teeth, (cockle.)
S.

Oxalis. Calyx permanent, 5-parted or 5-sepalled, inferior: petals 5, cohering by the
claws: capsule 5-celled, 5-cornered, dehiscent at the corners: seeds 2 or more in a
cell, covered with an elastic arilr stamens with 5 shorter, outer ones adhering at their
bases. This genus and the Linura might be removed to the class Monadelphia.
(wood soriel.) jS.

Penthorum. Calyx 5 to 10-cleft: petals 5 or 0: capsule 5-cuspidate, 5-celled; cells
divided transversely, many-seeded, (virginian orpine.) S.

Sedcm. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft: petals 5: 5 nectariferous scales at the base of the
germ: carpels 5. (live-forever, or orpine, stone-crop.)

Exolic.
Lychnis. Calyx 1-sepalled, oblong, 5-toothed: petals 5, with claws; the limb
somewhat 2-cleft: capsule 1 or 5-celled, with a 5-toothed opening, (campion.)
*Portulacca, Geranium, Drosera.

Order X. Decagynia.

Phytolacca. Calyx 0: corol 5-petalled or 5-cleft, calyx-like, inferior: berry 10-cel-
led, JO-seeded. By some authors the corol is called a calyx, (poke- weed.)

Horkelia. Calyx bell-form, half-10-clefl alternating divisions accessory: petals 5,
small: stamens inserted on the wall of the calyx: receptacle conic, dry, villose: car-
pels numerous; styles simple, articulated with the carpels, sub-terminal.

CLASS XL ICOSANDRIA.
Order L Monogynia.

Cactus. Calyx superior, many-cleft, imbricate: petals numerous, in many series,
the inner ones larger: stigma many cleft: berry 1-celled, many-seeded, umbilicate.
(prickly pear.) &'.

Bartonia. Calyx superior, 5-clefl: corol 10-petalled, inserted on the calyx: cap-
sule cylindrical, oblong, 1-celled, summit flat, valvular, the valves 3 to 7: receptacle
thick: seeds numerous, compressed, arranged horizontally in a double series.*

Prunus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior, bell-form, deciduous: drupe ovate or oblong, very
smooth, mostly covered by glaucous powder, (called plumb bloom) fleshy: nut com-
pressed, acute at each end, smootii, with the margin sub-suloate. (plum.) iS.

Cerasus. Calyx bell-form, 5-cleft: petals 5: drupe globose or round-ovate, often
umbilicate, or sub-cordate, at the base; very smooth, without bloom, succulent: nut
sub-globose, smooth, (cherry.)

*This is not the Bartonia of former editions. That is now called Centaurella.

Class xi. order xii. 63

Lythrum. Calyx bell-tubular, G, 8, 10 or 12-toothed, inferior: petals 5 or 6,
equal, on the calyx: capsules 2 to 4-cellecl, many seeded, covered, (milk willow-
herb.) A genus, Decodon, lias been taken from this. It is founded on the cells of
the capsule being always more than 2, and the teetii of the calyx being always 10,
and of a peculiar form. Elliot places tlie species vcrlic'dlatuiii under it. §.

CuPHEA. Calyx tubular-ventricose, 6 to r2-toothed, unequal: petals 6, mostly un-
equal, inserted on the calyx: capsule 1-celied, dehiscent longitudinally, with the
calj'x, follicle-like, 3-sided: seeds lenticular, (wax-bush.)

Exotic.

Myrtcs. Calyx superior, 5-cleft: petals 5: berry 2 or 3-celled, many-seeded,
(myrtle.)

Amygdalcs. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior: petals 5: drupe with a nut, perforated with
pores: flowers sessile, (peach.)

Akmesiaca. Flowers sessile: calyx 5-cleft, inferior: petals 5: drupe fleshy, pubes-
cent; nut with one margin acute and the other obtuse, furrowed both sides, (apricot.)

PuNicA. Calyx 5-cleft, superior: petals 5; pome or berry many-celled, many seed-
ed: receptacle parietal: seed berried, (pomegrante.)

Souilicm.

*Calyx superior, 5-clefl, permanent: corol 10-petalled: capsule cylin-
drical, oblong, with a flat summit, 1-celled, 3 to 7-valved, walled up: receptacles in
3 to 7 fleshy masses, walled: seeds numerous, compressed, arranged in a double
horizontal series.

Mentzelia. Calyx5 cleft, superior, caducous: petals 5: capsule 1-celled, 3-valved,
cylindric, 3 to 6-seeded: top flat: seeds oblong, somewhat angular, arranged longitu-
dinally.

Decumaria. Calyx superior, 8 to 10-cleft: petals 8 to 10: capsule 7 to 9-celled,
many-seeded: seeds subulate, minute.

Philadklphos. Calyx 4br5-parted, superior, top-fonp: corol 4 or 5-petalled: style
4-cleft: capsule 4 or 5-celled, many seeded: seed arilled. (false syringa, or mock
orange.)

Chrysobalanus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior: petals 5: style lateral: drupe prune-form;
nut 5-grooved, 5-valved, 1 -seeded.

PuRsHiA. Calyx tubular, cleft into 5 ovate, obtuse lobes: petals 5-obovate, ungui-
culate, inserted in the mouth of the calyx with 25 stamens: germ oblong, full, stiped,
glandular-pubescent, tapering into a subulate style: stigma pubescent, lateral, almost
as long as the style.

Order II. Digynia, to Order V. Pentagynia; or Di-pentagynia.

Agrimonia. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, invested with an outer lobed one:
petals 5: stamens 12: nuts 2, in the bottom of the calyx, (agrimony.) jS.

Crataegus. Calyx superior, 5-cleft: petals 5: styles 1 to 5: berry mealy: cells
2 to 5, bony, (thorn-bush.) S.

Fothergilla. Calyx inferior, truncate, obsoletely crenate: corol 0: germ 2-cleft:
styles 2: capsules 2-lobed, 2-celled; cells bony: seeds solitary, (witch-alder.) S.

Sesuvium. Calyx superior, 5-parted, colored: corol none: capsule ovate, 3-celled,
opening transversely, many-seeded. S.

Aronia. Calyx superior, 5-toothed, or 5-parted; petals 5: fruit pomaceous; berry
5 or 10-celled; cells 1 or2-seeded: seeds cartilaginous, (shadflower, choak-beiry.) S.

Pyrcjs. Calyx-5-cleft, superior: corol .5-petalled: pome 5-celled, 2 or many-seeded;
cells cartilaginous and the compressed ovate seeds have cartilaginous coverings, (pear,
apple, quince, mountain ash.) S. Sorbus brought here by force.

Spir.^a, Calyx 5-cleft, inferior, spreading: corol 5-petalled; petals equal, round-
ish: stamens numerous, exsert: carpels 3 to 12, 2-valved within, each 1 to 3-seeded.
(steeple-bush, hard-hack.) S.

GiLEENiA. Calyx bell-tubular; border 5-toothed: corol partly unequal; petals 5,
lanceolate, tapering at the claws: stamens included: styles 5, contiguous: stigmas
capitate: carpels .5, connate at the base, ojiening on the inner side, each 2-seeded.
(indian physic.) S.

*See generic name, next to Tflweya, in the Species part.

64 CLASS XII. ORDER I.

Exotic.

Mespilus. Calyx 5-clefl, superior; divisions generally foliaceous, serrate: corol 5-
petalled: styles 2 to 5: dri^pe or berry with from 2 to 5 bony cells, (medlar.)

Mesembryanthemum. Calyx superior, 5-clefl: petals numerous, linear, cohering at
the base; capsule fleshy, many-seeded, turbinate, (ice-plant.)

Order XII. Polygynia.

Rosa. Calyx urn-form, inferior, 5-cleft, fleshy, contracted towards the top: petals
5: carpels numerous, bristly, fixed to the side of the calyx within. A genus remark-
able for the multiplications of its petals, by rich culture, (rose.) S.

RoBi's. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior: corol 5-petaIled; pistils numerous: berry composed
of many juicy 1-seeded acines, on a dry receptacle, (raspberry, blackberry.) S.

Dalibarda. Calyx 5-cleft, (8-cleft?) inferior: corol 5-petalled: styles long, cadu-
cous, 5 to 8: acines few, dry, adhering to the calyx, (dry strawberry.) <S'.

Dryas. Calyx 8 or 1'0-cleft, segments equal: carpels 5 to 8: with long plumose
awns.

Stylipus. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft; divisions equal: petals 5, oval, distant: sta-
mens permanent, on a glandular ring: seeds compressed, ovate, glabrous, with scat-
tered pubescence, sub-margined: receptacle columnar, villose, becoming elongated:
awns geniculate.

Geum. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft, 5 alternate divisions smaller: corol 5-petalled: car-
pels with a bent awn: receptacle columnar, villose. (avens, or herb bennet.) S.

SiEVERsiA. Calyx with a concave tube and 5-cleft limb, and 5 bracts outside:
petals 5: carpels numerous, caudate, disposed in a head; style permanent, , straight,
seed ascending.

BooTiA. Calyx inferior, 10-cieft, 5 alternate divisions lanceolate, having at the
base of the germ against them 5 nectariferous pits; corol 5-petalled: carpels awnless,
aflixed to a juiceless receptacle, (false avens.) S.

PoTENTiLLA. Calyx flat, inferior, 10-cleft; 5 alternate divisions smaller: corol 5-
petalled: petals roundish or obovate: carpels awnless, roundish, rugose, fixed to a dry
small receptable. (five-finger, cinquefoil.) S.

CoMARUM. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft; 5 alternate divisions smaller: petals 5, oblan-
ceolate, acuminate, half as long as the calyx: receptacle ovate, spongy, permanent,
villose. (marsh five-finger.) S. The habit of this genus differs sufficiently from the
Potentilla.

Frag ARIA. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft; 5 alternate divisions smaller: corol 5-petalled:
receptacle ovate, berry-like: acines naked, immersed in the receptacle, caducous,
(strawberry.) /Sf.

Calycanthus. Calyx 1-sepalled, pitcher-shaped, scaly, with colored petal-like
divisions; corol none; styles many, with glandular stigmas: carpels many in the suc-
culent calyx. (Carolina allspice.) S,

CLASS XII. POLYANDRIA.
Order I. Monogynia.

TiLiA.. Calyx 5 or 6-parted, inferior, caducous: corol 5 or 6-petalled: capsule 5 or
6-celled, globular, coriaceous, dehiscent at the base; 1-seeded. Often 4 of the cells
are empty, (bass-wood.) S.

Corchorus. Sepals 4 or 5: petals 4 or 5, rather shorter than the sepals, inferior:
style very short, deciduous; stigmas 2 to 5: capsule pod-like or roundish: seeds com-
monly numerous in each cell.

Helianthemum. CisTus. Calyx 5-sepalled, superior, 2 of them smaller: corol 5-
petalled, rarely 3, sometimes abortive: capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, opening at the top:
partitions contrary: seeds angular, (rock-rose, frost-plant.) S.

Hudsonia. Calyx tubular, inferior, unequally 5-parted; two of the divisions obso-
lete, colored: corol 5-petalled: stamens 15 to 30: capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 1 to 3-
seeded. (false heath.)

PoRTULAccA. Calyx 2-cleft, inferior: corol 5-petalled: capsule 1-celled, opening
transversely: columella 5, filiform, (purslane.) N.

Talinum". Calyx inferior, 2 or 5-sepalled: corol 5 petalled: capsule 1-celled, 3-
valved, many-seeded: seeds arillate: columella globose, (talinum.) S.

Calandrima. Sepals 2, inferior, persistent, united at the base; petals 3 to 5 with-
out claws: stamens 4 to 15: style short, stigmas ^Biickish, short; capsule 3-valved,
many seeded; seeds turgid, smooth and shining. ^^^

CLASS XII. ORDER I. 65

CheuuonutM. Calyx 2-sepallecl, caducous: corol 4-petalIed: silique-like capsule
i-celled, 2-valved, linear: seeds crested, many, (celandine.) 6'.

PoLANisiA. Sepals 4, inferior, spreading; petals 4: stamens 8 to 32: receptacle
minute, often nectariferous: pod linear, sessile or nearly so.

Glaucium. Calyx 2-sepalled, caducous: corol 4-petalled: capsule 1-celled, linear:
seeds many, punctate.

Meconopsis. Calyx 2-sepalled, caducous: corol 4-petalled: style distinct; stigma
4 to G-rayed: capsule oblong, generally prickly, 1-celled, 4 to 6-valved; columella
slender. S.

Argemone. Calyx 3-sepalled, caducous: corol 4 to G-petalled: stigma sessile,
capitate, 4 to 7-lobed; capsule ovate, angular, 1-celled, opening at the top by valves;
columella linear: seeds spherical, pitted, (horned poppy.) iS.

Sanguinaria. Calyx caducous, 2-sepalled: corol about 8-petalled: stigma sessile,
twinned, 2-grooved: capsule pod-like, ovate, 1-celled, 2-valved, acute at each end;
valves caducous: columella 2j permanent, (blood-root.) S.

Podophyllum. Calyx 3-sepalled, minute: corol 5 to 9-petalled: stigma large, cre-
nate, sessile: berry 1-celled, crowned with the stigma, large, many-seeded: columella
one-sided, (wild mandrake.) <S'.

AcHLYs. Calyx 0: corol 0: flowers naked, disposed in a dense spike: stamens
numerous; anthers in pairsj globose, somewhat 1-ceIledj 2-lipped: stigma dilated
concave.

Actaea. Calyx inferior, 4 to 5-sepalled, caducous: corol 4 to 8-petalled: stigma
sessile, capitate: berry 1-ceIled: seeds many, half orbicular, (necklace weed, bane-
berry.) S.

Macrotys*. Calyx about 4-sepalled, becoming colored before expanding, caducous:
corol many minute petals, very caducous, or wanting: stigma simple, sessile, curving
towards the gibbous side of the germ: capsule 2-valved, dehiscent at its straight suture.*
(cohosh, black snake-root, bug-bane.) iS'.

Sarracenia. Calyx double, permanent, 3 and 5-sepalled: corol 5-petalled, cadu-
cous: stigma peltate, permanent, very large, covering the stamens: capsule 5-celled,
5-valved, many seeded, (side-saddle flower.) /S.

Nuphar. Calyx 5 or 6-sepalled: petals many, minute, inserted on the receptacle
with the stamens, nectariferous on their backs: stigma with a broad disk, and radiate
furrows, sessile: pericarp berry-like, many-celled, many-seeded, (water lily, or yellow
pond-lily.) <S.

Nymph^ia. Calyx 4 to 7-sepalled: corol many-petalled, petals about equalling the
length of the sepals attached to the germ beneath the stamens: stigma a broad
disk, marked with radiated lines: pericarp berry-like, many-celled, many-seeded,
(pond-lily.)

Papaver. Calyx 2-sepalled, caducous: corol 4-petalled: stigma a broad disk, with
radiating lines: capsule 1-celled, dehiscent by pores under the permanent stigma,
(poppy.)

CHRYSEis.t Receptacle dilated, salver-form; limb expanded, entire: calyx mitre-
form, deciduous: corol 4-petalled, inserted by the claws in the throat of the receptacle,
and bearing the stamens: capsule silique-form, 2-valved; seeds affixed to the margins
of the valves.

Exotic.
Thea. Calyx 5 or 6-sepalled: corol 6 or 9-petalled: capsule 3-seeded. (tea.)
Citrus. Calyx 5-cleft: petals 5, oblong: filaments dilated at the base, in several
parcels: berry 9 to 18-celled — Polyadelphous, (orange, lemon.)

Southern.

Bejaria. Befaria. Calyx 7-clefl: petals 7: stamens 14: capsule 7-celled, many-
seeded.

Lewisia. Calyx 7 to 9-sepalled: petals 14 to 18: stamens 14 to 18: style about
3-cleft: stigmas 2-clefl; capsule 3-celled, many-seeded; seeds shining.
*Jeffersonia, Taxus, Delphinium, Monotropa.

*I see no good reason for changing this name to Botrophis, according to Rafinesque.
Our plant does not agree with the description of Actsea or Cimicifuga, I have ex-
amined it in all stages of maturing, where hundreds were growing.

tEschscholzia.

66 CLASS XII. ORDER XII.

Order II. Digtkia, to Order V. Pentagtnia; or Di-pentagtnia.

Delphinium. Calyx 0: corol 5-petalled, unequal: nectary 2-cleft, horned behind!
carpels 1 to 5, pod-like. By some the corol is considered as the colored calyx,
(larkspur.) S.

AcoNiTUM. Calyx 0: petals 5, upper one vaulted: nectaries 2, hooded, peduncled,
recurved: carpels 3 or 5, pod-like. By some the corol is considered as a colored calyx,
(monk's hood.) S.

Reseda. Involucre many-leaved, spreading: perfect flowers central, apetalous
spreading, surrounded by several petaloid, barren, flowers.

Aquilegia. Calyx 0: petals 5, caducous: nectaries 5, alternating with the petals,
and terminating downwards in a spur-like nectary: carpels 5, erect; acuminated with
the permanent styles, many-seeded. By some the nectaries are considered as petals,
and the corol as a colored calyx, (columbine.) S.

Enemion. Calyx 5-sepalled, petal-like, caducous: stamens with clavate filaments
and rough anthers: pistils 2 — 6, style of the length of the germ: carpels 2 to 6, stellate,
ovate, compressed: seed oval. A doubtful genus: but De Candolle requires very little
authority for a new genus.

Rhizophora. Calyx and corol 4-parted, inferior: stigmas 2: seed 1, clavate, long,
in a fleshy receptacle.

AscvRUM. Calyx 4-sepalled; 2 interior leafets cordate, larger; corol 4-petalled:
stamens with the filaments disposed in 4 parcels: styles 1 to 3: capsules oblong,
1-celled, 2-valved, included in the calyx leaves, (st. peter's wort.) S.

CiMiciFUGA. Sepals 4 or 5: petals 3 to 5, concave, or unguiculate (sometimes by
abortive growth fewer or none, if the genus Macrotys is included) carpels 1 to 8,
follicle-like, many-seeded.

Hypericum. Calyx 5-parted;.-divisions equal, subovate: corol 5-petalled: filaments
often united at the base in 3 or 5 sets: styles 2-5: capsule membranaceous, roundish,
with a number of cells equal to the number of styles. The bases of the filaments are
often in groups, when they are not united, (st. John's wort.) S.

Elodea. Sepals 5, equal, somewhat united at the base: petals 5, deciduous, equal:
stamens 9 to 15, polyadelphous — parcels alternating with glands: styles 3, distinct:
capsule oblong, membranaceous, 3-celled.

PiEONiA. Calyx 5-sepalled: petals 5: styles 0; stigmas 2 to 5: capsules pod-like,
many-seeded. Remarkable for the multiplication of petals by rich culture, (peony.)
Exotic.

NiGELLA. Calyx none: petals 5; nectaries 5, 3-cleft, within the corol: capsules 5,
convex, (fennel flower.)

Southern.

Calligonum. Calyx inferior, 5-parted: corol 0: filaments 12 to 16, united at the
base: germ 4-cornered; styles 4: nut with a many-winged ciest, 1-celled.

Platystigma. Sepals 2 or 3-pilose: petals 4 to 6: stigmas 3, sessile, oval, somewhat
spreading: capsule ovate, oblong, attenuate at the base, 3-valved, valves opening their
whole length: seeds smooth and shining.

Dendromecon. Sepals 2: petals 4: stamens numerous: stigmas 2, sessile: capsule
podshaped, furrowed; valves thick and coriaceous, almost woody, opening from the
base to the apex: seeds rather large and numerous, pyriform, smooth.
*Fothergillia, Juglans, Myriophyllum.

Order XII. Polygynia.

A. Perianth none.

Hydrastis. Petals 3, ovate (by some considered a colored calyx:) berry composed
of 1 -seeded acines. (orange-root.) S.

Clematis. Petals 3, 4, 5, or 6: seeds compressed: styles permanent, becoming long
plumose tails. (Some species are dioecious.) (virgin's bower.) By some the corol
is considered a colored calyx. ;S.

Atragene. Corol double, many-petalled; outer ones largest, inner ones nectary-
like, spatulate: carpels with pilose (or plumose) tails: (or petuls 4 to 6, with spatulate
nectaries alternating with the petals; and the outer filaments dilated.) (false virgin's
bower.) S.

Thalictrum. Petals 4 or 5: filaments very->l«)ng: carpels without tails, striate,
terete. (Some species are dioecious.) (meadow nre. ) S. The corol is considered a
coiored calyx by some.

CLASS XIII. ORDER I. 67

Anemone. Involucre distant from the flower, of 3 divided leaves; sepals 5 to 15
petaloid; carpels numerous, mostly awnless, sometimes awned or caudate.

Troi.lius. Petals 5 to 15. caducous: nectaries 5 to 20, small, tubular at the base,
linear: carj)els numerous, ovnte, sessile, many-sep;ied. (globe flower.) By some the
nectaries are considered corols, and tlie coroi.s, calyxes.

CoPTis. Petals 5 or G, caducous: nectaries small, 5 or 6, cowled: carpels oblong,
5 to S, stiped, stellate, beaked, many-seeded, (gold thread.) By some the nectaries
are mistaken for corols, and the corols for calyxes.

Caltha. Petals 5 to 9, orbicular: carpels numerous (5 to 10,) many-seeded, com-
pressed, 1-celled, spreading: nectaries 0: (pistils variable in number.) (americao
cowshp.) S. By some the corol is mistaken for a colored calyx.

Exotic.

Helleborus. Petals 5 or more: nectary 2-lipped, tubular: carpels 5 or 6, many-
eeeded, crectish, compressed, (hellebore.)

B. Having a perianth.

Magnolia. Calyx 3-sepalled: corol 6 to 9-petalled: carpels numerous, imbricate on
a strobile-like spike, 2-valved: seeds arilled, pendulous on long cords, berry-like,
(magnola or beaver-tree.) S.

LiRioDENDRON. Calyx 3-sepalled: corol 6 or 9-petalled, liliaceous: seeds in a sub-
lanceolate samara, imbricate on a strobile-like spike, (tulip-tree, or whitewood.) S.

PoRCELLA. AsiMiNA. Calyx Ssepalled or 3-parted: petals 6, spreading, oblong-
ovate; the inner ones smallest: anthers sub-ses-^ile: stigmas sessile, obtuse: berries
several, sessile, ovate, obtuse, many-seeded; seed arilled. (custard apple.) iS'.

Hepatica. Calyx 3-sepalled, a little distance below the corol, entire: petals 6 to
9: carpels without tails, (liverleaf ) S.

Ranunculus. Calyx 5-sepalhd: petals 5, with claws, and a nectariferous pore or
scale on the inside of each: carpels without tails, naked, numerous, (crow-foot.) S.

Cyrtarhyncha. Sepals 5, petaloid; narrow, spreading; petals 5, narrow and un-
guiculate, the claws nearly the length of the lamina, with a projecting scaly callosity
at its summit: carpels collected into a spheroidal head.

Hydropeltis. Brasenia. Calyx (3-sepalled, somewhat converging; 3 or 4 inner
sepals longest: corol 0: stamens equalling the length of the calyx: carpels oblong,
somewhat fleshy, numerous, 2-celled, 1 or 2-seeded. The inner leaves of the calyx
are considered as petals, (water-shield.) S.

Nelumbium. Cyamus. Calyx 4 or 5-sepalled: petals 5 or more: nuts half im-
mersed in a truncate, obconic, very large receptacle, and crowned with a permanent
style, (nelumbo.) S.

Exotic.

Sempervivum. Calyx 9 to 12 parted: petals 8 to 12; carpels 12, many-seeded:
stamens 16 or 20. (house-'.eek. )

Adonis. Calyx 4 — 5-sepalled: petals 5 or more, without nectariferous pores: car-
pels awnless. (pheasant's eye. )

Southern.

Illicium. Calyx 6-sepalled: petals 27, in three series: carpels many disposed in a
circle, 2-valved, 1-seeded. Sometimes 6-petalled. (anisetree.)

Annona. Calyx 3-sepalled, thickened together at the base, concave, sub-cordate,
acutish: petals 6, thickish, inner smaller or none: anthers sub-sessile, at the apex,
angled, dilated, covering its receptacles: germs united into a sessile berry with the
back muricate, scaly or reticulate, pulpy within, having 2 one-seeded cells.

Platystemon. Sepals 3, pilose: petals 6: stamens numerous: ovaries 10 — 14 dis-
tinct; stigmas sessile; carpels 10 — 14, linear, indehiscent articulated or transversely
strangulated between each seed.
*Zostera.

CLASS XIII. DIDYNAMIA.

Order I. Gymnospermia.

N. B. The fruit of plants of this order (called naked seeds by Linneus) are now
considered as nuts. They are generally 4 in number, surrounding the base of the
style in a permanent calyx.

68

CLASS XIII. ORDER I.

A. Calyx 5-cleft, with the divisions, or teeth, nearly equal.

Tedcrium. Corol deep-cleft on the upper side, and without an upper lip; lower
lip 3-cleft, the middle division rounded: stamens and pistils incurved; stamens exsert
through the cleavage on the upper side of the corol. (wood sage, wild germander.)
S.

Mentha. Corol nearly equal, 4-lobed; broadest division emarginate: stamens erect,
distant, (spearmint, peppermint.) S

_ IsANTHDs. Calyx somewhat bell-form: corol 5-parted; tube straight, narrow; divi-
sions ovate equal: stamens nearly equal: stigma linear, recurved, (blue-gentian.)

Hedeoma. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbose at the base, upper lip with 3 lanceolate teeth;
lower lip with 2 subulate ones: corol ringent: 2 short stamens barren, (pennyroyal.)

CuNiLA. C^-lyx cylindric, 10-stricjte, 5-toothed, throat villose: corol ringent;
upper lip erect, flat emarginate: 2 of the stamens usually barren and very short; thp
other two exsert: stigma unequally bifid, (dittany.)

Hyssopus. Corol with the under lip 3-parted, its intermediate divisions sub-crenate:
stamens straight, distant, (hyssop.) S.

Nepeta. Calyx dry, striate: corol with a longish tube: under lip with the middle
division crenate: throat with a reflected margin: stamens approximate, (catmint.) S.

JjAmium. Segments of the calyx subulate, spreading: corol with the upper lip en-
tire, vaulted; under lip 2-lobed; throat with a tooth at each margin, (dead nettle.)

Galeopsis. Calyx awned: corol with the upper lip sub-crenate, vaulted; lower lip
unequally 3-lobed, having 2 teeth on its upper side near the margin of the orifice, and
oppqsite to the sinuses dividing the lobes. (Flowering nettle.)

' Stachys. Calyx with its divisions awned: corol with the upper lip vaulted; the
lower lip 3-lobed; the middle divisions largegt, emarginate; the lateral divisions reflex-
ed: stamens reflexed towards the sides after discharging the pollen, (wound-wort,
hedge nettle. ) S.

Verbena. Calyx with one of the teeth truncate: corol funnel-form, with a curved
tube; border 5-cleft, nearly equal: nuts 2 or 4, pericarp thin and evanescent; some-
times 2 stamens are barren, (vervain.) S.

Marrubium. Calyx salver-form, rigid, marked with 10 lines: corol with the upper
lip 2-cleft, linear, straight, (horehound.) S.

Glechoma. Calyx 5-cleft: corol double the length of the calyx; upper lip 2-cleft;
lower lip 3-cleft, with the middle segment emarginate: each pair of anthers approach
ing so as to exhibit the form of a cross, (ground ivy, gill-overground.)

Pycnanthemum. Involucre bract-like, many leaved; under small heads of flowers;
calyx tubular, striate: corol with the upper lip sub-entire; lower lip 3-cleft; middle
segment longer: stamens distant, nearly equal; cells of the anthers parallel, ^moun
tain mint.) 8.

Exotic.

Leonurus. Calyx 5-angled, 5-toothod: corol with the upper lip erect, villose, flat,
entire; lower lip 3-parted; middle division undiyided: lobes of the anthers parallel,
having shining dots, (mother-wort.) &'.

Lavandula. Calyx ovate, sub-dentate; bracts under-sluddecj: corol resupinate:
staptfens in the tube, (lavender.)

Ballota. Calyx salver-form, 5-toothed, 10-striate: corol with the upper lip con-
cave, crenate: nut ovate, 3-sided, (false mother-wort.)

Satureja. Calyx tubular, striate: corol with divisions nearly equal: stamens dis-
tant, (savory.)

Molucella. Calyx very large, bell or shell-form; margin repand spinose: corol
much smaller, in the bottorn of the calyx, (shell-flower, molucca balm.)

Southern.

Ajoga. Corol with the upper lip minute and 2-toothed: stamens longer than the
upper lip: anthers all reniform, 1-celled.

Synandra. Calyx 4-cleft: segments unequal, subulate, inclined to one side: upper
lip of the corol entire and vaulted; lower one unequally 3-lobed; tliroat inflated, naked:
upper pair of anthers cohering, with the adjoining cells empty: filaments downy.

Leucas. Calyx 10-striate, 6 to lO-toothed: upper lip a bearded helmet, entire;
lower one long, 3-cleft; middle segment largest: lobes of the anthers spreading: stig-
ma shorter than the upper lip.

CLASS Xin. ORDER II. 69

Htptis. Calyx 5-toothed: corol 2-lipped; upper lip 9-lobed, lower one 3-lobed,
with tlie middle lobe calyx-like, involving the stamens and style until it becomes re-
flexed: stamens declined.

13. Calyx 2-lipped.

Climpodium. Involucre many-bristled, bract-like, under head-form whorls: peri-
anth 2-hpped: corol with the upper lip flat, obcordate striate, (field thyme.)

Origanum. Calyxes collected into a 4-sided strobile-like cone, with broad interven-
ing bracts: corol with the upper lip erect, flat, straight, emarginated: under lip 3-
parted, divisions nearly equal, (marjoram.)

Dracocephalum. Calyx sub-equal, 5-cleft: corol with the throat inflated; the up-
per lip concave, the middle division of the lower lip roundish, notched: stamens un
connected, (dragon-head.) S.

Prunella. Calyx with the upper lip dilated: filaments 2-forked, with an anther
on one of the points: stigma 2-cleft. (self-heal, or heal-all.) /S'.

Scutellaria. Calyx bell-form, finely dividing at the base; lips entire, the upper
one with a helmet-form appendage (or cap) on the back, deciduous: corol bilabiate,
upper lip vaulted, lower one dilated, convex; tube bent, exsert. (scull-cap.) S.

Trichostema. Calyx resupinate: corol with the upper lip falcate; the under lip
3-parted, with the middle division small, oblong: filaments very long-exsert, incuived
or coiled, (blue-curls.) ;S.

Phryma.* Calyx cylindric, upper lip longer, 3-cleft; lower lip 2-toothed: corol with
the upper lip emarginate: lower hp much larger: nut single, (lopseed.) S.

Exotic.

Thymus. Calyx sub-campanulate, with tlie throat closed with hairs: corol with
.the upper lip flat, emarginate: lower lip longer, (thyme.)

Melissa. Calyx dry, flattish above, with the upper lipsub-fastigiate: corol with the
upper lip somewhat vaulted, 2-cleft; lower lip with the middle lobe cordate, (balm.)

OcYMUM. Calyx with the upper lip orbiculate, the lower one 4-cleft: corol resupi-
nate; one lip 4-cleft, the other undivided: outer filaments sending out a process from
.thebase. (sweet basil.)

Southern.

Macbridea. Calyx top-foim, 3-cleft, 2 segments large: corol 2-lipped; the upper
entire, the under 3-parted: anthers 2-lobed; the lobes srpeading, fringed with small
spines.

Calamintha. Calyx closed with hairs afler flowering: throat of the corol some-
what inflated; upper lip emarginate; lower one 3-parted, middle segment somewhat
emarginate, or entire.

Cer^nthera. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate, the lower one 2-cleft:
upper lip of the corol 2-lobed, the lower one 3-parted: stamens exsert; anthers hori-
zontal, awned at each end.

TuLLiA. (1) Calyx with the upper lip 3-toothed, lower one 2-toothed, teeth ap-
pendaged: corol 2-hpped, with the upper lip very entire, lower one 3-parted, middle
division largest.

*Lycopus, Monarda, Salvia, Collinsonia, Linnaea.

Order II. Agiospermia.
A. Calyx 2-cleft, or 2-sepalled.

Obolaria. Calyx bract-like: corol 4-cleft, bell-form: capsule 1-celled, 2-valved,
many-seeded: stamens from the divisions of the corol nearly equal: stigma 2-cleft or
emarginate. (penny-wort.) S.

Castilleja. Calyx spathe-form, upper lip 2-cleft, lower one wanting: corol 2-
lipped: lower one very short, 3-cleft, with 2 glands between the divisions: capsule
2-celled. S.

*When the seed approaches maturity, the calyx closes upon it, which has induced
some authors to remove it to the next order. But the Scutellaria presents nearly thq
same character. Other genera approach it also, in this particular. It is, in my
opinion, an unnecessary innovation.

(1) By M. C. J^eayenworth, in honor of Dr. W. Tully, Prof. Botany, &c. \^ Ye^Ie
College.

70 CLASS XIII. ORDER II.

B. Calyx i-cleft.

ScHWALBEA. Calyx tubular-inflated; upper division small; lower division large,
emarginate, or 2-tootlied: corol ringent, upper lip entire, arched; lower lip 3-lobed;
capsule ovate, compressed, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a double partition; seeds many,
chaffy. (chatF-seed.) S.

EucHROMA. Calyx inflated, 2 or 4-cleft: corol 2-lipped; upper lip long-linear, em-
bracing the style and stamens: anthers linear, with unequal lobes, cohering so as to
form an oblong disk: capsule ovate, compressed, 2-celled: seeds numerons, sorround-
ed with an inflated membrane. S.

Bartsia. Calyx lobed, emarginate, colored: corol less than calyx; upper lip longest,
concave, entire; lower lip 3-cleft and reflexed: anthers with equal lobes, not cohering:
capsule 2-ceiled: seed angled, (painted cup.)

Rhinanthus. Calyx inflated: corol ringent; the upper lip mostly compressed; the
under lip spread, 3-parted: capsule 2celled, obtuse, compressed, (yellow coxcomb.)

Melampvruji. Corol with the upper lip compressed, the margin folded back; lower
lip grooved, 3-cleft, sub-equal: capsule 2-celled, oblique, dehiscent on one side: seeds
2, cylindric, gibbous, cartilaginous and smooth, (cow- wheat.) S.

Southern.

Lantasa. Flowers in a head; calyx obsoletely 4-toothed: border of the corol 4-
lobed, unequal, throat open: stamens within the tube: stigma hooked: drupes aggre-
gated; nut 2-celled, even, 2-seeded,

Euphrasia. Calyx cylindric: corol 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft; lower lip 3-
lobed, with the divisions 2-cleft: lower anthers lobed, spinose. (eye-bright.)

Orthocarpus. Calyx tubular, somewliat 4-cleft: corol 2-lipped, closed; upper lip
smaller, compressed; margin infiexed; lower lip concave, obsoletely 3-toothed, unex-
panded: lobes of the anthers unequal, spreading: capsule straight- ovate, 2-celled,
2-valved, many-seeded.

C. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, or o-toothed; plant without green herbage.

Orobanche. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft; segments often unequal: corol ringent: capsule
ovate, acute, 1-celled, 2-valved: seeds numerous: a gland beneath the base of the
germ, (broom rape.) S.

Epiphegus. Polygamous. Calyx abbreviated, .5-toothed: corol of the barren flowers
ringent, compressed, 4-cleft: lower lip flat; of the fertile flowers minute, 4-toothed,
caducous: capsule truncate, oblique, 1-celled, imperfectly 2-valved, opening on one
side, (beech-drops, cancer root.)

D. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-sepalled: plant with green herbage.

Zapania. Flowers capitate: calyx 5-toothed: corol 5-lobed; stigma head-peltate,
oblique: pericarp bladder-like, vanishing, connecting the two seeds, (fog-fruit.) S.

AvicENNiA. Calyx 5-parted: corol 2-lipped, the upper lip square: capsule coriace-
ous, rhomboid, 1-seeded, seed germinating within tiie capsule.

Herpestris. Calyx unequal, 2-bracted at the base: corol tubular, somewhat 2-lip-
ped: stamens included: capsule 2-valved, 2-celled; partitions parallel with the valves.
S.

LiMosELLA. Calyx 5-clefl: corol 4 or 5-lobed, equal; stamens approaching each
other by pairs: capsule 1 or 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, (mudwort. )

Scrophularia. Calyx 5-clefl: corol sub-globose, resupinate; lips short, middle
division of lower lip reflexed: capsule 2-celled. (Generally a stamen-like organ is
attached to the corol.) Corol dull purplish, green, or brown, (figwort. ) >S'.

Bignon'ia. Calyx 5-toothed, cup-form, sub-coriaceous; corol bell-form, 5-lobed,
ventricose beneath: capsule silique-like, 2-celled: seed membrane-winged, (trumpet-
flower.) S.

Ruellia. Calyx 5-parted, often 2-bracted; corol somewhat bell-form, limb 5-
lobed: stamens approaching by pairs: capsule tapering to both ends, toothed, elastic-
ally dehiscent: seeds few. (ruel.) S.

BucHNERA. Calyx 5-toothed: corol with a slender tube, and the limb in 5 equal
divisions, the lobes cordate: capsule 2-celled. (blue hearts.) jS'.

Antirrhinum. Calyx 5-sepalled or deeply 5-parted; the two lower divisions re-
mote; corol personate or ringent, spurred, or with a prominent base; the throat
closed with a prominent palate: capsule ovate, 2-valved, dehiscent at the apex, with
reflexed teeth, (snapdragon, toad-flax.) fif.

CLASS XIV. ORDER I. 71

CoLLiNsiA. Calyx 5-cleft: corol S-lipped, throat closed: upper lip 2-cleft; lower one
3-cleft: intermediate segment keeled, bag-like, and covering the declined stamens and
style: capsule globose, somewhat 1-celled and 4-valved. Seeds 2 or 3, umbilicate.

Co.vRADiA. Calyx 5-cleft, foliaceous: corol monopetalous, cylindrical, sub-equal,
5-toothed at the apex, teeth retlexed: stamens 4, scarcely declined, sub-equal, long-
exsert: style very long: stigma minute: capsule short-ovate, 2-celled, many-seeded.

Gerardia. Calyx 5 cleft or 5-toothed: corol sub-campanulate, unequally 5-lobed;
segments mostly rounded: capsule 2-celled, dehiscent at the top. (false-foxglove.) <S.

Pedicularis. Calyx ventricose, 2, 3, or 5-cleft or obliquely truncate: corol ringent;
upper lip arched, emarginate and compressed: capsule 2-celled, mucronate, oblique:
.seeds numerous, angular coated. (Leaves many-cleft.) (lousewort, high heall-all.)
,S.

MiMOLUs. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed: corol ringent: upper lip folded back upon
its sides, lower lip with a prominent palate: stigma thick, 2-cleft: capsule 2-celled,
many-seeded; seeds minute, (monkey-flower. ) S.

Chei.one. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-sepalled, 3-bracted: corol ringent, inflated: the upper
lip emarginate-obtuse, under lip slightly 3-cleft; the rudiment of a smooth filament
between, and shorter than the two tallest stamens; anthers woolly; capsule 2-celled,
2-valved: seeds with membranaceous margins, (snake-head.) iS.

Pentstemon. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-sepalled: corol sub-ringent, inflated; the rudiment
of a bearded filament between, and longer than the two tallest stamens: anthers
smootii: capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, ovate; seeds numerous, angular. (Taken from
the last genus.) (beard tongue.) S.

Martynia. Calyx 5-cleft: corol ringent, almost bell-form; capsule woody and
barked, vvith a hooked beak, 4-celled, 2-valved. (unicorn-plant.) S.

Exotic.

Digitalis. Calyx 5-parted: corol bell-form, ventricose, 5-cleft: stigma simple or
bilamellate: capsule ovate, 2-celled. (Flowers racemed.) (foxglove.)

Southern.

Capraria. Calyx 5-parted: corol somewhat bell-form, 5cleft, nearly equal: cap-
sule 2-valved, 2-celled, many-seeded.

Seymeria. Calyx 5-parled nearly to the base: corol bell-wheel-form, almost equal-
ly 5-lobed: stamens sub-equal, near the throat: anthers oblong, naked: style de-
clined: capsule inflated, ovate, acute, 2-celled, 2-valved, opening at the top.

Sesamum. Calyx 5-parted: corol bell-form, 5-cleft, with the lower lobe largest:
stamens with the rudiment of a fifth: stigma lanceolate: capsule obtusely 4-angled,
4-celled. (oily grain.)

*Catalpa, Gratiola, Elytraria.

CLASS XIV. TETRADYNAMIA.
Order L Siliculosa.

A. Pleurorhiza.* Seed loith the radicle on its side. Cotyledons flat, accumbent:
seed compressed, often margined.

LuNARiA. Silicle entire, oval, flat-compressed, pedicelled; valves equalling the
partition, parallel, flat: calyx consists of colored sack-like sepals, (honesty, or satin-
tlower. )

Vesicaria. Silicle globose, inflated, with hemispheric valves; seeds more than 8,
sometimes margined: petals entire.

Alyssum. Silicle orbicular or oval, with valves flat or convex in the centre: seeds
2 to 4 to each cell: calyx equal at the base: petals entire; some of the stamens
toothed.

Draba. Silicle oval-oblong, many-seeded: valves flattish, parallel to the partition:
petals entire or bifid: seeds not margined: filaments without teeth: style none. Coty-
ledons accumbent. (whitlow-grass.) S.

Cochlearia. Silicle thick, rugose, many-seeded, 2-valved; valves gibbous, obtuse;
partition nearly parallel to the valves: calyx equal spreading: petals 2-parted: stamens
toothless: style short or none, (horse-radish, water-radish.)

'Gr. pleura (side) 'riza (root.)

73 CLASS XIV. ORDER II.

Thlaspi. Silicle emarginate at the apex, valves keel-form, winged on the backs
cells two, many-seeded: petals equal: calyx equal at the base. Flowers wliite.

HuTCHiNsiA. Silicle oval, valves keel-form, wingless; cells 2-seeded, rarely more:
calyx equal: petals equal.

Iberis. Corel irregular, the two exterior petals longest: silicle emarginate, many-
seeded, (candy-tuft.)

Cakile. Silicle 2-jointed, compressed, upper joint ensiform or ovate: seed single
in each cell, upper one erect, lower one pendulous, often abortive. Includes Bunias.-

B. NoTORHizA.t Seed with the radicle nexer on the side; generalbj on the lack.
Cotyledons flut, inaimbcnt: seed ovate, not margined.

Camelina. Silicle obovate or sub-globose, valves ventricose, dehiscent with part of
the style: cells many-seeded: style filiform: seed oblong emarginate.

Platypetalum. Silicle oval, many-seeded; valves convex:', styles very short: calyx
a little spread: laminas of the petals dilated.

Oreas. Calyx equal at the base, lax: petals entire, unguiculate, equal: filament*
equal, not toothed: style very short, stigma capitate: silicle lanceolate, compressed^
1-celled (having no partition) valves flatiish, marked at the middle nerve: seeds many,
with the umbilical cord elongated.

Platyspermum. Silicle oval, compressed at the back, flat, stigma sessiler seeds-
few, with broad margins. Scapes numerous, 1-flowered.

Ectrema. Silicle or rather silique ancipital, valves carinate: seeds not margined.

Lepidium. Silicle ovate or sub-cordate; valves keeled or rarely ventricose, dehis-
cent, cells 1-seeded: seeds somewhat 3-sided or compressed. (Cotyledons rarely
accumbent.)

Capsella. Thlaspi bursa-pastoris. Silicle wedge- triangular, valves keel-form,
not winged; cells many-seeded, (shepherd purse.)

Hymenolobus. Silicle ovate or elliptical, membranaceous; valves somewhat tumid ,-
slightly carinate, wingless, cells many-seeded: stigma sessile.

Thysanocarpus. Silicle obovate, ' plano-convex, broad-winged at both margins,
emarginate at the ap^ 1-celled, one-seeded: seed broad-obovate, pendulous. Flowers-
small, white. , •*•

IsATis. Silicle tfempressed, oblong, ligulate, valveless, 1-seeded: partition like lat-
tice work, (woad.)

Southern.

CoRONOPUs. Silicle reniform, compressed, wrinkled; cells valveless, 1-seeded.
SuBCLARiA. Silicle entire, ovate: valves ovate, concave, (convex without:) stigma
sub-sessile: seed linear, 2-plaited. Cotyledons incumbent.

Order II. Siliquosa.

A. Plecrorhiza. Seed with the radical on its side. Cotyledon flat, accumbent:
seed compressed, often margined.

Cheiranthus. Calyx closed, two of the sepals gibbous at the base: petals dilated:
silique, when young, with a glandular tooth each side: stigma 2-lobed: seed flat,
sometimes margined, (stock-july-flower, wall-flower.) S.

Nasturtium. Silique teretish, abbreviated or declined: stigma somewhat 2-lobed:
calyx equal at the base, spreading: seeds small, irregularly in two series, without
margins.

Barbarea. Silique 4-sided, (and 2-edged) valves without any process at the apex,
concave-keeled: seeds arranged in a single series: calyx equal at the base.

Turritis. Silique linear, valves flat: seeds in each cell m a double series; calyx
converging erect: corol erect, (tower mustard.)

Arabis. Silique linear: valves flat, 1-nerved in the middle: seeds in each cell in
one series, oval or orbicular, compressed: cotyledons flat, (wall-cress.)

Pachypodium. Silique somewhat terete elongated, torulose on a short thick stipe:
seeds in a single series, oblong, scarcely marginal: calyx nearly erect, equal at the
base: glands 4, at the base of the stamens: petals narrow, on very long claws.

tGr. notos (back) 'riza (root.)

CLASS XV. ORDER 111. 73

Cardamine. Siliqtie linear; valves flat nerveless, often bursting elastically with
tevolute valves: seed ovate, without margin, having a slender umbilical funicule.
(american water-cress.)

Uentari V. Calyx longitudinally converging: silique lanceolate, bursting elastically,
with flat, nerveless, revokite valves; the partition thick and fungus-like: stigma
emarginate; seeds in a single series, ovate, not margined. Funicule dilated: (Roota
sharp-tasted, fleshy, with tooth-like processes.) (tooth-root, trickle-root.) S.

Parrya. Silique broad-linear, valves more or less distinctly veined, flat; seeds
somewhat in two series, cuticle of the testa lax, margin broad: umbilical funicule
adnate to the partition above: lobes of tlie stigma approximate.

Phoemcaums. Calyx colored, nearly equal at the base; much shorter than the
entire unguiculate petals; silique ensiform, acuminate, flat, not opening elastically;
the cells about S-seeded; valves with a prominent central nerve; seeds large, in a
Bingle series, not margined.

LeavenWorthia. Calyx somewhat erect, equal at the base; petals equal, cunei-
form, truncate or emarginate; filaments distinct, toothless; silique sessile, oblong-
linear, compressed, somewhat inflated, and contracted between the seeds; valves
indistinctly nerved; style distinct or almost none; stigma minutely bidentate; seeds in
a single series, flattened, with a broad- winged margin; funicules free.

Streptanthus. Calyx erect, colored: petals dilated; having twisted, channelled
claws: glands none: stamens with filaments subulate, and thickened at the base:
silique very long, angled, compressed: seeds in one series, flat, margined: cotyledons .
accumbent.

B. Notorhiza. Seed icith the radicle never on the side, generally on the back.
Cotyledons flat, incumbent; seed ovate, not margined.

Hesperis. Calyx closed, furrowed at the base, shorter than the claws of the
petals: petals bent obliquely, linear or obovate: silique 4-sided, 2-edged> or sub-terete:
seeds not margined: stigmas forked, with converging apexes. Cotyledons flat,
(rocket.)

Sisymbrium. Silique teretish above the prominence, sessile: stigmas 2, sub-distinct
or connate in a head: calyx equal at the base: seed ovate or oblong: cotyledons flat,
sometimes oblique; stamens tootiiless.

Tropidocarpum. Silique linear or lanceolate-linear, compressed contrary to the
septum; valves somewhat carinate; septum very narrow, often incomplete; seeds
oblong, compressed, not margined; sepals equal at the base.

Erysimum. Silique 4-cornered: calyx closed: cotyledons flat, oblong.

Braya. Silique short, terete, torulose, terminated by the style or stigma: valves
sub-seinicylindric: stigma flattish; partitions split in the middle; seeds under six in
each cell: calyx equal at tiie base, divisions erect.

Stanleya. Silique teretish above the prominence, pedicelled: seeds oblong, teretish:
calyx spreading.

Wakea. Silique 2-celled, stiped, flat, with a seed-bearing margin both sides: seed
flattish, striate: calyx deflected, caducous, colored: petals with long claws, spreading.

Brassica. Calyx erect, converging: partition extending beyond the valves of the
silique; seed globose; glands between the short stamens and pistil, and between the
long stamens and calyx, (cabbage, turnip.)

SiNAPis. Calyx spreading: corol with strait claws: glands between the short sta-
mens and pistil, and between the long stamens and calyx: partition extending beyond
the valves of the sihque, ensiform: seeds in a single series. Cotyledons conduplicate.
(mustard.)

Raphancs. Calyx closed, setose: silique torose, terete, not opening by valves,
1 or 2-celled: glands between the short stamens and pistil, and between the long
stamens and calyx. Cotyledons conduplicate. (radish.)

CLASS XV. MONADELPHIA.

Order III. Triandria.

SisYRiNCHiuM. Spathe 2-leaved: perianth 0: corol superior, 6-cleft or 6-petalled,
tubular: style 1: stigma 3-clefl: capsule 3-celled. (blue-eyed grass.) <S.

10

74 CLASS XV. ORDER XII,

Exotic,
TiGRiDiA. Spathe 2-leaved: perianth 0: petals 6, the 3 outer large: filaments united
into a very long tube: flowers spotted.
*Pistia.

Order V. Pentandria.

Passiflora. Calyx 5-paited, colored: corol 5-petaIled, on the calyx: nectary, a
triple filamentous crown, within the petals: gourd-like berry, pedicelled. (passion-
flower.) S.

Exotic.

Erodium. Calyx 5-sepalled; corol 5-petalled; nectariferous scales 5, alternating
with the filaments: carpels 5, 1-seeded, awned; beaked at the base of the receptacle;
awn spiral, bearded within. (Taken from the geranium.) (stork's bill.)

Southern.

Philoxerus. Calyx 5-parted: corol none: stamens united at the base into a small
entire cup, shorter than the germ: anthers 1-celIed: stigmas 2: bladder-like capsule
membranaceous, ] -seeded, valveless.

Achyranthes. Calyx double, membranaceous, permanent, outer 3-sepalled, inner
5-sepalled, unequal: stamens standing on the nectary, with segments between them:
capsule 1-seeded, covered by the converging calyx.

Oplotheca. Calyx double, outer 2-sepalled, scarious, convolute, truncate; shorter
than the inner — inner 1-sepalled, muricate, somewhat 5-cleft, with a dense down:
corol none: nectary cylindric, 5- toothed, bearing tlie stamens: stigma simple, capitate,
hairy; bladder- like capsule 1-seeded, inclosed in the calyx.
♦Anagallis, Lysimachia, Linum, Petalostemon.

Order VII. Heptandria.

Exotic.
Pelargonium. Calyx 5-parted, upper divisions broader, ending in a capillary nec-
tariferous tube: corol 5-petalled, irregular; the two upper petals usually broader, with
colored veins: filaments 10, three of them usuallj' without anthers: carpels 5, each
l«eeeded, awned; some of the awns spiral, (stork geranium.)

Order VIII. Octandria.
Southern.
PisTiA. Spathe tubular-hooded, strap-like; corol none: filaments lateral; anthers 3
to 8: style 1: capsule 1 -celled, many-seeded.
*Polygala, Cardiospermum.

Order X. Decandria.

Geranium. Calyx 5-sepalled: corol 5-petalled, regular: nectariferous glands 5,
adhering to the base of the 5 alternating long filaments: carpels 5, 1-seeded, awned,
beaked at the elongated top of the receptacle; awn naked or smooth within, strait,
(cranebill, false crowfoot, herb-robert.) &

Southern.
Acacia. Mimosa. Polygamous. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed: petals 5: stamens 5 to
10, exsert: pod 1-celled, 2-valved.

Darlingtonia. Flowers perfect: petals 5, distinct: stamens 5 to 10, sub-exsert:
legume bivalve, juiceless, small-seeded, lanceolate-falcate: calyx bell-form, 5 to 7
toothed.

ScHRANKiA. Mimosa. Polygamous. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed: petals 5: stamens
8 to 10, exsert: pod 4-valved.
*Oxalis.

Order XII. Polyandria.

SiUA. Calyx simple, angular, 5-cleft; rarely with one setaceous bract: style many-
parted: carpels many, arranged circularly, 1 -celled, 1 or 3-seeded. (Pedicel articu-
lated under the apex. ) (Indian mallows.) S.

CLASS XVI. ORDER XII. . 75

SPHiERALCEA. Calyx 5-cleft, with 3 setaceous bracts at the base: carpels numer-
ous, aggregated in a sub-globose head, 2-valved, 2 or several seeded.

Abutilon. Calyx 5-cleft, witliout bracts; carpels 5 or more, 2-valved; 3, raiely
4 or 6-seeded.

Alth.*:a. Calyx double; outer one 6 or 9-cleft: carpels many, arranged circularly,
1-seeded. (hollyhock.)

Malva. Calyx double, outer one 3-sepalled, inner one 5-cleft: carpels many, ar-
ranged circularly, 1-celled, 1-seeded. (mallows.) S.

Malvaviscus. Calyx surrounded by a many-leaved involucre: petals erect, convo
lute: stigmas 10: carpels 5, 1-seeded, sometimes sub-distinct, and often united in 5-
celled fruit.

Hibiscus. Calyx double, outer one many-sepalled; inner one about 5-cleft: stigmas
5: capsule 5 or 10-celled, many-seeded, (marsh mallows.) S.

Exotic.

Lavateka. Calyx double, outer one 3-cleft: carpels many, many-seeded, (tree-
mallows.)

GossYPiuM. Calyx double, outer one 3-cleft: capsule 4-celled: seeds involved in
•wool, (cotton.)

Southern.

Malope. Calyx double, outer 3-sepalled: carpels 1-seeded, irregularly aggre-
gated.

Stuartia. Calyx 5-parted: petals 5: stigma somewhat 5-lobed, capitate: capsule
5-celled, 5-valved; cells 1 or2-seeded; seeds ovate, bony.

HoPEA. Calyx 5-cleft, superior: petals 5: stamens numerous, united in 5 groups:
style 1: drupe 3-celIed, with 2 of them often empty, (yellow-leaf.)

NuTTALLiA. Callirhoe. Calyx simple, 5-cleft: capsules numerous, 1-seeded,
united in a ring.

Styrax. Calyx bell-form, generally 5-toothed, inferior: corol 5 to 7-parted, on the
calyx: drupe? coriaceous, with 1 or 2, 1-seededn uts: stamens 6 to 16, on the throat
of the corol, united at the base; anthers oblong, linear, (storax tree.)

Halesia. Calyx 4-toothed, superior: corol 4-cleft: nut covered with bark, 4-sided,
2 or all the angles winged; 2 to 4celled, 2 to 4-seeded. (snowdrop tree.)

GoRDONiA. Calyx simple, 5-sepalled, connate at the base: style 5-sided; stigmas
5: capsule 5-celled, 5-valved: receptacle columnar: cells 2-seeded; seeds winged.
*Pinus.

CLASS XVI. DIADELPHIA.

Order V. Pentandria, to Order VIII. Octandria, or FENXocTAtrDRU.

CoRYDALis. Sepals 2, caducous: corol 1-spurred at the base: capsule pod-like, 2-
valved; few or many-seeded: style persistent.

FuMARiA. Sepals 2, deciduous: corol 1-spurred, or gibbous at the base: fruit a
1-seeded, sub-globose, nut: style deciduous, (fumitory.) S.

DiELYTRA. Sepals 2, deciduous: corol 2-spurred or saccate at the base: capsule
pod-shaped, many-seeded.

Adlumia. Sepals 2: petals united into a spongy persistent, monopetalous corol,
bi-gibbous at the base, 4-lobed at the apex: capsule pod-shaped, linear-oblong, many-
seeded.

PoLYGALA. Calyx 5-sepalled, permanent, unequal; 2 of them wing-like, larger,
colored: corol irregular, (or ratiier, calyx 3-sepalled, corol imperfectly papilionace-
ous:) capsule obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved. Keelof tlie corol sometimes appendaged:
seeds hairy, (snake-root, milk- wort, low century, mountain flax.) S.

Southern.

Fetalostemon. Petals 5, nearly equal; 4 of them alternating with the stamens, and
uniting with them in a cleft tube: legume 1-seeded, included in the calyx.
♦Gleditschia.

76 CLASS XVI. ORDER. X.

Order X. Decandria.

A. Legiime wWiout transverse divisions or partitions; seeds numerous.

( Stigma pubescent. )

PiSDM. Calyx with the divisions leaf-like, about equal: banner protruding 2 foldss
style compressed, carinate, villose above: legume without down at the suture, (pea.)

Lathyrds. Calyx with the two upper divisions sliorter: style flat, villose above,
broader towards the top. (Stem mostly winged, leaflets 2 or more, terminated by a
divided tendril.) (sweet pea.) .S.

ViciA. Calyx emarginate above, 2-tootiied; 3 straight long teeth below: banner
emarginale: style bearded transversely on the lower side beneath the stigma, (vetch. )

^•

Ervum. Calyx 5-parted: divisions linear, acute, about equalling the corol: stigma
capitate, hairy on all sides, (Torrey;) glabrous, (Persoon:) legume oblong, 2 to 4-
seeded. (creeping vetch.)

AsTROPHiA. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft; the 2 upper segments a little shorter:
style flat, linear, pubescent along the inside: legume broadly-oblong, compressed, few-
seeded.

Vexillaria. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, the upper and lateral segments
triangular-ovate, acuminate; the inferior segment narrower: banner large, somewhat
orbicular, emarginate or bifid, not spurred on the back; keel small, sliorter than the
wings, incurved, acute, on very long claws: style longitudinally bearded or hairy,
more or less dilated at the apex: legume stipitate, linear or linear-oblong, flattish, to-
rulose, pointed with the base of the style: thickened along the sutures; the valves
nerveless and windless, (butterfly weed.) S.

Centrosema. Calyx short, broadly campanulate, 4 or 5-cleft: banner large, broadly
orbicular, with a short obtuse spur behind; keel semi-orbicular, scarcely shorter than
the wings, incurved, obtuse, on very short claws: stamens monodelphous, or partly
diadelphous: style glabrous, dilated at the apex; stigma barbulate: legume nearly
sessile, linear compressed, subulate with the style; somewhat thickened along the
sutures; the valvee marked on each side with a longitudinal nerve next the margin.

Southern.

Orpbus. Styleslinear: corol long; calyx obtuse at the base; upper segments deeper,
and generally shorter, (bitter vetch.)

Phaca. Keel obtuse: style beardless; stigma capitate: legume 1-celled, somewhat
turgid; upper suture swollen and seed-bearing within.

(Stigma not pubescent.)

Phaseolus. Stamens nine connected and one separate: legume many-seeded; not
articulated: stigma not hairy: cotyledons thick, which ^re changed into succulent
leaves in germinating.

1. Sub Genus. Phaseolus (Euphaseolus.) Calyx 2-lipped, upper one 2-toothed,
lower one 3-parted: keel with the stamens and style spirally twisted: legume com-
pressed. .

2. S. G. Strophostyles. (1) Calyx 2-Tipped, upper one 2-toothed, lower one 3-
parted: keel with the stamens and pistils spirally twisted: legume terete.

3. S. G. Amphicarpa. (I) Calyx 4-toothed, teeth equal, sub-obtuse: style fili-
form, stigma capitate: germ with its base sheathed.

4. S. G. Rhynchosia, (1) Calyx 5cleft, somewhat 2-lipped: the separate fila-
ment geniculate at the base: style filiform: legume compressed, 2 seeded.

5. S. G. Wistaria. (I) Calyx somewhat 2-lipped; upper lip with 2 short teeth,
lower one in 3 subulate lobes: keel bicuspidate: a tubular nectary surrounds the stipe
of the germ.

6. S. G. Apois. (1) Calyx with 4 obsolete teeth; one acute, elongated under
the falcate keel, which bend back the top of the banner; stipe of the germ sheathed
at the base.

Remark. As Dr. Torrey has disposed of these sub-genera on a plan which almost
approves; they will not be alteied.

(1) Glycine, L.

CLASS XVI. ORDER X. 77

Galactia. Calyx 4-toothed, 2-bracted: petals all oblong: banner broader, incum-
bent: anthers oblong: stigma obtuse: germ on a naked stipe: legume terete: seeds
many, roundish, (milky-way plant.) S'.

RoBiNiA. Calyx small, bell-form, 4-cleft, upper division 2-parted: banner large,
reflexed, roundish: legume compressed, elongated, many-seeded: seeds compressed,
small, (locust-tree.) S.

Astragalus. Calyx 5-toothed: keel of the corol obtuse; legume with a longitu-
dinal half-breadth partition, attached to one edge, incurved at the suture below, (milk
vetch.) S.

Tephrosia. (Galega.) Calyx without bracts, sub-equal, 5-toothed: banner of the
corol large, roundish, silky or pubescent, entire, reflex-spreading: wings keeled, obtuse,
adhering: stamens variously connected, monadelphia or diadelphia: style filiform,
stigma terminal: legume often sessile, flat-compressed, linear, many-seeded: seeds
compressed, (goat's rue. )

Medicago. The keel deflected from the direction of the banner: legume compress-
ed, spiral, (lucerene clover, medick. ) &'.

HosACKiA. Bentliam. Calyx bell-form, 5-cleft: the spreading wings of the corol
almost equalling the banner; keel beaked: style filiform; stigma capitate: legume cy-
Jindric or sub-compressed, striate, smooth.

Exotic.
Coldtea. Calyx 5-cleft with the keel obtuse: style bearded on its back through its
whole length: legume inflated, opening on the upper suture at the base, (bladder
senna, bush locust.)

Soufker7i.

Indigofera. Calyx spreading: keel with a subulate spur both sides; legume linear,
small, terete or quadrangular, (indigo.)

Gi.YCYKRHizA. LiQuiRiTiA. Calyx tubular, equal, 5-parted, gibbous at the base:
banner erect, reflexed at the sides, including the otlier petals; wings spreading, keel
2-cleft: legume oblong, sub-ovate, compressed, generally hispid, 2 to 6-seeded. (Flow-
ers racemed.) (liquorice.)

OxYTROPis. Keel terminating above in a subulate appendage: legume with a longi-
tudinal half-breadth partition, attached to one edge; the upper suture inflexed.

Trigonella. Banner and wings sub-equal, spreading, resembling a 3-petalled
corol: legume often curved, compressed, (fenu-greek.)

Lupinaster. Calyx bell-form, 5-tootbed: teeth setaceous, one under the keel: stig-
ma hooked: legume terete, without joints.

B. Legume loithout transverse divisions or partitions; seeds few or single.

Melilotus. Flowers racemed; calyx tubular, 5-toothed: keel simple, shorter than
the wings and banner: legume rugose, longer than ihe calyx, or about as long. (Taken
from the trifolium.) (melilot clover.) >Sf.

Trifolium. Flowers sub-capitate: legume included in the calyx, not opening by
valves, 1 to 4-seeded. (Leaves always ternate.) (clover.) S.

HoMALOBUs. Calyx 5-toothed, keel obtuse: style short recurved: legume linear
or oblong, much compressed, several seeded, the sutures neither introflexed nor tumid;
funicule very long.

Southern.

DoLicHos. Banner with two oblong parallel callous processes at the base, compres-
sing the wings beneath them, (cowhage. )

Dalea. Calyx half 5-clen;: corol partly papilionaceous; wings and keel adnate to
the undivided column of stamens: legume J -seeded, included in the calyx.

Psoralea. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed; lower segments mostly elongated; legume
the length of the calyx, 1 -seeded, somewhat beaked, valveless.

Kentrophyta. Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, the segments nearly equal: ban-
ner oblong, reflexed; keel petals obtuse, cohering along the back, shorter than the
wings, ovate, membranaceous or leathery, 1 or 2 seeded.

C. Fruit or loment in several joints, or in a single seeded piece.
Hedysarum. Calyx 5-cleft: keel of corol transversely obtuse: loment many-joint-
ed; joints 1-seeded, truncate, compressed, generally hispid. Plants mostly with ter-
nate leaves, (bush clover.) S.

78 CLASS XVII. ORDER I.

Lespedeza. Calyx 5-parted, 2-bracted; divisions nearly equal: keel of the ooroJ
transversely obtuse: legume lens-form, unarmed, 1-seeded. (Leaves always ternate.
Taken from tJie hedysarum.) (bush clover. ) S.

Aeschynomene. Calyx 2-lipped, lips toothed: stamens united in two equal parcels:
loment compressed, one suture straight, the other lobed; joints truncate, 1-seeded.
(false sensitive plant.) <S.

Stylosanthes. Calyx tubular, very long, bearing the corol, which originates higher
than the top of the germ: loment one or two-jointed, hooked, (pencil tiower.) S.

Chapmasnia. Flowers of 2 kinds? Sterile flower: calyx with 2-bracteoles at the
base: the tube very long and slender, the lowest tooth longest, and remote from the
others: banner roundish; keel boat-form, nearly as long as the banner, bifid at the
summit: stamens monadelphous, alternately longer; ovary sessile, with 2 or 3 ovules
always sterile: style filiform, very long; stigma capitate, minutely glabrous.

Exotic.

Coronilla. Calyx 2-lipped: petals with claws: loment teretish, jointed: flowers
in umbels: seeds generally cylindric. (coronilla.)

CicER. Calyx 5-parted, of the length of the corol, 4 upper divisions resting on
the banner: legume turgid, 2-seeded; seeds gibbose, raucronate. (chick-pea.)
Southern.

ZoRNiA. Calyx inferior, bell-form, 2-lipped: banner cordate, revolute: anthers 5
oblong and 5 globose: loment jointed, hispid.

Sesbania. Calyx 5-toothed: legume elongated (terete or linear) divided into many
cells (or loment joints) by transverse partitions.

Agati. Calyx campanulate, truncate, slightly bilabiate; the upper lip with 2, the
under with 3, short, obtuse, broad teeth: banner oval-oblong, shorter than the oblong
wmgs; keel large, falcate: stamens diadelplious, slightly protruded; the sheath with
large auricles at the base; legume short-stiped, linear, elongated, a little compressed,
many-seeded, much contracted, and with transverse partitions between the seeds, but
not jointed: seed oval.

D. Stamens united in one set.

Amorpha. Calyx somewhat bell-form, 4 or 5-cleft: banner ovate, concave: wings
and keel 0: legume 1 or 2-seeded, falcate, (false-indigo.) iS'.

LupiNus. Calyx 2-lipped: anthers 5 oblong and 5 roundish: legume coriaceous,
torulose. (lupine.) 6'.

Crotalaria. Corol with the banner cordate, large: keel acuminate, the membrane
formed by the united filaments, has a fissure on the back: style curved: legume pedi-
.celled, turgid, (rattle-box.) S.

Genista. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-toothed, 2 upper teeth very short: banner oblong,
.*eflexed back from the pistil and stamens, (kneed-grass, dyer's broom.)

Exotic.

Spartium. Calyx extended downwards; keel generally pendant: filaments adhering
to the germ: stigma villose lengthwise on the upper side: legume oblong, 1 or many-
seeded. (Spanish broom.)

Ulex. Calyx 2 6epalled, 2-bracted: stamens all united: legume scarcely longer
than the calyx, spinose. (furze.)

Arachis. Calyx 2-lipped: corol upside down: legume gibbous, torulose, veiny,
coriaceous, (pea- nut.)

Southern,

Erythrina. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, various: banner long-lanceolate: legume
torulose, many-seeded, (corol tree.)

Pitcheria. Calyx tubular; somewhat 2-lipped, 5-cleft, divisions subulate; upper
lip bifid, equal to the lower one: wings narrow, subulate, one-toothed: style filiform,
ascending; legume oblong, 2-seeded, scarcely exceeding the calyx.
♦Baptisia, Cercis, Virgilia, Cassia.

CLASS XVIL SYNGENESIA.
Order I. Polycamia Aequahs.
A. Florets ligulate.
CicHORicM. Involucre surrounded with scales: receptacles naked or slightly veined:
egret sessile, scaly, shorter than the pericarp, (succory, or endive.)

CLASS XVII. ORDER I. 79

Apargia. Involucre imbricate: receptacle naked, punctate: egret plumose, seesile,
unequal. (Taken frc^m the Leontodon.) (false hawk- weed.)

Lapsana. Involucre sub-cylindric, scaly from tiie few leaves at the base: receptacle
naked: the stony fruit oblong, tapering at tlie base: egret none.

Leontodon. Involucre double, imbricate, with flexible leafets: receptacle naked:
egret stiped. (dandelion.) &'.

Prenanthes. Heads few-flowered, nodding: involucre cylindric, with scales at the
base: akenes sub-terete, not beaked: egret in several series, scabrous: receptacle
naked, (white lettuce.) &'.

Lactuca. Involucre imbricate, cylindric, with the margin of the scales membra-
naceous; receptacle naked: egret simple, stiped: akenes smooth, (lettuce.) S.
Flowers mostly nodding.

Nabalus. Flowers nodding: involucre cylindrical, 5 to 12-flowered, with erect
scales in one series which bear small scales from the base.

Lygodesmia. Involucre 5-leaved, tubulated; furnished from the base with many
very short imbricate scales; leafets ligulate keeled, scarious at the margin: receptacle
scrobiculate: florets5: anthers 2-toothedat the base; bony akenes linear, compressed,
furrowed, simple at the apex: egret capillary; rays in various order, tooth-scabrous or
plumose.

SoNCHus. Involucre imbricate, swelling at the base: egret pilose, sessile: receptacle
naked, (swine thistle.) S.

HiERAciuM. Involucre imbricate, ovate: egret simple, sessile: receptacle naked,
punctate, or sub-pilose. (From white becoming yellowish.) (hawk-weed.) S.

Crepis. Involucre with scales at the base, scales laxish: receptacle naked: egret
pilose, sub-stiped. Beyond R. M.

Krigia. Involucre simple, many-leaved, receptacle naked: egret 5 to 8 mem-
branous leaves, with 5 to 25 scabrous, alternating bristles: receptacle naked, (dwarf
dandelion.) S.

Exotic.

Tragopogon. Involucre simple, many-leaved: receptacle naked; egret plumose
and stiped. (goat's beard, vegetable oyster.)

Southern.

BoRKHAUsiA. Involucre with scales at the base, becoming rib-furrowed, outer
scales loose: receptacle naked: egret stiped, pilose.

Troximon. Involucre oblong, conic, many-leaved: leafets unequal, imbricate: re-
ceptacle naked, puncticulate: egret sessile, pilose.

Apogon. Involucre 8-leaved, in a double series: receptacle naked: egret none.

B. Florets tuhulous; flotcer capitate.

Arctium. Involucre globose, with scales hooked at the apex: egret chaflT- bristly:
receptacle chaffy, (burdock. ) S.

Onopordon. Involucre imbricate, with sharp mucronate spreading scales: egret
pilose, scabrous, caducous: receptacle alveolate: akene transversely sulcate. (cotton
thistle.)

Cnicds. Involucre swelling, imbricate, with prickly scales: receptacle villose: egret
caducous, pluniose. (thistle.) S.

Carduus. Involucre ovate, imbricate with prickly scales: receptacle villose: egret
pilose, (comb-tooth thistle.)

Saussurea. Involucre sub-cylindric, scales imbricate, beardless: receptacle setose
or chafly: egret in two series; outer series short, filiform; inner long and plumose:
anthers cordate sub-entire; bony akenes glabrous.

PvRROcoMA. Egret in one series longer than the flower, fulvous, scabrous: limb
of the corol not distinct from the tube: involucre leaves in many series, lax; inner
leafets membranaceous entire, outer ones foliaceous spine-toothed.

LiATRis. Involucre imbricate, oblong: anthers entire at the base: akenes hairy, ob-
conic: egret permanent, plumose, colored: receptacle naked: (flowers purple. ) (gay
feather.) -S.

Vernonia. Involucre imbricate, ovate: egret double, exterior chaffy and short, in-
terior capillary: receptacle naked: stigma 2-clefc, shortish, (flat-top.) S.
Exotic.

Carthamus. Involucre ovate, imbricate with scales, ovatish-leafy at the apex:
egret chaff- hairy or none: receptacle chaft-bristly. ( false -safiron.)

so CLASS XVII. ORDER II.

Ctnara. Receptacle bristly: involucre dilated, imbricate, scales with fleshy bases,
emarginate and pointed: egret plumose, sessile, (garden arliciioke.)

AMiwoBiuM. Sepals imbricated, colored, radiated: anthers with 2 bristles at the
base: chaffs of the receptacle distinct: egret a toothed edge.

Soullicrn.

Stokesia. Involucre follaceous, sub-imbricate: florets of the ray funnel-form and
irregular: receptacle naked: egret 4-bristled.

Stevia. Involucre cylindric, from a simple series of leafets: receptacle naked:
egret chaff'-bristled.

Brickellia. Involucre many-leaved, imbricate: receptacle naked, dotted: egret
hairy or scabrous: akenes nearly glabrous, 10-streaked.

C. Florets tubulous; floicer discoid.

Kdhnia. Involucre imbricate, cylindrical: egret plumose, sessile: receptacle naked t
akenes hairy, finely striated, (false boneset.) «S.

EuPATORiuM. Involucre imbricated (rarely simple) oblong: style long, cloven half
way down: egret pilose, scabrous, or rough papillose: receptacle naked: akenes
smooth and glandular, 5-stiiate. (boneset, thorough- wort, joe-pye.) S.

Mikania. Involucre 4 or 6 leaved, equal: 4 to6-flowered: receptacle naked: egret
pilose, (climing boneset. ) S.

Chrysocoma. Involucre imbricate, oblong or hemispheric: style scarcely exsert:
receptacle naked: egret pilose, scabrous: akenes hairy, (golden locks. ) .S'.

Cacalia. Involucre cylindric, oblong, somewhat scaly at the base: receptacle
naked: egret pilose. (Leaves mostly succulent, (wild caraway.) <S.

Sparganophorus. Involucre sub-globose, imbricate, with unequal scales recurve*
spreading at the tips: receptacle naked: akenium with the cup-like crown sub-cartila-
ginous, shining, (crown-cup.) S.

Hymenopapfcs. Involucre many-leaved, spreading; leafets sub-oval, colored: re-
ceptacle naked: egret chaffy, many-leaved (5 to 8?) segments very short, obtuse,
awnless.

PoLYPTERis. Involucre many-leaved, spreading; leafets sub-oval, colored: recepta-
cle naked: egret chaffy, about 12-valved; valves rigid and cuspidate, the length of the
akenium.

Melananthera. Involucre imbricate; leafets ovate, close-pressed, sub-equal: re-
ceptacle chaffy; scales keeled, the lower part embracing the florets: egret consisting
of 4 or 5 unequal, unarmed awns.

Marshallia. Involucre imbricate; scales sub-lanceolate, incumbent: receptacle
chaffy: egret 5, membranaceous, acuminate, nerveless scales.

Santoli.na. Involucre imbricate, hemispherical; scales keeled, having scarious
;points: receptacle chaffy: egret none.

Exotic.

Aseratum. Receptacle naked: egret with 5 somewhat awned scales (chaffs:) leaves
of the calyx oblong, in a double row: corols 4 or 5-cleft.

Order II. Polygamia superflua.
A. Floicers discoid; the ray-florets being obsolete.

Tanacetum. Involucre imbricate, hemispheric: scales acuminate: rays obsolete)
3-cleft: egret somewhat marginal: receptacle naked. (Flowers corymbed.) (tansy.)

Omalanthus. Heads various in stamens and pistils in flowers surrounding in one
series; ia the rest perfect and fertile: bony akenes wingless, 4-cornered: egret crown-
ing and repand: corols of staminate and perfect flowers glabrous, flat-compressed,
2-winged, 3-crenate: rachis vvithout bracts.

Artemisia. Involucre imbricate, ovate, with scales rounded, converging: ray-flo-
rets subulate: egret 0: receptacle somewhat villose, or nakedish. (Flowers mostly
rounded.) (wormwood, southern-wood.) S.

Baccharis. Involucre-scales ovate, sub-coriaceous, imbricate, cylindric, bell-form
or ovate: pistillate and perfect florets intermixed: receptacle naked: egret pilose.
(Sometimes the flowers are dioecious.) (groundsel- tree.) S.

CLASS XVII. ORDER ll. 81

CoNTiA. Involucre imbricate, witli scales eub-linear- ovate, or hesmispheric /and
Bub-scarious: egret simple, capillary: receptacle naked: florets of the ray with a 3-
clefl border, not composing a ray in appearance, (plowman's wort.) S.

Gnaphalium. Involucre imbricate, with the marginal scales rounded, scarious,
shortish, glossy, colored: receptacle naked: egret pilose or plumose, scabrous: florets
of the ray subulate, of the disk entire. Sometimes all the florets are perfect, (life-
everlasting.) S.

ANTEN^ARlA. Heads dioecious or sub-dioecious: rachis wholly without bracts:
egret in one series, in the staminate clavate at the apex; style either very simple or
shortly bifid.

Southern.

Ptekocadlon. Involucre imbricate, with close-pressed, downy, sub-scarious scales:
receptacle naked: perfect and pistillate florets intermixed; the pistillate ones slen-
der; border 3- toothed: perfect oiies with a 5- cleft border: egret hairy, scabrous:
akenes angled, hairy.

B. Flowers radiate; the Ugulate raij-florets very manifest.

(Receptacle naked.)

TowNSENDiA. Ray florets ligulate, disk florets perfect, regular: leafets of the invo-
lucre imbricate in several series: egret in one series, short in the rays; chaff" subulate,
unequal; pilose in the disk, hairs enlongated somewhat scabrous.

Madia. Ray florets in one series: corol of the rays ligulate, with the laminae
longer than the tube: bony akenium erose, compressed, 4-sided, 4-ribbed: disk small,
epigynous.

Erigeron. Involucre imbricate, sub-hemispherical: egret pilose, double; outer
egret minute and chaffy: florets of the ray liriear, very narrow, numerous, (flea-bane,
pride- weed.) S.

Diplopappus. Rays in one series: egret in 2 series: corols of the disk regular:
bony akenium erose.

Incla. Involucre imbricate, generally squarrose; egret simple, scabrous, sometimes
a minute exterior chaffy one: anthers ending in 2 bristles at the base: ray-florets nu-
merous. Ray-florets always yellow, (elecampane.)

Aster. Involucre imbricate, the inferior scales generally spreading: egret simple,
pilose: receptacle often deep-pitted. Florets of the ray more than 10, except in soli-
daginoides, and a few other species: color purple or white, never yellow, (star-flower. )
S.

Eurybia. Ray florets fertile: leafets of the involucre closely imbricate: disk her-
baceous, narrow at the apex: tube and limb of the florets of the disk severed: bony
akenium elongated, prismatic, glabrous or pubescent: egret simple, somewhat rigid,
permanent, scabrous: receptacle alveolate.

Galatella. Pistillate rays sterile: tlie leafets of the narrow involucre are narrow,
the herbaceous nerve under the apex not expanded: bony akenium cornered, densely
hirsute or herbaceous: egret somewhat rigid, dense, scabrous: receptacle torn-alveo-
late.

Seriocarpos. Leafets of the involucre broad, sub-cartilaginous at the base, closely
imbricate, abruptly herbaceous at the apex, and mostly spreading: florets of the disk
few, cylindrically conic; tube and hmb passing into each other: bony akenium short,
ob-pyramidal, dense, silky: egret simple, a little rigid, permanent: receptacle narrow,
alveolate, irregular.

Tripoi.ium. Leafets of the involucre interior ample, membranaceous, colored,
close-pressed; exterior decrease into the peduncle: bony akenium cunei-form, com-
pressed, somewhat glabrous: egret simple, capillary, dense, nodular-scabrous: recep-
tacle alveolate.

Solid AGO. Involucre oblong or sub-cylindric, with oblong, narrow, pointed, strait
scales, imbricate, closed upon the flower: ray-florets about 5, and fewer than 10;
lanceolate, 2-toothed, equal to, or shorter than, the involucre: filaments capillary,
very short: style thread-form, equalling the length of the stamens: stigma cleft'
spreading: egret simple, pilose, scabrous: receptacle furrowed with dots or punctures:
akenes oblong-ovate. (Yellow.) (golden rod.) >S.

Arnica. Involucre hemispherical, with the leafets equal, longer than the disk:
receptacle naked: egret simple, hairy: florets of the ray often without anthers. Ray-
florets yellow. S

11

bZ CLASS XVII. ORDEa II.

Senecio. Involucre cylindric: leafets with withering, blackish tips, and a few
small ecalea at the base: egret simple, capillary, copious. Ray-florets Bometimes
wanting, (rag- wort, fire- weed.) S.

Cineraria. Involucre simple, many-leaved, equal: egret simple. S.

TussiLAGo. Involucre simple, swelling; scales equal, and equalling the disk, sub-
membranous: pistillate florets ligulate or without teeth: egret simple, sessile. (Some-
times polygamous.) (coltsfoot.)

Nardosmia. Heads sub-dioecious: Btaminate surrounded with one series of pistil-
late rays; pistillate homogamous: pistillate with ligulate corols: egret pilose, the
staminate less copious than the pistillate.

BoLTONiA. Involucre imbricate: florets of the ray numerous: receptacle conic,
punctate: egret consists of many minute bristles and generally 2-elongated bristles or
horns: akenium flat, margined, (false chamomile.) S.

Chrysanthemum. Involucre hemispherical, imbricate, with the scales membranous
at the margin: egret none, or a narrow margin, (ox-eyed daisy, fever-few.) S.

Blepharipappus. Ray few-flowered, the corols broad wedge-form, deeply 3-cleft:
egret chaffy, about 8, linear acuminate, fringe-ciliate: rachis bracted.

Pyrethrum. Bony akenium, wingless, angled: egret crown-like, diameter of the
bony akenium about equalling it: flowers of the disk 5-toothed, thick, often flat-com-
pressed, 2-winged: rays ligulate-oblong; styles of the disk not branched.

Exotic.

Belli3. Involucre hemispherical; scales equal: egret 0: receptacle conical: ake-
nium obovate. (garden daisy. ) •■

Tagetes. Involucre simple, 1-leafed, 5-toothed, tubular: florets of the ray about
5, permanent: egret 5 erect awns, (marigold.)

Matricaria. Involucre flat, imbricate, with scales having scarious margins: re-
ceptacle naked, terete: egret none.

Southern.

Brachyris. Involucre cylindric-ovate, closely imbricate; scales agglutinated to-
gether; ray and disk florets about 5 to each: receptacle naked: egret very short,
chafly: glumes 5 to 8, permanent.

Crinitaria. Little head discoid, many-(or few-) flowered: rachis without bracts;
egret pilose in two series: bony akenium not beaked, compressed, silky.

Donia. Involucre hemispherical, imbricate, squarrose, glutinous: ray-florets 30 or
more, (yellow:) receptacle naked, deep-pitted: egret consists of 3 or 4 caducous,
Bomewhat chaflfy, bristles.

BoEBERA. Involucre double; outer one many-leaved; inner one 8-leaved: recep-
tacle naked: egret pilose.

Tricophyllum. Involucre oblong-cylindric, many-leaved, equal: ray florets oblong:
receptacle naked: egret chaffy, minute, 5 to 8-leaved; leafets obtuse, awnless.

Chrysopsis. Involucre imbricated: (ray-florets mostly yellow;) anthers naked at
the base: receptacle naked: egret double; outer chaffy, minute: inner scabrous,
mp.ny rayed: akenium obovate, villose.

Pectis. Involucre 5-leaved: ray-florets 5: receptacle naked: egret 3 to 5 awns.

(Receptacle chaffy or hairy.)

Verbesina. Involucre many-leaved; leafets arranged in double series: florets of
the ray about 5: egret 2-awned. (crown-beard.) iS.

Anthemis. Involucre hemispherical; scales with scarious margins, nearly equal:
egret 0, or a membranous margin: florets of the ray more than 5: receptacle chaffs
flat, with a rigid acuminate apex: akenium crowned with a membranous border, or
egret, (may-weed, chamomile.) S.

Achillea. Involucre imbricate, ovate, unequal: egret 0: florets of the ray 5 to 10,
roundish, dilated. (Flowers corymbed.) (yarrow.) -S.

Espeletia. Involucre imbricate, sub-squarrose, foliaceous: corols of the pistillate
flowers scarcely toothed: leceptacle flat, chaffy: egret 0: akenes compressed, flattish,
somewhat 4-sided.

Heliopsis. Involucre imbricate, with ovate-linear lined scales: ray florets linear,
ra*ge: receptacle chaffy, conic; the chaffs lanceolate: akenes 4-sided: egret 0. (sun-
ray.) S.

CLABS XVII. ORDER III. 83

Helenicm. Involucre 1-leaved, many-parted: e^et 5-ftwned chaffy leaves: recep-
tacle globose, naked in the disk, and chaffy in the ray only: florets of tho-ray haIf-3-
cleft: akenes villose. (Leaves decurrent.) (false sunflower.) S.

Exotic.

Dahlia. Receptacle chaffy: egret none: calyx double, outer one many-kaved;
inner one 1-leaved, 8-parted.

Southern,

Zinnia. Involucre cylindric-ovate, imbricate: rays 5, entire, permanent; receptacle
chaffy: egret 2-erect awns.

Starkea. Involucre imbricate: receptacle hirsute: egret simple, sessile, scabrous.

EcLiPTA. Involucre many-leaved, sub-equal: disk-florets mostly 4-cleft: ray-florets
very narrow, numerous: receptacle bristly: egret none: akenes rugose, 2-edged, some-
what 4-sided.

SiEGESBECKiA. Outcr involucre 5-Ieaved, spreading: inner one many-leaved, 5-
angled, sub-equal; rays on one side of the flower only: receptacle chaffy; egret none:
akenes somewhat 4-sided.

AcMELLA. Involucre simple, leafets few; receptacle oblong, chaffy; akeneS 4-sided,
truncate at the summit, naked.

Tetragonotheca. Involucre 1-leaved, 4-sided, 4-parted, very broad: receptacle
chaffy: egret none.

AcriNELLA. Involucre many-leaved, sub-equal, flat: ray-florets (8 to 20) 3-toothed,
widening towards the extremity: receptacle naked, hemispherical: egret chaffy: 5 to
8-awned glumes.

BuPHTHALMUM. Involucrc leafy: egret marginal, 4-toothed or obsolete: akenes of
the ray margined, and sometimes of the disk, (ox-eye.)

Order III. Poltgamia frustranea.

Hei-ianthus. Involucre imbricate, sub-squarrose, leafy: receptacle flat, chaffy:
egret 2-leaved, chaff-like, caducous, (sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke.) S.

Rudeeckia. Involucie consisting of a double order of leafets or scales: receptacle
chaffy, conic: egret a 4-toothed margin, or 0. (cone-flower.) S.

Calliopsis. Bony akenium ob-compressed wholly bald, curved within, truncate at
the apex, narrowly 2-winged, disk minute epigynous; wings similar, colored, very
entire: styles of the disk with truncate branches, pencilled at the apex.

Wyethia. Involucre polyphyllous, sub-squarrose, foliaceous: receptacle chaffy,
flat: egret deformed, very short, chaffy, many-leaved, and solitary bristles in the disk
of the lateral plants.

BiDENs. Involucre with bracts at the base, nearly equal, with or without ray-
florets: receptacle flat, chaffy: egret consists of 2, 3, or 4 strong awns, with reflexed
and erect lateial prickles: akenes 4-cornered. (burr-marygold, beggar- ticks.) <S,

Coreopsis. Involucre double, both many-leaved (8 to 12:) inner ones many-leaved,
sub-coriaceous and colored: akenes compressed, emarginated, 2-toothed; receptacle
chaffy, flat: egret 2-horned. (tick-seed sunflower.) S.

AcTiNOMERis. Involucre simple, many-leaved, leaves sub-equal: rays remote elon-
gated, (4 to 8:) receptacle small, chaffy: the leafets embracing the margin of the
akenes: akenes compressed, margined; crowned with 2 permanent awns. S.

Exotic.
Centacrea. Involucre various, mostly imbricate, roundish: egret simple, various:
receptacle bristly; corols of the ray funnel-shape, longer, irregular, (blue-bottle,
blessed thistle. )

Soulkem.

Leptopoda. Involucre simple, many-parted, rays 20 or more, 3-cleft, widening at
the top: receptacle naked, hemispherical: egret consists of 8 to 10 awnless chaff-like
valves.

Baldcina. Involucre imbricate, squarrose-leafy: ray-florets somewhat 3-clefl: re-
ceptacle hemispherical, horn-like, cellular: egret chaffy, awnless, erect, about 10-
leaved: akenes immersed in the receptacle.

Galardia. Involucre many-leaved, flat, sub-equal: rays 3-clefl, widening towards
the top: receptacle bristly, hemispherical: egret chaffy: leafets 8 to 10, awned.

84 CLA6S XVIII. ORDER I.

Order IV. Poltgamia necessaeja.

SiLPHiuM. Involucre Bquarrose: scales leafy, broad: egret a 2-horned margin: re-
ceptacle chaffy: akenes compressed, obcordale, margined, 2-toothed. (ragged-cup.)
S.

PoLTMNiA. Involucre double; exterior 4 or5-leaved; interior 10-leaved; leafets con-
cave: egret 0: receptacle chaffy, (leaf-cup.) /S.

IvA. Involucre about 5-leaved or 5-parted; styles 2, long: akenes obovate, naked,
obtuse: receptacle hairy, or chaff-bristly: ray 5- flowered, (high-water shrub.) S.

Exotic.
Calendula. Involucre many-leaved, equal: receptacle naked: egret none: akenes
of the disk membranaceous, (pot marygold.)

Southern,

Chaptalia. Involucre sub-imbricated, mapy-leaved: pistijlate florets in two series;
outer ones rayed; inner ones naked: disk florets 2-lipped: receptacle naked: egret
capillary.

Parthenium. Involucre 5-leaved: rays very small; receptacle chaffy, minute; outer
ecales dilated: akenes obovate, minutely 3-awned.

Chrysogonum. Involucre 5-leaved: receptacle chaffy: egret 1-leaved, 3-toothed:
akenes surrounded by a 4-leaved calycle.

Baltimora. Involucre cylindric, many-leaved: rays 5: receptacle chaffy: egret
none: akenes 3-sided.

GvMNosTYLUs. Involucrc many-leaved, the leaflets in a single series: pistillate florets
apetalous: akenes compressed, somewhat toothed at the summit, awned with the per-
rnaneht styles.

Order V. Polygyamia segregata.

Elephantopcs. Partial involucre, 4-flowered, florets 5-cleft, ligulate, perfect:
receptacle naked: down setaceous, (elephant- foot.) S.

Exotic.
EcHiNOPs. Proper involucre l-flowered: corol tubular, perfect: receptacle setose:
|?gret obsolete, (globe thistle.)

CLASS XVIII. GYNANDRIA.
Order I. Monandria.

A. Aniher adndte, siil-terminal, not caducous; masses of polUxi, (iffixcd by the
l>ase, and made up of angular particles.

Orchis. Corol ringent: lip broad entire, spurred at the base on the under side:
pollinia pedicellate: glands of the pedicels contained in one common little^ pouch.

Platanthera. Corol vaulted, lips narrow, entire, spurred at the base: cells of
the anther widely divided at their base, by the broad interposed stigma: pollinia pedi-
/pglled: glands of the pedicels naked.

IJabenaria. Corol ringent: lips dilated, toothed, lobed or fringed, spurred at the
base: pollinia pedicellate: glands of the pedicels naked, distant.

B. Anther parallel unth the stigma; not caducous: masses of poUen affixed to the
summit of the stigma, and made up of farinaceous or angular particles.

GooDYERA. Corol ringent-like, the 2 lower petals placed under the gibbous lip,
which is undivided above: style free: constituent particles of the masses of pollen
angular, (rattlesnake-leaf, scrophula weed.) S.

Neuttia. Corol ringent-like, the 2 lower petals placed under the lip, which is
beardless; interior petals converging: style wingless: constituent particles of the
masses of pollen farinaceous. (ladies' tresses.) S.

LisTERA. Corol irregular: lip pendant, 2- lobed: style wingless, minute, with the
anther inserted at its base: pollen farinaceous, (lily orchis.) S,

Southern.
Cranichis. Corol 5-petalJed, resupinate, sub-ringent: lip behind, vaulted: pollen
farinaceous.

CLASS XVIII. ORDER V. 85,

C. Anther inserted, terminal, not caducous; masses of pollen farinaceons or angnlar.

PoGONiA. Petals 5, distinct, without glands: lip sessile, hooded, crested internal-
^y: pollen ftirinaceous. (snake-mouth.) S.

Triphqra. Petals 5, distinct, equal and converging, without glands: lip upguicu-
late, cowled: styles spatulate, even flattened, wingless: pollen farinaceous, (three
bird orchis.) S.

Cymbidium. Calopogo.v. Petals 5, distinct: lip behind, (or inverted,) unguicu-
late: the lainina bearded: style free: pollen angular, (grass-pink.) S.

Arethusa. Petals 5, connate at the base: lip below, growing to the style, cowled
above, crested within: pollen angular, (arethusa.) /S'.

p. Antlier moveable^ terminal, caducous; masses of pollen at length becoming
wax-like.

TiPULARiA. Petals spatulate, spreading: lip entire, sessile, conspicuously spurred
below at the base: style wingless, lengthened, free: anthers in the form of a lid, per-
manent; masses of pollen 4, parallel, (limodore.) &

Malaxis. Petals 5, narrower than the lip, spreading ordeflexed; lip flattened, un-
divided, sessile, often exterior: style lengthened: masses of pollen 4, parallel, affixed
to the summit of the stigma. Flower turned upside down by the twisting of the ped-
uncle when the corol opens, (tway-blade.) &'.

MicRosTYLis. Petals 5, converging, one only deflexed; 2 inner ones filiform: lip
about equalling the petals in length, erect, sessile, concave, truncate, and 2-toothed
at the summit: style very minute: masses of pollen 3. (snake-mouth tway-blade.)

Corallorrhiza. Petals equal, converging; lip either unguiculate, or with an ob-
solete spur: masses of pollen 4, oblique, not parallel: style free, (corol root.) S.

Aplectrum. Petals equal, converging: lip unguiculate, not spurred or extended at
the base: masses of pollen 4, oblique, lenticular: situated below the summit of the
style, (putty root, Adam and Eve.)

Southern.

Bletia. Petals 5, distinct: Up sessile, cowled, somewhat spurred at the base: style
free: masses of pollen 4 to 8, 2-lobed.

Calypso. Petals ascending, 1-sided: lip inflated, spurred beneath towards the point:
style dilated, petal-like: masses of pollen 4.

Epidendrum. Masses of pollen 4, parallel, separated by a permanent partition:
each mass with a granulated elastic filament at the base: style united lengthwise with
the claw of the lip into a tube.

Order II. Diandria.

Cypripedium. Calyx colored, 4-sepalled, spreading: corol 0. (by some the calyx ig
called a corol:) nectary large, hollow, inflated: style with a terminal lobe, and petal-
like appendage on the upper side, (ladies' slipper.) S.

Order V. Pentandria.
Plants bearing seeds in follicles; and pollen in masses, called pollinia.

Asclepias.* Petals 5, reflexed: nectaries 5, concave, erect, containing little horns;
each stamen with a pair of pendulous masses of pollen, suspended from the top of the
stigma: follicles smooth, (milk- weed, silk-weed.) S.

*Plants of this artificial order (Natural order Apocyneae of Jessieu) were placed
in class Pentandria, order Digynia, by Linneus. The celebrated James Edward Smith,
shewed us the propriety of removing them to the class Gynandria. Afterwards a
mistake, committed by that distinguished naturalist, Robert Brown, induced botanists
to continue them in the class Pentandria, without questioning his accuracy — a case
in point, showing the danger of great men's errors. The stamens certainly proceed from
the stigma only, in all stages of maturity, in the Asclepins syriaciis. This I know froni
careful observations made under a higli magnifying power for the last dozen years.
The naked masses of glutinous pollen resembling the same in the family of Orchi-
deae, may be worthy of our attention also.

86 CLA6S SIX. ORDER I.

AcsRATES. Corol reflexed: nectary S-leaved; leafets concave, ehort, close- pressed
to the angles of the filaments: each stamen with a pair of pendulous masses of pol-
len: follicle smooth. Corol 3 or 4 times as long as the calyx, with purple tips. S,

Apocy.num. Corol bell-form: stamens with converging anlliers, proceeding from the
middle of the stigma and alternating with 5 nectaries: stigma thick, almost sessile;
follicles in pairs, long-linear, (dogbane, Indian hemp.) S.

Go.voLOBUs. Corol wheel-form, .5-parted: nectary simple, cylindric, somewhat
fleshy, 5-lobed, depressed; equal with tlie cases of the anthers, 5-angled, without
winged lateral margins or terminal membranaceous bristles: masses of pollen in 5
pairs, even transverse: follicles 2. (false choak-dog.) iS'.

Periploca. Calyx minute, 5-cleft, permanent: corol wheel-form, flat, 5-parted:
nectary pitcheiform, 5-cleft, putting out 5 threads, surrounding the stamens: style 1:
stigma capitate, 5-cornered: follicles in pairs, inflated: seed comose. (milk vine.)

Exotic.
HoTA. Corol 5-cleft: pollen masses fixed by'the base, conniving, compressed: stig-
ma depressed with an obtuse wart: follicles smooth: seeds concave.

SouViem.

PoDosTiGMA. Anatherix? Stigma on a stipe: masses of pollen 10, smooth, pendu-
lous: nectary 5-leaved; leaves compressed: corol bell-form: follicles smooth.

Enslenia. Calyx small, S-parted; permanent: corol 5-parted; segments converg-
ing, erect: nectary 5-parted, petal-like, divided almost to the base; segments truncate,
■flat, each terminated by 2 central filaments: each stamen with a pair of penduloua
cylindric masses of pollen, suspended from the top of the conic stigma: follicles in
pairs, small.

Cynanchum. Calyx 5-toothed, small, permanent: corol wheel-form: nectary simple,
cylindric, 5 to 20-lobed, surrounding the orifice of the tube: each stamen with a pair
of pendulous masses of pollen suspended from the double stigma: folhcles in pairs:
seed comose.

EcHiTEs. Contorted. Calyx 5-parted, small: corol salver-form; border 5-cleft,
orifice naked: anthers rigid, acuminate, converging in the form of a cone, proceeding
from the middle of the ring-like 2-lobed stigma: follicles in pairs, very long and
straight: seed comose.

Amsonia. Calyx 5 parted: corol funnel-form, orifice closed: follicles in pairs, erect:
beed terete, naked, and obliquely truncated.
*Passiflora.

Order VI. Hexandria.

Aristolchia. Calyx 0: corol superior, 1-petalIed, ligulate, inflated at the base:
capsule 6-celled, many-seeded, (birthwort.) jS.
*Cleome.

Order X. Decandria.

AsARtJM. Calyx somewhat bell-form, 3 or 4-cleft, superior: corol 0: anthers pro-
ceeding from the middle of the filaments: stigma 6-cleft: capsule coriaceous, 6-celled,
crowned with the calyx, (wild ginger, or white snake-root. ) S.
*Calla, Arum, Zostera.

CLASS XIX. MONOECIA.
Order I. Mosandria.

ZosTERA. Calyx and corol 0: stamens and pistils in 2 rows on the side of a spadix:
spathe leaf-like. Staminate flowers with anthers ovate sessile, alternating with the
germs. Pistillate flowers with the germ ovate; style 2-cleft; drupe 1-seeded. (grass
wrack, sea eel-grass. ) <S'.

Caulinia. Staminate flowers — calyx 0: corol 0: anthers sessile. Pistillate flowers
— calyx 0: corol 0: style filiform: stigma 2-cleft: capsule l-seeded. (Flowers axil-
lary.) (river nymph.) S.

Zan>'ichellia. Staminate flowers — calyx and corol 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx
1-sepalled: corol 0: style 1, stigma peltate: little carpels about 4, each 1-seeded.

Chara. Staminate flowers — calyx 0: corol 0: anthers globose, sessile. Pistillate
flowers — calyx 0: corol 0: style 0: stigmas 5; berry 1-celled, many-seeded, (chara.)

CLASS XIX. ORDEH III. 87

Euphorbia, t Involucre perianth-like, inflated, with alternating petal-like segments.
Staminate florets 12 or more, at the base of tlie stipe of the pistillate flower, each con-
sisting of an anther united to a pedicel by a fjlament. Pistillate flower central, single,
stiped; with 3 two cleft st3'les: cajisule 3-lobed. (caper, spurge.) .S'.

Najas. Staminate flowers — calyx cylindric, 2-cleft: stamen filamentous, long: an-
ther 4-valved; valves spreading. Pistillate flowers — calyx 0: style 1, with 2 stigmas:
nut 4-seeded.

Order II. Diandria.

PoDOSTEMi'M. Staminate flowers — calyx 0: corol 0: stamens affixed to a pedicel.
Pistillate flowers — calyx 0: corol 0: germ ovate: stigma 1, sessile: capsule 2-celled,
2-valved, many-seeded; seeds minute, (thread-foot.) S.

Lem.va. Staminate flowers — calyx 1-sepalled: corol 0: stamens seated on the base
of the gerniw Pistillate flowers — calyx l-sepalled: corol 0: style cj'lindric: stigma
funnel-form: capsule 1 -celled, 2 to 4-seeded. Always perfeclty monoecious in North
America, (duck-meat, water-flaxseed.) S.

*Salicornia, Hippuris, Callitriche, Calla, Platanus, Arum, Fraxinus.

Order III. Triandria.

« Typha. Ament cylindric, dense-flowered. Staminate flowers — calyx obsolete,
3-sepalled: corol 0: stamens 3 together, on a chaffy or hairy receptacle, united below
into one. Pistillate flowers — below the staminate: calyx 0: corol 0: seed J, pedi-
celled; the pedicels surroun(j|ed at the base with long hairs resembling egret, (cat-tail
or reed mace. ) /S. •

Sparganium. Ament globose. Staminate flowers — calyx 3-sepalled: corol 0. Pis-
tillate flowers — calyx 3-sepalled: corol 0: stigma 2-cleft: drupe juiceless, 1 or 2-seeded.
(burr-reed.) S.

Carex. Aments imbricate, (usually in cylindric spikes.) Staminate flowers —
glume single: corol 0. Pistillate flowers — glume single: corol inflated, monopetalous,
2-toothed at the apex: stigmas 2 or 3: nut 3-sided, enclosed in the inflated, permanent
corol, which becomes an utriculus-like permanent aril. Sometimes dioecious, (sedge.)

Scleria. Staminate flowers — glume 2 or 6-valved, many-flowered: paleas awnless.
Pistillate flowers — calyx 2 or G-valved, 1-flowered, paleas none: stigmas 1 to 3: nut
colored, sub-globose, (whip grass.) &'.

Trifsacum. Staminate flowers — glume 2-flowered, outer one staminate, inner one
neutral: paleas membranaceous. Pistillate flowers — glume 1 or 2-flowered, covered
with a 1-leafed involucre perforated with hollows near the base: paleas with numerous
thin membranaceous valves: styles 2: seed 1. (sesame-grass.) <§.

CoMPTONiA. Staminate flowers — ament cylindric, with calyx-scales 1-flowered r
corol 2-petalled or none: filaments 2-forked. Pistillate flowers — spike or ament ovate:
corol 6-petalled, (the corol may be called a calyx:) styles 2: nut oval, 1-celled.
(sweet-fern.) <S'.

Exotic.

Coix. Staminate flowers — in remote spikes: glume 2-flowered, awnless: paleas
awidess. Pistillate flowers — glume 2-flowered: paleas awnless: style 2-parted: eeed
covered with the bone-like cal3'x. (job's tear.)

SotUhern.
Zea. Staminate flowers — glume 2-flowered, awnless: paleas awnless. Pistillate
flowers — glume 2-valved, (number of valves increased by cultivation:) style 1, very
long, filiform, pendulous: seed solitary, immersed in an oblong receptacle. (Indian
corn.)

Tragia. Staminate flowers — calyx 3-parted: corol none. Pistillate flowers — calyx
5-parted: corol none: style 3-cleft; capsule tricoccus, 3-celled: seed solitary.

Manisuris. Somewhat polygamous. Staminate flowers— glumes 2, lanceolate,
flexuous: corol a mere rudiment. Pistillate flowers — glume 2-valved, the outer one
roundish, cartilaginous: corol 2-vdlved. In the perfect flowers tbere are 3 stamens,
2 styles, seed 1. In some the stamens, styles and nectaries are wanting.

*Momordica, Amaranthus, Melothria. Grasses of Class 3, Order 2, Sec. E.,
vary into this order.

tSee Note under the Species in this work, under word Euphorbia.

88 CLASS XIX. ORDER lY,

Order IV. Tetrakdria.

Eriocaulon. Involucre many-leaved; florets many, in an imbricate head: partial
perianth superior, 2 or 3-sepalled. Staminate flowers central, with monopetalous
cleft corols. Pistillate flowers marginal, ,with 2-petalled corols: stigmas 2 or 3: cap-
sule 2 or 3-celled, 2 or 3-lobed: pericarp 1-seeded, crowned with the corol. (pipe-
wort.) /S.

Alnus. Staminate flowers— ament composed of wedge-form, truncate, 3-flowered
receptacles: calyx a scale, 3-lobed: corol 4-parted. Pistillate flowers — calyx 2-
flowered scales, somewhat 3-clelt: corol 0: pericarp compressed, ovate, wingless,
(alder.) S. , .

BffiHMERiA. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-parted: corol 0: nectary 0. Pistillate
flowers — calyx 0: corol 0: styles 2: pericarp 1-seeded, compressed. (Flowers in cylin-
dric spikes.) (false nettle.) S.

Urtica. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-sepalled: corol 0: nectary central, cyathiform.
Pistillate flowers — calyx 2-sepalled, (2-valved:) corol 0: seed I, glossy, (nettle.) S.

Parietaria. Polygamous. Perfect flowers — calyx 4-clefl, inferior: corol 0: sta-
mens elastic: style 1: seed 1. Pistillate flowers — calyx 2-sepaIled: nut covered with
the dry elongated calyx, (pellitory.) iS.

MoRus. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-parted: corol 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-
sepalled: corol 0: styles 2: calyx becoming berry-like: seed 1. (mulberry.) S. •

Exotic.
Buxus. Staminate flowers — calyx 3-sepalied: petals 3, \Kith the rudiment of a germ .
Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-sepallea': petals 3: styles 3: capsule with 3 beaks and 3 cells:
seeds 2. (box.)

Souther7i.

Pachysandra. Calyx about 4-sepalled: corol none: filaments sub-clavate: styles 3:
capsules 3-horned, 3-celIed; cells 2-seeded.

DioTis. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-sepalled: corol none. Pistillate flowers —
calyx 1-sepalled, 2-horned: style 2-parted: nut 1, covered by the 2-horned calyx.

Order V. Pentandria.

Crotonopsis. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted: corol 5-petalIed. Pistillate flowers
'^calyx 5 parted: corol none: stigmas 3, twice 2-cleft: capsule 1-seeded. (false
spurge.) S.

Amaranthus. Staminate flowers — calyx 3 or 5-sepalled, or deeply 3 or 5-parted:
corol 0: stamens 3 or 5. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol as the staminate: styles
2 or 3: capsule 1-celled, opening transversely: seed 1. (amaranth, red cockscomb. )
S.

Xanthium. Staminate flowers — involucre imbricate: anthers in contact, but not
united: corol 5-cleft, funnel-form: receptacle chaffy. Pistillate heads 2-flowered, in-
vested by a spinose involucre; pericarps distinct, 1 in each cell of the bilocular and
finally indurated, 2-bracted involucre: styles bifid, persistent, projecting through the
bracts of tlie involucre, (sea-burdock.) iS.

Ambrosia. Staminate flowers — in little heads of several florets, surrounded by a
1-leaved, lobed, or crenate involucre: calyx funnel-form, 5-lobed, hyaline: corol funnel-
form, 5-lobed, hyaline. Pistillate flowers — single or glomerate in heads; 1 to 5-
flowered, surrounded by several leafy bracts; florets each with a bract at the base:
calyx entire or ,5 to 10-toothed, persistent: corol closely contracted around the top of
the ovary and lower part of the style, minutely 5-toolhed, persistent: nut 1-seeded.
(hog- weed.) S.

Southern.

ScHiZANDRA. Calyx 9-sepalled: sepals in three series: corol none: anthers sub-
eessile, cohering at the tips: berries 1-seeded, inserted on an elongated, thread-form,
receptacle.

Order VI. Hexandria.

ZiZANiA. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same panicle; staminate spikelets
l-flowered; glumes none, or very minute rudiments: paleas 2, herbaceous, unequal,
lance-oblong, awnless: pistillate spikelets l-flowered, subulate: glumes none, or a
minute, truncate, cup-form rudiment: paleas 2, herbaceous, unequal, linear, nerved;

CLASS XIX. ORDER XII. 89

lower one longer, terminating in a straight awn: styles 2: seed enveloped in the pli-
cate paleas. ( water oats. ) ^'.

Hydrochloa. Pistillate flowers — glumes none: paleas awnless. Staminate flowers —
glumes none: paleas 2, awnless: stigmas 2, very long: seed 1, reniform.
*Ce!tiS) Veratrum, Quercus, Betula.

Order XII. Poltandria.
A. Ste7ns not woody.

Ceratophtllum. Staminate flowers — calyx many-parted: corol 0: stamens 16 —
20, short, with tricuspidaie anthers. Pistillate flowers — calyx 6-sepalled or many-
parted: imbricated: corol 0: pistil 1, with the stigma nearly sessile, oblique: nut 1-
seeded. (horn wort.)

Myriophyllum. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-cleft: petals 4, caducous: stamens 4,
6, or 8. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate, excepting that the
calyx is often 4-sepalled: germs 4: style 0: stigmas 4, hairy: nuts 4, sub-globose, 1-
seeded. (water milfoil.) /S.

Sagittaria. Staminate flowers — calyx 3-sepalled: corol 3-petalled: filaments mostly
24. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol as in the staminate: germs many: carpels
aggregate, 1-seeded, not opening, (arrow-head.) S.

Arum. Spathe cucullate, 1-leaved: spadix not entirely covered with the fructifica-
tion; being more or less naked above, with pistillate flowers beneath, and staminate in
the middle: (sometimes a few are staminate beneath:) berry mostly 1-seeded, gene-
rally cirrose-glandular beneath. (Indian turnip, wake-robin.) S.

Rensselaeria.* Spathe convolute: spadix covered with flowers, fertile at the base,
barren above: perianth none: berry 1-seeded. (spear arum.)

Calla. Spathe ovate, becoming expanded: spadix covered with the fructification:
stamens intermixed. Staminate flowers — calyx and corol 0: anthers sessile. Pistil-
late flowers — calyx and corol 0: berries 1-celled, many-seeded, crowned with the short
style, (water arum.)

Exotic.

PoTERiFM. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-sepalled: corol 4-parted: stamens 30 to 50.
Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate: pistils 2: berry from the indu-
rated tube of the corol. (burnet.y

Southern.

Caladium. Anthers peltate, many-celled, collected into a spike at the summit of
the spadix: style none: germs at the base of the spadix: stigma umbihcate: berry 1-
celled, many-seeded.

Pitavia. Flowers by abortion, diclinous: calyx 4-parted: petals 4, longer than the
calyx. Staminate flowers — stamens 8, the 4 opposite petals shorter; abortive ovaries

3 or 4, distinct, with the styles cohering above. Pistillate flowers — ovaries 4: styles
coalescing above: stigma 4-lobed: nuts 4, or by abortion fewer: 1-seeded.

B. Stems woody.

Quercus. Staminate flowers — ament loose: calyx sub-5-cleft: corol none: stamens
5 to 10. Pistillate flowers — involucre of numerous scales united into a cup: perianth
single, closely investing the ovary, 6-toothed: ovary 3-celled, 2 of them abortive:
style one, stigmas 2 to 5: nut or acorn 1-celled, 1-seeded, coriaceous, surrounded at
the base by the permanent indurated involucre, (oak.) S.

CoRYLUs. Staminate flowers — ament cylindrical, imbricate: calyx a 3-cleft scale;
stamens about 8. Pistillate flowers — involucre 2-parted, lacerated: stigmas 2: nuts
ovate, surrounded by and included in the permanent leaf-like involucre, (hazle-nut.)

Fagus. Staminate flowers — ament roundish: calyx 5 or G-cleft, bell-form: stamens
5 to 12. Pistillate flowers — 2 in an ovate muricate involucre: perianth urceolate, with

4 or 5 minute segments: ovary incorporated with the perianth: stigmas 3: nuts usually
2, included in the enlarged, coriaceous, muricate 4-cleft involucre, (beech.) iS'.

* This is the Arum virginicum of Linnaeus, from which Cooper constructed a'genus
Lecontia. As that name had been, given to another plant, Prof. L. C. Beck gave it
this name, as a small memento of the munificent patronage extended to the Natural
Sciences by the Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer.

12

90 CLASS XIX. ORDER XV.

Castanea. Polygamous. Staminate flowers — ament naked, linear: cord (orcalyi)
l-leaved, 5 or 6-parted: stamens 10 to 20. Pistillate flowers — usually 3, within an
ovate, squamose, or mucronate involucre: perianth urceolate, 5 or 6-cleft, having the
rudiments of 10 or 12 abortive stamens: ovary incorporated with the perianth: stigma
pencil-form, exserted, cartilaginous and rigid; nuts 1 to 3, included in the enlarged,
echinate, 4-lobed involucre, (chesnut.) S.

Betula. Staminate flowers— aments long, cylindric: scales ternate, the middle
one bearing the stamens. Pistillate flowers — aments ovate oblong: scales trifid, 3-
flowered: styles 2: nuts compressed, with a membranaceous margin: 1-seeded.
(birch.) S.

Carpinus. Staminate flowers — aments cylindric: scales ovate, acute, ciliate near
the base: anthers shghtly bearded at the summit. Pistillate flowers — aments oblong,
loosely imbricated, bracteate, with the flowers in pairs: scales unequally 3-lobed,
1-flowered, persistent, enlarging and becoming foliaceous: perianth urceolate, 6-
toothed, incorporated with the ovary: styles 2, united at the base; nut bony, ovate,
acute, sub-compressed, ribbed, (hornbeam.) S.

OsTRYA. Staminate flowers — aments cylindric: scales orbicular-ovate, acuminate,
ciliate: anthers conspicuously bearded at tiie summit. Pistillate flowers — aments
linear, loosely imbricated, bracteate, with the flowers in pairs: scales none, but a
membranous stipe or involucre enclosing each flower: perianth slightly urceolate,
sub-dentate, incorporated with the ovary: siyles 2, united at the base: nut lance-
oblong, somewhat compressed, included in the enlarged imbricated bladder-like sac.
(hop hornbeam.) <§.

Platancs. Staminate flowers — minute, in globose pedunculate heads; stamens
Intermixed with linear scales, Snthers adnate to the filaments. Pistillate flowers —
minute, in dense, globose pedunculate heads: scales spatulate: ovary filiform, clavate:
style wilh the stigma recurved: nuts numerous, terete, clavate, mucronate with the
persistent style, invested with pappus-like hairs at the base, (button-wood, false
sycamore.) S.

LiQuiDAMBAR. Staminate flowers — ament conic surrounded with a 4-leaved invo-
lucre: corol 0: filaments numerous. Pistillate flowers — ament globose, suriounded
with a 4-leaved involucre: scales l-leaved, pitcher-form, ^-flowered: styles 2: carpels

2, surrounded at the base by the scales, 1-celled, many-seeded, (sweet gum.) <S.
JuGLANS. Staminate flowers — ament imbricate: scales generally 5-parted: stamens

18 to 36. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-cleft, superior: corol 4-cleft or 4-parted: styles
1 or 2: drupe partly spongy: nut rugose and irregularly furrowed, (butter-nut, black
walnut.) S.

Carta. Staminate flowers — ament imbricate: scales 3-parted: stamens 3 to 8.
Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-cleft, superior: corol 0: styles 0; stigma disk-like, 4-lobed:
pericarp 4- valved; nut sub-quadrangular, even, (hickory, walnut. S.)

Order XV. Monadelphia.

A. Stems not woody.

Acaltpha. Staminate flowers — calyx 3 or 4 sepalled, or 3 or 4-parted: corol none:

stamens 8 to 16. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate: styles 3,

2-cleft: capsule tricoccous, 3-celled. (Having large bracts.) (three-seed mercury.)

s.

PgYLLANTHUs. Staminate flowers— calyx 5 or 6-parted: filaments united in a
column; anthers 3, and generally several barren filaments. Pistillate flowers— calyx
and corol like the staminate: nectary with a 12-angled margin: styles 3: capsule tri-
coccous. (le,af- flower.) S.

Melothria. Staminate flowers — calyx 1-sepalled, 3 to5-toothed: corol bell-form:
filaments 3. Pistillate flowers— calyx and corol as in the staminate, superior; style
1; stigmas 3: berry 3-celled, many-seeded, (creeping cucumber.) S.

MoMORDic\, Staminate flowers — calyx 5 or 6-cleft: corol 5 or 6-parted: filaments

3. Pistillate flowers — style 3-cleft: berry gourd-like, and bursting elastically; seeds
compressed, (balsam apple, wild cucumber.)

SicTos. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-toothed: corol 5-parted: filaments 3. Pistil-
lat« flowers — styles 3-cleft: berry gourd-like, l-seeded. (single-seed cucumber.) S.

Exotic.
Cdcumis. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-toothed: corol 5-parted: filaments 3. Pis-
tillate flowers— calyx and corol like the staminate: stigmas 3, thick, 2- parted: fruit

CLASS XX. ORD£R III. 91

a fleshy 3 to 6-celled pepo; seeds obovate, oblong, compressed, acute at the base, not
margined, (cucumber, musk-melon.)

CucuRBiTA. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-toothed: corol 5-cleft: filaments 3. Pis-
tillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate: pistil 3-cleft: fruit a fleshy, or
6ub-ligneous pepo, 3 to 5-celled; seeds thickened at the margin, obovate, compressed,
smootli. (gourd, squash, pumpkin, water-melon.)

RiciNus. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted: stamens numerous. Pistillate flow-
ers—calyx 3-parted: styles 3, 2-clefl: capsules echinate, 3-celled, 3-seeded. (palma
christi, or castor oil plant.)

Southeni.

Jatropha. Staminate flowers— calyx 5-sepailed, or wanting: corol funnel-form:
stamens 10, with every other one shorter. Pistillate flowers — calyx none: corol 5-
petalled, spreading: styles 3, 2-cleft: capsule 3-celled, 1-seeded. (physic nut.)

Stillingia. Staminate flowers — involucre hemispherical, many-flowered, or want-
ing: perianth tubular, erose: stamens 2 or 3, exsert. Pistillate flowers — calyx 1-
flowered, inferior: style 3-cleft: capsule 3-grained. (tallow tree.)

Croton. Staminate flowers — calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed: petals 5, or none: sta-
mens 10 to 15. Pistillate flowers — calyx 5-sepalled, or none; corol none: styles 3 or
6, 2-clefl: capsule 3-grained, 3-celled, 3-seeded.

B. Stems woody.

PiNcs. Staminate flowers — scales peltate: corol 0, each bearing 2 sessile 1-celled
anthers. Pistillate flowers — in strobiles or cones, scales closely imbricate, 2-flowered:
pistil 1: nut with a membranaceous wing, (perhaps more properly a samara,) cover-
ed by the oblong, imbricated, woody scales of the cone, (pine.) S.

Thuja. Staminate flowers — scales of the ament imbricate: anthers 4, sessile.
Pistillate flowers — ament a strobile: scales 2-flowered: nut 1, surrounded with a mar-
ginal wing, (arbor vitae.) .Sf.

CupREssus. Staminate flowers — ament ovate, imbricate: scales peltate: anthers 4,
sessile. Pistillate flowers — ament strobilaceous; scales peltate: 1-flowered; germa 4
to 8, under each scale: nuts angular, compressed, (white cedar.) S.

CLASS XX. DIOECIA.
Order II. Diandria.

Valltsneria. Staminate flowers — spathe ovate, 2-parted: epadix covered with
minute florets: perianth 3-parted. Pistillate flowers — spathe 2-cleft, 1-flowered: peri-
anth 3-parted, superior: corol 3-petalled; stigmas strap-like, 2-cleft: capsule valve
less, 1-celled: seeds numerous, attached to the sides, (tape-grass.)

Salix. Staminate flowers — ament cylindric: scales 1-fiowered, with a nectarifer-
ous gland at the base: stamens 1 to 6. Pistillate flowers — ament and scales like the
staminate: stigmas 2; generally 2-cleft: capsule 1-celled, 2-valved: seeds many, with
egret-like down, (willow.) S.

Fraxinus. Polygamous. Perfect flowers — calyx 0, or 3 or 4- parted: corol 0, or
4-petalled: pistil 1: samara 1-seeded, with a lanceolate wing. Pistillate flowers —
calyx, corol and pistils, same as perfect, (ash.) &'.

Southern.

Borta. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-sepalled: corol none: stamens 2 or 3. Pistil-
late flowers — stigma capitate: berry 1-seeded.

Ceratiola. Calyx bud-like, imbricated with 6 to 8 scales: corol none: stamens 2,
exsert: stigmas unequal, (4 to 6) 2 of them larger: berry with 2 bony seeds, (horn-
bush.)

Order III. Triandria.

^ Empetrum. Staminate flowers — calyx bud-like, imbricated with about 9 scales; the
. 3 innermost are petal-like: stamens long. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol as in
the staminate: stigmas 9: berry 9-seeded; seeds bony, (crow-berry.)

Exotic.
Ficns. Common receptacle fleshy, (becoming the fruit);. enclosing the apetalous
florets; both staminate and pistillate, either in the same,* or in distinct individual!.

92 CLASS XX. ORDER IV.

Staminate flowers — calyx 3-parted. Pistillate flowers — calyx 5-parted: pistill, later-
al: carpels covered with the closed, permanent, somewhat fleshy calyx, (fig-tree.)

Oeder IV. Tetranduia.

Mfrica. Staminate flowers — anient oblong: scales lunulate: stamens 4 to 6; antliers
4-valved. Pistillate flowers — scaly like the staminate: stigmas 2: drupe or berry 1-
eeeded. (bay-berry, sweet gale. ) S.

ViscuM. Staminate flowers— cal3'x 4-parted: corol 0: anthers sessile, adhering to
the calyx. Pistillate flowers— caly^ adnate to the ovary, with the limb entire or ob-
solete: petals 4 minute, superior: style 0: berry 1-seeded, globose: seed cordate:
(parasitic, adhering to the trees. ) (mistletoe.) /S'.

Arcenthobidm. Staminate flowers sessile: calyx 0: corol monopetalous, 2-3,-
rarely 4-parted, horn-fleshy; divisions ovate, concave, spreading: stamens 2, 3, 4;
anthers sessile: gerin 0; but in its place is a small gland, 2, 3, or 4-lobed. Pistillate
flowers — short-pedicelled: stigma sessile, small, obscurely lobed: berry terete, 1-seeded.
Plant leafless, parasitic, jointed.

Southern.

Maclura. Staminate flowers — [not examined.] Pistillate flowers — calyx none:
corol none: style 1, filiform, villous: germs numerous, becoming berry-like aggre-
gate, many-celled, 1-seeded; seed obovate, compressed.

Broossonetia. Staminate flowers — ament cylindrical: calyx 4-parted. Pistillate
flowers — ament globose: calyx tubular, 3 or 4-toothed: germ becoming fleshy, clavate,
prominent; style lateral: nut 1, covered with the calyx, (paper mulberry.)

Order V. Pentandria.

Nyssa. Perfect flower — calyx superior, 5-parted: corol 0: pistill: fruit a drupe,
nut 1-seeded. Staminate flowers — stamens 5 to 12, standing around a peltate gland,
(tupelo tree, pepperidge.) iS.

Hamiltonia. Perfect flowers — calyx sub-campanulate, superior, 5-cleft: corol 0:
nectary with a 5-toothed disk: stamens 5: pistill: fruit a drupe. Staminate flowers
like the perfect, except in wanting the pistil, (american oil-nut.) S.

Xanthoxylum. Staminate flowers^calyx 5-parted: corol 0: stamens 3 to 6. Pistil-
late flowers — pistils 3 to 5: carpels equal to the number of pistils, 1-seeded. (prick-
ly ash, or tooth-ache tree.) S.

AcNiDA. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted: corol 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx 3-
parted: style 0: stigmas 3, sessile: capsule 1-seeded. (water hemp.) S.

HuMULOs. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-sepalled: corol 0: anthers with 2 pores at
the extremity. Pistillate flowers — scales entire, oblique, spreading: styles 2: nut 1,
within the leaf-like scale: infloresence strobile-form, (hop.) S.

Exotic.
Cannabis. Staminate flowers— calyx 5-parted. Pistillate flowers— calyx 5-sepalled,
entire, gaping laterally: styles 2: nut 2-valved, within the closed calyx, (hemp.)

Spinacia. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted: corol 0. Pistillate flowers — styles
4: nut 1, within the indurated calyx, (spinach.)
Southern.
Iresink. Staminate flowers — calyx 2-sepalled: petals 5: nectaries 5 or 7. Pistil-
late flowers— stigmas 2, sessile: capsule many-seeded, becoming downy.
*Vitis.

Order VI. Hexandria.
Smilax. Staminate flowers — calyx 5 or 6-sepalled, inferior: corol 0: anthers ad-
hering to the filaments. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate: styles
minute; stigmas 3: berry 3-celled, 1 to 3-seeded. (green briar, Jacob's ladder.) S.

Dioscorea. Staminate flowers— calyx 6-parted: corol none. Pistillate flowers—
Btyles 3: capsule 3-celled, 3-winged, compressed: seeds 2, membranaceous. (Leaves
generally alternate.) (yamroot.) &'.

Gleditschia. Perfect flowers— calyx 6 to 8-parted, caducous, 3 or 4 of the outer
segments smaller: corol none: stamens 5 or 6 (rarely S:) legume long, flat, compres-
sed, 1 or many-seeded. Staminate flowers — calyx sub-turbinate, 5 lo S-parted, with
3 to 5 of the segments interior: stamens 6 to 8. (honey locust.) S.
*Helonias.

CLASS XX. ORDER XV. 95

Order VIII. Octandria.

PoPCLUs. Staminate flowers — ament cylindric, scales torn: perianth turbinate,
oblique, entire, supporting 8 to 30 stamens. Pistillate flowers — ament and perianth
like the staminate: stigma 4 to (i-lobed: capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded;
seed with egret-like hairs. (Leaves having a tremulous motion.) (poplar, balm of
gilead.) iS.

DiosPYKos. Staminate flowers — calyx 4 to 6-cleft, dilated: corol pitcher-form, 4 to
6-cleft: stamens 8, 16 or 24; often 2 anthers to a filament. Pistillate flowers — calyx
and corol like the staminate: stigmas 4 or 5: berry 8 to 12-seeded. (date plum.) S.

lIippoPHAE. Smepherdia. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-parted, caducous, tubular:
corol 0: stamens 8, enclosed, alternating with 8 glands. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-
cleft, bell-form, superior: style 1: stigma oblique: berry 1-seeded. (sea-buckthorn.)

Order IX. Enneandria.

Serpicula. Udora. Elodea. The perfect flowers have 3 stamens only. Stamin-
ate flowers — calyx 3 parted: corol 3-petalled: stamens 9, 3 of them within. Pistillate
flowers — calyx 3-parted; tube very long: petals 3: barren filaments 3: capsule bladder-
like, 3 seeded; seeds cylindrical, (ditch-moss.) ;S.

Soutliem.
Hydrocharis. Staminate flowers — spathe 2-leaved: perianth 3-parted: corol 3-
petalled: styles 3, all abortive. Pistillate flowers — spalhe, perianth and petals, like
the staminate, and superior: stigmas 6, 2-cleft: stamens 2, barren; 3 nectariferous
glands: capsule 6-celled, many-seeded, (frog-bit.)

Order X. Decandria.

Gtmnocladus. Staminate flowers — calyx tubular, 5-cleft: corol 5-petalled. Pistil-
late flowers — same as the staminate: style 1; legume 1-celled, pulpy within: seecl
roundish, large and hard, (coffee-bean.)

Southern.
Carica. Staminate flowers — calyx minute or obsolete: corol 5-cleft, funnel-form:
filaments alternately shorter, enclosed in the tube of the corol. Pistillate flowers — •
calyx 5-toothed: corol 5-petalled: stigmas 5; berry (cucumber- form) grooved, l-cel-;
led, many-seeded, (false papaw tree.)

Order XII. Polyandria,

Menispermum. Staminate flowers-^-calyx 6-sepalled, somewhat 2-bracted cadu^
cous: petals 6 to 9, glandular, minute, retuse: stamens 16, 20 or 24: anthers 4-lobed,
2-celled, adnate to the filaments. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the stamin-
ate: germs and styles 3 to 6: drupes or berries mostly soUtary, 1-seeded: nut wpoly,
lunulate, compressed, (moon-seed.) jS.

Datiscai Staminate flowers— calyx 5-sepalled: corol 0: anthers sessile, about 15.
Pistillate flowers — calyx superior, 2-toothed: styles 3: capsules 3-angled, 3-horned,
1-celled, many-seeded, pervious, (false hemp.)

CvcAs. Staminate flowers — ament imbricated: scales spatulate, single: anthers
globose, sessile, on a scale. Pistillate flowers — spadix compressed, 2-sided: perianth
a scale.

Southern.
Zajiia. Ament a strobile. Staminate flowers- — scales obovate: anthers globose,
sessile upon scales, opening by a fissure. Pistillate flowers — scales peltate: corol
none: germs 2: styles none: berries 2, 1-seeded,
*Thalictrum.

Order XV. Monadelphia.

Juniperus. Staminate flowers — ament ovate, whorled: scales peltate: anthers 4
to 8. Pistillate flowers— calyx 3-parted: petals 3: styles 3: berry 1 or 2-seeded, con-
sisting of the unequal tubercles of the calyx. (Nut bony, 1-celIed, with balsamy
glands at the base.) (red cedar, savin.) S.

"94 CLASS XXI. ORDER I.

Taxus. StamSnate flowers— scales 4 to G, imbricated: stamens many, 8 to 10;
anthers peltate, 6 to 8-cleft. Pistillate flowers — style 0: leceptacle cup-form, succu-
lent; fruit fleshy, open at the extremity, nutl-seeded. (yew.)

CissAMPELOs. Staminate calyx 4-sepalled: corol 0: nectary wheel-form: stamens
5, with connate filaments. Pistillate calyx 1-sepalled, round-ligulate: styles 3:
berry 1-seeded.

Soutficrn.

ToRREYA. Staminate flowers — ament, sub-globose at first, 'at length elongated:
•rachis naked, but when it becomes elongated, it is bracted at the base with dry scales,
imbricated 4 ways and many-flowered: scales bearing the stamens are pedicelled, sub-
peltate, halved, from hence bearing the 4-celled pendulous anthers. Pistillate flowers
— ament ovate, bracted at the base as in the staminate, but is one-flowered: ovulum
erect: seeds ovate, at the base bracted with dry scales not large; liie rest naked: testa
thick, outside fleshy and leathery, within fibrous: tegmen crustaceous, hard: albumen
ruminated: embryo sub-cylindrical, short: cotyledons connate, (florida yew-tree.)

CLASS XXI. CRYPTOGAMIA.

OrD£R I. FiLlCES.

A. Capsule having an elastic ring at right angles with its opening.

PoLYPODicM. Sori (or clusters of capsules,) round, scattered on various parts of
the lower surface of the frond: involucre none, (polypod.) iS.

AcROSTicHUM. Capsules numerous, covering the whole lower surface of the frond:
involucre none. (TJie fertile leaves differ in shape from the barren. This genus
should be examined in the young state: for the scattered fruit of their genera, by be-
coming confluent when old, often cover the frond.) (fork-fern.) S.

Hypopeltis. Fruit dots roundish, having a cup-form involucre beneath, divided into
5 or 6 irregular segments: capsules all sessile.

WooDsiA. Involucre beneath, perianth-form, with a hair-like margin: capsules
pedicelled, included within the involucre: fruit-dots roundish, scattered, (flower-cup
fern.) fir.

AspiDiuM.* Sori scattered, roundish, on various parts of the whole lower surface of
the frond: involucre a kidney-form or round membrane, fastened to the frond in or near
the centre of the fruit-dot, and opening on all sides, or to one side of the fruit-dot,
and opening on the other, (shield- fern.) S. (The involucre, when a little opened,
is often peltate.)

AspLENiuM. Sori in lines parallel to each other, situated exactly upon the second-
ary veins of the frond: involucres opening inwards. (By the secondary veins is meant
those of the middle part of the disk, not the larger ones at the margin or midrib.
The parallel lines of sori may stand obliquely with respect to the midrib, but their
direction must be parallel to each other.) (spleen-wort, walking-leaf) <S'.

ScoLOPENDRiuM. Sori in strait or zigzag parallel lines between the secondary veins
(or ribs) of the frond: involucre double, opening on the top of the lines of sori, and
folding down towards each side. (In the genus asplenium, the lines of sori lie across
the veins of the frond; but in this they are in line with the veins, and attached along
their sides or between them.) (caterpillar fern.)

Blechnum. Sori in uninterrupted lines running parallel to the midrib of the frond
on both sides: involucre opens inwards. (The fruit of this genus, when ripe, often
covers the whole lower surface of the frond, like the acrostichum; it must therefore be
examined in the young state.) (roman fern.) <S.

WooDWARDrA. Sori oblong or oval, arranged in regular rows on both sides of, and
parallel with, the ribs: involucre vaulted, and opening inwards. (When the leaves
have large segments, tiie sori are arranged along the midribs of the segments, (kid-
ney-fruit fern.) S.

Pteris. Sori arranged in a continued line along the very margin of the frond: in-
volucres opening inwards, being formed of the inflexed margins of the fronds. (When
the leaves are extremely small, the rows of capsules on opposite sides meet, and cover
the lower surface, (brake.) &'.

*The genus Athyrium is re-united to the Aspidium, in accordance with Dr. Terry's
views. The mere fastening of the involucre on one side of the fruit-dot, and openisg
on the other, not being sufficient for dividing a natural genus.

CLASS XXI. ORDER I. 95

Adiantum. Sori oblong, arranged along the margin of the frond: involucre ia
formed by turning back the margin of tlie frond over the sori, and it opens inwards.
(The lines of oblong spots are generally along that margin, which may be considered
the end of the loaf, or of the segments of the leaf) (maiden-hair.) S.

DicKsoNiA. Sori small, round, scattered at the margin of the frond: involucre
double; one part is formed of the tiiin margin of the frond, turned over upon the
fruit-dots, the other is from the frond on the inward side of the fruit-dots; each part
opening opposite to where it is fastened to tiie frond, (mountain fern.) S.

Cheii.Ainthes. Fruit-dots roundisli, punctate, distinct, situated at the margin of
the frond: involucre a roundish membrane, formed by turning over the margm of the
frond upon the fruit-dots, and opening inwards- (The margin is always crenate, and
each fruit-dot has its own involucre perfectly separate from the others.) (lip-fern.) S.

HYMENor'HYLLUM. Fruit-dots marginal: the capsule sessile, inserted on a common
cylindrical receptacle, within a 2- valved involucre of the same texture as the frond-
valves have; exterior free. S.

Onoclea. Fruit-dots indeterminate, presenting a berry-like appearance; capsules
covering the whole lower surface of the frond: involucre formed by turning in or roll-
ing back the margin of the leaf, which opens inwards, in maturity, towards the mid-
rib, or remains closed. (The fertile leaves are contracted, and narrower than the
barren ones.) (sensitive polypod.) iS'.

Struthiopteris. Capsules covermg the back of the frond very densely: involu-
cre scale-like, marginal, opening inwards.

Southern.
VrTTARiA. Fruit-dots linear continued longitudinally along the disk or towards the
margin of the frond: involucre double, uninterrupted; one opening outwards, the
other inwards.

B. Capsule without a ring — leing cellular-reticulate, pellucid, sub-striate, radiate

at the tip.

OsMUNDA. Capsules globose, pedicelled, radiate-striate or wrinkled, having a hinge
at the joining of the two valves, which resembles part of the jointed ring of annulated
ferns: the capsules either occupy the whole frond, to a limited extent, or a panicled
raceme. (The parts of the frond occupied by the fruit are always more contracted
than the barren parts.) (flowering fern.) .S'.

ScHiz^EA. Capsules top-form, partly opening by an oblong lateral pore; striate
longitudinally and radiately, situated upon the back part of a narrow spike-form ap-
pendage of the frond, surrounded with or interspersed among, bundles of hairs. (The
appendages, bearing tlie capsules, are generally digitate, and occupy the summit of
the frond.) (one-sided fern.)

Ltgodiusi. Capsules covered with a scale-like veil, in two series, radiate-striated
or wrinkled, opening on the inner side from the base to the summit; they are situated
upon spikelets which proceed from the margin of the frond, each capsule being hid
under a scale which falls off frequently in ripening; spikelets mostly unilateral,
(fringed fern, climbing fern.) &

C. Capsule loithout a ring — leing adnate at the base, sub-globose, coriaceous, not

cellular, somewhat 2-valved.

Ophioglossum. Capsules round, 1-celled, opening transversely; they are placed on
a somewhat jointed spike in two close rows, (adder tongue fern.) S.

BoTRYCHiuM. Capsules coriaceous, globose, 1-celled, smooth, adnate to each rachia
of a compound raceme, (panicle,) separate, valves 2, connected behind, opening trans-
versely, (grape fern.) S.

Southern.

PsiLOTUM. Bernhardia. Capsulcs 3-grained, 3-celled; cells opening above: half
2-valved: fruit in spikes. S.

D. Sub-order, Apteres — without pinnate, pinnatifid, or other winged, leaves.

Ltcopodium. Capsules mostly kidney-form or roundish, 2 or 4-valved, opening
elastically; they are placed under separate scales in a spike, or sometimes in the axils
of leaves. (Very leafy, their stems being generally covered with 2, 3, or 4 rows of
narrow, simple, entire leaves, (ground-pine.) S.

96 CLASS XXI. ORDER 1.

Equisetom. Fruit placed under peltate polygons, being pileus-like bodies, which
are arranged in whirls, forming a spike-form raceme; 4 to 7 spiral filaments surround
the seed (probably,) which resemble green globules. (Fertile plants mostly leafless;
the stems of all are jointed with toothed sheaths at eveiy joint, and usually longitudi-
nally striated and hollow.) (scouring rush, horsetail.) S.

IsoETEs. Capsules membranaceous, 1-celled, not dehiscent: fruit-dots heart-ovate,
immersed in a swelling, or tuberosity, at the base of the linear, sub-articulate, grass-
like frond; seed angular, attached to numerous cross-bars within the capsule, (quill
wort. )

AzoLLA. Monoecious. Staminate? appendages by pairs, contiguous: involucre
sub-globose, resembling a 1-celled capsule: seeds numerous, naked. S.

Salvinia. Involucre imbricate, 4 to 9, connate, resembling a 1-celled capsule:
seeds inserted on a central receptacle.

97

LOWER CRYPTOGAMIA.

Plants of the five lower orders of CRYPTOGAMIA, are not commonly made the
subject of analysis in schools. I have, therefore, removed the Genera, as well as the
Species, to the ends of their respective series. As they are quite as interesting and
instructive in a ph^'siological view, I shall give a lull account of each order, where I
treat of the Natural Method.

When the preceding paragraph was written for the 7th Edition, the author antici-
pated such progress in this department, as to enable him to give, in this edition,
numerous localities and popular remarks for the relief of students. But he is com-
pelled to confess his disappointment. As this is the only general system in English,
hitherto attempted, on the five lower orders of American Cryptogamia, it must serve
for the present.

ORDER II. MUSCI;

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO BRIDEL.*

First Division. Capsules without peristomes.

Sphagnum. Base of the calyptre remains attached to the capsule, after the upper
part has fallen off.

Phascum. Capsules terminal, without an opening. Calyptre bell-form, halved,
subulate, minute.

Gymnostomum. Capsules terminal. Calyptre cowled or halved, subulate, caducotis.

ScHisTiDiUM. Capsules terminal. Calyptre mitre-form, or bell-conic, split at the
base into many subequal divisions.

Anoectangium. Capsule lateral. Calyptre halved, subulate.

Second Division. Capsules with peristomes.

A. Mouth surrounded by a single peristome: fruit terminal.
1. Teeth solitary, free (disconnected) at the base, entire.

Tetraphis. Teeth of the peristome 4, pyramidal: calyptre mitre-form, split into
many divisions at the base.

Grimmia. Teeth of the peristome IG, pyramidal, easily reflexed: calyptre mitre-
form.

Weisisa. Teeth of the peristome 16, erectish, narrow, imperforate: calyptre halved,
subulate.

Trematodon. Teeth of the peristome 16, lance-linear, perforate: germ nodding,
with a long horn-like epophysis at the base: calj'ptre cowled.

2. Teeth solitary, free at the base, split from the apex towards the base.
DiCRANUM. Teeth of the peristome 16, indexed, 2-cleft, the divisions equal: calyp-
tre hood-form.

*Arrangcd, with few exceptions, according to the Methodus Muscorum A. Sam.
Eb. a Bridel.

Mosses may be gathered whenever the capsules have arrived to their usual size.
But they must be put in a closet, until tlie lids of the capsules become reddish-brown,
before they are examined. Then the lids may be removed, and the teeth examined.

13

98 CLASS XXI. ORDER II.

Campylopus. Teeth of the peristome 16, 2-cleft, sub-perforate: caljptre mitre-
form, torn-fringed at the base.

Tkichostomum. Teeth of the peristome 16, split even to the base into 2, 3, or 4
parls, divisions fihform: calyptre halved, hood-form.

Calymperes. Teeth of the peristome 16, short, split; mouth closed by a 'spongy
membrane: calyptre large, mitre-form, involving the capsule: at length laterally split.

3. Teeth solitary, ticisted together like a rope at the top.

Barbdla. Teeth of the peristome 16 or 3'<i, capillary, somewhat connected at the
base, and spirally twisted at the lop; calyptre hood-form.

SvNTRicHiA. Teeth of the peristome 16 or !f2, twisted spirally in the form of a
spike, and arising from a bioad reticulate membrane: calyptre hood-form.

4. Teeth approach each other, or unite, in pairs.

DinvMODON. Teeth of the peristome 32, they approach each other in pairs, but
remain distinct: calyptre hood-form.

Splachnum. Teeth of the peristome 16, attached to each other in pairs so that
they can hardly be separated without lacerating their cuticles, reflexed, and at length
close pressed to the back of the capsule; the capsule has an apophysis: calyptre bell-
form, with a sub-lacerated base.

B. Mouth swrrounded by a double peristome (except 2 species of Orthotrichum; )
fruit terminal.

Orthotrichum. Peristome s'ttigle or double. When single, the teeth are 16, ar-
ranged in pairs; after the falling of the lid they aie reflexed. When double, the outer
teeth are as when single, and the inner teeth are 8 or 16, linear, distant: calyptre
conic or bell-form, keeled, pilose upwards; rarely glabrous.

Ulota. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, arranged in pairs, after the falling of the
lid they are easily reflexed; teeth of the inner peristome are 8, linear, distant: calyptre
conic, smoothish, hairy above, often split into a fringe at the base.

Bartramia. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, wedge-form; the inner peristome
consists of a membrane folded into 16 carinate plaits or folds; the divisions are bifid,
receiving the inflexed apexes of the teeth; calyptre hooded.

Bryum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acute: the inner peristome
consists of a membrane, divided or folded by keel-like furrows, and extended into 16
broadish processes, with ciliate hairs interposed: calyptre hood-form: capsule equal.

Akrhenopterdm. Teeth of the outer peristone 16, broadish, acute: the inner
peristome consists of a keel-furrowed membrane, split into broad processes, with
ciliate hairs interposed: calyptre oblong, laterally sessile: capsule unequal, arcuate,
nodding.

M^?1UM. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, ascending or erect, with very
long apexes arching outwards; the inner peristome consists of a membrane extended
into 16 perforated or forked divisions, ciliate hairs interposed? calyptre acutely conic:
capsule unequal, nodding.

TiMMiA. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acuminate: the inner peris-
toBje consists of a membrane torn into 16 divisions, opposite to the teeth, irregularly
perforated and anastomosing, rarely the divisions ate alternately free; calyptre late-
raJly fissile.

DiPLocoMiUM. Teeth of the outer peristome 16,. obtuse, short: the inner peristome
consists of 16 ciliate hairs approaching each other in pairs, not connected by any
membrane.

Meesia. Teeth of the outer peristom 16, short; the inner peristome consists of
ciliate hairs connected wholly by net work.

DiPHYSciuM. The outer peristome seems as if almost obliterated, it consists of 16
very minute scales surrounding the mouth of the germ; the inner peristome consists
of a conic truncate membrane, in 16 plicate folds, which alternate with the scales.

Buxbaumia. Peristome three. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, truncate, very
short, unequal, fugaceous: the two inner peristomes consist of sub-conical membrana-
ceous cylinders, constructed of filaments laterally adhering together, and torn at the
top: the innermost is the longest, folded in 16 plaits and dehiscent at the apex.

Funaria. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, cohering together at the apex and twist-
ed obhquely; the inner peristome consists of 16 membranaceous ciliae opposite to the
teeth, lying flatly.

CLASS XXI. ORDER lit. 99

C. Mouth surrounded by a single peristome: fruit lateral.

1. Teeth entire.

Pterioynandrum. Teeth of the peristome 16, equally distant, acute, erectish:
calyptre hood-form, glabrous.

Lasia. Teeth of the peristome 16, equally distant, acute, erect: calyptre hood-
form, pilose above.

2. Teeth split.
Leucodon. Peristome a membrane divided into teeth, each of which is split almost
to its base: calyptre hood-form.

D. Movth surrounded hj a double peristome; fruit lateral.
1. Teeth of the inner peristome free at the base.

Neckera. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free; cilia of the inner peris-
tome alternate with the teeth (rarely opposite;) calyptre hood-form, glabrous.

Cryphaea. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free; cilia of the inner peris-
tome alternate with the teeih: calyptre mitre-form, or conic, glabrous.

PiLOTRicHUM. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free; cilia of the inner peris-
tome alternate with the teeth: calyptre mitre-form, or conic, hirsute.

2. Teetliof the inner peristome connected by a mcmJ/rane at the base.

Climacidm. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, acute; inner peristome consists of
cilia, arising from a very short membrane, which are united at the apex in pairs by
transverse bars.

Leskia. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, subulate, inflexible; inner peristome
consists of a membrane extended into 16 linear uniform processes: calyptre hood-form.

Pterigophyllum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, lance-linear; inner peristome
consists of a membrane split into 16 linear uniform (rarely deformed) processes:
calyptre mitre-form, entire, glabrous.

Hypnum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, acute, leflexile; inner peristome consists
of a membrane extended into 16 processes, with smaller capillary ones interposed:
calyptre hood-form, glabrous.

3. Inner peristome without tectli or cilia.
Fontinalis. Teeth of the peristome iQ, broadish, acute, erect; inner peristome a
reticulate conic membrane.

E. Mouth surrounded by a single peristome; fruit arises from the duplicature of a leaf.

FtssiDENS. Peristome simple: teeth 16, 2-cleft, broadish, inflexed; the divisions
somewhat unequal diverging.

F. Mouth closed by a horizontal membrane.

PoLYTRTCHUM. Peristome very short; teeth 16, 32, or 64: mouth of the germ cover-
ed by a dry membrane, which is connected to it by the teeth of the peristome:
calyptre very small with a large villoseor hairy covering.

Catharinaea. Peristome very short; leetli 32 or 64; mouth of the capsule cover-
ed by a dry membrane: calyptre glabrous or hirsute, with scattering hairs.

ORDER III. HEPATICAE.

Blazia. Capsule 1-valved with no elevations of the seeds upon the columella (as
in Anthoceros) crowned with a tube opening outwardly at the apex.

Targionia. Perianth-like organ globose, arising from the under side of the ex-
tremity of the frond; at length opening vertically into two valves: capsule globose
sub-sessile, included in the perianth, opening irregularly at the extremity and filled with
spiral filaments.

Sphaerocarpus. Calyxes numerous, large, fascicled, in a minute frond, globe-tur-
binate, reticulate, sub-diaphanous, perforated at the apex including the capsule, which
is sessile at the bottom of the calyx, and spherical: seeds numerous, sub-globose
sharp-muricate: frond reticulate, sub-diaphanous, of the substance of the calyx and
very green.

100 CLASS XXI. ORDER !V,

Cakpobolus. Capsules round-oblong, compressed, tapering;, cleft or dehiscent at
the apex: seeds minute, globose, free among eacli other: caly^ largish, 2-cleft: frond
round-oblong, with folds converging towards a centre; margins elevated, crenate.

RicciA. Capsules sub-globose, imbedded in ilie frond, not dehiscent; furnished
with a short tube, scarcely prominent, becoming brownish and perforated at the apex.
This aquatic genus has the habit of the most succulent and tender lichens.

Anthoceros. Capsules long, horn-form, subulate, longitudinally dehiscent into 2
valves when mature; imbedded and nourished in a linear tleshy receptacle: after the
opening of the capsule geeds appear attached to a columella. Around the fleshy re-
ceptacle (or perhaps calyx) within tiie substance of the frond, appear heaps of red-
dish bodies resembling anthers. The substance of the frond is made up of hexahedral
pells. In habit this genus resembles mosses.

Marchahtia. Receptacles pedicelled, radiate-lobed, disk-like or bell-form, with the
jnside downwards, to v/jiich the globose 4-valved capsules are attached, with their
apexes downward. The umbrella-like receptacle is elevated one or two inches by a
ptipe attached to the centre of its lower side, among tlie capsules and many pilose ap-
pendages. The frond is leafy, reticulate, furnished with a midrib, and beset with vil-
|ose roots on the under gide which attach themselves to stones in brooks, to damp
earth, &c.

JuNGEKMANNi*. CapsuIcs 4-valved, globoge, elevated by peduncles or stipes from
within a bell-form calyx. The fionds are made up of fjner leaves than those of the
Marchantia, and are often mistaken for mosses among which they generally gTo.v{.

ORDER IV. ALGAE.

ARRANGED ACCOKDHIG TO AGARDH.

Tribe I. Diatomeae.

Bodies of various forms, flat and crystalline, and separating into fragments.

PiATOMA. Filaments jointed, hyaline, rigid, simple, united in pairs longitudinally,
at length separating into articulations cohering by their alternate angles.

Tribe II. Nostochinae.
Individuals numerous, globular or filiform, suspended in a gplatine of a definite form.
Palmella. Minute or small, somewhat diaphanous gelatinous plants: filled with
solitary granules unmixed with filaments.

ALcyoNiDKiM. A spongy, fleshy, lobed frond, filled with granules. Marine.
NosTQC. Plants roundish or shapeless, gelatinous. Substance composed of curved,
moniliform, simple filaments, lying irregularly in a gelatinous nidus.

Rivularja, a gelatinous sub-globose frond, filled with filaments, radiating from a
common centre, continuous, placed on a globple, and marked with annulations inside.

Tribe III. Cokfervoideae.

FiUnncnls jointed cither cxicrnally or internally, separate, and not combined in any definite

form.

Trentep'holea. Filaments flexible, colored, bearing capsules, which generally
proceed from the last articulation which is inflated. Inundated or fluviatile.

Scytonema. Plant not gelatinous, coriaceous. Filaments short, forming dark
dense tufts, beaded internally, or filled with annular transverse bodies. On rocks or
inundated, rarely marine.

Mesogloia. Frond filiform, cylindrical, gelatinous, with compact, somewhat mo-
niliform branches radiating from a medullary pith, and bearing capsules.

Batrachospermom. Frond filiform, gelatinous, sending out from the primary fila-
ment moniliform gemmiferous branches.

Draparnaldia. Filaments green, jointed, very gelatinous. Ramuli pencillate
fascicled. Fructification — a granular mass in the articulations of the main filaments.

Syngbya. Filaments without a mucous matrix, freely floating, flexible, motionless
with a continuous tube, annulated inside.

Bangia. Filaments capillary, mostly simple, tubular, continuous. Fructification —
granules disposed in regular transverse series or strata.

Zygnema. Filaments jointed, simple, gelatinous, compressed, fragile, separating
at the joints.

CLASS XXI. ORDER IV. 101

MouGEOTiA. Filaments articulated, connected like a net, with irregularly placed
granules, and thecae attached to the angles of the meshes.

CoNFKRVA. Filaments uniform, jointed, membranaceous, simple or branched,
mostly green. Fructification — granules scattered in the articulations. Salt and fiesix
water.

Cekamium. Filaments jointed, sub-dichotomous, red, articulations veined or dia-
phanous. Fructification — capsules with an involucre of short ramuli. Marine.

PoLYsii'HONiA. Filaments jointed, longitudinally striated, with internal parallel
lubes. Fructification — double ovate capsules, and granules in swollen branchlets.
Marine.

EcTocARPUS. Filaments jointed, much branched, fuscous. Fructification — lanceo-
late pods or ovate capsules, solitary or racemous. Marine.

Sphacf.llaria. Filaments jointed, branciied, olivaceous, distichous or dichoto-
mous; apex of the branches sphacellate or hyaline, abrupt. Fructification is granules
in the modified apex, or capsule. Marine.

Tribe IV. Ulvaceae.

Frond, memhranous, continuous, tubular or flattened, never ribbed , herbaceous rarely pur-
ple: seed heaped or scattered granulations.

Vaucheria. Filaments dichotomous or irregularly branched, somewhat rigid.
Fructification — a granulated mass within the frond, and external dark vesicles vari-
ously sinuated.

CoDiUM. Frond spungy, of a determinate figure, formed of filaments densely
packed, which are tubular and continuous, and colored by a granular, green powder.
Coniocystas clustered at the surface of the frond.

SoLENiA. Frond tubular, membranous, with a striated, areolated surface. Seeds
very minute and compact.

Ulva. Root scutate. Frond plain, ribless, flabellaform or wedge-shaped, or linear
and diciiotomous. Fructification naked immersed — granules distributed in fours
throughout tiie frond.

I'oRPiiYRA. Frond flat, purple, with the membrane of equal texture. Fruit two
fold — first sori of oval seeds collected in a disorderly manner: second, two parallel
lines marked on each side by a globule.

Tribe V. Florideae.

Frond coriaceous, rarely membranaceoxis, flat orflliform, continuous, purple or pink: seeds
purple, included in capsules or clustered in dots.

Ptilota. Root scrutate. Fronds compressed or plane, pinnate. Fructification —
a cluster of naked granules., surrounded by a linear cleft involucre.

Rhouomela. Frond either flat or foljaceous, and somewhat ribbed or filiform.
Fruit two-fold; first lomenta filled longitudinally with globules of sporaceous matter,
second, capsules with a few pyriform seeds sessile in the capsule (blackish when dry.)

Chonhria. Frond continuous, gelatinus-cartilaginous. Fructification double —
naked granules immersed in the substance of the ramuli and external tubercles.

Sphakrococcus. Root scutate. Frond sub inernbranaceous or cartilaginous. Fruc-
tification unifi)rm — tubercles or capsules.

Halymenia. Frond flat or tubular, somewhat membranous. Fruit, dot-like tuber-
cles half immersed in the laminae of the frond.

Delesseria. Root scutate. Frond plane, membranaceous, with or without ribs.
Fructification double — tubercles and clusters of naked immersed granules.

Tribe VI. Fdcoideae.

Frond coriaceous, continuous, olite-green, flat orflliform: seed black, in capsules,
bordered or immersed.
Lemanea. Frond filiform, torulose, tubular. Cliains of seeds adhering to the inner
surface of the filament, pencilled, moniliform. In fresh water.

Charuaria. Root scutate. Frond filiform, of an olive color and cartilaginous
substance. Fructification — clavate, pyriform, concentric filaments constituting the
whole frond.

ScTTosiPHOX. Root scutate. Frond filiform, tubular, sub-coriaceous. Fructifica-
tion— naked pyriform granules covering the whole frond.

102 CLASS XXI. ORDER. V.

Sporachnus. Root mostly scutate. Frond plane, with distichous branches, bear-
ing, in most instances, delicate pencil-like deciduous tufts of confervoid filaments.
("Receptacles composed of concentric, clavate, articulated corpuscles.")

ZoNARiA. E,oot downy. Frond plane, ribless, flabelliform or wedge-shaped, or
linear and dichotomous. Fructification — adnate tubercles collected into parallel lines
on the frond.

Laminaria. Root fibrous. Stipes dilated into a plane frond. Fructification —
naked granules immersed and forming irregular groups in the frond.

LiCHiNiA. Fronds minute, tufted, greenish-black when growing. Fructification-
solitary tubercles with a poie, at length scutelliform.

FoRCELLARiA. Frond cylindrical. Fructification concealed in the swollen extre-
mities of the frond, capsules in the centre, and pyriform grandles in the circum-
feience.

Fucus. Root scutate. Frond plane or compressed,, (rarely filiform) dichotomous.
Fructification — tubercles contained in a common mucose receptacle, and filled with
seeds and filaments.

Cystoseira. Root scutate. Stypes cylindrical. Lower leaves plane; upper ones
filiform, furnished with pinnate vesicles. Fructification — tubercles in common recep-
tacles, the receptacles with several loculaments.

ORDER V. LICHENES;

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO ACHARIUS.

Tribe I. Idiothalami.

Apothecia differing in color from the rest of the plant, and formed of a distinct
substance.

$ 1. ApoUiecia simple, entirely formed of a sub-reniform, pulverulent, or cartilaginous

substance. Homogenii.

** Apothecia destitute of a raised margin.

Spiloma. Plant crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate, and uniform. Apothecia

composed of minute bodies, collected into a compact, homogeneous, sub-pulverulent,

naked, and shapeless, colored mass.

SoLORiNA. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, lobed, separate beneath, and veiny or
fibrous, with down. Recept. adnate, roundish, not edged, covered by a colored
membrane, and containing a solid, cellular, bladdery parenchyma.
* *Apothecia with a raised border.
Lecidia. Plant various, crustaceous, spreading, adnate, uniform or foliaceous.
Apothecia scrutelhform, sessile, surrounded by a cartilaginous membrane; the disk of
the same nature as tlie raised border.

CALicroM. Plant crustaceous, plane, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia cup-
shaped, sessile or stipulate, cartilaginous, containing a compact pulverulent mass,
plane or convex, and forming a naked disk.

Gyrophora. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, or cartilaginous, peltate, mostly mono-
phyllous, free beneath. Apothecia sub-scutelliform, sessile, or adnate, covered with
a black cartilaginous membrane; the disk warty or plaited on circles, or bordered.

§ 2. Apothecia sub-simple, included, formed of a single covering, containing a capsular
body or nucleus. Heterogenii.
Endocarpon. Plant crustaceous, adnate, of some determinate figure, or foliaceous
and peltate. Apothecia globose, concealed in the substance of the plant, surrounded
by a thin membrane, furnished with a slightly prominent orifice, and containing a
nucleus.

Tribe II. Ccenothalami.

Apothecia partly formed from the substance of the plants.

4 1. Apothecia included in loart-Uke processes, formed from the substance of the plant.
Phvmatoidei.
Thelotrema. Plant crustaceous, cartilaginous, plane, spreading; adnate, uniform,
with wart-like receptacles, furnished with a wide pore, and bordered. Apothecia
mcluded, and containing a nucleus within a double covering.

CLASS XXI. ORDER V. 103

PvRENULA. Plant crustaceous, piano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Recept. wart-
like, formed of the tliallus, enclosing or surrounding at the base a solitary thalamium,
with a simple, thick, papillose peritiiecinm, containing a globose cellular nut.

Variolaria. Plant crustaceous, plane spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia
wart-like, formed from the crust (resembling Soredia, ) sub-marginate, white, including-
a naked nucleus.

§ 2. Apothecia scutelliform, stih-sessile, the disk of a peculiar color, different from the
border, which is formed from the crust, Discoiijei.

Urceolaria. Plant crustaceous, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia shield-
like, the disk concave, colored, immersed in the crust; border formed froni the crust,
and the same color.

Lkcanora. Plant crustaceous, spreading, adnate; plane, uniform. Apothecia
shield-like, thick, adnate, and sessile, the disk plano-convex, colored; border thickish,
somewhat free, formed from the crust, and ilie same color.

Parmelia. Plant foliaceous, between coriaceous and membranaceous, spreading,
appressed, orbicular, lobed, and stellate, variously divided, fibrous beneath. Apothecia
shield-like, attached by a central point; the disk concave, colored, with a border
formed from the crust.

BoRRERA. Plant cartilaginous, branched, and lacinate; the segments free, chan-
nelled beneath, and cilliate at the margin. Apothecia shield-like, with a colored disk;
the border formed from the frond.

Cetraria. Plant cartilagino-membranaceous, ascending, or spreading, lobed,
smooth, and naked on both sides. Apothecia shield-like, obliquely adnate with the
margin, the disk colored, plano-concave; border inHexed, derived from the frond.

Sticta. Plant foliaceous, coriaceo-caitilaginous, spreading, lobed, free and pubes-
cent beneath, with little cavities or hollow spots. Apothecia shield-like, fixed by a.
cential point, the disk colored, plane; border formed from the crust.

Peltidea. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, spreading, sub-adnate, lobed, with woolly
veins beneath. Apothecia orbicular, adnate, on produced portions of the frond, the
disk colored: border very thin, formed from the frond.

Nephroma. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, membranous, expanded, lobed, beneath,
separate, and naked or viUose. Recept. resupinate, formed of tiie ascending length-
ened lobes of the thallus. Fertile laminae reniform. entirely attached to the ihallus
and its lower side, and surrounded by an elevated inflected margin.

Roccella. Plant coriaceous, cartdaginous, branched, lacinaled, round or flat, erect
or pendulous, woolly inside. Recept. shield-like, thick, growing into the thallus.
Fertile lamina forming a disk, plano-convex, colored, and cartilaginous, in the inside
hyaline, and of a similar nature, surrounded by a margin, which is elevated, sessile,
and as deep as the disk, and which contains a compact, black powdery moss, whick
is hidden within the substance of the thallus.

EvERNiA. Plant branched, lacinate, angular, or compressed, sub-erect, or pendu-
lous, with a central filament within. Apothecia shield-like, sessile, the disk concave,
colored; border formed from the frond.

0 3. Apothecia sub-globose, terminating Uie branches or podetia, or scattered sessile and
emarginate. Cephaloidea.

♦Apothecia covered by the mass of fructification.

Cenomyce. General receptacle sub-cartilaginous, foliaceous, lacinate sub-imbricate,
free, (rarely adnate, uniform, or wanting.) Apothecia or podetia orbicular, immar-
ginate, at length capiluliform, bearing thick colored masses of fructification.

BjEomyces. Plant crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate. Ai)othecia on short,
soft, solid, simple podetia, capituliform, solid, emarginate, colored, convex, reflexed
at the margin.

IsiniuM. Plant crustaceous, plane, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia on
short, soft, solid, simple podetia, orbicular, convex, solid, terminal; the disk sub-im-
mersed, having a border formed from the substance of the podetia.

Stkreocaulon. Plant shrubby, cartilagenous, branched. Apothecia turbinate,
eessile, solid, plane above, at length sub-globose, with a border formed from the
frond.

104 CLASS XXI. ORDER VI.

* *Apothecia clothed with the substance of the frond, and containing a pulvendent mass.
Spaerophoron. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous within, solid, shrubby, branched.
Apothecia sessile, terminal, sub-globose, bursting irregularly, and containing a black,
globular, pulverulent mass.

Tribe III. Homothalami.
Apothecia entirely formed of the substance of the frond.

At-ECTORIA. Plant cartilaginous, sub-filiform, fibrous, and somewhat fistulose VVith-
in, branched, prostrate or pendulous. Apothecia shield-like, thick, sessile, bordered,
wholly formed from the frond.

Ramalika. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous, and nearly solid within, branched some-
what shrubby, mostly soderiferous. Apothecia shield-like, thick, sub-pedicellate and
■sub-peltate, plane, bordered, wholly formed from the substance of the frond.

CoRNicuLARiA. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous and nearly solid within, branched,
shrubby. Apothecia orbicular, terminal, obliquely peltate, at length convex, sorae-
Tvliat inflated; the border dentate.

UsNEA. Plant much branched, filiform mostly pendulous, furnished within with a
bundle of elastic fibres. Apothecia orbicular, terminal, peltate, often ciliate at the
border.

CoLLEMA. Plant sub-gelatinous, homogeneous, crustiform, foliaceous, or some-
what branched, membranaceous or cartilaginous when dry. Apothecia shield-like
bordered, formed from the substance of the frond; the disk sometimes differing in
color when dried.

Tribe IV. Athalami.

Lichenes destitute of Apothecia, and whose fructification is unknown.

Lepraria. Whole plant crustaceo-pulverulent, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apo-
thecia unknown.

Tribe V. Pseddo-Lichenes.

Apothecia black, corenous, imbedded in a receptacle- Seeds in slender tubular cells,

lying in a pulp, not spontaneously emitted.

Opegrapha. Plant crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform. Receptacle ob-
long and elongated, sessile, covered with a cartilaginous dark membrane, enclosing a
solid parenchyma. Disk linear, edged on each side.

Verrucaria. Plant crustaceous, plane, expanded, adnate, uniform. Reopt. hemis-
pherical, roundish at the base, growing into the thallus, with a double perithecium;
exterior somewhat cartillaginous and thick, having alone a little pimple or perfora-
tion; inner very fine, and membranous. Kernel cellular.

PoRiSA. Plant crustaceous, cartilaginous, piano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Re-
cept. wart-like, formed out of the thallus, and not margined. Thalamium imbedded
sn the substance of the wart, with a simple very thin perithecium, and a colored orifice
thicker at the surface of the wart. Kernel roundish, cellular.

Arthonia. Plant crustaceous, piano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Recpt. innate,
aessile of an irregular roundish figure, witliout an edge, covered by a somewhat car-
tillaginous membrane, and containing a solid uniform kernel.

Graphis. Plant crustaceous, piano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Recept. long, im-
mersed in the thallus, with a simple cartillaginous perithecium, which forms an edge
all around the linear kernel, which is naked at top and bottom, and cellular inside.

ORDER VI. FUNGI.

arranged according to fries of sweden.*

agaricinae.

Seed-bed distinct. Receptacle longer ok expanded, superior.

Pileate.

Recqitacle dilated, occasionally branched, having a tendency to an orbicular form.

Seed buds inferior.
Agariccs. Seed-beds in lamellae. Lamellae simple, parallel.

* According to Schwinitz, a system of Fungi and Lichens for Germany, Sweden,
&c., is a system for N. America; on account of their similarity. lam indebted to
Loudon for Fries' system; also for many other improvements in this order.

'$

CLASS XXI. ORDER VI. 105

Canthahellus. Sefid-bed veined. Veins dichotomous, sub-parallel: Bomelimes
anastomosing.

Meuumus. Seed-bed veined. Veins flexuose, or forming very irregular pores.
Plants sessile, resupinate or effused.

ScHizoi'uvLLUM. Seed-beds in lamella?. LamelltB bifid lengthwise, revolute.

D.¥DALEA. Seed-bed sinuous, composed of anastomosing lamellae or flexuose elon-
gated pores.

PoLYPORUS. Seed-bed porous, not separable from the substance of the pileus, nor
the pores from each other. Pores sometimes lacerated in age. Pileus very rarely
witii a central stipe.

Favolus. Pores ample, with four or six angles resembling an honey-comb.

Boletus. Seed-bed tubular. Tubes separable from the pileus and from each other.
Pileus always with a central stipe.

FisTunNA. Seed-bed tubular. Tubes loose, the young ones closed.

HyDxNum. Seed-bed subulate, subulae loose.

SisTOTREMA. Pileus carnose, irregularly stipitate. Seed-bed composed of dentate
interrupted lamellaEe.

Phlebia. Seed-bed rugose, formed of long or confluenent papillte.

Thelephora. Plants with very few exceptions more or less adnate, thin, coriace-
ous, very rarely funnel-form. Seed-bed covering the outer surface.

ClavUa.

Receptacle longf simple, or branched, icith a tendency to a cylindricalform, not margined.

Seed-bed superior.

Clavaria. Plants carnose, cylindrical, simple or branched. Seed-bed smooth, oc-
cupying almost the whole surface, confluent with stipes.

Calocera. Plants branched or simple, cylindrical, homogeneous, corneous, gelatin-
ous, viscid. Growing on wood.

Geoglossum. Seed-bed shortj club-shaped, mostly compressed, stipitate. Stipes
elongated, smooth or hairy. Plants black or dull green.

Spatularia. Seed-bed club-shaped, separate, compressed, running down the stipes
on each side, bearing the asci at the upper end.

MiTRATA. Seed-bed clavate, ovate, closely surrounding, at the base, the stipe which
is distinct.

Typhula. Seed-bed thin, sub-cylindrical, persistent, terminating the capillary
stipes.

PisTiLLARiA. Simple contiguous, linear or clavate. Seeds emerging at the end.

Elvcllaceae.
Hymenium distinct, superior, margined. Receptacle urceolate or rejlexed, always inferior.

Morchella. Pileus lacunose, confluent with the stipes either at the margin or a
little above it. Seed-bed occupying the wJiole outer surface.

Verpa. Pileus conicle-deflexed, equal. Seed-bed smooth or rugose.

Leotia. Pileus ovate-conicle or orbicular, wholly occupied by the seed-bed, the
margin free but closely embracing the stipes.

Receptacle cupulate, equal. Seed-bed discoid, ichen young somcicliat closed, surrounded
by the margin of the receptacle.

Peziza. Pileus mostly carnose, sessile or stipitate, more or less cup-shaped at
length. Sometimes plane. Seed-bed occupying the disk.

Bulgaria. Cupula closed at first. Seed-lubes immersed with paraphyses, becom-
ing separate and bursting out. Gelatinous.

Ditiola. Seed-bed becoming plaited and deliquesecnt. Cupula open. Veil uni-
versal. Corky.

Cenangium. Seed-bed smooth, persistent, rarely deliquescent. Cupula closed, but
opening finally. Somewhat coriaceous.

Stictis. Seed-bed smootli, immersed. Cupula obliterated. Seed-bed persistent.

Treniellini.

Trf.mella. Receptacle gelatinous homogeneous, fructifying in all directions,
without papillae. Seeds nearly emerging.

14

106 CLASS XXI. ORDER VI.

ExiDEA. Receptacle gelatinous, homogeneous, covered on the upper surface only
by a papillose hymenium. Seeds emitted with elasticity.

Dacrymyces. Receptacle gelatinous, homogeneous, filled with assurgent flocci,
and seeds placed in layers inside. When you"gr compact, but finally deliquescent.

Agyrium. Receptacle spherical, smooth," compact, waxy, when humid, gelatinous,
finally crumbling away in seeds.

Hymenella. Receptacle flattened, adnate, smooth, like soft leather, very thin,
persistent.

Naematelia. Receptacle gelatinous, surrounding a compact heterogeneous nu-
cleus. Seeds emerging.

AcRosPERBiUM. Elongated, somewhat clavate, with a coat'of a similar substance,
distinctly fructifying at the end.

ScLEROTi0M. Sub-globose, or without regular form within, homogeneous, vesicu-
lose, carnose, or corneous. Sporules unknown.

Periola. Rootless, fleshy, covered entirely by a villose persistent coat.

Acinula. Rootless, smooth, with a distinct farinaceous granular coat.

Erysiphe. Sporangium epiphyllous, very minute, globose, furnished with white
radiating subjacent filaments, and containing sporuliferous bodies.

Phallus. Stipes issuing from a volva. Pileus furnished with large cells filled with
a sporuliferous shining substance.

Tuber. Envelope closed, marbled with veins inside. Sporangia stalked, scattered
among the veins. Subterraneous.

Rhizopogon. Envelope sessile, bursting with irregularity with anastomosing veins
inside. Sporangia sessile. Aboye ground.

NiDULARiA. Common peridium simple, flocculent, furfuraceous, disappearing.
Sporangia globose, with seeds in heaps in the middle.

Myriococcum. Peridium simple, flocculent, furfuraceous, disappearing. Sporangia
globose, with seeds in round heaps.

PoLYANGiuM. Pcridium simple, membranous. Sporangia oblong, filled with a
grumous mass.

CarpobolL
Envelope protruding a solitary separate sporangium.

Attractobolus. Peridium cupulae-form, with a lid. Sporangium fusiform, with
mucous seeds.

Thelebolus. Peridium sessile, urceolate-ventricose with an entire orifice. Spo-
rangium papillae-form with mucous seeds.

PiLOBOLUs. Stipes or receptacle pellucid, watery. Peridium a roundish vesicle,
bursting elastically, placed on the apex of the receptacle.

Sphaerobolcs. Peridium double, both stellate; the inner membranous by inver-
sion throwing out with elasticity a globose sporangium, bearing in the middle heaped
seeds.

Pyrenomycetes.

Envelope genuine, forming the receptacle. Seeds disposed in seed-tubes in regxdar rows.

Sphneriacei.

Sphaeria. Receptacle 0. Spherules sessile or slightly immersed.
LoPHiuM Perithecium vertical, compressed, dehiscing by a longitudinal some-
what closed cleft. Seed tubes crumbling away.

Cytisporei.

Sphaeronema. Perithecium opening by a pore, enclosing in a very thin bag some
mucous seeds, which burst forth and become indurated in a globose form. Naked.

Septaria. Cloud-like spots on dead leaves: seeds with partitions, or septa.

Cytispora. Cellular — many-celled; cells deformed, membranous, united at the
ends. Nucleus gelatinous, filled with sporules, propelled through the common elon-
gated orific.

Phoma. Nucleus grumous, enclosed in a tubercle. Seeds emitted by a simple
orific without regularity.

CLASS XXT. ORDER VI. 107

Phacidiacei.
PerWiecmm finally bursting, with an open disk. Seed tubes erect, fixed.

DoTHiDEA. Nucleus enclosing immersed cellules. True perithecium obliterated.
Seed-tubes erect, remaining for a long time.

Rhytisma. Perithecium deformed, bursting into transverse fragments by means of
a flexuous crack.

Phaciueum. Receptacle 0. Perithecia sessile, depressed, bursting from the centre
towards the circumference in several acute segments. Sporuliferous cells elongated,
fixed.

Hysterium. Perithecia mostly oblong, black, corneous, bursting by a longitudi-
nal slit. Sporuliferous tubes erect. (Crust none. )

Xylomacei.
Seed tubes obsolete. Seeds innate.
AcTYNOTHTRiCTM. Perithecium buckle-like, with radiating fibres covering the fusi-
form seeds.

Leptostroma. Perithecium uniform, without an orifice, but entirely separating
and exposing a very thin disk.

Trichospermi.
Envelope genuine, forming a receptacle. Seeds intermixed with flocci.

Lycoperdinei.
Envelope of a determinate figure, fleshy ichen young. Flocci copious.

Onygena. Sub-globose with a fibrous stipe. Peridium crustaceous, fragile, with
interwoven fibres. Sporules naked, compactly clustered.

TuLosTOMA. Globose stipitate. Involucrum none. Peridium opening by a bordered
pore in the summit. Sporules scattered in it.

Scleroderma. Sporangium globose or prolonged into a stipe. Peridium single,
coriaceous, mostly warty, bursting at the apex or sub-dehiscent. Seeds connected
into little contiguous distinct globules mixed with filaments,

Lycoferdon. Sporangium globose. Peridium single, membranaceous, scaly, with
warts or soft spines bursting irregularly at the apex, and containing a mass of seeds
and filaments.

BovisTA. Sporangium globose. Peridium double; the outer one adnate; cracking,
somewhat fugacious; inner one bursting at the apex, and containing a mass of fila-
ments and pedicellated seeds.

Geastrum. Globose sessile. Involucrum coriaceous, stellate. Peridium mem-
branous. Seeds on stalks from the first.

Tric/iocisti.

Envelope regular, when young pulpy. Seeds having numerous flocci scattered among
them.

Craterium. Peridium oblong, stipitate, operculate, containing a cellulose, fila-
mentuous, sporuliferous mass.

Stemonitis. Cylindrical or sub-globose. Peridium fugacious. Filaments forming
a reticulated mass, perforated by the stipes to which they are attached. Seeds inter-
mixed.

Cribraria. Globose stipitate. Peridium crumbling to pieces entirely or for the
most part.

Arscyria. Mostly cylindrical. Peridium fugaceous, except a small portion at the
base. Filaments abundant, reticulated, fixed at the base. Seeds intermixed.

Leangium. Minute sub-globose or irregular. Peridium single, membranaceous,
bursting into sub-regular, persistent, expanding segments. Filaments attached at the
base and surrounding a columella.

Trichia. Minute sub-globose or irregular. Peridium single, membranaceous,
bursting. Filaments involute, attached at the base, and expanding elastically.

Physarum. Sporangium minute, mostly stipitate sub-globose. Peridium single,
membranaceous, bursting and deciduous in distinct portions. Seeds mixed witii a
mass of filaments.

108 CLASS XXI. ORDER VI.

FuUginoidei.
Envelope somemhat deformed, sessile, when young pulpy, se^ds separated lyfiocd.

Lycogai,a. Sessile globose or sub-irreguj^r, pulpy when young. Peridium single,
fragile, variously dehiscent. Seeds mixed with a few filaments.

Spuwaria. Form irregular, roundish, effused. Peridium soft, at length membra-
naceous, fragile. Seeds contaii^ed in the folds of a branched, elongated, membra-
naceous, persistent process.

Liceoidei.
^locci obsolete.

DicHospoRiuM. Flattened hemispherical. Peridium membranaceous, coated with
a layer of granules. Seeds in globoge masses.

LicEA. Peridium mernbranaceous, sessile, fragile, inclosing a pulverulent mass of
seeds unmixed with filaments. (No subjacent membrane.)

Mucoroidei.
Peridium formed offlocci loosely looven together, vanishing in the middle. Seeds in heaps.

MucoR. Peridium membranaceous, globose stipitate, pellucid, at length opake.
Pedicel simple or branched, tubular, articulated.

Thamnidium. Stipes branched at the base; branches bearing solitary globules at
their end. Peridium globose.

AscoPHORA. Peridium membranaceous, stipitate, bursting at length, turned inside
ont, convex and sub^persistent. Pedicel simple or branched, tubular, pellucid, arti-
culated.

Pensporia.
Persiporium thin, somewhat mernhranous, bursting. Seeds immersed, scarcely distinct.

EuROTiuM. Peridia membranous, sub-globose, with an articulated floccoge innatq
receptacle. Seeds naked in masses.

Hyphomycetes.
Cephalotrichi.
Receptacle distinct, covered over icilh fiocci, with seeds scattered among them.
Cf.ratium. Filaments very short, pellucid, simple, minute, attached to a membra-
naceous, phcate, simple or branched, filiform receptacle.

IsARiA. Filaments minute and pellucid, attached to an elongated, simple or
branched, clavate, carnose receptacle.

Stilboidei.
Fibres grown together upon the receptacle. Seeds enclosed in a separate naked head.

Stilbum. Minute. Stipes slender, bearing a little round solid head, which is
pellucid and semifluid at first, at length more dense and opake.

hiomycetes.

Fibres genuine, somewliat separated by divisions. Receptacle none. Upon putrescent

organic matter.

Byassacd.

Opake fibres, bearing seeds inside, ichen fertile jointed, when sterile contiguous.
Repel moisture.

ToRULA. Thallus composed of branched, rigid, fragile, moniliform, sub-opake
filaments, the articulations minute, globose.

MoNiLiA. Fibres numerous, erect, opaque, distinctly articulated, permanent.
Articulations ovate.

Racodium. Thallus composed of branched, decumbent, interwoven, persistent, sub-
opake filaments, among which are sometimes granules of moniliform filaments.

Cladosporium. Thallus composed of erect, rigid, sub-opake, jointed, simple or
branched, aggregate filarpents. Seed^ oyate, attached in a series to the filaments,
deciduous.

n .

CLASS XXI. ORDER VI. 109

Heltcospokium. Fibers erect, rigid, nearly simple, opake. Seeds spiral, remotely
jointed: some that are fugacious scattered among them.

OzoNuiM. Thallus composed of decumbent, branched, entangled filaments: pri-
mary ones thick, irregular; ultimate ones fine-jointed.

Mucedines.
Flocci pellucid, loitli dissepiments, hearing seeds on the outside.

Sepedonium. Thallus formed of entangled, filaments, spreading within putrefying
fungi. Seeds scattered, globose. (Bright yellow.)

AcREMONiuM. Thallus composed of decumbent, entangled, branched, pellucid fila-
ments. Seeds globose, solitary, pedicellate.

Sporotrichdm. Thallus minute, tufted or ejfpanded. Seeds scattered among the
branched, tubular jointed filaments.

Trichothecium. Filaments minute, branched, forming a tufted thallus. Seeds
scattered, sub-globose, didymous.

Bqtrytis. Thallus composed of decumbent, entangled, branched, pellucid filaments.
Seeds globose, solitary, pedicellate.

Aspergillus. Thallus composed of miriute, pellucid, scattered or tufted filaments,
apex of the main filament mostly clavate, on which is ahead of (often beaded,)
seeds.

Stachylidium. Thallus composed of tufted, pellucid filaments: sterile ones pro-
cumbent: fertile ones erect, whorled, with ramuU near the top, among which the
seeds are collected.

Penicillium. Thallus composed of tufted pellucid filaments: sterile ones procum-
bent; fertile ones erect, bearing a terminal pencil-like tuft of erect ramuli, to which
the seeds are attached.

Trichoderma. Seeds collected in the centre, free, the filaments woven into a web-
}ike covering, at length opening at the apex and discharging the globose seeds.

Phlyleriaceac.
Fibres spurious, contiguous, bearing seeds inside. Receptacle none. On living leaves.

RuBiGo. Fibres infundibuliform or clavate, twisted, situated in patches upon sickly
leaves.

Erineum. PeridesB flocciform, sub-diphanous, various, sub-simple, aggregate-ces
pitose, parasitic on living leaves. Seeds sometimes, but rarely evident.

Coniomycetes.
Seeds naked, iciihout any heirogeneous receptacle.

Tuherculariae.
Seeds naked, simple, scattered over the receptacle.

ExospoRicM. Dots one 3Cth of an inch in diameter, black, heaped, bursting beneath
the cuticle, bristly.

Entophytae.
Seeds naked, separate, loithout a receptacle.

FusiDiuM. Thallus plane, effused. Filaments short, branched. Seeds fusiform,
scattered.

PoLYTHRiNciuM. Black dots, which magnified, are roundish tufts of filaments,
smallest near the margin: filanjents semitransparent, clavate, articulated, erect,
simple.

Stilbospora. Black. Receptacle 0, or a pulverulent mass intermixed with naked
seeds, the whole bursting through tlie bark in the manner of a Stromatospheeria.

Sporidermium. Composed of long-linear or clavate, semi-opake bodies, level-top-
ped, transversely partitioned: under the eye black, on Thelephora, &c.

110 CLASS XXI. ORDER VI.

Hypodermia.
Parasites upon living plants.
Uredo. Epidermis of the leaf forming a pseudo-peridium. Seeds 1-celIed, free,
mostly globose. . . , , .

Aecidicm. Peridium membranaceous, bursting through the epidermis, and dehis-
cent at the apex, with a dentate or lacerate orifice.

PucciNiA. Epidermis of the leaf forming a pseudo-peridium. Seeds fixed by a
pedicel, one or many-celled.

Ill

NORTH AMERICAN PLANTS.

SPECIES,

ACCORDING TO AN ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THEIR RESPECTIVE GENERA.

A.

Abies, PiNus.
15 — 12. Abu'tilon. 74. Mai. muc. nut.

■acicennae, Gaert. (1) (indian mallows, y. Ju. #.) leaves round-cordate, acuminate,
toothed, tomentose; peduncles solitary, shorter than the petioles: carpels 2 -awned,
truncate, inflated. Mich.

nvttuUii, T. (ZI-) leaves cordate, acuminate, softly pubescent, irregularly serrate;
peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. shorter than the petiole; carpels 8, pubescent, obtuse
and pointless, 3-seeded. Arkansas.

texeiisis, T. (HI) leaves cordate-ovate, acute, softly pubescent, serrate; peduncles
somewhat racemose at the upper part of the branches, 1-flowered; carpels 8, pubes-
cent, acute, erect, 3-seeded. Texas.

15 — 10. Aca'cia. 93. Leg. nut. asc. aper.
Soidhern.
farnesia'na, (black thorn. W. y. h.) spinous: leaves bipinnate; leafets 8-paired:
spikes globose, sessile. Flowers fragrant, legumes fusiform. 10 f. New Orleans.
lu'tea, Leavenworth. (W. y. Ju. 21-) unarmed, glabrous: leaves bipinnate: leafets
very numerous, oblong-linear: spikes sub-globose, solitary: peduncles axillary, very
long: legume obovate, large. Resembles Schrankia uncinata.
cool'eyi, Ea. (W. w. 21-) leaves bipinnate, very irritable: legumes linear: elongated,
smooth: spikes capitate. Described by Torrey, but not named.

19—15. Acal'ypha. 96. Euph. ton. irri. sto.

vir'ginica, (three-seeded mercury. O. g. Au. 0.) hairy: pistillate flowers at the base
of the staminate spike: involucres heart-ovate, acuminate, toothed: leaves short-
petioled, lance-oblong, remotely and obtusely serrate. Coarse and unsightly. Varies
nmch in the density of its leaves and in height. 10 i. <S'.

car 'uU Ilia' na, Wr. (O. g. Ju. 2X-) leaves on long petioles, lance-oval, acuminate,
acutely serrate, nerved, slightly cordate at the base: fruit-bearing branches
generally naked: capsule echinate. The existence of this species in the
Northern Slates is questioned. 18 in. S. T. P. O.

(1) Sida Abutilon.
Abutilon. Gr. a negative, bous cattle, (or aboulcs) unfit for cattle's food; though it

appears otiierwise.
Acacia. Gr. akakia, from aliaio to shaipen, in allusion to its thorny habit.
Acalypha. Gr. a not kalos agreeable and aphe to touch, disagreeable to handle.

112 ACER, ACERATES.

8 — 1. A'cEU.* C5. Aceri. nut. ton. sug.

rubrum, (red maple, soft maple. O. r. Ap. ^.) leaves palmate, 5-Iobed, cordate at
the base, unequally gash-toothed, glaucous beneath, dividing incisions between the
lobes acute: flowers in fives, in sessile umbels, with long pedicels: germs glabrous.
50 f. S. Mich.

da'sycar'pum, (1) (white maple, silver maple. O. g-y. ^.) leaves palmate-5-lobed,
truncate at the base, unequally gash-toothed, glabrous and glaucous beneath, ob-
tusely sinuate: flowers glomerate; pedicels short: germs downy. 50 f. S- P. B.
T. Mich.

barbatum, Mx. (2) (hairy maple, w-g. Ap. >?.) leaves heart-ovate, short-3-lobed, un-
equally serrate, glaucous beneath, and hairy at the nerves: peduncles hairy, stamin-
ate ones branching, pistillate ones simple: calyx bearded within; wings of the cap-
sules erect. Small. 15 f. S. T. Y.

sacckari'num, (sugar maple, rock maple, hard maple. O. r-y. M. ^.) leaves palmate-
5-lobed, at the base sub-cordate, acuminate, obtusely sinuate, sinuate-toothed,
glaucous beneath: peduncles in a nodding corymb. Large tree. 50 f. S. Mich.

ni'grum, Mx. (sweet-tree, black maple. W. y. Ap. Tj.) leaves palmate 5-lobed,
cordate with the sinus at the base closed, lobes spreading somewhat sinuate-toothed,
downy beneath: flowers corymbed: capsules turgid, sub-globose. Large tree, af-
fording almost as much sugar as the last. 50 f. S. T.

striatum, Mx. (3) (striped maple, false dogwood, moose-wood. O. g. M. ^.) lower
leaves roundish, upper ones 3-cuspidate-acuminate, sharply serrate, glabrous: ra-
cemes simple, pendant. Smajl tree, with a greenish-striped bark. 15 f. S. T.

Mich.

spicatum, Lk. (4) (mountain maple bush. A. y-g. M. ^.) leaves sub-5-lobed, acute,
toothed, pubescent beneath: racemes compound, erect. 15 f S. T. O. N. Mich.

macTophhyl'lum, Ph. (W. g-y. Ap. ^.) leaves digitate-5-lobed; sinus rounded, lobes
somewhat 3-lobed, repand-toothed, hairy beneath: racemes erect: filaments 9,

hirsute. 40 f West of Rocky Mountains.

cir'cina'tUTH, Ph. (W. ) leaves orbicular, sub-cordate at the base, 7-lobed, unequally
acute-toothed, glabrous both sides, nerves and veins hairy at the axils.

glabrum, T. & J. (W.) leaves roundish, 5 or 7-lobed, truncate at the base, lobes
acutely toothed, glabrous both sides: corymbs peduncled: fruit glabrous, with broad-
ovate diverging wings. R.

tripartitum, fi. (^'.) leaves sub-reniform-orbicular, 3-cleft or 3-parted, segments in-
cisely toothed, the middle one cuneiform, often slightly lobed, the lateral ones
somewhat rhomboid; racemes corymbose; fruit glabrous, with very short and broad
cuneate oval, diverging wings. A shrub with whitish smooth branches. Rocky
Mountains.

grandidentalum, N. (^0 leaves slightly cordate or truncate at the base, rather deeply
3-lobed; the sinuses broad and rounded, lobes slightly acute, with few sinuous
indentations; corymb nearly sessile, few-flowered, the pedicels long and nodding;
fruit glabrous, with small diverging wings. A shrub or low tree, with pale, smooth
branches and small leaves. Rocky Mountains.

18 — 5. Acer'ates. (5) 47. Asd. acr. stim. sud.

tir'idiflo'ra, Ph. (green milkweed, E. g. Ju. 21-) stem simple, erect, hirsute; leaves
lance-oblong, obtusish, sub-sessile, downy-hirsute both sides: umbels lateral, soli-
tary, sub-sessile, nodding, sub-globose, dense flowered: no little horn in the necta-
rines. Dry. 3 f. S. H. C.

Ian' ceola' ta, Ives. (E. g. Ju. 2i-) stem decumbent, hirsute: leaves lanceolate, acute,
sub-sessile: umbels hirsute, lateral, solitary, sessile, sub-globose, dense-flovvered,
nodding: no little horn in the nectaries. Dry sandy plains. A very distinct and
well defined species. 30 i. S. H. C. Mich.

lon'gifo'lia E. Mx. (E. w-r. M. 2/.) stem decumbent: leaves alternate, linear: umbels
lateral, erect: nectary very short: no little horn in tlie nectaries. 2 f. Mich.

*The species negundo now constitutes a new genus; which see in the species part.

cer. Lat. acer hard or sharp; pikes and lances being made of it.

cerates. Gr. a without and kerns horn; it having no nectary horn.

(1) eriocarpum, Mx. (2) carolinianum, Wr. (3) pennsylvanicum, W. (4) mon-

num, W. pennsylvanicum, Wm. (5) Asclepias, Gomphocarpus.

ACERATES, ACONITUM. 113

Southern.

nultaWia'na, T. (W. g. 7i.) small, decumbent, hirsute: leaves oblong-ovate, scatter-
ed, acutish, short petioled; umbels terminal: nectaries entire, close-pressed: masses
of pollen short: no little horn in the nectaries. 6 i. This is the lanuginosa of
Nuttall.

obotuta, E. (E. If.) leaves 6bovate, obtuse, mucronate, tomentose on the under sur-
face: umbels sub-sessile, terminal and axillary. 2 — 3 f.

17 — 2. A'chille'a. 55. Anthe. sec- slim. ton.

miWefo'lia, (yarrow, milfoil. O. w. J. Zf.) leaves 2-pinnatifid, downy: the divisions
linear, toothed, mucronate: involucre and stem furrowed. 15 i. .Si.

ptarniica, (sneeze-wort. w. Au. 2{.) leaves linear, acuminate, equally and sharply
serrate, glabrous. Damp. 15 i. Y. Pun. sal.

sctacca, P. (W. w. Ap. 2i.) leaves bipini'ate; leafets setaceous-linear, mucronate,
pilose, crowded: corymb compound, fasiigiale. 18 i.

Suuthern.

iomentosa, W. (W. y. J. 21-) leaves 2-pinnatifid, villose; divisions crbwded, lance-
linear, entire: corymbs compound.

asplenifolia, V. (r. 21.) radical leaves 2-pinnatifid, cauline ones gashed with divisions
ovate, serrate-mucronate, obtuse.

12 — 1. AcHLYs. 78. Berb. ref. ton.

triphjlla, Do. {li.) leaves radical, long-petioled, terete: scape longer than the leaves,
erect: spike terminal. Fort Vancouver, Oregon.

Acfmaniherum, Agrostis.

15 — 5. Achyran'thes. 30. Amaran. diu. ast.

Southern.

repens, E. (1) (forty-knot. E. March. Zf.) stem prostrate, hairy; leaves opposite,

petioled, lanceolate: flowers in sessile, ovate, axillary heads. Charleston, S. C.
Jicoi'dca, W. (E. Ju. 7S-) stem creeping, glabrous: leaves broad-lanceolate, petioled:
flowers in spherical, pubescent heads. Charleston, S. C.

17 — 2. Acmel'la. 55. Helian. sec- stim. ton.
Southern,
repens, E. (E. y. S. Zf.) stem creeping: leaves lance-ovate, toothed, 3-nerved, sub-
pubescent: peduncles axillary and terminal, very long, 1-flowered. 18 i.
oc' culenta' lis? N. (E. ) stem creeping, sub-pubescent: leaves ovate, crenate, obsoletely
3-nerved, smooth, petioled, peduncle axilhiry, grooved: involucre minute. Resem-
bles a Rudbeckia. Peduncles 3 inches long.

20—5. Acni'da. 29. Cheno. ton. nut.

can'nahi'na, (water hemp. L. w-g. Ju. 0.) leaves lanceolate: capsules smoothish,
acute-angled. Damp or wet, both on salt marshes and inland. 3 f. &'. H. N. Mch.

ruscocar'pa, (w-g. Ju. 0.) leaves lance-oval: capsules rugose, obtuse-angled. Damp,
o.

12 — 5. Acom'tom. 61. Ran. acr. caus. poi.

uncina'tum, (monk's hood. W. b. J. Zf.) stem flexuose: leaves palmate, 3 to5-parted;
divisions rhomb-lanceolate, gash-toothed: u
vex, beaked. Cultivated. 2 f. S. M. P.

divisions rhomb-lanceolate, gash-toothed: upper lip of the corol lengthened, con-

Achillea. From a Greek physician, Acliilles, who used it in medicine.
Achlys. Gr. achlus shady places; growing in shady places.
Achyranthes. Gr. achuron chaffy and anthos a flower.
Acmella. Gr. acme, point, on account of the prickly taste of the leaves.
Acnida. Gr. a without and knide a nettle or sting; a stingless nettle.
Aconitum. Gr. akone a clift' or rugged rock, its place of growth.
(1) Gomphrena polygodoides, L.Illecebrum achyrantha, Wr. and puleginoides. Mi.
15

114 ACONITUM, ACTINOMERIS.

napellus, (wolf's bane. b. J. 21.) leaves shining, 5-parted; the divisions 3-parted by
gashed incisions, sub-divisions linear: upper lip of the corol lanceolate, ascending,
2-cleft; spur strait, obtuse. 2 f. West of Rocky Mt. Cultivated.

nasutum, Sr. (W. ) nectaries erect, spur arched: helmet conic, beak bent down:
racemes sub-panicled; divisions of the leaves broadish. West of Rocky Mt.

columbianum, N. (21. w. b.) petals erect, with the spur arcuate; helmet narrow and
oblong: beak small and acutely projecting; stem attenuated; panicle small and
racemose; leaves palmate, 5 to 7-cleft; segments rhombic-ovate, acute, incisely
and sharply toothed; petioles very short. Oregon.

6 — 1. A'coRus. 7. Aroi. war. acr. aro. cat. ast.

calamus, (sweet flag, calamus. O. g-y. J. 2X.) spike protruding from the side of a
sword-form leaf-like scape. Water or wet. Root strongly aromatic. 2 f. S. O.
T. B. Mch.

21 — 1. Acros'tichum. 5. Fill. sec. stim.
Southern.
aureum, Mx. (forkfern. Ju. Zf.) frond pinnate; leafetsstiped, bases wedge-form, lance-
oblong, entire, acuminate; the upper ones fruit-bearing. Very large, 4 or 5 feet
high.

12 — 1. Actae'a. 61. Ran. acr. caus. poi. antis. exp. cat.

rubra, W. (1) (baneberry. O. w.*"M. Ti-) petals shorter than the stamens, acute;
pedicels of the hemispheric raceme less than the general peduncles when mature.
Berries red. Bw. MS. 2 f. &'. Mch.

alba, Bw. (necklace weed, white beads. O. w. M. 21-) petals equalling the stamens,
truncate: pedicels of the oblong raceme as large as the general peduncle, when
mature. Berries white. The leaves of both species are decompound. 2 f. Mch.

arguta, N. (Zf. W.) raceme oblong, sometimes divided towards the base, loose: pedi-
cels longer than flowers, filiform, scarcely thickened in fruit; petals oblong, obtuse,
shorter than the stamens; fruit sub-globose, red; leafets doubly and incisely serrate.
Oregon.

17^2. Actinel'la. (2) 55. Helian. sec. stim. ton.
Southern,
acau'lis, (W. y. J. 21.) pilose: scape l-flowered, naked: leaves linear-spatulate, en-
tire: rays 8 to 10: chaffs of the egret 5 to 7, ovate, short-awned. 6 i.

ActinocMoa, Atheropogon.

17. — 3. Actinome'ris. 55. Helian. sec. stim. ton.

squarro'sa, N. (W. w. y. Au. 2i-) stem erect, winged, pubescent and panicled above:
leaves lanceolate, serrate, scabrous: involucre spreading, loose: receptacle sub-
globose, at length squarrose. 3 f. iS. H. K. Mis.

So2ithcrn.

heiianthoi'des, (W. y.) leaves lanceolate, acute, serrate, UHder side white- villose:
corymb simple, compact. Stem winged.

alata, (E.) leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, opposite, decurrent.

pauciflora, N. (W.) simple? leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, serrulate, decurrent: pe-
duncles few-flowerad, long and naked. Florida.

Acorus. Gr. a without «& kore the pupil of the eye; it being once supposed good for
sore eyes.

Acrostichum. Gr. akros highest and stikos order, from the row of leafets at the top.

Actaea. From Acteon, a hunter of antiquity; or from Gr. aktaia, the elder, from its
resemblance to that plant.

Actinella. A diminutive of Actinea, of aktin a ray, from its wide spread rays.

Actinomeris. Gr. aktin a ray and meris a part, the flower being imperfect, with re-
spect to rays.
(1) brachypetala, Dc. ameiicana, Ph. spicata, Mx. pachypoda, E. (2) Actinea,

Galardia.

ADIANTUM, AESCULUS- 115

Addia, Borya.
21—1. Adian'tum. 5. Fib. sec. stim. ton. pec.

pedatum, (maiden hair. O. J. 2i.) frond pedate, with pinnate branches; leafets halv-
ed; upper margin gashed — barren segments toothed, fertile ones entire: stipe cap-
pillary, very glabrous. Woods. 1 f. iS'. Mch. Makes cappellaire.

16 — 5. Adlumia. 93. Fum. diu. ape. dia.

ciJT/josrt, Raf. (chmbing colic- weed. O. y. w. J. $.) stem climbing, leaves cirrous:
racemes axillary, corymbed, nodding; corol monopetalous, gibbous both sides of
the base. S. Cultivated. This is the Corydalis fungosa of Kent. Mch.

12—13. Ado'nis. 61. Ran. acr. caus. poi. emm.
Exotic.
autumna'lis, (pheasant's eye. Au. 0.) flowers 5 to 8-petaIled: fruit sub-cylindrip:
pet9,ls erose, or emarginate.

8^4. Adox'a. 84. Saxi. ast.
Southern,
moschatel'lina, {t\ihero\is moschatel. W. g.) peduncles about 4-flowered: filaments
united in pairs at the base; anthers roundish.

3 — 2. Aje'gilops. 10. Gram. ton. far. ton.

Southern.

hystrix, N. (W. Zf.) spike squarrose, with long, recurved, divergent awns; glumes
smooth, generally 4-parted to the base; segments mostly 2-cleft, unequally 2-awn-
ed: spikelets about 4-flowered: dorsal valves of the paleas terminated by 2 or 3 un-
equal awns. 6 i.

16 — 10. Aeschtnom'ene. 93. Sega. ant. ap. nut.

hispida, W. (false sensitive plant, y-r. Ju. 0.) stem erect; stem and petioles tuber-
cle-hispid: leaves in many pairs; leafets linear, obtuse; stipules membranaceous,
half arrow-form; racemes simple, few-flowered: loments hispid. Wet. 30 i. S.
T. P.

Southern.

viscid'ula, (y. 21.) stem prostrate, slender, viscid-hairy: leafets 7 or 9, obovate:
peduncles generally 2-flowered: loment hairy; joints deeply notched. Sandy. 3 f.

glaber'rima, Poir, glabrous: stem erect, terete: leafets linear: 30 — 35 pair: pedun-
cles few flowered: legumes glabrous, punctate; 10 to 12 jointed, straight or round-
ish. Carolina.

7 — 1. Ae'sculus. 66. Hippo, ton. art. feb. gan.

glabra, (little buck-eye. W. y. w. M. ^.) leaves in fives, glabrous: corol 4-petalIed,
spreading; claws as long as the calyx: stamens longer than the corol: fruit spinose.
30 f. S. Lexington. Dr. Short. Mch.

Exotic.

hippocas'tanum, (horse-chesnut. r. y. w. J. >;.) fruit prickly: corol 5-petalled: leafets
7, wedge-obovate, acute, toothed. Flowers speckled.

Adiantum. Gr. a not and diaino to moisten, from water sliding off" easily.

Adonis. From Adonis the favorite of Venus, who was reported to have been changed

into a flower.
Adoxa. Gr. a not and doxa glory, from its diminutive appearance.
Aegilops. Gr. digos, goat and o/;s appearance, from its roughness.
Aeschynomene. Gr. aischanomai to be bashful, on account of its sensibility.
Aeeculus. Lat. esca food; a term anciently applied to a differen^' ruit tree.

no PAVIA, AGRIMONIA.

S. G. Pa' VIA.
Southern.

macTosta' chya, (W. w. Ap. >>,) stamens much longer than the 4-petalled corol:
raceme very long: leafets 5. By rivers in Georgia.

rubra, (b-r. ^.) stamens shorter than the 4-petalled corol: leafets 5, oblong-oval,
acute at both ends; petioles and leafets glabrous, with the axils of the nerves hairy
beneath.

kyhrida, (w-r. ^.) stamens shorter than the 3-petalled coroh petals glabrous: leafets
5, oblong-oval, acuminate at both ends, pubescent. Georgia.

fiava, (w-y. \.) stamens siiorter than tiie 4-pelalied corol: petioles hairy, flattish
above: leafets 5 to 7, oblong-oval, acute at both ends: the under side, and the nerves
on the upper side, hairy. Virginia. Kentucky. Very large tree. Dr. Short.

dis' color. Ph. (W. w. y. r. M. '^ ■) leaves in five divisions, acuminate at each end,
downy beneath, unequally serrulate: claws of the petals as long as the calyx: fruit
not awned. 4 f.

cali/oniica, N. (w. h, ) stamens longer than the corol; petals 4 to 5: panicles short
and dense; leaves in 5 divisions, divisions ovate-lanceolate or elliptical-oblong,
acuminate, sub-cordate or rounded at the base, serrulate, glabrous, paler and some-
what glaucous beneath. California.

5 — 2. Aethu'sa. 60. Umbel, ton. nar. if nau, poi.

Soulher7i,

divaricata, (fool's parsley, E. w. 0.) stem erect, slender: leaves biternate: segments

narrow-linear: umbels terminal, without involucres; partial umbels 3 to 5-flowered.

Fruit hispid.
lep'toplnjl'la, (W. r. w. 0.) leaves biternate, gashed; margin of the acute segments

entire: umbel 3-parted, sessile; partial umbels naked, few-flowered. ] f
pinna'ta, N. (1) (W.) leaves cut pinnate: segments distant, in few pairs, linear,

entire, terminal one very long: fruit oval-oblong. Arkansas.
cynapium, (E.) leaves all uniformly pinnate: leafets pinnatifid, shining.

Afzclia, Sevmeria.

Agathyrus, Sqnchus.

16—10. Agati. Legu. ant. aper. nut.

grandiflora. De\v. {h ) leaves abruptly pinnate, with numerous leafets: stipules
lanceolate, caducous: racemes axillary, 2 to 4-dowered, flowers very large; legumes
pendulous, a foot or more long. Southern Florida. Bit. ton.

6 — 1. Aga've. 15. Brom. ref. cath.

pirginica, (agave. W. y-g. S. 2i-) stemless: leaves with cartilaginous serratures:
scape very simple. /S'. P. K.

17 — 1. Ager'atum. 53. Helian. sec- stim.

piexican%tm, ( b. J. 0.) hispid: leaves cordate, ovate, crenate, rugose: corymb

compound: chaff's of the egret lanceolate, awned. Cultivated. From Mexico.

11 — 2. Agrimo'nia. 92. Rosa. ton. ast. ref. feb. gas. ves.

cvpato'ria, (agrimony, O. y. Ju. 2i-) cauline leaves interruptedly pinnate, the terminal
leafet petioled: leafets obovate, gash-toothed, almost glabrous: flowers sub-sessile:
petals rarely twice as long as the calyx: fruit hispid. 2 f. S. Mch.

Pavia. Lat. peacock, from its ocellate feathers.

Aethusa. Gr. aUhousa, beggarly, from its habit and appearance.

Agave. Gr. agavos, admirable, from its beautiful appearance.

Ageratum. Gr. a, without, gcras, old age, as it never changes color.

Agrimonia. Gr. agros a field and monos alone, from its being the chief of wild herbsj

in the opinion of ancient physicians.

(1) Cynosciadium. Dc.

AGRIMONIA, AGROSTIS. 117

parviflo'ra, A. (dotted agrimony, W. y. Ju. 21.) cauline leaves pinnate: leafets mostly
lanceolate, serrate; terminal ones sessile; petals once and a half the length of the
calyx. P. Y. P.

striata, (W. 2S-) spikes wand-like: fruit reflexed, turbinate, furrow-striate: at the apex
appearing as if crowned, hispid. Canada.

Soiithcrn.
suaveolevs, (W. y. Ju. Zf.) stem very hispid: leaves interruptedly pinnate; leafets
numerous, narrow, lanceolate, acutely toothed, scabrous above, and pubescent be-
neath: fruit turbinate, smoolii at the base. 5 f. Wet. St. Louis.

10 — 5. A'grostem'ma. 82. Gary. em. ton.

githago, (1) (cockle, O. r. J. 0.) hirsute: calyx longer than the corol: petals entire.
-S. Mch.

Exotic,
corona'ria, (rose campion. Au. $.) tomentose: leaves lance-ovate: petals emargmate.

3 — 2. Agros'tis. 10. Gram. far. ton. fod.

stricta, W. (bent grass. E. J. 21') panicle elongated, strait: glumes equal: paleas
smaller than the glumes, unequal, with an awn at the base of the outer one longer
than the flower. Y. N.

tuLga'ris, S. (red-top. O. J. ![.) panicle with smoothish branches, spreading in matu-
rity: outer palea 3-nerved; stipule sliort, truncate. 18 i. Mch.

alba, (white-top, bonnet grass, O. J. ZC-) panicle with liispid, spreading, lax-branches:
outer palea 5-nerved: stipule oblong. 18 1. Var. dcxumbens, (florin grass,) stem
decumbent. This variety is comsidered as a distinct species by some, and called
stolonifcra. S. Mch.

lat' erifio' ra, Mx. (W. Au. 21.) culm erect, branched above, sending off" shoots at the
base: panicle lateral and terminal, dense; glumes acuminate: paleas longer than
the glumes, equal, hairy at the base, awnless. Root creeping. Leaves broad, with
scabrous margins and compressed sheaths. 2 f — mericuna, perhaps a synonym", is
too vague in its application to be retained. Var. fiUforinis, has a very slender
panicle, and the paleas nearly equalling the glume — sometimes the culm is sub-de-
cumbent. Swamps. ,Sf. Y. P. O. N. Mch.

sobolif'era, M. (Au. 2_f.) stems setiding off shoots, and sometimes decumbent, at the
base; but mostly erect, branched: panicle contracted, filiform, simple; branches com-
pressed: paleas longer than the equal glumes, hairy at the base, valves equal, awn-
less. mucronate. Resembles Var. fiiiformis of the lateriflora. Woods. P. Y. N.

temiiflo'ra. W. (W. Ju. 2_[. ) culm almost simple, hairy at the joints; branches, when
present, close-pressed: stipules obsolete: panicle contracted, with filiform branches:
paleas considerably longer than the glumes; the lower valve with an awn twice as
long as the flower. 3 f Woods. .S'. P. N. Mch.

sylvatica, T. (A. 2_[.) culm erect, mucli branched, diff"use, smooth (glabrous?) stipule
lacerated: panicle with filiform branches: paleas longer than the glumes, with awns
thrice as long as the flower. The difl'usa. M. 3 f

com/iressa, T. (S. 21-) whole plant glabrous: culm erect, compressed, simple: panicle
oblong, sub-contracted, with capillary branches: glumes equal, shorter than the
paleas, acute: paleas sub-obtuse, smooth (glabrous?) at the base. Stem sending oiF'
shoots at the base. 18 i. Swamps in sandy plains. Y.

sero'tina, T. (S. 21.) culm filiform, much compressed: leaves narrow, keeled, erect:
panicle attenuated; branches capillary, erect, with alternating branchlets: glumes
unequal, half as long as the awnless paleas. 18 i. Swamps in sandy plains.

juncea, Mx. (Oc. 21.) leaves strait, erect, setaceous, convolute: panicle long-pyra-
midal, whorled: flowers awnless; glumes half as long as the paleas. The indica
ofM. 2f S. P. Y.

virginica, (S. 2/?) culms sub-cespistose, numerous, procumbent at the base and assur-
genl above: leaves dichotomous, involute, rigid: panicles lateral and teiminal,

Agrostemma. Gr. agros a field, and stemma a garland, from its beauty.
Agrostis. Gr. agros a field, it being eminently an occupant of fields.
(1) Lychnis. Do.

118 AGROSTIS, AIRA.

Bpike-foim — kterai ones concealed: glumes equal, and about equalling the paleas.
No stipules; stamens minute. Has been mistajsen for pun gens. Sandy. S. M.

longifolia, T. (2i-) panicle contracted, spiked, generally concealed: paleas much
longer than the glumes, sub-equal, glabrous, without spots or awns: leaves filiform,
very long, recurved at the tips, Torrey intioduces this species to conjoin the sup-
posed two species inzoliita and aspera. 3 f. Sandy. N.

clandes' tina, SI. (W. S. 2X.) panicle spiked, partly concealed: paleas unequal, much
longer than the glumes, hairy and spotted, slightly awned: leaves very long, rigid:
stipule bearded. 2 f. Sandy. S. P. N. T.

spi'ca-ven'ti, W. (bent-grass. J. 0.) panicles spreading: awn of the outer palea
straight, stiffly erect, very long. P.

canina, W. (brown bent-grass. Ju. 2_[.) culm prostrate, sub-ramose: glumes elongated:
paleas with recurved awns on their backs. Wet. These two last species, Pursh
says, were introduced.

cryptandria, T. & J. (W.) panicle pyramidal, with spreading, sub-alternate branches,
hairy at the axils: flowers sub-racemed, unarmed: lower glumes very short: upper
one as long as the nearly equal paleas: sheaths bearded at the throat. 3 f. Very
abundant at Buffalo. Aikin.

Sotithern.

arachnoides, E. (Ap. 2X-) stem erect: panicle long, slender: glumes scarcely longer
than the paleas; the outer palea with a long weak spider web-like awn on the back.
6i.

tricliopodes, E. (F. S.) panicle long, diffuse; capillary: paleas equal; the outer one
with a short awn: leaves linear, flat. 3 f. Stipules long, membranaceous.

dispar, Mx. ( W.) erect, large: panicle loose, somewhat in a whorled pyramid, many-
flowered: glumes unawned, with the outer valve largest, and one of the inner very
small.

pauciflora, Ph. (Ju. If.) panicle with filiform, 1-flowered branches: paleas awned,
twice as long as the unequal glumes, hirsute: sheaths villose. 18 i.

airoides, T. & J. (W. ) panicle pyramidal, with branches somewhat in pairs, spread-
ing; naked at tiie axils: flowers solitary, unarmed; glumes unequal, mostly shorter
than the nearly equal paleas: sheaths bearded at the throat.

£a£spilo'sa, T. &J. (W. ) caespitose: culm branched, somewhat incurved: leaves
involute, sub-dichotomous, pungent: panicle coniracted: flowers awned. 4 i.

brevifolia, N, (W. ) leaves much shorter than the solid, compressed, cespitose culms:
panicle with alternate, close-pressed racemes: glumes equal, about half as long as
the paleas. 1 f.

3—2. Ai'ra. 10. Gram. far. ton. fod.

Jlexuosa, (hair-grass. O. J. 2f.) panicle spreading, trichotomous: branches flexuose:

glumes a little shorter than the florets, and about the length of the awn: leaves

setaceous: culm nearly naked. 20 i. .S'.
£aespitosa, (J. 2X-) panicle diffuse: florets about the length of the glumes: awn short,

straight: leaves flat. Wet. 18. i. . P. W. Mch.
■arislulata, T. (Au. 7i-) panicle capillary, spreading: branches whorled and flexuose:

glumes 2-flowered, shorter than the florets: superior floret pedicelled; outer palea

truncate, laciniate, with an awn a little below tlie middle, scarcely exsert. 3 f.

Onondaga lake. jS.
pumila, Ph. (J. 21.) panicle small, fastigiate, few-flowered: pedicels short: florets

awnless, obtuse, twice as long as the glumes: valves with membranaceous margins:

leaves flat, smooth: culm erect, scarcely longer than the leaves. 1 i. In close

tufls. P.

Southern,
capillacea, Lk. panicle capillary,- very large, diffuse: florets not awned, longer than

the glumes; one on a footstalk. 8 i.
oUusata, Mx. (March. If.) leaves flat: panicle contracted: flowers smooth, obtuse:

inner glume obliquely truncate. 2 f. P. W. Y.
agualica, W. (water hair grass. M. 2i.) panicles spreading, half-whorled: flowers

beardless, obtuse, smooth, longer than the glumes: leaves flat: culm creeping.

Water.

Aira. Gr. deadly instrument; but no poisonous plant is now included in the genus, if
ever.

AJUOA, ALLlUiVI. 119

13 — 1. A'jUGA. 42. Lab. ton. sto.

cha'maepVOnjs, W. (bugle, y. J. f^.) leaves 3-cleft: flowers axillary, solitary, shorter
than the leaves: stem diffused.

4 — 1. Alchemil'la. 92. Caly. aro. ton.

alflina, (lady's mantle. A. w. 21.) leaves digitate, serrate at the extremities, white
satiny beneath. Mts. N. Plampshire.

6 — 1. Ale'tris. 16. Asph. sti. ton. ex. sto. rhu.

farinosa, (false aloe, unicorn root, false star grass. W. y. 2X-) steniless: leaves linear-
lanceolate, withering at the tips; scape with alternate pedicelled, mostly farinaceous-
flowers. This plant grows plentifully in Brimfield, (Mass.) Here the inhabitants
use the root as a tonic, which at the same time serves as a moderate cathartic.
The root is intensely bitter. Meadows. S. C. D. N. K. Michigan.

aurea, Mx. (yellow star-root. y. Ju. TJ.) flowers sub-sessile, short-tubular, sub-cam-
panulate; fertile corols rugose, very scabrous; leaves lance-ensiform, acute. ;Sf.
P. Y.

6 — 13. Alis'ma. 13. Alizm, stim. acr. hyd.

planta'go, (1) (water plantain, mad dog weed. O. w. Ju. 2X-) leaves ovate or heart-
ovate, obtuse or abruptly acuminate, 5 to 9-nerved; fruit 3-cornered: flowers
whorled. Var. parvifloni, flowers smaller: leaves about 5 or 7-nerved. Difference
scarcely sufficient for a variety. Wet and water. »??. Michigan.

natans, W. (L. Ju. 2i.) leaves ovate, obtuse: peduncles solitary. Water or wet.

4 — 1. Allio'nia. 32. Nycta. cat.
Southern,
otata. Ph. (W. Au. §J.) stem diffused, dichotomous: leaves ovate, .a little scabrous or
naked: flowers terminal, fascicle-racemed, involucre half 5-cleft; divisions round,
acutish, net-veined.
muUiflora,'?.&,5.{'W.) pulverulently pubescent: leaves broad-cordate, acute, very
entire: involucre 7 or 8-flowered, 5-clefi: flowers sub-pentandrous: stamens scarcely
exsert. Flowers very large. Near Rocky Mt.

6 — 1. Allium. 16. Aa^h. stim. exp. abs.

canaden'se, (meadow garlic, W. M. Ti-) scape naked, terete; leaves linear: head
bulbiferous. 18 i. S. P. O. T. W. N. K. Michigan.

vinede, (field-garlic. W. p. J. 210 cauline leaves rounded, fistulous: umbels bulbife-
rous: stamens alternately tricuspidate. 8 i. T. Y. P. K.

tiiflorum, (mountain leak, W. A. M. 21.) scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves:
leaves lanceolate, nerved: umbels few-flowered.

cer'nuuin, Roth. (W. r. Ju. 21.) scape naked, quadrangular, umbelliferous; leaves
linear, nearly flat: umbels cernuous: stamens simple: germ 6-toothed. 18 i. S.
M. H. K. Michigan.

tricoccum, A. (tliree-seed leek. W. A. w. J. 2£.) scape naked, nearly terete: leaves
lanceolate-oblong, flat, smooth: umbel globose: seeds solitary. P. W. N. K. Mi-
chigan.

Exotic,
cepa, (garden onion, Ju. 2i-) scape naked, swelling towards the base, longer than the

terete leaves.
fistuLosum, (welch onion. Zf.) scape naked, equalUng the terete ventricose leaves.

Ajuga. Gr. a privative and zugon a yoke, not paired.
Alchemilla. So called because it was celebrated by the alchemists.
Aletris. Gr. aeliar, meal; its corol being lined with meal.
Alisma. From the Celtic, alls, water: its place of residence.
AUionia. In honor of Allioni, an Italian botanist.
Allium. Gr. alco to avoid on account of its disacrreeable odor.
(1) trivialis Ph.

120 ALLIUM, ALTH.BA.

schanopra' sum, (cives. Ju. 2^.) scape naked, equalling the leaves which are terete-
filiform.

olera'ceum, (striped onion. Zf.) stem terete-leaved, bulb-bearing: leaves scabrous, semi-
terete, sulcale beneath: stamens simple.

asculo'jdcum, (shallot. Ju. 2i.) scape naked, terete: leaves subulate: umbels globose:
stamens tricuspidate.

porrum, (leek. Ju. 2X.) stem flat-leaved, umbelliferous: stamens tricuspidate: leaves
sheathing at the base.

sativum, (garlic. Ju. 71.) stem flat-leaved, bulb-bearing: bulb compound; stamens tri-
cuspidate.

fragrans, (false snow-drop. w. M. 2X.) scape terete: leaves linear, keeled, obtuse,
contorted: peduncles naked; stamens flat.

senescens, (false narcissus, 21.) scape naked, 2-edged: leaves linear, convex under side,
smooth: umbel round: stamens subulate.

Sonthem.

striatum, Ph. (W. w. March. Zf.) scape naked, slightly 3-angled: leaves linear, con-
cave, streaked on the back: corol expanding: stamens simple, included.

mutabile, Mx. (g-r. M. 21-) scape terete: leaves linear, flat; umbel many-flowered:
stamens simple, included: seeds solitary. 2 f.

stellatum, leaf linear, channelled, keeled under side: flowers in fastigiate umbels,
numerous: spathe acute: the 3- outer petals shorter, sub-obluse: capsule turbinate
3-sided: cells 2-seeded.

angulosum, (W. 2i-) scape naked, 2-edged: leaves linear, channelled, sub-angular be-
neath: umbel fastigiate. Damp.

19—4. Al'kus; W. (1) 99. Betu. ton. gar.

incana, W. ( ^ .) leaves oblong, acute, pubescent beneath: axils of the veins naked:
stipules lanceolate. P.

undulata, W. (2) (waved alder. Muh. says it grows in New-England. T) .) leaves ob-
long, acute, rounded at the base: petioles and veins hairy beneath; axils of the
veins naked: stipules ovate-oblong.

serrulafa, (alder, O. r-g..'Ap. ^.) leaves.obovate, acuminate: veins and their axils hairy
beneath, stipules oval, obtuse. 9 f. S. Mich.

glutinosa^ (Ap. ^.) leaves round-wedge form, obtuse, glutinous: axils of the veins
downy. D. N. ^

glauca, Mx. (A. March. ^ .) leaves obwng, acute, doubly serrate, glaucous beneath;
axils of the veins. naked: stipules naked. Called black alder.

3 — 2. ALOPtcuRus. 10. Gram. far. ton. fod.

pratensis, (meadow grass; foxtail, W. J. 2i.)culm erect, smooth: spike cylindric:
paleas as lojig as the glumes. T. P. Y. N.

geniculatus, M. (3) (floatyig foxtail. W. Ju. H.) culm ascending, geniculate; spike
cylindrical: glumes a little connate at the base, hairy on the back and margin: pa-
leas truncate: styles free. 18 i. /S. Wms. C. N. O. T. Y. Mich.

Alsinc. Stellaria.
15 — 12. Althje'a. 74. Mai. muc. cat.

offlcina'lis, (marsh-mallows, r-y. Ju. Zf-) leaves downy, oblong-ovate: obsoletely 3-
lobed, toothed. 6 f. P. B. Cultivated.

Exotic,
ro'sea, (hollyhock. $ .) stem erect: leaves rough, heart-form, 5 to 7-angled; crenate.
Jicifolia, (fig-hollyhock. ,J.) leaves 7-lobed, sub-palmate, obtuse.

Alnus. Derived from the Celtic al near, Ian river side — Lat. alnus.
Alopecurus. Gr. alopcx a fox and oura a tail.
Althaea. Gr. alllia, to cure, from its many excellent properties.
(l)Betula, L. (2) crispa. (3) aristulatus, Mx.

ALYSSUM, AMBROSIA. 121

14 — 1. Alys'sum. 63. Cruc. ant. nut.

hyperbo'reum, W. (VV.) stem herbaceous: leaves hoary, toothed; stamens 4, 2-forked.
Canada.

Exotic.

saxatUe, (basket of gold. y. >>.) stem woody, panicled: leaves lanceolate, very sof\,
repand.

19 — 5. Amaran'thus 30- Amaran. ast.

atbus, W. (white coxcomb, W. g-w. Ju. 0.) glomerules axillary, triandrous: leaves
obovate, retuse; stem 4-cornered, simple. Common garden weed. 18 i. Y. P. C.

grte'cizans, W. (W. g. Au. 0.) glomerules axillary, triandrous: flowers 3-cleft: leaves
obovate, emarginate: stem teretish, branching. P. T.

oZem'ceus, (pot amaranth. Ju. 0.) glomerules axillary, branching: leaves wrinkled,
oblong, very obtuse, emarginate. Sometimes the flowers are pentandrous. 18 i-2 f.
C. W. Y. P. N.

hy'hridus, W. (W. Ju. %.) racemes pentandrous, doubly compound, heaped together,
erect: leaves ovate-lanceolate. P. C. Y. B. N. Mich.

panicula'tus, W. (Ju. 0.) racemes pentandrous, triply-compound: branches spread-
ing, pubescent: leaves ovate, lunceolate. P.

retrojkx'us, W. (rough amaranth. O. Au. 0.) racemes pentandrous, triply-compound,
compact, erect: branches pubesent: leaves ovate, undulate.

hypochondria' CVS, W. (spleen amaranth. Au. 0.) racemes pentandrous, compound,
compact, erecl: leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronate. Leaves red. (False prince's-
feather.) P. Cultivated.

spinosus, W. (Au. 0.) racemes pentandrous, terminal, compound: axils spinose. P.

pu'milus, R. (dwarf amaranth, g.) glomerules axillary: flowers pentandrous: calyx
5-sepalled, concave: leaves ovate, obtuse^ smooth and fleshy, sometimes retuse.
Scarcely twelve inches high. Y. C.

sanguin'eus, (g. Ju. 0.) flowers pentandrous, in decompound, erect, clustered ra-
cemes: leaves ovate-lanceolate. C.

blitum, (g. Ju. 0.) racemes triandrous, sub-spiked: flowers Ssepalled; leaves ovate,
retuse: stem spreading, or prostrate. B.

Exutic.

meliinchol'ims, (love-lies-bleeding, r. 0.) glomerules axillary, peduncled, roundish;

leaves lance-ovate, colored.
tri' color, (three-colored coxcomb. Ju. 0.) glomerules sessile: leaves lance-oblong,

colored.
lividus, (lead amaranth. Ju. 0.) glomerules triandrous, sub-spiked, roundish: leaves

oval, retuse: stem erect.

6 — 1. Amakyl'lis. 17. Ama. sti. poi. eme.

atamasco, (atamasco lily. w. &, r. J. 2X-) spathe 2-cleft, acute: flower pedicelled:
corol bell-form, sub-equal, erect: stamens declined. S. P.

Exotic.
Jormosis' sima, (jacobea. H.) spathe 1-flowered: corol ringent-like: petals declined.

19 — 5. Ambro'sia. 55. Amb. ton. sec-stim.

trifda, W. (great bitter-weed. O. g-y- Au. 0.) bristly, rough: leaves 3-lobed, serrate;

lobes oval, lanceolate, acuminate: fruit 6-spined, beneath the apex. From 5 to 8

feet high. Mich.
datior, W. (hogweed, Roman wormwood. O. Ju. #.) leaves doubly pinnatifid,

smoothish: petioles long, ciliated: racemes terminal, panicled: stem wand-like.

1 to 4 f. S. Mich.

Alyssum. Gr. alusso, to be mad, from its being supposed to cure mental maladies.
Amaranthus. a, not, and maraino, wither, from the durability of the flowers.
Amaryllis. From the nymph Amaryllis, mentioned in Virgil.
Ambrosia, a, primitive, and brotos, mortals, it being the food of the gods.
16

123 AMBROSIA, AMORPHA.

artemisifolia, W. (S. 0.) leaves doubly-pinnatifid, hoary beneath, at the summit pin-
natifid: racemes terminal in threes: branches level-topped. <S. Y. P..

panicuUita, W. (J. 0.) leaves glabrous, doubly pinnatitid, piniiatifid at the summit:
racemes terminal, solitary: branches level-topped. P.

heterophylla, W. (S. 0.) cauline leaves pinnatitid, sub-toothed, petioled; on the up-
per branches lanceolate sessile: petioles long ciliate: racemes terminal, solitary:
stem panicled. P.

bidenta'ta, Mx. (W. Ju. -^.) very hirsute: leaves closely sessile, simple, oblong, one-
toothed on each side above the spreading base: fruit 4-cornered, 4-spined below the
ape.x.

acantliicarpa, H. ( ) very branching, hispid with rigid rough bristles: leaves

bipinnatifid with linear segments: racemes terminal: fruit everywhere covered with
long rigid subulate spreading spines. Columbia river.

Southern,
hispi'da, Ph. (w. 0.) white-hispid on all parts; leaves 2-pinnatifid: divisions gashed;

racemes sub-panicied, terminal. Flowers large. 1 f.
tomentosa, N. (W. H.) leaves 2-pinnatifid, under side white-downy: spike solitary.

18 !•

Amelancliier, Aronia.

^melius. EcLiPTA.

4 — 1. Ammann'ia. 91. Sali. ast. vul. irr.

romos'ior, (w-p. Au.) stem erect, thick, sub-terete: leaves lanceolate, dilated at the
base; lower flowers compactly whorled. Salt meadows. 6 i. Y. C.

hu'milis, Mx. (w-r. Au. 0. $.) stem procumbent at the base, branched, slender,
quadrangular: leaves lanceolate, slender at the base: flowers solitary. Stem led.
6i. P. -

Ammi. Sison. Discopleura.

17 — 1. Ammobium. 53. Cicho. sec-stim.

alatum, ( w. Z{.) stem winged: leaves oblong, undulate, decurrent. Culti-

vated. From N. Holland.

Ammyrsine. Leiophyllum.

16 — 10. Amor'pha. 93. Leg. nut. antis. aper.

frulicosa, (Var. emarginata, T. ) (W. Ju. \.) smooth sub-arborescent: leaves petioled,
emarginate: spikes aggregated, long: calyx hoary, pedicelled, one of the teeth acu-
minate, the rest obtuse: legume few-seeded. 6 f. iS. P. K.

glabra, (^.) somewhat woody, glabrous: leaves oval-oblong, lowerones distant from
the stem: calyx glabrous, with four teeth obtuse, and one acuminate, banner glan-
dular outside: legume few-seeded.

canescens, N. (lead plant. W. b. fpl) somewhat woody, white-villose: leafet^ near
each other, sub-sessile, oval-ovate, mucronate: spikes aggregated: flowers sub-ses-
sile: teeth of the calyx equal; ovate, acute. 18 i. Galena, Mich.

Sou^em.

jmbes'cms, Ph. (w. J. Tj ?) small shrubby; leaves on very short petioles, obtuse at each
end, hairy: spikes long, panicled, hairy: calyx sub-sessile with acuminate teeth.
3f.

nana, N. (W. p-b. M. \.) leafels sub-ovate or oval, mucronate and smooth: spikes
solitary and aggregated: flowers pedicelled: teeth of the calyx setaceously acumi-
nate: legume 1-seeded. On grassy woodless hills. 9 i.

earoliniana, (broom, Tj. Ju. b.) nearly glabrous; leafets elliptical or oblong, petiolate
dotted, the lowest pair approximate to the stem: flowers on very short pedicels:

Ammannia. in honor of John Ammann, a Russian botanist.
Ammobium. Gr. aminos, sand, bio, to live — it growing naturally in sand.
Amorpha, Gr. a, priv. and morphe, shape, from the absence of wings and keel of the
corol.

AMORPHA, ANAOALLIS. 133

calyx villose on the margin; teeth short; the two upper obtuse, the three lower
longer and commonly equal, acuminate, or subulate arislate. N. Carolina. 4 to 5 f.

californica, N. ( ^. May.) pubescent, leafets elliptical oblong, obtuse, rather distant,
conspicuously dotted with brownish glands beneaih; petioles furnished with minute
glandular scales, stipules broad, and membranaceous; spike short and solitary: teeth
of the villose calyx all acute and short; bracts lanceolate, acuminate. California.
A shrub.

lavigata, N. (>^.b.) glabrous and very smooth; leaves large, leafets distant, elliptical-
oblong, attenuated below; the conmion petioles short; stipules minute: bracts
rather long and subulate, caducous: calyx very glandular, the teeth acute; the
three lower ones longer and acuminate; banner about the length the of calyx:
legume 1 -seeded. A large shrub. Arkansas.

paniailata, T.{\. p.) whole plant canescently-tomentose, except the upper surface
of the leaves, which are nearly glabrous and shining; leaves on distinct petioles,
leafets 7 to 8 pairs, elliptical-oblong, large, petiolale, very obtuse, and often emar-
ginate at each end, dotted and prominently veined beneath, spikes numerous, vir-
gate in a large, nearly naked, exserted branching panicle; flowers sub-sessile; teeth
of the glandular and tomentose calyx unequal; the two upper triangle-ovate, and
shorter, the three lower triangular-subulate: banner one-third longer than the calyx,
truncate. Arkansas, Texas.

5 — ]. Ampelop'sis. Mx. 72. Vit. ton. acr.

quinquefolia, Mx. (1) (false grape, creeper. O. w. Ju. T>.) leaves in fives, toothed:
stem rooting, chmbing. S. Mich.

Amphicarpa. Phaseolus.

18 — 5. Amso'nia. 47. Ascl. acr. stim. em. sud.

Southern.

latifolia, Ph. (W. b. Ap. 21.) stem glabrous: leaves lance-oval, upper ones acuminate,

pubescent on the under surface of the nerves. 2 f.
salicifulia, Ph. (b. M.) Stem smooth: leaves lance-linear, acute at each end, very

glabrous.
anguslifolia, Mx. (b. Ap.) stem hairy: leaves narrow-linear, numerous, erect, hairy.
2 f.

11 — I. Amyg'dalus. 92. Amyg. acr. ton. poi.

Exotic.

persica, (peach, r. M. ^.) serratures of the leaves all acute, flowers sessile, solitary.

15 f. Putamen with prusic acid.
nana, (flowering almond. \>.) leaves ovate, tapering to the base, sharply serrate. 3f

8 — 1. Amy'ris. 94. Amy. cath. ast. aro.
Sotithern,
floridana, (w. \.) leafets 1-paired, with a sessile terminal leafet, ovate, entire, obtuse,
glabrous: flowers sub- panicled: berry sub-globose; tapering at the base. In West
Florida.

Anabasis, Salsola.

5 — 1. A^AGAL'LIs. 3.5. Prim. acr. ton. epi.

areensis, (red chickweed, scarlet pimpernell, r. J. 0.) stem spreading, naked, pro-
cumbent: petals entire, flat, with hairs at the margin. & C. P. T. Y. B.

Ampelopsis. Gr. ampelos, the vine, and ops, appearance, from its resembling the

grapevine.
Amphicarpa Gr. amphi, both, and karpos, fruit, it producing fruit above and below

ground.
Amsonia. Named by Walter. Probably in honor of a friend.
Amygdalus. Gr. amugdalos, the almond tree, which belongs to this genus.
Anagallis. Gr. anagcLas, to laugh, from its supposed exhiliarating qualities.

(1) Hedera quinquefolia, L. Cissus hederacea, P. Vitis quin. Lk.

124 ANCHUSA, ANDROMEDA.

Anantherix. Podostigma.

Anatherum. Andropogon.

5 — 1. Anchu'sa. 43. Bora. emol. ast.

Exolic.

officinalis, (buglos. y. Zf.) leaves lanceolate: spikes imbricate, one-sided: bracts ovate.

Andrewsia. Centaurella.

5 — 1. An'droce'ra. N. 38. Solan, acr. poi.

Southern.

lohata, N. (W. J. %.) prickly, hirsute: leaves in pairs, lobe-pinnatifid: segments
obtuse, obsoletely crenate, undulated: racemes lateral, many-flowered. The Sola-
num heterandrum of Ph.

10 — 1. Androm'eda. 51. Eric. ast. din.

hypnoides, W. (moss-bush. Au. ^.) leaves imbricate subulate, glabrous: peduncles
solitary, terminal, l-9owered; corol nodding, globose-bell-fbrm. Small, creeping.
White Hills.

mariana, W. (W. J. ^.) leaves oval, entire, sub-acute at both ends, glabrous,
leathery, paler beneath: flower-bearing branches almost leafless; peduncles fasci-
cled: corol ovate-cyhndric: c^lyx leafy: antliers beardless: capsule ovate, and
resembling the form of a pine-apple. One variety has narrow lanceolate leaves.
S. P. Y.

polifolia, Mx. (W. wild rosemary. A. r-w. M. ^.) leaves linear-lanceolate, convex,
revolute, white-glaucous beneath and hoary-glaucous above: flowers aggregate,
terminal: corol sub-globose: anthers bearded towards the top. One foot high. Wet.
T. D. B. N. Mich.

artorea, W. (sorrel tree. W. w. Ju. h.) branches terete; leaves oblong, acuminate,
mucronate-serrate, glabrous: panicles terminal, many spiked: corol ovate-cylindric,
pubescent: anthers linear, beardless. About 40 feet high, with acid leaves. S.
P. Charleston, S. C.

panicvlata, M. (1) (white bush, pepper bush. O. w. J. \ .) pubescent: leaves obovate-
lanceolate, acute, sub-entire: flower bearing branches terminal panicled, nakedish:
glomerules peduncled: corol sub-globular, pubescent: anthers obtuse, beardless. A
shrub running into several varieties — flowers small. S.

racemosa, W. (W. w. J. '^.) leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, membranaceous,
glabrous: spikes terminal, one-way, elongated, simple or branched: bracts linear,
acute: corol cylindric: calyx acute, with bracts at the base: anthers doubly 4-
bearded at the apex. A middling sized sliruh, odoriferous. Wet. S. P. Y. K.

cnbjculuta, W. (leather leaf O. w. M. ^ .) leaves lanceolate-oblong, obsoletely ser-
rulate, sub- revolute, with scaly dots, rust-colored beneath: racemes terminal, leafy,
turned one way: pedicels short solitary, axillary: calyx acute, 2-bracted at the
base: bracts broad-ovate, acuminate: corol oblong-cylindric. Wet. 2 f. &. T.
Mich.

Soulhern.

augustifolia, (E. Ap.) leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, with scaly dots: bracts 2 and
minute, acute: racemes terminal, leafy, secund: peduncles solitary, axillary.

nitida. W. (E. w. r. March. ^.) very glabrous: branches flexuous, 3-angled; leaves
oval, acuminate, entire, 3-nerved: peduncles clustered, 1 -flowered, axillary: corol
cylindrical; anthers at the base 2-hornod. 5 f. Charleston, S. C.

rhornboidnli?, P. (E.) flower-bearing branches 3-angled: leaves rhomboid and lanceor
late, entire, glabrous, terminated by a gland: peduncles clustered, axillary.

axillaris, (E. w. March. ^.) leaves oval-lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, lucid, with
spiny serratures: racemes axillary, closely flowered: corol oblong-ovate: anthers at
the summit, 2-horned. 3. f.

Anchusa. Gr. agchousa, to strangle, because as some say it strangles serpents.

Androcera. Gr. aner, (andros,) stamen, and keros, a horn, in allusion to the coni-
form appearance of one of the anthers.

Andromeda. From Andromeda the daughter of Cepheus, who was, like this plant,
confined in a marsh.
(1) Lyonia paniculata, N. ligustrinae, L.

ANDROMEDA, ANDROPOGON 125

acuminata, Ph. (E. w. Ap. Tp.) very glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, tapering towards
the apex and acuminate, nearly entire, coriaceous, reticulate: racemes axillary:
corol cylindrical: anthers unawned, gibbous near the base. II f.

floribunda, Ph. (E. vv. M.) very glabrous: leaves oblong ovate, acute, slightly serru-
late, coriaceous: racemes secund, axillary, and forming terminal panicles.

ferruginea, (w. J. T^.) shrubby: leaves coriaceous, distant on long petioles, ohovate,
generall}' obtuse, entire, with dust-like scales, and veiny beneath: pedicels aggre-
gate, 1-flowered, axillary: corol globose: anthers unawned. Sand. 4f. J\ew
Orleans.

rigida, Ph. (J. T^.) leaves crowded, on short petioles, lanceolate, acute at both ends,
scaly and tomentose beneath, without veins: pedicels aggregate, axillary, 1-
flowered: corol nearly globose: anthers unawned. 18 f.

Jrondosa, M. (w. M. ^.) pubescent: leaves obovate-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, to-
mentose; flower-bearing branches paniculate, leafy: corol globose: anthers awned.
4 f.

speciosa, {w. ^.) leaves oval-obtuse, mucronate, crenate, reticulate: racemes naked,
aggregate: corol campanulate: anthers 4-awned. 4 f.

tetragona, (W. w. M. >).) leaves imbricate, keeled, naked at the margin: peduncles
axillary, solitary, filiform, 1-flowered: corol nodding, bell-form.

stelteriajia, H. ( ) stem filiform, j)rocumbent; leaves 4-6: rays linear, very spreading,
obtuse: keel flat above with the back obtuse: peduncle short terminal, sub-solitary
curved: cal3'x 5-sepalled; corol broad, bell-form; style ovate-acuminate; anthers
awned, two very long. R.

lycopodioidcs, H. ( ) stem filiform, diffused, vaguely branched; leaves 4-ways, close-
ly imbricate, ovate, short, thick, obtusely keeled; peduncles somewhat in pairs,
axillary: corol campanulate. R.

(upressina, H. ( ) stem sub-erect, very branching sub-pinnately: leaves 4-ways,
close pressed, imbricate, broad lanceolate, keeled: peduncles lateral, solitary.

3 — 2. Andropo'gon. 10. Gram. far. ton.

scoparius, Mx. (broom-grass. O. Au. 2^.) spikes simple, lateral and terminal, pedun-
culate, in pairs: rachis hairy: abortive floret neuter: valves awned. purpurascens.
W. S. Mich.

virginicus, (bent grass. W. 2i-) culm compressed: superior leaves and sheaths smooth:
spikes short, 2 or 3 from each sheath, partly concealed at the base: rachis sub-terete:
abortive flower a mere pedicel without valves: perfect flowers monandrous. P. Y.
H. M. C. Mich.

furcatus, W. (forked spike. O. Au. 2X.) spikes digitate, generally by fours: abortive
flower staminiferous, avvnless, resembling the perfect one, the awn of which is sub-
contorted. iS. Mich.

macrourus, Mx. (indian-grass. S. Zf.) spikes fasciculate, in dense lateral and terminal
fastigiate panicles: flowers monandrous: awn straight: abortive floret without
valves. ;S'. P. Y. B. N.

nutans, (1) (beard-grass. O. Au. 2X.) panicle oblong, branched; nodding spickelets by
pairs: glumes hairy, rufescent: awn contorted. Mich.

Southern.

secundus, E. (S. 2_f.) panicle sparingly branched, erect, secund: peduncles 3-flower-

ed; staminate flower subulate, villous: the perfect sessile one, with one valve very

villous.
ciliatits, E. (W. S. 21-) panicle oblong, terminal: branches glabrous: flowers in pairs:

glumes hairy: paleas ciliate, with a contorted awn. 3 f. nutans? P.
melano carpus, (S.) spikes clustered: flowers solitary, with an involucre: awn very

long. 3 f
ternarius, Mx. (A.) branches remotely alternate, 3-spiked: spikes conjugate; hair of

the involucre shorter than the glume; flowers triandrous.
argenteus, E. (Oc. 21.) panicle long, slender; branches solitary, and in pairs: spikes

conjugate, longer tlian the sheath, covered with white silvery hairs.

Andropogon. Gr. aner (andros,) a man, and pogon, a beard, from a fancied resem
blance in the little tuft of hairs upon the flower, to the beard of a man.
(1) avenaceus, M.x.

126 ANDROPOGON, ANEMONE.

vaginatus, E. (Oc. 21.) panicle slender, close pressed; spikes solitary, conjugate,
shorter than the sheaths: flowers in pairs; the perfect one awned; the awn straight,
scabrous.

tetrastachyus, E. (Oc.) panicle slender, erect: spikes solitary, 4-cleft: flowers in pairs;
the perfect one awned; leaves hairy. 3 f.

bicornis, W. ( ) spikes conjugate, panicled; panicle bracted, corymbed, fastigiate:
flowers ternate, a wnless; middle one perfect, sessile; lateral one neutral, pedicel-
led; ciliae of the rachis very long.

Mlaucus, T. (W.) smooth, glaucous: culm sub-simple: joints smooth: panicle terminal,

•^ much exsert, oblong; spikes alternate, crowned: awns long, twisted: abortive floret
neuter unarmed, 1-valved. 2 f.

5 — 1. Androsa'ce. 35. Prima, acr. ton.
Southern.

.occidentalis, ?h. (W. 0.) very slenderly pubescent: leaves (or involucres) oblong-
spatulate, entire: perianths angled: capsule shorter than tlie calyx.

>cannata, T. & J. (w. J. Zf.) leaves crowded, lance-ovate, acute, entire, keeled; mar-
gin ciliate: umbels few-flowered; leafets of the involucre linear-oblong: corol ex-
ceeding the ovate calyx; divisions obovate entire. James' Peak.

septenirionalis, (W. =^.) leaves lanceolate, toothed, glabrous, shining: perianth angled,

shorter than the corol.

12 — 12. Anem'one.* 61. Ranun. acr. cau. poi. taenia.

virginiana, (wild-flower, thimble weed, O. g-w. Ju. 21.) stem dichotomous: leaves in
threes, ternate, upper ones opposite: leafets gash-lobate and serrate-acute: pedun-
cles solitary, 1-flowered, elongated: carpels oblong, wooly, mucronate, in heads.
18 i. <S. Mich.

uconitifolia, Mx. (I) (O. W. J. If.) stem dichotomous: radical leaves palmate; cau-
line leaves sessile, clasping, 3-cleft; the lower ones ternate, with the lobes acute-
lanceolate, gash-serrate; peduncles solitary, 1-flowered. carpels in globose heads,
naked, subulate-beaked. Flowers large. 1.5 i. .S*. Mich.

memorosa, (low anemone, wood anemone. O. r-w. M. Zf.) stem 1-flowered: cauline
leaves in threes, ternate: leafets wedge-form, gash-lobed, toothed, acute, corol 5-6-
petalled: carpels ovate, with a short style, hooked. A variety, qulnquefulia, has
lateral leafets deeply 2-cleft. 6 i. 8. R. Mich.

■narcissifiora, W. (\V. w. Ap. Zf.) flowers unibelled, involucred: radical leaves palmate
many-cleft, gashed; divisions linear; involucres sessile, gashed; umbels few-
flowered: pedicels longer than the involucre. Canada.

■cuneifolia, Vh. (2) (w. Ap. Zf.) stem 1-flowered, involucred: leaves ternate; leafets
sessile, wedge-form, truncate-crenate at the apex: involucre 3-leaved: corol 5-
petalled: carpel head-globose, acuminate, wooly.

patens, W. (M. p. Zf.) soft-silky: late leaves 3-parted or 3-nerved; segments wedge-
form, gash 3-cleft, lobes lance-linear: involucre linear, many-cleft; flowers erect;
calyx 5 or 6-sepalIed, bearded, with long awns. Rocky Mts. Upper (-anada.

nlpina, (W. w. Zf.) silk-villose: leaves long-petioled, biternately pinnatifid: leafets
with linear acute divisions conforming to involucres: flowers erect: sepals 6, spread-
ing, bearded with long awns. Rocky Mts.

^aldensis, (W. b. ZT.) leaves glabrous, somewhat fleshy, ternate-parted,"with segments
3-parted with linear obtuse divisions, short-petioled, conforming to involucres:
petioles and scape villose: flower solitary: sepals 6 — 8 spreading obtuse, sub-pilose
outside. R.

deltoidea, (W. w. Zf.) leaves ternate; leafets rhomboid, entire or trifid, gash serrate,
acute, (leafets and involucres sessile:) sepals 5 or 6, obovate. W. of Rocky Mis.

richardsoni, Hk. (W. Zf.) sub-pilose leaves reniform, 3 — 5-parted; lobes subtrifid,
acutely toothed; involucre-like leaves round- wedge-form, sessile, 3-cleft and toothed:

Androsace. Gr. aner, (andros,) a man, and sakos, a shield, so called from the large

round hollowed leaf of the common Androsace.
Anemone. Gr. anemos, the wind, from its opening its flowers in the windy days of

spring.

* Species A. thalictroidcs, is returned to the genus Thalictrum.

U) pennsylvanica, L. (2) paryiflora, Hk.

ANEMONE, ANOTIS. 127

sepals 6, spreading: fruit compressed, glabrous; styles long, deflexed, hooked.
Rocky Mts. Hudson Bay.
multijidfi, (w. r. y. 21- ) pilose leaves 3-parted; segments wedge-form, in 3-parted
linear acute divisions; involucre-like leaves pelioled: sepals 5 to 8, sub-coriaceous,
oval, silky outside. Canada. Rocky Mis.

Exotic,
hortensia, (garden anemone.) radical leaves digitate: divisions 3-cleft; cauline ones
ternate, lanceolate, connate, sub-divided: carpels wooly. ,

Southern,
caroliniana, W. E. (1) (W. w. March Zf.) leaves ternate: leafets notched and serrate:

involucie3-leaved, each 3-cleft: sepals 14 to'20, oval; the outer one sub-coriaceous.
waltcri. Ph. (21-) radical leaves palmate, long-petioled: scape long, erect, 1-flowered:

petals 3: root tuberous.

Anemone. Hepatica.
5 — 2. Ane'thum. 60. Umb. stom. aro. con. col.
Exotic,
graveolens, (dill.) fruit compressed: plant annual.
foeniculum, (fennel.) fruit ovate: plant perennial.

5 — 2. Angel'ica. 60, Umb. stom. sti. sto. root acr.

triquinaia, Mx. (2) (angelica. O. w. Au. Zf.) stem terete, pubescent above: leaves
ternate, very smooth; partitions quinate: leafets oblong; ovate, equally serrate:
lower ones 2-lobed at tlie base. 4 f. S. Mich.

atropurpurea, (high angelica. O. g-w. J. 2i.) stem smooth, colored: leaves ternate;

partitions sub-quinate; leafets ovate, acute, gash-serrate, sub-lobed; 3 terminal ones

confluent: petioles very large, inflated. Wet meadows. Root purplish. This is

k the true aromatic angelica. 4 f. <S'. Probably synonymous witli the last. Tully.

Mich.

lucida, {21) leafets equal, ovate, gash serrate: radical leaves 3-pinnate, cauline ones
2-pinnate. 18 i. Canada. S.

Exotic.
axchangelica, (archangel. ^.) leaves with the odd terminal leafet lobed. N. W.

Coast.
gmelini, stem glabrous terete: leaves gash-ternate, segments 3-parted with the lobes

ovate, serrate, cuneate at the base: leaves of the involucels nearly equalling the

flowering umbels. N. W. Coast.

12 — 12. Anno'na. 76. Ann. aro.

glabra, (Ju. i-j. T>.) calyx large, bell-form: leaves lance-ovate, glabrous: peduncles
2-flowered, opposite to the leaves; fruit subcoriic, obtuse, smooth. 16 f. Ever-
green tree. Carolina.

4 — 1. Ano'tis. 57. Cinch, feb. ton.
Southern,
lanceolata, Dc. ( ) glabrous: stem erect, 4-cornered, corners subalated: leaves

sessile lanceolate, acute: stipules lanceolate membranaceous: corymbs trichotomous
terminal.
rotundifoUa, Dc. ( W. 2_C.) stem prostrate, branching, branches 4-cornered: leaves
sub-orbicular, short petioled; stipules very small; flowers axillary.

Anethum. Gr. aiio, upward, and theino, to shoot from its quick growth.
Angelica. Lat. angelica, angelic, from the supposed virtues of its root and seeds.
Anotis. Gr. a, without, notos, vapor or humor, on account of growing on high frozen

mountains.

(1) tenella. Ph. (2) Ferula canadensis. See Ferula.

128 ANTENNARIA, APARGIA,

17—2. AsTEN^rA'RiA. 55. Inula, ton. sec-sti.
A sub-genus of Gnaphalium, which see.

17 — 2. An 'THEMIS. 55. Helian. ton. sec-stim.

arvensis, (corn chamomile, W. w-y. J. ^.) receptacle conic, chaff lanceolate: akenes
crown-margined: leaves 2-pinnate, sub-divided; segments lance-linear: stem and
peduncles pubescent; leaves somewhat distant; flowers few. Scarcely odorous.
Introduced. 8 i. T. Y. O. P.

cotuUi, (mayweed. O. w. J. 0.) receptacle conic, chaff bristly: akenes naked: leaves
2-pinnate, leafets subulate, 3-parted: flowers smaller than the last, more numerous,
very odorous. Introduced. 10 i. S. Mich.

Exotic,
nobilis, (chamomile, w. Au. 2i.) leaves 2-pinnate; leafets 3-parted, linear-subulate,
sub-villose: stem branching at the base. Fragrant. In 1820 1 saw this plant grow-
ing wild very extensively, in cultivated fields in Pittsfield, Mass. 4 i.

Anthcricum, Narthecium.

Anthopogon, Gvmnopogon.

2 — 2 An'thoxan'thdm. 10. Gram. far. ton. odor.

odoratum, (sweet vernal grass. O. M.Z(.) spike oblong-ovate; florets sub-peduncled,
shorter than the awn. An American variety, allissimum, is larger, and of a darker
green. Ives. An elegant substitute for the Leghorn grass. Dewey. 10 — 18 i. S.

13 — 2. An'tirrhi'num. 37. Scro. acr. ton. ant.

€toin«, W. (creeping snap-dragon, y. Ju. 0.) procumbent pilose: leaves alternate,
hastate, entire: peduncles solitary, very long. P. T.

linaria, (snap-dragonj toad-flax. W. y. Ju. If.) erect, glabrous: leaves scattered,
lanceolate-linear, crowded together: spikes terminal, dense-flowered: calyx glabrous,
shorter than the spur. Flowers large. Naturalized. 1 — 2 f. T. P. B. N.

canadense, W. (flax snap-dragon. W. w-b. J. Z(.) rising in a curve, glabrous, sim-
ple: leaves scattered irregularly, erect, narrow, linear, obtuse, remote: flowers ra-
cemed: scions procumbent. Flowers small. S. C. Y. T. P. B. N. Mich.

Exotic.
trianthopliOTum, (three-birds..) leaves whorled, lanceolate, 3-nerved: stem decumbent:
acemes terminal, few-flowered. Flowers large.

5 — 1. Anychia. Amar. ast. ton.

dichotoma, Mx. (fork duckweed. O. w. Ju. 2X- ) stem dichotomous, very branching,
spread; leaves oval, lanceolate-glabrous, erect. About 6 or 8 inches high, very
slender: branches axillary: leaves obtusish: flowersmostly longer than the stipules.

baldwinia, T. (0. ) stems branched from the base, diffusely procumbent; leaves
lanceolate, acute at each end, ciliate-scabrous: stamens 5. Florida.

Anychia, Queria.

17 — 1. Apar'gia. 53. Cicho. ann. sec-sti.

xiuiumnalis, W. (1) (false hawkweed. y. J. 21-) scape branching, scaly: leaves lanceo-
late, runcinate-pinnatifid, smoolhish. Naturalized. N. B. Newfoundland.

Antennaria. In allusion to the awns of the egret, which resembles the Antennae of

some insect.
Anthemis. Gr. antlios, flower, because of the abundance of its flowers.
Anthoxanthum. Gr. antlios, a flower, and xanlhos, yellow, from the spikes inclining

to that color in maturity.
Antirrhinum. Gr. anti, like, and rhis, rhinos, nose, because the corol resembles the

snout of some animal.
Apargia. Gr. apargia, probably the name for the succory.

(1) Leontodon.

AFARGIA, APOGOX. 129

Southern,
orontium, W. (Ju. 0.) erect, branching, hairy: leaves alternate, lanceolate: flowers

sub-spiked: involucre digitate, longer than the tailless corol. E. P.
tenellum, Pii. (W. b. Ju. ^.) small, simple, glabrous: leaves opposite, linear, acute;

flowers axillary, short-peduncled: involucre bell-form.

4 — 2. Apha'nes. 92. Rosa. ref. ton.

Southern.

arvensis, (parsley-piert. M. 0-) ^^'^^^s 3-parted: divisions 3-cleft, hairy: flowers ax^
illary, glomerate: monandrous.

Apios, Phaseolus.

5 — 2. A'piUM. 60. Umbel, stim. sto. aro. col.

Exotic.

petrosellnum, (parsley. Ju. (J.) cauline leaves linear: involucre minute.
gratcokns, (celery. Ju. $.) stem channelled: cauline leaves wedge-form.

18 — 1. Aplec'trum. (1) 21. Orch. em. nut. in salep.

hyemale, W. (putty root, Adam and Eve. Wi g-p. M. 21-) leaf single, radical, lance-
oval, many-nerved: lip 3-cleft, not produced at the base. C. N. K. Mich.

18 — 5. Apo'cynum. 47. Apocy. acr. erne. sud. diu.

androsacmjfolium, (dog-bane. O. r-w. Ju. 2i.) stem erect and branching: leaves ovate,
glabrous: cymes lateral and terminal: tube of the corol longer than the calyx, with
a spreading li'.nb. 3 f. Leav(?s downy when young. iSi. Mich. bit. eme.

cannabVnum, Mx. (2) (Indian hemp. O. g-y. J. 71.) stem erect and branching: leaves
oblong-oval, hoary beneath, and downy when young, (more or less glabrous in
maturity:) cymes lateral and terminal; pubescent when young, (more or less gla-
brous in maturity:) tube of the corol about equal to the calyx, with an erect limb. 3 f.

Jnjpericifulium, A. (3) (St. John's dog-bane. W. ^-vf. Ju. 2_(.) stem erectish and branch-
ing: leaves lanceolate, glabrous, mucronate; lower ones sub-cordate at the base;
cyme-panicles mostly shoiter than the leaves: tube of the corol about equal to the
calyx. 3 f. P. Y. O. N. T. Mich. ton. eme—.

Remark. Dr. Torrey says he follows R. Brown in the species of this genus, in
which he finds some confusion. Brown seems to have forced in an additional species,
not found in nature. See Darlington, page 31. The two first species have lately
been much used in the cure of diseases, under the name, Wandering Milkweed, by a
peculiar class of practitioners, called Thompsonians.

17—1. Apo'gon. 53. Cicho. sec- stim.
Southern.

humilis, E. (y. Ap. 0?) stem branching, glabrous: radical leaves oblong, harrow,

sub-ovate, sessile: cauline ones strap-form, acute, entire, sessile, slightly glaucous:

flowers terminal, sub-umbelled. G— 12. i. S.
bjrntum, N. (W. y. %.) glabrous glaucous: leaves deformed entire, or petioled runci-

nate, with remote divisions, cauline ones clasping: stem sub-divided, few-flowered:

involucre glabrous: flowers sub-umbelled. 6 i.

Aphanes. Gr. a, priv. phainomai, to appear, from the low stature of the plant.

Apium. Celtic apon, water, from the habitation of some species.

Aplectrum. From Gr. «, without, d^wA plectra , a spur, from the form of the corol.

Apocynum. Gr. upo, far from, and kiion^ (kunos,) a dog, it being supposed destruc-
tive to those animals.

Apogon. Gr. «, without, andi pagan, beard.

(I) Corallorhiza. (2 & 3) pubescens. Br.

17

130 APTERIA, ARABIS.

3—1. Apte'ria. N. 13. Xyrid. asc. poi.

selacea, N. (W. w. «& p. 0.) stem with minute, ovate, remote scales: flowers, spikes
with bifid branches. 6 i. St. Louis and in Florida.

12 — 5. Aquile'gia. 61. Ran. acr. cau. poi.

canadensis, (wild columbine. O. r. & y. Ap. 2_C.) horns strait: stamens exsert: leaves

decompound. Growing frequently in crevices of rocks. 15 i. Mich.
brecistyla, Hk. (W.) sub-pubescent; spur incurved, shorter than the limb: stipe short

inclined: stamens rather shorter than the coral. Upper Canada.
hptocera, N. (y. J.) calyx straight, very long, slender, divisions acute large, much

longer than the stamens and styles: stem few-flowered: divisions of the leaves

wedge-form, gash 3-cleft. R.
formosa, Fis. (If- r.) spur stiaight, much longer than the limb: sepals lanceolate,

acute, 3 times the length of the petals; style as long as the sepals. Oregon.

Exotic,
vulgaris, (garden columbine, J. Z£.) horns incurved, leafy: stem and leaves glabrous:
leaves decompound. The nectariferous horns become numerous by culture; one
hollow horn within another. 15 i.

Southern.
coerula, T. & J. (W. b. J. 21-) hc^rns straight, about twice as long as the limb of the
petals: stamens and styles shorter than the corol; nectaries acute: segments of the
leaves deeply lobed. 18 i. R.

14 — 2. Ar'abis. 63. Cruc. asc. nut.

sagittata, (wall cress, w. J. #. Q.) leaves sub-dentate, rough, with the pubescens
often branched; radical ones ovate or oblong, attenuated into a petiole; stem-leaves
lanceolate, sagittate-cordate: pedicels as long as the calyx: siliques straight and
erect. 18 i. C.

laevigata, (1) (W. w. M. If.) stem-leaves linear, oblong, sagittate, smooth: lower
ones obovate: pedicels erect: siliques very narrow and long, at length pendulous.
2 f. O. T. D. C.

canadensis, W. (2) (sickle pod. O. w. J. Z(.) stem leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate,
narrow at the base, pubescent: pedicels pubescent, reflexed in the fruit: siliques
pendulous, sub-falcate, nerved. 2 f S. T. P.

alpina, W. (w. 21-) sub-diff"use, branching: leaves many-toothed, villose, lanceolate,
acute: radical ones sub-petioled: cauline ones heart-clasping: pedicels longer than
the sub-glabrous calyx. Upper Canada. Said to have been found near Troy.

rtptans, W. (Ju. K..) leaves roundish, entire, hirsute; having creeping shoots. P. Y.

stricta, Hk. (Bristol wall cress, w. Zf.) radical leaves oblong, tapering to the base,
sub-lyrate-pinnatifid, hispid, with ramose hairs; cauline ones few, lanceolate, some-
what tapering to the base; petals oblong erect, obtuse, twice as long as the glabrous
calyx: silique elongated, erect. Canada, Troy?

petrea, H. (O. w. A. $.) stem erectish or diffused, glabrous: radical leaves rather
long-petioled, entire, toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline ones lanceolate sub-
petioled, entire or toothed: petals obovate unguiculate; siliques exsert-spreading.
Hooker says this our A. lyrata is the European A. petrea, which I here adopt.

dentata, T. (0. w. Ap.) stellately pubescent: radical leaves obovate, tapering at the
base into a petiole as long as the limb, irregularly; sharp toothed; cauline ones,
oblong, clasping: flowers minute: petals spatulate, scarcely longer than the calyx;
silique short, spreading, on very narrow pedicels, pointed with a nearly sessile
stigma; stem branched from the base. Ohio, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi.

ambigua, D. (#•) leaves nearly glabrous, the radical ones sinuate-lyrate; middle ones
oblong-oval and toothed, attenuate at the base; the uppermost linear-oblong and
entire: stem nearly simple: silique somewhat erect, two inches long. Unalaschka,
Sitcha.

Apteria. Gr. a, without, pteris, wing; from the wingless corol.
Aquilegia. Lat. aquila, an eagle, its nectaries resembling eagles' claws.
Aiabis. From Arabia, this genus being first used by physicians of that country.
(1) TurritislcevigataW. (2) falcata Mx.

ARACIS, ARBUTUS. 131

rupestris, N. (0.) more or less hirsute; radical leaves oblong spatulate; cauline ones,

lanceolate, clasping, sparingly toothed: petals twice as long as the calyx: eilique

very long and narrow. One and a half to two feet high. Oregon.
spatliulata, N. (2X. May. w. ) hirsute, somewhat cespitose: leaves spreading, about twice

the length of the calyx; siliques rather short, diverging, pointed with a distinct

slender style. 4 inches high. High hills of the Platte.
heterophylla, N. (0.) nearly smooth, radical leaves spatulate, toothed; upper ones

linear, sessile, entire: siliques long and spreading: petals linear-oblong, exceeding

the calyx. Maine, New Hampshire.
sparsijhra, N. (p. ) somewhat pilose toward the base, much branched: cauline leaves

oblong, clasping, entire; flowers minute; siliques very long, flat, spreading. Rocky

Mountains.
puberuUi, N. (2/.) somewhat cespitose, more or less pubescent with dense stellate

hairs; leaves entire, linear-lanceolate, sessile; siliques flat, straight, pendulous: the

pedicels about twice the length of the sepals: seeds with a slight margin: stem a

span high. Oregon.
microphylla, N. (p. ) smoothish and somewhat cespitose: leaves linear, rather acute;

cauline ones very few, sessile; stem filiform, very few-flowered: silique long, flat,

spreading. Rocky Mountains.
canescens, N. (If. p. ) cespitose, densely and canescently pubescent with stellate

hairs: leaves entire, linear, dense, crowded about the root; those of the stem much

snialler, sessile: silique, broadly linear, flat, nearly straight, pendulous, acute;

stigma sessile. A span high. Rocky Mountains.

Arabis Cardamine.
16 — 10. A'rachis. 93. Leg. nut. asc. ape.
Exotic.
Aypo^£Ea, (pea-nut, false ground-nut. ^.) stem pilose, procumbent: leaves pinnate,
abrupt: flowers axillary. Peduncles become elongated, and deposit fruit under
ground to ripen. T.

5 — 5. Ara'lia. 59. Aral. stim. res.

spinosa, W. (shot-bush, angelica tree. W. w. y-w. Au. ^.) woody: stem and leaves
thorny, leaves doubly pinnate; leafets slightly serrate: panicles very branching:
umbels numerous. 5 — 10 f. S. P. H.

Mspida, Ms. (bristle-stem sarsapilla. A. w. J. ^.) low, sub-shrubby: stem and
petioles rough with bristles: leaves doubly pinnate: leafets ovate, gash-serrate,
unarmed, glabrous: umbels with long peduncles. Neglected fields. 20 i. T. M.
N. Mich. Sud. col.

racemosa, W. (spikenard. O. w. J. 2X0 branches spreading: petioles 3-parted, the
partitions 3 to 5-leaved; leafets often heart-form: branchlets axillary, leafy: umbels
many, sub-panicled, leafless above. Damp. 4 f. iS'. Mich. fra. pec.

nudicaulis, W. (wild sarsaparilla. O. w. M. 2i.) hardly a proper stalk, 1-leafed; the
leaf twice ternate, or once, and quinate: leafets oblong-oval: scape naked, shorter
than the leaf; umbels few. Woods. 1.5. 24 i. »?>. Mich. ton. res.

erinacea, (L. ) stem very spinous: leaves sub-palmate, very acute, lobes gashed; petioles
and nerves spinous: the little umbels globose, disposed in racemes.

10 — 1. Ar'butus. 51. Eric. diu. ast.

uva-ursi, W. (1) (bear-berry, kinnikinnick. O. w-r. M. ^.) stem procumbent: leaves
wedge-obovate, entire: berry 5-seeded. Dry, barren sand-plains, &c. Very abun-
dant about the great lakes. Schoolcraft. T. N. R. Mich, nar- ton.

lauTJfolla, W. (W. ^.) leaves oblong, acuminate at both ends, acutely serrate, gla-
brous: racemes axillary, 1-sided, sessile, solitary.

Arachis. Gr. arakos, a kind of rooting plant, used by the ancients: after which thia

was named, as it produces its fruit under ground.
Aralia. A name of an unknown Canadian.
Arbutus. Lat. arbutus, Pliny's name for the wild strawberry-tree.

(1) Arctostaphylos. SI.

132 ARBUTUS, ARENARIA.

menziesii, Ph. (W. T-.) becoHiing woody: leaves broad-ovate, entire, glabrous, having
long petioles; racemes axillary and terminal, panicled, dense-flowered.

tomentosa, Ph. (W. T^,) becoming woody: blanches hispid: leaves oval, acute, sub-
cordate at the base, white-downy bonealli, having shoit petioles: peduncles axillary,
of the length of the leaves, bearing Jiead-racemes: flowers bracted.

filpina, (strawberry-tree, w. M. ^-.) stem procumbent; leaves obovate, acute, rugose,
serrate: racemes terminal. Canada.

5 — 2. Archemo'ra. go. Umb. sto. or nar. if nau.

pmbigJia, Ph. (water drop-wort, W. w. Au. 2|.) leaves gash-pinnate, 3 — 5 pairs,
acute, leafets lance-linear, often falcate and mostly entire: fruit ovate: stem smooth.
3—5 f. Y. P. Mich. Probably rigida.

rigida, (W. yv. S. Zf.) leaves gash -pinnate, smooth; leafets lance-oblong entire, or
with remote teeth: stem lerete, striate. 2 — 4 f. P. Y. Mich.

fricuspidatum, (Ju. Zf.) leaves gash-pinnate, lower leafets lanceolate, upper ones obo-
vate. 2-3 f.

20 — 4. Arceutho'bium. 58. Lora. ast.

oxycedris, M. Bieb. (false mistletoe.) leafless; very branching, branches opposite;
obtusely 4-cornered: flowers terminal, sometimes lateral, very small. Resembles
the Salicornia in its articulated branches. Parasitical, growing on the Pinus pon-
derosa. R.

17 — 1. Arc'tium. .54. Cardu. sec- stim. cat. if nau.

lappa, (burdock. O. r. Au. 2i.) cauline leaves heart-form, pelioled, toothed: flowers
panicled, globose: involucre smooth. Mich. lihe. gout, h bit- cat.

10 — 3. Arena'ria. 82. Cary. emol. ton-

serpyll^olia, W. (thyme-leaved sand-woit. W. w. Ju. 0.) stem dichotomous, spread-
ing: leaves ovate, acute, sub-ciliate: calyx acute, sub-striate: petals shorter than
the calyx. 5 i. .S'. P. H. O. C. T. Mich.

glabra, Mx. (w. O. 2^.) very glabrous, sub-erect, filiform, many stems: leaves sub-
ulate-linear, flat, spreading: pedicels 1-flovvered, elongated, divaricate: sepals oval,
obtusish, smooth, shorter than die petals. 4 — 6 i. iSliawangunk, White Mts. N.

stricta, Mx. (W. A. w. M. 2|-) glabrous, erect, many stems: leaves subulate-linear,
erect: panicles few-llowered: petals much longer than the calyx, which is oval-
lanceolate, apparently striate. Dry. 6 — 12 i. N. T. D. Jl. Mich.

squarrosa, Mx. (w. Ju. Z(.) turfy: lower leaves scaly-imbricate, channelled, glabrous:
stems few, very simple: flowers few, terminal, erect: petals much larger than the
roundish calyx. 6 i. Y.

thymifolia, Ph. (Labrador. L. ^.) stem dichotomous, diffuse: leaves oval, sub-acute;
peduncles alternate, axillary, soHtary, elongated: calyx acute: petals of the length
of the calyx.

macrocarpa, (W. 2i.) cespitose: leaves crowded, linear-subulate, flat; margin ciliate:
peduncles terminal, l-tlovvered: sepals linear: petals ovate, twice as long as the
calyx; capsule thrice as long as the calyx.
fasciculata, W. (0.) sub-glabrous, cespitose: stems straight-erect: leaves subulate,
pungent, striate: flowers dense-fascicled: calyx subulate, striate: petals very short.
Canada.

laricifolia, W. (W. 2X-) pubescent, cespitose-many-Btemmed: leaves setaceous: little
stems 1 to 3-flowered, erect: sepals linear, sub-hirsute, half as long as the petals.
Canada.

juniperina, W. (W. 210 sub- pubescent, erect, many-stemmed: leaves subulate, some-
what 3-sided, pungent: panicle terminal, dichotomous, many-flowered: sepalslance-
ovate, striate, mucronate, about half as long as the petals. Newfoundland. D.

Archemora. Gr. arche, the conqueror, moros, fool, on account of its poisoning those

who are foolish enough to eat it. Called fool's parsley.
Arceuthobium. Gr. arkeuthos, juniper tree; bius, life, on account of its living on the

juniper or cedar trees.
Arctium. Gr. arctos, a bear, from the rough bristly fruit.
Arenaria. Lat. arena, sand, from its native soil.

ARENARIA.

133

propinqua, Ilk. (W. 2X.) cespitose, glandular-hair j: leaves linear-subulate, acute,
3-nervecl: calyx acute, 3-nerved, scarcely longer tlian the petals, and sliorter than the
capsule. Probably the verna is a variety of this. Rocky Mts. and west of them.

rubella, Hk. (W. 21-) stems cespitose, numerous: peduncles terminal, pubescent, 1-
flowered: leaves linear-subulate, obtuse, 3-nerved: petals lance-oval, and shorter
than the 4-valved capsule, or the lanceolate acute 3-nerved calyx. II.

rossii, Hk. (W. 21-) very glabrous: leaves 3-sided-subulate. obtusish, beardless, nerve-
less, scarcely equalling the flower: peduncles 1-flowered, elongated: petals oblong,
somewhat exceeding the obsoletely 3-nerved calyx. R.

franklinii, Douglas, (W. Zf.) branches erect, level-topped, numerous, fragile: leaves
shining, subulate-setaceous: flowers fascicled: divisions of the calyx subulate,
scarious: broad-nerved, exceeding the oblong petals. W. R.

buxifolia, Hk. pubescent: leaves ovate-oblong, sessile: stem creeping: peduncles
dichotomous, somewhat 2-flowered: divisions of the calyx linear, short, obtuse,
membranaceous at the margin; petals scarcely longer than the calyx: capsule ovate,
obtuse, equalling the calyx. Canada.

laterijlora, Hk. (sand-wort. W. w. J. 21.) minutely pubescent: stem erect, slender,
simple or fork branched: leaves oblong, oval, obtuse, ciliate, spreading: peduncles
lateral and terminal, elongated, 2 to 4-flowered; pedicels alternately hracted: divi-
sions of the calyx oval, obtuse nerveless: about half as short again as the corol.
6— lOi. N. T. R. Hudson's Bay. Mich.

peploides, Hk. (sea chickweed, Ju. 21.) glabrous: leaves ovate or oblong, acute, fleshy:
flowers sub-solitary, short-peduncled: divisions of the calyx obtuse, exceeding the
corol. 8 — 12 i. Lower Canada, Labrador. Y.

obtusa, T. (1) W, A. 21.) cespitose, many-stemmed: leaves linear-subulate, obtusish,
keeled, a little 1-sided: slem simple, mostly 1-flowered: peduncles with glandular
hairs: nectaries oblong-obtuse, 3nerved: petals about twice as long as the calyx:
capsules ovate, shorter than the calyx. D.

congesta, N. (2j:.) cespitose, glabrous; leaves long linear-subulate, pungent: flowers
in roundish heads, with crowded membranous bracts: sepals ovate, membranaceous
obscurely 3-nerved, about half the length of the oblong petals: stem simple, a
foot high. Rocky Mountains.

hooJceri, N. ( ) stem branched from the base, cespitose, 3 inches high, fastigiate-
pubescent: leaves subulate-setaceous: flowers fascicled: sepals lanceolate-subulate,,
1-nerved, membranaceous, rather shorter than the oblong, obtuse petals. Rocky
Mountains.

nardifolia, Ledeb. (2{.) cespitose: leaves fascicled, linear-setaceous, very narrow,
mucronate, glabrous: stems erect, glabrous, 1 to 3-flowered: petals obovate, longer
than the very obtuse, ovate 5-nerved sepals. Arctic Sea-shore.

pungens, N. (2i.) cespitose: minutely glandularly pubescent: leaves subulate, chan-
nelled, pungent, the lower ones squarrousely imbricated and crowded: flowers few,
sub-pannicuiate: sepals lanceolate, obscurely 3nerved, longer than the oblong-ovate
petals. Rocky Mountains.

Imella, N. (-§.) erect, slender, somewhat branched from- the base: leaves filiform,
subulate, acute: peduncles minutely glandular-pubescent: petals oblong, nearly
twice the length of the acute 3-nerved shortish sepals. Oregon, Arkansas.

greenlandica, Spren. (2X. Ju. Aug.) cespitose, glabrous; stems two, decumbent at the
base, ] to o-tiowered: leaves very narrow, linear, obtuse: pedicels filiform, nearly
erect: petals obovate-cuneiform, entire or with a sligiit notch, twice the length of
the rather oblong, very obtuse, membranaceously-margined, nerveless sepals. Green-
land to i\. Y.

hirta, Worm. (21.) leaves linear-subulate, obtuse 2-furrowed, minutely hirsute^
stems 2 to 3-flowered: sepals 3-nerved, acute, shorter than the capsule: petals ob-
long, a little shorter than the calyx. 3 i. Green.

ciliate, Lin. ( ) leaves ovate or obovate, bullate-rugose, more or less nerved and
ciliate: stems procumbent: sepals lanceolate, acute, nerved shorter than the petals,
as long as the ovate 6 valved capsule. Green.

macrophyUd, Hk. ( ) stem slender, erect, dichotomously branched: leaves spreading,
lanceolate, acute at eacli end, glabrous: peduncle terminal or lateral, 2 or 3-flower-
ed: sepals ovate, sharply acuminate, longer than the petals and capsules. Oregon.

(1) arctica of Hk. Rocky Mts. James.

134 ARENARIA, ARISTOLOCHIA.

Southern.

patula, Mx. (W. ![■) pubescent: stems filiform, panicled, many-flowered: leaves se-
taceous: subulate, spreading: petUls sub-emarginate, longer than the acute striate
calyx. K.

pitcheri, N. (0.) erect and slender, glabrous, fastigiately branched, few-flowered:
leaves linear-filiform, obtuse, not fascicled: peduncles slightly glandular-pubescent:
petals oblong, somewhat exceeding the lanceolate, strongly rive (sometimes three)
nerved sepals. Texas, Arkansas.

■brevifolia, N. (^. w.) glabrous, not cespitose; stems filiform, erect, simple, 2 to 3-
flowered: leaves minute, erect, lanceolate, subulate, nerveless: sepals oblong, ob-
tuse, with scarious margins, about the length of the 3-nerved capsule: petals obovate-
oblong, nearly twice the length of the calyx. 2 to 4 i. Georgia.

18—1. Arethu'sa. 21. Orch. nut. emo.

ibulbosa, W. (arethusa, r. J. Zf.) leafless: root globose: scape sheathed, 1 -flowered-
calyx with the superior divisions incurved: lip sub-crenulate. Flowers large, sweet-
scented. Damp. T. N. Mich.

Arethusa, see Triphora and Pogonia.
12 — 1. Argemo'ne. 62. Papa. s. nar. ano. cat. h. diu.

-.mexicana, W. (Prickly poppy, y. Ju. 0.) leaves pinnatifid, gashed, spinose: flowers
axillary. Var. albiflora, leaves pinnatifid: flowers large. S. P. H. Platte river.

3 — 2. Aeis'tida. 10. Gram. far. ton. >

.dichotoma, Mx. (beard grass, poverty grass. O. S. ^. Z[.) cespitose: culm dichotom-

ous: flowers racemose-spiked: lateral awns very short, intermediate ones contorted.

8—12 i.
.stricta, Mx. (Zf-) culm and leaves straight, erect: leaves pubescent: raceme long,

somewhat spiked, crowded: awn twice as long as the paleas, spreading. 3f. S. P.

Mich.
jpurpurascens, (S. Tl-) culm filiform, erect, simple: leaves very narrow, flat: flowers

in a long-spiked panicle: awns nearly equal, twice the length of the paleas. 2 f. <S.

Southern,
.spiciformis, E. (S. 21-) flowers crowded together, somewhat spiked: the middle awn

villous at the base. 3 f.
.gracilis, E. (S. 2X-) stem very slender: flowers in spikes: spikelets few-flowered,

somewhat remote, appressed: lateral awns short, erect; the intermediate ones long-
er, expanding. 1 f.
.Lanosa, M. (S. 2i-) panicle erect, appressed: flowers in racemes: glumes longer than

the paleas: sheaths of the leaves woolly. 2 — 4 f.
oligantha, Mx. (J. Zf-) culm straight, sub-ramose: leaves convolute-filiform: flowers

solitary, distant: awn long, divaricate. &'. P.
jfasciculuta, T. (W.) culm filifoim, erect, branched: leaves narrow, flat, smooth:

panicle long, sub-spiked: flowers in fascicles: glume shorter than the paleas: awns

nearly equal, spreading, longer than the flower.
jtaUens, (W.) panicle few-flowered, pedicelled, alternately 2-flowered, approximate;

awn capillary, very long: leaves filiform.
tuberculosa, N. ( ) culm erect, dichotomous, joints tumid, with small tubercles in

the axils: panicles rigid: glumes keeled, with long subulate points: paleas stiped;

awns smooth, convolute. 3 f.

18 — 6. Aristolo'chia. 23. Aris. ton. stim. asp. ano.

sipho, Hr. (birthwort. W. w. J. ^.) leaves heart-form, acute: stem twinijig: pedun-
cles 1-flowered, furnished with an ovate bract: corol ascending; limb3-cleft, equal.
A very high running vine, with large leaves: flowers yellowish brown. P. K.

Arethusa. From the celebrated fountain of that name near Syracuse, or from one of

the Hesperides.
Argemone. Gr. argema, the cataract, a disorder of the eyes, which it was said to cure.
Aristida. Lat. arista, an awn, characteristic of the genus.
Aristolochia. Gr. aristos, best, and locheia, parturition.

ARISTOLOCHIA, ARONIA. 135

serpentina, (W. p. J. IfO leaves heart-form, oblong, acuminate: stem zigzag, ascend-
ing; peduncles radical: lip of the corol lanceolate. (The Virginia snake-root.) There
is a variety with very long, narrow leaves. Tonic and diaphoretic. Bw. P. Y. D.
O. H. K. Ant-poi. res-bit. sto.

Southern,
tomentosa, Sims. (A. g-y.) stem twining: leaves roundish-cordate, downy beneath:

corol villous; border 3-cleft, nearly equal.
hastata, N. (A.) stem flexuose, simple, erect: leaves somewhat cordate, hastate,

acute: flowers on scapes: lip of the corol ovate.

11 — 1. Armenia'ca. 9iJ. Pom. ref. ape. ton.
Exotic,
vulgaris, (apricot, fp.) leaves sub-cordate; stipules palmate. Var. precox, (early
apricot,) fruit small, yellow. Var. /?ersicoi</es, (peach apricot,) fruit sub-compressed.
dasycarpa, (black apricot. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate: petioles glan-
dular: drupe globose, pubescent.

17 — 2. Ar'nica. 55. Inu. ton. sec- stim.

midicaulis, (y. J. >>.) hairy: radical leaves decusssate and opposite, oblong-oval, sub-
dentate: stem nearly leafless, divided at the top into several l-flowered branches.
VV^oods. 18 i.

doronicum, W. (A. y. Ju. Tj .) leaves remote, toothed, woolly-hirsute beneath; radi-
cal ones petioled, oblong, narrow at the base; cauline ones alternate, lance-oblong:
stems one flowered. 7 i.

plantaginea, Ph. (A. y. Ju. Zf.) glabrous: leaves entire, glabrous both sides, acute,
3-nerved; radical ones lance-spatulate, terminating in a narrow petiole at the base;
cauline ones oposite, lanceolate, sessile: stem l-flowered. 7 i.

maritima, W. (W. ^.) leaves lanceolate; lower ones serrate: stem leafy, many-
flowered.

SoutJiern,

fulgens, Ph. (W^. y. Ju. 21.) hairy; radical leaves lanceolate, obtusish, tapering to
the base: petioles 3-nerved: cauline leaves opposite, remote, linear; stem l-flower-
ed. 1 f

claytoni, Ph. (E. y. Ju. T;'.) hirsute; radicalleaves decussately opposite, oblong-ovate,
sub-dentate; stem somewhat leafless; top divided into l-flowered peduncles. 2 f.

11 — 5. Aroni'a. 92. Pom. ref. ape. ton.

botryapium, P. (1.) (shad-bush, june-berry. O. w. Ap. ^.) leaves oblong-oval, cuspi-
date, glabrous when mature, (when first expanded lanceolate and downy:) flowers
racemed: petals linear: germs pubescent:? segments of the calyx glabrous without,
and hairy within. 8—30 f. Mich.

sanguinea, (2) (bloody choak-berry. W. w. M. ^.) leaves oval, obtuse at both ends,
mucronate; serratures very slender: racemes few-flowered: calyx glabrous: petals
linear, obtuse. 3—6 f. T. B. Mich.

ovalis, P. (3) (medlar bush. w. M. ^.) leaves round-oval, acute glabrous: flowers ra-
cemed: petals obovate: germ, and segments of the calyx, pubescent. Var. of

botryapium? T. Mich.

Southern.

ainifolia, N. (W. M. >>.) smooth: leaves loundish, upper part toothed, pinnately

nerved, sub-glaucous beneath: raceme simple, elongated. Fruit black and sweet.

Armeniaca. From Armenia, whence it was brought.

Arnica. This is said to be a variation ofptarmica, derived from Gr. ptairo, to sneeze.

Others derive it from Gr. ars, (arnos,) a lamb, the leaf of this plant resembling

the coat of the lamb.
Aronia. Gr. aronia, the medlar tree.

(1) Pyrus botryapium, W. Mespilus canadensis, L. Amelanchier, Med. (2) Py-
rus sanguinea. Ph. (3) Mespilus canadensis. Var. obovalis, Mx. Crataegus spicata,
Lk.

136 ARRHENATHERUM, ARTEMISIA.

3 — 2. Arrhenath'erum. 10. Gram. far. ton.

avenaceum, (J. 2X.) panicle equal, nodding: awn as long again as the flower: culm

geniculate, smooth: root nodose. 3 f.
pennsylvanicum, (Ju. 2{.) panicle attenuated: branches short, alternate: awn twice

as long as the florets: seeds villose.

Southern,
hentuckiensis, T. (W. Zf.) branches of the panicle fascicled, not alternate: upper
floret has the superior valve furnished with a short awn a little below the tip.

17—2. Artemi'sia. 55. Anth. ton. sec- stim.sto. dysp.

canadensis, Mx. (wild wormwood. O. w. y. Au. 2{.) sub-decumbent, scarcely pubescent:
leaves flat, linear-pinnatifid: branchlets spike-flowered: flowers sub-hemispheric:
involucre scarious. Receptacles smooth. 3 — 4 f. Mich.

caudata, (W.? L. S. 21.) stem snnple, herbaceous, much branched, pyramidal: radical
and cauline leaves bipinnate, pubescent, upper ones pinnate, with sub-setaceous,
alternate, divaricate, somewhat convex segments: flowers pedicelled, erect, globe-
ovate. 2 f >S.

chineiisis, W. (W. S. 2i.) hoary: lower leaves wedge-form, obtuse, 3-Iobed; upper
ones linear, obtuse: flowers globose, peduncled, nodding.

spWuimea, Ph. (S- ZC-) small, silky-pubescent: lower leaves linear, upper ones pin-
natifid; divisions few, linear, a^ute: flowers racemed, short-peduncled, hemispheric:
involucre scarious.

gnaphaluides, N. (W. S. If.) white-dbwny: stem simple, herbaceous: leaves lance-
linear, sub-entire, downy both sides: flowers raceme-glomerate, pedicelled, nodding,
involucre oval-o»blong: the pistillate florets 6 or 7. 2 f. Mich.

vulgaris, (W. mugwort. common tansey. S. Zf.) leaves downy beneath; cauline ones
pinnatifid; divisions lanceolate, sub-toothed, acute; floral ones undivided, linear-
lanceolate: flovveis sub-sessile, oblong erect: involucre downy. R.

lona-ifolia, N. (W. Zf. & >?.) stem simple: leaves mostly entire, lance-linear, acumi-
nate; margin refle.xed; under side white-downy: floweis cylindric-ovate, erect, in
sessile conglomerate racemes, ludoviciana? N. R.

indica, aro. asp. W. (Zf. fp.) somewhat woody: erect, raceme-panicled, ovate; panicle
leafy, spreading, racemes before flowering pendulous; florets naked; outer scales of
the Involucre leafy acute; inner ones membranaceous obtuse: leaves ash-tomentose
beneath; inferior ones pinnatifid, upper ones trifidj top ones simple, divisions lance-

' olate, inferior sub-dentate or gashed. Canada.

purshiana, Bess. (Zf. ^.) ascending,whitish; heads in an ovate panicle, which is leafy
and straight; florets naked, leafets white beneath: cauline leaves lance-cuneate
mucronale, entire. A. R.

douglassii, Bess. (Zf.) sub-fruticose, straight, whitish: heads in spiked hemispheric
panicles; panicle sub-foliaceous, florets naked, scales of the involucre oval, inner
ones scarious at the apex, leafets whitish beneath: cauline leaves lanceolate acute
entire. R.

arctica, Bess. ( ) cespitose: heads raceme-spiked, glomerate globose; peduncles
wooly at the tip; florets sub-pilose at the apex: scales of the involucre fuscous
scarious above: leaves somewhat silky, cut-pinnate below, trifid above, divisions of
the radical ones tri-quinate, of the upper ones undivided, linear, obtuse. A.

lindLeyana, Bess. ( ^ . ) whitish above, spike with panicled sub-hemispheric heads, erect:
florets naked; scales of the involucres scarious at the apex, outermost foliaceous;
leaves sub-linear white-tomentose beneath. R.

hookeriana, Bess. (Zf- t-) erect: heads thyrse-panicled, globose, nodding, scarcely
leafy: heads white-woolly with scales scarious at the margin, rounded: leaves
whitish, cauline ones pinnatifid, divisions and floral leaves lance-linear acute. R.

glomerata, H. ( ) densely cespitose silky-villose: branches short, closely foliate:
leafets short, 3 — 5-cleft-palmate, divisions short-acuminate, lower ones sessile, cau-
line ones broad-petioled: flowers capitate, receptacle naked. A.

caespilosa, Bess. (L. ) heads raceme-spiked, glomerate, globose: peduncles wooly at
the apex; florets fine-hairy above; scales of the involucre fuscous, scarious, a little

Arrhenatherum^ Gr. arrlien, stamen, and aiheros, beard of chaff.

Artemisia. From Artemisia, the wife of Mausolus, or from Artemas, a name of Diana.

ARTEMISIA, ARUM. 137

Wftolly on the back; leaves somewhat ^ilky, radical ones lorlg-petioletlj cauline ones
cut-pinnate below and trifid above, divisions of the lower 3 — 5-gash-cleft, of those
below undivided linear obtuse. A.

mickavxinna, Bess. ( ) herbaceous heads in globose racemes, nodding: stem very
simple: florets naked, lateral scales of the glabrous involucre scarious, shining:
leaves white downy beneath, pinnatifid, divisions of tlie lower ones gash-toothed,
those of the upper and floral ones lance-linear. R.

prescottuma, Bess. (21- ^ • ) heads in globose spikesj sub-erect, on very simple branches;
florets naked; scales of the involucre scarious at the margin, shining: leaves whitish
beneath, revolute at the margins, pinnatifid or3-clefl: divisions diverging; divisions
and leaves linear-filiform at the summit. R.

chamissoniana, Bess. ( ) herbaceous; heads large, in globose racemes: stem very

simple: florets chiefly peduncled at tlie base and hairy at the apex: leaves sub-
glabrous, lower ones bi-pinnatifid and petioled, upper ones pinnatifid and sessilej
divisions lance-linear, somewhat gash-toothed. R. A.

cana, W. (W. S. 2i.) hoary; leaves long, lance-linear, acute, nerved, whitish both
sides; lower ones wedge-form, acutely 3-lobed: flowers oval, in glomerules; axillaryj
sessile. R.

frigida, W. (W. Oc. 21.) leaves hoary, pinnate; leafets 3-parted, linear, acute: floral
ones pinnate, 3-parted; stem ascending: flowers globose, nodding.

Exotic.

pontica, (romari artemisia.) leaves downy beneath; cauline ones bipinnate; leafets
linear: branches simple: flowers roundish, peduncled, nodding.

absinthium, ton. sto. (wormwood. 21.) stem branching, panicled: leaves hoary, radical
ones triply pinnatifid: divisions lanceolate, toothed, obtuse; cauline ones 2-pinna-
tifid, or pinnatifid: divisions lanceolate, acutish; floral ones undivided, lanceolate*
Naturalized in most mountain districts of New England, gozit. dysp. epi.

abrotanum, ath. (southern-wood. 2{.. and Tp.) stem straight: lower leaves bipiunatei
upper ones capillary, pinnate: involucre pubescent, hemispheric.

Soulher7i.

Santonica, W. (W. S. 21.) cauline leaves glabrous: branches undivided: spikes 1-sided,
reflexed; flowers sub-sessile, 5-florets.

eampestris, W. (field wormwood. W. S. 2X.) cauline leaves setaceous-pinnate, gla-
brous; radical ones pinnate, with 3-cleft hoary divisions: Stem procumbent, branch-
ing, wand-like; flowers ovate, peduncled.

biennis, W. (W. ^.) leaves glabrous; radical ones 3-parted-pinnate: lower cauline
ones pinnatifid; upper ones linear, undivided: stem straight: flowers roundish, sub-
sessile, erect.

serrata, N. (W. 2X.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; margin serrate; upper
side smooth, under White-downy: flowers panicled, erect: involucre small, dyliri-
drical-ovate. 5 f. -

columbiensis, N. (wild sage. W. Z[. ^.) canescent, leaves lance-linear, acute, flat,
hoary both sides, entire: flowers oblong, glomerate, axillary, sessile, all perfect.
10 f. Highly aromatic.

cernua, pum. N. (1) (W. 11.) stem much-branched: radical leaves 3-cleft; lower ones
lacinated, hoary, pubescent when young: upper ones entire, lance-hnear, smooth:
racemes panicled, nodding: florets pedicelled, sUb-globose, inclined: involucre
scarious. 8 f

ludomciana, N. (W. 2i.) stem simple: lower leaves sub-gash-pinnatifid; upper ones
lanceolate, entire, hairy above, downy beneath: flowers ovate, erect, sessile: invo-
lucre pubescent: panicle simple. 2 f.

nuitaUiana, Bess. (21. ^.) heads in a globose panicled raceme: outer scales of the
involucre linear-oblong, margined: stem erect: panicle spreading: lower leaves gla-
brous, cauline ones undivided at the base and trifid, divisions and branches lanceo-
late acute. Red River.

19 — 2. A'rOm. 7. Aroi. acr. exp. r. amy. if dty.
dracontium, W. (green-dragon, W. J. 7i.) stemless: leaves pedate; leafets lanceo

Arum. Formerly aron, supposed to be an ancient Egyptian word.
(1) dracunculoides. L. dracunculus, Ph.

18

138 ARMM, ASCLEPIAS

late-oblongj entire; spadix subulate, longer than the oblong-convolute spathe. River
alluvion. 12—18 i. P. T. N. O. M. Mch. poi— . if green.

atrorubens, W, (brown-dragon. M. Zf.) steinless; leaves lernate; leafets ovate, acumi-
nate: spadix cylindrical: spathe sessile, ovale, acuminate, spreading horizontally-
above. Spathe dark-brown: disagreeable smell. P.

tripkyllum, W. (Indian turnip, wild turnip, wake robin. O. p. g. & w. M. 2|.) sub-
caulescent: leaves lernate; leafets ovate, acuminate: spadix club-form: spathe ovate,
acuminate, peduncled, with the laminse as long as the spadix. One variety, virens,
has a green spathe; another, a<fo/?H/7>tt/-eM/n, has a dark- purple spathe; another, a^
bum, has a white spathe. 1 — 3 f. Wet. J\lch. r. dried, amy-sago.

Southern.
quinatum, N. (21.) stemless: leaves quinale, lanceolate, acuminate.
walteri, (Ap.) stemless: leaves sagittate, triangular: angles divaricate, acute.

3 — 2. Arun'do. 10. Gram. far. ton.

phragmites, Linn, (reed-grass, If. Aug.) spikelets 3 to G-flowered: glumes shorter
than the florets: paleas awnless; the lower linear lauceolate with a long slender
acumination, which is involute and resembles an awn. Mich. P. communis.

Southern.
aroides, Mx. (2X.) P^"''^'^ ^"^'^O''^'"^^''^^' incurved: glumes 2-flowered, glabrous, un-
equal: paleas membranaceous, of the length of the glumes: hairs equalling the
paleas: leaves flat, scabrous.

18 — 12. AsARUM. 23. Aris. ton. stim. exp. pec.

canadense, (1) (white snakeroot, wild ginger, false colt-foot. O. g-p. M. 21.) leaves

broad kidney-form, in pairs: calyx woolly, deeply 3-parted; divisions sub-lanceolate,

reflected. Root aromatic and stiinulent. Bw. .S. Mch.
virginicum, W. (M. 2i-) leaves solitary, round heart-form, glabrous, leathery: flowers

sub-sessile: calyx glabrous above, short bell-form. Leaves speckled, smooth. S.

P.

Southern.

ari/olium, (p. March. H.) leaves sub-hastate, cordate: calyx urceolate, border 3-
clefl, converging, pubescent within.

18 — 5. AscLE'riAs. 47. Ascl. acr. eme. stim. jjle. cat. jme.
I. [.caves opposite.

syriaca, (common milkweed, swallow wort. O. w-p. Ju. 2X-) stem very simple: leaves
lanceolate-oblong, gradually acute, downy beneath: umbels sub-nodding, downy,
flowers in large close clusters, sweet scented— pollinia are fly-traps. 3 — 5 f. iS.
Mch.

obtusifolia, Mx. (2) (W. p. J. 2f.) leaves chspmg, oblong, round-obtuse, sometimes
mucronate, waving: umbel terminal, long-|)edimclod, many-flowered, glabrous; the
horn of the nectary exsert. Flowers large. 2 — 3 f. K C. P. Y. Mch.

phytoLaccoidcs, Ph. (6. w-g. Ju. 21.) stem erect, simple: leaves broad-ovate, acute,
glabrous, paler beneath: nectaries truncate, internal margin 2-loothed: umbels
lateial and terminal, long-peduncled, nodding. The horn of the nectary is very
long and slender. 'M'. S. Mich.

periplucafolia, N. (3) (w-g. Ju. 2S-.) leaves sub-sessile, somewhat distant, lance-ovate,
narrowing upwards, very aculf, .smooth on both sides, margin rough: unjbels most-
ly 2, naked, lateral: root round-tuberous: segments of the neclanes oblong-linear.
2 f. ^^ Y.

Arundo. Lat. arundo, a reed, from areo, to dry, because it soon becomes dry.
Asarum. Gr. «, without, and sairo, to adorn; not being used in ornamental cha[)lets

by the ancients. Boerhaave.
Asclepias. Asclepias is the Greek name of the Acsculuiiius of the Latins, the god of

medicine.

(1) carolinianum, Wr. latitolium. Sy. (2) purpnrascens, VVr. (3) acuminata.
Ph. cordata, Wr. laurifblia, Mx.

ASCLEPIAS, ASCYRUM. 139

amotna, W. (W. p. Ju. TJ.) stem simple, a little liaiiy on two sides: leaves sub-ses-
sile,oblong-oval, pubescent beneath: terminal umbels and nectaries erect, appendages
exsert. D.ujip. ,S?. C. Y. P.

jiuqjurasnns, \V. (p. Ju. 21-) stem simple, leaves ovate, villose beneatli; umbels
erect; liorn of nectaries resupinate. Siiades. 2 f. .S'. Y. N. Mcli.

jndchra, "\V. (r. Ju. ZT.) leaves lanceolate, hairy under side: stem divided towards the
top: umbels erect in pairs. Flowers small: bark very sliowy.

varie<rata, W. (1) (W. w. Ju. 7X-) stem simple erect: leaves ovate, petioled, rugose,
naked: umbels sub-sessile, pedicelled, tomentose. The umbels dense. S. Y. P.
N.

incarnata, W. (O. r. Ju. Zf-)^^^"^ erect, downy, branching above: leaves lanceolate,
sub-downy both sides; umbels mostly double at their origin: the little horn of the nec-
tary exsert. A variety vidchra, is more liairy. Var. gtnhra, almost glabrous: with
two opposite longitudinal hairy lines on the stem: leaves glabrous, with rough mar-
gins, midrib glandular below. Perhaps a distinct species. Aikin. Var. alba, has
white flowers. Damp. 3 f -S. Mich.

parvifiora, (2) (w. Ju. 2_f-) smoothish; stem weak, erect, simple: leaves petioled,
oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends, membranaceous: umbels terminal, lax flowered;
pedicels capillary. The bark is a good substitute for flax. 1 — 2 f. S.

quadrifolia, Ju. (O. \v. p-w. M. 21.) stem erect, simple, smooth: leaves ovate, acute
or acuminate, petioled: those in the middle of tlie stem are largest, and mostly in
fours: umbels 2 to 4, terminal, lax-flowered: pedicels filiform. Flowers small and
sweet scented. 18 i.— 2 f. 6'. Shades. T.

2. Leaves not opposite.

rcrticiUafa, Mx. (dwarf milkweed. O. g-p. w. Ju. Zf.) stem erect, very simple, mark-
ed with lines, and small pubescence: leaves very narrow-linear, straight, glabrous,
whorled, scattered: horn of the nectary exsert. 2 f iS'. Mich.

tiibcrosa, W. (buttelly-weed. colic-root, pleurisy-root, white-root. O. y. Ju. ZC-) stem
erectisli, at the top spreading-branched, very rough-haired: leaves scattered, oblong-
lanceolate, rough-haired: umbels terminal, sub-corymbed. A variety decumbens,
has a decumbent stem: leaves sub-linear, hirsute; another Var. co?-</ate, has broad
cordate leaves. Cathartic, diaphoretic, expectorant. Bw. 18 i. — 2 f. S. Mich.

pavpcrcuh, Mx. (r. g. M. 2^.) leaves linear, lanceolate, very long, remote, glabrous,
with the margin pubesceyt: umbels few- flowered. 3 — 4 f. N. Jersey.

F^outhem.

connivens, Baldwin, (J. H.) leaves oblong, oval, nuicronate. slightly hairy, sessile:
leaves of the nectary usually long, incurved, coiinivent at the summit. J — 2 f

tomeutosa, E. (IS.) leaves oval, lanceolate, acute, tomentose: umbels sessile, with
the horns exsert. 1 — 2 f

amplexicaulis, Mx. (p. w. Ap. 2{.) very glabrous: stems decumbent: leaves sessile,
cordate, strongly veined, glaucous, appressed: umbels terminal and axillary. 1 to
2f.

nivea, (Ju. 2X-) leaves ovate, lanceolate, nearly glabrous: umbels erect, lateral, soli-
tary: stem simple.

an'titstifolia, E. (g. w. M. 2X-)leaves scattered, strap-shaped, slightly pubescent: um
bels solitary, terminal; horns included. 8 — 18 i. Cliarleston, S. C.

cinerea, Wr. (J. 11.) leaves long, linear, opposite: umbels few, terminal, naked: horns
short. 3 f

speciosa, T. & J. (W. ) slenderly tomentose: leaves heart-ovate, obtuse, opposite,
short-petioled: umbels axillary, terminal and solitary: nectaries erect, lanceolate,
straight, acute; horn short, incurved, compressed. Flowers very large.

12—3. AscYRUM. 68. Hyp. cat. feb.

crux-andreic, W. (3) (W. petcr's wort. y. Ju. ^.) many stems, diffuse: leaves sub-
lanceolate-oblong, obtuse: corymb terminal: flowers sub-sessile, 2-styled: stem
sub- terete, 2 feet high: petals narrow. \'zr. amrustifolimn, W. leaves oblong linear,
crowded: flowers lateral and terminal, erect, 2-bracted near the base; styles 1 or 2,
connivent: larger sepals acute, oval-ovate. Sand. 8 i. S. P. Y.

Ascyrum. Gr. a, without, and skuros, rough, on account of its sleekness.
(1) hybrida. Mx. (2) perennis, Wr. debilis, Mx. (3) multicaule, Mx.

140 PORCELTA, ASPIDIUM.

SouOiem.

(implexicaule, Mx. (Ap. y. Zf.) erect, sparingly branched, with the branches compress-
ed: leaves ovate, oblong, clasping: outer sepals cordate: styles 3 to '4. 1 — 2 f.

pumihnn, Mx. (March, y. 2|.) stem small, simple, quadrangular: leaves oval, obtuse,
fascicled: pedicels long, (half an inch) reflexed: styles 1 or 2, Georgia.

slans, Mx. (1) (W. K) stem woody, winged, straight, branches straight: leaves
oval-ovate, obtuse, glaucous: inner sepals heart-orbicular: stamens united at the
base: styles 2. K.

fnicrosepalnm, T. (March, Ap. ) stem nearly terete, much branched: leaves very
small, oblong-linear, crowded: flowers erect, on long peduncles: sepals much
shorter than the obovate unqual petals: styles 3, long, distinct. 1 f. Flowers
large. Georgia and Florida.

Asimina, Porcelia.

6 — 1. Aspar'agus. 12. Smil. diu. dem. edi.

Exotic.

officinalis, (asparagus. Ju. 21.) stem herbaceous, unarmed, sub-erect, terete: leaves

bristle-form, soft: stipules sub-solitary. Naturalized in the northern and southern

(Jistricts. 4 f. C. P. B.

G — 1. AsPHottf'Lus. 16. Asph. stim. exp. abs.
Exotic.

luteus, (asphodel, king's spear. 2X.) stem leafy; leaves 3-sided, striate.
T-amosus, {21.) stem branching, naked: leaves ensiform, carinate, smooth.

21 — 1. Aspi'dium. 5. Fil. sec-stim r. ath.
1. Frond ternate.

cicutarium, W. (2) (If.) leafets pinnatifid; divisions acuminate, sinuate-pinnatifid,
entire: the lower and outer divisions of the sides elongated: fruit dots in rows. P.

2. Frond pinnate.

aQTOstichoidcs, W. (3) (O. J. to Au- 21.) leafets lanceolate, sabre-form, acute, ciliate-
serrate: on the upper side eared and dagger-pointed, on the lower side wedge-form
at the base; the upper fruit bearing ones smaller: stipe and rachis chaffy; fruit-dots
solitary, but at length becoming coniluent. Mich.

Iqncastriensc, M. (VV. Zf.) frond pinnate; divisions nearly opposite; segments tri-
angular-ovate, acutely serrate: stipe naked. Rather long and narrow. Fructifica-
tion chiefly confined to the upper divisions, and in large blackish dots. Wet Mea-
dows. West Cambridge. Bw.

3. Frond suh -pinnatifid; involucre [indusium] halved, kidney-form.

fioveboracensc, W. (4) (Ju. If-) frond pinnate: leafets linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid,
divisions oblong, obtusish. sub-entire, ciliate; fruit dots marginal; stipe smooth,
Damp woods. N. W. Y. T. P. O. C. Mich.

cristatuni, W. (W. Z(.) frond lanceolate-ovate, glabrous, pinnate; leafets sub-cordate-
oblong, pinnatifid; divisions oblong, obtuse, tooth-serrate; stipe chaffy. A variety,
callipteris, largish: leafets alternate, divisions oblong, unequally appressed-serrate:
frond bearing the fruit, at the top. P. Y. O.

Asparagus. Gr. spnrasso, to tear, on account of the strong prickles, with which

some of the species are armed.
Asphodelus. Gr. «, privative, sphaUo, to excel, as none excelled it in beauty.
Aspidium. Gr. aspis, a small shield, from the shape and position of the involucres.

(1) Hypericum tetrapetalum, Lk. (2) Polypodium cicutarium, L. appendicula-
tum, Sw. (3) Auriculatum, Sh. Nephrodium acrostichoides, Mx. N. B. Linneus
placed the genus Aspidium under the genu? Polypodium. (4) Nephrodiuirj ^.helyp-
teroides.

ASPIEIUM, ASTLENIUM. 141'

4. Frond douhlij or triply pinnate, involucre halved, kidney-form.

aculeatiim, W. (A. Au. 2i-) frond doubly pinnate: the lesser leafets ovate, sub-sabre-
form, acute, da^rger-serrate, the base of the upper ones truncate, of the lower ones
short wedge-form: the upper ones bear the fruit: stipe and rachis chafty. V.

viarginale, W . (1) (O. Ju. 2i-) frond doubly pinnate: lesser leafets oblong, obtuse,
decurrent, crenate; more deeply crenate at the base: fruit-dots marginal: stipe
chafiy. 2—3 f K
Jilix-vias, W. (W. Ju.) frond doubly-pinnate; lesser leafets oblong, obtuse-serrate;
serratures beardless: fruit-dots of the middle-rib approximate: stipe and rachis
chaffy. 3 or 3 feet liigh. A variety, erosum, lesser leafets erose-serrate, more
remote. Rocky hills. iS. AV. N. P. Y.

intermedium, 'W . (J. Z{.) frond doubly-pinnate: lesser leafets linear, gash-pinnatifid;
divisions at the apex sub-mucronate-serrate: stipe chaffy. Resembles the next
species in many respects. P. W, T. O. Mich.

spinulosum, W. (W. Ju. Zf.) frond doubly-pinnate; lesser leafets oblong: decurrent,
running together, gash-toothed; divisions mucronate-serrate: stipe chaffy: involucre
glandular. Large. W. P. T.

dilatatum. W. (2) (Ju. If.) frond doubly-pinnate: lesser leafets oblong, distinct, gash-
pinnatifid; divisions mucronate-serrate: stipe chafJy: involucre smooth. Leaves
more compound, larger and broader than the filix-feinina. S. P. O.

goldianum,T. (W. Ju.) frond broad-ovate, smooth, bipinnate; divisions lanceolate,,
pinnatifid; segments oblong, obtuse, with remote uncinated serratures; the lowest
decurrent on the rachis: fruit-dot near the central nerve; stem chaffy. 2 f.

5. Frond doubly or triply pinnate; involucre attached to one side of the fruit- dot.
These come under the Athyrium of Roth.

■thehjpteris, (snuff-box fern. W. Ju. Zt'.) frond pinnate; leafets lance-linear, pinnatifid,
glabrous: divisions ovate, acute, entire: fruit-dots marginal contiguous, at length
confluent. P. Y. Mich.

bulbiferum, (W. Ju. 21.) frond bipinnate, lance-oblong: leafets opposite, oblong, ob-
tuse, serrate; lower one pinnatifid: rachis bulb-bearmg: fruit-dots roundish. P. Y.
\V. O. Mich.

asplenoides, (W. Ju. H.) frond bipinnate: leafets lance-linear, gash-serrate; serratures--
2 or 3-toothed; terminal ones more acute: fruit-dots oblong, lunate. Tall. P. Y.
O. C. B. New England, Mich.
JUix-femina, (Ju. If.) frond bipinnate: leafets lance-oblong, gash-serrate: serratures
2 or 3-toothed, acutish: fruit-dots oblong, straight. Tall. P. Mich.

angustum, (Ju. Zt'.) frond bipinnate; leatets lanceolate, gash-serrate, sub-bidentate:
lower one elongated above: fruit-dots oblong, sublunate. C. Y. W. P.

atomarium, frond bipinnate: leafets decurrent, ovate-oblong, pinnatifid; divisions
toothed: fruit-dols scattered. About a span high. P.

tenue, (W. Jn. U.) bipinnate: leafets ovate, decurrent, toothed: fruit-dots solitary,
near the teeth of the leafets. Small. Rocks. S. P. Y. T. O. Mich.

rufidulum, (J. 21.) frond bipinnate: leafets chaff-bristly beneath, oblong, obtuse, cre-
nate, coadunate; fruit-dots at length confluent. Small. In tufts on rocks. 4 to 8 L
C. Y. W. P. T. Mich.

21 — L Asple'kium. 5. Fil. sec-stim.

rliizopliyllum, W. (walking leaf O. Ju. Zf.) frond lanceolate, stiped, sub-crenate^
heart-form ears at the base: apex very long, linear-filiform, rooting. Var. pinnati-
fduin, leaves with the crenatures so deep as to become sub-pinnatifid. Barton.
Woods. T. Mich.

.augustifolium, W. (3) (swamp spleenwort. W. Ju. Z[.) frond pinnate: leaves alternate,
upper ones sub-alternate, linear-lanceolate, sub-iepand; base of the upper ones
truncate, of the lower ones slightly rounded. 2— 3 f W. Y. P. O. Mch.

Asplenium. Gr. a, without, and spleen, the spleen, because it was used in curing

the spleen.

(1) Nephrodium marginale, Mx. (2) Nephrodium cristatum, Mx. (3) pyc-
piQcarpon, SI.

142 ASTLEMUM, ASTER.

ebenum, W. (1) (ebony spleenwort. O. Ju. 21.) frond pinnate; leafets sessile, lanceo
late, serrulate, cordate at the base, auricled above. 6 — 10 i. Rocks and dry
places.

melanotaulon, W. (2) (Ju. Zf.) frond pinnate: leafets roundish, obtuse crenate, at the
base wedge-form: stipe particolored: stem black, polished. 3—5 i. B. C. W. Y.
P. T. H. Rocks. Mch.

thelijp(eroidcs,W. (3) (silvery spleenwort. O. Ju. 2(.) frond pinnate: leafets sessile,
lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid; divisions oblong, obtuse, obtusely serrate:
fruit- dots parallel, at length confluent. 2 f. W. T. P. O. C. Mch.

ruta-muraria, W. (dwarf spleenwort, W. Ju. 21- ) frond bipinnate at the base, simply
pinnate at the apex, obtusely denticulate. Rocks. I — 2 i. W. Y. T. P. Mich.

montanum, W. (4) (W. Ju. 21.) frond glabrous, bipinnate: leafets lanceolate, pinna-
tifid; divisions 2 or 3- toothed. 2 f. W. T.

17 — 2. As'ter. 49. 55. Ast. ton. sec-slim.
1. Leaves entire.

hyssopif alius, W. (star flower. W. w. y. p. Au. to Oc.) leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-
nerved, punctate, acute: margin scabrous: branchlets level-top-corymbed, compact:
rays about 5-flowered: involucre imbricate, twice as short as the disk. 12 to 24 i.
high. S. Y. C.

solidaginoides . W. (5) (W. w. Au. 2X.) leaves linear-lanceolate, obsolete-3-nerved,
entire, obtuse; margin scabrous: branches level-top-corymbed: flowers sessile, ag-
gregate: rays 5-'flowered: invofucre shorter than the disk, imbricate; scales oblong,
obtuse, close-pressed, sub-reflexed at the apex. About 2 feet high: scales of the
involucre white, with green tips: rays long and white. S.

ledifolius, Ph. (6) (wood aster. O. y. w. S. and Oc. 2S-) leaves linear-lanceolate,
tapering to the base, without nerves, roughish,revolute margin; branches corymbed:
branchlets filiform, 1-flowered, nakedish: involucre lax, imbricate, twice as short as
the disk: leafets very acute: rays about 20-flovvered. A variety, unifurus, {7) has
a very simple stem, bearing but one flower. About a foot high; sometimes the
leaves have a small indenture on each side.

rigidus, W. (8) (p. y. Au. H.) leaves linear, mucronate, sub carinate, rigid; margin
fough-ciliate; the cauline leaves reflexed; the branch ones spreading, subulate:
stem erect, somewhat branched above; branchlets 1-flowered, corymbed: involucre

1^ imbricate, twice as short as the disk: scales obtusish, carinate; rays about 10-
"^ flowered, reflexed. Hardly a foot high. -S'. N. H. C. T. Y. Mch.

linarifolius, W. (9) (W. p. y. Au. 21.) leaves thick-set, nerveless, linear, mucronate,
dotted, carinate, rough, stifl". those on the branches recurved: stem sub-decumbent:
branches level-topped, 1-flowered: involucre imbricate, of the length of the disk.
A little lower than the preceding species, and flowers smaller: stem rough, purplish.
S. N.

graminif alius, Ph. (p. Au. 2X-) leaves narrow-linear, nerveless, punctate, glabrous,
erect: terminal branchlets nakedish, 1-flowered: involucre lax, nearly equalling the
disk. 6 i. T. N.

Unifalius, W. (flax-leaved star-wort. W. S. 2X-) leaves linear, without nerves, dotted,
rough, reflexed-spreading: branches level-top-corymbed, leafy: involucre imbricate,
short: rays abotit equal to the disk. About 18 or 24 inches high. /S. N. P.

subulatus, Mx. (sea aster. L. Au. 21.) very glabrous, small-flowered: stem panicled:
branches many-flowered: leaves linear-subulate: involucre cylindric: ligulate florets
of tlie ray minute. Salt marshes. 5'. C. B.

foliolosus, A. (10) (Au. IS.) leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, acuminate:
stem pubescent, panicled, erect: branches few-flowered: involucre imbricate: scales
linear, acute, close-pressed. Flowers small; hardly distinct from the next species.
S. P.

tennif alius, W. (W. w. Au. 2X0 leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends: mar-
gins hispid: stem glabrous, branching, erect; branchlets 1-flowered: involucre im-
bricate; scales oblong, acute, lax. S. Y. C.

Aster. Gr. aster, a star, from its radiated appearance. A large, neglected genus.

(1) trichomanoides, Mx. (2) trichcmanes, Mx. (3) acro.stlchoides, Sw. (4) Ad-
iantum nigrum, Mx. (5) Conyza linifolia, L. (6) nemoralis, A. (7) uniflorus,
Mx. (8) linarifolius, in Bank's collection. (9) Inula linarifolia, N. (10) cordifo-
lius, Mx.

ASTER. 143

dumosus, W. (O. w. y. Au. 21.) leaves linear, glabrous; those of the branchlets are
the shortest: branches panicled: involucre cylindric, closely imbricate. A variety
called tiulaceus, has pale violet rays, and a pubescent stem. Another variety, alius,
has white rays, and a glabrous stem. Flowers small. S, Y. N.

ericoides, W. (W. w-y. Au. 21.) leaves linear, very glabrous; those of the branchlets
subulate, approximate; cauline ones elongated: involucre somewhat scurfy: leaves
acute: stem glabrous. Flowers small. .S.
mullijlunis, W. (O. w-y. Au. to iNov. 21-) leaves linear, smoothish: stem very
branching, diffuse, pubescent; branchlets one way: involucre imbricate; scales
oblong, scurvy, acute. Probably a variety of the last. S. Mich.

paludosus. W. (VV. y. Au. Nov. Zf.) leaves sessile, subulate, glabrous, with the mar-
gins scabrous: peduncles few, 1-flowered: involucre squarrose, the lower scales
leaf like. 12—18 i. S.

Jlexuosus, N, (I) (L. y. w-p. Au. Zf-) very glabrous: leaves subulate-lineai, some-
what fleshy, sub-reflexed; stem slender, very branching; branches and branchlets
spreading, bristle-form, 1-flowered: scales of the peduncles divaricate, subulate:
involucre imbricate, scales close-pressed, acute. Resembles the last: flowers
smaller. Salt marshes. S.

concolor, W. (W. r-b. Au, If.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, white pubescent both sides:
stem very simple, erect, pubescent: raceme terminal: involucre imbricate, scales
lanceolate, silky, close-pressed. About a foot high: ray and disk colored alike. S.
Y. P.

cornifolius, M. «& W. (W. w. Au. 21') glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate,
short petioled; margin rough: stem glabrous: panicle few-flowered; branches 2-
flowered; involucre sub-imbricate.

humilis, VV. (2) (W. w. Au. 2X.) leaves sub-rhomboid, oval-lanceolate, acuminate at
both ends, sub-petioled, glabrous; margin hispid: corymb divergingly dichotomous,
nakedish, few-flowered: involucre las-imbricate: rays 8-flowered. About a foot
high. Flowers large. -S'. P. T. O. Mich.

amygdidimis, Mx. (3) (O. w. S. Zf.) leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base, acumi-
nate; margin rough: stem simple, level-top-corymbed: involucre lax- imbricate;
scales lanceolate, obtuse. Rays large. &'. Mch.

salic.if alius, A. & W- (4) (r-b. Au. 21.) leaves linear-lanceolate, sub-entire, glabrous:

stem glabrous, panicled at the top: involucre lax-imbricate: scales acute, spreading at
their tips. 4—6 f. Flowei middle-sized. Y. T. O. N.

aestivus, W. (b. Ju. to S. 2i.) leaves lanceolate, sub-clasping, tapering to the apex;
margin rough: stem brandling from its base, erect, hispid; branchlets pilose: invo-
lucre scaly: scales lax, linear, acute, equal. About 2 feet high: the flowers re-
sembUngthe last. Y. T.

nova-angliae, (O. b-p. Au. H.) leaves linear-lanceolate, pilose, clasping, auricled at
the base: stem sub-simple, pilose, straight and stiff": flowers sub-sessile, terminal,
crowded: scales of the involucre lax, colored, lanceolate, longer than the disk. Jn
rich soil it grows 10 feet high: flowers large. S. Mich.

cyancus, Hn. (.5) (W. b-p. Au. ZX-) leaves linear-lanceolate, clasping, smooth: stem
wand-like-panicled, very glabrous; branches |racemed: scales of the involucre lax,
lanceolate, equalling tiie disk, inner ones colored at the apex. '6 — 4 f. Flowers
many and large. This is the handsomest of all asters. »S'. T. N.

phlugifolbts. W. (6)(VV. w. p. Au. Zf.) leaves lanceolate, heart-form, clasping, pu-
bescent beneath, rough margin: stem very simple, pubescent: panicle terminal, lax,
few-flowered: scales of the involucre lax, imbricate, lanceolate. From 18 to 24
inches high. Y. T.

2. Leaves mure or less cordate and ovate, serrate or toothed.

undulatys, (7) (W. S. 21.) stem leaves heart-oblong, clasping, undulate, scabrous,
toothed near the summit: branches of the panicle expanding, few-flowered: involu-
cre sub-squarrose. Flowers large. 3 f iS. C. N.

sagiltif alius, Wedem. (b. Zf.) leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, sessile, serrate in the
middle; radical ones oblong, heart-sagittate, serrate, petioled: stem glabrous,
branching, scales of the involucre lax, imbricate, lanceolate. S.

(1) sparsiflorus, Ph. (2) infirmus, Mx. divaricatus, W. cornifolius, L. probably a
variety of cornit'ulius. (3) umbellatus, A. Inula amygdalina, N. (4) praealtus. Lb.
(5) lubricaulis, Lb. spurius,'W. nova-angliae, A. (6) amplexicaulis, Mx. (7) diver
sifolius, Mx. patens, W.

144 ASTER.

■diversifolivs, Mx. (1) (y. p. S. Z[.) leaves nearly entire, undulate, pubescent, sub-
scabrous; lower ones cordate, ovate, with winged petioles: upper ones lance-oblong:
panicle loose, the branches slender, racemose. 3 f. S. T. N. Mch.

paniculatus, A. (O. b-p. Au. to Nov. 21-) leaves ovate lanceolate, sub-serrate, petioled,
glabrous: radical ones ovate-heart-form, serrate, rough, petioled; petioles naked:
stem very branching, glabrous; branclilets pilose: involucre lax, sub-imbricate- 2 —
4 f. Flowers smallish, numerous. .S. Mch.

■cordifolius, L. (W. w. S. 7i-) leaves heart-form, pilose beneath, sharp- serrate, petiol-
ed: petioles winged; stem panicled, smoothish: panicles divaricate: involucre lax,
sub-imbricate. Flowers small. T. N. Mch.

€orymbosus, A. (W. w. Au. Zf.) leaves ovate, sharp-serrate, acuminate, smoothish;
lower ones heart-form, petioled; petioles naked: stem glabrous, level-top-corymbed
above: branches pilose: involucre oblong, imbricate: scales obtuse, very close-
pressed. 12 — 14 i. Flowers rather large. T. N. Mch.

macrophyUus, A. (W. w-b. Au. 2i.) leaves ovate, petioled, serrate, rough; upper ones
ovate-heart-form, sessile; lower ones heart-form, petioled; petioles sub-margined:
stem branching, diffused; involucre cylindric, closely imbricate: scales oblong, acute.
1—2 f. Flowers largish. S. T. N.

■adnatus, ( p.) scabrous; small leaved: leaves heart-oblong, acute, entire, adnate
above the middle of the stem; radical ones oblong: branches elongated, about 1-
flowered. Alabama.

3. Leaves lanceolate and ovate, lower ones serrate.

/implexicaulis, W. (2) (O. b. S. Zf.) leaves ovate-oblong, acute, clasping, heart-form,
serrate, glabrous: stem panicled, glabrous; branchlets 1-2-flowered: scales of the
involucre lanceolate, closely imbricate. Flowers middle-sized.

jjrenanthoides, W. (W. b. 2_(.) leaves clasping, spatnlatc-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate
in the middle, heart-form at the base: branchlets pilose; scales of the involucre
lanceolate, scurfy. W. Y. P.

lavi^atus, W. (O. r-p. S. to Nov. It-) leaves sub-clasping, broad-lanceolate, sub-
serrate, smooth: stem very branching, glabrous; branchlets many-flowered: scales
of the involucre lanceolate, lax, nearly equalling the disk. /S. P. Y.

versicolor, W. (y-w. Au. 21.) leaves sub-clasping, broad-lanceolate, sub-serrate, gla-
brous; radical ones serrate in the middle; stem very branching, glabrous; scales of
the involucre lanceolate, lax, shorter than the disk. Flowers many and large,
elegant. -S'. P. Y.

mulabilis, W. (p-y. Au. to Oc. IS.) leaves sub-clasping: upper ones lanceolate, acu-
minate, entire; lower ones lanceolate, at the base narrow, serrate; branchlets wand-
like: involucre shorter than the disk, lax: stem glabrous. Y. N.

Imcis, W. (W. b-p. S. to Nov. li-) leaves sub-clasping, remote, oblong, entire, shin-
ing; radicle ones sub-serrate: branches simple, 1-flowered: involucre imbricate, the
leafets somewhat wedge-form, acute, thickened at the apex: stem glabrous, angu-
lar. Y. V.

concinnus, W. (b-p. S. to Nov. 21.) leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping: lower ones
sub-serrate, glabrous: stem simple, panicled at the top: involucre closely imbri-
cate. P.

j)uniceus, (O. p. Au. to Nov. 2X-) leaves clasping, lanceolate, serrate, roughish: branches
panicled: involucre lax, exceeding the disk, the leafets linear-lanceolate, sub-equal:
stem hispid. A variety, purpureus, (3) seven feet: stem deep purple. Another
variety, rvfusccns, (4) tall; from green becoming redish. From 3 to 10 feet high:
flowers large. Damp. S. O.

novi-belgii, (W. w-p. Au. 2_C.) leaves sub-clasping, lanceolate, glabrous, rough at the
margin; lower ones sub-serrate, branches sub-divided: involucre lax-imbricate, the
leafets linear-lanceolate: stem terete, glabrous. Y. C. N.

hellidijlorus, W. (r. y. 1[.) leaves clasping, narrow-lanceolate, scabrous above, sub-
serrate beneath: stem very branching: scales of the involucre lanceolate-spreading.
C.

spectabilis, W. (b. Au. 24^.) leaves lanceolate, roughish, sub-clasping: lower ones ser-
rate in the middle: branches corymbed: leafets of tlie involucre lax, foliaceous,
somewhat wedge-form, acutish, scurfy. About 2 feet higli: flowers large. P.

(1) undulatus, W. tardifolius, Wr. (2) pennsylvanicus, Lb. (3) amoenus. Lb.
(4) hispiduB, Lb.

I

ASTER. 145

serotinus,W. (b. S. 2i.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, glabrous; margin
rough; lower ones serrate: branches corymbed, glabrous; branchlets 1-flowered:
scales of tiie involucre lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. About three feet: flowers
large. T.

tardijlonis, W. (b. Oc. Zf.) leaves sessile, serrate, glabrous, spatulate-lanceolate,
tapering to the base, deflected at the margin and both sides: branches divaricate;
involucre lax, the leafets lanceolate-linear, sub-equal, glabrous. Flowers not middle
size. Y.

llandtis. Ph. (p. Oc. 21.) leaves somewhat clasping, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate, glabrous: stem branching in a pyramid form: branches axillary, racemed,
scarcely longer than the leaf: peduncles downy, not winged; involucre lax, sub-
equal, shorter than the disk. Flowers largish. Canada.

acunnnatus, Mx. (w. S. 2_f.) leaves broad-lanceolate, narrow and entire at the base,
unequally serrate above, long-acuminate: stem simple, ilexuous, angular: panicle
divaricately dichotomous; scales of the involucre loose, linear, leaves large. A
variety, called elutior, has a higher stem: panicles manj'-flowered and leafy. Ano-
ther variety, pvntilus, has a lower stem: corymb-few-flowered, naked, scarcely
higher than the leaves. Commonly 12 inches high; and upwards; flowers middle
size. Probably a variety of prenanthoides. -S. P. W. N.

conyzoidts, W. (I) (O. \v. Ju. IX-) leaves oblong, 3-nerved, narrow and acute at the
base; upper ones sessile, sub-eniire; lower ones petioled, serrate: stem simple,
corymbed at the lop: involucre cylindric, scurfy: rays 5, very short. About 20
inches high: flowers small.

nxuiiflorus, N. (r. Zf.) stem simple, smooth: leaves sessile, lance-ovate, sub-acuminate,
sharply-serrate; upper side scabrous: corymb simple, few-flowered: peduncles hairy
or naked, l-9owered: involucre imbricate; scales ciliate.

radula, W. (w. S. H.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, rugose, very rough:
stem erect, angular, simple: corymb terminal: involucre imbricate: leafets lanceo-
late, obtusish, somewdiat scurfy. Flowers mid-size. P.

strictus. Ph. (2) (y-r. S. 2X.) leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, serrate, rough: stem 1
or few^-flowered above: scales of the involucre imbricate, close-pressed, oblong,
acute, nearly equalling the disk. Four to seven inches high: flowers middle sized.

tradcscanti, W. (3) (w-p. Au. IS.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, sessile, glabrous: branches
wand-like: involucre imbricate: stem terete, glabrous, 3 to 4 feet high: flowers
small. Mich.

recurvatus, W. (4) (b. S. IS.) leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, tapering to the base:
lower ones serrate in the middle: stem branching, glabrous, recurvate: scales of the
involucre lax, imbricate, linear-lanceolate, sub-equal. Resembles the last.

junceus, A. (r. Au. Zf.) leaves lanceolate-linear, sessile, glabrous; lower ones sub-
serrate; those of the branchlets lanceolate: stem panicled, glabrous: branches wand-
like: involucre imbricate. 2 — 6 f. S. Y.

dracunculoides ^ W. (5) (w. S. 7S-) leaves linear-acuminate, entire; lower ones linear-
lanceolate, sub-serrate: branches corymbed: involucre imbricate: stem smoothish.
About 3 or 4 feet high. S'. Y.

miser, W. (W. w. S. IS.) leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrate, glabrous: involucre
imbricate; leafets acute: florets of the disk and ray equal: stem sub-villose. Y. O.
C. T. Canada. Mich.

cminens, VV. (y. r. S. ZfO leaves lance-linear, acuminate, scabrous at the margin;
lower ones sub-serrate: stem panicled: branchlets 1-flowered; involucre lax-imbri-
cate, with lanceolate leafets. T. Mich.

simplex, W. (w. y. 21- ) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous at the margin; cauline
ones serrate at the apex; those of the branches entire: stem glabrous, panicled at
the apex: involucre lax-imbricate, with linear-subulate leafets.

polyplujllus, AV. (w. y. r. IS.) leaves linear, mostly entire; radical ones oblong, sub-
serrate: stem very branching, hairy: involucre lax-imbricate. C.

lanceolutus, W. (w. p. Au. 2X-) leaves lance-linear, sessile, mostly entire, glabrous:
lower ones lanceolate, sub-serrate: stem branching, diff'ase, very glabrous; involucre
imbricate, with lanceolate somewhat spreading leafets. C.

fragilis, W. (w. If.) leaves linear, acuminate, entire; radical ones oblong, serrate;

(1) marylandicus, M.\. Conyza asteroides, L. (2) biflorus, M.\. (3) vimineus,
Lb. (4) salicifolius. Lb. (5) arlemisiflorus. Lb.
19

146 ASTER.

branches coryinb-panicled: involucre imbricate, with close-pressed scales: stem
very glabrous. 2 f.

coUlnsii, N. (W. ) fine haired, rough: leaves uniform, wedge-oblong, serrate, tor-
tuous-spreading: corymb compound: involucre cylindrical witli close-pressed oblong
scales: rays about 5- dowered. West Florida, Ware.

atews, Aikin. (p. y. 2{.) involucre sub-ovate; scales linear acutish, reflex-spreading
towards the apex: rays numerous, narrow: receptacle flat, sub-alveolate, naked:
akenium oblong, minutely pubescent: egret pilose; hairs finely scabrous: leaves
ovate, slenderly acuminate, tapering to the petiole, sharp serrate, scabrous above,
glabrous and j)aler beneath; serratures sub-mucronate; upper leaves lanceolate,
sub-entire; petioles winged, clasping: stem angled, flexuous, glabrous below, pubes-
cent above: corymlied-panicle terminal, loose; peduncles bracted, about 1-llowered.
Flowers large; rays lilac-purple, disk yellow, becoming brownish: stem sometimes
decumbent: root fibrous: dark shady grounds, on borders of streams, &c. Height
12 to 20 inches!

shurlii, Boot. (b. O. IS.) flowers in a spreading panicle: leaves nearly glabrous
above, scabrous and sparingly pilose beneath: radical leaves heart-oblong, pubescent
when young, remotely and deeply crenate; oauline leaves mostly on long ciliate
petioles, entire, cordate-lanceolate; floral leaves ovate and lanceolate, sessile minute
and entire: stem branching above. Oliio and Ky. Riddell's catalogue.

oolcntangiensis, Riddell. (b. O. 2/.) panicle terminal, elongated, few- flowered: leaves
acuminate, scabrous above, rough and pubescent beneath; radical leaves long pe-
tioled, ovate, obliquely cordate., remotely serrate; lower cauline leaves lanceolate,
remotely serrate, on winged petioles; upper leaves lanceolate, half clasping, entire:
stem simple, strigose. Uolentangy river. O.

Exotic.

chinensis, (china aster. 0.) leaves ovate, thickly toothed, petioled; cauline ones ses-
sile, at the base wedge- form; floral ones lanceolate, entire: stem hispid: branches
1-flowered: involucre foliaceous. A variety has \ery full flowers, various-colored,
and very short rays. Cultivated.

Southern.

tortifolius, Ms. (Au. 2i.) leaves cuneate, obovate, acute, entire pubescent, twisted,
expanding: flowers nearly sessile, aggregate: scales of the involucre linear-lanceo-
late, close-pressed. 2 f.

grandiflorus, W. (p. y. Oc. 21..) leaves sub-clasping, linear, subulate, rigid reflexed,
with the margin ciliate and hispid: stem hairy; branches 1-flowered: involucre
squarrose; the scales linear-lance(jlate. 2 — 3 f.

exilis, E. (p. y. S. 2i.) very glabrous: stem slender, tall, somewhat branched: leaves
very long, linear, subulate: head in racemes: scales of the involucre lance-linear,
half as long as the ray. 4 — 5 f.

racemosus, E. (p. y. S. 11.) leaves lance-linear, sub-pubescent beneath, margin sca-
brous: branches slender, long: heads nearly sessile crowded towards the summit of
the branches. 2 f

squarrosus, W. (b. y. S. !(•) leaves very numerous, sessile, ovate, acute, reflexed,
rigid, margin hispid: stem branching, hairy; branches 1-floweied: scales of the
involucre lanceolate, hairy, loose. 2 f.

reticulatus, Ph. (w. Au. Z(.) leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate, acute at both ends,
hoary and tomentose, 3-nerved, reticulately veined beneath: flowers racemed: scales
of the involucre very acute. 3 f

virgatus, E. (b-p. S. 2i-) leaves lance-linear, clasping, very glabrous: stem sub-
branched: branches virgate, erect: heads racemose: scales of the involucre very
acute, slightly squarrose. 3 — 4 f.

carolinianus, Wr. ( W. p. Oc. Zf.) stem shrubby, flexuous, much branched, pubescent:
leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to each end; scalesof the involucre lance-
linear, very pubescent, sub-squarrose. 10 — 12 f

suradosus, JVIx. (p. y. Oc. 21.) stem simple, pubescent towards the summit: leaves
ob-lanceolate, acute, sub-serrate, scabrous above; upper ones small: flowers few,
large: scales of the involucre oblong, ovate, reflexed, very pubescent. 12 — 18 i.

diicoideus, E. (p. S. 2i>) stem erect, sub-villose: leaves spatulate-ovate, acute, serrate,
hairy, pale beneath: scales of the involucre subulate, villose, loose, sub-squarrose;
florets of the ray none. 2 — 3 f.

ASTER, ASTRAGALUS. 147

scaher, E. (p. y, S. 2f.) lower leaves petioled, oblong, cordate, acute, entire; upper
ones sessile, clasping, lance-ovatc, tapering to an acute point; all the leaves sca-
brous, undulate: panicle loose, long; the branches racemose. 3f.

dichotovivs. E. (\v. p. y. Oc. Zf.) leaves sessile, oval, obtuse, pubescent: corymb sub-
dichotomous: branches naked, long. 2 f.

ohovatus, N. (w. y. M. 21.) leaves sessile, oval, or obovate, obtuse, sub-rugose, very
pubescent: corymb paniculate: scales of the involucre closely imbricate. 3 f.

canescens, Vh. (1) (W. p Au. 2i.) white pubescent: leaves linear: panicle corymbed,
very branching, leafy; involucre imbricate, very acute, longer than the disli.

pauciflorus, N. ( VV. w. Au. 2S-) stem simple, 3 to 6-fiovvered: leaves linear, smootii,
those of the stem subulate, and somewhat clasping: peduncles axillary and termi-
nal, about 1-flowered: involucre and peduncle viscidly pubescent. On the margin
of salt springs. 10 i.

inontanus, N. (W. A. p-b. ) leaves lance-linear, sessile, entire, silk-villose, obsoletely
3-nerved: stem erect, slender; branches ]-tloweied: involucre hemispherical, with
lance-Hnear, acute, erect leafets. Mich.

oblongifuLius, N. (VV. p. 2i.) stem and leaves finely scabrous: leaves mostly lance-
oblong, somewhat clasping, not hairy: stem with sub-fastigiate few-Howered
branches: involucre hemispherical, with squarrose, acute, oblong-linear leafets.
1 f.

sparsiflorus, Mx. ( ) sub-glabrons: leaves linear, entire, reflexed: stem slender,
much branched; branches expanding, setaceous, 1-flowered: scales of the involucre,
close-pressed. L.

heterupliijUuSjW. (VV. 7S-) leaves glabrous; cauline ones ovate, sub-cordate, acuminate,
deeply serrate, entire at the apex; those of the branches oblong ovate, sub-serrate;
those of the branchlets lanceolate, minutely reflex spreading: stem panicled, gla-
brous: involucre closely imbricate.

adulterivus, W. (W. y. p. 71-) leaves clasping, lanceolate; lower ones sub-serrate,
glabrous; those of the brandies linear, squarrose: involucre squarrose, shorter than
the disk; scales wedge-linear.

peregrinus, Ph. (W. p-b. If.) leaves sessile, remote, lance-oblong, gradually acute,
glabrous: stem erect, sub-simple, glabrous, hirsute towards the top, and 1 to 3-
flowered at tlie suminit: scales of the involucre lance-linear, villose, very acute,
lax, of the length of the disk: rays numerous.

gracilis, N. (\V. b. 2i.) leaves lance-oblong, remotely gash-serrate, acute, somewhat
clasping, nearly smooth, with scabrous margins: stem minutely hairy, corymbed
at the top: peduncles filiform, 2 and 3-flowered; lateral pedicels longer: involucre
cylindric, squarrose-imbricated, with linear-oblong, sub-acute scales. Rays about
12, longer than the involucre. 1 f.

albus, N. (2) (W. w. Au. 2_f.) simple: flowers fastigiate-corymbed: peduncles (flower-
bearing branches) nearly naked, one-flowered: leaves lance-oblong, entire, scabrous,
attenuated below. 1 f.

16 — 10. Astrag'alus. 93. Leg. nut. ape. aso. gum."*

secundus, Mx. (3) (one sided milk vetch. A. p. Ju. 21.) caulescent, procumbent: leaf-
ets ovate, pubescent: spikes peduncled: legumes one-way, straight, accuminate
both ends, pedulous. Canada.

canadensis, W. (woolly milk vetch. W. y. Ju. Zf.) caulescent, diffuse: leafets (21)
glabrous both sides: legume sub-cylindric, mucronate. On the islands near Troy.
30 i. S. P. Y. T. R. Mich.

purshii, II. (y. J. 2|.) very hirsute: stem short, diffused: stipule lanceolate, acumin-
ate: leafets 6 to 8-pairs oblong: peduncles half as long as the leaves: flowers lax head
racemed, spreading; bracts linear-subulate, twice as long as the pedicels: calyx
long membranaceous: wings tapering and equalling the banner: germ sub-sessile,
linear, very hairy. R.

drummoiidii, H. (y. & w. 21-) erect: stem furrowed: stem leaves and peduncles be-
neath with short hairs: stipules ovate and very acuminate: leafets 13 to 15-paired,
oblong, obtuse, tapering into the petiole: peduncles longer than the leaves: racemes

Astragalus. Gr. astragalos. This was a name given by the Greeks to one of their
leguminous plants, but it is not known to which.
(1) biennis, N. (2) Inula, N. (3) labradoricus. Ilk.
*Gum tragacanth is produced from some species.

148 ASTRAGALUS.

long lax: bracts subulate, longer than the pedicels: calj'X black-hirsute: legumes
Btiped, one-sided, cylindric, a little falcate. A.

alpinus, Ph. (I) (A. p. Ju. 21.) caulescent, procumbent: flowers pendulous, racemed:
legumes acute at both ends, hairy. R. Canada.

pauciflorus, Hk. (W. p.) decumbent, hoary, prossed-pilose: stipules opposite, lower
ones entire: leafets in 3 to 5 pairs, oblong, acute: peduncles a little shorter than
the leaves, 2 to4-flowered; flowers small in lax racemes: bracts pedicelled: teeth
of the white-hairy calyx equalUng the tube. Rocky Mt. Drummond.

adsurgens, Hk. (W.) elongated, prostrate or ascend'ing, somewhat glabrous: leafets
in 8 to 12 pairs, oblong: stipules ovale, acuminate, membranaceous: peduncles
longer than the leaves: spikes oblong: flowers erect; banner one third longer than
the wings: legumes straight, erect, somewhat 3-sided. Rocky Mountains, and
west of it.

sucatmbens, Doug. (W.) hirsute in all parts: stem procumbent, flexuose, ramose:
stipules small, acuminate; leafets in 5 pairs, obovate: racemes capitate: legumes
falcate. West of Rocky Ml. Flowers large.

diaplmmis, Doug. (W.) prostrate, difluse: leafets in 5 to 9 pairs, obovate; flowers
capitate, lax: bracts minute, acuminate: legumes falcate, sub-reflexed, diaphan-
ous. West of Rocky Mt. Flowers small.

lentisinosus, Doug. (W.) prostrate, sub-glabrous: leafets 8-paired, obovate: legumes
ovate, acuminate, membranaceous, curved and inflated at the base. Rocky Mt. and
west of it.

inflcxus, Doug. (W.) diffuse, prostrate, downy villose: stem flexuose: leafets 9 or 10
paired, obtuse, legumes ovate, ^ovvny, curved. West of Rocky Mt.

irlareosus, Doug. (VV. b-p.) depressed, downy: stem short (.5 inclies): leafets linear-
oblong, in 6-pairs: calyx long-cylindric, with black hairs. West of Rocky Moun-
tains. Flowers large.

IfLznuinni, (2) (W. b. J. 2i-) stem diffuse and ascending, grooved.- cauUne bracts
membranaceous, acuminate: leafets sub-pubescent, oblong, C to 8 pairs: peduncles
axillary and terminal, much longer than the leaves, thick grooved, in sub-oval
crowded spikes: bracts acuminate: legumes oblong, pubescent when young. 1 f,
R,

caryo carpus, H- (p. Zf.) stem many-edged, prostrate and ascending, sub-hirsute with
close-pressed hairs: stipules distinct, ovate acute; leafets 9 to 12 paired, oval: pe-
duncles shorter than the leaves: racemes capitate, lax: legumes inflated-nut-form,
ridgy, mucronate, glabrous, many-seeded: calyx densely hirsute. A.

moUissimus, T. & J. ( W. y-w. 2i.) almost stemless, erect, silk-downy: stipules not
attached to the petioles, opposite to the leaves: leafets 11 to l4 pairs, ovate-oblong,
mucronate: peduncles larger than the leaves: flowers in spikes, erect: legumes ob-
long, curved, glabrous.

leptopliyLlus, N. (Y. J. If.) erect glabrous; leafets linear, remote: racemes oblong:
peduncles longer than the leaves: legumes glabrous. R.

mortoni, N. (y. 21.) sub-glabrous, erect: leafets (i to 8 pairs, oblong-obtuse: racemes
dense-flowered nodding, peduncled, about equalling tiie leaves: germs villose. R.

glaber, Mx. (w. Ap.) caulescent, glabrous: leafels numerous, small, oval, slightly
fringed: spikes 3 to 6-flowered, on long peduncles: pods distant, terete, incurved.
2 f

obcordatus, E. (JLi. w.) glabrous: leafets small, 15 to 19 in number, obcordale: pedun-
cles long, bearing 8 to 12 flowers at the top. Stem decumbent?

galegaoides, N. (W. w.) stem sub-erect: leafets about 21, lance-oblong, sub-pubescent
beneath: peduncles axillary, longer tlian the leaves: spike crowded: flowers pedi.^
celled, one-sided: legumes stiped, pendulous, 3-sided, inflated, smooth: calyx hair}',
with subulate segments: strong-scented. The 7Y;r;e7nosMs, Ph. 2f.

hyjjo glottis, (W. M.) stem .procumbent: leafets oblong: spikes ovate, peduncled,
longer than the leaves: legumes erect, ovate, channelled. Perhaps anorlhern plant.
Red River.

vagintitus, Dc. (p. & w.) erect, pubescent: stipules united together and opposite: leaf-
ets lance linear: peduncles longer than the leaves: flowers densely spiked, nodding:
legumes linear, straight. A.

gradlis, N. (W. M. Zf.) pubescent: stem slender, erect: leaves sub-sessile; leafets
oblong-linear, 13 to SI, remote: racemes peduncled. longer than the leaves: legume
very short, nodding, oval-ovate, somewhat 3-sidcd, hairy, 1-celled: teeth of the

(1) Phac^, Hk. (2) adsurgens? Hk.

ASTRAGALUS. 149

cal}'x minute. 2 f. Nuttall says it is the /ereeZ/j^s of Pursh, which is called Ervum
multiflorum by the same author in one place, and Dalea parviflora in another.

micrantkus, N. (W. b. M.Q- 2i-) liecumbent: leafetf? oval, emaruinate, glabrous: pe-
duncles about l2-flowered, longer than the petioles: legumes falcate, 2-keeled, gla-
brous: seeds truncate. 7 i.

goniatus. N. (p.) decumbent, nearly glabrous: stem angular: leafets 7 — 10 pairs, linear
oblong, obtuse: stipules linear-lanceolate: peduncles longer than the leaves: spikes
capitate: bracts oblong, shorter than the villous calyx: teeth of the calyx subulate,
as long as the tube; legumes oblong, triquetrous, bicarinate, clothed with long
white hairs, a little longer than the caij'x. 4 i. Legume 4 i. long. Rocky Moun-
tains.

missouriensis, N. (M. v.) steniless: leafets lance-ovate, silky-silvery: scapes equalling
tlie leaves: flowers in heads: bracts lanceolate, of the length of the silky calyx.
Missouri. Oxytropis argenlata is a synonyme.

argopliyllus, N. (p.) villous with long white silky hairs: cespitose: stem short and
decumbent: stipules lanceolate, acuminate, membranaceous: leafets 7 — 8 pairs,
lanceolate-ovate and acute; or obovate and obtuse: peduncles shorter than the
leaves: racemes short, loose, somewhat capitate, 3 — S flowered: bracts long and
subulate: flowers pedicellate: calyx tubular; teeth subulate, about one third the
length of the tube: legume hirsute, oblong, with a broad curved point, transversely
wrinkled, tiie lower suture slightly introliexed. Kocky Mountains.

shortianus, N. (w. ) slemless, canescent, with appressed shining hairs: leafets 5 — 7
pairs, roundish-elliptical or ovate, very obtuse: stipules ovate, obtuse: peduncles
shorter llian the leaves: raceme oblong: calyx cloj^ed with white hairs, with rather
long subulate teeth: legume lai-ge and turgid, cymbiform, with a short curved point,
black and transversely wrinkled. Rocky Mountains.

plattensis, N. (p.) st.em.s numerous, nearly prostrate, hirsute with whitish spreading
hairs: stipules broadly ovate, acute: leafets 8 — 12 pairs, elliptical or oblong: pedun-
cles shorter than the leaves: racemes short: bracts about twice as long as the pedi-
cels: calyx pilose, with darkish hairs, oblong: legume thick and fleshy, broadly
ovate, acuminate, somewhat compressed, pilose. Plains of the Platte. A. caryo-
carpus Torr. is a synonyme.

trichocalyx, N. ( ) stems numerous, decumbent, somewhat pilose, with appressed
hairs: stipules lanceolate: leafets 10 — IG pairs, ellipiical-oblong, obtuse: peduncles
about the length of the leaves: racemes short and crowded: bracts a little longer
than the pedicels: calyx densely villose, with mostly whitish hairs; the teeth subu
late, scarcely half the length of the tube: legume thick and somewhat fleshy, gla-
brous, finely wrinkled transversely. Arkansas, Texas.

pachycarpus, T. ( ) procumbent, diffuse, canescently hirsute with appressed hairs:
stipules ovate, acuminate: leafets 8—16 pairs, elliptical and oblong-obovate: pedun-
cles much shorter than the leaves: bracts lanceolate, scarcely as long as the short
pedicels: legumes ovate, coriaceous, very turgid and dilated laterally, somewhat
curved, with a short beak, inflexed at each suture, 2-celled, slightly wrinkled trans
versely. 6 — 10 i. branched. Arkansas.

distorttis, T. (May. b. ) scarcely pubescent, prostrate: leafets 8 — 12 pairs, oblong or
obovate, sometimes elliptical, usually emarginate: peduncles longer than the leaves:
spikes roundish or oblong, 10 — 20-flowered, loose: calyx clothed with blackish
hairs; the teeth broad, acuminate, about half the length of the tube; legumes
oblong, somewhat inflated, often somewhat twisted, abruptly pointed, scarcely
reticulated; upper suture slightly inflexed; the lower one deeply sulcate. 8 to 15 i.
Arkansas, Texas.

Icptucarpns. T. (April, p-b.) erect or assurgent, branched from the base, somewhat
pubescent: leafets 6 — 8 pairs, cuneate-elliptical, refuse: stipules lanceolate, acumi-
nate; peduncles longer than the leaves: spikes ovate, few-flowered, loose: bracts
subulate, lather minute: calyx campanulate; the teeth subulate, shorter than the
tube: legumes linear, verv narrow, elongated, membranaceous, glabrous, 2 celled;
ll_12-s"eeded 1 f Texas.

reflexus, T. (p.) assurgent: stem and lower surface of the leaves hairy: leafets 6—7
pairs, cuneate-obovate, emarginate: stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute: peduncles
longer than the leaves: spikes ovate, few-flowered; the flowers spreading: bracts
minute: calyx campanulate; the teeth subulate, longer than the tube: legumes
ovate-oblong, ratlier acute, reflexed, thick and coriaceous, corrugated transversely,
glabrous, 2-celled: the upper suture nearly straight and prominently ridged, the
lower deeply reflexed; cells 3— 4-seeded. 1 f. Texas.

160 ASTRAGALUS, ATRAGENE.

multicaulis, N. (w-p.) canesrent: stems much branched from the base and cespilose:
leafet8 3 — 6 pairs, mostly obovate, obtuse: stipules ovate, membranaceous: racemes
3 — 5-flowered, shorter tliaii llie leaves: bracts subulate; calj^s campanulate; the
teeth broadly subulate, as lonir as the tube: legumes oblong, very hairy, much
curved, acute, inflated, partly 2-celled, the upper suture sulcate. 4 — 5 i.

o'regumis, N. ( ) dwarf and decumbent, canescent with appressed hairs: leafeta

17 — 21, broadly obovate or obcordate: stipules membranaceous: peduncle terminal,
very short: spike somewhat capitate: bracts linear, more than half the length of the
blackish villose calyx: teeth of the calyx about one-third the length of the tube.
6 i. Rocky Mountains.

jiavus, N. (y. ) somewhat canescent with appressed hairs, diffusely branched and
decumbent: leafets 2—5 pairs, oblong or lanceolate-linear, rather acute, nearly
glabrous above: stipules united opposite the leaves: peduncles longer than the
leaves: spikes at length elongated and loose: calyx campanulate: the teeth subulate,
nearly as long as the tube: legumes mostly included in the calyx, oblong-ovate,
much compressed contrary to the sutures, with a broad and rather deep furrow
below, partly 2-celled. C — 8 i. Rocky Mountains.

spicatus, N. ( ) pubescent, erect: leafets about 10 pairs, elliptic-oblong, obtuse:

stipules ovate, acuminate: peduncles rather longer than the leaves: spikes oblong:
bracts ovate, about the length of the pedicels: flowers reflexed: teeth of the calyx
short, the upper ones widest: legumes cylindrical-oblong, terete, pubescent, with a
short, subulate point. Kocky Mountains.

trislis, N. ( ) somewhat pubescent, dwarf and decumbent: leafets 8 — 10 pairs,

obovate-oblong, glabrous above: stipules ovate-lanceolate: peduncles stout, shorter
than the leaves: spikes oblong, dense, the flowers reflexed: bracts oblong-lanceolate,
nearly as long as the blackish villose calyx: teeth of the calyx short, triangular:
ovary villose, straight. Rocky Mountains.

leucopliyUus, T. ( ) canescent, erect, tall: leafets 14 — 18 pairs, oblong-linear,
rather acute: stipules small, subulate: peduncles twice as long as the leaves: spikes
oblong, dense; the flowers erect-spreading: bracts subulate, a little longer than the
pedicels: teeth of the calyx subulate, about one-third the length of the tube.
Cahfornia.

Exotic.

glaux, (milk-vetch. 0.) caulescent, diffuse; the little heads peduncled, imbricate,
ovate; flowers erect: legume ovate, callous, inflated.

depressus, (trailing vetch. 21- ) sub-caulescent, procumbent: leafets obovate: raceme
shorter than the petiole: legume terete, lanceolate, leflesed.

16 — 10. AsTR0PHi.\. 93. Legu. ape. ant. nut.

liltoralis, N. (Z(.) silky pubescent: leaves pinnate small; leafets in 2 or 3 pairs, linear-
spatulate: racemes about 5-flowered: seeds globose, brown.

3 — 2. Atherop'ogon. 10. Gram. far. ton.

apludoidcs, M. (1) (hair-beard. W. S. H-) spikes short, numerous, (20 to 40,) re-
flexed downwards: cnhn terete, glabrous, geniculate: leaves hairy at the base:
sheaths hairy. 1 f 8. P. T. Mich.

oligostachyum, N. (W. 21.) spikes 2 or 3, sub- terminal, many-flowered: glumes and
paleas pilose; outer palea 3-awned, the 2 lateral awns shorter and arising near the
middle of the valve— neutral valve 3-awned. 10 i. S.

Atliyrum, Aspidium.

12 — 12. Atrag'ene. 6J. Ran. acr- cau. poi — .

americana, Sims. (2) (false virgin-bower, b-p. M. If.) stem climbing, 6-angled:
leaves in fours, ternate, with climbing petioles: leafets glabrous, heart-ovate, acu-
minate: carpels caudate, with awns plumose? T. N.

Atheropogon. Gr. a^Aer, a bristle, a.nd pogon, a beard, its awns being very scabrous.
Atragene. Gr. Athragene, a name adopted by Theophrastus for our Clematis vitalba.

DeCandolle. f J f

(1) Chloris curlipendula, Mx. (2) pennsylvanica, M. Clematis, verticillaris, Do.

ATRAGEXE, AVENA. 151

Columbiana, N. (b. Mar.) peduncles 1-flowered: leaves opposite, triple-gashed; leafets
ovale, acute, obsolctely crenale: divisions of calyx ovale acuinuiate, with stamens
about twice as long. il.

5 — 2. Atre'ju. CO. Unib. sto. nar. if nau.

americana, (1) (W.) stem furrowed: leaves many-cleft into linear divisions: umbels
5 to 8-rayed. Red River.

5—2. A'triplex. 29. Chen. nut. ton.
halimus, W. (orache. \.) leaves alternate or opposite, oblong-sub-rhomboid, entire.

hortcnsis, (fjardcn orache. Ju. -0.) stem erect, heibaceous: leaves triangular,
toothed of an uniform color: calyx of the fruit ovale, netted, entire. 3 f. Y. C.

laciiiiata, W. (L. J. 0.) stem erect, herbaceous: leaves triangular, deep-toothed, white
beneath: calyx of tiie fruit rhomboid, 3-nerved, denticulate. S. C.

areniiria, N. (2) (sand orache. Ju. 0.) stem herbaceous, spreading: leaves entire, ob-
long-ovate, sub-sessile, white-silvery beneath; upper ones acute or acuminate:
flowers axillary, glomerate: calyx of the fertile flowers muricate, dentate, retuse.
Stem reddish, angular, very branching; about a foot high. iS. Y.

patula, (spreading orache. W. Ap. 0.) stem herbaceous, spreading: leaves triangular-
hastate, smooth above, irregularly toothed; upper ones entire: fruit bearing calyx
sub-muricate on the sides. Perhaps a variety of lachduta, T. 6*. C. B. N.

hastata, W. (Ju. 0.) stem erect, herbaceous: leaves triangular-hastate, deeply tooth
ed, uniform colored: calyx of the fruit sinuate-toothed: middle tooth elongated.
Perhaps introduced.

Southern.

angvstifolia, (L.J. 0.) stem herbaceous, divaricate: lower leaves hastate, slightly
toothed; upper ones lanceolate, entire: calyx of the fruit lance-hastate, entire.

canescens, N. (W. M.) dioecious, dusty-whitish; stem shrubby, diff"use: leaves oblong-
linear, entire, obtuse, tapering towards the base; young leaves acute. 3 f. Calli-
gonum canescens of Pursh.

argentca, N. (W. Q,) stem herbaceous, erect: leaves deltoid, sub-cordate, sub-obtuse,
entire, white-dusty and shining both sides: fruit somewhat peduncled, oval, com-
pressed, obtuse, acutely toothed at the margin. ] f.

5 — I. A'tropa. 38. Solan, poi. r. f. & h. nar-|-.
Exotic,
belladonna, (deadly nightshade, w-y. Zf.) stem herbaceous, brachiaie: leaves ovate,
entire. Berries black and poisonous.

3 — 2. Aulaxan'thus. 10. Gram, far- ton.

Southern.

cUiatuB, E. (S. K?) stem erect: leaves linear, ciliate: panicles slender, compact. Sand.

2 f.
rvfus, E. (Au.") stem erect: leaves very glabrous: panicle large, slightly compressed:
hairs on the glumes reddish yellow. Perhaps a variety of ciLlatus, E.

Aulaxia, Aulasan'thds.
3—2. Ave NA. (3) 10. Gram, far- ton.

praecox, (dwarf oats. J. ^.) panicle in a dense raceme: florets as long as the glumes:
awnexsert: leaves setaceous. Sand. 4 i. E. Ithaca.

Atrema. Gr. a, without, and trema, a hole, or atrenia, quietly, tranquilly.

A triplex. Lai. utripltx, from its dark color.

Alropa. From Atropus, one of the three fates, from its deadly qualities.

Aulaxanthus. Gr. uulax, a. farrow, and anthos, Aower.

Avena. Lat. aveo, to covet, because cattle are so fond of it.

(1) Coriandrum americanum, N. (2) patula? M. (3) See Danthonia.

153 AVENA, AZALEA.

moUh, Ph. racemes somewhat in a compact spike: glumes 2-flowerecl; flowers awn ed
and'beardless— awns straight, of tlie length of the flowers: leaves and culm with
soft pubescence. r- a :, a ^

striata, Ph. (A.) panicle compact, few-flowered; glumes o-tlowered; flowers longer
than the glumes, almost beardless: valves outwardly striate, with a long awn upon
the back: seed naked.

Exotic.

saliva, (oats. J. #.) panicled: glumeg 2-seeded: seeds smooth, one of them awned.
First discovered in the island of Juan Fernandez. A variety is awnless, and has
black seeds.

sterilis, (animated oats. Ju. ^.) panicled: glumes about 5-flowered: florets hairy, the
middle ones awnless. When dry, the heads are set in motion, if moistened, by the
untwisting of the awns.

elatior, (J. U-) panicle sub-contracted, nodding: glume 2-flowered; florets perfect,
sub-awnless, staminate awned: culm geniculate, glabrousi root creeping. Intro-
duced.

13 — 2. Avicen'nia. 45. Polom. ton.

Soutlicm.

lomerdosa, W. (mangle. ^ .) leaves oblong, obtuse, tomentose beneath. Flowers in
sub-sessile clusters. 20 f. ^

5 — 1. Aza'lea. 50. Eric. diu. dem.

procumhens, W. (tiailing honeysuckle, r. Ju. h.) leafy-flowered: branches diffuse,
procumbent: leaves opposite, elliptic, glabrous: margin revolute: corol bell-form,
glabrous: filaments enclosed, equal. Flowers small: resembles Ledum buxifolium:
all tlie other species resemble the Rhododendron, to which Don annexed them.
3_4 i. N. White Mts.

calendulacca, Mx. (r. & y. Ap. ^.) sub-naked-flowered: leaves oblong, pubescent
both sides, and when full-grown become rough-haired: flowers abundant, large, not
viscous: teeth of the calyx oblong: corol with a hirsute tube sliorter than its divi-
sions. A variety, Juinwiea, has a flame-colored flower; another, crocea, has a saf-
fron-colored flower. 4 f P'.

cancscens, Mx. (A. N. r. J. ^.) sub-naked-flowered: leaves obovate-oblong, pubescent
on the upper side, and downy beneath; nerves not bristle-bearing: flowers not vis-
cous: tube of the corol scarcely shorter than its divisions: teeth of the calyx very
short, round-obtuse: stamens scarcely exsert. S. Catskill mountains.

arborcscens, (r. 'H.) flowers leafy: leaves obovate, sub-obtuse, smooth both sides,
glaucous beneath, ciliate on the margin; nerve almost smooth: flowers not viscous;
tubes longer than the segments: calyx leafy, with oblong acute segments: filaments
exsert. 1 5 f.

kispida ?h. (A. w. r. Ja. fp .) flowers leafy: branches straight, very hispid: leaves
long-lanceolate, hispid above, smooth beneath, glaucous botii sides, nerve bristly
beneath: margin ciliate: flowers very viscous: tube scarcely longer than the seg-
ments: teeth of the calyx oblong, rounded: filament exsert. 12 f

nudiflora, W. (I) (early honeysuckle, pinxter blomachee. O. r. M. >;.) sub-naked-
flowered: leaves lancoolate-oblong, or oval, smooth or pubescent, uniform-colored;
nerves on the upper side downy, and beneath bristly; margin ciliate: flowers abun-
dant, viscous; iheir tubes longer than their divisions: teeth of the calyx short,
oval, sub-rounded: stamens very much exsert. A variety, coccinea, has scarlet
flowers and lanceolate leaves; another ruiilans, has deep-ied flowers and minute
calyx; another, carnea, has pale-red flowers, witli red bases and leafy calyx: ano-
ther, alba, has white flowers, with a middling calyx: another, papUionacca, has red
flowers, with the lower divisions white, calyx leafy; another, partita, has flesh-
colored flowers, 5-parted to tiie base: another, polijandriu, has rose-colored flowers,
with from 10 to 20 stamens. Woods. 2 — Q^

Avicennia. In honor of Avicenna, an Arabic physioian of repute.

Azalea. G,r. azaleas, dry, from jts rcsUlence in dry and .sandy situations, or Hie brittle

dry nature of its wood. '•_. ;,

(1) penclymeuoides, Mx.

AZALEA, BOLLOTA. 153

niiida, (swamp honeysuckle, swamp pink. w. J. ^.) leafy- flowered: branches smooth-
ish: leaves few, oblanceolate, sub-mucronate, leathery, glabrous both sides, and the
upper side shining; nerve bristle-bearing beneath; margin revolute-ciliate: flowers
viscous; tube a little longer than the divisions: calyx very short: filaments exsert.
Leaves dark-green. Swamps. C. Y.

tiscosa. W. (white honeysuckle. W. \v. J. ^.) leaf}'- flowered: branches hispid:
leaves obloiig-obovate, acute, botli sides glabrous and one-colored: nerve bristle-
bearing; margin ciliate: flowers viscous; tube twice as long as the divisions: teeth
of the calyx very short, rounded: filaments scarcely longer than the corol. Flowers
very sweet-scented. 5 f B. N.

glauca, Lk. (fragrant honeysuckle, w. J. Tp .) leafy-flowered: branchlets hispid:
leaves oblanceolate, acute, both sides glabrous, and glaucous beneath; nerve bristle-
bearing, margin ciliate: flowers very viscous; tube of the corol twice as long as its
divisions: calyx very short: filaments about equal to the divisions of the corol.
Rather lower than tiie other species: flowers abundant. Perhaps a variety of vis-
cosa. S. P.

Southern.
bicolor, Ph. (r. w. M. '^.) naked flowered: leaves obovate, covered on both sides with
fine whitish hairs; the nerve not bristly: flowers small, not viscid; the tube scarcely
longer than tbe segments of the corol: calyx very short; one of its segments nar-
row, and 4-times longer than the rest: filaments longer than the tube: smaller
branches hairy and hispid. 2 — 8 f

21 — 1. Azol'la. 5. Fill, sec-sti.

caroliniana, (VV. 0.) leaves distichous, imbricate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading.
Floating leaves, reddish beneath. Lake Ontario, Cayuga Marsh.

B.

17 — 2. Bac'charis. 55. Inu. ton. e. feb.

Jialimifolia, Mx. (groundsel tree. w. S. ^.) leaves obovate, gash-toothed above:
panicle compound, leafy: fascicles peduncled. The whole shrub covered with
white powder. Sea coast, and river alluvion. 6—12 f. S. Y.

Southern.

angustifolia. Ms. (L. S.) very glabrous: leaves linear, very entire: panicle compound,

many-flowered. S — 10 f.
sessilijiora, Mx. (S.) leaves smooth, cuneate-obovate, toothed near the summit: heads

axillary, sessile, scattered: scales of the involucre rufous at the tips. 3 — 5 f.

17 — 3. Balduin'a. 55. Inu. ton. sec-sti.

SouthcTTi.

tiniflora, N. (y. Ju. Z[.) stem 1-flowered, simple, pubescent: leaves narrow, obovate,

entire: egret as long as the akenium. 2 f
multiflora, N. (y. S. If'?) stem branching, many-flowered, glabrous: leaves linear;
leaves of the involucre acuminate: egret short, cup-form. 30 i. Elliott considers
these two species as belonging to diflerent genera — the latter he proposes to call
Actinospermum.

13 — 1. Ballo'ta. 42. Labia, stim. ton.
Exotic.
nigra, (false motherwort, false hoarhound. 2X-) Naturalized, and grows wild about
New Haven. Leaves heart-form, undivided, serrate: sepals acuminate. Ives. C.

Azolla. Gr. azo, to make dry, olio, (ollumi) to kill; in allusion to its withering sud-
denly, when removed from a marsh, &c.

Baccharis. From Bacchus, to whom the original plant (probably by Dioscorides)
was dedicated.

Balduina. In honor of Dr. Wm. Baldwin, of Savannah, Geo.

Ballota. Gr. hnlln, to send forth, and ous, (otos) the ear, its sprouts resembling two
ears.

20

154 BALTIMORA, BARBAREA.

Balsamorhiza, Espeletia.
17 — 4. Baltimo'ra. 55. Inu. sec-sti.
Southern,
recta, W. (y. Ju. -^.) scabrous: stem dichotomous: leaves opposite, ovate, acumi-
nate, serrate, petioled. It is doubtful whether this grows north of the West India
Islands.

10 — I. Bapti'sia. V. (1) 93. Leg. r. & h. asc. cat. eme. dye.

tinctoria, (wild indigo. O. y. Ju. H.) very glabrous and branching: leaves ternate,
sub-sessile; leafets wedge-obovate, round-obtuse, (becoming black in drying:) sti-
pules obsolete, oblong, acute, much sliorter than the petioles: racemes terminal:
legumes ovate, long-stiped. 2 — 3 f. (S*. Mich.

ccETulea, Mx. (2) (spiked indigo weed. W. b. Ju. 71.) glabrous: leaves ternate, short-
petioled; leafets oblong-wedge form, obtuse: stipules lanceolate, acute, twice as
long as the petioles: racemes spiked, elongated: legumes acuminate. S. C. H.
Canandaigua.

alba, W. (W. w. J. Zf.) branches spreading: leaves ternate, petioled: leafets lance-
olate, wedge-form at the base, obtuse, rnucronate, glabrous: stipules subulate,
shorter than the petioles: racemes terminal. 2 f. D. Mich.

leucoyhaea, N. ( r-y. ) Description not received. See Addenda. Mich.

Southern.
perfoUata, M. (y. Ju. 2_C.) very glabrous: leaves perfoliate, oval, entire, glaucous:

flowers axillary, solitary, legumes sub-globose, inflated.
lanceolata, Wr. (y. Ap. 21-) pubescent: leaves ternate, cuneate, lanceolate obtuse:

flowers axillary, solitary; the terminal ones racemed. 1 — 2 f. The uniflora of Ph.

Florida.
villosa, Wr. (y-w. J. Zf.) leaves ternate, lanceolate, hairy: stem and calyx villose:

stipules linear: racemes terminal.
mollis, Mx. (Zf.) stem, leaves, and calyxes, minutely hairy: leaves ternate; leafets

lance-rhomboid: stipules leafy, lanceolate: racemes in terminal spikes: teeth of the

calyx acute.
bracteata, M. (W. w. Ap.) pubescent: branches spreading: leaves ternate, petioled;

leafets lanceolate: racemes axillary, reclined: bracts large, broad-subulate, perma-
nent. 2 f The Icucopluee? N.
simplicifolia, Croom. (y. J. Zf.) leaves siuiple, rhomb-ovate, obtuse, glabrous, without

stipules: stem angular: legumes pedicelled. Florida.
sphaerocarpus, N. (W. y. 21-) very glabrous: leaves sessile; leafets lance-oblong and

ovate, obtuse: stipules subulate, minute: legumes very short, sub-globose: spikes

long, terminal. Arkansas.
viicrophylla,, N. (y. Zf-) leaves simple, sessile, round-cuneate; upper ones clasping:

stipules roundish: flowers axillary, solitary: legumes short, sub-globose. Florida.

14 — 2. Barbare'a. Br. 63. Cruc. asc. nut.

vulgaris, (3) (water radish, water rocket. O. y. M. ZC-) lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid,
with the terminal lobe roundish; upper leaves obovate, toothed. Banks of rivers.
Wet lands.

precox, Br. (4) (winter cress. ZJ!.) lower leaves lyrate, with a termimal ovate-

lobe, upper ones deeply pinnatifid, with linear oblong terminal-lobes. Canada. C.

11 — 1. Barto'nia. 88. Laoas. ton — .

la£vicaulis, H. (W. J. w.) petals 5: stamens 5, petalloid: bracts 0: stem very smooth,
seeds winged. R.

Baltimora. In honor of Lord Baltimore, the settler of Maryland.
Baptisia. Gr. hapto, to dye, as it is often used as a color.
Barbarea. So named from its being called the herb of St. Barbary.
Bartonia. In honor of Dr. B. S. Barton, of Philadelphia.

(1) Podalyria, W. Sophora, Wr. (2) austrahs, W. (3) Erysimum barbarea, L.
(4) Erysimum precox, S.

BARTONIA, BELLIS. 165

parvijlora, Dg. ( ) petals 5: stamens 5 — 7, petaloid: bracts 0: stem scabrous:

seeds winged. R.
albicaulis, Dg. (y. ^.) petals 5, obovate, small: stamens petaloid, or none: bracts

none: stem very smooth, sliining, white. R.

Bartonia, as changed to Centaurella.
13—2, Bart'sia. 36. Rhinan. ton—.

pallida, (white painted cup, A- w-y. Au. 21.) leaves alternate, linear, undivided; upper
ones lanceolate; floral ones sub-oval, sub-toothed at the summit; all are 3-nerved:
teeth of tha calyx acute. White-hills.

acuminata, Ph. (W. 7i.) leaves alternate, long-linear; floral leaves ovate, long-acumi-
nate, 3-nerved, all undivided: flowers shorter than the bracts: teeth of the calyx
acute.

tenuifolia, Ph. (W. y. Ju. If.) very hirsute; leaves alternate, linear, gash-pinfiatifid;
divisions filiform: bracts (yellow,) membranaceous, oblong, obtuse, tooth-hastate
at the base on each side, longer than the flowers: calyx short, hairy, with subulate
teeth. 1 f.

alpina, W. (p. Zf.) leaves opposite, ovate, sub-cordate, obtuse-serrate, rugose: an-
thers hirsute. 6 i.

gymnandra, W. (W. b. Zf.) leaves sub-opposite, ovate', crenate; a pair of radical ones
petioled: spike oblong; the whorled bracts compact. 7 i.

Note. The coccinea is removed to Nuttali's new genus, Euchroma.

5 — 1. Bat'schia. 43. Bora, pec — .

eanescens, (puccoon, false bugloss. W. y. Ju. 24^.) whitish-villose: leaves all oblong:
calyx very short: divisions of the corol entire. A red substance covering the root
is the puccoon paint of the Indians. S. P. H. N. Mich.

gmelini, Mx. (W. r-y. Ap. 2I0 hirsute: floral leaves ovate: segments of calyx long
sub-lanceolate. Dry woods. 10. — 16 i. iS. Mich.

Southern.

longiflora, N. (W. y. Ju. 2_f-) hirsute, erect; leaves approximating, long-linear: mar-
gin reflexed: fascicles fastigiate: tube of the corol sub-pentangular; border flat, with
fringed crenatures.

decumbens. N. (W.) hirsute: stem decumbent: segments of the calyx and leaves linear:
flowers scattered: lobes of the corol fi'inged-crenate, shorter than the tube.

3 — 2. Beckman'nia. 10. Gram. far. ton.
Southern,
crucaeformis, Ju. (W. Ju.) panicle 2-rowed, 1-sided, linear: glumes 1 or 2-flowered,
with scarious margins: stigma hirsute.

Befaria, Bejaria.

12 — 1. Beja'ria. 50. Eric. diu. ast.

Southern.

racemosa, Ph. (w-r. J. T^.) leaves lance-ovate, glabrous: flowers raceme-panicled, ter

minal: stem hispid. 3 f. Sand^

17—2. Bel'lis. 55. Ast. sec-sti.
Exotic.
permnis, (daisy, w. & p. Ap. 11.) leaves obovate, crenate: scape nalied, l-flowered.
Grows wild in cultivated fields in Pittsfield, Mass.

Bartsia. In honor of Dr. Bartseh, a friend of Linneus.

Batschia. In honr of J. G. Batsch, of Jena, author of several valuable botanical books.

Beckmannia. In honor of Prof Beckmann, a German botanist.

Bejaria. In honor of Bejar, a Spanish botanist.

Bellis. Lat. bellus, handsome, from its appearance.

156 BELLIS, BETULA.

Sovthern.
integrifoUa, Mx. (W.) caulescent; spread-branched: leaves entire; lower ones obovate;
upper ones lanceolate: leafets of the involucre very acute and acuminated with a
hair.

6—1. Ber'beris. 78. Berb. f. jel. ref. r. ton. dye.

vuUaris, (I) (barberry, y. M. Tj.) branches punctate: prickles mostly in threes:
leaves obovate, remotely serrate: flowers racemed. N. Y. C. P. B. Canada.

pinnata, (W. y. Ap. Tj.) sarmentose, unarmed: leaves pinnate; leafets mostly in
three pairs, oblong, rapand-toothed, veiny: petals 2-toothed. The aquifolium. Ph.

nervosa, Ph. (W. y- Ap. ^.) sarmentose, unarmed: leaves pinnate; leafets 6-paired,
ovate-oblong, repand-serrate, somewhat 5-neryed: petals entire. R.

aqulfolia, H. K. (2) (W. ) leaves in 2 and 3 pairs, lower pair distant from the base
of the petiole; leafets ovate, near each other, spine-toothed, cordate at the base, 1-
ijej-ved: racemes erect, dense: filaments 2-toothed.

canadensis, Ph. (M. Ju. ^ .) branches yerrucose-dotted, with short tripple spines: leaves
spatulate-oblong, remotely serrate, willi somewhat bristly teeth: racemes sub-
corymbose, few-flowered: petals emargiuate: berries sub-globose or oval. 2 to 3 f,
yiiginia, Georgia. B. vulgaris of Walter is a synonym.

Berckemia, Rhamnus.

Rernhardia, Psilotum.

5—2. Be'ta. 29. Chen. nut. sug. h. lax.

Exotic.

vulgaris, (beet. g. Au. $.) flowers heaped together: lower leaves ovate.

cida (white-beet, scarcity. (J.) flowers in threes: radical leaves petioled, cauline ones

sessile: lateral spikes very long.

19 — 12. Be'tula. 99. Betu. b. aro. ton. h. sug. cab.

popy.lifolia, W. (3) (white birch, poplar birch. Ju. ^.) leaves deltoid, long-acuminate,
unequally serrate, very glabrous: scales of the strobile with rounded lateral lobes:
petioles glabrous. 30—40 f. T. V. Y. N. C.

excelsa, (4) (tall birch, yellow birch. O. J. fp .) leaves ovate, sjcute, serrate: petioles
pubescent, shorter tiian the peduncle? scales of the strobile with rounded lateral
lobes. 70—80 f. Mich.

rubra, Mx. (5) (red birch. M. ^.) leaves rhombic-ovate, doubly serrate, acute, pubes-
cent beneatli, base entire: pistillate ament ovate: scales villose: divisions linear,
equal. 70 f Excellent cabinet timber. S.

papyracea, W . (G) (paper birch, canoe birch, h .) leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly
serrate; veins liirsute beneath; petiole glabrous: pistillate anient peduncled, nod-
ding: scales with lateral, short, sub-orbicular lobes. Has a paper-like bark, of
which the Indians construct canoes. Y. VV. T. N. Mich.

Imta, W. (7) (spicy birch, cherry birch, black birch. O. M. f; .) leaves heart-ovate,
eharp-serrate, acuminate: nerves and petioles pilose beneath: scales of the strobile
glabrous, with obtuse equal lobes having elevated veins. Large tree, wliose wood
is much like mahogany; very sweet scented. 80 f S. b. tan. Russia leather.

glandulcsa, (scrub birch. M. >>.) branches glandular-dotted, glabrous: leaves obovate,
serrate, at the base entire, glabrous, sub-sessile: pistillate ament oblong, scales
half-3-cleft: fruit orbicular, with a narrow margin. 2 — 8 f. Very abundant in the
marshes about Stockbridge, Mass. It seems to be intermediate between Betula
and AInus. Y. P. T. Mich.

nana, (dwarf birch. M. ^.) very small and glabrous: leaves small, wedge-orbiculate,
gash-crenate, net-veined beneath: scales of the ament deeply 3-parted, divisions
oblong, fruit oblong, nearly wingless. Swamps. Canada. N.

Berberis. Obscure: Berheris, according to Golius, is the Arabic name of this plant.
Beta. Gr. letter Beta, which its seed resembles, or from Celt, belt, meaning red.
Betula. Beta is the Celtic word for the Birch, betula, Lat.

(1) canadensis, N. (2) mahouia, N. (3) acuminata, Eh. (4) lutea; Mx.
(5) lanulosa, Mx. nigra, L. (6) papyrifera, Mx. (7) nigra, Wm. carpinifoha, Eh.

BETULA, BLECHNUM. 157

pu'mUa, W. (1) (dwarf birch. O. J. T^.) branches pubescent, dotted; leaves orbicular-
obovate, petioled, dense-pubescent beneatli: pistillate ament cylindric. 2 — 3 f.
Y, P. C. N.

17 — 3. Bi'dens. 55. Arte. irr. sal. dia.

cemua, (water beggar-ticks. O. y. Au. O.) flowers sub-rayed, drooping: outer invo-
lucre longer than the flower: leaves lanceolate, sub-connate, toothed. One variety,
minima, has sessile leaves and erect flowers and akenes: another variety, coreopsis,
has serrate, opposite, clasping leaves. Mich.

chrysanlhemoides, W. (2) (daisy beggar-ticks. O. y. Au. O.) flowers rayed, drooping,
rays erect, longer than the sub-equal involucre: leaves oblc^ng, tapering to both
ends, toothed, connate. Flowers large: 2, 3 or 4 awns to an akenium. Wet. (S.

tripartita, (three-fingered beggar-ticks. Au. 0.) flowers discoid; outer involucre longer
than the flower: akenes with 3 awns: leaves 3-cleft. 3 f. Swamps. Bigelow
finds this species near Boston; probably we have labelled it by some other name.
frondosa, (burr marygold, cuckold. O. y. Ju. 0.) flowers discoid: outer involucre six
times as long as the flower: leafets ciliale at the base: lower leaves pinnate; upper
ones ternate, lanceolate, serrate. S. Mich.

connaia, W. (3) (y. Ju. 0.) flowers discoid: outer involucre thrice as long as the
flower: cauline leaves ternate; lateral leafets connate; floral ones oblong lanceolate.
8. P. Y. C. N.

pibsa, W. (Ju. 0.) flowers discoid: outer involucre of the length of the inner: lower
leaves pinnate; upper ones ternate; leafets oblong, a terminal lanceolate one twice
as long as the rest. S. P.

bipinnaUi, (hemlock beggar-ticks, y. Ju. 0.) flowers sub-rayed: outer involucre of the
length of the inner: leaves doubly pinnate; leafets lanceolate, pinMtifid. S. Y. P.
C. H. N.

leckii, T. (water marygold. Au. y. Zf.) submersed leaves capillary, divided into many
parts, dichotomous: flowefs erect, terminal, solitary. Flowers radiate. A new
species discovered in a pond near Schenectady, N. Y., by Dr. Lewis C. Beck, and
named by Dr. John Torrey, in honor of the zealous and persevering discoverer.
Sodus Bay. Mich.

gracilis, T. & J. (W. y.? H.) very glabrous: leaves pinnate-5-cleft; divisions narrow-
linear, entire: stem sub-ramoiis, erect: flowers terminal, solitary, long-peduncled,
discoid: bracts half as long as the involucre. S. 2 f.

petiolata, N. ( 0.) glabrous: leaves simple, petioled, narrow; lanceolate, acumi-
nate at both ends, serrate: flowers discoid: outer involucre middling. Mich.

13 — 2. Bigno'nia. 40. Bign. h. fom.

radicans, (trumpet flower. O. r. & y. Ju. '^.) leaves pinnate: leafets ovate, toothed,
acuminate; corymb terminal; tube of the corol thrice as long as the calyx: stem
rooting. Most beautiful climbing.shrub. One va.neiy,Jlammca, has yellow-scarlet
flowers; another variety, toccmea, has bright scarlet flowers. Cultivated. S. P.H.

Southern.

cTucifera, W. (y-r. J. ^ .) leaves conjugate, cirrose; lower ones ternate; leafets heart-
ovate, acuminate: racemes axillary: stem muricate. K.

capreoLata, W. (r. March. Tp.) leaves conjugate, bearing tendrils, the lower ternate;
leafets ternate, cordate, acuminate: racemes axillary: stem roughened. A vine.
Woods. K. Florida. Probably same as crucisrcra. H. H. Eaton.

Bignonia, Catalpa.

21 — ]. Blech'nu.m. 5. Fill, sec-sti.

boreaiis, (roman fern. Au. 7i.) barren frond pinnatifid; divisions lanceolate, obtusish,
parallel: fertile frond pinnate; leafets linear, acuminate.

Bidens. Lat. Us, two, and dens, tooth, from the seeds being surmounted with two

teeth.
Bignonia. In honor of Abbe Bignon, a friend of Tournefort.
Blechnum. Gr. Blechnon, one of the Greek names of the fern.

(1) nana, Kalm, not W. (2) Coreopsis perfoliata, Wr. (3) chrysanthemoides,
Mx.

158 BLECHNUM, BCEHMERIA.

Mumdatum, {71') frond pinnate; leafets lanceolate, tapering to both ends, at the base
decurrent, sharp-serrate. I do not know that we have a Blechnum in the northern
district.

Southern.

virginicum, (virginian blechnum.) frond pinnate; leafets many-cleft, lanceolate, ses-
sile, semipinnatifid, acute; divisions obtuse, quite entire. Of the height of the Poly-
podium filix-mas. Virginia and Carolina.

radicans, (root-leaved blechnum.) frond bipinnate; leafets lanceolate, crenulate, sessile,
slightly concurrent at the base, serrate with a very fine callus, acuminate, more
veined beneath: lines of fructification next the nerve, interrupted. Virginia.

17 — 2. Bleph'aripap'pus. 55. Heli. sec-sti.

glandulosus, H. ( ) hispid: leaves broad-linear; upper ones and the involucres with

black pedicelled glands: chaffs of the egret elongated, having long hairs at the base:

bony akenes of the ray naked, bald. 6 — 8 i. R.
ecaber, H. ( ) leaves narrow-linear, scabrous: involucres sub-pubescent, without

pedicelled glands: all the akenes bony and villose: chaffs of the egret shortish,

chiefly fringed-ciliate above. R.

Blefilia, Monarda.

18—1. Blet'ia. (1) 21. Orch. nut. em.

Southern.

aphylla, N. (y. r. Au. 2f.) leafless: scape terete, scaly, tapering near the summit; the

scales ovate, alternate: lip without a spur. 18 i.
eerecunda, N. (Ju. 2lC.) radical leaves broad-lanceolate, plaited, nerved: scape many-
flowered: inner petals converging: lip inflated, with an emarginate border, crisped,
furrowed, ath. diu.

1 — 2. Bli'tum. 29. Chen. ape. ton — .

eapitatum, (strawberry blite, Indian strawberry. W. r. J. 0.) heads in a terminal

spike, not intermixed with leaves: leaves triangular-hastate, toothed. 15 i. S. T.

B. N. Mich.
virgatum, (slender blithe. W. r. J. #.) lateral heads scattered, top ones leafy: leaves

triangular-toothed. P. O.
maritimum, N. (sea blithe. L. g. S. Til) calyx membranaceous: clusters axillary,

spiked, naked; leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, gash-toothed. Salt marshes.

2— 3f. Very branching. Y.

Southern,
chcnopodioides, N. (W. ^.) leaves sub-hastate-triangular, sub-dentate, tapering to
both ends: glomerules axillary, leafy: seeds distinct, punctate, not berried. Dry.

17 — 2. Boebe'ra. 55. Eupa. sec-sti.
Southern,
chrysanthemoidns, W, (W. y. Au. 0.) stem panicled: leaves opposite, sub-pinnate,
glabrous, acute.

16 — 4. Bcehme'ria. 98. Urti. vis-acr.

cylindrica, W. (2) false nettle. O. g. Ju. 21-) leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, acuminate,
toothed, glabrous: flowers sub-dicecious: staminate spikes glomerate, interrupted;
pistillate spikes cylindric: stem herbaceous. Damp. IS i. S.

Blepharipappus. Gr. hlepharis, eyelashes, pappus, down; the egret resembling the eye-
lashes.

Bletia. In honor of Louis Blet, Spanish apothecary.

Blitum. Gr. hliton, insipid, and Celt, hlith, meaning the same. Relating to the fruit.

Boedera. In honor of Boeder, a Russian botanist.

Boehmeria. In honor of BfBhmer, a German botanist.
(1) Cjmbidium. (2) Urtica cylindrica, L.

BCEHMERIA, BOTRYCHIUm 159

lateriflora^ (Ju. 21.) leaves alterntae, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rough-
flowers glomerate, lateral: stem herbaceous. Leaves 3-nerved, and on long peti-
oles. iS. P.

3 — 1. Boerhaa'via. 32. Nyct. ast-cat.
SotUhern.
erecta, (w. p. J. 71.) stem columnar, trichotomous, rough below, smooth above:
flowers in corymb-panicles.

17—2. Bolto'nia. 55. Aste. sec-sti.

asteroides, (false aster, w-r, Au. If.) leaves very entire; flowers long-peduncled:
akenes oval,glabious, sub-awnless. S. P.

glastifoiia, (false chamomile, w. Ju. 21- ) lower leaves serrate: flowers short-pedun-
cled: akenes obcoidate, apparently winged, pubescent: awns of the egret two, of
equal length with each other. Resembles Anthemis cotula. S. P.

Southern.
diffusa, E. (w. y. S. Til) leaves lance-linear, margin scabrous: panicle difiuse, many-
flowered: akenes obovate, emarginate, slightly winged: egret two long awns. 2f.

BoOtia, PoTENTILLA.

Remark. Dr. Wallich has dedicated a new splendid East Indian genus to Mr. Boot:
and Hooker says this plant may be returned to the genus Potentilla, under the specific
name, arguta, a European species.

5 — 1. Bora'go. 43. Bora, ast-pti. pec.
Exotic.
officinalis, (borage, b. Ju. 0.) leaves alternate: calyx spreading.
africana, (0.) leaves opposite, petioled, ovate: peduncle many-flowered.

17 — 1. Borkhau'sia. 53. Card, sec-sti.

grandifiora, N. (W. y. 0.) sub-cauline, with fine hairs: leaves lyre-runcinate, with
lobes gashed-acute, sometimes sub-entire: stem very short: peduncles sub-solitary,
very long, 1-flowered. Arkansas; found by Dr. Z. Pitcher.

Suutlicrn.
caroliniana, N. (y. March. ^?) leaves lance-oblong, glabrous, rarely toothed, some-
times pinnatifid: stem erect, few-flowered: peduncles long. 2 f.

20 — 2. Bo'rya. 96. Euph. cath. em — .poi — .

Southern.

poTulosa, Mx. (dotted borya. L.) leaves lance-oblong, obtuse, sessile, coriaceous,

dotted under side; margins revolute.
acuminata, Mx. leaves lance-oval, tapering at each end, pelioled, membranaceous,
slightly serrulate.

Botrophis, Macrotrys. Raf.

21 — 1. Botry'chium. 5. Fili. sec-stim. ton — .

fumarioides, W. (1) (grape fern, moon wort. J. 2i.) scape naked; frond glabrous,

Boerhaavia. In honor of Boerhaave, the celebrated physician.

Boltonia. In honor of Js. Bolton, a British naturalist, and artist.

Bootia. In honor of Francis Boot, of Boston, a very accurate botanist.

Borago. Lat. corrupted from bar, heart, and ago, to effect, it being supposed to cheer

the spirits.
Borkhausia. In honor of Mr. Borkhausen, a distinguished German botanist.
Borya. In honor of the botanical traveller, M. Bory de St. Vincent.
Botrychium. Gr. hotrus, a bunch of grapes, referring to the fructification which

resembles this.

(1) Botrypus lunarioides, Mx. Osmunda biternata, Lk.

160 BOTRYCHIUM, BRAYA.

radical, 3-parted, 2-pinnate; leafets lunate, crenate: spikes pinnate. jS?. P. Y.
Grafton, N. Y. Avery. Mich.

oMiquum, W. (J. Ju.) scape below, l-fronded: frond sub-biternate; leafets oblong-
lanceolate, serrulate, dilated at the base, unequally heart-form: spikes doubly pin-
nate. Perhaps only a variety of the last. P.

dissutum, {.].) scape below, l-fronded; frond 3-parted, 2-pinnatifid; divisions linear,
2-parted, at the apex 2-toothed. S. P. Y. C.

vinriniaim., W. (1) (rattlesnake fern. O. J. Ju.) hirsute: scape in the middle fronded:
frond sub-ternate, 3-parted, 2-pinnatifid; leafets gash-pinnatifid; divisions obtuse,
sub-3-toothed: spikes 2-pinnate, divaricate. Large. S. Mich.

gracile, Ph. (J.) glabrous: scape in the middle, fronded: frond 3-parted, 2-pinnatif5d;
divisions gash-sub-pinnatifid, acute, sub-toothed: spikes slender, pinnate, erect.
Smaller. Var. of the last? C. Y. W. P. T.

simpfea;, Hitchcock. (J.) glabrous: scape below, l-fronded: frond simple, 3-lobed or
3-cleft: segments unequal: spike sub-compound, interrupted unilateral: capsules
sessile. Sori the size of mustard seed. Grows in dry hilly pastures, about three
or four inches high. Vid. Amer. Jour. Sci. vol. 6, p. 10.3. N.

Boyldnia, Saxifraga.

3—2. Bra'chyely'trum. 10. Gram. far. ton—, fod.

crcctiim, P. (false dropseed. A. Ju. 21.) pubescent: culm strong, simple; panicle with
few branches. Taken from tl*e Muhlenbergia. The specific name, aristacium, has
been substituted by some. ;Sf. C. O. H. N. Mich.

17 — 2. Brack y'ris. N. 5.5. Inul. sec-sti. ton.

Suuthcrn.

sarothrnc, Ph. (2) (W. y. If.) stems numerous, angled, scabrous, naked below,
corymbed above, branches few-flowered at the top: leaves linear, close-pressed,
obsoletely 3-nerved, scabrous both sides. Taken from Solidago. The specific
name, eulhamiae, is substituted by some. 7 i.

Br achy sternum, Pycnanthemum.

Brasenia, Hydropeltis.

14 — 2. Brassica. 63. Cruc. asc. ase. nut. emo.

Exotic.

orientalis, (perfoliate cabbage. $.) leaves heart-form, clasping, glabrous; radicle ones

entire: silique 4-sided.
napus, (kale or cole. $.) root caulescent, fusiform: leaves smooth; upper ones heart-
lanceolate, clasping; lower ones lyrate- toothed. (Rape.) Nuttall supposes this
species grows native in ledges of rocks near Aikansas.
rapa, (turnip. ^.) root caulescent, orbicular, depressed fleshy: radical leaves rough;
cauline ones very entire, smooth. Var. rutabaga, has a turbinate, sub-fusiform
root.
oleracea, (common cabbage, including all the varieties caused by culture. $.) root
caulescent, terete, fleshy: leaves smooth, glaucous, repand-lobate. In sour-crout
a most excellent anti-miasmatic, and a defence in cases of epidemics.

41 — 2. Bray'a. 63. Cruc. asc. nut —

alpina, Hk. (W. 2f.) leaves glabrous: scape scarcely leafy: bract-bearing, racemes
capitate. R.

Brachyelytrum. Gr. hrachus, short, and elutron, sheath, from its short calyx.
Brachyris. Gr. brachus, short, and ucheiron, a chaffy scale; the egret being short and

chaffy.
Brassica. Obscure: some say from Gr. brasso, to boil, it being used as a pot-herb;

others derive it from Celt, bresic, signifying cabbage.
Braya. Named by Dr. Hoope, after Count Bray, a German patron of science.

(1) Osmunda virginica, L. Botrypus virginicus, Mx. (2) Solidago sarothffi, Ph.

BRAYA, BROUSSONETIA. 161

glabella. Rich, (w. p.) leaves glabrous: scape mostly leafy: fruit-bearing racemes
lax, long. A.

17 — ]. Brickel'ma. 54. Card, sec-sti. ton—.

cordifolia, (p. Au.) lower leaves cordate, acuminate, dentate, pubescent; upper ones
obtuse: involucre many-flowered: corol tubular, B-cleft: stamens attached to the
corol: akenes long, hairy: receptacle naJied and dotted.

3 — 2. Bkiz'a. '10. Gram. far. ton — .

media, (quaking grass, rattle snake grass? J. 71.) panicle erect: spikelets heart-ovate,
about 7-flovvered: glumes smaller than the flowers. 1 f. Probably introduced.
Bw. C. ^

maxima, (rattle snake grass? %.) spikes cordate, with 17 florets in each: glumes
chesnut brown.

G — 1. Brodi^'a. 16. Asph. sti. exp. ton.

Southern.

grandiflora, S. (W. Ap. ZT.) umbels many-flowered: flowers pedicelled: stamens al
ternate, with membranaceous margins. Called Missouri hyacinth.

3 — 2. Bro'mus. Gram. far. ton. cath — .

secnlinus, W. (chess. O. J. 0.) panicle nodding, spikelets ovate, compressed: glumes
naked, distinct: awns shorter, subulate, straitish-zigzag. Probably from Europe;
common in rye and wheat fields. Florets about 10 in each spikelet: leaves some-
what hairy. -S. Mich.

ciliatiis, W. (1) (W. 21.) panicle nodding: spikelets oblong, compressed, 6 to 8-
flowered: florets awned at the margin, ciliate-villose: sheaths and both sides of the
leaves sub-pilose: culm bearded at the joints. S. Woods. Y. O. W. P T C
N. Mich.

puhescens, M. (broom-grass. W. J. 2i-) ^^'"1 ^^'ry below: joints brown: stipules very
short: panicle at length nodding, pubescent: glumes less than paleas, 8 to J2-
flowered: paleas pubescent, one valve awned beneath the apex. Var. ciliatus has
a ciliate valve in each palea; 8 to 10-flowered. Var. canadensis, has one very hairy,
7-nerved valve to each palea, and a short bristle. Y. V. P. O. M. N. Mich.

purgans, W. (Au. W. Zf.) panicle nodding-, spikelets lanceolate, terete: florets awn-
ed, pilose; awns erect: leaves glabrous both sides, their sheaths pilose. S. Y
W. P. Mich.

mollis, S. (W. Ju.) panicle erect, compact: peduncles ramose: spikelets ovate, florets
imbricate, depressed, nerved, pubescent: bristle straight, nearly as long as the
paleas: leaves with short hairs. Y. N.

Southern,
altissimus, Ph. (W. J. 2X.) panicle nodding, spikelets oblong, about 6-flowered: florets
pubescent: outer valve 3-nerved, with a short awn: leaves and sheaths glabrous:
culm glabrous, very tall. 7 f.

20 — 4. Broussone TiA. 98. Datis. nar. ton. ano.
Exotic,
papyrifera, (paper mulberry, M. ^.) leaves sub-cordate, lobed or undivided: roots
sending off suckers. 20 f. Dn.

Brickellia. In honor of Dr. Brickell, of Savannah.
Briza. Gr. hritho, to nod or hang down; alluding to the spike.
Brodisea. In honor of James Brodie, an eminent Scotish botanist.
Bromus. Gr. hromos, wild oats, also any food for inan or beast.
Broussonelia. In honor of Broussonnet, a French naturalist of distinction.
(1) canadensis, Mx.

21

162 BRUNNICHIA, BUPLEURUM.

8—3. Brunni'chia. 28. Poly, ton-cath. dia. s. far.
Southern,
cirrhosa, (A. Zf.) climbing: leaves cordate, acute, glabrous, entire: panicles terminal:
bracts ovale, mucronate.

8 — 4. Bryophyllum. 83. Cras. det. ref. ast— .
Exotic,
calycinum, (leaf-plant, sprout-leaf r-g. Ju. 7i.) leaves remarkably thick and succu-
lent, crenate-serrate, oval; petiole channelled above; leafets in pairs: flowers long-
cylindric, pendulous.

13 — 2. Buchne'ra. .37. Scro. acr. asc. poi — . diu. sal.

americana, W. (blue-hearts. O. b. Au. 21.) stem simple: leaves lanceolate, sub-den-
tate, rough, 3-nerved: flowers remote, spiked. In the herbarium this plant be-
comes black. 1 f &'. P. y. O. Mich.

5 — 11. Bcme'lia. (1) 48. Sapo. ton. nut. diu.

Southern.

hjcioides, Ph. (g-w. M. ^ .) spinous, erect: leaves broad-lanceolate, smooth both sides.
Fruit a drupe. Wood hard and heavy.

reclinata, Ph. (J. ^.) spiny, spreading: sterile branches spreading: leaves small,
obovale, very smooth.

lanuginosa, (g-y- J- ^;'.) spiny: branches expanding, hairy: leaves lance-oval, woolly
under side. 10 f

tenax, (g-v. h.) spiny: leaves lance wedge-form, mostly obtuse, silk-downy beneath.
25 f Charleston, S. C.

oUongifolia, N. (W. ^.) spiny: leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base,
hairy beneath: flowers conglomerate, sub-sessile, numerous: segment of the nec-
tary 3-clea. 18 f

17 — 2. Buphthal'mum. 55. Inul. ton. sec-stim.

Southern,

fruiescens, (ox-eye, y. J. ^.) leaves opposite, wedge-lanceolate, fleshy, whitish; peti-
oles 2-toothed: stem shrubby. 2 f Charleston, S. C.

angustifolium, Ph. {![.) leaves alternate, linear, border, near the summit, entire, gla-
brous: involucre of acute, lanceolate, leafets.

sagitlatum, Ph. (W. y. J. 21-) tomentose: radical leaves long-petioled, oblong,
sagittate, entire, somewhat 3-nerved; cauline ones oblong, tapering into the petiole:
stem about 3-flowered: outer leafets of the involucre longer than the disk.

5 — 2. Bupleu'rum. 60. Umb. stom. nar — .

ranunculoid.es, ( ) radical leaves linear-lanceolate; cauline ones clasping, cordate-
oblong, striate: involucre sub-3-leaved unequal; leafets of the involucels 5, ovate,
mucronate, nerved, distinct. R. Behrings straits.

Exotic.
rotundifolium, (thorough wax. y. J. 0.) leaves simple, perfoliate: involucre none.
One of the few umbelliferous plants with simple leaves. 2 f. Cultivated.

Brunnichia. In honor of Brunnich, a Danish naturalist.
Buchnera. In honor of John Godfrey Buchner, a German botanist.
Bumelia. Gr. boumelia, the name given by the Greeks to our common ash.
Buphtlialmum. Gr. bous, a bull, and ophthalmos, the eye, from the resemblance of its

flower.
Bupleurum. Gr. bous, ox, plcuron, rib or side, alluding to the stiffstriated leaves of some

species.

(1) Sideroxylon, Mx.

BUXUS, CACTUS. 163

Burmannia, Tripterella.

I

19—4. Buxus. 96. Euph. ton. iri. stom.
Exotic.
sempervirens, (box. >:.) leaves ovate, petioled, somewhat hairy at the margin: anthers
ovate, arrow-form. Var. mtgustifolia, leaves lanceolate. Var. suffniticosa, leaves
obovate, stem hardly woody.

C.

Cahomha, Nectris.
17 — 1. Caca'ha. 55. Eupa. ton. sec-stim.

suaveolms, W. (wild carraway. W. w. Au. 2X-) stem herbaceous: leaves petiolate,
hastate-sagittate, serrate, glabrous, green on both sides: flowers corymbed, erect:
involucre many-flowered. 3 — 4 f. jS. P.

atriplicifolia, W. (orache caraway. W. w. Au. 2X-) stem herbaceous, leaves petioled,
glabrous, glaucous beneath; radical ones cordate, toothed; cauline ones rhomboid,
sub-2-toothed both sides: flowers corymbed, erect: involucre 5-flowered. Flowers
small. S. P. Mich.

reniforrnis, W. (W. w. Au. 21.) stem herbaceous: leaves petioled, glabrous beneath,
pilose at the veins: radical ones heart-kidney-form, repand- toothed; cauline ones
toothed, at the base wedge-form, entire: corymbs level-topped: involucre many-
flowered. 5—10 f. P.

tuberosa, N. (W.) root tuberous: stem herbaceous: leaves petioled, ovate, obtuse, 5-
nerved, entire: flowers corymbed, sub-fastigiate: involucre naked, 5-flowered, 5-
leaved: leafets carinate. Flowers nearly white. 4 — 6 f. Natchez. Mich.

Southern.

ovata, Wr. (w. S — Oc.) stem herbaceous: leaves ovate, obtuse: obtusely toothed,

nerved, slightly glaucous beneath: the lower ones petioled: involucre 5-leaved,

5-flowered. 3—4 f.
lanceolaia, N. (y. w.)stem herbaceous: leaves narrow-lanceolate, acute at each end,

remotely toothed, nerved, slightly glaucous beneath: involucre 5-leaved, 5 flowered.

4— 6f.

11 — 1. Cac'tus. 85. Cact. ref. ton — . cat — .

opuntia, L. (1) (prickly pear. W. y. J. Zf.) proUferous: articulations compressed,
ovate: bristles fascicular. The plant appears like a series of thick succulent leaves,
one growing from the top of another. <S. F. C. P. Y. Dry rocks, Catskill,
Hudson, N. Haven.

Exotic,
phyllanthoides, Dc. (leaf-flowered prickly pear. r. Oc.) branches (leaf-like) ensi-form,
compressed, obovate with spreading rounded teeth: spines few, setaceous, longer
than the woody covering. 2 f. Jamaica.

Southern,
viri'parus, Ph. (1) (W. r. Ju. 2S-) roundish, manifold or cespitose: tubercles cylindric,

bearded, grooved and proliferous above the furrows.
mammillaris, L. (W.) tubercles ovate, terete, bearded: flowers scarcely exserted:

berries scarlet, about equal with the tubercles.
Jerox, N. (W. y. & r. Ju.) proliferous; articulations large, nearly circular, spiny:

spines double; larger ones radiate, persistent: fruit dry, spiny.
fragilis. N. (W.) proliferous: articulations short, oblong, somewhat terete, fragile:

spines double: flowers solitary, small: fruit dry, spiny.

Buxus. Gr. puxos, of puhazo, to thicken or make hard, from the density of its wood.
Cacalia. Gr. kakalia, a name given by Theophrastus to a mountain plant with large

whitish leaves.
Cactus. Gr. kaktos, the ancient name for the prickly pear.

(1) Mammillaria. Dc.

164 CACTUS, CALLA.

cylindricus, (W. p. T>.) very branching; terminal branches consiting of long cylindri-
cal articulations: surface reticulated with decussate furrows.

14 — 1. Cakile. G3. Cru. asc. nut — .

amcricana, Scopoli. (sea-rocket. L. p. Ju. 0.) leaves wedge-oblong, obtuse, sinuate-
toothed: joints of the silicle 1-seeded: upper ones ovate, acute. Plant fleshy co-
rymbed. Canada, Michigan, New Haven. C. edentula is a synonym, also Bunias
maritima.

19—12. Caladium. 7. Aroi. acr. poi. irr.

elaucum, E. (J. $•) stemless: leaves glaucous, hastate-cordate, acuminate; lobes ob-
long, obtuse: spathe cucuUate, the summit oval lanceolate, white, longer than the
epadix. 12—15 1. S.

3 — 2. Cal'amagros'tis. 10. Gram. far. ton — . fod.

coarctata, T. (1) (Ju. 2I-) panicle somewhat spiked, conglomerate: glumes a little

longer than the paleas, carinate: palea longer than the egret, awned a Uttle below

the tip. Resembles Agroslis glauca. 3 — 5 f. S. P.
canadensis, (reed-grass. Au. 2i.) panicle oblong, loose: glumes scabrous, pubescent,

as long as the paleas: paleas awned on the back: hairs at the base equalling the

valves: culm and leaves smoot]:(i 3 — 4 feet high.
hrecipilis, (S. Zf.) panicle diffuse, capillary: glumes unequal, shorter than the paleas,

bearded at the base: paleas equal, awnless, hairy: hairs very short. 3— 4 f.

13 — 1. Calamin'tha. 42. Labi. stom. ton. dia.
Soidhcrn.

ncpeta, W. (r-w. J. 21.) pubescent, very brandling: leaves ovate, obtuse, sub-serrate;

whorls peduncled, dichotomous-corymbed, longer than the leaves: down or wool of

the calyx prominent.
grandifiora, Ph. (r. Ju.) suffruticose: leaves ovate, obtuse, crenate, smooth: whorls

many -flowered, on short peduncles, shorter than the leaves. 12—18 i.

12 — 1. Calandrinia. 86. Port. em. ton — .

menzicsii, Hk. (p. ) caulescent; leaves linear-spatulate; tlie lower ones on long
peduncles, witli the margins naked; the upper ones glandulose-ciliate: sepals
acutely carinate, glandulous, ciliate on the margins and keel: flowers peduncled,
axillary. 2 lo 4 i. Oregon, California.

speciosa, Linn. (p. ) glabrous, difl^use: leaves spatulate, acute, attenuate into a
petiole; flowers racemed: peduncles shorter than the bracts: petals longer than the
calyx. 4 to 5 i. North California.

maritima, N. (M. r. ) glaucous: leaves all in a radical cluster, obovate-spatulate,
thick and fleshy, somewhat petioled, obtuse: stems scapiform, diff"use: flowers in a
Bub-corymbose raceme: pedicels longer than the bracts: petals longer than the
broadly ovate, acute, sepals. California.

17 — 4. Calen'dula. 54. Card. oar. sec-stim.

officinalis, (pot marygold. y. #.) akene keeled, muricate, incurved.

Cakile. An Arabian name of the Sea-rocket.

Caladium. A name used by Rumphius for some kinds of Arum.

Calamagrostis. Gr. kutamos, a reed and agrostls, grass, from its partaking of the na-
ture of both.

Calamintha. Gr. kalamos, a. reed, and mintha, mint, its appearance and smell
uniting both.

Calandrinia. Gr. hnlos, beautiful, andiiov, lilUe man, or stamen.

Calendula. Lat. cakndot, the first day of every month, from its flowering monthly.
(1) cinnoides. B. — canadensis, N. — Arundo stricta, SI. glauca M.

CALLA, CALTHA. 165'

19 — 12. Cal'la. 7. Aroi. acr. poi.

pabistris, W. (water arum. O. w. J. Zf.) leaves sub-roundish, lieart-form, acute:
spathe ovate, cuspidate, spreading wlien mature. Grows in wet places.

Exotic,
•aihiopicaf (negro arum, egyptian lily.) leaves sagittate-cordate: spathe cucullate;
spadix with staminate flowers above.

4 — 1. Cal'hcak'pa. 41. Verbe. diu. ton. aro — .
Southern.
cmericana, W. (r. J.) leaves serrate, tomentose underneath. 3 — 4 f.
12 — 4. Cal'ligo'num. 28. Poly. cat. ref.
Southern,
canescens, Ph. (W. J. ^.) dioecious, pulverulent tomentose: leaves lanceolate:
flowers in axillary glomerules, spiked towards the ends of the branches; fruit
winged; veing of the wings crowned with teeth.

17 — 3. Calliopsis. 55. Heli. ton. sec-stim.

atldnsoniana, Reich. (2X-) leaves very glabrous; radical ones bipinnatifid; cauline ones
pinnate with linear spatulate divisions: florets of the ray often spotted at the base,
irregularly 3-lobed. R.

CaUlrhoe, Nuttallia.

1—2. Cal'htri'che. 88. Calli. ton — cat—.

verna, var. intermedia, W. (1) (water chickweed, or starwort. O. w. M. ^.) upper
leaves spatulate-obovate; lower ones linear, obtuse and emarginate, flowers polyga-
mous: margin of the capsule obtuse. 1?. C. F.

autumnalis, L. (Au. S. 0.) leaves all linear, 1-nerved, truncate or emarginate: cap-
sules with an acute margin: flowers all perfect. C. P. Y. N.

terrestris, R. (2) (Ju. 0.) procumbent, diffuse: leaves oblong, uniform, rather obtuse;
capsule grooved on the margin. Y. C.

6 — 3. Ca'lochor'tds. 14. Lilia. diu. cmo.

lutcus, N. (y. Zf.) stem forked, about 2-flowered: leaves setaceous short: flowers large,
inner petals much largest, glabrous at the apex, spotted: ciliate at the base, a mark
in the claws of the downy petals. Root bulbous. R.

Southerji.
elegans, Ph. (W. w. & p. 7X-) scape nearly 3-flowered, shorter than the single leaf:
petal woolly within.

Callopogon, Cymbidium.

12—12. Cal'tha. 61. Ran. edi. lax.

palustris, W. (american cowslip, marsh mar3^gold. O. y. Ap. 21-) stem erect: leaves
cordate, sub-orbicular, acute-crenate: sepals 5 or 6, broadij' oval. Var. intcscrrima,
leaves wholly entire; floral ones sessile, obscurely crenate: petals obovate. Var.
parnassifolia, stem 1-flowered, 1-leaved: leaves all petioled, broadly reniforai,

Calia. Gr. hallos, beauty, from the elegance of the flowers.

Callicarpa. Gr. hallos, beauty, and harpos, fruit, from the elegance of the fruit.

Calligonum. Gr. hallos, beauty, and gone, joint, implying a beautiful jointed

structure.
Calliopsis. Gr. kalas, beautiful, opsis, seeing, or to look at; the flower being beautiful.
Callitriche. Gr. hallos, beauty, and trix, (trichos,) hair, alluding to the floating

leaves.
Calochortus. Gr. hallos, beautiful, rhortos, fodder, meaning that it is good for cattle.
Caltha. Gr. halnthns, a basket, from the shape of its corol, or, of chalhos, brazen,

yellow, from its color.

(1) heterophylla, Ph. aquatica, Bvv. (2) brevifolia, Ph.

166 CALTHA, CALYPSO.

sharply toothed: sepals elh'ptical. Var. flabdlifolla, stem procumbent: leaves all

petioled, broadly reiiiform, the lobes widely spreading. 12 — 18 i.
asarifoUa, Dc. ( ) stem nearly erect, l-flo\vered: leaves reniform-crenate, with the

sinus obtuse, crenate: sepals 6 or 7, oval. Unalaschka.
nrclica, R. Brown, (y.) stem creeping: leaves reniform, repandly crenate, obtpse:

carpels imbricated: stigma persistent with the apex, rounded: stamens 20 or more,

with the anthers linear. Coast of the Arctic Sea.
■leptosepala, Dc. ( ) stem 1-leaved or naked, mostly 1-flowered: radical leaves on

long petioles, ovate-cordate, obscurely crenate: sepals 8 to 10, oblong: pistils 8 to

15. A span high. R. M.
''biflora, Dc. ( ) stem with a single leaf, 2-flowered: radical leaves petioled, reni-
form, crenate, with a very broad sinus: sepals oblong. N. W. Amer.
.natans, Dc. (w. Z[.) stem procumbent, floating: leaves heart-renifoim, crenate; lobes

approximate; behind obsoletely crenate, before dentate: divisions of the calyx oval;

• capsules with a straight beak. Canada.

Southern,
isagittata, Dc. (W. vv.) scape 1-flowered: leaves ovate, obtuse, entire, heart-sagittate
at the base, with inflexed auricles above: divisions of the nectary 9; pistils 13 to 15.

11 — 12. Caltcan'thcs. 92. Caly. aio. ton — .

laesiga'U:s^ W. (p. M. ^.) segments of the calyx lanceolate: leaves oblong or oval,
gradually acuminate, somewhat rugose, smooth and green on both sides: branches
straight, erect. 4 — 6 f.

Southern.

Jloridus, V/. (-Carolina allspice, p. M. ><.) divisions of the calyx lanceolate: leaves
broad-oval, acute, tonientose beneath: branches spreading. Florida. Cultivated.
3—7 f.

.inodorus, E. (A. p- Tp.) segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, pubescent: leaves
lanceolate, scabrous and shining on the upper, smooth on the lower surface:
branches spreading. 4 — 6 f.

.glaums, VV. (J. \ .) segments of the calyx lanceolate: leaves lanceolate, long-acu-
minate, glaucous beneath: branches spreading. 6 — 8 f.

3—1. Calyme'nia. (1) 32. Nyct. cat—.

■dlhida, Wr. (Ap. ^.) leaves opposite, oblong, lanceolate, sub-scabrous: peduncles
opposite, solitary and clustered: involucre 5-cleft.

aiijctaginia, Mx. (W. Ju. 21-) stem erect: leaves broad-cordate, acute, glabrous: pe-
duncles Golitary^- fruit-bearing calyx sub-hirsute, much smaller than the broad invo-
lucre. Resembles Mirabilis.

linearis, Ph. (W.) stem erect, terete: leaves linear, somewhat fleshy: flowers ra
cemed: pedicels aggregated: stamens very exsert.

hirsuta, Ph. (W.) stem erect, angled: leaves lanceolate, nerved, hirsute both sides:
involucre very hirsute, sub-3-flowered.

decumhens, N. "(W. r. J.) stem round, decumbent: leaves entire, narrow, sessile:
peduncles axillary. Missouri.

18 — 1. Calyp'so. 21. Orch. nut. emo.

americana, Br. (W. p.) lip narrowed, sub-unguiculate at the base; spur half 2-clefl,
exceeding the lamina; divisions acute: peduncle longer than the germ.

horealis, Ph. (p. r. J. 2X.) radical leaf single, round-ovate, nerved: scape 1-flowered,
sheathed. -S. Mich.

Calycanthus. Gr. kahix, a calyx, and anthos, a flower, the calyx resembling a corol.

Calymenia. Gr. kalux, a calyx, and timen, a membrane, on account of the mem-
branous calyx, by which the genus is distinguished.

Calypso. Gr. kalii^to. to conceal, referring to the stigma being covered: or from the
goddess Calypso, wiiose habitation was inaccessible.
<1) Allionia, Mx.

CALYFTRIDIUM, CAMPHOROSMA. 167

1 — 2. Calyptridiuim, 86. Port. erno. ton — .

monandrnm, N. (0. r.) plant depressed, densely branched, glabrous: radical leaves
lanceolate-s^)atulate, obtuse, thick and succulent, in a loose cluster: sepals slightly-
unequal, with scanous margins: corol minute: capsule compressed, pod-shaped,
somewhat recurved; valves membranaceous. California.

Calysiegia, Convolvulus.
14 — 1. Cameli'na. 63. Cru. asc. nut — .

saii'va, P. (wild flax, mad-wort. y. J. 0.) silicle obovate, pyriform, margined, tipped
with the pointed style; leaves sub-entire, lanceolate, sagittate. J8 i. T. C. P.
Petersboro, on Klein, Hoosick, N. Y. Avery.

barbareaefolia , Dc. ( ) silicles globose: leaves oblong, pinnatifid, obtusely auricled
at the base: stem villose at the base. R.

5 — 1. Campan'ula. 52. Camp. ton. diu — . cat — .

roiundifolla, W. (flax bell-flower, hair-bell. O. b. J. Zf.) glabrous: radical leaves
heart-reniform, crenate; cauline ones linear, entire: panicle lax, few-flowered:
flowers nodding. Radical leaves wither as soon as the flower expands. 1 — 2 f. &
Mich.

amplezicaulis, Mx. (1) (clasping bell-flower. O. b. M. 0.) stem simple, erect: leaves
■h€art-form, crenate, clasping: flowers axillary, sessile, glomerate. 12 — 18 i. iS.
Mich.

•americana, W. (W. b-w. Au. 2J.-) leaves ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate; lower
ones sub-cordate, with the petioles ciliate: flowers axillary, nearly sessile, in a ter-
minal leafy raceme: corol sub-rotate: style essert. Cultivated. 2 f. P. Mich.

erinoides, M. (2) (prickly bell-flower. VV. w-b. J. 0.) slender: stem simple, angular;
angles, and the margin and nerve of the leaves, with reversed prickles: leaves
linear-lanceolate, glabrous on the upper side: peduncles tew; those on the top of
the stem flexuose; axillary ones 1-flowered, filiform. 12 i. C. N. T. Mch.

nidda, (W. b. Ju. 74..) very glabrous: radical leaves oblong-spatulate, coriaceous, car-
tilaginous-crenate; cauline ones lance-oblong, sub-entire: flowers racemed: corol
bell-wheel-lorm. 7 i.

uniflara, L. (W) pubescent: radical leaves round-obovate; cauline ones lance-linear,
somewhat toothed: stem about l-9owered.

Exotic.

medium, (canterbury bells, w. b. Au. ^.) capsule 5-celled, covered: stem undivided,
erect, leafy: flowers erect.

speculum, (venus' looking-glass, b. Au. 0.) stem very branching, difl"use, leaves ob-
long, sub-crenate: flowers solitary, often destitute of the scales at the base.

lanuginosa, (rough bells. ) woolly hispid: leaves ovate, rugose, crenate, tapering
into the petiole: stem simple: flowers sub-sessile, erect-spreading.

■uriicaefolia, W. (nettle-leaved bell-flower. Au. p. 21.) stem angular hispid: leaves lance-
ovate, coarsely serrate: peduncle axillary, l-flo\vered, nodding: calyx hispid.

Southern.

divaricata, Mx. (b. Au. If.) leaves lanceolate, acute, with large serratures, glabrous:
panicle expanding: flowers nodding. 2. f.

4—1. Cam'phoros'ma. 29. Clieno. ver. nut. asc.
Southern,
glabra, P. (L. 21.) leaves somewhat 3-sided, glabrous, unarmed.

Calyptridium. Gr. kalupter, cap, idios, fitting, as the corol fits the capsule.
Camelina. Au old French name, said to allude toils being the companion of flax,

linum, or chamEe-liiunn, dwarf flax.
Campanula. Lat. campanula, a little bell; alluding to the shape of the corol.
Camphorosma. Lat. Camphora, camphor, and Gr. osme, smell, from its odor.

(1) perfoliata, L. (2) apaianoides, Ph. flexuosa'? Mx.

168 CANNA, CAPSICUM.

1—1. Can'na. 20. Mara. nut. asc.

Southern.

Jhc'cida, Roscoe, (1) (y. J. 21-) interior limb of the corol 3-cleft; segments flaccid.

2-3 f. . . , p ,

angustifolia, W. (r. Au. Zf.) leaves petioled, lanceolate, ribbed: interior limb of the
corol 8-cleft; divisions straight, emarginate.

20—5. Can'nabis. 98. Urti. nar. ano. ton. s. nut. for fowls.
Exotic,
sativa, W. (hemp. g. Au. 0.) stem pilose: leaves petioled, digitate; leafets lanceo-
late, serrate, pilose: staminate flowers solitary, axillary: pistillate ones spiked.
4 — 10 f. Grows spontaneously. T.

5 — 1. Cantua. 45. Polem. ton — .

longiflora, T. & J. (W.) very glabrous: leaves slenderly pinnatifid: flowers terminal,
lax-corymb-panicled, peduncled: tube of the corol very long, tubular; divisions
orbicular, slenderly acuminate: style exsert.

punffens, T. & J. (W.) leaves irritable, digitate, sub-fascicled; divisions subulate,
pungent: divisions of the corol obovate, obtuse.

Southern.
coronopifoUa, W. (O. r. & y. Ju. ^?) leaves pinnatifid: flowers terminal, peduncled,

in loose racemes: corol thrice as long as the calyx. 2 — 3 f.
Jloridana, N. ( $.) glabrous: leaves cut-pinnate, capillaceous: flowers in lax-racemes:

corol tubular, narrow below, limb one-fouith as long as the tube: calyx abbreviated;

divisions setaceous. Florida.
aggreguJta, Ph. (W. r. J. Q.) pubescent: leaves slenderly pinnatifid; flowers terminal

and lateral, somewhat in heads, sub-sessile: divisions of the corol narrow, oblong,

gradually acute: style included, very short.
parviflora, Ph. (W? b. J. 0.) pubescent, diff"use: leaves pinnatifid; divisions long-
linear: peduncles solitary, 1-flowered, terminal, and opposite to the leaves: corol a

little longei than the calyx.

13—2. Capra'ria. 37. Scro. acr. poi.

pusitlu, T. & J. (W. w. 0.) hairy: leaves opposite, cordate, repand-toothed, petioled:
peduncles axillary, longer than the petioles.

Southern,
multifida, Mx. (W. g-w. Ju. 0.) erect, viscid-hairy: upper leaves three in a whorl,

many-cleft: pedicels solitary. K.
lijlura, M. (E. 2X-) leaves alternate, ovate, serrate: flowers in pairs.

Caprifollum, Lonicera.

14 — 1. Capsella. 63. Cru. ant. nut.

bursa-pastoris, (shepherd's purse. O. w. M. 0.) hirsute: (sub-glabrous by growing in
rich soil;) radical leaves pinnatifid.

5 — 1. Capsicum. 38. Sola. h. poi. f. & s. sti-f.
Exotic.
annuum, (guinea pepper, red pepper, cayenne pepper, y-g. w. Au. 0.) stem herba-
ceous: peduncles solitary. From South America. 10 — 18 i. Sti-f. heat. leth.
gout, dysp.fia. cpi.

Canna. From the Celtic word can; signifying a reed or mat.
Cannabis. Gr. kannubis, hemp: the Arabic name is ganeb.
Cantua. The Peruvian name of this plant.
Capraria. Lat. capra, a goat, those animals being fond of it.
Capsella. Lat. capsa, box or casket, from the casket-like form of the silicle.
Capsicum. Gr. hapto, to bite, from its qualities.
(1) angustifolia, Wr.

CAPSICUM, CARDUUS, 169

Soulkern.

baccatunt, 1j. (bird pepper. ^.) stem smooth; peduncles in pairs. Southern States,
or Florida;

14 — 2. Cardam'ine. 63. Cruc. con. asc. diu. epi.

htUidrfolia, L. (daisy-leaved watercress. W. w. Z[.) leaves simple, round-ovate,
entire; petioles very long: flower-bearing stem of the length of the leaves. R.

tbres, Mx. (w. J. 2|.) small, erect, ramose; leaves all sub-lyrate-pinnatifid: silique
short, terete, acuminate. New England. Ph.

rotvndifoLia, Mx. (1) (W. A. w. M. Zf.) leaves sub-orbicular, nearly entire, smooth,
petiolate: stem simple, weak; procumbent; 9—15 i. Whitehills; S. R; N.
Mch.

pratensisj W. (field water-cress. O. r-p. M. If.) simple, glabrous, erect: leaves pin-
nate; radical leafets roundish, toothed; cauline ones lanceolate, sub-entire: racemes
sub-corymbed. Mch.

hirsuta, (M. ^.) leaves pinnate, hairy; leafets of the radical ones roundish, petiolate;
those of the upper ones oblong, sub-sessile: petals oblong: siliques erect. P. R.
Mch.

purpurea, H. (p;) sub-glabrous, radical and cauline leaves ternate, or quinate, with
the lateral leafets round-oval, acute: terminal ones round-cordate, 3-toothed: petals
net- veined: bracts sessile at the base of the lower pedicels, cuneate, 3-toothed.
R.

(mgulata, H. (r. Zf.) leaves petioled, ternate, rarely quinate-pinnate; radical ones

roundish; eaulines ones ovate or lanceolate, angle or gash-lobed, glabrous. R.
digitata, Rich, (w-p.) leaves digitately pinnate: divisions sessile, linear, very entire:
style short, scarcely more slender than the silique: stigma capitate. A.

bligospcrrila, N. (^. w. ) somewhat hirsute: leaves pinnate, petiolate; leafets reni-
form or obovate, conspicuously petiolulate, lobed or toothed; the central segments
often 3-lobed: siliques in terminal fascicles, broadly linearj acute, erect, few-seeded:
pedicels about one- sixth as long as the siliques. 1 f. Oregon.

iudovicianu, Hk. (w. ) stems branching from the base, erect or diffused; leaves

pectinately pinnatifid; segments oblong or linear, toothed: siliques rather erect,
broadly linear: style none: seeds orbicular, margined. Georgia to Arkansas. C;
tirginica and sisymbrium ludovicianum are synonyms.

Southern,
spathnlatui Mx. (w. A. Ql) small: stems decumbent: root leaves spatulate, pubescent;

cauline ones narrow, cuneate, entire, toothed: pods loosely divaricate. 6 — 12 i.
vlnUifida, Ph. (2X-) hairy, branching: leaves interruptedly pinnate; leafets 2-pinnatifidj

with roundish gashed divisions: silique short.

8 — 3. Car'diosperm'um. 65. Sapin. ton. r. ape.

Southern.
haicacabum, W; (O. Au. 0.) glabrous: leafets incised and lobed; the terminal one

rhomboidal.

17 — 1. Carduus. .54. Card, sec-stim. if nau. cat.

ptctinalus, W. (comb thistle, meadow thistle, p. ^ ) unarmed: leaves decurrent, lan-
ceolate, pectinately pinnatifid: peduncles almost leafless, terminal, very long, about
i-flowered: flowers nodding, often discharging the pollen: scales of the involucre
linear , spreading. '

Cardamine. Gr. hardia, the heart, and damad, to tame, from its fancied carminative

qualities.
Cardiospermum. Gr. hardia, the heart, and sperma, seed, from a mark at the base of

the seed.
Carduus. A name applied to prickly plants, from their being used to card wool; and

card is derived from kuard. Celtic.
, (1) Arabis rhoraboidea, P.?

22

170

19—3.' Ca'rex. 9. Cype. far. nut. and fod— .

Remarks. Tlie Monograph of North American species of Carex by Schweinitz,
edited by Torrey, is a work of very great merit; such as was to be expected from
these gentlemen. But Prof. Dewey has made the Carex a subject of study for 18
years; and appears to me to have brought this very ditficult genus down to the
capacities of those learners for whom this Manual was compiled. I shall therefore
adopt his Caricography, as published in the 7th, Sth, 9th, 10th, Uth, 12th, 14th,
25th, 26th, 27th, and 28th vols, of Silliman's Journal, with a few trivial alterations.

I. Stigmas two.
A. Spikes dioecious,
wormskioldiana,* Hor. (mountain sedge. A. J. 2^.) spike single, simple: leaves flat:
fruit-bearing spike sometimes with 3-stigmas, oblong, acute, cylindric, densely im-
bricate: fruit ovate and sub-ovate, short beaked, hairy, equalling the ovate acute
scale. White Mts. Oakes. 5 i. Probably the dioica. S.

B. Spikes dioecious and androgynous.

exilis, Dewey, (M. IS.) spike single, slender: leaves 3-sided, bristly: fruit bearing
spikes staminate below, somewhat dense flowered, simple: fruit lance-ovate, con-
vex both sides, diverging, serrulate or scabrous at the margin; scale a little longer
than the fruit, ovate, acute. 16 i. Wet. Var. squamacea, has the spike androgy-
nous and longer, and numerousLstaminate flowers.

sterilis, W. (barren sedge. M. Zf.) spikelets in fives, sessile, approximate: fruit ovate,
acuminate or somewhat beaked, 2-clefi, 3-sided-compressed, scabrous at the margin;
equalling the ovate acutish scale. 8 i. Vv et. S. N.

bromoides, Sh. (M. 21.) spikelets many, alternate, oblong, erect, the uppermost
staminate below, the others pistillate, androgynous above and below, and staminate
in the middle, or the middle ones staminate below: fruit erect, lanceolate, acuminate,
scabrous, nerved, bifid, half as long as the lance-ovate scale. 14 i. Wet. S.
C. T. N. Mch.

C. Spikes androgynous.

1. Stamens at the summit of the spikelets.

cep}Mlophora,'W. (head sedge. M. H-) spikelets ovate, densely aggregated, somewhat in
fives, threes, or sevens, bracted: fruit ovate, acuminate, compressed bifid, margin
scabrous, nearly equalling the small scabrous-cuspidate scales. 20 i. Woods. /S.
W. Y. B. P. T. C. N. Mch.

rosea (Sh. M. H-) spikelets somewhat in fours, alternate, lemotish, sessile; lower
one with a long setaceous bract: fruit lance-oblong, convex above, margin scabrous
2-toothed, diverging, about twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. 12 i. Moist.
Var. radiala, has its spikelets distant, about 3-flowered, with little setaceous bracts,
and very narrow leaves. 6 i. S. T. N.

retroflexa, M. (O. M. H.) spikelets about in fours, alternate, ovate, sub-approximate,
sessile, bracted: fruit ovate, acutish, 2-toothed, margin glabrous or scabrous, reflex-
spreading, about equal to the ovate acute scale. 1 f. Woods. <Si.

muhknberghii, Sh. (W. 21.) spikelets alternate, somewhat in fives, obtuse, approxi
mate, staminate above: fruit ovate, compressed, nerved, 2-cleft, margin scabrous,
sub-divergent, a little shorter than the ovate scale. 15 i. Mountain woods. <S.
P. C. N.

stipata, M. (O. M. H-) spike decompound; spikelets numerous, oblong, aggregated,
bracted: fruit lance-ovate, terete at the base, plano-convex, scabrous at the margin,
nerved, bifid, diverging, about twice as long as the lance-ovate scale. 2 f. Wet.
S. Mch.

midtiflora, M. (M. 2£.) spikes alternate, approximate, bracted, sessile; spikelets ob-
long-ovate, obtuse, bracted, conglomerate: fruit ovate, acuminate, compressed,
densely imbricate, bifid, 3-nerved, diverging, a little smaller than the ovate-cuspi-
date scale. 20 i. Moist. Var. microsperma, has the fruit but little compressed or
acuminate, and very small. S. C. T. P. O. N.

Carex. From Lat. carere, to want, the upper spikes of these plants bemg constantly
without seeds, consisting only of staminate flowers.
* For synonyms, see Silliman's Journal, and the annals of the N. Y. Lyceum.

CAREX. 171

sparganoides, M. (M. 2i.) spikelets somewhat in eights, ovate, somewhat distant,
bracted: fruit ovate, compressed, scabrous at the margin, diverging, acuminate
2-toothed, twice as large as the ovate, mucronate scale. 20 i. <S. C. O. .

disper'ma, Dewey. (O. M. 1[.) spikelets somewhat in threes, sub-approximate, erect
lower one bracted: fruit ovate, obtuse, nerved, plano-convex, glabrous, twice as
long as tlie ovate, acute, sub-mucronate scale. 10 i. Wet woods and mountains,
near Williams college. Mch.

setacea, Dewey. (W. J. U-) spikes sessile, alternate, approximate, bracted; spikelets
ovate, obtuse, conglomerated, bracted: fruit lance-ovate acuminate, compressed,
bifid, somewhat diverging, about equal to the lance-ovate awned scale. 2 f. High
wet ground. C. Mch.

panictilata, (M. 2i.) spikelets sometimes dioecious, fuscous, ovate, condensed into a
panicle: fruit lance-ovate, acuminate, gibbous, nerved, 2-toothed, ciliate-serrate at
the margin, glabrous at the base, a little shorter than the ovate, acute, acuminate
scale. 2 f. Damp. N. Mch.

decomposita, M. (W.)]'spike decompound or panicled; spikelets androgynous, upper
ones staminate, alternate, crowded together, very many have two stigmas: fruit
ovate, 3-sided, short-beaked, or acutish, small, black, glabrous, about equalling the
white ovate acuminate scale.

teretius' ada, Gn. (Zf.) spike twice or thrice compound, dense, somewhat pointed:
spikelets clustered: fruit spreading, gibbous: stem roundish. Sometimes dioecious
or polygamous. Wet. N. Mch.

muricata, (A. M. 21.) spikes compound; spikelets some wliat in sixes, ovate, sessile,
approximate; often the lower ones are remotish: fruit ovate or oblong-ovate, acu-
minate, plano-convex, diverging, bifid, scabrous at the margin, twice as long as
the ovate scale, or equal to the lance-ovate one. 1 f. Woods, fences, &c.
Var. cephaloidea, Dewey, has spikelets aggregated, somewhat in fives, closely ses-
sile: fruit ovate, twice as long as the scale.

chordorrhiza, W. (2i-) spikelets aggregated into an ovate head, somewhat in fours and
fives: fruit ovate-acuminate: leaves of the culms close-pressed: culm sub-ramose
at the base: root procumbent, often lising above ground, which gives the ramose
appearance to the general culm, (or the creeping root) upon which the upright and
ascending culms are'inserted. Found on St. Lawrence river, nearOgdensburg. The
above description is translated from Persoon's synopsis, with some additions taken
from a specimen presented to Prof J. Hall, by Dr. Cravve, the discover of this
locality. This is an European species mentioned by Prof. Dewey, as being found
on Columbia river; from whom we are to expect an improved description soon.

incurva, Lightf spikelets androgynous, staminate at the apex, aggregate in a globe-
ovate head: fruit ovate, sub-conic, terete, sub-rostrate, entire at the mouth, a little
longer than the acute, ovate scale. 2 i. R.

stenophylla, Whl. spikelets aggregated in a sub-globose head, staminate above: fruit
longish, ventricose, plano-convex, nerved, margin serrulate: mouth 2-toothed,
about equalling the ovate, acute scales. 3 — 6 i. R. A.

2. Stamens at the base of the spikelets.

bicolor, Al. (2X.) spikes in threes, ovate, sub-sessile, erect: fruit obovate, obtuse, sub-
compressed: scales ovate, obtuse. 6 i. Labrador.

loliacea, (Zf.) spikelets in threes, rather distant, minute, few-flowered, sessile: fruit
oval or ovate, obtuse, sub-compressed, spreading, nerved, entire at the orifice,
about twice as long as the acute, ovale scale. S.

deioeyi, Sz. (J. Z[.) spikes somewhat in threes, sessile, ovate, alternate, somewhat
distant, the upper one without bracts: fruit lance-oblong, beaked, acuminate, 2-
forked, plano-convex, sub-scabrous at the margin, a little longer than the lance-
oblong, hyaline, short-awned scale. 3 f. Slender and often procumbent. Rocky
woods. N. Mch.

trisperma, Dewey. (J. 21.) spikelets in threes, alternate, remote, sessile, ovate; upper
one without bracts: fruit oblong, acute or beaked, plano-convex, entire al the ori-
fice, many-nerved, sub-scabrous at the apex, somewhat spreading, longer than the
oblong, acute, hyaline scale. 20 i. Wet. N. Mch.

scopariu, Sh. (M. 2X-) spikelets alternate, ovate, sessile, in fives; lower one with
caducous bracts: capsule lanceolate, nerved, glabrous, erect, longer than the lance-
olate acuminate scale. 20 i. Wet. Spikelets tawny. «S. C. O. B. P. N.

172 CAREX.

lagopodioides, Sh. (M. 2X.) spikelets crowded, numerous, Bcales smallish: capsules
oval-oblong, flqttisli-convex, acuminate, spreading, membrane-margined: orifice
2-tootiied. 2f. Wet. S. N.

strammea,\V. (straw sedge. M. Zf.) spike compound; spikelets somewhat in sixes,
ovate, oblong, alternate, sessile, sub-approximate: fruit broadrovate, roundish,
compressed, winged, ciliate-serrate, beaked, nerved, 2-toothed, a little longer than
the lance-ovate scale. 18 i, Moist. Vai. brevior, Dewey, fruit short-obovate and
beaked, scarcely longer than the scale. Var. minor, Dewey, spikelets obovate,
and fruit with seriulate wings, small. T. N. Mch.

foena, M. (2i-) spike compound; spikelets ovate, aggregated above: fruit ovate, acu-
minate, scabrous margmed, 2-toothed, about equal to the lance-oblong scale. 2 f.
Wet. S. Pennsylvania.

cristata, Sz. (J. 2i.) spikelets sessile, 6 to 14, closely aggregated, globose, bracted:
fruit oblong-ovate, compressed, diverging, winged, beaked, acuminate, bifid, con-
cavo-convex, ciliate-serrate at the margin, longer than the lance-oblong scale. 2 f.
Moist. C. T. M. O. Mch.

stdhduta, Sr. (W. M. 2_f.) spikelets about in fours, ovatish, somewhat remote, ses-
sile: fruit ovate, sub-acuminate, compressed, sub-bifid, scabrous at the margin,
diverging and retlexed, a Uttle longer than the ovate obtusish scale. 10 i. Wet.
T. B. O. N. Mch.

scirpoides, Sh. (W. M. 2X.) spikelets in fours, sessile, ovate, obtuse; lower one bract-
ed: fruit ovate, cordate, comj)ressed, beaked, scabrous at the margin, longer than
the ovate, acute scale. 10 i. JtVet Often very small. S. T. N. Mch.

purta, Gn. (O. M. If.) spikelets in fives, sub-approximate: scales sub-equal: fruit
round-ovate, acutish, somewhat convex and obtuse angled; flat beneath, and round
above: orifice 2-toothed. 20 i. Wet woods. Probaoly includes the canescens.
Mch.
festucacea, Sh. (M. 21.) spikelets sessile, alternate, ovate, approximate, .5 to 8-bract-
ed: capsules roundish-ovate, beaked, winged, striate, 2-ioothed, ciliate-serrate at
the margin: larger than the lance-ovate, inucronate scale. 2 f. Moist. S. C.
T. P. N. Mel).

ten'era, Dewey. {M. 2i-) spikes about in fives, obovate, remotish, alternate, sessile,
slender below; the lowest bracted: fruit ovate, compressed, beaked, subulate,
nerved, ciliate-serrate, larger than the lance-oblong scale. 2 f. Moist. N. Mch.

opalis, Good, spikes androgynous, staminale at the base, about in sixes, oval, ses-
sile, sub-approximate: fruit ovate-oval, compressed, acuminate: membrane, mar-
gined, bifid at the mouth, equalling the long ovate scale. 12 — 20 i. R.

3. Stamens at the apex of the highest and lowest spikelets — tlie middle spUidets xchoUy
staminnte.

siccata, Dewey. (J. 2/.) spikes compound; terminal spikelets obtuse; lower ones
mostly in fours, ovate, acutish: fruit lance-ovate, acuminate, compressed, scabrous
at the margin, bifid, nerved, about equal to the lance-ovate scale. 15 i. Sand. N.

D. Stumcns and stigmas on separate spikes.
1 . Sta.minate spikes single.

fiovae angliae, S^ (A. .T. 2i-) staminate spike short, slender, arising from the same
base with the upper fruit-bearing one: pistillate spikes 2 or 3, somewhat remote,
sessile, ovale, alternate, few-flowered, bracted: fruit somewhat 3-sided-oval, sub-
ventricose, ribbed, beaked, minutelv pubescent, a little longer than the ovate, mu-
cronate scale. 7 i. On Saddle xMt. 3000 feet high. C. N.

(lureq,, N. (W. M.2i.) slaminate spike short peduncled, without bracts: pistillate spikes
in threes, oblong, lax-flowered, sub-peduncled: spikelets exsertly peduncled, sub-
approximate, bracted: fruit obovate or pear-form, obtuse, nerved, sub-ventricose,
entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate, acute or short-mucronate scale. 6 i.
Wet. This is Sohweinitz's pyriformis. Dewey. C. Mch.

saxat'ilis, (A. 1[.) spikes oblong, erect: scales obtuse: pistillate spikes about in threes,
alternate, upper ones ovale, sessile, lower ones sub-oblong, short peduncled,
bracted: fruit ovate-obtuse or oblong-oval, sub-compressed, orifice entire, sub-
pubescent, about equalling the ovate, obtuse scale. This includes the higelowii and
compacta? V. W. Hemlock woods. Vermont.

CAREX. 173

Br. ( ) spikes distinct, staniinate one solitary, rarely in pairs, erect,
oblong; pistillate ones sub-binate: peduncles erect, oblong, sub-dense-flowered:
fruit ovate, convex, short beaked, 2-lobed at the mouth, longer than the black
ovate acutish scale. 6 i. R.

2. Slaminate spikes two or more.

acuta, (W. M. 2X0 staminate spikes numerous or one, oblong erect — upper one
peduncled, and the rest sessile and short: pistillate spikes somewhat in threes,
oblong, cylindric, often recurved, sessile; the lower one peduncled, often staminate
at the apex, lax or dense-flowered: fruit oval, compressed, acutish, glabrous, with
the aperture entire and protruded, a little shorter than the lance-oblong scale. 2 f.
Var. erecta, Dewey, pistillate spikes two, erect, sessile, straight, short-cylindric.
Var. sparsiflora, Dewey, pistillate spikes oblong, sub-sessile, lax, flowers scattered.
S. C. T. P. N. Mch.

pespitosa, (O. M. 2i.) staminate spikes sometimes solitary, erect, oblong; lower ones
sessile: pistillate spikes in threes, oblong-cylindric, somewhat dense-flowered,
sessile: often staminate at the apex: fruit oval and obovate, convex both sides,
obtuse, glabrous, with the orifice entire and protruded, a little longer than the
oblong obtuse scale: scale green with brown margins. 18 i. Var. ramosa, one,
two, or three spikes branch off from the lower spike. jS. C. Mch.

fiquat' His, Wh. (M. If.) staminate spikes numerous, or one, erect: pistillate spikes
short-peduncled, cylindric, about in threes, thick-clavate above, dense-flowered,
sub-erect, sometimes staminate at the apex: fruit oval and sub-lens-form, glabrous,
with the aperture entire and protruded, about equal to the ovate acutish scale. 2 f.
Wet. Mch.

^stricta, Gn. (M. 21.) staminate spikes somewhat in pairs, erect, oblong, about 3-sided:
pistillate spikes about in threes, cylindric, erect, often staminate at the apex,
acutish above: the lower one short-peduncled: fruit ovate, compressed, acutish
glabrous, with a protruded entire orifice, a little longer than the oblong acute scale.
15 i. Wet. Resembles acuta. C. N. T.

frinita, Lk. (O. M. H.) staminate spikes two (sometimes one) lax, often with scat-
tered fruit; pistillate spikes rarely witli three stigmas, somewhat in threes, oblong-
cylindric, peduncled nodding, tapering below, often staminate above: fruit ovate,
sub-inflated, somewhat ;3-sided, sliortly beaked, glabrous, with the orifice entire,
about one third as long as the oblong, linear, scabrous-awned scale. Var. paleacea,
pistillate spikes mostly in fours, flagelliform, recurved: scales cuspidate. Var.
gynandra, pistillate spikes pendulous; fruit about half as long as the scale. S.
Mch.

TF. Stigmas three.
E. Spikes androgynous.
1. Stamens at tlic summit.
(Spike simple.)
polytrichoides , M. (M. 2|.) spike terminal, oblong: fruit somewhat in fives, oblong,
alternate, somewhat 3-sided, glabrous, emarginate. twice as long as the ovate, obtuse
(rarely mucronate) scale. 10 i. Wet. Is the offiwis of the Arctic region a variety
of this? C. W. T. N. Mich.
leucoglocliin, Eh. (J. 21.) spike about 4-flowered: staminate flower mostly solitary;
fruit lanceolate, 3-sided-terete, much reflexed, hardly twice as long as the lance-
oblong scale. 6 i. Wet.
fraseri, Sims. (A. 1[.) spike cylindric: fruit globe-ovate-triangular, entire at the

orifice, striate, longer than the oblong scale. 1 f
ursina, Dewey, spike single, staminate below, globose, dense-flowered: fruit ovate,
lenticular, compressed, smooth, a little longer than the round-ovate scale. 3 i. A.

(Spikes several.)
ovata, Rudge. (Canada.) spikes in fours and fives, ovate, dense-flowered, peduncled,
pendulous, bracted: fruit ovate, compressed, acuminate, bifid, equal to the ovate,
acute scale. C.

(One radical peduncle, or more, single-spiked.)
wildenowii, Sh. (W. J. 21.) stems 1 to 3 from the same root: one spike staminate

174 CAREX.

above, ovate at the base: fruit 3 to G, globe-ovate, beaked, sub-inflated, somewhat
3-sided; scales ovate, acute, inferior, filiform, very long, much longer than the
spike — sometimes the staminate spike is distinct. 10 i. Dry woods. ^. P. Y.
pedunculata, M. (Ap. 2X-) spikes about in fives, 3-cornered, distant, long-peduncled:
fruit obovale, 3-sided, recurved at the apex, commonly glabrous, a little longer than
the oblong or obovate, mucronate scale. 6 i. Woods. T. N.

2. Stamens at the base of the spikes.

squarrosa, (21.) spikes one, two, or three, oblong-cylindric: fruit imbricate, ovate with
a long beak, 2-toolhed, spreading horizontally, glabrous and sub-squarrose, longer
than the lanceolate scale. Var. typhinoides, (Dewey) spike long-cylindric, tapering
above, mostly in pairs, often approximate. S. C. P. T. M. Mch.

atrata, (A. 2^.) spikes somewhat in fours, oblong-ovate, somewhat nodding, terminal
one androgynous, staminate below; upper ones crowded, sessile; lower ones some-
what distant, peduncled, round-oval, compressed, glabrous, short-beaked, witha
2-lipped aperture, a little shorter than the oblong, acutish, black scale. 1 f. S.

F. Terminal spike androgynoiis, pistillate at tfie summit: the others wholly pistillate.

cirescens, M. (green sedge. M. 2i.) spikes in threes, oblong, erect, alternate; upper
one peduncled, beneath staminate; the rest bearing fruit, sub-sessile, bracted: fruit
ovate, obtuse, ribbed, pubescent, nearly equal or exceeding the ovate, pubescent,
mucronate scale. 20 i. Wet*Upland. Var. costata, has its fruit strongly ribbed,
and its outer sheaths purplish-brown — leaves more numerous and larger. C. P. N.
Mch.

carltonia, Dewey, spikes in threes, ovate, sessile, approximate; upper ones androgyn-
ous, lower ones staminate: fruit ovate, acutish, plano-convex, smooth, entire at
the mouth, equalling the ovate atutish scale. 12 i. A.

arctica, Dewey, spikes siib-ternate, ovale-cylindric sessile; lower one peduncled, brac-
ted, upper one staminate below: fruit ovate, plano-convex, obtuse, very shoit-
beaked, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate obtuse scale. 8 i. A.

hirsuta, W. (W. M. If.) spikes in threes, oblong, alternate, erect; upper one short-
peduncled and staminate below; the rest sub-sessile, leafy-bracted: all approximate,
dense-flowered: fruit 3-sided-ovate, nerved, obtuse, entire at the aperture, about
equal to the ovate, acuminate, glabrous scale. Var. pedunculata, T. has oblong-
Cylindric, peduncled spikes, and slightly pubescent leaves. <S'. P. Y. C. T. N.

l&uz^au?Hti, Wh. (W. J. 21.) spikes distinct or androgynous, about in fours; upper
spike staminate, often androgynous, peduncled, clavate, fruit-bearing above; the
rest fruit bearing, oblong, somewhat remote, sessile, bracted, sometimes with but 2
stigmas: fruit oblong-ovate and obovate, obtuse, somewhat 3-sided, nerved, glabrous
at the sub-entire orifice, equalling the oblong, mucronate scale. 18 i. Wet. <S.
P. C. N. Mch.

piridula, Mx. (1) (21.) spikes about in threes, oval, sessile, approximate; terminal one
androgynous, staminate below; lower ones axillary: fruit ovate, 3-sided, glabrous,
acuminate, about equalling the ovate acuminate scale. 1 f. Damp. Hudson's
Bay.

formosa, Dewey. (M. 21-) spikes oblong, thick, one-sided, in fours, distant, exsertly
peduncled, nodding, upper ones staminate below: fruit oblong, 3-sided, sub inflated,
acutish at both ends, with a sub-entire or 2-lobed orifice, twice as large as the ovate,
acute scale. Yellowish green. 15 1. Wet. N. Mch.

gracillima, Sz. (2) (M. 2i-) spikes long, slender, distant, lax-flowered, in fours, ex-
sertly peduncled; upper one staminate below, all bracted: fruit oblong, 3-sided,
obtuse, with an oblique, somewhat 2-lobed orifice, larger than the oblong, obtuse,
short-awned scale. 20 i. Moist. T. O. N. Mch.

torreynna, Dewey, not Sz. (3) (M. 21.) fructiferous spikes somewhat in threes, oblong,
with scattered flowers, remote, exsertly peduncled, sub-pendulous: fruit oblong,
somewhat tapering at the base, 3-sided-inflated, nerved, acutish, short-beaked, with
a 2-lobed orifice, about equal to the oblong, scabrous-awned scale. 18 i. N.

fuliginosa, Sh. (A. Zf.)spikes oblong, somewhat in fours; terminal one androgynous,
staminate below; lower ones exsertly peduncled, nodding: fruit oblong, mucronate,
bifid at the apex, longer thaq the oblong scale. T.

(1) triceps, E. (2) digitalis, T- & Sz. (3) davisii, T.

CAREX. 176

vahlii, Sclik. (M. ) spikes sub-ternate, upper one androgynous, oblong, lower one
staminate. tlie rest pistillate, ovate or oblong, sub-i)eduncled, short-bracted: fruit
round-oval, somewhat 15-sided, entire at the mouth, greater than the ovate or oblong
sub-acute scale, tj — 10 i. K. A.

G. Sfaminaie spike simple.
1. Pistillate spikes sessile, or with enclosed peduncles.

pubcscens, M. (W. M. 2{.) spikes distinct: staminate spike 3-sided, sub-sessile: pistil-
late spikes in threes, oblong, sub-lax-llovvered, erect, bracted, lower one peduncled:
fruit ovate-3-sided, beaked with a sub entire orifice, pubescent, a little larger than
the ovate-oblong, mucronate, keeled scale: leaves and culm pubescent. 18 1. Moist.
C. P. N. T. JVlcii.

vcstita, W. (M. ZT.) staminate spike is sometimes accompanied with a smaller one,
cylindric-oblong, upper one elongated, peduncled: pistillate spikes in pairs, ovate-
oblong, sessile, sub-approximate, bracted, sometimes staminate above: fruit ovate-
oblong, somewhat 3-sided, nerved, short beaked, bifid, pubescent, a little longer
than the ovate-oblong, acutish, sub-mucronate scale. 2 f. Wet. S. C. T. IN.

varia, J\I. (O. Ap. 21.) staminate spike erect, short or long: pistillate spikes in threes,
ovate, sessile, sub-approximate, few-flowered: fruit oval-inflated or globe-3-sided.
acuminate-beaked, bifid ! rough-|)ubesceiit, about equal to the ovate, acuminate scale.
10 i. Dry woods. Var. pcdicellatu, (Dewey,) has the pistillate spikes sliort-pedun
cled, erect, and the lower bract leafy. Numerous variations in height, «fcc. are com
mon to this plant. S. Mch.

marginala, M. (Ap. 2S-) staminate spike erect, peduncled, somewhat 3-sided: pistil
late spikes in pairs, ovate, sub-sessile, sub approximate, few-flowered: fruit globe
ovate, short beaked, somewhat 2-toothed, tomenlose, about equalling the ovate-acu
minate, or oblong-mucronate scale. 15 i. Dry woods. »S'. C. B. N. T. Mch

fiava, (M. 2X.) spikes distinct; staminate spike somewhat 3-sided, from the same base
with the pistillate, and short-peduncled; pistillate spikes in threes, ovate-oblong
approximate, peduncles inclosed: fruit ovate, densely-imbricate, 2-toothed, ribbed
reflexed with a curved beak, larger than the lance-ovate scale. 18 i. Wet upland
P. W. C. M. B. N. T. Mch.

bnlduinid, Dewey, spikes distinct; staminate, solitary, cylindric, with a 3-nerved
bract; pistillate ones in pairs or threes, 3-stigmas, ovate, roundish: upper ones ses-
sile, extreme top ones often staminate, lower peduncle long, exsert: fruit ovate, 3-
sided, sub-inflated, glabrous, nerved, long-beaked, 2 toothed, about twice as long as
the ovate acutish scale. 1 — 2f

oederi, Eh. (M. 21-) spikes distinct, or androgynous, or both; staminate spike erect;
pistillate spikes about in fours, aggregated, sub-sessile, bracted, somewhat oblong:
upper androgynous spike staminate above or below, or both: fruit sub-ovate, inflated,
nerved, 2-tootlied, with a subulate straitish beak, a little longer than the ovate scale.
8 i. Wet. Mch.

tentaculata, M. (O. M. Zf.) spikes distinct; staminate spike sub-sessile, bracted; pis-
tillate spikes in paiis, or in tlirees, oblong, cylindrical, bracted; upper one sessile,
the rest with short inclosed peduncles: fruit ovate, inflated, long beaked, 2-toothed,
nerved, glabrous, diverging, closely compressed, twice as long as the small, ovate,
rough-mucronate scale. 18 i. Wet, olten forming bogs. S. Mch.

coUinsii, N. (A. M. 2J.) spikes distinct; staminate spike "erect; pistillate spikes some-
what in threes, sessile or with enclosed peduncles, distant, few-flowered: fruit sub-
late or somewhat inflated-lanceolate, long, beaked, reflex-spreading, glabrous, with
an entire orifice, more than thrice as long as the lanceolate scale. 1 f This is
Dewey's mirhauxii, which he yields to Nuttall, and adopts his name. It is the
subulata of Mx. not of Muhlenberg. S.

folliculala, (O. M. 2/.) spikes distinct; staminate spike oblong, peduncled; pistillate
spikes somewhat in pairs, approximate, few-flowered, erect, sub-peduncled; the
lower one sometimes remotely and exsertly peduncled: fruit conic-ovate, acuminate,
beaked, 2-tootl)ed, large, very glabrous, nerved, inflated, diverging, thrice as long
as the ovate cuspidate scale. 20 i. Wet. 8. Mch.

xanthophysa, Wh. (M. 2i.) spikes distinct; pistillate spikes thick, about in threes,
distant, lax-flowered, ovate, peduncled, inclosed or exsert, leaf-bracted: fruit oblong,
inflated, large, beaked, diverging, 2-forked at the orifice, longer than the lance-
ovate, sub-awned scale. 2 to 5 f. Elevated wet ground. Var. nana, Dewey,

176 CAREX.

has pistillate spikes in pairs, sub-approximate, and the fruit twice as long as the
scale. 1 f. Var. minor, is like the last, but is still smaller, and has the pistillate
spikes aggregated. P. N. Mch.

lupuUna, M. (O. M. If.) slaminate spike erect, slender, sub-sessile: pistillate spikes
in threes and fours, ovate-oblong, very thick, or oblong-cylindric, short-peduncled,
erect, dense-flowered, approximate; lower one exsertly peduncled and sometimes
distant: fruit ovate-conic, inflated, long and conically beaked, bicuspidate, nerved,
glabrous, about thrice as long as the lance-ovate, acuminate scale. 3 f. Wet*
Var. pulijslachia, T. has the pistillate spikes in fives, long-cylindric; lower one re-
mote and long-peduncled. /S. Mch.

davisii, Dewey. (M. 2i-) spikes distinct; staminate spike sessile, short; pistillate
spikes in pairs or in threes, approximating the staminate, ovate, sessile, few-flower-
ed; often a radical one long peduncled: fruit globe-3-sided, tapering at the base,
beaked, pubescent, with an oblique aperture, about equalling the ovate scale: culm
decumbent. 8 i. Dry hills and woods. N.

nigro-marginata, Sz. (M. Zf.) spikes distinct; staminate spike sessile; pistillate
spikes in pairs, ovale, sessile, closely approximating the staminate: culms (or pe-
duncles) radical, long, somewhat in threes, arising from the same root: fruit ovate,
somewhat 3-sided, conic-beaked, 2-toolhed, pubescent, equalling the ovate acutish
scale. Scales dark brown, with green keels. Hills. 6 i.

^oUccta, Dewey, (A. M. 2X.) slaminate spike erect, lax-imbricate, slender, sub-pedun-
cled; pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, ovate, few-flowered, bracted; lower one
short-peduncled: fruit ovate, beaked, somewhat 2-toothed and pubescent, a little
longer than the ovale, acute -scale. 15 i. In small bogs in mountain swamps.
Mch.

supina, spikes distinct; staminate one solitary: pistillate ones somewhat in pairs,
roundish, sub-sessile, approximate, smooth, with a 2-lobed mouth about equalling
tlie ovate scale. 6 i. A.

schkuhrii, W. spikes distinct: staminate onepolitary; pistillate one sub-binate, sessile,
approximate roundish, small flowered: fruit obovate, short beaked, globe-3-sidedj
scarcely equalling the acute ovate scale. A.

parn/ana, spikes distinct; staminate one solitary; erect, eylindric; pistillate ones in
twos or threes, oblong, eylindric, dense flowered, erect; lower one peduncled,
bracted: fruit obovate, flat, convex, obtuse, smooth, scarcely beaked, a little longer
than the ovate, acute or mucronate scale. 18 i. A.

2. Pistillate spikes exserthj peduncled.

plantaginea, Lk. (W. Ap. 2J.-) staminate spike erect, peduncled; pistillate spikes
somewhat in fours, oblong, with flowers somewhat scattered, erect, remote, exsertly
peduncled: fruit oblong, oval-3-sidedi sub-cuneiform, tapering at both ends, curved
back at tiie apex, entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate-cuspidate scale; leaves
very broad, ensiform. Stem 3-sided; sheaths reddish-brown towards the base:
leaves radical, green through the winter. Often mistaken for the next species.
18 i. «. N. T. Mch.

iinceps, Sh. (O. M. Z(.) spikes distinct; staminate spikes oblong, short-peduncled;
pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, sub-filiform, erect, alternate, with scattered
flowers; peduncle 2-edged; upper spike sessile, and the rest somewhat remotely and
exsertly peduncled: fruit oVal-inflated, elongated at the base, tapering at the apex,
alternate, somewhat 3-sided, glabrous, striate, curved back at the membranaceous
or entire orifice, a little longer than the oblong, nuicronate or ovale, acute scale.
Stem acutely triangular and often 2-edged above. "Woods. 1 f. -S. Mch.

alba, Haenke. (W. If.) staminate spike peduncled; pistillate ones in pairs, about 5-
flowered: bracts sheathing, membranaceous, hyaline: fruit globe-ovate, striate,
beaked, obliquely truncate. 10 i. Var. setifolia, (Dewey,) has bristle-form, slen-
der, somewhat stiffly-erect leaves, till near maturity. Rocky soil. Pownel, Vt.,
and Goat Island at Niagara FaUs. T.N. Mch.

oligocarpa, Sh. (M.) spikes distinct; staminate spike without bracts; pistillate spikes
in threes, somewhat fi-flowered, oblong, distant, peduncles long and lax: fruit ovate
3-sided, alternate, glabrous, nerved, curved back and short-beaked at the apex,
entire at the orifice a little longer than the ovate scale. 1 f Woods and hills.
Var. vnn-i'leckii, Sz. has the spikes longer, peduncles shorter, fruit more remote and
smaller, with scales half as long. T.N.

CAREX. 177

cotloidea, Sh. (1) (M. 21-) spikes distiucl; staminate spike oblong, peduncled; pistil-
late spikes in pairs or in threes, oblong-, remote, erect, sub-dense-flowered, bracted;
upper one sub-sessile: fruit oblong, oblusish, glabrous, nerved, somewhat diverging
with an entire orifice, a little longer than the ovate subulate scale. Dewey says,
this is thegranularoidesof Sz. 1 f. Moist. S. C. P. T. N. Mch.

granulans, M. (VV. M. 21.) staminate spike erect, sub-peduncled; pistillate spikes
somewhat in threes, cylindric, dense-flowered; upper ones sub-sessile, often ap-
pro.ximate; lower ones e.xserily peduncled: fruit round-ovate, recurved at the apex
and short-beaked, entire, nerved, hardly twice as long as the ovate, acuminate
ecale. 1 f. Wet upland. -S'. N. Y. Mch.

Scabrata, Sz. (M. ZT.) spikes distinct; staminate spike 3-sided, peduncled; pistillate
spikes somewhat in fives and remote, exserlly peduncled, cylindric, alternate, sub-
erect, furnished with long leafy biacts: fruit oblong-ovate, beaked, sub-ventricose
and bifid, scabrous, longer than the scale: scale lance-ovate, acummate, sub-ciliate
at the margin, and scabrous at the apex. 18 i. Wet. F. T. N. ftlch.

blanda, Dewey, (2) (M. Z(.) spikes distinct; staminate spike erect, peduncled, 3-
sided; pistillate spikes somewhat in ilirees, oblong, cylindric, with flowers scattered,
alternate, bracted; upper one sub-sessile; lower one with a lung "i-edged peduncle:
fruit oval or obovate, somewhat 3-sided, nerved, recurved and entire at the apex,
scarcely longer than the ovate, scabrous-nmcronate scale. 1 f. Dry woods. N.

laxiflora, Lk. (M. Zf-) spikes distinct; staminate spikes oblong, slender, rarely bracted;
pistillate spikes in threes, lax-flowered, remote, erect; upper one with a short
and inclosed peduncle; lower one exsertly peduncled: fruit ovate or oblong-ovate,
sub-obtuse, glabrous, ventricose, nerved, somewhat 3-sided, wirh an entire orifice,
a little longer than the ovate-mucronale and scabrous scale. 15 i. Damp woods
and meadows. S. T. P. N. Mch.

ustuluta, Wh. (A. 2i-) staminate spike oblong, recurved; pistillate spikes in pairsj
oval, nodding: fruit ovate, beaked; acuminate, flattish both sides, black, 2-toothed
at the orifice, about twice as long as the ovate scale. Labrador.

Jlezuosa, Sh. (M. Z{.) spikes distinct: staminate spike filiform; pistillate spikes in
fours, filiform, flexuose, nodding: flowers scattered: peduncles long: fruit lance-
oblong, somewhat 3-sided, alternate glabrous, beaked, bifid, hardly twice as long
as the lance-ovate scale, ftloist woods and meadows. 18 i. &'. B. P. N.

venusta, Dewey. ( ) spikes distinct; staminate one solitary cylindric; pistillate

spikes in threes, long-cylindric, peduncle sub-lax-flowered, long-peduncled and
exsert: fruit cone-ovate, terete 3-sided, nerved, scabrous-pubescent, 2-toothed;
about twice as long as the obtuse ovate scale. 1 — 2 f. S.

sylvatica, Hd. (M. 2i.) spikes distinct; staminate spikes slender, short-peduncled;
pistillate spikes somewhat in fours, filiform, with scattered flowers, remote, nod-
ding, long-peduncled; fruit ovate, 3-sided, glabrous, sub-ventricose, somewhat
long-beaked, bifid, scarcely exceeding the ovate, mucionate, membranaceous scale.
Moist woods and meadows. 15 i. N. Mch.

digitalis, M. (W. M. 2X.) spikes distinct; pistillate spikes in threes, alternate, lax-
flowored, with long, filiform, nodding peduncles: fruit oval 3-sided, obtuse, nerved,
glabrous, longer than the ovate, acute scale. C i. Wet. iS. P.

castanea, Wh. (doubtful as an American.) spikes staminate and pistillate, distinct;
pistillate spikes thickish, short, sub-dense-flowered: peduncles long-exsert, recurved^
bracted, lax-sheathed, leafy, distant; scales short: fruit oblong, slender, divergent,
with a 1-lobed orifice: leaves hirsute.

tcashingtonia* Dewey. (3) (A. J. IS-) spikes distinct; staminate spike erect; pistillate
spikes oblong, cylmdric, sub-sessile, sub-remote, erect: flowers somewhat scattered:
fruit oval, acute at both ends, compressed, short-beaked, glabrous, with one entire
orifice, about equalling the oblong-ovate, acutish scale. 1 f. Damp. Found on
the White Mts. N. H. near the summit of Mt. Washington, by Prof Barratt.

halseyi, Dewey. (M. If.) staminate spike remote from the pistillate, accompanied with
one or two smaller, arising near its base; pistillate spike solitary, (rarely another
with stamens at its top,) interposed between it and the staminate one; oblong
cylindric, erect, sub-lax-flowered: fruit oval-ovate, short beaked, somewhat 3-sided,

*Prof Dewey will excuse me for shortening some of his personal and geographical
names by substituting genitives. In this case, I believe, the adjective may be pro-
perly made Washingtonia, &c.

(1) granularoides, Sz. (2) conoidea, M. (3) nigra, Sz
23

178 CAREX.

inflated, nerved, glabrous, oblique at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate,
acutish scale. 18 i. Wet upland. N.

tctanica, Sh. (M. 21.) staminate spike peduncled; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes,
remote; lower one long-peduncled: fruit obovate, recurved at the apex, entire at
the orifice, longer than the ovate, obtuse scale. 10 i. Moist meadows. Dewey
saj's, some mistake must have been made about this species; but it must remain as
it is fijr farther examination. S. P. Y. W. N.

panicca, (ZI-) spikes distinct, stigmas 3; staminate spike solitary ; pistillate spikes
somewhat in pairs: peduncles sub-exsert, remolish, lax-fiowered; lower ones long-
peduncled; fruit sub-globose, obtuse, entire at the mouth, a little larger than the
acutisii ovate scale. 12 i. B. Supposed by Dr. C. Pickering to have been intro-
duced from Europe.

trraijana, Dewey. (ZT-) spikes distinct; staminate ones solitary, oblong: fruit bearing
spikes with three stigmas to the style, somewhat in pairs, oblong cylindric sub-lax
flowered, peduncle exsert: fruit ovate, oblong, sub-inflated, somewhat 3-sided, ob-
tuse or acutish, mouth entire, longer than the obtuse oblong scale. S. Utica.

3. Pistillate spikes peduncled and scarcely

miliacea, M. (M. 2_(.) spikes distinct; staminate spikes elongated, slender; pistillate
spikes in threes, elongated, cylindric, somewbat slender; upper one sub-sessile,
the rest peduncled; all bracted, and nodding: fruit ovate-3-sided, glabrous, some-
what beaked, sub-bifid or entire at the orifice, longer than the oblong, emarginate
or obcordate, scabrous-awned ^ale. Wet. iS. P. N. Mch.

umljellata, Sh. (M. 7S-) spikes distinct; staminate spike short, with a long peduncle;
pistillate spikes somewhat in fours, one often sub-sessile and near the staminate,
the rest sub-radical, exsertly peduncled, all ovate and sub-umbelled: fruit ovate,
acute at both ends, beaked, sliortiy 2-toothed, pubescent, equalling the lance-ovate
scale. 1 to 4 i. In small tufts on dry hills. Var. vinna, (Dewey.) has one sessile,
ovate, pistillate spike at the base of the staminate, with two or three radical pedun-
cles, each bearing a pistillate spike, as in the common one. N. T. Mch.

miliaris, Mx, (A. Zf-) spikes distinct; staminate spilce pallid, long-peduncled: pistil-
late spike sessile, oval, fuscous: bracts setaceous, short: fruit sub-spherical, smooth.
Canada marshes.

pallescens, (21.) spikes peduncled, sub-cylindric, nodding: bracts somewhat clasping,
leafy and distant: fruit oval, very obtuse, terete: culm erect: staminate spike
lanceolate; pistillate ones in threes. 1 f. N. T.

oakes'ii, Dewey. (A. J. 21-) spikes distinct; staminate spike short- bracted, oblong,
slender; pistillate spikes somewhat in pairs, ovate, distant, bracted; lower one
sub-peduncled: fruit ovate, somewhat 3-sided, sub-inflated, neived, short beaked,
glabrous, entire at the orifice, a little longer than the lance-ovate scale. 1 f.
Mch.

hystericina, W. (O. M. 2i.) spikes distinct; staminate spike 3-sided, bracted, pe-
duncled; pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, alternate, somewhat distant, foblong,
cylindric, bracted, nodding; upper one with an inclosed peduncle, the rest exsertly
peduncled, and tbe lower one long-peduncled: fruit ovate, glabrous, inflated, some-
what 3-sided, beaked, nerved, with a 2-cleft orifice, twice as long as the oblong,
emarginate, scabrous-mucronate scale. Plant yellowish-green, spikes becoming
brown. 20 i. Wet. Often mistaken for the tcntacvlata. S. Mch.
limosa, (VV. J. Z[.) spikes distinct; staminate spike witliout bracts; pistillate spikes
somewbat in pairs, ovate or oblong, somewhat long-peduncled: flowers somewhat
scattered, pendulous, remotish: fruit oval, compressed, very short-beaked, entire at
the orifice, about equalling the ovate-cuspidate and lance-ovate or oblong scale.
1 f. Bracts witli very short brovvnish sheaths. Var. irii^ia, has sub-cylindric
spikes, and long-acuminate, dark red pistillate scales. Var. variflora, has sub-
linear spikes, loose-flowered, witli subcircinal, pistillate scales. Var. livida, has
shorter peduncles, few-flowered, oblong-pistillate scale about equal to the fruit,
and obtusish, with sub-ovate-oblong fruit, and sub-incurved leaves. Var. oblonga,
(Dewey) has spikes somewhat long-cylindric. Alpine. This species is the ^er^^i-
cularis of Mx. Dewey. N. Mch.
Itua, Wahl. ( ) spikes distinct; staminate one oblong, solitary; fruit-bearing ones
oblong, with peduncles exsert, pendulous, sub-distant: fruit oval, 3-sided-depressed,
short-beaked, entire at the mouth, equalling the ovate-oblong, obtuse scale. 6—10 i.
A.

CAREX. 179

pseudo-cyperus, (O. M. li.) staminate and pistillato spikes distinct; staminate spike
peduncled; pistillate spikes pediincled, cylindric, thick, pendulous: bracts some-
what clasping, long-leafy, sub-approximate: scales setaceous; fruit oblong, acumi-
nate-beaked, retlexed, 3-sided, nerved, bicuspidate. 3 f. In clusters. Wet. S.
Mch.

hitclicocLii, Dewey. (A. M. 2S-) spikes distinct; staminate spike erect, peduncled;
pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, erect: flowers few and scattered: lower spike
remote: fruit somewhat 3-sided-oval, inflated, alternate both sides, recurved at the
apex, striate, with a short truncate beak and aperture, about equalling the oblong
or ovate-mucronate scale. 20 i. Mountain woods. N.

verna, (JM. Zf.) staminate spike erect: pistillate spikes in pairs, ovate-oblong, approx-
imating, sub-peduncled: fruit oval, somewhat 3-sided-acute, pubescent, a little
shorter than the oblong-ovate, sub-mucronate scale. 6 i. Rocky hills.

H. Staminate spikes tioo or more.

trichocarpa, M. (M. 21-) staminate spikes somewhat in tlirees, erect; lower ones ses-
sile, rarely androgynous; pistillate spikes in threes, erect, long-cylindric, slender,
sub-remote, sub-lax-flowered, essertly peduncled, excepting that the lowest is
nearly inclosed: fruit lance-ovate, sub-conic, inflated, nerved, beaked, 2-forked,
dense pubescent, about twice as long as Uie lance-ovate scale. 2 f. Wet. Var.
turbinata, (Dewey.) has the staminate spikes with oblong, mucronate, tawny
scales: and the pistillate spikes with the upper ones nearly sessile, or with inclosed
peduncles; and the fruit conic, inflated. S. N. Mch.

larrattii, T. (L. Zf.) staminate spikes somewhat in pairs: pistillate spikes somewhat
in threes, oblong-cylindric, nodduig, distant, upper one bearing stamens: fruit
oblong, somewhat 3-sided, short-beaked, sub-scabrous, entire at the mouth, a little
shorter than the lance-ovate, sub-obtuse scale. 1 f.

Jiliformis, Gn. (W. Zf.) spikes sub-sessile, oblcing: bracts short-sheathed, leafy, re-
motish: capsules long-oval, villous, with a •2-forke(l beak; leaves convolute. Sta-
minate spikes one or two lanceolate; scale of the fruit oblong, with a yellow nerve
— pistillates with green nerved scale. 2 f. N. T. Mch.

<impullacca, Gn. (ZT-) spikes short-peduncled, cylindric, thick, lax; staminate spikes
numerous: bracts clasping, leafy, distant; scales lanceolate: fruit sub-globose,
inflated, setaceous-beaked, larger than the scale, diverging: culm obtuse angled:
leaves narrowish, with incurved margins. Staminate spikes three or more, O. N.
T? Mch.

vesicaria, (W. M. ZT-) staminate spikes distinct, somewhat in threes, erect; upper
one peduncled, the rest sessile; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, cylindric. al-
ternate, erect, dense-flowered; upper ones sessile, lower ones sub-peduncled: fruit
oblong-ovate sub-terete, inflated, subulate-beaked, spreading, nerved, glabrous,
bi-cuspidate, scarcely twice as long as the ovate-cuspidate scale. 2 f. Wet. N.
T.?

luUata, Sh. (M. Zf.) staminate and pistillate spikes distinct; staminate «pikes in
threes, longish, upper one peduncled, lower one bracted; pistillate spikes in pairs,
exserlly peduncled, oblong, cylindrical, somewhat nodding: fruit ovate, globose,
inflated, erect, glabrous, ribbed, witii a sub-hispid 2-forked beak, twice as long as
the lanceolate scale. 2 f. Wet bogs. Var. cylindracr.a, (Dewey) has long pe-
duncled staminate spikes, and long cylindrical pistillate spikes, sub-dense-flowered:
fruit long beaked. S. O. N. Mcli.

schweinitzia, Dewey. (.T. Zf-) spikes distinct; staminate spikes in pairs, upper one
long, slender, peduncled; pistillate spikes in fours, oblong, cylindric, sub-approxi-
mate, with inclosed peduncles, somewhat pendulous, with long leafy bracts: fruit
ovate-oblong, tapering above, beaked, inflated, 2-forked, nerved, glabrous, longer
than the lanceolate, subulate, sub-setaceous scale. 10 i.. Wet, sandy.

retrorsa, Sz. (W. M. Zf.) spikes distinct; staminate spikes somewliatin threes, upper
one long peduncled, slender, the rest short, small, often fruit-bearing at the base»
sessile; pistillate spikes somewhat in fives, oblong, cylindric, approximating, sub-
fascicled, with leafy bracts and peduncles inclosed, lower one often very remote,
with long inclosed peduncles: fruit ovate, inflated, beaked, 2-forked, nerved, re-
flexed; twice as long as the lanceolate scale. 2 f. In clusters. Wet, O. T.
Mch.

peUila, M. (W. M. Zf.) staminate and pistillate spikes distinct; staminate spikes in
pairs, oblong, lower one sessile and bracted; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes,

180 CAREX.

cylindric, erect: fruit oyate, short-beaked, bicuspidate, somewhat 3-sided, hairy,
about equal to the lance-ovate, awned scale. 20 i. Wet. (S>. T. N. Mch.

laaistris, W.. (W. M. 2i-) spikes distinct; staminale spikes somewhat in fours, erect,
lower ones sessile; pistillate spikes in i)airs or in threes, fruit oblonor, cylindrical,
erect, perved, glabrous, a little longer than the lance-oblong scale. 3 f. Wet. iS.
N.

oligosperma, Mx. (21.) staminate spikes many; pistillate spike one, globular, sessile:
fruit turgidly ovate, largish, few, acute: leaves involute-rushlike. Canada.

longiroslris, T. (VV. M. 2X.) spikes distinct; staniinate spikes in threes, short, upper-
one peduncled, middle one sessile, lower one peduncied and furnished with an pvate,
cuspidate bract; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, cylindiic, pendulous, with
scattered flovveis somewhat distant, with long e.xsert peduncles, bracted: fruit ovate,
sub-globose, inllated. glabrous, long-beaked and bifid, a little longer than the lan-
ceolate or ovate-cuspidate scale. 2f M'oods on river banks. Ki^

Arctic region. "Tj ^•

[These species having been found in high northern latitudes in America, they are set
by tliemselves. Probably many of tliem may be found farther south. 7 preceed-
ing spec, marked A. should have been inserted below.] ;

1. Stigmas two.

dioica, (A. 2i.) spike single, sim4jle, dioecious, raiely androgynous, staminate above,
oblong; pistillate spike oblong or ovate, sub-derise-flowered: fruit oval-ovate, con-
vex both sides, nerved, erectish, serrulately margined above, equalling the ovate
scale. 9 i. Var. davuUiua, iias serrulate or hispid leaves. C.

remota, (A. M. 21.) spikelets androgynous, staminate below, numerous, oblong-ovate,
sub-sessile; lower ones distant with long, leafy, linear bracts beneath: fruit ovate,
acuminate and bifid, or plano-convex and sub-bifid, a little longer than the lance-
ovate scale. 18 i. Woods.

concolor, Br. (A. 21-) staminate spike solitary; pistillate in pairs or in threes, erect,
sub-sessile: fruit oval, mucronate, entire, smooth: scales all about the samp color,
obtuse: culm smootli: bracts auricled.

cryptocarpa. Meyer, spikes distinct; staminate ones above somewhat in threes and
partly sessile; pistillate ones with 2 stigmas, somewhat in threes, cylindric, pe-
duncled, and sometimes staminate above: fruit obovate, convex both sides, short-
beaked, entire at the mouth, la-nce-oblong, twice or thrice smaller than the scale.
2f R.
/estiva, Dewey, spikes wit]? 2 stigmas, androgynous, above pistillate, somewhat in
sixes, oyate. densely aggregated in a head: "fruit ovate-oblong, beaked at the apex,
serrulate, bifid, plano-cgnvex, longer than the ovate, acutish scale. 6 — 10 i. A.

petnsata, Dewey, spikes with 2-stigmas, androgynous, below staminate, somewiiatin
fours, ovatp-oblong, cylindric, sub-sessile, approximate: fruit broad-lanceolate,
acute at both ends, beaked or acuminate, bifid, subulate at the mouth, longer than
the broad-ovate, sub-obtuse scale. 4—8 i. R.

rnarinti, Dewey, spikelets androgynous with 2 stigmas, below staminate subternate
approximate sessile, the lowest bracted: glumes all fuscous ovate-obtuse: fruit ovate
sub-ianceolate, acutish plano-convex, a little longer than the scale. 4 — 6i. A.

fiookeninn, Dewey, spike compound, spikelets androgynous, 2-stigmas above staminate,
below sub-remote, ovate, sessile, niany bracted: fruit lance-ovate, scabrous-beaked,
sub-divergent plano-convex 2- toothed a little shorter than the lanceolate-ovate cuspi-
date scale. 12—18 i. A.
fukicoma, Dewey, spikes androgynous, with 2 stigmas, above staminate, confert-
aggregate, somewhat in fives, small fruit ovate, obtuse, compressed, smooth, a little
longer than the broad-ovate obtuse scale. 4 i. A.

II. Stigmas three.

mutica, Br. (A. 2£.) staminate spike solitary, with obtuse scales; pistillate spikes in
threes, distant erect: peduncles sub-exsert: fruit oval, not awned, smooth, longer
than the ovate, mucronate scale: leaves and bracts flat.

affiinis, Br. (A. 21.) one spike androgynous, slaminateaboye, few-flowered, lax: scales
lanceolate, acute, the bottom one awned: leaves flat. 6 i.

^>3^

CARAX. 181

attcnuata, Br. (A. 21.) one spike androgynous, staminate above, dense; pistillate ones
few-rtowcreil, about in threes: scales all obtuse.

jiUfolia, N. (A. 2i.) one spike androg^ynous, staminate above, sub-cylindric, acute:
fruit sub-y;l()bose, entire at the orifice, willi a reluse scale: leaves filiform, involute,
subulate. 4 i. This has been seen by Nuttali in Missouri hills, as well as in the
Arctic region.

media, Br. (A. H.) spikes androgynous, staminate below, in threes, sub-sessile, ap-
proximate: fruit ovate, beaked, yery glabrous, longer than the obtusish, ovate scale.

misandra, Br. (A. 2/.) spikes somewhat in threes, oval, peduncled, pendulous, ajter-
nate or rarely sub-umbellcd: terminal one androgynous below, or rarely all over
staminate: fruit lanceolate, acuminate, 2-toothed, denticulate at the apex, longer

• than the ovaI, obtusish scale. 6 i.

richardsonii, Br. (A. 2X.) staminate spike solitary, peduncled, erect; pistillate spikes
in pairs, sub-sessile, approximate, with enclosed peduncles: fruit ovate, obtuse,
pubescent, w^ith an ovate acute scale: culm very scabrous. G i.

concinna, Br. (A. If-) staminate spike sessile, cylindrical, oblong; pistillate spikes in
threes, sub-sessile, approximating: fruit 3-sided-obovate, very short beaked, 2-
toothed, hispid pubescent, about twice as long as the obovate scale. 4 i.

cnpilliris, (A. 2i.) staminate spike solitary, peduncled, small; pistillate spikes some-

' what in threes with long exsett peduncles, nodding, oblong, with few scattered
'^ flowers: fruit oval, beaked, acuminate at both ends, oblique at the orifice, scarcely
twice as long as the ovate or oblong, obtuse, caducous scale. 6 i.

podocarpn, Br. (A. If-) staminate spike solitary; pistillate spikes in pairs, oblong,
pendulous: fruit oval, very short-beaked, entire, smooth; seed pedicelled: lower
leaves abbreviated.

aristata, Br. (A. Zf.) staminate spikes in pairs or many; pistillate spikes somewhat
in threes, cylindric, distant, short-peduncled: fruit very glabrous, nerved, long-
beaked, deeply bifid; scales awned: leaves villose beneath and on the sheaths.

petricosa, Dewey, spikes somewhat in fours, 3-sligmas, terminal ones androgynous,
staminate above; lower ones exsertly peduncled: fruit lanceolate, smooth, acute,
open at the mouth, shorter than the ovate-oblong obtusish scale. 10 i. R. summit.

membranacea, Hk. spikes distinct; staminate ones somewhat in twos, oblong-cylin-
dric, with scales from the membranaceous divisions; pistillate ones with 3-stigmas,
cylindric, somewhat in twos, the very uppermost staminate sessile, lower one often
peduncled, all densely fruit-bearing, sessile and black: fruit ovate sub-quitretrous
ventricose short-beaked, 2-lobed at the mouth, longer than the ovate obtuse scale.
12 i. A. R.

spectabilis, Dewey, spikes distinct, staminate one solitary oblong cylindric; pistillate
ones somewhat in pairs, with 3 stigmas ovate-cylindric exserlly peduncled, sub-re-
mote erect, lower one long-pednncled; leaf-bracted: fruit ovate, obtuse, nerved, 2-
lobed at the mouth, very short-beaked, a little shorter than the lance-oblong mu-
cronate scale. 8 — 12 i. A.

lanceaia, Dewey, spikes distinct; staminate one solitary or in threes, cylindric, erect;
pistillate ones somewhat in pairs, with 3 stigmas, cylindric erect sub-approximate
peduncled, sub-lax-flowered bracted: fruit ovate obtuse plano-convex, scarcely beak-
ed smooth, shorter than the broad ovate lanceolate scale. 12 i. A.

jiigricans, .Meyer, spike smgle, above staminate, with 3 stigmas, dense: scales oblong,
obtose: fruit dense, sub-divergent, ovate, somewhat 3-sided, acute beaked, equal-
ing the oblong, obtuse scale. 4 — 6 i. R.

redowskinna, Meyer, spike single, dioecious, oblong: fruit linear-oblong, both ends
tapering, smooth, mouth 2-lobed, hyaline, about twice as long as the ovate obtuse,
scarious-margined scale: culm smooth, setaceous leaves in threes, f) — 8 i. A. R.

backana, Dewey, spike single, above staminate; fruit with 3 stigmas, globe-ovate,
sub-cone-beaked, fuscous, few, mouth scarious, very smooth, a little longer than the
ovate, acute, membranaceous scale. 4 — 6 i. A.

drummondiana, Dewey, spike single, cylindric above, densely staminate, often solitary,
staminate with 3 stigmas: fruit obovate, subtriquelrous, below flatnerved, smooth,
short-beaked, alternate, and few-flowered, mouth closed, about equalling the ovate
obtuse scale. 4 i. R. A.

podocarpoTi, B. spikes distinct, staminate solitary ovate, pistillate with three stigmas
binate oblong-ovate, sub-lax-flowered pendulous bracted: fruit oval compressed,
very short-beaked, entire, smooth sub-pedicelled,a little longer than the ovate obtuse
scale (or emarginate and rcsteed.) 10 — 16 i. R. A.

182 CAREX, CARPINUS.

Southern.
I. Stigmas two.

muskingumensis,Si{J. 21.) spike compound; spikelets androgynous, staminate be-
low. oval-oblong, acutisli at both ends, somewhat in eights, approximate: fruit
lanceolale, conjpressed, nerved, winged, glabrous, acuminate, 2-loothed, more than
twice as long as the lance-ovate scale. 30 i. Wet.

Jloridana, Sz. {IS-) spikes distinct; staminate spike solitary, sessile, small; pistillate
spikes somewhat in fours, aggregated, ovate, sessile, bracted, lower one often sub-
remote: fruit oval, somewhat tapering at the base, compressed, plano-convex,
beaked, shortly bifid, equalling the ovate-oblong, scabrous-cuspidate scale. G i,
Florida, Le Conte. — Sz. says the terminal spike is staminate above.

II. Stigmas three.

dasycarpa, M. (M. 21.) spikes distinct; staminate spike sub-sessile, small; pistillate
spikes somewhat in threes, sub-approximate, oblong, 'alternate, lower ones sub-
peduncled: fruit 3-sid€d-ovate, or oblong, villose, nerved, longer than the ovate
acuminate scale. 1 f.

ellioUii, T. (1) (Ap. 21.) staminate spike solitary, long bracted; pistillate spike's in
threes, roundish, upper ones sessile, and the highest one staminate at the apex, the
lowest one long-peduncled and nodding: fruit ovate, somewhat 3-sided, glabrous,
with small punctures, nerved, Jong-beaked, 2-forked, much longer than the ovate,
obtuse scale. 2 f Wet sand.

glaucesccns, E. (Ap. 2^. ) staminate spike solitary, cylindrical, peduncled; pistillate'
spikes somewhat in threes, peduncled, cylindric. at length pendulous: fruit ovate,
3-sided, compressed, glaucous, beaked-bifid, about equalling the ovate, emarginate,
mucronate scale. 2 f Wet sand.

verrucosa., M. (M. 21^.) staminate spikes many or one; pistillate spikes somewhat in
fives, erect, C3'lindric, staminate above, axillary, the lower one exsertly peduncled:
fruit ovate, compressed, somewhat 3-sided, short-bifid, shorter than the ovate, sub-
emarginate, mucronate scale. 3 f

cherokeen'sis, Sz (W. 21.) staminate spikes somewhat in threes, sub-cylindric, upper
one larger and peduncled; pistillate spikes in fours, cylindric, sub-lax-flowered, dis-
tant, with long essert peduncles, stamiuate above: fruit ovate, glabrous, somewhat
3-sided and compressed, nerved, long-beaked, bifid, a little larger than the ovate,
long-acuminate scale. 1 f

gigantea, Rudge. (Ap. 21.) staminate spikes many or one; pistillate spikes in threes,
cylindric, sub-lax-flowered, remote; upper one sessile, lower ones exsertly pe-
duncled: fruit globe-ovate, conical, long-beaked, nerved, inflated, glabrous, bifid,
spreading, twice as long as the oblong-ovate or lance-ovate scale. 2 f. Wet.

Remark. Students should be directed to examine the species of Carex when they
have passed flowering, and before the fruit is quite ripe. The best time is when the
fruit has arrived to its full size, but the seed has not yet become hard.

20—10. Ca'rica. 97. Papay. h. & s. ver. h. f. edi.

Southertu

papaya, (O. g. Ju. V>.) leaves palmate, 7-lobed, middle lobe sinuate; divisions oblong
acute: staminate flowers corymbed. 20 f

19—12. Carpi'nus. 99. Betul. ast. feb. sto.

amcricana, W. (1) (hornbeam, blue beech. O. g. M. h.) leaves oblong-ovate, acumi-
nate, unequally serrate: scales of the strobile 3-parted, the middle divisions with a
lateral tooth. 20— 40 f. S. Mch.

Carica. According to Linneus, because a native of Caria.
Carpinus. Celtic, car, wood, andjain, head, the wood being used for yokes.
(I) virginiana, Mx.

(1) castanea, E.

CARTHAMUS, CASSIA. 183

17 — 1. Car'thamus. 54. Card, sec-sttra'. if nati. cat.
Exotic.

tmotorius, (false saffron, safflower. y. J. 0.) leaves ovate, entire, serrate-aculeate.
1—2 f.

€»eruleus, (blue saffron, b. 2^.) stem about 1-flowered-.. lea,ves lance-ovate, spine-
toothed.

5—2. Ca'kum. 60. Umb. ston^. aro.

Exotic.
cami, (caraway, w. M. ^.) stem branching: leaves with ventricose sheaths: partial
inTolucre none. 2 f

19—12. Ca'rya. 94. Jugl. cat. ast.

tomenlosa, Mx. (1) (white-heart hickory. W. Ap. ^.) leafets about 9, lance-oblong,
acuminate, 'slightly serrate, pubescent beneath, scabrous; terminal one sub-pelioledi
araeuts filiform, tomentose: fruit sub-globose, smoolii; pericarp very tliick; nut
somewhat G-angled; putamen thick, hard; nucleus agreeably tasted. 6'. T. Y. P.

aibtL, L. (2) (shag- walnut, shag-bark liickory. O. M. ^.) leafels about 7, long-peliol-
ed, lance-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, villose beiiealli; the terminal leafet*
sessile; ament filiform glabrous; fruit globose, a little depressed: nut compressed,
oblique. kS'. M-ch.

sulcata^ W. (3) (shell-bark hickory. W. Ap. >).)leafets about 9, oblanceolate, acumi-
nate, serrate, pubescent beneath; the terminal leafets sub-sessile, tapering to the
base: fruit roundish, 4-keeled; nut sub-globose, a little compressed, smooth, long-
mucronate. 60—80 f . -S'. P. T. Mch.

atnara, Mx. (bitter-nut, O. Ap. ^.) leafets about 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply
serrate, glabrous both sides; the terminal leafets short-petioled: fruit sub-globose,
with the sutures prominent above: nut smooth, sub-globose, mucronate; putamen
easily broken; nucleus bitter. <S'. JNlch.

porcina, Mx. (pig-nut, broom hickory. O. M. ^.) leafets about 7, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, serrate, glabrous both sides; terminal leafets sub-sessile: fruit pear-form or
globose: nut smootJi; putamen very thick and hard; nucleus small. Van obcor-
data, (4) has an obcordate nut. Var. Jicifoniiis, has the fruit turbinate and nut
oblong. 70— Sa f. S. Mch.

Soutliern.

aquaiica, Mx. (O. Ap. Tp.) leafets about 11, narrow, obliquely lanceolate, acuminate,,
sub-serrate, glabrous, sessile: fruit peduncled, ovate; sutures 4, prominent: nut
roundisii, compressed; putamen thin; nucleus bitter. 40 — 50 f

myristicarformis, Mx. (Ap. ^.) leafets 5, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, gla-
brous; terminal ones sessile: fruit oval, rugose, scabrous: nut oval, slightly acumi-
nate, furrowed, very hard.

oUvapforiiiis, VV. (pecan-nut. W. Ap. ^.) leafets numerous, (13 — 15.) lanceolate,
sub-falcate, serrate; petioles not in pairs; fruit oblong, .4-sided: nut olive-shaped,
smooth.

10 — 1. Cas'sia. 93. Leg. nut. ape. d-h. cat. feb.

marilandica, (wild senna. W. y. Au. If.) somewhat glabrous: leaves in 8 pairs, lance-
oblong, mucronate: flowers in axillary racemes, and in terminal panicles: legumes
linear, curved. An excellent mild cathartic. I3w. River alluvion. 2 — 4 f. S.
T. diu. cat. as best senna. Mch.

Carthamus. From its Arabic name gortom, signifying to paint, on account of the

fine color yielded by the flowers.
Carum. From Carias, where it is indigenous.

Carya. Gr. karua, the walnut, of Intra, headlike, round, from the shape of the fruit.
Cassia. An ancient name from Heb. kasian, to tear off, it being stripped off the tiee,

for market.

(1) alba, W. (2) compressa, W. squamosa, Mx. arb. (3) laciniosa, Mx. arb.
mucronata, Mx. (4) These two varieties are the species obcordata and glabra of VV.

184 CASSIA, CATALPA.

chammcrista, (cassia, partridge pea. W. y. Ju. 0.) somewhat glabrous: leaves linear,
in many pairs, the glands on the petioles sub-pedicelled: two of the petals spotted:
legumes pubescent. A most elegant plant. 8—16 i. Dry sand, &c. 12 i. S.
C. T. y. P. B. P. Harper's ferry. Chicago.
nictitaiis, (wild sensitive plant. W. y. Ju. 0.) spreading, pubescent: leaves in many
pairs, linear; glands of the petioles pedicelled; peduncles short, supra-axillary, 2 or
3-flowered: flowers pentandrous. Tlie leaves of this species, and of the ckammcrista,
possess a considerable degree of irritability. 12 i. .S*. Y. P. C. O. T. N.
Juscicidata, (y. Ju. 0.) somewhat glabrous: leaves at the summit in 9 pairs: gland
sessile near the middle of the petiole, fescicles many-flowered, lateral: petals and
.stamens of the same color: legumes glabrous, ascending, arched. S. Y. P.

Exotic.

senna, (egyptian senna, false senna, y. Ju. Q.) leaves in 0 pairs: petioles glandless:
legume repiform.

Southern.

tora, W. (W. y. Ju. 0.) glabrous: leaves in 3 pairs, obovate, ciliate: terminal ones
largest; a subulate gland between the lower pair: peduncles few-flowered, axillary;
legumes curved. 3 f.

occidentuUs, W. (y. M. 2i- ^0 glabrous; leaves in 5 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, scabrous along the edges: peduncles clustered, lew-flowered, axillary: legumes
compressed, falcate. 12 — 18 i. ,

ligustrina, W. (y. Ju. Au. If. ^T) pubescent; leaves in 7-pairs, lanceolate; exterior
ones smallest; peduncles terminal, somewhat paniculate: legume oblong slightly
falcate. 6 f.

linearis, Mx. (y. J. 2£.) glabrous: leaves in 5 or 6-pairs, ovate, acute: peduncles axil-
lary, few-flowered: legume terete.

procumbens, W. (y. J. 0.) leaves in many pairsj without glands: stem procumbent.
Flowers smalh

aspera, M. (W. L. S. 0.) strigose, rough:^ leaves in many pairs, linear, lanceolate,
ciliate: peduncles few-flowered, above the axils: stamens 9 — 7: three longer than
the rest. 1— 3 f.

19 12. Casta'nea. 99. Cupu. emo. ton. f. nut.

vesca, Var. americana, (chesnut. g. J. >-.) leaves lance-oblong, sinuate serrate, with
the serratures nmcronate, glabrous both sides. Large tree. 60 f. /S. N. T.
Y. C. Mch.

pumila, (chinquapin, g. J. ^.) leaves oblong, acute, mucronatej serrate, with wljite
down beneaih. Small tree. &'. P. M. D. Florida.

Southern,
nana, M. (1) (M. Tp.) leaves oval-lanceolate, rather obtuse, mucronately-serrate,
shining on the upper surface, slightly tomentose beneath. 1^2 f.

13^ — 2. Castille'ja. 36. Rhin. aro. ton.

occidentalism T. & J. (W. 71.) stem simple, pilose: leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowing
towards the apex, minutely pubescent, entire, acutish: flowers spiked, sessile: corol
scarcely exceeding the calyx; bracts 3-cleft; divisions erect.

Castilleja, Euchroma.

2 — 1. Catalpa. 40. Bign. nut. fom. ton.

cordifolia, Duham. (2) (M. w. & y. ^.) leaves simple, cordate, entire, by threes:
flowers in panicles. 40 — 50 f «S'. O. P. C. Troy, cultivated.

Castanea. From Castanea, a city of Thessaly, whence chesnuts were first brought,

and hence tiiey were called kastanon.
Castilleja. In honor of Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.
Catalpa. The Indian name of this plant.

(1) alnifolia. N. (2) syringaefolia, Ph. Bignonia catalpa, W.

CAULINIA, CEANOTHUS 185

19—1; Cauli'nia. 7. Fluv. ton—.

Jiexilis, (water knot-grass., Au. 0.) leaves in sixes, toothed at the apex, spreading.
Immersed in ditches. &c. S. T. Y. P. C. N. Mch.

frag^ilis, (S. Q.) leaves in threes or opposite, linear-subulate, recurved, aculeate-
toothed, rigid; Immersed. S. P.

5 — 1. Ceano'thus. 95. Rham. h. ast. sto.

americana, (New Jersey tea. O. w. J. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, Serrate, 3-nerved,
pubescent beneath: panicles axillary, long-peduncled, sub-corymbed. S. Var.
tardijhra, leaves lieart-ovate,' downy berieath: pahicled with elongated thyrse.
Mch.

ovalis, Bw. (1) (w. fp.) leaves oval, with glandular serratures, 3-nerved; nerves
pubescent beneath: panicle corymbose, abbreviated. Canada. Lake Champlain.

san^uinca, Ph. (\V. w. M. T^.) leaves obovatp, serrate, pubescent beneath: panicle
axillary, compact, short-peduncled; pedicels aggregate. 3 f.

oregamis, N. (w.) leaves broadly ovate, sub-cordate, mostly obtuse, serrate, mem-
branaceous, somewhat pubescent beneath: thyroid corymbs in lateral panicles:
fruit small, globose, obtusely 3-lobed, without pulp. 4 — 12 f. Oregon.

velidiims, Doug. (w. ) branches somewhat pendulous: leaves orbicular, elliptical, or
elliptical-ovate, obtuse, sub-cordate, glandularly crenate-serrulate, coriaceous,
glabrous and shining above, velvety canescentand strongly 3-ribbed beneath: pani-
cles axillary, elongated on rather long peduncles. 3 — 8 f. Oregon.

Southern.

microphjlla, Mx. (w. Ju. T^.) leaves very small, obovate, nearly entire, clustered,
glabrous: racemes corymbose, terminal. 1 — 2 f.

Sei-pyllifoiia, N. ( ) branches filitbrm: leaves small, elliptic-ovate, serrulate, obtuse;
peiioles and nerves strigose beneath: panicles pedicelled, axillary, few-flowered:
flowers conglomerate.

iticanus, T. (w.) branches short and very thick, minutely canescent, leaves broadly
ovate, obtuse, mostly sub-cordate, coriaceous, crenate-serrulate, minutely velvety
abovCj wliitish and canescent beneath: clusters sub-sessile, axillary and terminal'.
California.

hbsuliis, iV. ( ) somewhat spiny and almosthirsute; particularly the young branches:
leaves cordate-ovate, glandularly-serrate, nearly sessile, rather obtuse: panicle
terminal, elongated, leafy; disk obscurely pentangular: protuberances of the ovary
small.

oligantfius, N. (h, w. ) stem and branches villose: leaves elliptical-ovate nearly
glabrous above, villose beneath, gldndularly serrulate, rather obtuse: panicles lateral
andtermhial, very shorty few flowered, naked or leafy, towards the base, persistent:
disk pentangular: ovary with 3 protuberances at the angles, nearly as large as
itself. California.

Ikyrsiflorus, Eschs. (^.b.)stem straight and erect, with angular branches: leaves
ovate-oblong, obtuse, rather thickj strongly veined beneath, glandularly serrate,
glabrous or slightly hairy above, canescent beneath and slightly pubescent on the
veins: flowers in ovate or oblong very dense clusters, on long, more or less leafy^
axillary and terminal peduncles. A small tree. California.

divaricalus, N. (Ap. \. b.) somewhat thorny, nearly glabrous: leaves elliptical-oblong
or oblong-ovate, lucid, somewhat obtuse, minutely and glandularly serrate, pubes-
cent beneath: flowering blanches divaricate: leafy thyrse interrupted^ rather
loose: ovary sub-globose, without protuberances. California.

spinosus, N. (p.w. b. ) glabrous: branches thorny: leaves cuneate-oblong, or oblong,
obtuse or emarginate, lucid, entire, or obscurely glandularly serrate towards the
apex: flowering branclilets divaricate, leafy: thyrse oblong: ovary sub-globose,
without protuberances. California.

cuneatus, N. (March. ^. w.) branchlets pubescent: leaves fascicled from numerous
very short lateral blanches, apparently opposite, thick and coriaceous, narrowly
oblong-cuneiform, entire, obtuse, glabrous above, whitish and minutely tomentose-

Caulinia. In honor of F. Cavolini, a Neapolitan botanist.

Ceanothus. Gr. keanoUios, of Gr. keo, to prick, anotheii, above, because it pricks at

the extreme parts.

(1) ovatus E)c.

24

186 CEANOTHUS, CALTIS.

canescent beneath: flowersin lateral, pedunculate, nearly simple, umbels: fruit with
3 projecting appendages at the summit. 6 — 10 f. California.

macr 0 carpus, N. i^-) branchlets canescent with a rustj-colored pubescence: leaves
alternate, rather crowded, sometimes a little fascicled in the axils, thick and coriace-
ous, obovate-cuneate, entire, often emarginate, glabrous above, whitish and minutely
tomentose-canescent beneath: flowers in lateral pedunculate nearly simple umbels:
fruit very large, with 3 projecting horn-like appendages at the summit. 3—6 f.
California.

verrucosus, N. (w. ) branches verrucose and somewhat canescent with a rusty-colored
pubescence: leaves alternate, approximate or crowded, very thick and coriaceous,
rouiidish-obovale or cuneate oval, often emarginate, the younger ones sometimes
obscurely serrulate, glabrous above, minutely tomentose-canescent beneath: umbels
axillary, few-flowered, naked: fruit with minute protuberances at the angles. Cali-
fornia.

rigldus, N. (Ti. Marcii. b.) young branches pubescent: leaves opposite and crowded,
euneate-obovate, mostly retuse, thick and coriaceous, mucronately crenate-toothed,
glabrous above, somewhat canescent beneath: umbels axillary and terminal, few-
flowered, sessile: pedicels at length elongated: ovary with 3 protuberances. 6f.
California. ,

dentatus, T. (w.) branches tomentose with. rusty hairs: leaves much crowded and
fascicled, coriaceous, oblong-cuneiforin, retuse, toothed, with revolute margins,
more or less hairy on both sides: peduncles elongated, nearly terminal: thyrse
oblong, of numerous umbel like fascicles; ovary with 3 protuberances at the sum-
mit. California. ..
papiUosus, T. ( b. ) branches tomentose: leaves narrowly oblong, much crowded,
fascicled in the axils, densely and softly tomentose beneath, glandularly denticulate
on the margin: peduncles aggregated: clusters somewhat capitate: ovary triangular,
the angles projecting at the summit. California.

5 — 1. Celas'trus. 95. Celas. cat-sti.

scandcns, W. false bittersweet, staff tree, red root. O. y-w. J. ^.) stem twining:
leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate: racemes terminal and axillary. Retains its scarlet
berries tiirough the winter. JVIch.

Southern.

lullata, W. (w. Ju. ^.) unarmed: leaves ovate, acute, entire: panicle terminal. 20 f.
Virginia.

5 — 1. Cklo'sia. 30. Amar. diu. nut.
Exotic,
crislatn, (cockscomb, r. J.) leaves ovate, acuminate, stipules falcate: common peduncle
striated: spike oblong, compressed.

5 — '2. Ctb'Tis. 99. Ulmo. emo. ton.

occidentalism W. (nettle tree, pompion berry. W. w. M. \ .) leaves ovate, acuminate,
equally serrate, except near the base; scabrous above, rough-haired beneath: fruit
solitary. Var. integrifolia, leaves entire: bark of the tree not rimose. 20 f. S.
T. N.

crassifoUa, W. (hag-berry, hoop ash. W. w. M. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, un-
equally serrate, unequally cordate at the base, sub coriaceous: peduncles about 2
flowered. 20 f 6*. Y. T. P. B.

pumila, Ph. (1) (W. g. M. p.) leaves ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, unequal at
the base, smoothish on both sides; the younger ones only pubescent: •peduncles
mostly 3- flowered: fruit solitary. Berries brown and glaucous. 6 f. &'.

retiadata,T. & J. (W. h.) leaves broad-cordate, pubescent, sub-coriaceous, some
what entire, obtosish, unequal at the base, papillose-scabrous above, reticulate, pro-
minent veins beneath: peduncles 1-floweied.

Celastrus. Gr. kelasiros, a tree of which pails were made, of kelu, a dart.
Celosia. Gr. /.:eZos, singed; from the appearance of the flowers.
Celtis. One of the names anciently given to the Lotus. Pliny.
(1) occidentalis. Var. pumila, M.

CENCHRU.S, CKNTROSEMA. 187

3 — 1. Cen'chrus. 10. Gram, far-ton.

eckinatvs, L. (burr grass, hedge-hog grass. Ju. Au. O.) spike vvitli the flowers ap-
proximated: involucre sub-globose, villose: culm compressed. Erect or procumbent.
Sandy soil. 1 — 2 f. <S'. Var. tribvluides, W. (L.) spikes and margins of the
sheaths while-pubescent. 1 f. S. P. Y. N. H. D. Mch. N. W. Lakes.

17 — 3. Centau'kea. 54. Card. sec. sti. feb.
Exotic.

cyanus, (blue bottle, b. w. r. J. 0.) scales of the involucre serrate: leaves linear,

entire; lower ones toothed. Naturalized, ti — 3 f.
jacea, (knapweed, p. Ju. It.) leaves lanceolate, entire; radical ones sub-dentate:

branches angular: involucre scarious. Naturalized.
bencdkla, (blessed thistle, y. J. 0.) scales of the involucre doubly armed with spines,

woolly, bracled: leaves somewhat dccurrent, toothed, spiny. Naturalized.
solstitiaUs, (St. Barnaby's thistle, y. Ju. 0.) involucre palmate-spinose, solitary;

spines straight: leaves hoary, lance-linear, decurrent, entire; radical ones lyrate.

Naturalized.
nigra, L. (black knapweed, p. Au. 71.) scales of the involucre ovate, with an erect

capillary fringe: lower leaves lyrate-angular; upper ones ovate. Naturalized. 2f.
calcidapa, (O.) scales of the involucre somewliat doubly spinous, sessile: leaves

pinnatifid, linear, dentate: stern pilose.
centaurivin, (great centaury. ZT-) leaves pinnate, glabrous; leafets sharply and doubly

serrate, decurrent: involucre smooth.
scabiosa, (scabrous centaury. Zf.) leaves pinnatifid, roughish; divisions lanceolate,

spreading, acute pinnatifid at the base: involucre ciliate.
suaveolens, (yellow sultana. Q.) leaves lyrate ])innatifid: involucre smooth.
moschata, (sweet sultana. 0.) leaves slightly pinnatifid; lower divisions mostly entire:

involucre smooth.

Southern.
americana., N. (W. 0. or ^.^stem somewhat brandling, sulcale: leaves sessile; lower
ones oblong-ovate, repand-toothed; upper ones lanceolate, acute: leafets of the in-
volucre furnished with recurved pinnate appendages: peduncles tjiick at the apex.
4— 6f.

4 — 1. Centaurel'la. 34. Olea. ton — . fob.

paniculata, M. (1) (screwstem. O. w. Ju. Q.) stern sub-ramose, 4-sided, and becom-
ing spirally twisted: j)eduncles opposite, lower ones ramose. Stem almost leafless.
Damp. 5 — 6 i. Mch.

Southern.

vema, Mx. (2) (w. March. »0.) stem simple, few-flowered, (1 — 3:) corol thrice as long

as the calyx: style as long as the germ. 4 — 8 i.
aestivalis, Ph. (Ju. 0.) stem simple: peduncles opposite, simple; divisions of the

corol spatulate, abruptly acute, thrice as long as the cal3'x: style the length of the

germ. 3 — 4 i.

16 — 10. Centro'sema. LF.gu. nut. asc. ape.
Southern.

mrginiana, Bentham. (Ju. Aug. v.) glabrous or somewhat pubescent: stem very slen-
der, angled, twining: leaves trifoliate; leafets varying from oblong-ovate to linear,
reliculalely veined: peduncles rather shorter than the leaves, 1 to4-flowered: seg-
ments of the calyx linear- subulate, much longer than the tube, somewhat exceed-

Cenchrus. Gr. hi^chros, millet, this plant resembling millet.

Centaurea. From Chiron, the centaur, who used it to cure a wound caused by the

poisoned arrows of Hercules.
Centaurella. A diminitive of Centaurea.

(1) autumnalis, Ph. Bartonia paniculata, Muh. tenella, Pii. Sagina. virginica.
W. Andresoria paniculata. B. (2) vernalis, Ph.

188 CJSNTROSENA, CERASTIDM.

ing the ovate, acuminate bracteoles, tiie 2-upper united at the base: legumes nar-
rowly linear, very long. Virginia, to Florida and Louisiana.
plumieri, Benthani. ( ) stem Irutescent, the branches puberulent: leafets broadly
ovate, with a short obtuse acumination, broadly rounded at the base, rather coria-
ceous, glabrous: peduncles 2 to 3-flowered, shorter than the petiole: bracteoles
coriaceous, obtuse, entire, about twice the length of the calyx, very short: legume
thick. New Orleans.

4 — 1. CENTUN'cutus. 35. Primu. acr — . ton—.

lanceolatus, M^. (bastard pimpernel. O. r. March. 0.) leaves lanceolate, oval and
obovate, acute: floweis axillary, sessile: stem prostrate. 2 — 3 i.

minimus, N. (W. Ju.) stem simple or with a single branch, sub-angplar: leaves al-
ternate, spatulate- ovate, acute: flowers sub-sessile. Often pentandrous. 4 — 6 i.

4 — 1. Cephalan'thus. J37. Cinch, ton. feb. like per. b.

ffccidentnli$j L. (button bush, pond dogwood. O. w. Ju. Ip.) leaves opposite and in
threes, oval, acurpinate. Inflorescence a round head. Swamps. Var. jnibescens,
has the leaves and bianchlets pubescent. 4 — 8 f. S. Mch.

13 — 1. Cer*n'thera. 42. Labi. stom. ton.

Soiithern.

linearifolia, E. (r-w. S. ^.) stem glabrous, branching: Ipaves opposite, linear, some-
times clustered: racemes terminal: peduncles opposite. J2. i.

10 — 5. Ceras'tiuji. 82. Gary. emo.

pylgatum, L. (mousp-ear, chickweed. O. w. Ap. ^.) hirsute, viscid, cespitose: leaves
ovate: petals oblong, about equal to the calyx: flowers longer than the peduncle.
6—10 i. 8. Mch.

viscosuj\i, L. (sticky chickweed. W. w. J. ^.) hairy and viscid, spreading: leaves
lance-oblong: flowers shorter than their pedicels; petals obovate, scarcely longer
than the calyx. 4-6 i. .S'. P. Y. T. D. C. B. Mch.

alpinum, L. (A. ^y. .1. Zf.) leaves lance-oval: panicle dichotomous, few-flowered,
bracted: capsule oblong, recurved. 6 i.

nutans, R. (1)(W. w. J. -^.) viscid, pubescent: stems erect, striate: leaves elongat-
ed, distant, oblong-linear, acute; radical ones spatulate: petals oblong, 2-cletlt at
the apex, longer than the calyx: peduncles at length much longer than the flower.
6—12 i. .S. P. Y. R. O. D.

oMoncrifuUiim, T. (W. w. J. If.) cespitose, pubescent; stems erect, terete: leaves
lanceolate-oblong, sub-acute, shorter than the joints: flowers terminal, shorter
than their pedicels: petals obovate, bifid at the tip, twice as long as the calyx.
6—12 i. D. T.

arvcnsK, W- (W. w. J. 2{.) pubescent, cespitose: leaves lance»Jinear, obtuse, ciliate
at the base, shorter tiian the internodes: petals obcordate, twice as longas the calyx:
sepals obtuse. 6 i. P. T. R.

l/ructuUum, R. ( ) pubescent: stem weak, cylindric: leaves oblong, sub-mu-

cronate: flowers erect, dichotomous, with ovale, acute bracts: petals nearly equal-
ling the calyx: capsules erect, without nerves. Pennsylvania. Doubtful.

stellar oidcs, Mocino. ( ) stem erect, about 3-flowered: leaves oblong, acuminate:
pedecels 1-flowered, terminal: sepals lanceolate: petals semibifid, twice the length
of the calyx. Nootka Spund.

Centunculus. Lat. ceutunculus, a diminutive of cento, a threadbare garment, perhaps

alluding to its worthlessness.
Cephalanthus. Gr. kephale, head, and anthos, flower, alluding to the inflorescence.
Ceianliiera. Gr. kcrus, horn, and anthos, flower: anthers bearing horns.
Cerastium. From Gr. keras, horn, an allusion to the cornute form of the capsule of

many species.

(1) glutinosus, N. longepedunculatum, M.

CREASTIUM, (iERASUS. 189

beeringianum, Cham & Schlecht. (21.) hirsute, viscous above: stems decumbent and
leafy at the base: the flowering ones erect, elongated and few-leaved: leaves oblong,
rather acutisii; flowers at length nodding: sepals elliptical, acute: petals and cap-
sule half as long again as the calyx. 8 i. Kotzebue's Sound.

rigidum, Ledeb. ( ) hirsute: stem erect, simple below, dichotomous towards the
summit: leaves oblong, acute: peduncles elongated: sepals lanceolate, acute: petals
bifid, longer than the sepals: capsule oblong, smooth, more than twice the length
of the calyx. Unalaschka.

12 — L Cerasus. 92. Amyg. h. b. s. feb. poi. (prus. acid.)

virginiana, (!) wild cherry, rum cherry, cabinet cherry. O. w. M. f-.) racemes erect,
elongated: leaves cval-oblong, acuminate, unequally serrate, glabrous both sides:
petioles generally bearing 4 glands. In open fields the limbs of this tree spread
out hito an elegant oval top; but in dense forests it grows to a very great height,
with a tew contracted branches. 30 — 60 f. S. Rich. Pnnnis, rirginiana.

scrotina, (2) (clioak cherry. O. w. J. >?.) flowers in lax racemes: leaves oval, short-
acuminate, opake, doubly and acutely serrate; mid-rib bearded on each side to-
towards the base; petiole with 2 glands. This and the preceding species have been
confounded by many botanists. T. 10 — 20 f. iS'. Prunus, scrotina.

canadensis, (w. (?.) flowers in racemes: leaves glandless, broad lanceolate, rugose^
sharply serrate, pubescent both sides, tapering into the petiole. S. P. Canada.
Prunus, canadensis.

oboraia, Bw. (3) (w. M. ^.) racemesi' spreading: leaves obovate, acute, very sharp-
serrate, glabrous. Fruit red, bitter and astringent. A large shrub. K. Mch»
Prumts, obovata.

eviarginata, Doug, ( ) racemes corymbose; pedicels elongated, both the pedi-

cels and segments of the calyx ovate, obtuse, reflexed, glabrous: leaves oval, mi-
nutely tooth-serrate, glabrous; acute and biglandulous at the base; obtuse and often
emarginate at the apex: fruit globose. 4 — 8 f. R. Pninus, cmarginala.

mollis, Doug. ( ^.) racemes shortish: racemes and calyx down-hairy (segments

reflexed) leaves obovate-oblong, crenate, pubescent beneath: fruit ovale. R. Pru-
nus mollis.

pennsylvanica, A. (4) (W. w. M. f^ .) flowers sub-corymbed: pedicels elongated:
leaves oval-oblong, acuminate, erose-denticulate. smooth: petioles with 2 glands:
branches punctate. 8 — 12 f. S'. P. Y. B. N. Mch. Prunus, pennsylcanica.

pijgmaa, W. (american sloe. O. w. M. T-.) umbels sessile, aggregated, few-flowered:
leaves oval-ovate, acute, glabrous both sides, siiarply serrate, 2 glands at the base.
3 — 4 f. S. Prunus, pygmmi.

pubtscens. Ph. (5) (M. >^.) umbels sessile, aggregated, few-flowered: peduncles and
calyx pubescent: leaves short-oval, serrulate: drupe spherical. 2 — 3 f. Prunus,
pubescens.

pu'mila, (w. M. ^ .) umbels sessile, aggregate, few-flowered: calyx acute: branches
wand-terete: leaves narrow-lanceolate, serrate above, the under sides pale. 2 — 3 f.
S. p. W. N. Prunus, punula.

dcpressa, Ph. (sand cherry. W. w. M. ^.) umbels sessile, aggregate: few-flowered-
calyxes obtuse: branches angled, depressed, prostrate: leaves wedge-lanceolate,

remotely serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath; fruit ovate. Is this the pumila? P.
T. N. D. Canada. Prunus, deprcssa.

? Susquehanna, W. (w. M. ^.) "peduncles solitary: leaves obovate-oblong, glaucous
beneath, serrate, entire at the base. P. Prunus, susquchanna.

Uttoralis, Bw. (6) (beach plum. L. w. M. ^.) umbels crowded, few-flowered; pe-
duncles and calyx sub-pubescent: leaves oval, acute, serrate, with the veins pubes-
cent beneath. The size and color of the fruit is subject to considerable variation.
Bw. Prunus, Uttoralis.

cerastfera, W. (w. M. ^.) peduncles.solitary; leaves oval, glabrous: fruit pendant:
branches almost thornless. Prunus, cerasifera.
Exotic.

cerasus, (garden cherry, w. r. ^.) umbelsub-peduncled: leaves lance-ovate, glabrous,
conduplicate. Prunus, cerasus.

(1) rubra, A. CerasuS; Mx. (2) virginiana. Miller. (3) serotina, Ph.? (4) lan-
eolata, W. borealis, Ph. Cerasus borealis, Mx. (5) sphaerocarpon, Mx. (G)
sphaerocarpa, Mx.?

190 CERASUS, CHAEROPHyLLUM.

padus, (bird cherry, w. M. ^.) flowers racemed, lax: leaves doubly serrate, sub-
rugose, petioled, with 2 glands. Prunus, padus.

avium, (small bird cherry, w. h.) umbels sessile: leaves lance-ovate, pubescent be-
neath, condu plicate. Prunus, avium.

Southern.

caroliniana, W. (1) (ve. Ap. ^.) flowers racemed: leaves perennial, lahce-oblong,
mucronate, serrate and entire, glandless, smooth. Middle size tree. Florida.
Prunus, caroliniana.

sempcrjlorens, W. (W. M. Tj.) racemes leafy, pendulous: calyx serrate: leaves ovate,
serrate, glabrous, glandular at the base. Small shrub. Prunus, semperjlorens.

hirsuta, E. (Ap. ^.) racemes straight: leaves oval, serrulate, glandless? under sur-
face, calyx, peduncles and petioles hirsute. 3 — 4 f. Prunus, hirsuta.

fumbellata, E. (w. Mar. h .) umbels terminal, many-flowered: leaves lanceolate, .sub-
acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, with 2 glands at the base: calyx pubescent. Pru-
nus, umbellata.

20 — 2. Ce'ratio'la. 96. Empet. ton — .
Southern,
ericoides, W. (Au. T^.) branchlets partly tomentose: leaves verticillate, narrow,
linear, smooth. An evergreen shrub. 4 — 6 f.

3 — 2. Ceratochlo'a. 10. Gram. far. ton.

unioloides, Ph. (Ju. §. or 21.) panicle nodding, spreading; spikelets oblong-lanceo-
late, compressed,. 6 to 8-flowerd; florets acuminate, unarmed: sheaths bearded at
the throat, the lower ones hairy: root fibrous. S.

19 — 12. Ceratophyl'lum. 88. Cerat. ton — .

dfimer'sum, W. (hornwort. W. Ju. 21.) leaves Sin a whorl, diehotomous in two pairs,
tooth-spined on the back: flowers axillary: fruit 3-spined. Y. P. C. F.

fubmersum, L. (W. Zf.) leaves diehotomous in three pairs: fruit without spines.
In water.

10 — 1. Cer'cis. 93. Leg. asc. ape.

canadensis, (red-bud, judas tree, r. M. >.-.) leaves round-heart-form, acuminate, villose
at the axils of the nerves: stipules minute: legumes short-stiped. Var. pubcscens,
fias roundish acute leaves, pubescent beneath. 15 — 30 f. iS'. Y. P. O. Canada.
Sandusky, Ohio. Mch.

3—2. Cere'sia. 10. Gram. far. ton.

Southern.

fluitans. P.. (W. Oc. 0?) stem creeping and ascending, generally floating: leaves

scabrous: spikes numerous: glumes white, dotted, somewhat hairy. J — 3 f. K.

Ceropegia, Cynanchum.

5 — 2. Chaerophyllum. GO. Umbel, sto. nar. if nau.

procumbens. Lam. (M. Q.) stem procumbent: leaves decompound; divisions lanceo-
late, rather obtuse: umbels about 3-rayed; fruit smooth, shining. Var. boscii, stem
sub-hirsute, erectish: leaves tripinnaie. Carolina. S. P. O. M. K, Uraspermum
procumbens of the 7lh edition.

Ceratiola. Gr. keration, little horn, alluding to the stigma.

Ceratochloa. Gr. kcras, horn, and chloe, grass, referring to the appearance of the

seed.
Ceratophyllum. Gr. keras, horn, and phidlon, leaf from the numerous horned divisions

of the leaves.
Cercis. Gr. kerkis, shuttle, from the resemblance in the shape of the legume.
Ceresia. In honor of the goddess Ceres.
Chaerophyllum. Gr. chairoa, (of chairo) rejoicing, p/ndloa, a leaf, from the pleasant

odor of the leaves.

(1) lusilamea, Wr.

CHAMEROPS, CIIEILANTIIES, 191

Chaetanthera, SotiDAGO.
6 — 3. Ghamaerops. 11. Palm. edi. ton.
Soviltern.

sermla'ta, W. (Ju. T-.) ciiudex creepinjr: stiucs sliarply serrate: fronds plaited palmate.

Fronds 2 f.
hystriz, Fiaz. (1) (Ju. ^.) caudex creei)ing; stipes intermingled with long thorns:

fronds plaited, palmate. Fronds 4 — 5 f.
palmetto, W. (Ju. Tp.) caudex arborescent: stipes unarmed: spathes doubled: fronds

plaited, palmate. Fronds 5 — 6 f. Florida.

16 — 10. Chapmannia. 93. Legu. nut. ast.

florulana, T. (M. y. ) stem erect or somewhat assnrgent, sulcate, hirsute and viscid:
leafets 2 or 3 pairs, elliptical-oblong, mostly retuse: stipules very small, subulate,
membranaceous: racemes few-flowered, somewhat paniculate: flowers bracted:
calyx hispid; tube slender: petals nearly equal in length with short claws; wings
oblong, scarcely toothed at the base: ovary oblong: style nearly straight, exserted.
2 — 3 f. Florida.

17—4. Chaptal'ia. Vent. 54. Card, sec-stim. if nau. cat.

SoutheTn.

integrifolia, Mx. (2) (p-w. J. ZT.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, and obovate, retrorsely
denticulate, tonjentose, and silvery beneath: scape naked, l-flowered: flowers nod-
ding. Pursh says the leaves are ovate-oblong, entire.

19 — 1. Cha'ra. 6. Naia. nau. cat.

vvlrra'ris, W. (feather-beds. O. Ju. 0.) stem and branches naked at the base; branch-
lets terete; joints leafy: lea%'^s oblong-subulate: bracts shorter than the berrv.
Odour disagreeable. Pords and ditches mostly stagnant. &

foliosa, W. (3) (W. Ju. C--) stem naked, papillose above; branchlets terete, leafy at
the base and in the joints: leaves linear: bracts shorter than the berry. In clear
water. -S'. P. N.

Jhx'ilis, W. (W. An. $.) stem translucent, naked: branchlets jointless, leafless,
compressed: beiries lateral, naked. Ponds in Stockbridge. jS. P. N.

huviilis, Riddell. (g. Au. 0.) stem calcareous, solitary and branching: branchlets
8 to 10 in a whorl, (involucre none.) about equalling the internodes (| of an inch):
branchlets toward the summit bearing 1 to 2 thecae. 2 — 3 i. Resembles foliosa.
Old River.
. subulosa, Riddell. (g. Au. 0.) stem with a few erect branches, sub-sulcale, papillose;
branchlets 8 to 10 in a whorl without an involucre, half an inch long; internodes
near an inch long: the calcareous incrustation on the stem unusually thick. Var.
spiralis, stern spirally sulcate. 18 i. Dayton, O.

glabra, M. (Ju.) whole plant glabrous. /S. P.

S^outhtrn.

capitata, E. (A.) stem and branches terete, glabrous; joints leafy: fruit in heads:
bracts a little longer than the berry.

Chamajrops. Gr. chamai, on the ground, and rojjs, a shrub, from its habits and size;

or altered from Gr. chamaidrops, dwarf-oak.
Chaptalia. In honor of M. Chaptal, a French naturalist and chemist.
Chara. Gr. chaird, to rejoice, because it is the delight of the water, or that it

delights in water.

(1) Sabal hystrix, N. (2) Tussilago, Mx. W. C. tomentosa, Ph. Perdicium
semiflosculare, Wr. (3) squamosa, D.

192 CHEILANTHESj CHENOPODIUM

21 — 1. Cheilan'thes. 5. Fil. sec-stim.

vesti'ta, W. (lip-fern. 2X.) frond doubly pinnate, hairy both sides: leafets pinnatifid;

divisions oblong, obtuse, entire: stipe and racemes rough-haired. Small, on rocks.

& P. H.

Southern,
dealbata, Ph. (W. Ju. 2J!.) frond triply pinnate: leafets oval, distinctly crenate or

emarginate at the apex, whitish beneath.

14 — 2. Cheiran'thus. 63. Cru. asc. nut.

pallasii, Ph. (W. r. Ju. $.) stem simple, terete, somewhat glabrous: leaves glabrous,

lanceolate-linear, tapering, repand-toothed.
capitatus, Douglass. (W.) roughish: leaves lance-linear, long-tapering at the base,

leaves and stem strigose: flowers dense-corymbed: silique thrice as long as the

pedicel. Rocky Mts. and west.

Exotic,
chciri, (wall-flower. J. 21.) leaves lanceolate, acute, glabrous: branches angled: stem

somewhat of a woody texture.
/enestrtdis, (waved wall -flower. ^.) leaves crowded together in a head, recurved,
- undulate: stem undivided.
an'miiis, (stock july-flower. Ju. 0.) leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate, obtuse, hoary:

silique cylindric, with an acute apex.
in'cuniLs, (bromplon stock, bron»pton queens. $.) leaves lanceolate, entire, obtuse,

hoary: silique truncate, compressed at the apex: stem somewhat of a woody

texture.

12 — 1. Chelidonium. 62. Papa, nar-ano. acr-sti. diu. sud.
Exotk.
majus, W. (celandine, y. M. 71-) umbels axillary, peduncled: leaves alternate, pin-
nate, lobed. Naturalized.

Chelidonium, Meconopsis.
13 — 2. Chelo'jne., 37. Scrop. acr-poi. asc.

glabra, (1) (snakehead. O. w. & r. Ju. 21-) leaves opposite, lance-oblong, acuminate,
serrate: spikes terminal, dense-flowered. Var. alba, leaves sub-sessile: flowers
white, yar. jmrpiirca, leaves short-peiioled: flowers purple. Var. lanccolata, leaves
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, sessile, pubescent beneath: segments of the calyx
oblong. Some authors make a species ohliqua, which they say, has all the leaves
opposite, and that the glabra has the lower leaves alternate — sed quere?-^Damn.
Mch.

Southern.

hj'oni, Pli. (p. Au. 2i.) glabrous, branching: leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, serrate:
spikes terminal: flowers clustered.

latifulia, M. (r. Au.) glabrous: leaves broad, ovate and oval, serrate, abruptly acumi-
nate, tapering at the base, petioled: flowers crowded, bracts and calyx ciliate. 2 f.

5—2. Chenopo'dium. 29. Chen. edi. ton. lax.

rhomb' if o' Hum, M. (W. J. -^.) leaves triangular-rhombic, acute, repandly toothed:
racemes axillary, erect, leafless: bracts minute inflexed.

Cheilanthes. From Gr. chcilos, lip, and antlios, flower, in allusion to the lip-like form

of tlie involucre.
Cheiranthus. From Gr. cheir, the hand, and anthos, flower, relating to the form of

its blossoms.
Chelidonium. Gr. chelidon, a swallow, this plant being in flower about the time that

this bird appears.
Clielone. Gr. chclone, a tortoise, from the shape of the helmet of this genus.
Chenopodium. Gr. chen, (chenosj a goose, and pous, (podosj a foot, from the

sinuate leaves of some species.

(1) obliqua, W.

CHENOPODIUM, CttlONANTttUS. 19S

album, L. (green pig-weed. O. g. Ju. #.) leaves rhomboid-ovate, erose, entire behind,

the upper ones oblong, entire, seed smootii. Var. viride, leaves lance-rhomboid,

siniiate-tootlied: racemes ramose, sub-foliaceous: stem very green. 2 — 4 f. Mch.
hybridum, L. (W. Ju. 0.) leaves cordate, angular-toothed, acuminate: racemes

branching, somewhat cymose, divaricate, leafless. Var. simplex, stem simple, 5-

angled: leaves ovate, sub-cordate, coarsely repand-toothed: spike simple, terminal,

naked. 2—3 f. S. C. F. B. N. Mch.
rubrum, L. (red pig-weed, red goose foot. r-g. Ju. 0.) leaves rhomboid-triangular,

deeply toothed and sinuate: racemes erect, compound, leafy. 2 — 3 f. C. O. B.

T. N. Mch.
ambrosioides, L. (sweet pig-weed. W. g. Ju. 0.) leaves lanceolate, remotely toothed:

flowers in interrupted sessile clusters; on slender, axillary, leafy branches. Sweet

scented. 1—2 f. -S. Mch,
botnjs, L. fra. exp. (oak-of-jerusalem. O. g. J. 0.) leaves oblong, sinuate: racemes

naked, many-cleft. 12 i. S. Mch.
anthelininticum, L. (wormseed. W. g. An. Zf.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, toothed:

spikes long, interrupted, leafless. Odour strong. 12 — 24 i. S. Y. C. P. T. F.

atii-|-. exp.
ghmcum, L. (21.) leaves oblong, repand, glaucous beneath: spikes simple, naked,

glomerate, axillary, terminal.
mariti'mum, L. (sea pig- weed. W. L. g. Au. 11.) leaves subulate, fleshy, semi-terete:

flowers glomerate, axillary. 18—24 i. .S^. C. P. Y.
murdlc, W. (Ju. 0.) leaves ovate, unequally toothed, acute, shining: racemes

branching, cymose, leafless. T. C.
bonus' henricus, L. (english mercury, g. J. 1[.) leaves triangular, sagitate, entire:

spikes compound, leafless, axillary and terminal, erect.

Exotic,
scopariuvi, (summer cypress.) leaves flat, lance-linear, margin ciliate: flowers glome
rate, axillary.

Southern,
sub' spica' turn, ^ . (W.) stem 4-angled: lower leaves hastate-ovate, bidentate, acute f
upper ones sub-lanceolate: racemes glomerate, simple, terminal.

10 — 1. Chi'maphi'la. Ph. (!) 51. Pyro. ton. diu. stom. scro/". c?ro.

mnculdfa, L. (spotted winter-green. W. w. Ju. ZC.) leaves lanceolate, rounded at the
base, remotely serrate, marked with long spots: scape 2 or 3-flowered: filaments
woolly.

umbelldta, W. (prince's pine, bitter wintergreen. O. r-w. Ju. H-) leaves serrate,
uniformly green, wedge-lanceolate, with an acute base: scape corymbed: filaments
glabrous. Both species are tonics and diuretics, and resemble in their effects the
Arbutus uva-ursi. Bw. Mch.

.5 — 1. Chiococ'ca. 57. Cinch, feb. ton.
Southern,
racemosa, W. (y-w. Ju. fp.) leaves ovate-oblong, acute, flat: racemes axillary, pedun
cled, simple. Var. floridana, leaves ovate, scarcely acuminate; racemes simple,
rather longer than the leaves. Florida.

2 — 1. Chionan'thus. 37. Scro. acr. poi. asc.
mrginiciis, W. (fringe tree, snow drop tree. W. w. M. >>.) panicle terminal, trifid:

Chimaphila. Gr. cheima, winter, and phdos, lover, from its sempervivent character.
Chiococca. Gr. clilnn, snow, and Icokkos, berry, from the color of the fruit.
Chionanthns. Gr. chiov, snow, and anllios, flower, from the whiteness of the corol.

(1) Pyrola, L. The Chimaphila was long united to the Pyrola. Though they
possess strong botanical affinities, they differ quite as much in habit, and sensible, as
well as medicinal properties, as other genera of the natural order Ericae. Suolm
divisions of the Linnean genera, where the "natural genus gives the characters,"
ought to be adopted. But divisions founded on any artificial character, however
constant and decisive, injure the science.

25

h-

194 CHIONANTHUS, CHRYSEIS.

peduncles 3-llowered: leaves acute. Var. montanus, leaves oval-lanceolate, coria-
ceous, glabrous: panicle dense: drupe oval. Var. maritimus, leaves obovate-lance-
olate, membranaceous, pubescent: panicle very lax: drupe elliptic. Berries purplish
blue. S. Y. P. M. H.

Chironia, Sabbati.v.

3 — 2. Chlo'ris. 10. Gram. far. ton.
Southern.

pctraea, Sw. (sea-side chloris. L. Ju. 2X-) spikes by fours, digitate, straight, erect;
flowers imbricate, glabrous, unawned; exterior glume awned: stem compressed.
Grows in soils exposed to the influence of salt water. Charleston, S. C.

sccun'dus. Ph. (1) (W. 11-) glabrous, leaves linear: spike elongated, one-sided: spike-
lets solitary and deflexed after defloration: glumes linear-lanceolate, very acute.

Chloris, Eleusine.

Chondrilla, Borkhausia.

Chondrocarpus, Hydrocotyle.

17—2. Chrysanthemum. (2) 55. Heli. ton. sec-stim.

leucan'thcmum, W. (ox-eyed dais^^, white weed. O. w. J. Zf.) leaves clasping, lanceo-
late, serrate, cut-toothed at the base: stem erect, branching. 12 — 20 i. <S.

arcticum, W. (W. p-w. Zf-) radical leaves 3-parted, gash-toothed; cauline ones
wedge-form, 3-parted, obtuse. 12 i. S.

integrifolium, Rich. (w. &y. 1[.) dwarfish, hairy: leaves linear, very entire: stem
almost leafless, 1 -flowered. A.

Exotic.

parthenium, (feverfew, y. »& w.) leaves petioled, compound, flat; leafets ovate, gashed:

peduncles branching, corymbed: stem erect.
carinatum, (three-colored daisy, r. w. Au. -^.) leaves bipinnate, fleshy, glabrous:

scales of the involucre carinate.
coronarium, (garden chrysanthemum, p. w. r. Au. 0.) leaves bipinnatifid, acute,

broader outwards: stem branching.

12—1. Chyseis. (3) G2. Pap. nar. ano.

califurnica Lind. (y. ) stem branching, leafy: torus obconic: calyx ovoid, with a
very short abrupt acumination: petals bright yellow, with an orange spot at the
base. S. Oregon. Eschscholzia.

So7Uhem.

crocea Lind. (y. ) stem branching, leafy: torus funnel-form, with a much dilated
limb: calyx obconic, with a long acumination: flowers orange yellow. California.
E crocGci.

cacspitosa, Lind. ( ) stems short, leafy at the base: segments of the sub-radical
leaves linear, somewhat dilated and cuneiform: peduncles elongated, erect: torus
tubular, with scarcely any limb: calyx attenuate at the apex into a long acumina-
tion. California. E. cespitosa. ^ , . ^ . , , „^, . ,. ,

tenuifolia Lind. ( ) stems short, leafy at the base: segments of the suo-radical
leaves 'linear-subulate: peduncles elongated, erect: torus tubular, with a very short
limb- calyx rather obtuse, acuminate. California. E. tenuifolia.

hypecoides, Lind. ( ) stems elongated, branched, leafy: segments of the leaves
short, linear-cuneiform: torus tubular, with scarcely any limb: calyx with a short
acumination. California. E. hypecoides.

Chloris. Gr. cidoros, green, from its color. ^ „ ,• ,

Chrysanthemum. Gr. chnisos, golden, and anthos, flower, from the yellow disk.
(1) CynoBurus, Ph. (2) Pyrethium. (3) Eschscholzia.

CHRYSOBALANUS, CHRYSOPSIS. 195

11 — 1. Chrysoba'lanus. 92. Chry. ton — . nut.
Southern.
oblongifoUus, Mx. (w. i. \.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at the base, entire,
glabrous, shining: flowers panicled: fruit oblong. "Mx. ob.serves that it varies with
the leaves woolly and hoary on the under surlUce." Elliot. 1 — 2 f.

17 — 1. Chry'soco'ma. 55. Aste. ton. sec-stim.

virgata, N. (goldy locks. L. y.) herbaceous, smooth: leaves narrow, linear: stem
branching; branches corymbed, fastigiate, virgate: scales of the involucre glutinous,
appressed. 18 i. Y.

Southern.

nudata, Mx. (y. S. 2i.) radical leaves spatulate, lanceolate; cauline ones linear, scat-
tered: corymb compound, fastigiate: involucre oblong. 3 — 4-flowered. 2 f.

grave' olens, N. (1) (W. y. Oc. ^.) leaves linear, 3-nerved, smooth, impunctate:
branches whitish, tomentose: flowers corymbed, fastigiate, crowded: involucre
angular, smooth, 5-flo\vered. 6 — 8 f.

nauseosa, Ph. (W. y. Oc. 21-) flower peduncled: inolucre and leaves woolly pubescent:
leaves narrow-linear: corymb somewhat lax: involucre lax, 5-flowered; inner scales
divaricate, glabrous.

solidiiginoides, N. (W. y. ^.) rays oblong, ligulate, about 2 fertile ones: involucre
very small: leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, tapering below. A smooth shrub
considerably branched.

Chrysoma, Chrysocoma.

17 — 4. Chry'sogo'num. 55. Hal. ton. sec-stim.

Southern.

virginianum, W. (y. J. 21.) low, woolly villose: leaves oval dentate, narrowing into

the petiole. 6 — 12 i.

17 — 2. Chrysop'sis. (2) 55. Inu. ton. sec-stim.

mariana, W. (W. y. Au. 2X.) villose: leaves sessile, lance-oblong, tapering to the

base, obtuse, glandular-toothed, lower ones petioled, serrate: peduncles axillary,

corymbed, glandular-hairy. J 2 — 18 i. ^S.
falcata, Ph. (y. S. 21.) woolly: leaves sessile, linear, very acute, sub-falcate, spread-
ing, nerves hairy both sides: peduncles few, axillary corymbed: involucre and

peduncles villose. 5 — 6 i. S.
graminifolia, Mx. (y. S. Zf.) silky, leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, entire, nerved:

corymb compound: stem leafy towards the summit. Var. tenuifolia, silky or woolly:

leaves narrow-linear, shining: stem few-flowered: scales of the involucre srlabrous.

2 f. S.
scahra, Ph. (W. y. Oc. 2X- or $.) hispid-pilose, very scabrous: radical leaves oval,

toothed, petioled; cauline ones cordate, ovate, se.ssile: flowers in panicles. 2 — 3 f.

S.
argentPM,, P. (y. 2X-) silky: leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved, erect, entire, acute, zigzag:

corymbed sub-compound, erect: scales of the involucre flat, pubescent. 2 f. iS.
ericoides, T. &. 3. (W. y.) stem branching below; branchlets elongated sub-simple,

1-flowered: leaves subulate, imbricate, appressed, hispid, and ciliate. 5 — G i.
cuBspitosa, N. (y. Ju. If-) glabrous, small, with many stems, brandling at the base,

scape-like, 1-to 4-flowered: leaves rigid, lance-linear, acute, very entire: scales of

the involucre oval, acute, scarious at the margin. R.
acaulis, N. (A. y. J. 21.) caespitose, scabrous, almost stemless: leaves crowded,

lance-oblong, about 3-nerved, very acute: scape nearly naked, about 1-flowered:

divisions of the involucre lance-oblong. R.

Chrysobalanus. Gr. chrusus, golden, and halanos, a plum or cherry, from the fruit.
Chrysocoma. Gr. ehriisos, golden, and home, hair, from its appearance.
Chrysogonum. Gr. chrusos, golden, and gone, corner or joint. The bught yellow

flowers are usually produced in the bends of the stems.
Chrysopsis. Gr. cliruaos, golden, and ops, appearance, from its general color.

(1) dracunculoides. Ph. (2) Inula, L.

196 CHRYSOPSIS, CICHORIUM.

alpina. N. (p. J. If. ^.) sub-caespitose: small stems numerous, snb-lanceolate, 1-
flowered: leaves small, oblongs, acute, somewhat scabrous and imbricate, approxi-
mate: flowers peduncled: scales of the involucre acute.

coronopifolia, N. (Ju. 0.) leaves gash-pinnate, divisions with a tapering apex: in-
volucre squarrose: plant somewliat glabrous, small, branching, sub-decumbent:
branches 1-flowered. R.

Southern.

pinifolia, E. (y. S. Oc. 2i-) very glabrous: stem rigid: leaves linear, crowded, rigid:
corymb large; scales of the involucre woolly at the summit. 18 — 24 i.

trichophylla, N. (y. Au. 21-) hairy: leaves oblong, obtuse, very entire, somewhat
clasping, scqirous on the margin: corymb simple, scales of the involucre very
narrow, glandular. 12 — 18 i. \

gossyp'ina, Mx. (y. S. If.) woolly, hoary: leaves sessile, oblong, spatulate, obtuse,
very entire: corymb fastigiate. 1 — 2 f.

denta'ta, E. (y. S. Zf.) lanuginous: leaves cuneate, obovate, obtuse, deeply toothed:
upper ones oblong, oval, entire: corymb simple. 2 f.

divaricata, N. (y. S. H.) leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate: stem hispid: panicle
divaricate: peduncles and involucre viscid-pubescent, 2 f.

villosa, Ph. (1) (W. y. 2i-) hirsutely villose: leaves sessile, entire, linear-oblong,
acute. ciJiate below; margin scabrous; branches sub-corymbose: flowers fastigiate.

pilosa, N, (W. y. 0.) soft-hairy, erect, leaves linear-oblong, acute, sub-sessile,
wedge-form at the base: flowers few, peduncled, sub-fastigiate; scales of the invo-
lucre linear acuminate. Found in Arkansas, by Dr. Pitcher.

hyssopifolia, N. (W. y. Zf.) glabrous; leaves scattered, short, linear: involucre sub-
squarrose, with unequal divisions: branches fastigiate, 1-flowered, sub-corymbed.
9 i.

Note. The following species of Aster, according to Nuttall, belong to this genus.
A. linnrifoVms, L. llnifulius, W. dichotomous, E. albus, N. obovatus, N. humilis, W.
amygdaliniis, Lb.

8 — 2. Chry'sosple'sium. 84. . Saxi. ast.

opposiiifolium, (gplden saxifrage, water-carpet. O. y-r. M. Zf.) leaves opposite,
roundish, slightly crenate, tapering for a little distance to the petiole.'* In rivulets,
springs, &c. Mch.

altemifolium, L. (M. Zf.) leaves 9,lternate. Perhaps only a variety of the first.

16—10. Ci'cER. 93. Leg. asc. ape. f. nut.

arie'tinum, (chick-pea. 0.) peduncle 1-flowered: seeds globose, gibbous: leafets
serrate.

17 — 1. Cicho'rium. 53. Cich. sec. d-r. stim. asc. bev.

in'tybus, L. (succory or endive. O. b. Ju. TX.) flowers axillary, in pairs, sessile:
leaves runcinate. Mch.

Exotic.

endivia, (garden endive, b. ^.) peduncles axillary, in pairs; one long, 1-flowered,
the other short, about 4-flowered: leaves oblong, denticulate. Var. crispum, has
fringed leaves and solitary flowers.

Chrysosplenium. Gr. chnisos, golden, and splen, the spleen, it being supposed effica-
cious in tiie diseases of the spleen.

Cicer. Lat. cicer, a bean, or other kind of pulse; from Gr. kikus, force, on account of
its presumed medical qualities.

Cichorium. The Greek name is kichore, probably from the old Egyptjem word chi-
kourgcli.

* Dr. Tuljy says our plant is E, amcricana, and not oppositifolia.
(1) Amellus, Ph.

CICUTA, CINNA. 197

5 — 2. Cicd'ta. 60. Umb. Btom. ornar. if nau. e-r. poi+-
maculata, W. (O. \v. Ju. 7i-) senatures of tlie leaves mucronate: petioles membra-
naceous, 2-lobed at the apex. Damp. 3—6 f. ^'. Mch.
hdbifera, W. (W. w. Au. 2X-) leaves ternate and biternate, bulbiferous: leafets
linear and linear-lanceolate, remotely toothed. Wet. 2—3 f. T. W. C O. F.
D. R. Mch.

Exotic.

virosa, (water hemlock. 21-) umbels opposite to the leaves: petioles margined, obtuse;
leafets ternate, acutely serrate. Root containing a yellow juice.

12 — 4. Cimicifu'ga. 61. Ran. acr. cau. poi.

Remark. The three genera, Actaea, Cimicifuga, and Macrotrys, continue to in-
terchange their species, according to the diiferent views of botonists.

cordifolia, Pursh. (w.) leaves biternate; leafets broadly-cordate, 3 to 5-lobed: ovaries
1 to 3 glabrous: petals spatulate, bifid: follicles oblong, sessile. Carolina. Actaea
cordifo liu , synonym.

data, N. (w.) leaves biternate; leafets cordate, lobed, incisely toothed, pubescent be-
neath: ovaries 2 to 3-glabrous: petals none: follicles oblong, sessile. Oregon.
Macrotrys /6irf«/fl is a synonym.

americana, Ms. (w.) leaves triternate; segments ovate; the terminal 3-parted or 3-
cleft, incisely lobed, cuneiform or sub-cordate at the base: ovaries 2 to 5-stipitate,
glabrous: petals concave, sessile, nectariferous at the base, 2-lobed: follicles obo-
vate. on slender stipes. North Carolina. Actaea podocarpa, is iisynonyme, E,

Cimicifuga. Actaea, Macrotrys.
5 — 1. CiKCHONiA. 57. Cinch, feb. ton.

Gen. Char. Cal. 5-toothed: corol salver-form, with a 5-parted limb: anthers linear,
included: capsule crowned by the calyx: seed girted by a torn wing. Jesuit's bark.

See species in the Addenda. Not being indigenous, nor cultivated, (but a very im-
portant genus) it is referred to the addenda, for the species and properties.

17 — 2. Cinera'ria. 5.5. Eupa. ton. sec-stim.

heterophylla. Ph. (ashwort. y. M. 2X.) downy: radical leaves long-petioled, obovate-
spatulate; also ovate, acutish and pinnatifid; cauline ones 2 — 3, linear, pinnatifid:
flowers corymbed. 8 i. P.

canadensis, \V. (W. 2i.) villose: leaves pinnatifid, sub-villose; divisions sinuate:
flowers panicled.

Sout/iern.

integrifolia-, var. minor, (1) W. (mountain flea-wort. W. y. Au. 2X0 woolly-tomen-
„ $tose: stem simple: lower leaves spatulate, sub-dentate; upper ones narrow-lanceo-
late, very entire, erect: flowers somewhat umbelled.

3—2. Cin'na. (2) 10. Gram. far. ton.

arundinacea, W. (indian reed. W. Au. ZT-) S^'^'^'"'^"^- panicle large, many-flowered,
capillary: leaves broad-linear: one valve somewhat awned below at the apex. 2 —
5 f. -S'. V. W. Y. C. M. N. P. D. T. Mch.

Cimicifuga. Lat. cimex, a bug, fugo, to drive: in allusion to its supposed quality.
Cicuta. Lat. ciccnta, the hollow stem or internodes of plants, applied to this genus.
Cineraria. Lat. cincres, aslies, from the appearance of the leaves.
Cinna. Gr. kinna, from kein, to burn, to heat, from a supposed quality of the original

species.

(1) Senecio tomentosus, Mx. (2) Agrostis, Lk. Ph.

198 CIRCAEA, CLAVTONIA.

2—1. Circaf.'a. 88. Circ. emo.

lutetia'na, var. canadensis, L. (enchanters night shade. O. Ju. w. Zf.) stem erect:
leaves ovate, remotel}' toothed, opaque, smooth. 1 — 3 f. S. Mch.

alpina, L. (O. r-w. Au. 2I-) stem branched, glabrous, often procumbent: leaves broad-
cordate, membranaceous, acutely tootlied, shining. (5 — 8 i. 6'. Mcli.

Circium, Cnicus.

207—15? Cissam'pelos. 77. Menis. ton. nar— .

Southern.

pauciflora, N. (W. ^.) herbaceous; very glabrous: leaves ovate-cordate, acute, 7 — 9

nerved: peduncles about 2-flo\vered and axillary; Howers perfect. Found in W.

Florida by H. B. Croom, Esq. and Dr. Loomis.

Cissus, Ampelopsis.
CisTUS, Helianthemum. (frost plant. )

Remark. In former editions, it was stated under Cistus, that this plant sent out
broad, thin, curved, ice crystals, an incli in breadth, from near the root, for about
twenty days in December. This phenomenon has often been observed in the sand
plains two miles north of New Haven, Conn.

12 — 1. Cit'rus. 70. Auran. stom. ton. ref.

Exotic.

medeca, W. (lemon tree. w. J. fp.) leaves ovate, acuminate, with linear wingless

petioles. Var. limon, (lime tree) bears smaller fruit, which is almost round. 4 —

10 f.

aurantium, W. (Orange tree. w. f?.) leaves oval, acuminate, with the petioles winged

or margined.
limella, f. yields burgamot-
limonum, yields citric acid.

8 — 1. Clark'ia. 88. Onag. emo.

Southern.

pulchella, Ph. (W. r. p. J. $.) stem erect, terete, somewhat branching above: leaves
alternate, linear entire, glabrous: flowers axillary towards the top of the stem, sub
sessile, large. 12 — 18 i.

5 — 1. Clayto'nia. 86. Port. emo. ton.

rirginica, L. (spring beauty. O. w. r. A. IJ.) leaves linear-lanceolate: petals obovate,
retuse: sepals somewhat acute: root tuberous. Var. latifolia, T. (2) leaves ovate-
lanceolate: sepals obtuse. 6 — 12 i. S. Mch.

asarifolia, Bongard. (.r ) cespitose: leaves veiny, the radical ones on long petioles,
somewhat reniform: cauline sessile, broadly ovate, obtuse; pedicels solitary or
ternatP, bracted: petals 2-cleft, red. Sitcha.

parviflora, Doug. (r. w. ) radical leaves numerous, linear-spatulate, 3-nerved, with
anatomosing veins, on long petioles; the cauline pairs united into one oval per-
foliate, veiny leaf: raceme simple or somewhat compound, with a single bract.
Oregon.

Circaea. After the enchantress Circe, who is said to have used it in incantations.

Cissampelos. Gr. kissos, ivy, ampetos, grape vine; partaking of the nature of both.

Cistus. Gr. kistus, from kisic, a box or capsule. The capsules of the genus are box-
like.

Citrus. Gr. kitria, the lemon or citron tree.

Clarkia. In honor of Gen. Clark, the companion of Lewis across the Rocky Mts.

Claytonia. In honor of John Clayton, author of Flora Virginica.

(1 ) Helianthemum, Ju. (2) C. caroliniana, Mx. spathulaefolia, Ph. spatulata,

4th Ed.

CLAYTONIA, CLEiMATIS. 199

spaifiuUita, Doug. ( ) cespitose, minute: radical leaves numerous, narrowly sub]
spatulale-Init'iir: caiiline ones ovate, acute, sessile: raceme solitary, 1-bracteate:
petals entire, scarcely exceeding the calyx. North West Coast.

aqnatica, N. (w. ) ccsjjiiose, decumbent, stoloiiiferous: leaves opposite, spatulate or
obloiiff-obovate, attenuate bolow, obtiisish: racemes axillary, peduncled, simple,
few-tiowered; petals obovJite, entire, more than twice the length of the calyx.
Rocky Mountains.

faireUuris, Bonirard. (w.) stems cespitdse, flagelliform, here and there producing
fascicles of leaves and rootlets: leaves oval, attenuate into a short petiole, veiny;
petals more than thrice the length of tlie calyx, bifid, the lobes obtuse. Sitcha.

parvifulia, Mocino. (r. Au.) stems branching from the base, filifoim, ascending: leaves
succulent; tiie radical ones revolute, obovate-spatulate, acute; the cauline linear-
spatulate: racemes terminal, few-flowered: pedicels filiform, bracteate: petals oblong,
entire, thrice the length of the calyx. Nootka. Oregon.

linearis, Doug. ( ) stems branching: l^eaves very narrowly linear, obtuse: racemes
terminal, one-sided, the lowest pedicel bracteate: petals entire, longer than the
calyx. Oregon.

dicliotoma, N. ( ) low, almost cespitose, much branched: leaves very narrowly
linear, acute, sheathing at the base: racemes terminal and axillary: llowers 1-sided,
nodding: pedicels about the length of the flowers, the lowest one bracted: petals
emarginate, scarcely longer than the calyx. Oregon.

diffusa, N. (w-r.) stems ditfusely dichotomous and procumbent: leaves veiny, broadly

^ ovate or deltoid, abruptly attenuate into a petiole, acute: racemes very numerous,
terminal and lateral, sub-corymbose, 5 — 9-flowered: pedicels slender, at length
recurved, the lowest one bracteate: petals emarginate, a little longer than the calyx.
Oregon.

Souihem.

lanceolata, Ph. (W. w. J. If.) leaves lanceolate; cauline ones ovate, sessile: raceme
solitary elongated: sepals short, obtuse: petals wedge-form, 2-cleft: root tuberous.

alsinoidcs, Sims. (W. w. J. 0.) radical leaves spatulate-ovate; cauline ones ovate,
distinct: racemes somewhat in pairs: flowers secund: bracts ovate and linear: pe-
tals emarginate: root fibrous.'

pctfoliata, Donn. (W. w. M. 0.) radical leaves spatulate-rhomboid: cauline ones
roundish, perfoliate: raceme sub-solitary, without bracts; root fibrous: petals emar-
ginate.

caroliniana, Mx. (Ap. ) leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, sub-spatulate at the base,
or abruptly decurrent into a petiole; radical ones very iew, spatulate: pedicels
slender, nodding: sepals and petals very obtuse. Canada to Carolina.

ezlgua, T. ( • ) cespitose: radical leaves numerous, narrowly linear; cauline pair
lanceolate or linear, somewliat dilated at the base, sub-connate, usually as long as
the solitary few and loosely-flowered raceme: petals obcordate, oblong, more than
twice the length of tiie calyx. California.

gypsopliiloidcs, Fisch. and Meyer, (r.) glaucous: radical leaves very long filiform;
cauline pair mostly connate on one side: raceme simple, ebracteate: petals nearly
linear, emarginate, thrice the length of the calyx. California.

tcnuifolin, T. ( ) stems numerous, filiform: leaves narrowl}' linear; the radical ones

insensibly decurrent into long petioles; cauline pair sessile, slightly connate on one
side at the base, much longer than the sessile 1-bracteate sub-umbellate raceme:
petals oblong, longer than the calyx. Califurnia.

12 — 12. Cle'matis. 61. Ranu. r. acr. poi. g-h. epis. rub.

virginuma, (virgin's bower, traveller's joy. O. w. Ju. ^.) climbing: leaves ternate:
leafets ovate, sub-cordate, gash-toothed and lobate: flowers panicled, dioecious.
15—20 f. S. xMch.

viorna, W. (leather flower. W. b. J. ^.) climbing: leaves compound and decom-
pound; leafets lance-oval, acute at butli ends, trifid and entire: flowers solitary,
bell-form: petals thick, leathery, acuminate. S. P.

ochroleuca, Ilort. Kew. (1) (w. & y. J. 2i-) erect, simple, pubescent: leaves simple,

Clematis. Gr. klema, a twig or runner; from its habit.
(1) sericea, Mx.

200 CLEMATIS, CLEOME.

ovate, entire; young ones and calyx silky: flower terminal, peduncled, solitarv,
nodding. 12 i. S. P. Y.

douglassii, Hk. (W. ) stem erect, simple, 1-flowered, flowers nodding: leaves

pilose, twice tripinnatifid; divisions linear, obtusisli. R.

wyethii, N. (J. Zf.) vvoolly-hairy: stem erect, simple, with a single nodding flower:
leaves somewhat gasli-bipinnate, with the divisions 3-gashed and lance-linear, taper-
ing, rarely gash-acutish: flowers deep brown within. 14 — 18 i. R.

ligusticifolia, N. (w. ) plant somewhat pubescent: flowers in paniculate corymbs, dioe-
cious: leaves pinnate and ternate; leafets oblong, acute, mostly somewhat lanceo-
late-cuneale, incisely toothed and trifid: petals and stamens equal in length: car-
pels with long plumose tails. Rocky Mountains.

Exotic.

Jlammula, (sweet virgins bower. Tp.) lower leaves lanciniate; upper ones simple, en-
tire, lanceolate.

viticelta, (purple virgin's bower, p. Jn. 2i.) climbing: leaves compound and decom-
pound: leafets oval, sub-lobate, entire: petals obovate, spreading.

Southern.

holoseri'cea, Ph. (w. ^.) climbing: leaves divided, ternate; segments oblong-lanceo-
late, entire, pubescent on both sides: corymbs trichotomous, few-flowered, dioe-
cious: petals linear, longer thac the stamens. Whole plant silky.

crispa, W. (p. Ju. ^.) climbing: leaves pinnate and ternate; leafets diviaricate,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-lobed or entire: flowers solitary, bell-form; petals acumi-
nate, revolute; margins undulate: awns of the carpels subulate, naked.

ajlindrica, Sims. (p-b. Ju. h .) climbing: leaves pinnate, decompound; leafets ovate,
acute at each end, glabrous, simple, petioled: peduncles terminal, solitary: corol
nodding, cylindrical: petals coriaceous, undulate: awns of the carpels plumose.

reticulata, Wi. (W. p-r. Ju. ^.) climbing: leaves pinnate in 4 pairs; leafets ovate,
obtuse at each end, all entire, petioled, membranaceous, reticulately nerved on
both sides: flowers solitary, petals coriaceous: awns of the carpels plumose.

ovata, Ph. (ZT-) erect, simple: leaves ovate, gradually acute, short-petioled, glabrous,
reticulate-nerved on both sides: lower ones sub-cordate: peduncle terminal, solitary,
1-flowered: plumose awns very long.

lineariloba, Dc. peduncles 1-flowered: petals very acute: leaves divided, pinnate,
glabrous; leafets entire or 3-parted.

baldioinii, T, ( ) erect, simple or a little branching, slender, slightly pubescent:
leaves varying from oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire, or 3-cleft, or lobed; the
lobes linear, often slightly laciniate: peduncle terminal, elongated, 1-flowered:
flower cylindrical-campanulate: carpels with very long plumose tails. Florida.

drummondii, T. ( ) flowers in paniculate corymbs, dioecious; leaves pinnate,
silky-villose beneath, sparingly hirsute on the upper surface; leafets rhombic-ovate,
incisely 3-lobed, lobes acute: sepals 4, oblong: carpels villose, with very long
capillary plumose tails. Texas.

parviflora, N. ( ) smooth; leaves pinnate and ternate; leafets obovate, obtuse,
mostly 3-lobed, the lobes short: flowers axillary, approximated, on short peduncles:
carpels smooth, with slender plumose tails. Upper California.

lasiantka, N. ( ) pubescent; leaves ternate, broadly ovate, obtusely cuneiform at
the base: leafets incisely toothed, the terminal one 3-lobed or trifid: flowers dioe-
cious, solitary, on 2-leaved aggregated branchlets: sepals cuneate-oblong, spread-
ing, villose on both surfaces. Upper California.

pitched, T. ( ) peduncles 1-flowered: leaves pinnate, coriaceous, reticulated; leafets
2 to 4 pairs, ovate, mostly obtuse, undivided or 3-lobed; branch leaves simple,
ovate: sepals coriaceous, a little longer than the stamens: carpels with a short
pubescent tail. Arkansas.

plunkenetii, D. C. ( ) peduncles 1-flowered: leaves ternate, glabrous; leafets elliptic
or obovate, entire, obtuse: flowers dioecious, erect. Described by D. C, from
specimens of Catesby, in Bank's herbarium; supposed to be from America.

Clematis, Atragene.*
* Clematis is made to comprehend the Atragene by Decandolle.

CLEOME, CNICUS. £01

6 — 1. Cleo'me. 64. Capp. ver. sed. rub.

lutea, Hk. ( y. ) heibaceous sub-glabrous: leaves with 5 leafets; leafets lanceo-
late acute: sllique lanceolate acuminate, with the style glabrous, of the length of
the stipe. R.

integrifoUa, T. (J. Au. p. r. 0.) somewhat glaucous: leaves 3-foliolate; leafets lance-
olate, entire, sub-mucronate: sepals united to the middle: petals with very short
claws: pods oblong-linear compressed, much longer than the stipe. Oregon.

aurea, T. (J. Au. y. Q.) glabrous: leaves 3 to .5-foliolate; leafets oblong-lanceolate,
acute at each end, entire: petals oblong-elliptical, nearly sessile; stamens equal:
pods linear, longer than the stype. Oregon.

Soxdhern.
scrrulata, Pli. (W. p-w. Au. 0.) glabrous: leaves ternate; leafets lanceolate, obso-
letely serrulate: raceme elongated, bracts lineai: stamens G. 3— 4f.

6 — 1. Cleomj:li.a. 64. Capp. acr. ver.

mexicana, Dc. (W. y.) stem herbaceous, branching, smooth, unarmed: branche*
obtusely angular: leaves terete, smooth, petioled; leafets lanceolate, acutish, entire:
racemes corymbose, termmal. Mexico, Texas.

10 — 1. Cle'thra. 51. Eric. diu. ast.

alnifolia, W. (spiked alder, sweet pepper bush, white bush. w. Au. ^.) leaves wedge-
obovate, acute, coarse-serrate, glabrous, both sides one color: racemes spiked, sim-
ple, bracted, hoary-tomentose. 4—8 f .S'. Y. C. P. F. B. N.

Soiitheni.

tomentosa, Lk. ( w. Au. Tp.) leaves cuneate-obovate, acute, sub-serrate, white to-
nientose beneath: racemes spiked, simple, bracted, villose tomentose. 2 — 4 f. N.
Orleans.

scabra, P. ( w. Ju. 1^ .) leaves broad- wedge-obovate, acute, coarse serrate, scabrous
on both sides; serratures uncinate; racemes spiked, sub-panicled, bracted, sub to-
mentose.

paniailatfi, W. (w. .Tu. T .) leaves narrow- wedge-lanceolate, glabrous on both sides,
acute, serrate; serratures acuminate: panicle terminal, racemose, vvhite-tomentose.

acuminata, Mx. (A. w. Au. h.) leaves oval, acuminate, serrate, glabrous on both
sides, glaucous beneath: racemes spiked, bracted, white-tomentose.

13 — 1. Clinopo'dium. 42. Labi. stom. ton.

rulgare, W. (field thyme. O. r. w. Ju. 2X-) flowers in head-form whorls: bracts
setaceous, hispid: leaves pilose above, remotely toothed: stem simple. 2 f.

Clintonia, Convallaria

5 — 1. Clinto'nia. 52. Lobe. acr. poi — .

elesans, Doug. (b. 0) procumbent, glabrous: stem angled: leaves sessile, ovate, 3-
nerved: flowers axillary solitary: germ long-acuminate. The middle of the lower
lip spotted with white. R.

17—1. Cni'cus. (1) 54. Card, sec-stim. ton — .
lanceolaius, L. (common thistle. O. p. J. $.) leaves decurrent, hispid, pinnatifid:

Cleome. Gr. kleio, to shut up, a name given it by Linneus. The original plant of

this name resembled Sinapis. It is badly applied.
Clethra. Gr. klStlira, the name for the alder, to which, in its leaves, this bears some

resemblance.
Clinopodium. Gr. kline, bed, and podos, foot, the whorls resembling the feet of the

ancient truckle beds.
Clintonia. In honor of Gov. De Witt Clinton, the patron of Natural Science and

public improvements.
Cnicus. Gr. knizd, to sting, alluding to the prickles.

(1) Carduus, L. in some of his works. Circiura, Mx.
26

203 CNICUS, CNIDIUM,

divisions 2-iobed, divaricate, spinose: involucre ovate, with spider-web-like pubes-
cence: scales lanceolate, spinose, spreading. 2 — 4 f. S. Mch.

altis'simus, L. (1) (tall thistle. O. w-p. Au. 2X-) leaves sessile, lance-oblong, scabrous,
downy beneath, toothed, ciliate; radical ones pinnatitid: involucre bracted, ovate;
scales lance-ovate, spinose, close-pressed. 3 — 8 f. S.

arven'sis, W. (2) (canada thistle. O. p. J. 2X.) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, ciliate,
spinose: stem panicled: involucre ovate, mucronate; scales broad-lanceolate, close-
pressed; margin woolly. 2 — 3f.

horridulus. Mx. (3) (w-y. Ju. $.) tall: leaves sessile, pinnatifid, acutely-gashed, very
spinose: bracts terminal, 1-flowered, many-leaved; leafets very spinose, spines
in pairs: involucre unarmed. 2 — 3 f. S. Y. P. B.

muticus, Mx. (p. Ju. $.) leaves all pinnatifid, woolly beneath: divisions sub-lanceo-
late; acute, a little spinose: branches at the summit many, nakedish, 1-flowered:
involucre globose; scales not spinose. 3 — 4 f. /S*. Y. P. D. N.

discolor, M. (O. p. Ju. $.) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, rough-haired, downy beneath;
divisions 2-lobed, divaricate, spinose: involucre globose, witli spider-web-like pu-
bescence; scales ovate, close-pressed, with spreading spines at the tips. 3 — 5 f. S.
Mch.

virginianus, W. (A. p. Ju. 2^.) stem simple: leaves sessile, lanceolate, hoary-tomen-
tose beneath, remotely toothed; teeth spinous: flowers solitary: involucre globose;
scales mucronate, appressed, carinate. 3 — 5 f. S.

odoratus, M. {'^) {t. Ju. $ .) woolly: stem 1 to 3-flowered: leaves clasping, lance-
oblong, pinnatifid; segments irregularly lubed. ciliate, tipped with spines; colour
similar both sides: involucre lafge, sub-globose, naked; scales close-pressed, lance-
olate, acuminate, spinose. 1—2 f. P. Y. O. B. F. T. Mch.

glutinosus, Bw. (p. Au. <J.) leaves pinnatifid, segments divaricate: involucre ovate;
scales unarmed, glutinous. 4 — 6 f. B. T. Mch.

undidatus, N. (VV. r-p.) leaves clasping, pinnatifid-sinuate, undulate; segments bifid,
spiny; both sides toinentose: involucre sub-globose; scales lanceolate mucronate.
1—2 f. S.

pitcheri, T. (W.) cottony-pubescent: leaves very long-linear, pinnatifid (almost pin-
nate) sub-decurrent; radical ones sheathing the base of the stem; leafets very
remote, linear, terminated with slender spines; terminal leafets broadest, some-
times branching: involucre globose; scales lanceolate, keeled, spinose; spines
reflexed. First found by Dr. Zina Pitcher on the great sand banks of Lake Superior.
IVIy specimen was collected by Dr. E. James, at Lak-^ Huron, from which 1 made
this description, not having seen Dr. Torrey's. It is 18 inches high. D. Mch.

glaber, N. (p. Ju. Zf.) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, all over smooth: segments spinose,
acute, lower ones sub-decurrent: involucre ovate, glabrous; scales spineless, short-
mucronate, obtusely carinate: stem much branched. 4 — 6 f &'. Y.

remotifoj,ius, H. ( ) stem striate, with spider-web-down, chiefly below: leaves
sessile half-clasping, deeply pinnatifid, lax-hairy above, wool hair)' beneath; seg-
ments remote, lanceolate, with sinuate spinose lobes beneath: panicle few-flowered:
scales of the involucre numerous, lax-linear, outer ones terminated with a spine.
3— 5f. R.

foliosus, H. ( ) stem erect, strong, striate, a little woolly: leaves erect, numerous
above, longer than the flowers, lance-linear, irregularly tooth-sinuate with spines,
unequal, ciliate, scarcely hirsute above, spider-web downy beneath, pale: flowers
large, glomerate, in the axils of the upper leaves: scales of the involucre linear
close-pressed, egret very abundant. R.

Southern,
repandus, Mx. (p. Ju. Zf.) leaves amplexicaule, narrow, oblong, obtusely sub-sinuate,
with numerous small spines, lanuginous: flowers solitary; scales of the involucre
lanceolate, erect, spinous. 2 f.

5 — 2. Cni'dium. (5) 60. Umbel, poi.

canadense, Mx. (w. Ju. 21-) stem angular, flexuous: leaves bipinnate; leafets many-
parted, segments lanceolate. 8. C

Cnidiuni. Gr. knidion, the herb orache, which this plant resembles.

(1) virginianus, Wr. repandum, Mx. (2) Carduus, S. Serratula. W. (3) spi-
nosissimus, Wr. Serratula discolor, Lk. (4) pumilus, N. (.5) Selinum, L.

CNIDIUM, COLLIICSONIA, 203

atropurpurcum, Lk. ( p. J. Z[.) radical leaves sub-cordate, simple, serrate; oauline
ones ternate; leafets ovate, acute, sub-cordate; middle one pelioled: partial invo-
lucre dimidiate, 3-leaved. Pursh says all the leaves are ternate. 2 — 3 f. S. C.
H. M.

14 — 1. Cochlea'ria. C3. Cruc. g-r. sti. diu. dia. rub. exp. cpi. dro.

fmestrata, Br. stem simple: leaves ovate-deltoid; petiole broad. (Arctic region.)
aquatica, Ea. (1) (water horse-radish, w. J. 1[.) leaves all pinnatifid; lower ones

doubly and finely pinnatifid. Grows in Pittsfield, Mass., in water and wet grounds.

Manifestly indigenous; but perhaps a variety of armoracia. Oswego river.
ohlongifoliu, Dc. ( ) silicles roundish, half as long as the pedicels: cauline leaves

oblong entire, or toothed sinuate, sessile, uppermost ones short auricled. . A.
anglica, Dc. ( ) silicles globe-oval, reticulate veined, half as long as the pedicels:

radical leaves petioled, ovate, entire; cauline ones oblong. A.
siliquosa, Dc. ( ) silicles lance-oblong, pointed with the permanent style half

as long as the pedicel: leaves oblong, entire, pubescent, tapering at the base. R.
danica, Dc. ( ) silicle sub-oval, of the length of the pedicel: leaves all petioled,

deltoid. A.
spathulata, Schlecht. ( ) stellately pubescent: silicic globe-oval: leaves spatulate,

coarsely toothed, acute, veiny. A.
tridacUjlites, Dc. ( ) silicles globose-ovate: cauline leaves with a single tooth on

each side. Labrador.
grcenlandica, L. ( ) silicles ovate, as long as the pedicels: radical leaves petioled,

reniform, entire; cauline ones few or more. Greedland.

Exotic,
officinalis, (scurvy-grass, w. J. H-) radical leaves roundish; cauline ones oblong,

sub-sinuate: silicles globose.
armoracia, (horse-radish, w. J. If.) radicalleaves lanceolate, crenate; cauline ones
gashed. Naturalized.

Coelcsiina, Eupatorium.

19—3. Co'ix. 10. Gram. far. ton.
Exotic,
lachryma, (job's-tear. Ju. 0.) culm semi-terete above: flowers naked: fruit ovate.
12—18 i.

13—2. CoLLiNs'iA. N. 37. Scro. acr. poi. asc.

verna, (collinsia, tall pink. W. b. M. 0.) leaves opposite and whorled, obtuse, en-
tire: peduncles axillary, whorled, single-flowered. 12 i. <S. Mch.

minima, N. (w. & b. A. p. 0,) leaves opposite, wedge-oblong, obtuse, sub-denticu
late: calyx about half as long as the divisions of the corol. 1 — 2 i. R.

2 — 1. Collinso'nia. 42. Labi. stom. ton.

canadensis, (horse-balm, rich-weed, archangel. O. y. Ju. ?_(.) leaves heart-ovate
broad, glabrous: teeth of tJie calyx short-subulate: panicle terminal, compound!
Var. cordata, leaves broad -cordate, upper ones entire. Var. ovata, leaves ovate,
attenuate at the base, all serrate. Strong scented, not unpleasant. 1 — 3 f. S.
Mch.

Sojithcrn*

scabra, Ph. (r-y. Au. 21.) leaves small, ovate, sub-cordate, somewhat hairy: teeth of
the calyx short, subulate: panicle terminal, simple: stem hairy, rough. 2 — 3 f.

Cochlearia. Gr. koch'ias, snail, from the coiled form of the fruit of some species; or

from the spoon shape of the leaves.
Coi.x. Gr. koix, a name applied to one of the palm leaved trees by Theophrastusj

which it resembles.
Collinsia. In honor of Z. Collins, Esq., of Philadelphia.
Collinsonia. In honor of John Collinson, a patron of botany in England.

(1) natans? Hk.

204 COLLINSONIA, COMPTONiA.

ovaUs, Ph. (y. Au. Zf.) leaves oblong-oval, acute at each end, glabrous: petioles
long: teeth of the calyx short: panicle terminal, simple, naked: stem glabrous.

tubcrosa, Mx. (y. S. 21-) leaves somewhat rhomboid-oval, acute at each end, glabrous:
teeth of the calyx setaceous, longer than llie tube: puuicle compound, lealy: stem
branching, somewlial hairy. 3 — 4 f.

anisata, Sims. (A. y. Au. 21.) leaves ovate, cordate, rugose, glabrous; nerves pubes-
cent beneath: teeth of the calyx linear, nearly as long as the tube: panicle leafy,
compound, pubescent: flowers tetrandrous: stem brandling, pubescent.

punctata, E. (y. S. 21.) leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at the base, pubes-
cent and doited beneath: panicle compound. 2 — 6 f.

verticillata, Bald. (M.) leaves verticillate, oval and acuminate. Var. purpurasceus,
flowers purplish; panicle short. 1 f.

5 — 1. Collo'mia. (1) 4.'). Pole, ton — .

Southern.

linearis, Cav. (W. w-p. J. 0.) sub-pubescent: leaves oblong-linear, sub-lanceolate;
floral ones ovate-lanceolate, acute: bracts and calyx viscid. 4 — 12 i.

Colpodium, Agrostis.

16 — 10. Colute'a. 93. Legu. cat. asc. ape.

Exotic.

arborescens, (bladder senna, y. ^,) leaves pinnate; leafets oval, retuse: banner gib-
bous, abbreviated.

vesicaria, (senna herb. y. Ju.) leaves pinnate; leafets ovate: stem herbaceous, decum-
bent, viilose: legumes orbicular, inflated.

Cornandra, Thesium.

Comaropsis, Dalibarda.

11—12. Co'marum. (2) 92. Rosa. ast. ref. feb, ton-f.

palustra, W. (marsh five-finger. W. p. Ju. 21-) leafets in threes, fives and sevens,
serrate: stipules growing to the petioles and sheathing: flowers axillary and ter-
minal: stem rooting. An active astringent. 18 i. 8. T. N. C. Mch.

3 — 1. Commeli'na. 13. Comm. ton — .

angnstifolia, Mx. (day-flower, b. Ju. 21.) assurgent, weak, somewhat glabrous: leaves
lance-linear, very acute, flat, glabrous; sheaths sub-ciliate: bracts (or involucres)
peduncled, solitary, short-cordate. 12 i. S. P. H. Mch.

virginica, L. (3) (VV. b. Ju. li-) stiffly erect, all over pubescent: leaves long-lanceo-
late; sheaths red-bearded at the throat: bracts (or involucres') sub-sessile, lateral
and terminal: calyx petal-like, 3-sepalled, nearly equal. 2 f. S.

Southern.

communis, L. (W. b. Au. 0.) corol unequal: leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute: stem
creeping, glabrous. K.

19 — 3. Compto'nia. 99. Myri. aro. ast. stom. sec-sti.

asplenifolia, A. (sweet fern. O. g. Ap. \ .) leaves long-linear, alternately crenate-
pinnatifid. 18 — 48 i. S. In rocky situations. Mild astringent and tonic. Bw.
Mch.

Collomia. Gr. knlla. gluten, referring to the seed.

Colulea. Gt. koloutca, a tree which dies if it is mutillated; from kolouo, to cut off.

Comarum. Gr. komaros, the ancient name for the strawberry tree, which the fruit

of this plant resembles,
Commelina. In honor of the brothers Comnielin, two Dutch botanists.
Comptonia. In honor of Bishop Henry Compton, a cultivator of exotics in England.

(1) Taken from Phlox. (2) Potentilla, T. (3) Hirtella, Vahh

CONIUM, CONVALLARIA. 205

5—2. Co'nicm. go. Umbe. *tom. e. nar. 1, nau. rub. poi.

maculatnm, L. (poison hemlock. O. w. Ju. Zf.) stem very branching, spotted: leaves
very compound: caipels striate. Var. crispattihini, loaves crisped: ultimate divisions
acuminate, or terminated in a bristle. 2 — 4 f. >S'. Not probably introduced; for
I have seen it in a wild state in numerous Alpine districts in New Hampshire, Ver-
mont, Massachusetts, &c.

6 — 1. Co'nosty'lis. 18. Haem. ton.

americana, Ph. (1) (weed-grass, y. Ju. U-) corol woolly within; scape coryrab-
panicled: leaves grass-ensilbrm, glaucous: filaments equal. 12 — 18 i. /S. Y.

13—2. CoNRADiA. 32. Nyct. ton— . cat— . diu. cebs. <//o.

fuschsioides, N. ( If.) glabrous: leaves petioled, lanceolate, lyre-pinnatifid, lobes
denticulate outside: calyx foliaceous, divisions essert, denticulate. 4 f. Resembles
Gerardia quercifolia.

6—1. Convalla'ria. 12. Smil. stim. acr- .

1. Corol deeply A-parted, spreading: stamens 4; berry 2-celled. ( Floicers in a terminal

raceme. ) Majanthemum, D.

hifolia, L. (2) (dwarf solomon seal. O. w. J. li.) stem with two heart-oblong, sub-
sessile, glabrous leaves: raceme simple, terminal: flowers tetrandrous. Var. trifolia,
stem 3-leaved. 4 — 6 i. Mch.

2. Corol 6-parted, spreading: filaments divergent, attached to the base of the segments,

{ Floicers in a terminal raceme. ) Smilacina, D.

stellata, L. (W. w. M. 21.) stem with alternate, clasping, oval-lanceolate leaves:
raceme simple, terminal. 8—18 i. N. T. C. Mch.

trifolia, L. (W. w. J. 2X.) stem about 3-leaved: leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate,
contracted at the base: raceme simple, terminal, few-flowered. 6 — 10 i. D. P.
T. N. Mch.

ciliata, D. (w. Zf.) stem arched: leaves alternate, sessile, ovate, ciliate: panicle ter-
minal, crowded. 6'. Canada.

racemosa, L. (spiked solomon seal. O. y-w. M. If.) stem with alternate leaves: leaves
sessile, oblong-oval, acuminate, nerved, pubescent: flowers in a terminal raceme-
panicle. 18—24 i. S. Mch.

3. Corol sub-campanulate, deeply 6-parted: style elongated: berry 2-celled, many-seeded,

Dracaena, D. «fe W.

borea'lis,W. (wild lily of the valley, dragoness plant, g. y. J. If.) sub-caulescent:
leaves oval-obovate; margin ciliate: scape pubescent: umbel few flowered, sub-
corymbed, sometimes proliferous; pedicels naked, nodding, fi — 10 i. T. Mch.

umhelluta, Mx. (A. w. Ju. 21.) leaves radical, oblong-oval, witli the margin and keel
ciliate: scape pubescent: umbel terminal: pedicels bracteate. Torrey says, keefnot
ciliate; flowers greenish-yellow. 8 — 12 i. <S.

4. Corol 6-cleft, cylindric: filaments inserted, on the upper part of the tvbr: berry 3-eelled:

cells 2-seedcd. ( Floicers axillary. J Polvgonatum, D.

mulliflora, L. (giant solomon seal. W. w. Ju. 71-) stem terete: leaves alternate, clasp-
ing, oblong-ovate: peduncles axillary, some of them many-flowered. 2 — 3 f. .S?.

Conium. Gr. koneion, from knos, a cone or top; so called because it produced giddi-
ness in those who drank it. It is the Greek name for poison liemlock.

Conostylis. Gr. konos, cone, and slutus. a style, from their form.

Conradia. Named in honor of S. W. Conrad, late Prof. Bot. Un. Phil., now N. Y.
State geologist, in the department of Palaeontology.

Convallaria. Lat. convallis, a valley, its usual place of growth.
(J) Helonias tomentosa, M. (2) Smilacina canadensis, Ph.

206 CONVALLARIA, CONVOLVULUS.

biflora. Wr. (1) (g-y, J. 2S-) Btem terete, fsmooth: leaves alternate, sessile, elliptic-
lanceolate, 3-nerved: peduncles axillary, solitary, few-flowered. 12 — 18 i. S.

pubesccns, W. (O. w. M. 21.) stem teretish, furrowed: leaves alternate, clasping,
ovate, pubescent beneath: peduncles axillary, about 2-flowered. 18 i. S.

candlicututa, W. (A. clasping solomon seal. w. Ju. 21.) stem channelled; leaves alter-
nate, clasping, oblong, margin pubescent: peduncles axillary, about 2-flowered.
jS*. B.

latifuUa, (J. 2X-) stem angled: leaves sessile, ovate, acuminate: peduncles 1 or many-
flowered. 4 f. -sr. P. H.

Jdrta, Lk. (2/.) stem angular, hispid: leaves alternate, somewhat clasping, ovate,
abruptly acuminate: peduncles axillary, 3-flowered.

Southern,
maja'lis, W. (lily of the valley. W. A. w. J. 21.) scape naked, smooth: leaves oval-
ovate. Virginia- Cultivated.

5 — 1. Convolvulus. 44. Conv. r. cat. or lax.

repens, L. (2) (field bind- weed. O. w. & r. J. 2X0 twining: leaves sagittate, with'the
apex acute and tiie lobes truncate, entire (some obtuse:) bracts acute, longer than
the calyx and shorter than the middle of tiie corol: peduncle angled, exceeding the
peliole. /S. Mch.

arvensLS, L. (3) (bind-weed. W. w. J. 21.) stem climbing or prostrate: leaves sagit-
tate; lobes acute, spreading; peduncles about 1-flowered: bracts minute, acute.

panduratiis, Mx. (mechoacan, wild potatoe vine, man of the earth. W. w. & r. Ju.
2/-) twining, pubescent: leaves broad-cordate, entire or lobed, guitar- form: pedun-
cles long: liowers fascicled: calyx glabrous, awnless: corol tubular- bell-form. A
mild cathartic, and resembles rhubarb in its effects. Bw. Y. P. O. H. M.

spithameus, L. (4) (dwarf morning glory. W. w. J. 2|.) erect: leaves oval, or oblong,
sub-cordate, pubescent: peduncles l-flowered, generally longer than the leaves.
9—12 i. ,S. D. P. T. B. Mch.

Exotic.

batatus, (sweet potatoe, Carolina potatoe, w. Ju. 2|.) creeping, tuberous: leaves cor-
date, hastate, angular-lobed, 5-nerved, smoothish: peduncles long: flowers fasci-
cled: corol sub-campanulate. Cultivated, nut. lax.

ft-ico^or, (3-colored bind-weed. Ju. 0.) leaves lance-ovate, glabrous; stem declined:
flowers solitary.

Southern.

purpureus, Ph. (5) (common morning glory. W. b. p. J. 0.) pubescent: leaves cor-
date, entire: peduncles 2 to 5-flowered: pedicels nodding, thickened: divisions
of the calyx lanceolate: capsules glabrous. Cultivated. Grows west of the Miss.
Mch.

machrorhizvs, Mx. (6) (W. w. J. If.) pubescent: leaves cordate, entire and lobed,
rugose-plaited, downy beneath: peduncles 1 to S^flowered: flowers sub-campanulate:
root very thick.

tcnellus, (G) (W. w. Ju. 2X.) stem prostrate: leaves elliptic, mucronate, sub-cordate:
peduncles many-flowered, longer than the leaves: style 2-parted.

aquaticus, Wr. (8) (w. J. 2|-) stem prostrate: leaves oblong-ovate, nearly sessile:
peduncles generally 3-flov/ered, three times as long as the leaves: style 2-parted.

obtusilobus, Mx. (y. &. w. S. 2i.) stem prostrate: leaves thick, sinuate, lobed, emar-
ginate; lobes rounded: peduncles 1-flowered.

catesbijanus, Ph. (p.) twining, tomentose: leaves oblong, sagittate, acuminate: pedun-
cles 1-flowered, shorter than the leaves: bracts oval, obtuse, longer than the calyx.

Convolvulus. La.t. convolos, to twist together, from the twinings of the stalk.

(1) angustifolia, Ph. (2) sepium, W. L. (3) sagittifolius, Mx. E. speciosus,
Wr. (4) Calystegia tomentosa? Ph. C. staus? Mx. (5) Ipomea, Ph. (6) Ipo-
meajalapa. Ph. Ipomea, Mx. C. jalapaT L. (7) trichosanthes, Mx. Ph. (7) tri.
chosanthes, Mx. patens, Ph.

CONVOLVULUS, COREOPSIS. 207

paradoxa, Ph. (w.) prostrate, tomentose: leaves oblong, cordate-sagittate, acute:
peduncles 1-flovvered, longer tlian tiie leaves: bracts linear, remote from the flowers:
calyx naked, glabrous, acuminate.

slierardi, Ph. (0.) prostrate, pubescent: leaves elliptic, retuse ateach end, mucronate:
flowers solitary, nearly sessile.

tumnifoiius, (b. S. 0.) twining: leaves cordate, acuminate, hairy: flowers clustered.

17 — 2. Cony'za. 55. Inul. ton. sto. sec-stim.

marylfmdicaj Mx. (1) (marsh flea bane, ploughman's wort. p. Au. 0.) herbaceous,
pubescent: leaves sessile, broad-lanceolate, acute, serrate: serratures at the apex
cartilaginous: corymbs terminal, fastigiate, condensed, almost leafless: scales of the
involucre subulate-mucronate: florets short. 12 — 20 i. iS'. Y. P. B. F.

bifroHS, W. (y. Ju. 2i.) sub-glutinous: leaves clasping, spatulate-oblong, acute, ser-
rate: corymbs of the panicle glomerate.

Southern.

camphora'ta, Ph. (W. p. Au. Zf.) herbaceous, sub-pubescent: leaves petioled, ovate-
lanceolate, vety acute, somewhat repand denticulate, dentures glandular: corymbs
terminal and axillary, shorter than tiie leaves: scales of the involucre acute, about
equal to the florets. Marylandica? 3 f. K.

angustifolla, N. ( ) herbaceous, dusty-pubescent: leaves lance-linear, sub-denticu-
late, acute, tapering at the base: flowers dense, corymbed. South Carolina.

Conyza, Pterocaulon.
12—12. Cop'tis. 61. Ranu. r. bit-ton+.

irifolia, Sy. (2) (gold thread. O. w. M. 2iO scape 1-flowered: leaves ternate. Roots
long, filiform, golden yellow. Tonic bitter. Bw. 2 — 4 i. 8.

asplcnifolia, Sy. (VV. 2i-) leaves biternate; leafets sub-pinnatifid: scape 2-flowered.

occidentnlis, N. (false-gold-thread, y. 21.) evergreen: leaves gasii 3-lobed, or obsoletely
3-leaved, sub-coriaceous: scape very short, about 3-flowered. Synonym Chryso'
coptis occidentalis.

18 — 1. Co'rallorhi'za. (3) 21. Orch. an. amy. emo.

tBema, T. (4) (coral root. w-y. M. Zf-) petals linear-lanceolate, spreading: lip oblong,
without spots, bi-dentate at the base, apex recurved, ovate; spur obsolete, adnate.
5—6 i. Mch.

odontor/iiza, W. (coral-teeth, dragon's claw. W. p. w. Ju. Zf.) lip entire, oval, ob-
tuse; margin undulate or a little crenate; spur obsolete, adnate to the germ: cap-
sule sub-globose. T. Rare. 6 — 12 i. S.

multiflora, T. (4) p. Ju.) scape many-flowered, (15 — 30): lip cuneafte-oval, 3-parted,
recurved, spotted: spur conspicuous, adnate. 12 — 20 i. T. D. Mch.

Corallorfdza, Aplectrum.
12 — 1. CoKCHORUs. Till. b. emo. f. & 1. asp.
Southern,
siliquosus, L. ( ) branching: leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, equally serrate: cap-
sules pod-shaped, linear, 2-valved, nearly glabrous. Alabama.

17 — 3. CoREOp'sis. 55. Heli. ton. sec-stim.

1. Leaves opposite and undivided.

rosea, N. (tickweed. y. r. M.) small, smooth: stem simple: leaves linear, entire; axils

Conyza. Gr. konis, dust, its powder being used to kill fleas: or from Gr. konops, a

gnat.
Coptis. Gr. koptS, cut off", from the leaves appearing as if cut.
Corallorhiza. Gr. kornlLion, coral, and riza, root: its roots resembling coral.
Coreopsis. Gr. koris, bug, and opsis, appearance, the seed resembling that insect.

(1) camphorata, M. (2) Helleborus trifohus, L. (3) Cymbidium, W. (4) in-
nata, Br?

VO COREOPSIS.

leafy: flowers few, long-peduncled, dichotomous, terminal; rays unequally 3- tooth-
ed. 1 f. S. P. Y.

2. Leaves opposite, divided.

trichosperma, Mx. (y. Ju. ,J-) glil^i'^us; dichotomous: leaves opposite, quinate-pin-
nale, lanceolate, serrate: outer leafets of the involucre ciliate-serrate; rays entire:
akenes wed^'e-form: about 4-toothed. 2 f. <S'. Y. T. R. D. Mcli.

trip'teris, W. (tickseed sunflower. A. y. ZT.) glabrous: leaves pelioled, lanceolate, entire;
radical ones pinnate; cauline ones ternaie: rays entire: akenes obovate, naked at
the apex. P. T. D. Mch.

3. Leaves alternate.

dichotoma, Mx. (1) (y. S. %.) stem glabrous, nakedisli and dichotomous above:
leaves mostly alternate undivided, entire, narrowing into the petioles; akenes
obovate, 2-bristled, scabrous, witli a lorn margin. 2 — 3 !'• »S'. Y. Mch.

aspcra, Ph. ( ) leaves lanceolate-linear, rough; upper ones alternate; lower ones
opposite: stenj 1-flowered.

palmnta, N. (W. y. ) stern simple, 1 — 3-flowered: leaves sessile sub-coriaceous, pal-
mate-3-lobed; margin scabrous: double involucre 8-parted: akenes oblong-elliptic,
naked. 12 i. D. Mch.

Southern.

1. Leaves opposite undivided.

lan'ceola'ta, L. (y. S. 21-) leaves sessile, lanceolate-linear, entire, ciliate: peduncles
long, naked: akenes orbicular, scabrous, winged, 2-tpothed at the summit, emar-
ginate.

crassifolia, A. (O. y. J. 21-) leaves obovate-oblong, entire, tapering at the base,
hirsute: peduncles long, hirsute at the base.

arguta, Ph (y. 2i-) glabrous: leaves petioled, ovate, lanceolate, gradually acuminate,
acutely serrate; pedunclesaxillary and terminal, dichotomous-corymbose.

latifolia, W. (A. y. Au. 24!.) leaves ovate, acuminate, crenale-toolhed: teeth mucron-
ate: petioles sliort: rays entire: akenes cuneale, oblong, without wings, naked at
the summit.

oemleri, E. (y. Au ) leaves broad-lanceolate, sessile, acute at each end, entire: pedun-
cles axillary and terminal, dicliotomous-corymbose. 2 — 3 f.

linifolia, N. (W. y. 2i-) very glabrous: leaves opoosite entire; radical ones oval-
oblong; cauline ones linear, short, cbtuse: stem furrowed, 4-sided: akenes with 2
bristles.

ohlongifolia, N. ( TJ.) a little hirsute: stem trichotomous, few-flowered: leaves
opposite, entire, wedge-oblong, obtuse: peduncles very long: rays sub-toothed and
entire: akenes wedge-oblong naked.

2. Leaves opposite, divided.

aristata, W- (O y. Au. U-) pubescent: leaves quinate, pinnate; leafets serrate: rays
entire, broad, oval: akenes cuneate-obovate, 2-awned; awns long, divaricate.

puhcscens, F.. (y. Au. It.) pubescent: leaves quinate, pinnate; leafets lanceolate,
obtuse, entire; lateral ones small: leaves of the exterior involucre ovate-lanceolate:
rays undulate? egret 2 leaved, subulate, pubescent. 2 f

auricvlata, (W. A. y. S. 71-) pubescent: leaves sub-sessile, oval-lanceolate, entire;
lower ones ternate: exterior involucre deeply divided: rays 4-toothed: akenes obo-
vate, roundish, 2-toothed at the summit. Var. diversifuiia, E. hairy: radical leaves
ternate, leafets round; cauline ones ternate, leafets obovate; upper leaves spatulate-
lanceolate: akenes roundish, denticulate, 2-toothed at the summit. 3 — 4 f.

senifulia, W. (A. y. Au. !(•) pubescent: leaves sessile, ternate; leafets lanceolate,
entire: rays entire: akenes cuneate. Var.rigida, N. leafets linear-lanceolate; mar-
gin scabrous: exterior involucre about 12-leaved. 2 — 3 f

aurca, W. (y. 2X.) leaves serrate; radical ones 3-parted; cauline ones 3-cleft or entire,
lanceolate-linear.

trifida, Lk. (y. 21.) glabrous: leaves 3-cleft, subulate, fascicled: peduncles terminal,
1-ilowered: rays 3-cleft: stem somewhat llexuous.

(1) gladiata, Wr.

COREOPSIS, CORNUS. 209

tettuifolia, W. (A. y. S. 2/0 glabrous: leaves opposite, sessile, ternate; leafets com-
poundly many-parted: segments linear, entire: disk one colored. 2 — 3 f.

verlicillata, VV. (A. y. Au. 2/0 smooth: leaves opposite, sessile, ternate or quinate;
leafets linear-lanceolate^ entire: rays acute: akenes obovate, somewhat 2-toolhed.
2— 3f.

mitis, W. (y. Au. ^.) glabrous: leaves bipinnatifid; leafets linear, serrulate: leaves
of the external involucre linear, serrulate: akenes oblong, 2-awned. 3 — 4 f.

involiicrata, N. (W.) leaves opposite, cut-pinnate: leafets in fives, lance-linear, acu-
minate, gash-serrate: outer leafets hispid, longer than the involucre: akenessub-
glabrous and scarcely 2-toothed. Collected by Dr. Pitcher, in Arkansas..

ambiguii, N. (W. ) leaves opposite, gash-pinnate; leafets 3 — 5, sub-lanceolate,
acuminate, gash-lobed, or somewhat entire: outer leafets glabrous, about equalling
the involucre; akenes soinewiiat glabrous, short- toothed. Alabama.

icratji, N. ( ) very glabrous: leaves cut-pinnate, sessile; upper ones 3-cleft; upper-
most ones simple; divisions lance-linear, entire, acute: rays elongated: disk of one
color.

stdlata, N. ( ) glabrotis: leaves sessile, cut-tcrnate, entire; leafets broad lance-
olate, thin, tap&ting to both ends; rays entire: akenes wedge-oblong.

3. Leaves alternate,
acuta. Ph. (y. ^ .) leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, toothed, somewhat hairy: flowers

corymb-panicied.
procera, VV. (y. ZfO leaves elliptic, acuminate, serrate, petioled, veined, decurrent;

lower ones verticillate; uppei- ones alternate.
angustifolia, W. ( y.) leaves hnear-lanceolate, entire, smooth: rays oblong, 3-clefl;

middle segment largest.
nudata, N. (r. ) stem sub-simple; summit dichotomous: leaves subulate, linear, remote,

glabrous: rays somewhat 3-toothed: akenes naked. 2 — 3 f.
tinctoria, N. (W. y. &, p.) radical leaves sub-bipinnate: leafets sub-oval, entire,
glabrous; caulinG ones sub-pinnate; leafets linear: rays 2-colored: akenes naked.
1— 4f.

5 — 2. Corian'drum. 60. Umbe. stom. aro.
Exotic.
sativum, S. (coriander, w. J. ^.) fruit globose: calyx and style permanent;
1 — 2. Coriosper'mum. 29. Chen, ton — .

hyssopifolium, W. (O. Au. ^.) spikes terminal: leaves linear, without nerves. Unarmed.
Var. americanum, N. spikes terminal and axillary: leaves nerved, subulate-mu-
cronate. /S.

4 — 1. Cor'nus. 58. Capb. r. ast. feb. ton. asc. r. dye.

canadensis, L. (dogtvood, low cornel. O. w. M. 2/.) herbaceous: leaves at the top

whorled. veiny: involucres ovate, acuminate: fruit globose. 4 — 8 i. ,S. Mch.
suecica, (2X.) steiji herbaceous, somewhat branching: leaves all opposite, sessile, ovate,

nerved almost from the base: umbel peduncled: involucral leaves exceeding the

tlowers: drupes globose. Canada.
jiorida, L. (false box, dogwood tree. w-y. M. Tp .) leaves ovate, acuirtinate: involucral

leaves 4, rarely 5 or 6, very large, somewhat obcordate: fruit ovate. 15 — 30 f. .9,

T. B. D. F. N. Mch.
sericea, W. (1) (red osier, red-rod. O. w. J. h.) branches spreading; branchlets

woolly: leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, rusty-pubescent beneath:

cymes depressed, woolly. Var. uervata, leaves tapering to the base, unequal, veins

beneath very prominent. Berries bright blue. 8 — 12 f S.
sanguinea, L. (2) (common dog-wood. W. w. M. >-.) branches straight: leaves

ovate, pubescent, both sides colored alike: cymes spreading. Berries dark-brown:

anthers yellow. 8—12 f. S. T. Canada.

Coriandrum. Gr. Jcoris, bug, from the odor of the plant reminding one of those

insects.
Coriospermum. Gr. koris, bug, and sperma, seeds, from a fancied resemblance.
Cornus. Lat. cornu, horn, from the wood being hard like horn.

(1) lanuginosa, Mx. alba, Wr, rubiginos?., Eh. (2) Dielitra, Hk.
27

210 CORNUS, CORYDALIS.

circin'ata, Hr. (1) (O. w. J. Tp.) branches warty: leaves broad-oval, acuminate,
white-downy beneath: cyme depressed. 6^8 f. S. Mch.

alba, W. (2) (white dog-wood. O. J. \-.) branches recurved; branchlets glabrous:
leaves ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath: cymes depressed. Berries bluish-
white. 10 f. <S'. I\Ich.

paniculata, Hr. (3) (bush dog-wood. O. w. J. ^.) branches erect: leaves ovate,
acuminate, oblong, tapering to the base, pubescence close-pressed, hoary beneath:
flowers in a thyrsed cyme. Berries white, globular-llattened. 8 — 12 f. iSf. Mch.

stricta, H. (4) (O. w. Ju. Tr.) branches straight: fastigiate: leaves ovate, color
green botli sides, glabrous when mature, a little downy beneath when young: pani-
cled cyme convex. 8 — 12 f. iS.

alternifolia, (W. w. M. ^.) branches warty: leaves alternate, ovate, acute, hoary
beneath: cymes depressed, spreading. Berries purple. 18 f. »S'. T.

Exotic.
mas'cula, (cornelian cherry. IVI. T).) umbels equalling the involucre.

Southern.
asperifolia, Mx. (W. w. J. ^.) branches erect, pubescent: leaves oval-lanceolate,
acuminate, scabrous above, tomentose beneath. 4 — 10 f.

16 — 10. CoRONiLLA. 93. Legu. asc. nut. ape.

varia, W. (r-p. Ju. 1[.) herbaceoas, diffuse, glabrous: stipules small, acute; leafets 9
to 13, oblong, mucronate, lower ones of the stem near each other: umbels IG to 20-
flowered: legumes erect. 4 f.

Exotic.

omerus, (coronilla. y. ^.) stem angled, woody: peduncles about 3-flowered: claws of

the petals about thrice as long as the calyx.
glauca, W. (y. M. \.) leafets 7, very blunt: stipules lanceolate: umbels 10 or 12-

flowered: peduncles longer than the leaves. Remarkably fragrant during the night

and almost scentless during the day. 3f.

14—1. CoRONo'pus. 63. Cruc. asc. nut.
Southern.

rueUii, S. (w. Ju. 0.) silicle entire; margin muricate: style prominent: corymb few-
flowered. ~ .-.

didyma, S. (swi.ie's cress. W. Ju. O-) silicles emarginate, in pairs, reticulate, rugose:
style obsolete: corymb many-flowered. 1 — 2 f Charleston, S. C.

16—5. Cory'dahs. (5) 93. Fuma. diu. ape. dia.

glauca, P. (6) (O. y. r-g. J. S-) corol 1-spurred: stem branching, erect: leaves glau-
cous; cauline ones biternate; raceme sub-corymbed: bracts minute: silique linear,
thrice as long as the peduncle. 1—4 f S. Mch.

au'rea, W. (VV. y. M. 0.) stem branching, diffuse: leaves doubly-pinnate; leafets
divided, lance-linear, acute at both ends: racemes oneway: bracts lanceolate:
silique linear, thrice as long as the peduncle. 8—12 i. .S. P. Y. K. D. Mch.

scoideri, Hk. (W.) leaf sub-solitary, thrice quadripinnate, longer tlian the sub-simple
raceme; leafets obliquely oval or oblong, decurrent: bracts oblong, longer than the
pedicel. R.

macrophylla, N. (r. Zf.) raceme simple, shorter than the bitejnately pinnate leaves:
leaves linear-oblong, straight: bracts linear, longer than the pedicels. Oregon.

Coronilla- IjHt. coronillo, a little crown or wreath, from the appearance of the corymb

of flowers.
Coronopus. Gr. korone, a crow, and pous, foot; tlie leaves are deeply cut and

resemble a bird's foot.
Corydalis. Gr. konidaU'is, was an ancient name for the Fumitory, from which genus

this has been separated.

(I) tomentuosa, Mx. ruglosa, Lk. (2) stolonifera, Mx. (3) racemosa, Lk. (4) fati-
giata, Mx. sanguinea, Wr. (5) Fumaria. L. (6) sempervirens, L.

CORYDH^IS, CRATAEGUS. 211

pauciflora, P. (2X.) cauline leaves 2 or 3, below the middle of the etem, ternately or
biternately divided; segments obovate: bracts oyate, acute: raceme crowded, few-
flowered.' R. A.

Corydalis, Adlumia, Dilytra.
19—12. Cour'Lus. 99. Ciipu. f. ole. ton. ton.

americana,^Vr. (hazle-nut. O. Ap. fp .) leaves roundish, cordate, acuminate: involucre

roundish-campanulale, larjjer than the sub-globose nut: border dilated, coarsely

serrate. 3—5 f. -S*. Mcli.
rostraia, W. (beaked hazel. O. Ap. !p.) leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate: stipules

lance-linear: involucre of the fruit bell-tubular, 2-parted; divisions gash- toothed,

elongated beyond the nut into a beak. 2 — 3 f. iS'.

Exoiic.
avetlana, (filbert. Ap. fp.) stipules oblong, obtuse: involucre of the fruit campanulate,
spreading at the apex, torn-toothed: leaves round-cordate, acuminate. Var.
maxima, has a gash-toothed involucre: nut depressed-ovate.

14 — 2. Ckam'be. 63. Cruc. asc. edi. diu.
Exotic.
maritima, ( w. If.) stem and leaves smooth; leaves sinuate, undulated, glaucous:
root perennial, fleshy: flowers large, corymbed, panicled: silique 2-jointed. Culti-
vated for its early shoots, which are used as a substitute for asparagus.

18—1. Ckani'chis. 21. Orch. nut. emo.
Southern,
multiflora, E. ( ) root fascicled, villous: leaves oval-lanceolate, sub-sessile: scape
many flowered, pubescent towards the summit: inner petals connivent; hp vaulted,
acuminate.

Crantzia, Hydrocotyle.

11 — 5. Cratae'gus. 92. Poma. ref. ape. ton.

coccinm, L. (thorn-bush. O. w. M. fp.) thorny: leaves long-petioled, ovate, acutely-
lobed, serrate, glabrous: petioles and pubescent calyx glandular: flowers pentagy-
nous. Var. viridis, has iance-ovate leaves, sub-trilobate: stem unarmed. Var.
flexuosa? Sz. having flexuous, spreading branches. A specimen Irom Rainy Lake
was examined by Schweinitz, after it was past flowering. Mch.

pyrifolia, A. (pear-leaf thorn. O. w. J. ^.) thorny or unarmed: leaves oval-ovate,
gash-serrate, somewhat plaited and rather rough-haired: calyx a little villose;
leafets lance-linear, serrate: styles 3. S.

cordata, E. (1) (w. J. >■.) thorny: leaves heart-ovate, pinnatifid-lobed, angled,
glabrous: petioles and calyx without glands: styles 5. S. P.

dliplica, W. (2) (M. ^.) thorny: leaves oval, unequally serrate, glabrous: petioles
and calyx glandular: divisions of tiie calyx obtuse: berry globose, .^^-celled. S.
P. Y.

glandulosa, W. (W. w. M. ^.) thorny: leaves wedge-obovate, angled, glabrous, shin-
ing: petioles, stipules, and calyx glandular: berries oval, 5-celled. iS'. P.

parvifolia. W. (3) (low thorn, w. JVI. ^.) thorny: leaves obovate, deeply serrate,
entire at the base, tomentose: calyx gashed; flowers solitary: styles 5. 3 — 6 f. S.
Y. Charleston, S. C.

punctata, W. (4) (common thorn tree. w. M. ^.) thorny or unarmed: leaves wedge-
obovate, sub-plicate, glabrous, serrate: calyx villose: divisions subulate, entire.
Var. rubra, has red berries. Var. aurca, yellow berries, with dark specks. iS.
D. F. T. Mch.

Adlumia, (asyn. of Coryd.) Gt. a, without, lumen, dirt, a supposed cleanser.

Corylus. Gr. korus, a helmet or cap, alluding to the enwrapping calyx.

Crambe. Gr. krambe, cabbage.

Cranichis. Gr. krancion, a helmet, referring to the vaulted lip.

Crataegus. Gr. kratos, strength, from the firmness of the wood.

(1) populifolia, Ph. (2) prunifolia, Lk. (3) tomentosa, Mx. (4) crus-
galli, Du. Roi.

2121 CRATAEGUS, CRISTA'^ELLA.

enis-galli, W. (1) (thorn tree, cock-spur thorn. O. w. M. ^.) thorny: leaves wedge-
obovate, sub-sessile, shining, leathery, serrate: corymbs compound: leafets of the
calyx lanceolate; sub-serrate: styles 3. Var. sptoif/cns, leaves very shining. Var.
pyracantMfolm, leaves lance-oblong, sub-cuneiform. Var. salicifolia, leaves lance-
cuneiform. Var. linearis, leaves lance-linear; spines few, shortish;, fruit yellow:
styles 1 or 2. Var. nana, leaves lance-oval, paler beneath: branchlets often downy.
Berries small, red. iS. Is not this a Mespilus? Dc.

pruuifolia, (2) ( ^.) leaves broad, ovate, iinequally serrate, gUbrous; petioles
sub-glandular: lobes of the calyx glandular, serrate: peduncles and calyx sub-vil-
lose. Fruit 2-celled.

latifolia, ( ^.) leaves obovate, unequally serrate, sub-plicate, nerves sub-villose
beneath: stipules and lobes of the calyx linear, sub-dentate: corymbs villose. Fruit
oval, red.

fiava, W. (yellow-berried thorn. M. ^.) thorny: leaves wedge-obovate, angled, gla-
brous, shining: petioles, calyx and stipules glandular: flowers sub-solitary: beriiea
turbinate, 4-ce}led. 8—10 f. S. V.

Exotic.

oxyacantha, (quickset, hawthorn, w. M. h.) leaves obtuse, somewhat 3-cleft, serrate,
glabrous; peduncles and calyx somewhat glabrous: segments of the calyx lanceo-
late, acute: styles 2. Naturalized.

Southern.

lucida, E. (A. 1^.) thorny: leayes-wedge-obovate, crenate, coriaceous, lucid: corym,bs
simple, few-flowered: styles 5. 10 — 12 f

turhinata, Ph. ( ) unarmed, glabrous: leaves wedge-obovate, notched, serrate:
corymbs few-flowered: pedicels short: fruit turbinate.

arborcscens, E. (w. March, h.) unarmed: leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, deeply
serrate, glabrous above; nerves hairy beneath: corymbs many-flowered: ealyx
hairy; divisions subulate, entire: styles 5. 20 — 30 f.

piridis, L? {h.) thorny: leaves sub-sessile, spatulate-ovate, with round lobes, serrate,
glabrous: calyx glabrous; divisions with glandular serratures.

spathula'ta, Mx. (W. w. Ap. \ .) somewhat thorny: leaves clustered, (base long,
tapering,) 3-cleft, lobed, crenate, glabrous: corymbs many-flowered: calyx gla-
brous; divisions ovate, entire. 12 — 15 f

apiifoliu, Mx. (3) (W. w. Ap. h.) thorny: leaves deltoid-ovate, notched and lobed,
hairy; lobes deeply serrate: calyx hairy; divisions serrate: styles 2. 4 — 12 f.

populifolia, Wr. (W. w. Ap. fp .) thorny: leaves ovate, sub-truncate at tlie base,
acute-serrate, somewhat lobed; petioles sparingly glandular: styles 5.

caroliniana, E. ( Ip .) leaves cordate, cuneate, entire, (dentate? ) 3 to 5-lobed; peduncles
bracted: calyx somewhat leafy.

17—2. Crin'itaru. 55. Aste. sec. ton. stim.
viscidiflora, H. ( >>.) very glabrous: leaves lance-linear, rigid, very entire a,?d

acute, 1-nerved and narrow at the base: flowers level-corymbed: peduncles folior.
lose: involucre cylindric, with glutinous leafets and 5 florets; leafets imbricate,
oblong, outer ones smallest. 2 — 4 f.

6—1. Cri'num. 17. Amar. stim—. poi— .

Southern.

^mericanum, A. (W.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, very glabrous at the margin; apex

compressed-unguiculate: flowers pedicelled: tube shorter than the limb.

Cristaria, Malva.

G — 1. Cristatel'la. 64. Capp. ver. asc.

Southern.

erosa, N. (J. Ju. w.) stamens 12 to 14: petals white; lamina of the lower ones laci-

niately parted: sepals acute. Arkansas.

Crinitaria. Ld.t. crinitus, hairy; the egret being profusely pilose.
Crinum. Gr. krinon, a name applied to the lily and other showy plants.
Cristatella. Lat. a little crest.
(1) lucida, Wm. hyemalia, Wr. (2) Mepilus, Poir. (3) oxycantha, Wr.

CRISTATELLA, CROTONOPSIS. 21S

jamesii, T. (y. ) etamens 6 to 9: petals pale yellow; lamina of the lower ones pal-
piately finibriate-cleft: sepals obtuse. Arkansas, Texas.

Cristatella, Cleome.

Critonla. Kuhnia.

3 — 1. Cro'cus. is. Irid. stim. exp. ton. ast. cat.

Erotic.

officinalis, (saffron, y. ZfO leaves linear, witli revolute margins: stigma exsert, with
long-linear segments. Van sativus, has violet corols.

16 — 10. Crotala'ria. 93. Leg. nut. asc. ape.

sagittalis, Mx. (rattle-box, y. Ju. 0.) hirsute, erect, branching: leaves simple, lance-
oblong: stipules lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent: racemes opposite to the leaves,
about 3-flowered: corol less than the calyx. S. C. N. F. B. Y. P.

parvijlora, W. (1) (y. J. 0.) hirsute, erect, branching: leaves simple, lance-linear:
stipules above decurrent, with two short teeth: racemes opposite to the leaves:
corol smaller than the calyx. S. P. Y.

Jkxuosa, ( ^.) leaves obovate, sharply toothed, hairy both sides: corymbs small,
downy: branches flexuose. Fruit yellowish: spines long, becoming blackish.
Carolina.

Southern.

pvalis, Ph. (y. Ju. 0.) hirsute, diffuse, branching: leaves simple, oval, petioled:. upr
per stipules scarcely decurrent, short: racemes opposite to the leaves, long: corol'
as long as the calyx. 12 i.

laevigata, Ph. (2) (Ju. 0.) glabrous, erect, simple: leaves lance-oblong: stipujes.
lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent; racemes opposite to the leaves, 3-flowered,.

Crotalaria, Baptisia.

19 — 15. Cro'ton. 96. Euph. ton. irr. stom.

Southern.

maritimum, Wr. (3) (Ju. fp.li.) leaves oval or acute, sub-cordate, obtuse; pale.

above, hoary beneath: branches tomentose: pistillate spikes few-tiowered. Var.

rfionanthogyiiuin, spikes dichotcmous: pistillate flowers solitary, pedicelled. 2 — 3 f.:
urgyrantliemum, Mx. (Ju. 2X. & T^.) leaves entire, obtuse, obovate: racemes terminal,

short, many-Howered: calyx pedicelled, silvery.
glandulosum, L. (Ju. 0.) leaves oblong, serrate, hairy beneath; base nearly entire,

bearing two glands: stem trichotoinous: spikes in the division of the stem.
^ipticum, N. (W. 0.) stellate pubescent: leaves elliptic-ovate, (older ones obtuse)

smooth and green above: flowers conglomerated: styles 3, bifid.
capitatum, Mx. (W. 0.) wooUy-toinentose: leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, entire and*

rounded at the base; both sides tomentose: fertile flowers at the base of the spike-
lets: slaminate ones capitate, crowded.

19 — 5. C^.OTONOp'sis. 96. Euph. ton. ver. stom.

linearis, Mx. (4) (W.J. 2X-) stem erect, dichotomous-branching: leaves stellate-
pubesceni above, covered with silvery scales beneath. 12 — 18 i. iS.

Crocus. Gr. krohos, saffron, which some say is from the Hebrew; others from Cro-
cus, who was metamorphosed into this plant, according to Mythology.

Crotalaria. Gr. krotalon, a rattle. The pods of this genus are inflated, and rattle
when shaken.

Croton. Gr. krotoa, a tick, from the form of the seed.

Crotonopsis. So called from its resembling the Croton-

(1) A variety of sagittalis, Mx. (2) Purshii, Dc. (3) disjunctiflorum, Mx.
(4) argentea, Ph.

214 CRYI'SIS, CUOURBITA.

3—2. Cryp'sis. Lk. 10. Gram. far. ton.

virginica, W. (1) (S. 21.) spikes oblong, tliick-lobed: stem procumbent, geniculate;
joints numeroas, approximate: leaves involute, rigid; pungent. S. Y. P.

SoutJiem.
squarrosa, N. (W. ^.) stem decumbent, branching: capituli squarrose, few-flowered:
leaves short, rigid, pungent.

2—2. Cryp'ta. 86. Elat. ton—.

minima, (2) (mud purslane, w-g. S.) stem dichotomous, decumbent, striate: leaves
wedge-oval or obovate, opposite, sessile, entire, papillose above, with very minute
stipules: flowers axillary, sessile, solitary. P. T. Very abundant on the shores
of the Hudson, between high and low water mark, about a mile below Albany.

5 — 2. Cryptotae'nia. 45. 60. U.-nbe. ston?,. nar. if nau.

canadensis, (3) (O. w. J. 2X.) the lower umbels originate from the axils of the upper
leaves: fruit oblong, stem glabrous: leaves ternate, smooth; leafets rhomb-ovate,
acute, gash-toothed. 1 — 2 f. Mch.

Cucubalus, SiLENE.

19—15. Cu'coMis. 97. Cucur. edi-f. ref. s. diu. f. &h. cat.
Ezotic.

colocynthis, (bitter apple. -^.) leaves many-cleft: fruit globose, glabrous. Fruit very
bitter, poi. cath.

anguira, W. (prickly cucumber.) leaves palmate-sinuate: fruit globose, echinate.

anguinis, (snake cucumber. 0.) leaves lobed: fruit cylindric, very long, smooth,
contorted, plaited,

melo, W. (muskmelon. y. Ju. 0.) angles of the leaves rounded: fruit oblong, toru-
lose. Sweet-scented, lax.

sativus, W. (cucumber, y. Ju. 0.) angles of the leaves straight: fruit oblong, sca-
brous. Brought from Asia. lax.

19 — 15. Cucur'bita. 97. Cucur. edi-f ref s. ole & diu.

Exotic.

ovifera, W. (egg-squash. ^.) leaves cordate, angled-5-lobed, denticulate, pubescent:

pepo with fiUet-like stripes lengthwise.
verrucosa, (W. club squash, y. J. 0.) leaves cordate, deeply 5-lobed; middle lobe

narrowed at the base, denticulate: pepo clavate, a little warty.
melu'pepo, W. (flat squash, y. J. 0.) leaves cordate, obtuse, sub-5-lobed, denticulate:

pepo depress-based, swelled at the margin.
pejw, W. (punipkin. y. Ju. Q-) leaves cordate, obtuse, sub-5-lobed, denticulate: pepo

roundisii or oblong, smooth, Var. potiron, has the fruit more or less flattened. From

Asia.
citruUus, W. (watermelon, y. Au. #.) leaves 5-lobed: the lobes sinnate-pinnatifid,

obtuse: pepo oval, smooth. Fruit watery, often striped. From Africa and the

south of Asia.
lagenaria, W. (gourd, calabash, w, Au. 0.) leaves cordate, round-obtuse, pubescent,

denticulate, with 2 glands at the base on the under side: pepo clavate, somewhat

woody.

Crypsis. Gr. krupsis, concealment, from the floweis being hidden in the sheath of the

leaf
Crypta. Gr. krvpto, to conceal, the stamens being concealed in the capsular calyx.
Cryptotaenia. Gr. kruptos, concealed, tainia, fillet, in allusion to concealed edgings

to the fruit.
Cucumis. Lat. cucumis, said to be derived from the Celtic cuce, a hollow vessel.
Cucurbita. Lat. cucurbita, a vessel, derived likewise from Celtic cuce, a hollow

vessel; a cucurbit.

(1) Agrostis virginica, W. (2) Peplis americana, Ph. (3) Sison canadensis
L. Sison trifoliatum, Mx. Uraspermum. N.

CUCURBITA, CYMOTTERUS. 215

Southern?
foetidissima, Kunlh? (1) (W. Ju. 7X>) stems procumbent, sulcata: leaves alternate,
long-petioled, somewhat erect, triangular-cordate, scabrous, glaucous, thick; mar-
gin sinuate, undulate: fruit globose, smooth, sub-sessile: tendrils trichotomous.

13 — 1. CuNtLA. 42. Labi. stem. ton.

mariana, L. (dittany. W. r-b. J. 2X.) leaves ovate, serrate, sessile: corymbs axillary
and terminal, dichotomous. Diaphoretic, Bw. 5'. Y. P. H. F. M. Highlands.

Cunila, Hedeoma.

11—1. Cu'pHEA. 91. Sali. ast. vul.

tiscosissima^ (wax-bush. W. p. J. ^.) viscous: leaves opposite, petioled. ovate-ob-
long: flowers with 12 stamens, lateral, solitary: peduncles very short. -S. Wash-
ington CO. Stevenson. V. P. H. M. K.

19 — 15. CupREs'sus. 100. Coni. e. hea. ton. exp.

thyoides, W. (white cedar. O. M. >-.) branchlets compressed: leaves imbricate four

ways, ovate, tubercled at the base: strobile globular. S.
disHcha, W. (W. Feb.) leaves distichous, flat, deciduous: sterile florets paniculate,

leafless: strobile spherical. S.

5 — 2. Cus'cuTA. 44. Conv. h. cat.

4imericana, W. (dodder, love-vine. O. w. Au. 0.) flowers peduncled, umbelled, 5-
cleft: stigma capitate. A bright yellow leafless vine, twining around other weeds,
in damp places. Mch.

europeaj (flax -vine. E. w. Au. 0.) flowers sub-sessile: stigma acute: stamens 4 or 5.

Cyamus, Nelumbium.
20—12. Cy'cas. 100. Cycod. emo. amy. pith.

Remark. This plant is inserted because it is a genus much distinghished in Vege-
table Physiology for its naked seeds; and its being intermediate between the Pines
and Ferns.

Exotic.
circinalis, (sago plant,) frond pinnate; leafets lance-linear, acute, 1-nerved, flat. East
Indies.

18 — 1. Cymbid'ium. 21. Orch. nut — . emo — .

pHlchellum, Sw. (2) (grass pink. O. r. Ju. Zf.) radical leaves ensiform, nerved: scape
few-flowered: lip erect, slender at the base: lamina spread: di«;k concave, bearded.
Var. graminifolia, leaves 1 to 2 lines broad; bracted ones acuminate. 12 — 18 i.
S. Mch.

5 — 2. Cimop'terus. CO. Umbe. stom. nar. if nau.

glancus, N. (y. A. p. 21.) stem stipe-form or none: leaves twice cut-pinnate, seg-
ments sub-pinnatifid; teeth somewhat oblong, apiculate: peduncles shorter than
the leaves: involucre and involucels halved. JR.

Cunila. Gr. konile, the ancient name for the pennyroyal.

Cuphea. Gr. kuphos, crooked or gibbous; alluding to tlie capsules.

Cupressus. Gr. kud, to bear, and parisos, equal, alluding to tlie regularity of its
branches, or from latpros, the Greek name of the island Cyprus.

Cuscuta. Modern Gr. Lassuta, perhaps from /{ussvo, to sew together; or from an
Arabic word. The ancient name of a parasitical plant.

Cycas. The name of a little palm of Etiiiopia. It is now applied to a Chinese plant,
the pith of wliich is manufactured into tlie srigo of the shops.

Cyinbidium. Gr. kumbe, a iittle boat, referring to the shape of the li[).

Cymopterus. Gr. kunia, a wave, pteris, a wing; tiie wings of the fruit being undu-
lated.
(1) Silene. Cucumis? perennis, James. (2) Limodorum, tuberosum, L. Callopo-

gon pulchellus, Br.

.216 CYMOPTERUSj CYNOSCIADIUM.

terebinthinus, Doug. ( ) glabrous: root thick, fusiform, from which ooies a viscid
resinous gum: leaves triply-pinnalifid, glaucous: divisions short, linear, acute: pe-
duncles long: general involucre 0; leafels of the partial involucres linear, short,-
the half fruit with 5 broad, undulating wings. R. A.

glomerata, Dc. (W. w. J. 21.) polygamous; smooth; low: stem sub-decumbent:
leaves cut-biternate; lobes short; obtuse, decussate; petioles long: umbel short,
4 to 6-rayed: involucre 0; involucels halved, 5 to 7-parted.

18 — 5. Cynan'chum. 47. Ascle. acr. etim. erne. sud.i

Soiithern.

angustifolium, M. (1) (L. y-g. Ju. 1[.) twining: leaves linear, entire: flowers um-

belled: peduncles the length of the leaves: divisions of the calyx Mnear.
■laevi, Mx. (2) (W. p. J. 2i-) shoots somewhat glabrous: leaves sub-conoid-cordate',
gradually acute, nerved, pubescent beneath: flowers glabrous; divisions of the corol
oval-oblong, obtusish: follicles smoolli.
.scoparium, N. (E. g-y. ^.) stem twining, striated, naked, (excepting young branches:)
branches opposite: leaves linear, remote: umbels sessile, small floweied.

17 — 1. Ct'nara. 54. Cardu. sec-stim. if nau-cat. lax.

Exotic;

.•tardunculus, (cardoon. 2X0 leaves spiiiose, all pinnatifid: scales of the involucre ovatf.

■scolymus, (garden artichoke. 2X)Jeaves sub-spinose, pinnate: scales of the involucre

ovate. Naturalized.

3 — 2, CYNo'noN. 10. Gram. far. ton.

•dactylon, P. (3) (An. 21-) creeping: spikes digitate, (4 — 5) spreading: keel of the
glume scabrous: leaves hairy on the margin and base: sheaths hairy. 1 f. S.

5 — 1. Cynocjlos'sum. 43. Borag. r. 1. emo. ast.

wffidnale, (hound-tongue, tory-weed. O. p. .1. $ .) very soft pubescent: leaves broad
lanceolate, sessile: racemes panicled. Mch.

■amplezicaule, Mx. (4) (wild comfrey. W. w. & b. J. 21.) very hirsute: leaves oval-
oblong; upper ones clasping: corymbs terminal, leafless, long-peduncled. S. F.
W. M. H. V. O. P. N. D. Mch.

Southern,
.sylvaticum, S. (green-leaved hound-tongue, b. Ju. ^.) nakedish: leaves spatulate-

lanceolate, shining, scabrous beneath: racemes scattered.
,pilos^im? (W. w. M.) hairy: radical leaves spatulate-oblong; cauline ones lance-

'Oblong, obtuse: flowers axillary, sub-spiked, secund.

5 — 2. Cynoscia'dium. 60. Umbe. stom. nar. if nau.

Southern.

digitatum, Dc. (5) (W.) leaves cut-palmate, segments 3, linear, very entire: fruit

ovate, tapering to the base in a neck. Arkansas.
tpinnatum. See iEthusa.

Cijnosurus, Eleusine, Chloris.
Cynthia, Krigia.

Cynanchum. Gr. kuon, (kunos) dog, and agcho, to strangle, having the same mean-
ing as Apocynum.

•Cynara. Linneus says it is from kuon, (kunos) dog, on account of the stiff", hard
spines of the involucre, which resemble the teeth of a dog.

Cynodon. Gr. kuon (kunos) dog, odous, tooth, probably referring to the acute corol.

Cynoglossum. Gr. kuon (kunos) dog, and glossa, tongue, from the resemblance of
the leaves.

Cynosciadium. Gr. kuo7i (kunos) dog, haiadas, hell: supposed to be destructive to
dogs.
(1) Ceropegia palustris, Ph. (2) Gonolobus, Mx. (3) Digitaria, E. Panicum, L.

t(4) virginicum, L. (5) CEnanthe digitata, N.

eypERUs. 217

3—1. Cype'rus. 9. Gype. far. nut. sug.

injkxus, M. (1) (W. Au. ^ ?) umbel 2 to3-rayed, or conglomerated and simple: invo-
lucre 3-leaved, very long: spikelets collected into ovate heads, oblong, 8-tlowered:
glumes squarrose at the tip. 2 — 3 i. S. V. Y. B. N. Canada.

Jlavesccns, L. (yellow grass. O. Au. Zf.) spikelets linear-lanceolate, in fascicles of
3 to 4: glumes obtuse: style 2-cleft and lenticular: involucre 3-Ieaved, longer than
the spikes. 6—8 i. 5'.

castaneus, Bvv. (2) spikelet^ ovate-lanceolate, involucre three-leaved, longer than the
umbel.

nuttaU'ii. T. (W. L. Au. If.) culm acute-triangular: umbel radiated or sub-sessile,
loose; rays short: involucre 4-leaved; two leaves longer: spikelets linear-lanceolate,
compressed, acute: -stamens 2: style 2-cleft: nut oblong-obtuse, compressed.
5—12 i. Peekskill.

diandrus, T. (S. Z[ ) culm slender, obtuse triangular: umbel sessile, or 1 — 2, rayed:
involucre 3-leaved; two of the leaves longer than the umbel: spikelets lanceolate-
oblong, much compressed, many-flowered, (14 — 16): glumes margined, acutish,
keeled: stamens 2: style 2-cleft: nut oval, compressed. 8 — 12 1. B. N. Mch.

de?itatus, T. (3) (S.) umbel compound, (6 to 10-rayed:) involucre 3-leaved, longer
than the umbel: Spikelets 3 on each ray, alternate-ovate, compressed, 8-fiowered:
glumes acute, nerved, spreading at the points: nut triquetrous. 1 f. B. N.

zrythrorhVzos, (4) (Au.) umbel decompound: involucre 3 to 6-leaved, long: spikes
alternate, linear, liorizontal: about 12-flowered, nearly terete: style 3-cleft: nut
triquetrous. 1 f. A beautiful grass. T. K. M.

tenuis, Sivi. (21-) spikes lanceolate, acute, 10 to l7-flowered: umbel simple: involucre
3 to 4-leaved: longer than the rays: root tuberous. 8 i.

pJajmalodcs, M. (W. Au.) umbel simple or decompound: involucre 3 to 9-leaved: three
of the leaves very long: peduncles compressed: spikelets distichous, linear; lower
ones branched, about io-flowered; sides rather convex: glumes oblong, obtuse:
radicles tuberous at the extremities. 1 f P: T. O. H. Mch.

comjjresstis, L. spikes digitate, somewhat in foursj lanceolate: glumes mucronate,
broad, membranaceous. 3 — 8 i. jS. La.

rircns, Mx. culm acute-triangular: umbels decompound: spikelets ovate-lanceolate,
capitate: involucre very long. 1 — 2 f Sf. C.

mariscoidcs, E. (W. Au.) umbel simple or 1 to 2-rayed: spikelets capitate, linear,
7 to 8-flowered: glumes loose, obtuse. 8—12 i. S. B. O. H. P. N. T. D. M.
Mch.

odoratus, L. (Au.) spikejets corymbed, subulate, remote, distichous: glumes some-
what distant: smaller umbels very spreading, about the length of their involucres.

Si.

Jlamco'mis, Mx. (W.) culm triquetrous; umbel compound: spikes linear-lanceolate,

7-flowered, (10 to 12-tlowered, E.); glumes obtuse: involucre long, reflexed. S,

T. C. S— C.
articulaius, Vahl (Ju. ?'.) stem columnar, naked, jointed, erect, 3 — 6 f S.
kilU.ngaeoi'des, Vahl. (J.) head globose: spikes oblong, convex, about 8-flowered:

involucres 4-leaved, and with the keeled leaves loose. S.
strigosns, E. (W. S.) spikes oblong, loose; spikelets subulate, expanding, a little

remote: small involucres generally Wanting; partial umbels. with alternate rays.

2—3 f S. C. B. P. N. T. Mch.
alternijhrus, Sz. (W. 2X.) spike corymb-umbelled, compressed, central, sub-sessile;

spikelets distichous: florets alternately distant: glume broad-ovate, keel mucronate.

If D. Mch. • ■

minimus, W. ( ) culm capillary, terete: spikes solitary or in pairs: involucre

1-leaved.

Soiithern.
poaeformis, Ph. (VV. Ju.) spikes oblong, flattened, corymb-iascicled: fascicles sessile

and peduncled: involucre 3-leaved, very long. 8 i. N.
Jascimlaius, E. spikelets ovate-oblong, many-flowered, in terminal fascicles: involucre

2-leaved, and with the leaves linear, very narrow. 6 i.

Cyperus. Gr. hiparos, a small, round vessel, which its roots resemble.

(1) uncinatus, Ph. ('2) flavescens, Var. castaneus. Ph. (a) parviflorus, M.
(4) tenuiflorus, L. strigosus, Sw?

28

218

CYPERUS, CYRTORHVNCHA.

autumnalis, Vahl. (Ju.) spikes linear, terminal, digitate, somewhat in threes: umbel
as long as the 2-leaved involucre.

vtgctus, Vahl. (Ju.) stem slender, obtusply 3-angled: umbels decompound; spikelets
oval, in compact globose heads: involucre very long. 2 — 3 f.

formosus^ Vahl. (W. 2i-) spikelets ov-ate, lanceolate, capitate: involucre about 6-
leaved, very long, scabrous at the margin.

filiculmis, Vahl. spikelets linear, in globose heads, expanding: umbel about 1-rayed:
involucre 2-leaved, with the stem setaceous.

Jilicinvs, Vahl. (Ju. 21.) spikelets linear-lanceolate, somewhat remote, loose-imbri-
cate: involucre 3-leaved, longer than the umbel, witli tlie leaves loose.

gracilis, M. (S. Q.) stem slender, acutely 3-angled: leaves 3-angled: umbels com-
pound; spikelets linear-lanceolate. 12 i. S — C.

tdragaitus, E. '( ) spikes oblong, cylindric: spikelets somewhat 4 angled, few-

flowered: small involucre wanting. 2— '3 1".

distans, Vahl. ( ) spikes distichous; spikelets filiform, expanding: florets distant:
umbel straight.

speciosus, Vahl. (S.) spikes corymbed; spikelets subulate, distichous: partial umbels
shorter than the small involu>cres: ochrSas 2-awned: stem acutely angled. 2 — 4 f.
S-C.

enslen'ii, Ph. (Au.) spikes corymbose, oblong, branching at the base, naked; spikelets
numerous, divaricate, crowded, linear, about 6-flowered: valves oblong, striate: in-
volucre 8-leaved, as long as the umbel.

18 — 2. Cyprip^'dium. 21. Orch. r. amy. emo. diu.

candidum, M. (white ladies' slipper. W. w. M. If.) stern leafy: leaves lance-oblong:
lobe of the style lanceolate, obtusish: lip cdmpressed, s'hort.er than the lanceolate
petals. P. JVIch.

parciflorum, Sy. (1) (common ladies' slipper. W. y-g. M. 2X0 stem leafy: lobe of
the style triangular, acute: outer petals oblong-ovate, acuminate; inner ones linear,
contorted; lip shorter than the petals, compressed. 8. Y. P.C. V. T.

puhescens, W. (2) (yellow ladies' slipper. VV. y. M. 21.) stem leafy: lobe of the style
triangular-oblong, obtuse: outer petals oblong-ovate, acuminate; inner ones very
long, linear, contorted; lip compressed, shorter than the petals. 12 — 18 i. S.
T. O. P. D. F. N. M. Mch. Produces Salep.

spectabile, W. (3) (gay ladies' slipper. W. w. & p. J. 2X0 stem leafy: lobe of the
stvle oval-cordate, obtuse: outer petals broad-oval, obtuse; lip longer than the pe-
tals, not split before. 18 i. S. W. T. Y. N. P. F. C. V. D. O. Maine. M. Mch.

acaule, A. (4) (low ladies' slipper. W. w. & p. M. 2X0 scape leafless, 1-ilowered:
leaves radical, in pairs, oblong, obtuse: lobe of the style lound-rhomboid, acumi-
nate, deflexed: lip longer than the lanceolate petals, split before. 12 — 18 i. S.
T. C. B. O. F. D. P. N. M. Mch.

artednum, A. (w. r. g. M. 2X.) stem leafy: lobe of the style orbicular, obtusish; pe-
tals 5; the two lower ones lance-linear, deflexed; the two lateral linear spreading;
upper one ovate-oblong, acute; lip of the length of the petals, ob-conic before, sac-
cate. 6 i. Canada, Maine. Damp. P.

5 — I. Cykil'la. 51. Eric. diu. ast.
Southern,
racem'ifiora, L. (5) (w. J. \.) leaves lanceolate, cuneate at the base, coriaceous,
ve.-y smooth: petals thrice as long as the calyx. 15 f. Sandy woods, Carolina.
Charleston, La.

Cyrilla, Pickeringa.

12 — 12. Cyrtorhyncha. 61. Ranu. acr. poi.

ranunculina, N. (y. J. 2f.) leaves somewhat coriaceous and shining; radical ones on

Cypripedium; Gr. kvpris, Venus, a.nd podion, slipper, from the form of the nectary.

Cyrilla. In honor of Dr. Cyrilli, an eminent botanist of Naples.

Cyrtorhyncha. Gr. kurtos, curved, rngchos, beak; in allusion to the incurved subu-
late stigma.
(1) calceolus, Mx. (2) flavescens-. Redout, calceolus, Wr. (3) canadense, Mx.

album, A. reginae, \Vr. (4) humile, W. (5) Carolinian a. Ph. Itea cyrilla, AV.

CYRTORHYNCHA, DALIBARDA. 219

long petioles, the sub-divisions pinnatifid; lobes entire, or 2 or 3-toothod. A span
high. Rocky Mts.

Cytissns, Genista.

D.

3 — 2. Dac'tylis. 10. Gram. far. ton.

gloincrata, L. (cock's foot grass. W. J. 21- ) Panicle secund, o'lomerate: leaves cari-
nate. 2—3 f. ^'. T. C. B. F. P. N. AI. S. C.

17 — 2. Dah'lia. 55. Helia. ton. sec-sti. sud.

Exotic.

supcrflua, (P. Ju. to Nov. Zf.) rays fertile: petiole winged; leafets smooth beneath.

6 f. Mexico. Should be pronounced, Daulia. Eng.
frustrahia, (r. S. lo Nov. Z(.) rays barren: petiole wingless; leafets roughish beneath.
6 f. Mexico. Var. coccinca, (scarlet daily) racliis of leaves winged: leafless, ovate;
acuminate, serrate, shining, and smooth beneatli: outer calyx reflex^d. Var. au-
rantia, (orange daily) racliis of leaves naked: leaflets ovate-acuminate, serrate,
roughish beneath: outer calyx spreading. Var. bUea, (yellow daily) leaves pin-
nate, leafets linear, pinnatifid toothed.

16 — ^10. Da*lea. 93. Legu. nut asc. ape.

ornatum, Doug. (1) (W. ) spike oblong-cylindric: bracts longer than the villose
calyx: leafets in 2 or 3 pairs, oval-oblong, glabrous. R.

formosa, T. & J. (W. p. \ .) suffruticose, very branching, glabrous: leafets some-
what in 5 pairs, wedge-oblong, retuse, black punctate beneath: spikes lax, few-
flowered, short-peduncled: bracts ovate, shorter than the calyx: ealyx plumose-
villose.

jamesii, T. (p. y.) whole plant silky: leaves trifoliate; leafets obovate, very obtuse

Soulkeni,

aurea, N. (W. y. Ju. 2i.) erect: spikes dense, cylindric: bracts rhomboid-ovate, as
long as the calyx: calyx woolly-villose: leafets (about 9) obovate, pilose be-neath.
2 f. Louisiana.

laxijlora, Ph. (W. w. Ju. 2i-) somewhat glabrous: stem very branching above:
branches lax, elongated: spikes panicled, elongated, with remotish enneandrous
flowers: bracts roundish, rnucronate, keeled: calyx silky-villose: leaves about 4
pairs, linear. 6 f. Louisiana.

alopecuroidcs, W. (2) W. b. Ju. 0.) spikes oylindric, peduncled, terminal, silky,
crowded: bracts about as long as the calyx: leaves 6 to 12 pairs, oval, (toothed
near the summit:?) retuse, niucronate. 1 f. Mississippi.
jamesii, T. (p-y.) whole plant silky: leaves trifoliolale; leafets obovate, very obtuse:
stipules spiny: spikes oblong, sessile: calyx deeply cleft; segments setaceous, plu-
mose, longer than the vexilluni; keel longer than the wings. Oregon. Psoraiea,
jamesii. 7th edition.

lanuginosa, N. ( p. ZX- ) decumbent, canescently tomentose: leafets 4 to G pairs,
obovate-cuneate, emarginate, glands few, large: spikes elongated, rather loose:
bracts ovate, with along acuinination: teeth of the cal}'x plumose, subulate, dilated
at the base, as long as the tube. Arkansas.

D-xlea, Astragalus.

11 — 13. Dahbar'da. (3) 92. Rosa. ast. ref-feb. r. stom.

•pens, Lk. (4) (spice. root, false violet. W. A. w. J. 2i.) villose: having ere
shoots: leaves simple, cordate, crenate: peduncles 1-flowered. T. Cat. Mt. and '.

Dactylis. Gr. dactulos, a finger, in allusion to the shape of its spikes.
Dahlia. In honor of Dahl, a Swedish botanist, pupil of Linneus.
Dalea.. In honor of Samuel Dale, an J^nglisli botanist.
Dalibarda. In honor of M. Dalibard, a French botanist.

(1) Petalostemon, Hk. (2) cliffbrtiana, V\i. Pctalostemon, do. Dalea linnaci,
Mx. (3) Comaropsis, Do. (4) violacoides, Mx. Rubus dalibarda, W.

2SiO DALIRARDA, DATURA.

fragaroides, Mx. (1) (dry strawberry. W. y. M. 21.) leaves ternate; leafets wedge-
form, gash-serrate, ciliate: peduncles inany-flowered: tube of the calyx obconic.
5—8 i. T. O. Hanover, N. H. Mch.

Southern,
lohata, Bald. (y. M. Zf-) hairy: leaves nearly round, cordate, lobed-crenate, ciliate;
stem somewhat naked: peduncles many-flowered. 5 i.

3 — 2. Dantho'nia. 10. Gram. far. ton.

spicata,W. (2) (wild-oats. W. Ju. 2i.) panicle simple, appressed; spikelets 7 to 9,
about 7-flowered: outer palea hairy: leaves subulate: lower sheaths hairy at the
thioat. 18^24 i. C. O. M. N. T. D. M. Mch.
glumosa, Mx. (3) (Ju.) culm erect: raceme compound; branches 2 and 3-flowered:
* spikelets 9 to 13, 8 and 9-flowered, somewhat shorter than the glumes: paleas very
unequal, outer lanceolate, densely villose on the margin, bristly, 2-cleft at the apex,
with a central twisted awn; inner valve ciliate, much shorter. >S'. Y.

8- — 1. Daph'ne. 25. Thym. cau — . cat — .

Exotic.

meze'rcum, (mezereon. r. &. w. M. ^.) flowers sessile, cauline, in threes: leaves

lanceolate. Var. rubra, has red flowers. Var. alba, has white flowers. 4 f.
odo'ra, (sweet mezereon. vv. Ap. \.) having many flowers in little terminal heads:
leaves scattered, lance-oblong, glabrous. 3 f

15 — 10. Darlingto'nia. (4) 93. Leg. asc. ape. ton.

intermedia, T. «fe J. (W. 2_C.) unarmed, herbaceous, glabrous: leaves 8 or 9 pairs;
leafets 20 to 24 pairs, oblong-linear, with glands between the lower leaves; little
heads solitary, axillar}', peduncled: legumes ialcate.

Southern.

brach/ioba, Dc' (W. 2X-) unarmed, herbaceous, glabrous: leaves 6 to 8 pairs; leafets
16 to 24 pairs, linear, with glands between the lower leaves: little heads solitary,
axillary, peduncled; legumes shortish, lanceolate. Kentucky, Slc.

glanduLo'sa, Dc. (W. 2i-) unarmed, herbaceous, glabrous; leaves 12 to 14 pairs;
leafets 20 to 30 pairs, linear, with glands between all the leaves; little heads soli-
tary, peduncled, axillary: legumes laleate. Tennessee.

20—12. Datis'ca. 98. Dati. nar. ton. ano.

/wT-to, W. (false hemp. y. 21-) stem hirsute: leaves pinnate; leafets running together
at the base. Flowers small, panicled. P.

5 — 1. Datu'ra. 41. Sola. poi-{-. nar. 1. esc. conv, cpi. ast.

stramo'nium, L. (green thorn-apple. O. w-b. Au. Q.) pericarps spinose, erect, ovate;

leaves ovate, glabrous, angular-dentate. S. Mch.
tat'vla, L. (purple thorn-apple. O. b. Ju. 0.) pericarps sninose, erect, ovate: leaves

cordate, glabrous, toothed. This species is considerecT only a variety of the first

bv some botanists. Stem reddish. &. M. Mch.
inetd, W. (W. w. J. 0.) leaves cordate, nearly entiie, pubescent; pericarps prickly,

globose, nodding. Naturalized about N. Haven.

Datithonia. In honor of M. Danthoin, a French botanist.

Daphne. After the nymph Daphne, in allusion to Ler change into a laurel, which

some species of this genus resemble.
Darlin^tonia. In honor of Dr. William Darlington, of Pennsylvania, author of

Flora Cestrica.
Datisca. Probably from Gr. daiusso, to devour, because it spreads rapidly, and

destroys other plants.
Datura. An alteration of the Arabic name tatorak. About Goa and Canara it is

called DatuTO.

(1) Dryas trjfoliata, Pallas. (2) Avena, L. (3) seiicea, N. Avena, L.

(4) Acacia, Mimosa.

DATURA, DELPHINIUM, 221

ceraiocaulon, Ort. (w. Ju. 0.) leaves ovate, lanceolate, wavy, beneath hoary: stem-
dichotomous, cornute: pericarps obovate, pendulous.

5 — 2. Dau'cus. 60. Umbe. stom. r. nut. cata. ulc.

caro'ta, W. (carrot. W. w. J. $.) carpels hispid: petioles nerved underside; divisions
of the leafets narrow-linear, acute. 2 — 3 f. Naturalized and cultivated.

pusiUus, Mx. ( ) stem relrorsely hispid:' leafets with the segments very small,
linear-lanceolate: umbels small: carpels muricate, with S-crested ribs. Var. viicro-
phijlluf (W) stem sot't-villose: leaves with gash-linear segments. 16—18 i. P. R.
Carolina. Red River.

fnicruplnjUus, Dc. ( ) stem with soft hairs at the base turned backwards: leaves
cul-bi-pinnate, villous; segments cut into linear divisions: leafets of the involucre
pinnatifid, about equalling the small crowded umbel: pricides of the ovate fiuit
about equalling its breadth. R. A.

DcCodoH, LXTHEUM.

11 — 1. Decuma'ria. 89. Phil. ton. ape.
Southern.

harhara, W. (decumary. w. Ju.) Jeaves ovate-oblong, acute at each end, slightly

-serrate.
sarmentosa, W. (J.) leaves ovate, acute, rounded at the base, serrate at the top.

Charleston, S. C. Florida.
alata, stem compressed: leaves pinnate, confluent, ribbed, linear, entire. In the sea.

12 — 2. Delphin'ium. 61. Ranu. acr. cau. poi. dra-eme. h. cos.

exaltatum, W. (1) (W. A. b. Ju. Zf.) petioles not dilated at the base; leaves flat, .3-
cleft below the middle; lobes wedge-form, 3-cleft at the apex, acuminate; lateral
ones often 2-lobed: racemes straight: spur longer than the calyx. 2 — 4 f. S. P.
R. M.

azureum, M. (2) (W. b. M. 2{.) petioles slightly- dilated at the base; leaves 3—5-
parted, many-cleft; divisions linear: racemes straight: petals densely bearded:
flowers sliort pedicelled. 2'f. S. K.

zires'ccns, N. (W. g-w. If.) pubescent; nectary 4-leaved, shorter than the Scalycine
petals, inner laminae densely bearded: leaves 3-parted; divisions linear, sub-trifid,
lower ones divaricate. 8 — 12 i. S. D.

simplex, Douglass (W.) pubescent: petioks dilated at the base; leaves 3-parted, with
deep linear divisions: racemes simple, straight: petals bearded; spur straight,
longer than the limb. Rocky Mt. and west.

hicolor, N. (y. »t b. Ap. Zf.) small; somewhat villose; few-flowered: leaves digitate,
5-parted; lobes 3 — ,5-cleft, divisions linear, ?hort: bracts undivided: petals shorter
than the calyx; lower ones hairy: spur curved, of tlie length of the calyx. R.

pauciflorum, N. (b.) somewhat hirsutely pilose: petioles scarcely dilated; leaves reni-
fonn, lobes bifid or trifid, linear and entire: bracts simple, minute: raceme 3 — 5-
flovvered: spur subulate, straight, about the length of the oblong-acutish petals:
stigmas and styles smooth: root grumous. Oregon, Rocky Mts.

depaiiperatuin, N. (b. y.) lower part of the stem glabrous; upper part and the carpels
densely villose: petioles scarcely dilated; leaves renitbrm 5-parted; the lobes 2 —
3-cleft, obfong and rather broad: bracts simple, minute: raceme 1 — 5-flowered:
spur subulate, straight, longer than the oblong, obtuse petals: stigmas and styles
pubescent: root grumous. Oregon.

Exotic.

consolidum. (larkspur. W. b. Ju. ^.) nectaries 1-leaved: stem sub-divided. Natural-
ized. 4 f.

Daucus. The Greek name of the carrot.

Decumaria. Lat. decuma, or decema, tenth, in allusion to the division of the flower

and fruit into tenths.
Delphinium. Gr. delphin, the dolphin, because the nectaries are like the head of that

fish.

(1) tridactylum, Mx. urceolatum, Ju. (2) carolinianum, Wr.

222 DELPHINIUM, DENTARIA.

staphisagrium, (b. Ap. $.) nectary 4-leaved, shorter than the petals: leaves palmate,

with obtuse lobes. 2 f.
ajacis, (rocket larkspur, b. Au. C--) nectary 1-leaved: stem simple. 2 f.

Southern.

tricorne. Mx. (W. b-w. M. 2i-) petiole scarcely dilated at the base, glabrous: leaves
5-parted; divisions 3 — 5-cleft, segments linear: nectary shorter than the corol: car-
pels arched, expanding from the base. 8 — 12 i.

californkum, T. (b.) petioles dilated at the base; leaves palmately 3 — 5-cleft; divisions
incisely 3-lobed: raceme strict, and with the flowers, pubescent: spur as long as the
calyx, incurved; limb of the superior petals notched; lower ones 2-cleft, densely
bearded on the inside; the claw furnished with a minute spur-like process at the
base. California.

mmincum, Don. (b. Ju. Aug.) petioles scarcely dilated at the base; leaves flat, 3-part-
ed; segments cuneiform, obtuse, 3-lobed, mucronate; uppermost ones linear, un-
divided or 3-parted: racemes loose, velvety: limb of the inferior petals bifid at the
summit; spur straight, as long as the sepals: ovaries silky. 1 — 3 f. Texas.

variegatum, T. (b. y.) pubescent: petioles dilated at the base; leaves 3-parted; divi-
sions cuneiform, many-cleft, with the lobes linear and rather obtuse: raceme few-
flowered: spur scarcely as long as the sepals; lower petals orbicular-ovate, 3-lobed,
with the middle lobe small, sparingly bearded. 1 — 2 f California.

nudicaule, T. (p-r.) leaves all radical, on short petioles, 3-parted; lobes obovate-cunei-
form, the lateral ones 2-lobed, terminal one somewhat 3-lobed: scape racemose,
loosely flowered; pedicels elongated: spur straight, longer than the broadly ovate
sepals; upper petals a little exceeding the calyx, lower ones 2-cleft, with a minute
spur-like process at the base. 12 — 18 i. California.

12—2. Dendromecon. 62. Papa. e. nar. ano. ast. acid.
Soutliern.
rigidum, (Benth. y. T).) glabrous, branching: leaves rigid and coriaceous, articulated
with the stem, lanceolate or oblong, cuspidate, acuminate, strongly reticulate,
denticulate on the margin: peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, flowers large. A shrub.
California. Poppy tree.

14 — 2. Desta'kia. 63. Cruc. asc. nut. r. con.

diphylla, Mx. (tooth-root, trickle, pepper-root. W. w. M. Zf.) stem 2-leaved: leaves

ternate, ovate-oblong, unequally gash-toothed: root toothed. 6—8 i. S. R. T.

O. F. N. V. M. Mch.
laciniata, W. (1)(W. w. M. 21.) leaves in threes, ternate; leafets 3-parted, segments

oblong, gash-toothed: root tuberous, moniliform. 8 i. S. T. Y. D. N. M. O. P.

C. Niagara. M. Mch.
heteroplnjlla, N. (W. p. w. J.) stem 2-leaved: leaves ternate, petioled; leafets linear,

sub-lanceolate, acute, entire; margin rough, ciliate: radical leafets ovate oblong,

coarsely gash toothed. Very small. Always one radical leaf with a long petiole.

P.
maxima, N. (W. p. !(.) leaves numerous, alternate, petioled; leafets ternate, sub-
oval, gash-toothed; lateral, ones lobed: axils without glands: racemes lateral and

terminal. 12 — 18 i.
macrocarpa, N. ( ) root fibrous and tuberous: radical leaf 3-foliolate, the leafets

reniform and lobed; cauline leaf solitary, 3-parted, the segments entire, obtuse:

silique very long. Oregon.

Southern,
multifida, M. (p.) stem 2-leaved; leafets many-parted: segments linear, somewhat

acute. 10 i.
tenella, Ph. (W. p. Au. 21-) stem 2-leaved: leaves distant, sessile, ternate; leafets

linear-oval, entire: petals wedge-form.
integrifolla, ( ) rhizoma tuberous: tall and rather robust: radical leaves bifoliate,

leafets roundish oval; cauline 3, alternate, 3-parted or trifoliolate; divisions linear-

Dendromecon. Gr. dendron, tree, mekon, poppy.

Dentaria. Lat. dens, a tooth, because the roots are furnished with projecting angles,

which resemble the molar teeth of quadrupeds.

(1) concatenata, Mx.

DENTARIA, DICHONDRA. 223

oblong, acute, entire: siliques rather short, on long pedancles: petals very large,
la— 18i. Upper California.
californica, N. ( ) rather robust: leaves trifoliolate; cauline ones alternate; leafets
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, creiiate or incisely denticulate, acute: siliques lanceo-
late-linear, rather long. 12 — 18 i. Upper California.

Dcsmodium, HEDYSAEUiM.

Diamorpha, Seddm.

10 — 2. Dian'thus. 82. Cary. emo.

armcria, L. (pink. k. Ju. ^.) flowers aggregate, fascicled: scales of the calyx lance-
olate, villose, equalHng the tube. I f Introduced. New Jersey. C. B.

repens, W . ( ) stem 1 -flowered: calycine scaler 2, ovate lanceolate, acuminate,

a little shorter than the calyx: petals toothed: leaves linear, glabrous. N. W.
Coast.

Exotic.

barbatus, (sweet william. r. & w. Ju. Zf.) flowers fascicled: scales of the calyx ovate,
subulate, equalling the tube: leaves lanceolate.

caryophyllus, (carnation, r. »&. w. Ti.) flowers solitary: /scales of the calyx sub-
rhomboid, very short: petals crenate, beardless: leaves linear-subulate, channelled.
By rich culture, the stamens mostly change to petals.

chinensis, (china pink. Ju. 0.) flowers solitary: scales of the calyx subulate, spread-
ing, leafy, equalling the tube: petals crenate: leaves lanceolate.

plumarius, (single pink. r. «& w. Zf.) flowers solitary: scales of the calyx sub-ovate,
very short and obtuse, awnless: corol many-cleft, with the throat hairy.

Southern.

caroUnianus, Wr. ( ) flowers aggregate: peduncles long: scales smaller than the
halved tube.

5 — 1. Diapen'sia. 44. Hydr. ton.

lapponica, W. (1) (A. w. Ju. 2X.) cespitose: leaves spatulate, glabrous: flowers pe-
dunculate: anthers oblique, awnless. White hills. Bw.

cuneifolia, Sy. (2) (A. w. J.'^.) creeping: leaves lance wedge-form, pubescent below:
flowers sessile: anthers horizontal, beaked at the base. S. Y. White hills.
Peck.

3 — 2. Diarrhe'na. 10. Gram. far. ton.

americana, M. (W?Ju. 21.) culm erect, almost naked, slender, slightly compressed,
scabrous above: sheaths sub-pubescent: panicle raeemed: branches few-flowered,
appressed: spikelets about 2-flowered: florets diverging. H. Mch.

5 — 2. Dichon'dra. 44. Conv. r. cate.

Soiitlierii.

caroliniensis, Mx. (p. J. Z[-) pubescent: leaves reniform-emarginate, one-colored:
calyx villose, ciliate. Creeping. La.

Dicliroma, Dichromena.

Dianthus. Gr. Dis. (Dios) Jupiter, and antlios. flower; so called from the fragrance

and elegance of the genus.
Diapensia. An ancient Gr. name of the Sanicle, as a vulnerary.
Diarrhena. Gr. dis, two, arrene, rough, alluding to the two rough keels on the upper

chaff's.
Dichondra. Gr. dis, two, and ckondros, a grain; from the double nature of the cap

sule.

(1) obtusifolia, Sy. -(2) Pyxidanthera barbulata, Mx.

224 DICHROMENA, DIGITARIA.

3—2. Dichro'mena. 9. Cype. far. fod. ton.

ieucocepli'ala, Mx. (An. 2i-) involucre somewhat 3-leaved, white at the base: head
white. 1 f. C. Charleston, S— C.

Southern.

ciliata, Ph. (Ju.) involucre and leaves clliate at the base: spikelets oblong, tapering.
latifolia, Bald. (J. 2i.) involucre many.-leaved, large, with the leaves white: heads
compressed: leaves very long, loosely sheathing the stem'. 9 — 18 i.

21—1. Dickso'nia. 5. Fill. sec. stim.

pilosiuscula, W. (I) (fine haired fern. Ju. 2£.) frond bipinnate: leaves decurrent, ovate
oblong, pinnatifid; divisions somewhat 4-toothed: fruit dots solitary: rachis pubes-
cent: stipe glabrous. 2 — 3 f. S. C. P. H.

16—10. DiELYTRA. (2) Legn. bit. deni.

cucullaria, Dc. (colic- weed. O. y. w. M. Zf) corol 2-spurred: scape naked: raceme

simple, 1-sided: nectaries divaricate, of the length of the corol: style enclosed. 8^

12 i. S. R. Mch. Corydalis cucullaria. W. H.
formosa, Dc. (A. r. M. H.) scape naked: raceme somewhat compound, nodding,

many-flowered; nectaries very short, incurved: style extended: rogt tuberous.

6—10 i. S. V. O. N. Canada JVIch. Corydalis furmosa, Ph.
canadensis, Dc. (g-w. p. April.) spurs short, rounded; wing of the inner petals pro-
jecting beyond the summit: raceme simple 4— G-tiowered. Canada to Kentucky.

Corydalis canadensis, Goldie.
saccata, N. (r.) spurs short, very obtuse, saccate; wings of the inner petals scarcely

projecting: raceme somewhat" compound, few-flowered: stigma triangular, entire:

leaves numerous: rhizonia creeping. Oregon.
lachenaliaefolia, Dc. (p.)snurvery short and obtuse: scape 3— 4-flowered: pedicels

longer than the calyx: leaves many-cleft, with linear very acute lobes. Islands

N. W. America.

5 — 1. DiERviLLA. 58. Cape. ast. fra.

canadensis, M. (3) (bnsh honeysuckle. O. y. J. >>.) peduncles axillary and terminal,
dichotomous, 2^-flowered: leaves ovate, serrate, .acuminate. 2-^3f. &'. Mch.

13 — 2. Digital'is. 37. Sed. h. abs-f. diu-f . feb-j-. dro. cpi. ast.

Exotic.

purpurea, (foxglove, p. Ju. i^.) sepals ovate, acute: corol obtuse; upper lip entire:

leaves lance-ovate, rugose.
intermedia, (p. Ju.) sepals lanceolate, equal: corol slightly pubescent; upper lip
emarginate, 2-cIeft, leaves pubescent at the margin and base. Flowers in Sept. in
A. P. Pleartt's garden, 1838.

3 — 2. Digita'ria. 10. Gram. far. fod.

sanguinalis, Scop, (finger-grass, crab-grass. W. S. 0.) spikes numerous, fascicled, a
little spreading: leaves and sheaths somewhat' hairy; spikelets oblong; florets pu-
bescent on the margin. 1—2 f. 8. C. T. O. F. P. N. V. M. Mch. S. C. .

Dichromena. Gr. dis, two, and chroma, color, alluding to the variegation of white

and green in the corol.
Dicksonia. In honor of James Dickson, a distinguished Cryptogamic botanist of

Great Britain.
Dielytra. Gr. dis, two, elutron, outer wing.

Diervilla. In honor of M. Dierville, a French surgeon who discovered it.
Digitalis. Lat. digitule, a thimble, or finger of a glove, from the resemblance of the

flowers.
Digitaria. Lat. digitus, a finger, the spikes being digitate or finger like.

(1) pubescens, Sh. Aspidium punctilobum? W. Nephrodium punctilobium, Mx.
(2) Corydalis, Dc. (3) lutea, Ph. humilis, P. tournefortii, Mx. Lonicera diervilla, L.

DiClTARIA, DIOSt'YROS. 225

glabra, R. »fc S. (W. Au. 0.) spikes digitate, sub-alternate (3 — 4,) spreading: leavea
and sheaths sinootli: spikelets ovate, crowded: glumes equal to the abortive floret,
both hairy. 1 f. C. H.

serotina, Mx. (W. 2f.) decumbent: leaves and sheaths very pubescent: spikes numer-
ous, setaceous: spikelets all pedicellate: inferior glume very minute. 12 — i8 i.
S. C. T.

filiformis, E. (W. Au. t^-.) culm erect, filiform: leaves somewhat glabrous: spikes 2 —
4, filiform, erect; spikelets in threes, all pedicellate: glumes as long as the abortive
floret, pubescent. 12— 18i. .S'. Y. T. C. M. N. M. L. C. Mch.

paspaloides, Mx. (Au. 0.) spikes in pairs, sub-villose at the base: rachls broadish,
glabrous: flowers solitary, imbricate two ways, glabrous: leaves spreading; sheaths
glabrous, villose at the neck: culm creeping. S. Y.P.N.

'S — 1. Dila'tris. is. ITaeni. ton. dye.

iinctoria, Ph. (1) (red-root, y.' Ju. ZfO petals lanceolate, downy outside: panicle co-
rymbed, downy: leaves long, naked, linear. 2 f. iS.

4 — 1. Dio'urA. 57. Cinch. feb4-. ton.

virginica, W. (w. Au. Zf.) glabrous: stem procumbent, nearly terete: leaves lanceo-
lite: corol glabrous within: fruit oblong, glabrous. S. Charleston, S— C.

Soiitliern.
tetrago'na, "Wt. (w. M. 7S.) stem procumbent, somewhat angled, nearly glabrous:

leaves cordate-ovate: stipules subulate. S — C.
hlrsuta, Ph. (w. S. 2[.) hirsute: stem procumbent: leaves lanceolate: stipules nearly

setaceous. Perhaps a variety of the last. E. S — C.
teres, Wr. (2) (W. .Ju. #.) stem terete, procumbent: leaves lanoe-linear: lobes of

the stipules setaceous, longer than the fruit: corol bearded within: fruit ovate,

pubescent; crowned with the 4 lanceolate lobes of the calyx. 4 — 12 i. S. P. Y;

Charleston, S. C.

10 — 1. Dion^e'a. 68. Dros. acr — . ton — .

Southern.

muscipula, W. (venus' fly-trap. w. Ju. ![.) radical leaves, with terminal ciliate

appendages, somewhat resembling a rat trap; this is suddenly closed on being

irritated.

20 — 6. Diosco'rea. 12. Dios. nut-ton. amy.

vUlosa, L. (3) (yam root. J. IS-) leaves alternate, opposite and whorled, cordate,-
acuminate, pubescent beneath, 9-nerved; lateral nerves simple: stem climbing. iS'.
P. Y. C. B. F. D. Owego. S. C. M. Mch.

quaternata. Wr. (4) (J. ZC-) leaves verticiilate by fours, and alternate, cordate, acu-
minate, glabrous, 7 to 9-nerved; lateral nerves divided. Stem climbing. P.M.

20 — 13. Diospy'ros. 49. Eben. f. edi. ton. b. ast-(-. feb. w. cab.

vlrginiana, (persimmon, seeded plum. vv-y. JNI. h.) leaves ovate-oblong, acuminata,
glabrous, reticulate-veined; petioles pubescent: buds glabrous. Var. puhescens,
leaves oblong, acute, pubescent beneath; petioles long: fruit bearing i'cw seedsj
This is made a distinct species by Pursh. /S'. Y. P. F. C. O. S. C. M. ebony

Dilatris. Gr. dis, double, and latris, servant or attendant, because Bergius found twb

long, and one short stamen.
Diodia. Gr. diodos, way or passage; in allusion to its growing by w'ay sides.
Dionaea. From Dione, a name of Venus, from the elegance and delicacy of its

flowers.
Dioscorea. In honor the Greek botanist, Dioscorides.
Diospyros. Gr. Dios, Jupiter, inApuros, fruit, from the excellence of the fruit.

(1) heritiera, P. Lachnanthes, E. (2) Spexmacoce diodea, Mx. (3) panicu-
lata, Mx. (4) glauca, M.

29

226 DIOTIS, IJIRCA.

19—4. Dio'tis. 29. Chen. Ion—.
Southern,
lanata, Ph. (W. J. '/.) all over hoary-tomenlose: stem flexuous: glomeiules of the
spikes very crowded.

6—1. Diphvll'ia, 78. Berb. ref. ton—.

- Southcni.
eytnosa, Mx. (A. w. J. 2_f.) very glabrous: leaves sub-palmate, angularly lobed, sei-
rate: lobes ucuminale: cyme many-flowered.

17 — 2. DiPLui'Ar'pus. 55. Aste. ton. sec-sti.

albus, Lind. (W. y. w.) leaves lance-linear, sub-entire, scabrous, base long, narrow
below, petioled: stem simple, corymbed, scabrous, branchlets somewhat 1-tlowered,
sub-aphyllous: leafets of the involucre oblong-linear, sub-glabrous, obtuse. D.

cancscens, H. ( ) hoary pubescent: leaves lance-linear, very entire; very narrow

at the base below, long petioled: stem simple, corymbose: branchlets 1-fiowered,
long, leafy: leafets of the involucre narrow, very acute, hirsute-.scabrous. A.

grandiflorus , H. ( ) canescent: stem sub-decumbent, branching below the base:
leaves linear-oblong below, spatulate: branches mostly simple, one-tiowered, na-
kedish: leafets of the involucr^narrow, very acute, hirsute-scabrous. R.

incaims, Lindl. ( p- ) wholly whitish: leaves linear, soft, distant, acute, finely
mucronate: branches long, corymbose, forming a head; apex naked: leafets of the
ovate, glandulous involucre linear, in manj^ series, outer ones squarrose. 2i f.
A.

filifolms, H. ( y. ) hoary: leaves all linear-filiform: branches long, sub-corymbose,
1-flowered: leafets of the involucre imbricate, narrow, acute, pubescent-scabrous:
egret white. 10—12 i. R.

linearis, H. ( ) low: stems sub-caespitose, erect, simple, apex nakedish, 1-flower-
ed: leaves all linear-filiform, sub-spatulate, flower terminal: leafets of the involu-
cre narrow, pubescent-scabrous: egret yellow. 4 — 6 i. R.

pinnatifidus, H. ( y. 2_f.) stems numerous from the same root, erect, much branched
above: corymbs many-flowered: leaves sub-bipinnatifid, segments narrow-linear,
mucronate, with terminal hairs: leafets of the involucre linear subulate, mucro-
nate, pubescent. R.

hiitpidus, II. ( y. ) wholly hairy, hispid with spreading hairs: leaves oblong-spatu-
late, Jiarrow at the base, sub-petiolud: branches subrcorymbose: leafets of the in-
volucre narrow, acute, somewhat glabrous: egret downy. A.

4 — 1. Dips'acus. 56. Dips, ton — .

sylvcslris, L. (wild teasel. O. b. Ju. ^'.) leaves connate, and opposite, sinuate: chaff
straight: head involucred. 3 — 4 f. &'.

Exotic,
fidlo'num, (teasel, w. Ju. (^' .) leaves sessile, serrate: chaft" hooked. 3 — 6 f.

S — 1. Dui'cA. 25. Thym. b. cat.

palustris, W. (leather-wood, moose-wood, american mezereon. W. y. Ap. \.) leaves
oval: flowers axillary, 2 or 3 in a hairy bud-like involucre. Small bush; bark very
lough. 1-5 f. ;S'. T. C. O. F. D. r. N. V. M.

Diotis. Gr. dis, double, and ous, (otos ) ear, from the two appendages which exist
at the base of the florets.

Dipliyllia. Gr. dis, double, and yhviiun, leaf, because the plant has two leaves.

Diplopappus. Gr. diploos, douiile, pappus, woolly flower or egret, on account of the
egret being in a double series.

Dipsacus. Gr. dipsakos, teasel, also diabetes. It is from dipsa, thirst; as the dia-
betes excites thirst, and the teasel was used as a remedy.

Dirca. Gr. dirka, a fountain or wet place, its usual place of growth.

discoplf,(;ra, draba, 227

5 — 2. Discopi.eu'ra. (1) GO. Umbe. stom — .

capillacea, Dc. (bishop weed. w. Au. Q.) erect or procumbent: umbels 3to lO-rayed;

leafets of the invohicre 3 to 5, almost all trifid. Wet. Carolina to Boston. C. N.
nuttttlUi, Dc. (45.) erect: umbels with 20 rays: leafets of the involucre mostly 5—

6; involucel o-leaved, about equalling the little umbel. Red river.

Ti — 1. Dodeca'theon. 35. Prim, nar — .

meadia, W. (false cowslip. W. p. M. 21-) leaves oblong-oyal, repand- toothed: um-
bels many flowered, lax: brcicts oval. Woods near rivers. 8 — 10 i. jS. P. H.
M. Chicago.

integrifoLium, Mx, (W. b. J. Ti-) leaves sub-spatulate, entire: umbels few-flowered,
straight: bracts linear. P.

8 — 1. DouoNAEA. 65. Sapin. f. det. acr. nar. sap.
fioiithcrn.
viscosa, L. ( ) leaves viscous, ovate-oblong, cuneiform at the base. St. Augus-

tine, Florida.

16 — 10. DoLicHos. 93. Leg. ath-f. irr-f.

mulliflorus, T. (p. w. Zf.) stem twining pubescent: leaves orbicular, short acuminate,
nearly glabrous when mature: racemfes axillary,, densely spiked, many-flowered,
about as long as the petioles. 5 — 10 f. Arkansas, Georgia.

purpureuSf L. (wild cowhage. p. 0.) twining: stem glabrous: petioles pubescent:
corol with spreading wings. P., La.

Exotic,
pniriens, (cowage, or cowitch. p. %.) twining: leaves hairy beneath: legumes in ra-
cemes: valves slightly keeled, hairy: peduncles in threes. Legumes covered with
stinging hairs, ath-j-.

Southern,
luteolus, W. (w-y. Ju. C«-)chmbing, pubescent: leafets ovate, acuminate: peduncles
longer than the leaves: .spikes short, somewhat capitate: banner broad, reflexed;
wings rhomboidal. 4 f.

- 17 — 2. Don'ia. 55. Eupa. ton. sec-stim. feb.

Southern.

squarrosa. Ph. (W. y. Aw. IS-) herbaceous: leaves clasping, serrate: scales of the

involucre filiform at the apex, squarrose, revolute. Whole plant viscous. 3 — 4 f.
lanceolata, W. ( ^.) glabrous: leaves half clasping, linear-lanceolate, cut-serrate:

scales of the involucre filiform, straightish. Arkansas.
jinhesccns, JV. ( ,^ ?) leaves clasping, oblong-ovate, acute, sharply serrate: branches
fastigiate, pubescent, somewhat l-flowered. Arkansas.

Doronicum, Arnica.
14 — 1. Dra'ba. 63. Cruc. asc. edi. ase.

caroliniana, Wr. (2) <W. w. Ap. %.) flower-bearing stems naked: leaves oval acute,
very hirsute: silicles long-linear, glabrous, approximate. 1 — 2 i. S. Y. C.

glabella, Ph. (0.) scape about 2. leaved, erect: leaves lance-spatulate, somewhat
glabrous: raceme dense-flowered: silicle lance-ovate, acute.

Discopleura. Gr. diskos. disk, pleura, side, in reference to the fruit.

Dodecatlieon. Gr. dodeica, twelve, and theos, divinity. An old name renewed by

Linneus on account of its beauty.
Dodonaea. In honor of Dodoens, an old botanist.
Dolichos. Gr. doUrhog, long; so called from its long stem.
Donia. In honor of .John Don," an acute Scotch botanist.
Draba. Proliably from tlie Gr. drasso, to sneeze, from the effect it has on the nose

when eaten.

(1) Sison. Ammi, Mx. (2) umbellata, M. hispidula, Mx.

incana, W. (J. $.) cauline leaves hoary, numerous, with interwoven stellate hairs:
silicle oblong, oblique, mucronate with a very short style. R.

ffrabhans, Mx. (1) (^V. M. $.) stem leufy, rarely branched: radical leaves wedge-
lanceolate; cauline ones lanceolate, acute: silicles acuminate with the permanent
style. /S'. P. New England, Canada.

alpinu, L. (S. Ap. Zf.) scape naked, simple: leaves lanceolate, entire, spreading: pet-
als sub-einargiiiale. R.

kirta, L. (rough whitlow grass, w. Ap.) scape few or 1-leaved: leaves oblong, acute,
dentate somewhat hirsute: silicle oblique, pediceljed. R.

glaciaUs, Ilk. (W. y. ) scape naked; leaves Jance-linear, rigid, entire, radiate-hairy:
petals twice as long as the calyx: silicles long-racemed, oblong-ovate: style short.
Rocky Mts.

algida, Dc. (L. y.) flaccid: scape short, naked, spread-pilose: leaves oblong, flat:
leaves and calyx pilose; hairs mostly simple: silicles sub-corymbed, elliptic, gla-
brous.

pligosperma, H. (w.) scape naked, sub-pubescent: leaves erect, rigid, linear, ciliate,
somewhat shining on both sides, but especially towards the apex, stellately pubes-
cent: petals twice as long as the fine haired calyx: silicles pubescent, long-racemed,
elliptic, acute at both ends, 4 — 8-seeded: style | as long as the silicle. A.

pauciflora, H. (y. ) scape leafless: scape and pedicels pilose: leaves lanceolate, very
entire; hairs simple and forked: petals spatulate, scarcely longer than the hirsute
calyx: germ glabrous. A.

Tfiicropttala, H. (w.) scape leafless; scape and pedicels pilose: leaves broad lanceo-
late, somewhat veiny, entire ;''hairs forked and simple: petals narrow-spatulate,
scarcely exceeding the sub-pilose calyx: silicles elliptic: stigma sessile, emarginate.
A.

muricclla, Dc. (w.) scape naked, velvety leaves oblong, entire, stellately pubescent;
bluish- velvety: silicles lance-oblong, glabrous. A.

ohlongatci, Dc. ( ) scape naked, sub-hirsute, with woolly pubescence: leaves cespi-^
tose, oblong-linear, entire; ciliate and velvety silicles oblong-oval, velvety. A.

con/mhosa, Dc. ( ) scape naked, finely hispid: leaves densely cespitose, oblong,
tapering to the base, ciliate and sub-hispid: silicles oval, corymbose, finely hispid.
A.

rupeslris, Br. ( ) scape naked or 1-leaved, pubescent: leaves oblong-spatulate, sub-
hirsute and ciliate: silicles oblong, pubescent or glabrous: style very short; stigma
emarginate. R. Probabh- identical with D. niraiis. W.

lapponica, Dc. ( ) scape naked, very glabrous: leaves lanceolate, very entire, fine-
haired: silicles lance-ovate, pedicelled and very glabrous. A.

steUata, Dc. scape 1-leaved, pubescent: leaves oval-oblong with short stellate pubes-
cent down: pedicels fine-haired: siliques oblong. A.

laevipcs, Dc. ( ) scape naked or 1-leaved, pubescent: leaves ovate with short stellate
pubescent down: silicles long-linear, pedicelled, very glabrous. R.

crassifolia, Graham, (w. y.) scape naked or 1-leaved: pedicels and calyx very glabrous:
leaves linear-spatulate, sub-fleshy, witii simple ciliate hairs: petals letuse at the
apex, a little exceeding the calyx. R.

confusa, Dc. ( ) stem leafy, sub-ramose, short-velvety with stellate pubescence:
leaves oblong, sub-dentate: silicle oblong, pubescent, longer than the pedicel. R.

■^nalaschiaiKi, Dc. stem leafy with simple pubescence: leaves ovate-oblong, entire,
pubescent: silicles oblong, finely hirsute: petals twice as long as the calyx, limb
pbovate, emarginate. A.

aurca, Vahl. (A. y.) pubescent: stem erect, leafy: leaves lanceolate or lance-ovate,
acute, entire or dentate: corymbs terminal and axillary: silicles lance-oblong,
pubescent, three times as long as the pedicel: petals emarginate: style rather long.
R.

lutea, Gilib. (y.) pubescent: stem ramose, leafy: leaves oval; cauline ones lanceolate,
dentate: silicles elliptic-oblong, glabrous, about 30-seeded, about one third as long
as the pedicel. A.

vmralis, L. (w.) pubescent: stem ramose, leafy: leaves broad ovate; cauline ones
cordate, sub-amplexicaule, deeply toothed: silicles oval-oblong, about 16-seeded, a
little shorter than tbe pedicel.

densifuUa, N. ( ) densely cespitose, in somewhat globose tufts: leaves closely
imbricated, oblong-linear, strongly ciliate, and hirsute with nearly simple hairs:

(1) Arabis, F.

, DRABA, DROSERA. 229

ecapes naked, hirsute: sllicle ovate, pubescent; with a style about one third its
length: cells mostly 2-seeded. Rocky Mountains.

Southern.

nemoralis, W. (W. y. M.) sparingly branched: radical leaves spatulate-oblong; cauline
ones sessile, or clasping, ovate, sub-dentate: sllicle pubescent.

ramosissima, Desv. (Ap M. w.) puberulent: stems numerous: leaves linear-lanceo-
late, remotely and sharply laciniale-tootlied: racemes corymbosely paniculate:
silicles lanceolate, attenuate at each end, j)ubescent: style one fourth the length of
the silicle. Virginia, Kentucky. Alyssum dentatum in 7th edition.

cuneifolia, N. (w. M. A.) hirsute-pubescent: stem branching below: leaves sparingly
toothed; radical ones spatulate-oblong; cauline ones few, oblong-ovate, somewhat
attenuate at tlie base: racemes ratlier elongated in fruit: silicles oblong-lanceolate,
minutely hispid, twice as long as the pedicels: petals emarginate. 3 — 8 i. Mis-
souri, Arkansas, West Florida.

platycarpa, T. (w.) canescently hirsute with branching hairs: stem branching below,
the branches leafy: leaves remotely toothed; radical ones obovate; cauline oblong
closely sessile: racemes elongated in fruit: silicles obovate-oblong, minutely hispid,
shorter than the pedicels: i)elals emarginate. 3 — 8 i. Texas.

hrachycarjia, N. (w.) minutely pubescent, simple or branched: radical leaves
roundish-ovate, petioled; cauline oblong or linear, minutely toothed or entire:
racemes many-Bowered, strict, elongated in fruit: siliques oval, glabrous, about the
length of tlie pedicels: cells 5 to G-seeded: style very sliort, petals entire.

micrantim, N. (w.) stem leafy and hispid below, naked and smooth above: leaves
cuneate-obovate, hispid, entire: silicles linear, minutely hispid, much longer than
the pedicels. St. Louis, Arkansas.

terna, L. (w. M. A. 0.) scapes naked: leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed: petals
2-parted: silicles elliptical. Canada to Virginia. Erophila ameiicana and vulgaris,
D. C.

Draha, Erophila.

Dracaena, Convallaria.

13 — 1. Dracoceph'alum. 42. Labi. stom. ton.

tirginianum, W. (dragon-head. W. p. An. 2+-) spikes elongated, with the flowers
crowded: bracts subulate: teeth of the calyx nearly equal, siiort: leaves linear-
lanceolate, serrate. 1 — 2 f. S'. P. Niagara Falls.

dcnticuLatinn, W. (1) (VV. p. in. 71.) spikes elongated, with remote flowers: bracts
subulate: teeth of the calyx nearly equal: leaves obovate-lanceolate, toothed above.

P-

variegatum, Vent. (2) (W. p. J.) spikes short, square: bracts ovate, acuminate, as
.long as the calyx; teeth of the calyx somewhat unequal: leaves closely sessile,
oblong-lanceolate, toothed near the summit. H.

Exotic,
canariensc, (balm of gilead herb.) flowers spiked: leaves ternate oblong.

Sunthcrii.
cordaium, N. (W. b. J. Zf.) stem and petioles pubescent: leaves cordate, obtusely

crenate, somewhat hirsute above: spikes second; pedicels 2-brarted.
parcifloTuni, N. (W. w. Ju. Q .) flowers verticillate, sub-capitate: leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, deeply serrate, ])elioled, bracts foliaceous, ovate, ciliate, serrate: serratures
mucronale: teeth of the calyx unequal, scarcely shorter than the corol.

Dracontluni, Ictodes.

.5 — 0. Drose'ka. GS. Dros. acr. ton — .
rotundifolia, (sun-dew. O. y-w. Au. 2i.) scape simple: leaves nearly orbicular, nar

Dracocephalum. Gr. drakou, a dragon, and kephile, head. A name applied in the

same sense as Lamium, Galeopsis.
Drosera. Gr. drosos, dew, from the moisture which exudes from the leaves.

(1) Prasium purpureum, Wr. (2) Prasium incarnatum, Wr.

230 DROSERA, KOHITES.

rowed at the base; petioles long, downy. Var. capillaris, leaves spatulate. Wet

01 damp. 4 — 8 i. »S. Mch.
longifulia, (1) (W. y-w. Ju. Zf.) sub-cauline, many-leaved: leaves slenderly spatulate

(or obovate and long petioled;) petioles naked; peduncle (or scape) naked. Wet.

3— G i. .S'. T. P. Y. C. B. N. D. Mch.
Jiliformis, R. (2) (p. J. 24!.) scape sub-ramose, terete, glabrous: leaves very long,

fililorni: styles 6 to 9. Wet. 1 f. Y. C. B.
linearis, Goldie. ( 2X.) leaves linear, obtuse: petals very long, naked: having a

few-flowered scape: calyx glabrous. Lake Simcoe, in Canada, and Vermont.

Doubtful. R. D. Mch.
anglica, Huds. ( ) leaves linear-spatulate, erect; petioles elongated: seeds with an

ariliiform testa. N. W. Coast.

Soutliern.
brevifolia, Ph. (w-r. J. H.) very small: scape rooting, simple: leaves short, wedge-
form, scarcely petioled: petals oval.

5 — 2. Drcmmondia. 84. Cist. stom. ton.

mitelloides, Do. (y. Zf.) leaves radical, petioled, cordate, orbicular, lobed, doubly
crenate: scape erect, long, spike racemed. R.

11—12. Dry'as. 92. Rosa. ast. ref. feb.

integrifolia, Vahl. (3) (A. w. Ju. 2f.) small-leaved; leaves ovate, acute, cordate at the

base, very entire, flat, white-tornentose beneath: peduncles one-flowered. White

Hills.
octopetala, W. (mountain avens. A. w. Ju. 2_[.) leaves ovate-oblong, coarsely toothed,

rugose, white-tomentose beneatii: peduncles one-tiowered.
drummonilii, Rich. (y. ) leaves elliptic, sub-attenuate at the base, crenate-serrate;

under side and prominent veins white-tomentose: segments of the calyx ovale.

A. R.

3 — 1. Dun'cHicM. (4) 9. Cype. far. nut. sug.

spatha'ceum, Rd. (galingale. O. g-y. Ju. Zf.) stem columnar, 3-cornered above:
leaves pointing in three directions: spikelets spreading, somewhat 6-flowered, sub-
ulate, in axillary racemes. Var. canadense. spikelets few, erect, somewhat 10-
flowered. 1— 2 f. S. Mch.

17 — 5. Echi'nops. 54. Card, sec-stim.
Exotic,
sphwoccph'alus, (globe-tliistle.) leaves pinnatifid: stem branching.

18 — 5. Echi'tes. 47. Apoc. acr. feb. erne. sud.
Southern,
difformis, Wr. (w-y. M. Au. 2J..) climbing: lower leaves nearly linear; upper ones
oval-lanceolate, acuminate: raceme corymbed: stamens included. Charleston,
S— C. Florida.

Drummondia. In honor of Drummond, an eminent Scotch botanist, who made
numerous discoveries in the botany of N. America.

Dryas. Named by Linneus from tlio Dryodes, sylvan goddesses, to whom the oak
( dnis) was sacred: the leaves resembling those of tiie oak.

Dulichium. Gr. du (duo) two. and lichen, scab or scale, in allusion to the two-
ranked scale-like glumes.

Ecliinops. Gr. ecfdnos, a hedghog, and opsis, appearance, alluding to its round,
prickly heads.

Echites. Gr. echis, a serpent, on account of the twisting form of its shoots. The
origmal plant was a kind of Clematis.
(1) americana, M. (2) tenuifolia, M. (3) tenelia, Ph. (4) Sclioenus, L.

Scirpus, Mx. Cyperus, W.

ECHIUM, ELLIMIA. 231

5 — 1. EcHi'uM. 43. Borag. emo. ast.

vulirare, L. (viper's bugloss, blue thistle, b. Ju. ^.) stem tuberciilatc-hispid: cauline
leaves lanceolate-hispid: spikes lateral: slainens exsert. 2 — 3 f. (S*. Y. M. P.
F. C. B. H. Esopus. 4

17 — 2. Eclip'ta. 55. Ileli. ton-stim. feb. sud.
Southern.

erccta, W. (w. Ju. 0.) erect, dichotomous, strigose: leaves lanceolate, attenuate at
the base, rarely serrate: peduncles by pairs, long: involucral leaves ovate, acumi-
nate. Ciiarleston, S. C.

prociimbens, Mx. (AV. \v. J. O?) decumbent or assurwent: leaves long, lanceolate,
attenuate at the base, sub-serrate: involucral leaves lanceolately acute: disk flo-
rets 4-cleft. 1—3 f. K. Harper's ferry. M. S. C.

brachijpo'da, Mx. (W. Ju. S.) prostrate, divaricate: leaves lanceolate, sparingly ser-
rulate: peduncles solitary and paired, short; involucral leaves oval-lanceolate: disk
florets 5- cleft.

4 — 1 El^ag'nds. 24. Elae. ton — .

argmtea. Ph. (W. J. K) unarmed: leaves undulate, oval-oblong, rather acute, cover-
ed with silvery scales: flowers aggregate, (sub-solitar}'. Ph.) nodding. /S.

Eleocharia, Scirpus. '

17 — 5. Ele'fhanto'pus. 55. Inul. ton. sec-stim.

caroUnianus, (1) W. (elephant's foot. W. r. Au. !(..) radical and cauline leaves ob-
long, narrowed at the base, pilose on both sides: stem erect, pilose, leafy. 2 f.
S. P. Charleston, S. C. M.

Southern. .

nudicaulis, E. (2) (r. Au. If-) radical leaves oval lanceolate, crenate, serrate, sub-
scabrous, hairy beneath: stem hairy, rough, nearly naked. 1—2 f. S. C.

3 — 2. Eleusi'ne. 10. Gram. far. ton.

indica, Mx. (3) (dog-tail grass, wire grass. W. Ju. 00 spikes straight, erect, in
pairs or quarternate: rachis linear: spikelets lanceolate, about 5-flovvered: culm
compressed, declined. «— 12 i. &'. Y. P. C. H. M. T. Mch.

Soutlicm.
crunia'ta, E. (4) (Ju. O. O.) spikes quarternate, expanding, mucronate; spikelets
about 3-flowered: exterior glumes awned: outer paleas very acute. 12 — 18 i.

3 — 4. Ellim'ia. 64. Rese. ton.

Sottilicrn.
ruderalis, N. (Q. vv. ) glabrous: leaves linear, crowded, somewhat succulent: flowers
in short and slender spikes: seeds black, narrow-reniform. California. 5 — 6 i.

Eleusine, Oxydenia.

Echium. Gr. cchis, a serpent, from tlie seed resembling a viper's head; or, from the

spotted stem, not unlike a snake's skin.
Eclipta. Gr. ekleipo, to be deficient, alluding to its wingless seed; by which it is dis-
tinguished from Verbesina.
Eiffiagnus. Gr. ckia, the olive; the tree having a striking resemblance to the olive

tree.
Elephantopus. Gi. ehphas, elephant, and povs, foot; from the form and position of

the leaves of one species.
Eleusine. A name of Ceres, who was considered as protecting the cultivation of

nutritious grasses.
EUimia. Gr. elleimma, defective, part of the floral organs defective.

(1) scaber, Mx. (2) carolinianus, Var. simplex, N. tomentosus, Ph.?

(3) Cynosurus, L. (4) Chloris raucronata, Mx.

232 ELLIOTTIA. EMPETRUM.

8 — 1. Elliot'tia. 51. Eric. diu. ast.
Southern,
racemosa, M. (w. J. ^. ) leaves alternate, lanceolate, mucronate, entire, short petioled,
pubescent and slightly glaucous beneath: racemes terminal.

5 — 1. Ellis'ia. 43. Hydr. emo. ton — .

Southern.

mjctelca, L. (1) (W. w. & b. J. 0.) stem decumbent, branching, leafy, brittle: leaves

alternate, petioled, pimiatifid, roughish: ilowers solitary. G — 8 i.
ambigua, N. (VV. b. M. 0.) stem decumbent, branching, glabrous, somewhat glau-
cous: leaves hirsute, lyrate-pirmatifid, sub-sessile; divisions sub-lanceolate, angu-
larly toothed or lobed: racemes lateral and terminal. 4 — G i.

12 — 5. Elod'ea. G8. Hype. ast.

mrginica. N. (Ju — Au. p. 2_f.) leaves sessile, clasping: stamens united below the iiiid-
dle. Canada, to Florida and Louisiana. Hypericumvirg. L.

peliolata, Ph. (p. Au. S. 11.) leaves attenuated into a petiole: filament united above
the middle. New Jersey to Arkansas. Hypericum Syn. Wr.

Elodea, Hyp£ricum, Serpicula.
3 — 2. El^mus. 10. Gram, far-ton.

virginicus, L. (wild rye. W. Ju. Zf.) spike erect, compressed; spikelets in pairs, 2 —

3-flowered: florets smooth: involucral bracts lanceolate, nerved. 3— 4 f. <S. T<

P. C. B. F. N. D. INIch. K. M, S— C.
canadensis, L. (W. Au. !{.) spike nodding at the extremity, patulous; spikelets 3 —

5-flowered: florets hairy: involucral bracts linear-subulate. Va.i: glaucif alius. (2)

leaves glaucous. Var. penchdus, spikes pendant. Is this the philadelphicus. Phi

3—4 f. S. T. C. N. Mch.
vUlosus, M. (,linie grass. W. Ju. 21.) spike a little nodding at the extremity, patulous:

rachis and florols hispid, pilose: spikelets geminate, 2 — 3-tlowercd: bracts linear,

pilose-ciliate, 2-nerved, shorter than the florets. 2—3 f. T. C. O. F. N. M. Mch.
hystrix, L. (hedgehog grass. W. Ju. 2X-) spike erect; spikelets diverging: involucreO.

3 f. T. C. O. N. B. P. M. Mch.
striatus, W. (W. Ju. Z(.) spike erect; spikelets 2-flowered, awned, hispid, in pairs:

bracts linear, nerved, awned, rather exceeding the spikelets: leaves and sheaths

glabrous. 3—4 f. S. B. D.

^ Southern,
europeus, L. (Ju. Ti.) spike erect; spikelets 2-flowered, awned, as long as the smooth
involucre.

2 — 1. Elvtra'ria. 39. Acan. emo-aro. ton.
Soiithern,
virgata, Mx. (J. If.) leaves entire near the summit and with the nerves underneath
somewhat smooth: scales under the flower ovate, villous along the margin. 12—
18 i.

20 — 3. Empe'trum. 96. Empe. ton — .

nigrum, Mx. (black crowberry. A. ^.) procumbent: brvinchlets glabrous: leaves im-
bricate, oblong, glabrous, with a revolute margin. Whiteiiills. D.

Elliottia. In honor of Stephen Elliott, author of a " Sketch of the Botany of S.

Carolina and Georgia."
Ellisia. In honor of John Ellis, author of several botanical dissertations.
Elymus. Gr. ciiio, to fold up, alluding to the sheath which incloses the ear, in some

of the original species.
Elytraria. Gr. dutron, a scale, having reference to the scaly sheaths of its stem.
Empetrum. Gr. en, in, and pctron, a stone, referring to its habitation.

.(1) Polemonium, L. (2) philadelphicus, Sw.

^t

EMPETRUM, EPILOBIUM, 238

conradii, T. ( 'f'.) stem erect, branching: leaves with revolute edges meeting back
on the midrib. 8 i. Pine barrens, N. Jersey. Exhibited before N. Y. Lyceum,
by Dr. Torrey, Nov. 1835. I have not seen his written description.

12 — 2. — 5. Ene'mion. Raf. 61. erne. sud. poi. dra-cat.

bitematum, (W. 2{.) leaves ternate. Probably the species of an old genus. Lex-
ington, Kentucky.

18—5. Enslen'ia, 47. Ascl. acr. stim.

Southern,
ed'bida, N. (W. Ju. y-w. 71.) twining: stem marked with an alternating pubescent
line: leaves opposite, smooth, cordate-ovate, somewhat acuminate, sinuate at the
base: corymbs axillary, many-flowered, long peduncled: pedicels and calyx pubes-
cent.

18—1. Epiden'drum. 21. Orch. g-r. bit. d-r. sto.
Soutliern.
conopsmm, Ai. (y. Au.) stem simple: leaves lanceolate, rigid, lucid, perennial: spikes
erect: lamina of the hp 3-lobed; middle one retuse: inner petals narrow. Parasitic.

10 — 1. Epigae'a. 51. Eric. diu. ast.

repens, L. (trailing arbutus. W. r. & w. Ap. h . ) stem creeping: branches and petioles
very hirsute: leaves cordate-ovate, erjtire: corol cylindric. T. C. F. P. V.

Epifagas, Epiphegus.

8 — 1. Epilobium. 88. Onag. erno.

spicatum, Lk. (1) (willow herb. O. p. Ju. 2(.) leaves scattered, lance- linear,
veiny, glabrous; flowers unequal bracted: stamens declined. 4 — 6 f. Mch.

opacum, hehm. { ZC-) stern erect, pubescent: leaves sub-sessile, narrow-lanceolate,
sub-entire, opakely veined: flowers axillary, solitary, peduncled; style reflexed
glabrous, shorter than the stamens. 12 — 18 i. R. A.

latifolium, L. (p. Ju. Zi-) leaves alternate, lance-ovate, nearly entire, pubescent, with-
out veins: flowers unequal. Var. telrapetalum, leaves narrow, lanceolate, entire:
stem low. R.

coloratum, M. (2) (O. r-p. Ju. 21-) stem terete, pubescent, leaves lanceolate, serru-
late, pelioled, opposite: upper ones alternate, glabrous, red veined. Var. tetrairo-
num, has the stem 4-cornered pari of its length. 3 — 4 f. iS. Mch.

Uneare,"* M. (3) (w. & r. Ju. 2i-)stem terete, pubescent, wand-like, branched above:
cauline leaves opposite, branch-leaves alternate, linear, very entire: flowers few,
terminal, long peduncled. 1 — 2 f. Mch.

moUe, T. (W. w-p. Au. Zf. ) densely and softly pubescent: stem terete: leaves ob-
long-linear, sessile, very entire; lower ones opposite, upper ones alternate: flowers
pedicelled, sub-terminal, regular. 12 — 18 i. F. N. Mch.

palustre, W. (marsh willow-herb. O. p. Ju. li.) stem terete: leaves sessile, lanceolate,
sub-denticulate: stigma undivided. Damp. S. W. P. N.

alpi'num, L. (A. w-r. Au. Z[.) stem simple, sub-terete, 1 or 2-flowered: leaves oppo-
site, oval, entire: flowers sessile. 1 — 3 i. Whitehills.

origanifolium, Lk. (r. w.) stem creeping at the base, somewhat glabrous, nodding at

Enemion. Probably the name of an obsolete genus.
Enslenia. In honor of A. Enslen, a researcher in American botany.
Epidendrum. Gr. epi, upon, and dendron, a tree, alluding to its parasitical growth.
Epigaea. Gr. epi, upon, and ge, the earth, the stem growing flat upon the ground.
Epilobium. Gr. cpi, upon, and lobos. a. poA; the flowers growing upon the end of a
pod-like capsule.

(1) angustifolium, W. (2) laevigatum, Le Conte. (3) oliganthum, Mx. rosma-
rinifolium. Ph. squamatum, N.
"This and the two following species are probably synonyms of the same plant. Aikin.
30

234 EPILOBIUM, EQUISETUM.

the apex: leaves sub-petioled, ovate, denticulate, upper ones acuminate: stigma
undivided, clavate: capsules peduncled, glabrous. 6 — 12 i. R.

glandulosum, Lehm. (w.) stem simple, creeping at the base, angled, glabrous: leaves
sessile, lance-ovate, sub-decurrent, acute, glandulous-denticulate: flowers erect:
stigma clavate: capsules sessile, angled, very slenderly pubescent. A. R.

tetraguiium, L. ( ) stem 4-cornered, erect, branching: leaves lance-oblong, serru-
late, decurrent: flowers erect: stigma clavate: capsules short pedicelled, finely
pubescent. R. A. Canada.

minulum, Doug. (r. 0.) stem sub-erect, terete, finely pubescent, branching: leaves
alternate, lance-oval, obtuse, sub-entire, pellucid-punctate: flowers nodding, minute:
stigma clavate: capsules short pedicelled, reflex-curved, somewhat glabrous.
R. A. ,

luteum, Ph. (W. y. ZC.) stem 4-cornered, somewhat glabrous: leaves opposite; upper
ones alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate: peduncles axillary, alternate,
elongated: divisions of the calyx narrow, as long as the petals: style exsert; stigma
thick, 4-lobed.

densum, R. ( ) hairy: leaves near each other, scattered, sessile, lance-linear,
nearly obtuse, nerved: panicles peduncled: bracts oblong.

lepiopltyUum, R. ( ) stem branching, sub-scabrous: leaves alternate, sub-sessile,
linear narrow, entire, glabrous, 1-nerved, acute, narrowed at the base: flowers
axillary, solitary, peduncled. Dense woods in Penn. and Md.

divaricatum, R. ( ) stem branching, glabrous: branches spreading; leaves opposite,
petioled: petals lanceolate, acute, glabrous, unequally toothed.

tenellum, R. ( ) stem filiform"^ sub-simple: leaves opposite, glabrous, sessile, nar-
row-linear, entire, acute, 1-nerved: flowers few, terminal, peduncled. Penn.

Epipactis, Listera.
12—2. Epiphe'gus, N. (1) 36. Orob. ast.

virginianus, (2) (beech drops, cancer-root. O. y. p. Ju. Zf.) stem very branching:
flowers alternate, distant: calyx short, cup-form, shorter than the capsule. The
whole plant is yellowish-white, or brown, and of a naked appearance. 8 — 12 i.
S. Astringent. Bw. Mch.

Epimedium. Caulophyllum.
21 — 1. Equise'tdm. 5. Fili. sec-stim.

arvense, L. (horse-tail. O. Ap. If.) barren stems with simple branches: the branches

scabrous, 4-sided: fructification simple: sheaths cylindric, gash-toothed; teeth acute.

8 i. S.

hycma'le, L. (scouring rush. W. Ju. It.) stem erect, very scabrous, bearing spikes at

the apex: sheaths 2-colored. withering at the base and apex: teeth with caducous

awns. 2—3 f. -S. T. C. B. O. V.
syli-aiicuni, L. (W. Ap. 2,^) barren and fertile stems doubly-branched: branches

scabrous, deflected, 4-sided; branchlets somewhat 3-sided. <S. T.
limosnm, T. (W. Ju.) steins branched upwards, with the branches about 12 in a

whorl, simple, pentagonal, smooth. 2 — 4 f.
scirpoides, Mx. (O. Jn. 21.) stem simple, ascending, glabrous, filiform, bearing a

spike at the top: sheaths 3-toothed; teeth withering, with caducous awns at the

apex. 3 — 6 i.
ul,i"ino'sum, M. (IT.) stem erect, round, furrowed, nearly smooth, somewhat

branched: branches from the middle joints unequal: sheaths serrate above; teeth

even, acute, black. P. Y. W. C. B.
palustre, W. (W. J. 21-) stem simply ramose, glabrous, sulcate; branches pentagonal,

bearing spikes at their apexes. Y. C.
torreyanum, Stewart. (Zf-) stems branched: branches thick, roughish, hexagonal,

close-pressed to the stem: spike terminal. Perhaps not a distinct species. Y.

Epiphegus. Gr. epi, upon, sindphegas, the beech, it being parasitical on that tree.
Equisetum. Lat. equus, a horse, and seta, hair, alluding to the fine branches of all

the species: or its general resemblance to the tail of a horse.

(1) Orobanche, L. (2) americanus, N.

*«

ERIANTIIUS, ERIGERON'. • 235

2—2. Erian'thus. 10. Gram. far. ton. sug— .
Southern. '

alopecur aides, L. (1) (p. S.ZC.) hair-like involucre much longer than the glumes: awns

straight. 6—10 f.
hreviburbis, Mx. (p. S. If.) panicle somewhat spreading: hair-like involucre shorter

than tlie glumes: awns straight. 3 — 5 f.
strktua, Bald. (p. Au.) involucre very short, or none: panicle closely appressed:

branches remote: peduncles 2-flowered: awns straight, twice as long as the glumes.

4—6 f.
contorlus, Bald. (Oc. Zf.) hairy involucre as long as the glume; inner valve of the

paleas eared: awns spirally twisted.

8 — 1. Eri ca. 51. Eric. diu. ast.

Exotic.

pubescens, (downy heath, r. M. ) corol linear, pubescent, with the limb erect: capsule

glabrous: leaves fringed.
tel'ralix, {h.) anthers awned: corol ovate: style enclosed: leaves in fours, ciliate:
flowers in heads.

Eri^enia, Hydrocotyle.

17 — 2. Eri'geron. 55. Aste. ton. sec-stim. feb. sud.

alpinum, W. (p. Ju. ![.) villose: stem generally 1-flowered: involucre villose: rays
spreading: leaves lanceolate, obtusish. 2 i.

bdUdi/oliuin, W. (2) (robert's plantain. O. b. & w. M. If.) hirsute, hoary: radical
and lower cauline leaves obovate, sub-serrate; uppei ones few, distant, lanceolate,
sessile, entire: stem 3 — 8- flowered: rays long. 12 — 18 i. S. Mch.

purpureum, W. (O. p. Ju. Z(.) pubescent: leaves oblong, toothed, clasping; upper
ones entire: peduncles thickened, corymbed; lower ones elongated: scales of the
involucre hairy on the keel: rays twice as long as the involucre. 2 f. »S'.

compositum, Ph. (W. w-r. Jn. 21-) pilose, somewhat stemless: radical leaves long-
petioled, thrice 3-parted; divisions Imear, divaricate; cauline leaves linear, gene-
rally undivided: stem naked above: 1-flowered. 8 i.

phikiddptdcum, VV. (O. b-p. Au. H.) pubescent: leaves wedge-oblong, rarely gash-
toothed; cauline ones half-clasping: stem weak, simple, corymbed above: peduncles
elongated, 1-flowered: rays capillary, twice as long as the hemispherical involucre.
1—3 f. S. Mch.

strigosum, W. (O. w. Ju. $.) strigose-pilose: leaves lanceolate, tapering to both
ends; in the middle are a few coarse teetli, or often entire: flowers corymbed-pani-
cled. 2— 3f S. Mch.

hcterojilnjllum, L. (3) (W. w. J. $.) radical leaves round-ovate, deeply toothed, pe-
tioled; cauline ones lanceolate, acute, serrate in the middle: corymb terminal.
2— 3f. C. N. D. Mch.

nervosum, W. (4) (y. w. Ju. If.) white pubescent: leaves lance-linear, very entire,
silky, nerved: flowers panicled.

hys'sopifo'litiin, Mx. (y. Ju. 21.) stem panicled, with sterile branches, a few of them
protracted mto naked peduncles: leaves linear, glabrous, ciliate: rays much longer
than the cylindric involucre.

canadmsc, (L. colt's tail, Hea-bane, pride-weed. O. w. Ju. ^.) stem hispid, panicled:
leaves lance-linear, ciliate: involucre cylindric: rays crowded, short. Var. grandi-
fiuni'in, rays yellowish, flowers very large, short peduncled, crowded, terminal and
axillary. Var. pusillum, low, smoothish: leaves lance-linear, entire, scabrous
along the margin. This last variety is made a distinct species by Mr. Nuttall. 4 i.
—3 f. S. Mch.

Erianthus. Gr. erion, wool, and anthos, flower, referring to the hairy involucre.
Erica. Gr. ereiico, to break, in allusion to the brittle branches of the plant.
Erigeron. Gr. er, the spring, and geron, an old man; because some species become

old in the beginning of the season.

(1) saccharoides, Mx. Anthoxanthum giganteum, Wr. Andropogon, L. Sac-
charum giganteum. Ph. (2) pulchellum, Mx. (3) Aster annuus, L. (4) stri-
gosum? E.

236 ERIGERON, ERIGONUM,

Southern,

pumUum, N. (1) (W. w. 2£.) hirsute: stem simple, 1-flowered: leaves linear, entire,
sessile, without nerves: involucre hirsute. 4 — 5i.

nudicauk, Mx. (w. y. J. 21.) glabrous: radical leaves lance-spatulate, acute, slightly
toothed: stem simple, nearly leafless, long: terminal corymb few-flowered: rays
as long as the involucre. 2 f.

quercifolium, Lk. (b. w. Ju. 2^.) finely pubescent: leaves lanceolate, acute; radical
ones somewhat lyrate, coarsely toothed; upper ones entire: stem sub-simple, few-
flowered (3) at the summit: rays twice as long as the involucre. Elliott thinks
this and the philadelphicum may be the same. 8 — 10 i.

longifoLium, Lk. (y. Au.) very glabrous: stem virgately panicled; branches straight:
leaves very long-linear, straight: involucre ovate: rays scarcely longer than the in-
volucre. Does it belong to this genus? E.

ambigvum, N. (w-y.) pubescent, somewhat scabrous: leaves linear; lower ones
slightly serrulate: flowers small, generally in pairs, axillary and terminal: involucre
hemispherical. 18 i.

asperum, N. (W. w. Au.) hirsute-scabrous: stem slender, about 2-flowered, leaves
lanceolate, qcute, entire; involucre hemispherical. 12 i.

glabellum, N. (W. w-b. Au. 2i-) leaves lance-lmear, smooth, acute; radical ones
long-petioled, lance-spatulate, nerved; stem pubescent above, 3 — 5-flowered: invo-
lucre pubescent. 12 — 18 i.

divaricatum, Mx. (W. Au. 0.) decumbent, divaricate-branching: panicles sub-fasti-
giate; leaves subulate: florets qf the disk 4-cleft.

19 — 4. Eriocau'lon. 13. June. ton.

pellu'cidum, Mx. (pipe-wort. W. g. Au. 71.) scape very slender, about 7-striped:
leaves linear-subulate, channelled, glabrous, pellucid, 5-nerved, reticulate: head
small, globose: scales of the involucre oval-obtuse. Grows in water. 6 — 12 i.
D. T. C. M. Mch.

decangulare, Mx. (2) (tall pipe-wort. w. S. If.) scape lO-striped: leaves ensiform,
glabrous: heads large, depressed-globose: scales of the involucre ovate, acute:
chaff" of the receptacle mucronate. 3 — 4 f S. P. Y. S — C.

fiavidulum, Mx. (Ju. 0. or 2i.) scapes numerous, about 7-furrowed, sub-pubescent:
leaves short, subulate-ensiform: head convex; scales of the involucre roundish. 2
_4 i. S.

gnaph'idoides, Mx. (3) (Ju. 2J!.) scape sub-compressed, with 10 grooves: leaves short,
subulate, ensiform, glabrous: heads hemispheric-convex: the involucre consists of
shining scarious, oval, round-obtuse scales. 10 — 14 i. S. Sheffield, Mass.

Southern,
villosum, Mx. (M. S. 2X.) scapes numerous, compressed, about 4-furrowed, villous:
leaves short, subulate, linear, hairy: head small, spherical: corol nearly black.
12 i. Charleston, S. C.

3—1. Erioco'ma. 10. Gram. far. ton.

Southern.

membranacea, Ph. (4) (W.) leaves convolute-filiform, glabrous: panicle lax: pedicels

flexuose: glumes membranaceous, 3-nerved, long acuminate: paleas shorter than the

glumes, silky-villose, hairs exceeding the paleas: awn naked, straight, a little

longer than the glumes.

9 — 2. Eeigo'num. 28. Poly. cat. coo. lax.

parvifoUum, S. (W.) calyx naked: cauline leaves petioled, alternate, ovate, revolute,
shining above, rusty tomentose beneath.

Eriocaulon. Gr. erion, wool, a.nd kaulus, a stem; in allusion to the velvety stem of

some species.
Eriocoma. Gr. erion, wool, and kome, a lock of hair; from the hairy corol.
Erigonum. Gr. erion, wool, and o-owe, the knee, the stem of this plant being woolly

at the joints.

(1) umflorum, W.'? hirsutum, Ph. (2) serotinum, Wr. (3) decangulare,

Wr. compressum, Lk. (4) cuspidatum, N. Stipa, Ph.

ERIGONUM, ERODIUM. ^37

latifolium, S. (W.) calyx naked: cauline leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, undulate,
white downy above, white- woolly beneath; petioles clasping.

tenellum, T. «fe J. (W. Zf.) stem dichotomous, naked, slender, very glabrous: branches
elongated, bearing fascicles of flowers at their extremities: flowers very minute:
divisions of the calyx roundish, obtuse, glabrous: leaves ovate, sub-cordate, white-
downy beneath, (both sides when young) pubescent above. 12. i.

umbdlatum, T. »fc J. (W. 2X0 stem naked, simple: peduncles elongated, (about in
sixes) umbelled, bearing a single involucre at the apex: calyx glabrous: divisions
obovate narrow at the base, obtuse: leaves obovate-spatulate, woolly beneath, some-
what glabrous above. 8 i.

Southern.

tommtosum, Mx. (Ju. 7i-) leaves oval, wedge-form at the base, glabrous above,
white-downy beneath; cauline leaves in threes and fours: fascicles of flowers axil-
lary solitary, sessile, 2 f Charleston, S— C. Florida.

serictuin, Ph. (1) W. y. Ju. 2_f.) stem simple, naked: flowers fascicled, in terminal
umbels, peduncled: umbel involucred: divisions of the calyx oblong, acute, silky-
lanate: radical leaves petioled, lance-oblong, villose above.

paucijlorum, Ph. (W. w. 2i.) stem simple, leafy at the base: umbel few-flowered:
flowers sub-sessile: leaves lance-linear, hoary-tomentose on both sides.

3 — 1. Erioph'oruji. 9. Cype. far. nut. sug.
1 . Spike solitary.

alpbium, L. (2) (Au. 2£.) culm triquetrous, somewhat scabrous, naked: leaves very
short, subulate: spike oblong: woolly hairs crisped, few. 8—10 i. Whitehills.

virginatum, L. (3) (Ju. 21.) culm terete below, obtusely-triangular above, smooth and
rigid; sheaths inflated: spike oblong-ovate: glumes scarious: wool straight, dense.
12 i. N. V. T.

2. Spikes numerous.

polysta'chjon, L. (4) (cotton grass. W. Ju. 2i.) leaves flat, triquetrous at the extremi-
ties: culm nearly terete: spikes nodding: peduncles scabrous. 18 — 24 i. Y. V.
F. P. O. C. B. N. D.

virginicum, L. (moss-crop, J. 2i-) culm nearly terete below, obtusely triangular
above: leaves flat, very long: spikes clustered, eiect, sub-sessile: involucre 2 — 3-
leaved. Var. gracile, culm very slender, leaves almost filiform. 2 — 4 f. S. B>
N. W. C. Y. T. P. D.

angustifulium, Roth. (J. 2i.) culm somewhat triangular: leaves channelled, trique-
trous: peduncles very smootii. Var. mcgastacliyon, culm somewhat triangular,
short: involucre longer than the umbel: spikes peduncled, very large. Dr. Torrey
thinks the E. angustif'oUum, of Wiild: is not found in this country, and the one so
called by authors is a variety of the E. polystacliyon. C. T. B.

15 — 5. Ero'dium. 73. Geran. ast. aro.

cicutarium, W. (hemlock geranium. W. Ap. p. 0.) stem prostrate or diff'used, rough-
haired: leaves gash-pinnate; segments sessile, gash-pinnatifid: peduncles double,
many-flowered: petals unequal. Var. bipinnatum, W. caulescent, diffuse: segments
pinnatifid, with linear lobes. 6 i.

Exotic.

ciconium, (stork-bill geranium. O.) peduncles many-flowered: leaves pinnate; leafets
pinnatifid, toothed: petals oblong, obtuse: stem ascending.

Eriophorum. Gr. erion, wool, and pliero, to bear, because the seeds are covered with

a long down.
Erodium. Gr. erodios, a heron, because the fruit resembles the head and beak of that

bird.

(l)flavum, N. (2) hudsonianum, M.\-. Trichophorum, Ph. (3) cespitosum, Ph.
(4) tenellum, N. angustifolium, Bw?

2S8 ERODIUM, ERYSIMUM.

TOOSfAa^Mm, (musk geranium. 0.) peduncles many-flowered: leaves pinnate; leafets
sub-petioled, oblong, gash-toothed: petals equalling the calyx: stem procumbent.

16 — 10. Erv0m. 93. Legu. asc. ton — .

Mrsutran, W. (I) (creeping vetch. L. p. J. 0.) peduncles many-flowered; legumes
hirsute, 2-seeded: leafets Unear, cruncate. C. Y.

Ervum, Vicia.

5 — 2. Eryn'gidm. 60. Umbe. stem, or nar. if nau.

4iquaiicum, Ju. (2) (button snake root. W. w-b. Ju. Z(.) leaves ensiform, fringed with
soft spines; floral leaves undivided, very short. 3 — 4 f. S. P. S — C. K. Mcli.

virginiamim, Lk. (3) (g. & b. Ju. 2_C-) very tall: leaves long-lanceolate, serrate:
involucre much longer than the heads: chaff 3-cuspidate. 4 — 6 f. S. P. Y. C.

.ovalifoliuvi, Mx. (4) (sea-holly. W. L. b. Ju. Z{.) leaves spatulate-ovata, irregularly
toothed: heads shorter than the involucre; chaff equally 3-cuspidate. 2 — 3 f. jS.
P. Y. S— C.

diffusum, T. & J. (W. w? 0.) stem dichotomous-branched, diffuse: leaves all digi-
tate-palmate; divisions oblong, gash-serrate, spinous: little heads sub-globose:
leafets of the involucre 4 to 6, 3-cleft, gash-serrate, longer than the heads: geim
squamose. 6 — 8 i. R.

petiolatum, H. ( ) stem dichotomous above: leaves with parallel nerves, lanceolate,
attenuated into a long petiole, jemotely ciliate-spinose: upper ones narrow, sessile;
leafets and clialFs of the involucre subulate, ciliate-spinose, rigid, twice as long as
the little globose head. R.

americanuni. Wr. ( ) leaves entire; radical ones roundish; cauline ones lance-
ovate, trifid at the summit: stem procumbent. Carolina.

Sojiihciii.
/(B'tidum, W. (Ju. 21.) radical leaves lanceolate, serrate; floral leaves many-cleft:
stem dichotomous. 1 f.

aromat'icum, Bald. (S. Oc. 21-) stem leafy: leaves cuspidate, pinnate, 3-cleft at the
summit, cartilaginous along the margins: involucre 5-leaved; leaves 3-cleft: chaff
3-pointed. 9—10 i.

gracile, Bald. (Ju. C;J-) leaves petioled, oval, entire: stem branching, slender: heads
numerous, very small: involucre 2-leaved, 3-cleft, linear. K.

plukcntei, E. (w-b. J.) leaves long, linear-lanceolate, serrate: involucre 8-leaved,
longer than the head; leafets dissected; chaff" 3-awned. 2 f.

prostralum, N. ( W. ![.) surculus creeping, filiform: leaves petioled, ovate, not prickly,
membranaceous— some entire and others having teeth and lobes increasing from
the base: little heads axillary, peduncled, ovate: leaves of the involucre .5, oblong-
linear, entire, deflexed: chaffs linear, small, sometimes none: calyx papillose with
vesicles. Arkansas.

baldicini, Sr. (W. ) leaves petioled, oval: stem very branching, slender, oflen
prostrate: little heads numerous, minute: leafets of the involucre twice 3-parted;
lobes linear, somewhat toothed at the base. Florida.

14 — 2. Ery'simum. (-5) 03. Cruc. asc. ase.

lanceolatum, Hk. (W. ) pubescence two-parted, close-pressed, every where rough
and white: stem sub-simple: leaves lance-linear, lower ones mostly toothed: claw
longer than the calyx: pod long, erect: stigma eniarginate. Canada.

elalum, N. (y. ^ .) somewhat scabrous: the hairs on the stem fixed by the middle, on
the leaves 3 to 4-parted: stem tall and simple: radical leaves usually runcinate;
cauline lanceolate, remotely denticulate, attenuated at each extremity. Oregon.
3—5 f

Ervum. Lat. ervum, from eruo, to pluck out, because it was troublesome in fields.

Eryngium. Gr. eni^rgion, the name of a prickly plant, which Dioscorides declares
to be a specific against flatulence, from crcii^o, to eruct.

Erysimum. Obscure: it is said to be from Gr. cruo, to draw, because it makes blis-
ters, and is a cure for the sore throat.
(1) Vicia mitcheIIa,R. (2) yuccifolium, Mx. (3) aquaticum, Mx. (4) vir-

gatum, Lk. iategrifolium, Wr. (5) Sisymbrium of Authors.

ERYSIMUM, ESI'ELETIA. 239

parriforum, N, (y. ^ or 21.) canescent and scabrous: stem low and simple: leaves all

linear or somewhat lanceolate, almost wholly entire: siliques erect: petals scarcely

longer than the calyx. 2 — 4 i. Rocky Mts.
pumilum, N. (y. Q.) somewhat scabrous: leaves linear, all entire: siliques flatly

4-sided, very long erect: pedicels very short: stigma small, nearly entire: petals

longer than the calyx. 2—4 i. Rocky Mts.

Southern,

cheiranthoides, ( g. ) leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate, somewhat scabrous, green:
siliques erect, spreading, twice as long as the pedicels; stigma small, sub-sessile.
Flowers small. Virginia, Louisiana. D.

asperum, (W. ) leaves linear-oblong; lower ones tooth-runcinate, all scabrous
pubescent: siliques spreading; style sliort and thick. Missouri.

arkansanum, N. (y. |^.) sliglilly roughened with appressed hairs, which on the stem
are fixed by the middle, and on the leaves 3-parted: stem simple: leaves oblong-
lanceolate, runcinately and sinuately toothed, attenuate at the base: siliques elon-
gated, nearly erect, tapering at the summit: stigma 2-lobed. \\ — 3 f. Arkansas.
Texas.

grandiflorum, N. (y. March.) dwarfish, slightly roughened, with appressed, forked,
or stellate hairs: leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse, entire or somewhat angularly
lobed towards the base: petioles long and slender: flowers in capitate corymbs:
siliques very long, somewhat torulose: stigma conspicuously 2-lobed. 3 — 6 i.
Upper California.

Erysimum, Sisymbrium, Barbakea.

16 — 10. Erythri'na. 93. Legu. asc. ape.
Exotic.
crista-galli, (coxcomb evergreen, r. M.'h.) leaves ternate: petioles prickly, glandular:
stem unarmed.

Southern.
herbacm, W. (r. M. If.) small: leaves ternate; leafets rhoraboidal, glabrous: spikes
very long: stem herbaceous: prickly. 2 — 4 f. Florida. S — C.

6 — 1. Erythro'nium. 14. Lili. g-r. exp. sti.

americanum, S. (1) (dog-tooth violet, adder's tongue. O. y. Ap. 2X.) leaves lance-
oval, maculate: petals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at the point; inner ones 2-dentate
near the base: style clavate; stigma 3-lobed. (Stigmas 3, Elliott.) 6 — 8 i. S.
Mch.

albidum, N. (W. b-w. Ap. 2i.) leaves elliptical-lanceolate, not punctate: petals linear-
lanceolate, obtuse; inner ones without dentures, sub-unguiculale: style filiform:
stigma 3-cleft, lobes reflexed. 6 — 8 i. S. K. Near Albany. Rare.

bractcatum, Boott. (A. y. J. 21- ) scape bracted, shorter than the leaves: leaves lanceo-
late, very unequal: style clavate: stigmas united? Vermont.

grandiflorum, Ph. (W. w-y. J. 21.) petals lanceolate, sub-unguiculate, acute: germ
oblong: leaves linear-lanceolate. A species not satisfactorily defined. N.

Erythrorkiza, Galax. •

EschschoUzia, Chrtseis.

17 — 2. Espele'tia. 55. Inul. ton. sec-sti.

amplexicaulis, N. (y. 21'.) glabrous, shining: radicalleaves very long, lanceolate; cauline

ones clasping, sub-lance-ovate, acute: stem somewhat 3-flowered: akenes elliptic,

compressed. R.
helianlhoides, N. ( 7X.) villose: radical leaves very long, petioled, heart-hastate,

oblong, acute; cauline leaves lanceolate, long, petioled: stem somewhat 1-flowered:

leafets of the i.nvolucre smallish, lanceolate, acuminate. R.

Erythrina. Gr. Sruthros, red, from its scarlet flowers.

Erythronium. Gr. eruthros, red, in allusion to the color of the flower and leaves.
Espeletia. Gr. esper, evening, leitos, common. — Sed quero.
(1) lanceolatum. Ph. longifolium, Pt. dens-canis, W.

240 EUCHROMA, EUPATORIUM.

13—2. Euchro'ma. 36. Rhin. aro. ton. sti.

.eoccin'ea, W. (painted cup. W. y. & r. J. $.) leaves alternate, linear, gash-pin-
natifid; divisions linear: bracts dilated, generally 3-cleft, longer than the flowers:
calyx 2 cleft; divisions retuse, emarginate. Flowers yellow, with scarlet bracts.
One variety, pallens, has yellow bracts. 10—1(5 i. S. U. C. M. F. B. N. D.

Southern,
^andiflora, N. (W. g-w. M. 2i-) leaves and bracts mostly 3-cleft; segments divari-
cate: calyx 4-cleft, partly oblique: corol longer than the calyx: divisions of the
lower lip acuminate. Bracts nol colored.

5 — 2. EuLo'pHus. 60. Umbe. stom. or nar. if nau.

amhiguus, N. (y. If.) glabrous, branching: Jeaves somewhat gash-biternate: lobes
narrow-linear; petioles becoming tumid sheaths at the base: little umbels crowded:
general and partial involucres wanting: root tuberous. R.

triternatus, N. ( y. Zf.) finely pubescent: stemless: leaves gash-biternate, with
the partitions sub -divided in the middle; divisions narrovv-linear, long, acute: pe-
tioles becoming narrow sheaths; little umbels crowded: involucres many-leaved,
narrow. R. Seseli triteinatum? Ph.

Southern,
americanus, Nut. (W.) root tuberous, oblong, fasciculate: stem terete, fistulous.
Arkansas.

5 — 1. Euon'ymus. 95. Celas. cat.

-atropurpu'reus, Ju. (spindle tree. W. p. J. fp.) leaves petioled, lance-oblong, acumi
nate, serrate: peduncles divaricate, many-flowered; flowers 4-cleft: fruit smooth,
red. 4—5 f. S. P. Y. R. M. D. Mch.

■americanus, W. (burning bush. W. r-y. J- ^•) branches 4-angled, smooth: leaves
sub-sessile, lance-oval, acute, serrate: peduncles about 3-flowered; flowers all 5-
cleft: fruit warty-muricale, red. Var. sarmentosus, N. stem sarmentose, often
rooting, acutely 4-angled: leaves sub-sessile, opake, lance-oval, acute, obtusely-
serrate; serratures generally undulate. 3 — 4 f. S. Y. P. D. M. Mch.

Southern.
■<mgustifoUus, Lyon. ( Ju. ^.) branches 4-angled: leaves long-linear-elliptic, some-
what ensiform, nearly entire: peduncles about 1 -flowered; flowers all 5-clefl: fruit
roughened, warty. A doubtful species. Elliott.

17 — 1. Eupato'rium. 55. Eupa. ton. sec-stim. feb.
1. Involucres not more than h-flowered.

hyssopifolium, L. (hyssop thorough-wort, hemp-weed, w. Au. 2X.)stem erect: lowest

leaves opposite, lance-linear, sub-dentate: corymb sub-fastigiate: style much longer

than the corol. 2 f. &'. C. S— C.
linearifolium, Wr. (w. S.) stem sub-procumbent, villose towards the summit: cauline

leaves opposite, lance-linear, rarely dentate, sometimes clustered: style as long as

the corol. 1—2 f. S.
sessilifolium, W. (W. w. Au. 21-) leaves sessile, clasping, distinct, lance-ovate,

rounded at the base, serrate, very glabrous: stem somewhat glabrous. 2 f. S.

P. Y. F. N. T. M. Mch.
truncatum, W. (w. Ju. >>.) leaves sessile, clasping, distinct, lanceolate, truncate at

the base, serrate, somewhat glabrous: stem pubescent. S. P.

Euchroma. Gr. eu, beautiful, chroma, color; alluding to the scarlet bracts.

Eulophus. Gr. eulophos, crested; from the appearance of the seed.

Euonymus. Gr. eu, good, nomas, name; probably a favorite remedy, deserving a

good name.
Eupatorium. Dedicated to Eupator or Mithridates, King of Pontus; who first used

it as a counter poison.

EliPATORIUM. 241

tilbum, L. (Au. Z[.) 'c^^^3 Bub-se?sile, lance-oblong, roughish, serrate: inner scales
of the involucre long, lanceolate, scarious, colored. 18 — 24 i. S. P. S — C. K.

lanceotaium, W. (Au. 21-) leaves sessile, distinct, lance-oblong, scabrous, deeply ser-
rate at the base: scales of the involucre 1-colored. S. P.

verbenaefoUum, Mx. (1) (w. Au. If.) leaves sessile, distinct, lance-ovate, rugose,
scabrous; upper ones with coarse teeth at the base, and with the summit entire.
2 f *'. P. Y. W. C. B. M. n. N.

melissioideSj W. (w. Au. 2X.) leaves petioled, ovate, obtusish, obtusely serrate, veiny,
somewhat glabrous. 1—2 f P.

rotundi/oliuin, W. (w. Au. Zf.) leaves sessile, distinct, deltoid, roundish, somewhat
glaucous, obtusely-serrate, veiny: scales of the involucre acuminate. 12 — 18 i. S.
P. S-C.

puhescms, W. (2) (w. Au. If.) leaves sessile, distinct, ovate, sub-scabrous, veiny;
lower ones doubly serrate, upper ones sub-serrate: stem panicled, pubescent;
branches fastigiate. 18—24 i. S. Y. P. B. N.

altiss'imum, W. (W. w. Au. 21.) leaves sub-sessile, lanceolate, 3-nerved, tapering to
both ends, pubescent; lower ones serrate in the middle. 3—7 f. S. P. F.

amocnurti, Ph. (A. p. S. li.) leaves with short petioles, opposite and in threes, lance-
oblong, acute at both ends, serrate, sub-glabrous, sub-rugose, net veined beneath:
corymb fastigate, crowded: scales of the involucre oblongy colored, acutish. 2 f.

irifoluitum, W. (3) (p. Au. 2X0 leaves petioled, in threes or fours, ovate^ and oval,
acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath, punctate. 3—4 f. & C. Y. N. F. P.

2. Involucre more, than ^-Jhwered.

ceanoUnfolium, W. (Au. 21.) leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, toothed, 3-nerved,
somewhat glabrous: involucre 5 — 10 flowered. 2 f .S'. K.

purpu'reum^ L. (trumpet weed, purple thorough-wort, joe-pye. O. p. Au. 21.) leaves
in fours or fives, petioled, lance-ovate, serrate, rugose-veined, roughish: stem hol-
low. Var. liievigiitum, involucre about .5-flowered: leaves in fives, petioled, lanceo-
late, very glabrous both sides, slender: stem hollow, smooth, sub-glaucous. 4 — 6 f.
,S. Mch.

macubitum, W. (VV. p. Au. H.) leaves in fours or fives, lance-ovate, unequally serrate,
pubescent beneath: stem solid, furrowed. 4 — .5f. »S'. P. Y. W. C. N.

certicillMlum, W. (4) (joe-pye's weed. VV. p. Au. 21.) leaves petioled, in threes or
fouis, lance-ovate, acuminate at eacii end, unequally serrate, somewhat glabrous*
stem solid, smooth. 6—7 f. iS. B. C. T. D. F. P. N. Mch.

punctntum, W. (W. p. Au. 2f.) leaves in fours or fives, petioled, ovate, 'acuminate,
serrate, scabrous both sides: stem solid, terete. Is this a variety of the lasf N.
3—5 f P. Y. O. D. F.

perfoliatiumi (5) (boneset, thorough-wort. O. w. Au. 2X-) leaves connate-perfoliate»
oblong-serrate, rugose, downy beneath: stem villose. 2f »S. Mch.

coelesti'num, W. (b. Au. 2X0 leaves pelioled, heart-ovate, obtusish, 3-nerved, obtusely
serrate, slightly scabrous: involucre many-leaved, many-flowered (30 — 40:) re-
ceptacle conic. 2 — 3 f. S. P. Harper's Ferry. M. Mch.

ovatum, Bw. (w. Au. 2f.) hairy, scabrous: leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, obtusely
dentate: corymb fastigiate: mvolucre about 8-flowered. 3 — 4 f B.

•aromatkiim, Mx. (6) (w. Au. H-) leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, (ovate. Ph.) acute,
3-nerved, obtusely serrate, somewhat scabrous: flowers corymbed: scales of the
involucre ?ub-equal. 2 £ S. B. M. S— C.

ageraloides^ W. (7) (w. Au. 21.) leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, un-
equally and coarsely toothed, serrate, glabrous: corymb many- flowered, spreading;
involucre simple. 2—4 f. S. V. C. T. P. O. F. N. White Mts. M. S— C.
Mch.

Southern.

foenkuhceum, W. (8) (y-w. S. 21.) stem panicled: leaves glabrous; lower ones pin-
nate; upper ones clustered; all filiform. 3 — 10 f. Charleston, S — C.

(1) teucrifolium, W. pilosum, Wr. (2) glandulosum, Mx. (3) temifolium,
G. E. (4) purpurerum, Mx. (5) connatum, Mx. (0) cordatum, Wr. (7) ur-
ticaefolium, Mx. Ageratum altissimum, L. ' (8) foeniculoides, Wr. Chryso-
coma capillacea, Mx.

31

243 EUPATORIUM, EUPHORBIA.

coTonojnfoUum, W. (1) (w. S. If.) stem panicled : lower leaves pinnatifid; divisions
lance-linear, denticulate; upper leaves undivided, linear, clustered; all punctate,
pubescent. 3 — 4 f.

cuncifolium, W. (w.) leaves petioled, obovate-lanceolale, slightly serrate at the sum-
mit. 3-nerved, pubescent on both sides. 1 f.

falcatuin, Mx. (W.) without hair: leaves in fours, lance-oval, acuminate at each end,
sub-falcate, sparingly serrate: outer scales of tlie involucre short, oval.

pinnatijiduin, E. (w. S. Zf.) leaves pinnatifid: lower ones verticillate; upper ones
alternate; divisions linear, pubescent: flowers corymbed. 3 — 4 f. S — C.

glauccsens, E (w. S.) leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, obtusely serrate, entire at the
base, 3-nerved, somewhat glaucous, pubescent: flowers corymbed. 2 f.

parvifloruin, E. (w. S.) leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, very acutely serrate, pubes-
cent on both sides: flowers corymbed, small: akenes angled. 2 f.

serotinum, Mx. (w. S.) leaves petioled, lance-ovate, tapering towards the summit,
acute, coarsely and acutely serrate, 3-nerved, pubescent: scales of the involucre
imbricate. 5—6 f. H. S— C. K.

incarnatum, Wr. (p. Oc.) leaves long, petioled, deltoid, cordate, acute, obtusely tooth-
ed, 3-nerved, thin, nearly glabrous: scales of the involucre nearly equal. 2 f

torreyaimm, (S.) leaves ternate and opposite, sub-sessile, narrow-lanceolate, coarsely
serrate, three-nerved, punctate beneath, glabrous above. 2 f Found on dry sand-
stone knobs in the barrens of Kentucky near Mammoth Cave.

19 — 1.* Euphor'bta. 96. Euph. ton. iri. cat — . poi — .

1. Floicers with iuvolucred umbels. (2)

coroiZaia, W. (W. Ju. 2|.) umbel 5-cleft, 3-cleft, and dichotomous: involucels and

leaves oblong, obtuse: petals obovate, and resembling appendages of the calyx.

Var. anffustifolia, E. leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, paler and hairy beneath:

umbel 3^cleft; rays elongated: upper branches dichotomous. 1 — 2 f. S. Y. T.

P. H. N. D. M. S— C. Mch.
peplus, W. (wild caper, W. Ju. ^.) umbel 3-cleft, dichotomous: involucels ovate:

leaves entire, obovate, petioled. S. P. K.
obtusata. Ph. (W. Ju. 2i-) umbel 3-rayed, twice dichotomous: involucels ovate,

obtusish, sub-cordate: leaves alternate, sessile, spatulate, serrulate, smooth: capsule

muricate. 12—18 i. S.
mercuri'ali'na, Mx. (W. Ju. 2i.) stem slender, weak, simply 3-cleft: leaves opposite

and ternate, sub.-sessile, oval, entire: peduncles terminal, solitary, 1-flowered.

». P.
pilosa, W. (W. Ju. 2_f.) umbel with 5 primary rays, bifid: involucels ovate: leaves

lanceolate, somewhat hairy, serrulate at the extremity: petaloid segments of the

involucre entire. 1 — 2 f. i^.
helioscopia, L. (0.) umbel with .5 primary rays, bifid: involucels obovate: leaves

wedge-form, serrate, glabrous: capsules smooth. 12 — 18 i. T. B. Mcli.
kerronii, Riddell. (Au. S. #•) root small, branching and fibrous: stem erect, pilose:

branches .decussately opposite: petioles ciliate, half as long as the leaves; lower

leaves rhomb-ovate; those of the involucre lance-linear, dentate-serrulate, pilose

above, veins and midrib very liairy beneath: umbels small, terminal, involucred and

few-flowered. Middletown, O.

Euphorbia. Dedicated to Euphorbus, the physician of Juba, king of Mauritania,

who first used it in medicine.

(1) compostifolium, Wr. Chrysocoma coronopifolia, Mx. (2) This section

comprises the genus Esula, 2d ed.

*Authors have diflfered much in regard to the location of this plant in the Linnean
system. Linneus placed it in the Polyandria monogynia in his first edition — in the
Dodecandria trigynia in his sixth. Smith, Persoon, Muhlenburgh, and Bigelow, fol-
low Linneus. Darlington places it in the Monoecia polyandria. Nuttall says, the
stamens are attached to the involucre, by which he supposes them sufficiently united
to be placed in the Monoecia monadelphia. But it appears to me, that the German
botanist, Roeper, has demonstrated in his Enumeraiio Eiiphorbiarum, that it belongs to
Monoecia monandria. He has shewn that each stamen has a distinct location, with-
out any connexion with the pistil or with any other stamen.

EUPHORBIA, EUPHRASIA. 243

2. Flowers not in involucred umbels.

hypericifolia, W. (spurge, eye bright. W. Ju. 0.) dicliotomous, glabrous, very branch-
ing, sub-erect, spreading: leaves opposite, serrate, oval-oblong, sub-falcate, short
petioled: corymb terminal and axillary. Var. Idrsuta, T? stem slender, hairy;
leaves oblong, smootli, serrulate. 12—18 i. S. B. C. F. T. M. S— C.

maculata, L. (1) (W. Ju. O. Q.) stem procumbent, or erect, branching, hairy: leaves
opposite, oval or oblong, serrulate, oblique at the base, short petioled, smooth
above, hairy, and pale beneath; Howers solitary and axillary, much shorter than
the leaves. 6—12 i, S.

polygonifolia, Jn. (W. Ju. 7i>) very glabrous, diiFused, succulent: leaves opposite,
entire, lance-linear, obtuse at the base: flowers solitary, axillary: stipules simple.
Y. P. B. C. D. F. S— C. M. Mch.

ipecaman' hue, (W. Ju. 21- ) procumbent, small, glabrous: leaves opposite, oboval or
lanceolate: peduncles axillary, elongated, 1 -flowered. & Y. P. F. M.

poTtulacoides, Ph. (W. Ju. 21.) erect: leaves entire, oval, retuse: peduncles axillary,
1-flowered, as long as the leaves. A variety of the corollata? T. &'. P.

dentata, Mx. (W. Ju. ^.) hairy: leaves opposite, oval, dentate: flowers crowded at
the summit of the stem. S. P.

Exotic.

latJiyrus, (spurge caper. J. ^.) umbel 4-cleft, dichotoraous: leaves opposite, entire,
lanceolate, pointing four ways.

Southern.

cyathophora, W. (O. Ju. ^.) somewhat shrubby: leaves petioled, ovate, slightly
toothed, panduriform; upper ones and involucres colored: flowers sub-umbelled.
2 f.

gramini folia, Mx. ( ) small, erect, branching at the base, finely pubescent: leaves
scattered, linear, entire; upper ones discolored at the base: flowers fascicled,
terminal.

thymifulia, L. (W. ) procumbent, slender, pubescent: leaves opposite, oval-oblong,
obtuse, slightly serrate near the summit: heads axillary, clustered, nearly sessile.

puhentissima, Mx. (W. Ju. 21.) erect, very pubescent; stem somewhat diejiotomous:
leaves opposite, sessile, oval, sub-cordate, obtuse: peduncles solitary.

marginata^ Ph. (W. w. Ju. 0.) umbel 3-cleft, twice dichotomous: involucre leaf-like;
involucels oblong, cordate, colored, membranaceous at the margin; leaves lance-
oblong, sub-cordate-clasping, acute, becoming glaucous, glabrous: petal-like appen-
dages of the calyx roundish: capsules pilose.

cordifolia, E. (w. M. 0.) procumbent, glabrous, branching: leaves small, opposite,
broad-oval, entire, cordate at the base: flowers axillary, solitary. 8 — lb i.

gra'cilis, E. (J. 21- ) stem erect, dichotomous, glabrous; leaves opposite, remote,
sessile, lance-linear: peduncles solitary, in the divisions of the stem, longer than
the leaves. 12 i. S— C.

paniculata, E. (Au. ) umbel 3-cleft, dichotomous: flowers terminal, somewhat pani-
cled: leaves oval, sessile, slightly hairy beneath: stem sometimes hairy. 1 — 2 f.
S-C.

hez'ago'na, N. (W.) tall, slender, very branching: leaves linear; flowers in axillary
clusters.

variegata, leaves oval, entire, wavy, edged with white: capsules smooth: stem hairj'.
Missouri. Louisiana.

13 — 2. Euphra'sia. 36. Rhin. aro. ton. nar — . ast. — .

officinalis. W. (eyebright. w. Ju. 0.) leaves ovate, obtusely toothed: lower divisions

of the lipemarginate. P. Canada.
latifolia, W. (Ap. Ju. 0.) leaves ovate, tooth-palmate: flowers spiked: corol tubular;

divisions of the lower lip obtuse. Labrador.

Euphrasia. Gr. euphraino, to exhilarate, alluding to its reputed joyful effects ii
disorders of the eyes.
(1) thjmifolia? Ph. depressa, E.

344 EVOLVULUS, FEKULA.

5—2. Evol'vulijs. 44. Conv. r. cat. ape.
Southern.
argenteus, Ph. (W. p. M. Zf.) stem simple, erect: leaves oblong, acute, silky-tomen-

tose on both sides; peduncles 1-flowered, shoit.
nummularis, (W. 0.) leaves roundish: stem creeping: flowers sub sessile.
sericeus, Sw. (1) (^.) leaves lanceolate, sessile, silky beneath: peduncles short,
1-flowered.

17 — 2. Eury'bia. 55. Aste. ton. sec-stim.

macrophylla, Cass. Described under Aster macroplnjllus.
corymbosa, Cass. Described under Aster corymbosus.

14 — 1. Eu'trema. 63. Cruc. asc. edi. s. slim.

edwardsii, R. Brown, (w.) silicles lanceojate: septum obliterated: leaves ovatsr

lanceolate, on long petioles. 2 — 4 i. Arctic America.
arenicola, Richards, (w.) silfcles broadly linear: septum complete, leaves spatulate-

oblong. 2—3 i. Arctic America.

4 — 1. Ex'acum. 4G. Gent, ton-bit.

pulchellum, Ph. (gentianella. L. r. Au. 0.) corol 4-cleft: calyx 4-parted; divisions
subulate: panicle corymbed: peduncles filiform.

19 — 12. Fa'gus. 99. Ciipu. emo. tim. f. nut. b. ast.

fer'rugi'nea, A. (red beech. O. y-w. M. Tj.) leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, pubes-
cent beneath, coarsely toothed, at the base obtuse, sub-cordate-oblique: nuts ovate,
acutely 3-sided. 40—60 f.

sylvatica, (2) Var. umericajia, (white beech, y-w. M. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate,
sHghtly toothed, ciliate at the margin, acate at the base: nuts ovate, 3-sided, ob-
tuse, mucronate. 50—100 f. S. T. F. Florida.

3 — 1. Fe'dia. (3) 56. Vale. ton. ver. bit. ner.

radiata, Mr. (4) (wild lamb lettuce, corn-sallad. W. w. J. 0.) stem dichotomous:
leaves spatulate-oblong, sub-entire: fruit pubescent, about 4-sided, naked at the
apex. 8—18 i. S. P. T. S— C.

chenopodifolia, Vh. (W. 0.) dichotomous: leaves ovate, acute, dentate below: cyme
naked, divaricate, dichotomous: filaments long. 8 i. M.

Exotic.
qlitoria, (lamb lettuce,) stem dichotomous: leaves lance-linear.

5 — 2. Fer'ula. 60. Umbe. s. stom. h. nar. if nau.

palmella, H. (W. w.) glabrous, somewhat stemless: leaves bipinnatifid, glaucous,
lon<r petioled, segments linear, obtusish, with the lower ones often a second time

Evolvulus. Lgit. evolvo, to roll outward, in opposition to Convolvulus.

Eurybia. Gr. eurus, broad, bia, a redundant adjunct: on account of the broad leaves.

Eutremgi. Gr. ew, elegant, trcino, to tremble; in allusion to the elegant tremulous

motion of the long-petioled leaves?
Exacum. The ancient name of a plant nearly related to Centaurium; derived from

Gr. ex, out, and ago, to drive; being reputed to expel poison from the stomach.
Fagus. Gr. phage, to eat; the fruit having been long known as edible.
Fedia. Gr. pheido, clemency; from its harmless, inert qualities.
Ferula. Lat. /mo, to strike; it being much used for whipping school-boys when

the stalk is dry; for it makes a great noise, without giving pain.

(1) nuttallianus, R. (2) sylvestris, Mx. (3) Valerianella, Dc. (4) Vale-
riana, W. Ph.

FERULA, FICUS. 245

pinnalifid: peduncle eomewhat sliorter than the leaves: involucre 0; involucels

unilateral, halved, palmate: disk flower-bearing. 9 i. A.
foenkula'cm, N. (W. y. M. 2i-) stemless, pubescent: leaves more than decompound,

somewhat biternate-pinnate; primary divisions dccuissate at the base; seo^meuts

shortish, narrow-linear, acutish; ultimate divisions 3-cleft: involucel halved, 5 — 7-

lobed. i f.
nultallii, Dc. (1) (W, w. M. 24;.) leaves radical, thrice ternate; leafets unequally-

sparingly toothed; ray umbels elongated: involucre and involucel nearly wanting:

scape radical.

3 — 2. Festd'ca. (2) 10. Gram. far. ton.

filatior, (fescue-grass. O. J. 7i-) panicle spreading, very branching, lax; spikelets
ovate-lanceolate, 4— 5-flowered; florets slightly armed: leaves flat: root creeping.
3—4 f.

fnyuriis, L.? (.T. ^- .) panicle slender, crowded, equal: spikelets about 4-flowered;
florets subulate, awned, hairy, monandjous. 6 — 12. i. S. S — C. M. Mch.

tmdlaJ W. (3) (W. J. C-.) panicle spiked, very simple, 1-sided: spikelets about 9-
flowered: bristles shorter than the subulate florets: culm filiform, angular above:
leaves setaceous. 8—15 1. S. P. W. Y. B. N. S— C.

durius'cula, L. (hard fescue-grass. J. 21.) panicle 1-sided, oblong, contracted: spike-
lets 5 — 6-flowered, nearly terete: florets terminated by short bristles: root fibrous.
Perhaps introduced. 12—18 i. S. Y. K.

rubra, L? (J. 21.) panicle I -sided, erect, spreading: spikelets teretish: florets longer
than the bristle at their tips: leaves pubescent above: root creeping. _ 18 i. P.

praien'sis, Hd. (W. J. Z£.) panicle spreading, branched: spikelets linear, many-
flowered, acute: leaves linear: root fibrous. P9,nicle sub-secund, nearly simple.
1— 2f M.

poaeoi'dcs, Mx. ('A'.) panicle somewhat crowded; lower branches simple: spikelets
alternate, oblong, sub-sessile, unarmed: leaves flat, very glabrous. Canada.

jiutaiis, W. (W. J. 21.) panicle diffuse, at length nodding: branches long, in pairs,
naked below: spikelets ovale, 3 — 5-fiovvered; florets somewhat obtuse, unarmed,
nerveless. 3 f S. Y. ?. C. O. M. N. D. Mch.

fasciculttris, Lk. (4) (Au. 0.) culm procumbent, geniculate: panicle sub-secund:
branches straight, spike-like: spikelets oppressed, 8— 10-flowered; florets armed:
leaves very long. 1 f .S'.

clandcstina, M. (VV.) panicle partly concealed in the sheaths: branches solitary, sim-
ple: spikelets 10-flowered; florets awned. 8 i. Y.

ovina, W. ( ) panicle contrasted: spikelets ovate, 4-flowered: paleas roundish:
leaves very narrow, rough. Mch.

Southern.

spicnta. Ph. (W. J.) spikelets alternate, sessile, erect, somewhat .5-flowered; florets
subulate, sub-glabrous, with along, scabrous awn: linear leaves and culm glabrous.

grandijiora, Lk. ( ) panicle simple, erect: spikelets very few, generally 7-flowered:
florets acute, distant.

parvi flora, E. (A p. 21.) panicle equal, slender, appressed: spikelets terete-subulate,
5-flowered, awned: glumes unawned. 12 — 18 i.

Festuca, Glyceria, Diakrhena, Uniola, Ceratochloa.

20—3. Fi'cus. 93. Urti. f. nut. sug. b. ton.
Exotic.

carica, (fig tree. g. Ju. Tp.) leaves cordate, 3 or 5-lobed, repand-toothed; lobes obtuse,
scabrous above, pubescent beneath. 5 — 8 f.

Festuca. In Celtic the word /es<, signifies pasture, food.

Ficus. A name as obscure as it is ancient, and nearly tJie same in many languages,

always ap[iUed to the fig.

(1) F. nudicaulis, N. Smyrnium nudicaulis, Ph. (2) Schenodorus, R & S.

(3) bromoides, Mx. octoflora, W; (4) polystachya. Ph. E. Mx.

246 FIMBRISTYLIS, FRANKENIA.

3 — 1. Fimb'ristjt'lis. (1) 9. C3'pe. far. nut. sug-

spadi'ceum, (Ju. Zf.) spikes ovate-lanceolate: involucre rigid, with one leaf longer
than the umbel: leaves subulate, teretish, striate. 2 — 3 f. jS. Mch.

ferrugincum, (2) (M. 2X-) stem compressed; angles near the summit scabrous: leaves
concave, those of the involucre unequally ciliate: spikes lanceolate, roundish.
1—3 f. S. P.

Southern.

castaneum, Mx. (Ju. Zf.) spikes ovate-oblong, obtuse: involucre 2-leaved, rigid, as
long as the compound umbel.

cylindricum, {!{..) spike cylindric, very obtuse: involucre about 1-leaved, rigid, equal-
ling the simple umbel.

6 — 1. Floer'kea. 92. Chrys. ton — . nut.

uliginosa, M. (3) (false mermaid. W. w-y. Ap. H-) leaves alternate; those under
water ternate, those above water quinate-pinnate. Grows in great quantities along
the south-east part of Lake Erie — often 1 f. Found in ditches between Albany and
Troy. S. T.

Forrestiera, Borya.

11 — 2. Fothergil'la. 78. Hama. ton.
Soudiem.
alnifolia,'W. (4) (witch alder, w. Ap. ];•.) leaves wedge-obovate, crenate-toothed
above. Var. major, has ovate-oblong leaves, subcordate. Var. acuta, has ovate-
acute leaves.

11—13. Fraga'ria. 92. Rosa. ast. f ref feb.

eirginiana, (.5) (wild strawberry. O. w. M. 2iO calyx of the fruit spreading, distinct:
hairs on the petioles erect, on the peduncles close-pressed: leaves somewhat gla-
brous above; pedicels generally few: receptacles of the carpels conic-oblong, or
ovate with carpels immersed.

canadensis, Mx. (mountain strawberry. W. w. M. 2I-) large: leafets broad-oval,
lateral ones manifestly petioled: pedicels numerous, recurve-pendulous: receptacles
of the carpel globose, honeycomb-scrobiculate, villose: calyx of the fruit erect,
cohering. Leaves darker green: carpels upon the external surface of the berrv-like
receptacle. S. P. D. T. Canada.

cJiilensis, Ehr. ( ) flov.'ers spreading: leafets broad-ovate, very obtuse, coarsely
serrate, coriaceous, rugose, beneath silky villose: peduncles and calyx silky. A. R.

Exotic,
vesca, (english strawberry, w. M. 2i-) calyx of the fruit reflexed: hairs on the petioles

spreading, on tiie peduncle close-pressed.
elatior, (hautboy strawberry, w. 21-) calyx of the fruit reflexed: hairs on the peduncle

and petiole spreading.
grandiflora, (pine-apple strawberry, w. 2X-) calyx of the fruit erect: hairs on the

peduncle and petiole erect: leaves coriaceous, somewhat glabrous above.

7 — 3. Frankenia. 82. Gary. emo.
Southern,
(rrandifolia, Cham, and Schlecht. ( ) leaves obovate-cuneiform, mucronate, with
revolute margins, railier coriaceous, very minutely hairy and ciliate, particularly at
the base: stem prostrate: branches and calyx minutely hairy. California.

Fimbristylis. Lat. fimhria, a fringe, and stylis, the style, alluding to the fringed style

of the flower.
Floerkea. In honor of Floerke, a German botanist.

Fothergilla. In honor of John FotherRill, an English cultivator of exotics.
Fragaria. ha.i.fragro, to smell sweetly, on account of the perfume of its fruit.
Frankenia. In honor of Prof John Frankenius, of Upsal, Sweden.

(1) Scirpus, L. Mx. &c. (2) puberulum, Vahl. (3) palustris, N. lacus- ^
trig, P. proserpinacoides, W. (4) gardeni, Mx. (5) glabra, Du Hamel.

FRASERA, FUCHSIA. 247

4 — 1. Frase'ra. 46. Gent. ton.

carolintensis, Wr. (1) (pyramid flower, Colombo root. AV. r. & y. .Tu. $.) leaves
whorled or opposite: flowers in clusters. Tonic, bitter, mild cathartic, and emetic.
Bw. 3—6 f. S. D. Mcli.

20—2. Frax'inus. 34. Olea. b. bit. ast.

samhucifolia, Mx. (black ash. O. M. >?.) leafets sessile, lance-ovate, serrate, rugose,
shining, round-oblique at the base: axils of the veins villose beneath: flowers naked,
not calycled. 5. Mch.

acttminnta, Lk. (2) (white ash. O. w-g. M. Tp.) leafets petioled, oblong, shining,
acuminate, very entire, or slightly tootiied, glaucous beneath: flowers calycled.
S. Mch.

pubescens, Wr. (3) (red ash. M. f-.) leafets petioled, oval-ovate, serrate; petioles and
branchlets downy beneath: flowers calycled. Var. longifol'ui, leafets narrow, lance-
ovate, sub-serrate. Var. latifolia, leafets ovate, broad, serrate, serratures obsolete
towards the middle. Var. sub pubescens, leafets oval-oblong, acuminate, sharply
serrate, sub-pubescent below, common petiole very glabrous. P. C. N. T. Mch.

juglandifolia, W . (4) (walnut-leaf ash, swamp ash. 5l. ^.) leafets petioled, ovate,
opake, serrate, glaucous beneath: axils of the veins pubescent: branchlets glabrous:
flowers calycled: leafets 6 to 15, long. S. P. W. T.

epiptera, Vahl. (5) (M. \^.) leafets lance-oval, sub-serrate: samaras wedge-form,
obtuse-emarginate at the apex, terete below. /S. P. Y.

platycarpa, Mx. (Ap. ^ .) leafets petioled, serrate, and, like the fruit, lance-elliptic. S. Y.

carolinlann, W. (Ap. >>.) leafets petioled, lanceolate, serrulate, shining, glabrous:
branchlets glabrous: flowers calycled. S.

ipiadrangulata, W. (blue ash. W. M. ^ .) leafets sub-sessile, lance-oval, serrate, pubes-
cent beneath: samara obtuse at each end. Mch.

Southern,
triplera, N. C^.) leafets obovate, entire, sub-sessile, tomentose beneath, oblique at
the base: fruit broad, obovate, generally 3- winged, tapering at the base.

6 — 1. Fritilla'ria. 14. Lili. diu. emo.
Southern.
ianceolata, Ph. (5) (W. p. Jn. If.) stem leaf3^ 1 — 2-flowered: leaves lance-linear

obtusish: lower ones whorled: petals lanceolate.
<ilba, N. (W. w. Ap. IS-.) glaucous: leaves remotish, alternate, sessile, oblong-linear,
flattish, oblique, obtuse, substriate beneath: flowers 1 — 3, axillary and terminal.
1 f.
atropurpurea, M. (br. ) leaves scattered, linear, acute: stem sub-3-floweied: petals
lanceolate, distinct at the base: stigma revolute, very long. 8 — 12 i. R.

Exotic,
impcrialis, (crown imperial, r. tt y. M. Zf-) flowers under a leafy crown nodding:

leaves lance-linear, entire. From Persia.
melcagris, (frittillary. guinea-hen flower, p. «& y. M. 21.) leaves alternate, linear,

channelled: stem 1 -flowered: nectary linear. Flower checkered.

8—1. Fu'cHsiA. 88. Hydr. ton—.
Exotic.
tnagellanica, Lk. (7) (ear-drop, r.) peduncles axillary, 1-flowered: leaves opposite
or in threes, very entire. Flowers pendulous.

Frasera. In honor of John Fraser, an American cultivator of exotics.

Fraxinus. Lat. fraxinus, the ash, supposed from Gr. jjhraxis, a hedge, from the use

sometimes made of it.
Fritillaria. Supposed from fritillus, a chess board, alluding to the chequered petals.
Fuchsia. In honor of L. Fuchs or Fuchsin, a noted German botanist.

(1) walteri, Mx. (2) concolor, Mx. americana, W. (3) tomentosa, Mx.

(4) caroliniana, Wm. (5) discolor, Mx. (6) LiHum kamschatkiense, W.

(7) coccinea, A.

248 FUIRENA, GALACTIA.

3 — 1. Fuire'na. 9. Cjpe. far. nut. sug;

squarrosa, Mx. (umbrella grass. W. Ju. 21- ) spikes clustered (5 — 6,) ovate: culrri
smooth: leaves ciliate: slieaths hairy: valves of the corol cordate-ovate. Var.
/ijtmiZfl, culm pubescent above: leaves smooth: throat of the sheaths hairy: spikes
1 — 3, terminal. Id i. <S'. Xai. pumila,,'6 — 6 1. Y. Charleston, S — C. Mch.

Southern.

his'pida, E. (Au.) leaves long, with the sheaths very hispid: stem hispid abdvef
heads many (5 — 8) clustered: valves of the corol ovate, niucronate. 1 — 2 f.

Fuirena, Vaginaria.

16 — 6. FcMA'KiAi 93. Legu. nut. asc. ape.

officinalis, {fumitory, r. J. C^.) stem branching, spread: leaves more than decom"
pound; leafets lance-wedge-form, gashed. Naturalized. 0 — 10 i. I have seen this
plant growing wild in extensive plats on fields and road sides, in the south part of
Barrington, Mass. G. C. Y. P. B. F. Canada.

Fumaria, CoRvoAtis.

16 — 10. Galactia. 93. Legu. nut. asc. ape^

glabella, Mk. (1) (milky-way plant, r. & w. .1. 2i.) prostrate, somewhat twining and
glabrous: leaves ternate;' leafets oval-oblong, obtuse, emarginate at both ends:
raceme axillary, as long as the leaves: legumes villose. S. Y. P. Peekskill.

mollis, Mx. (2) (r. & w. Ju. 21.) twining, having soft whitish pubescence: leaves
ternate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoothish, glaucous beneath: racemes axillary,
simple, elongated, few-flowered: legumes villose. ^'. Y. P.

Southern.

villosa, N. (p. Ju. 21.) densely pilose: leaves ternate; leafets oblong-ovate, obtuse,
pale beneath: racemes axillary, much longer than the leaves! flowers scattered on
short pedicels.

dliotti, N. (w. Ji 21.) leaves pinnate: leafets oval, emarginate, glabrous above, pubes-
cent beneath: racemes long, few- flowered.

pilosa, N. ( ) stem twining, minutely and retrorsely hirsute: leafets oblong-ovate,
finely hirsute on both surfaces, pale beneath: racemes much longer than the leaves:
flowers on short pedicels, scattered and remote: legume villous. North Carolina
to Florida; west to Louisiana and Arkansas.

jloridamt, T. (r-p. ) prostrate: whole plant tomentose, with a whitish pubescence:
leafets oval, very obtuse: racemes a little longer than the leaves: fascicles of flowers
approximated: pedicels half the length of the calyx: legume villous. Florida.

canescens, Benth. ( ) creeping, somewhat twining, canescent: leafets broadly ovate,
retuse, slightly hirsute above, silky pubescent beneath: peduncles fasciculate,
elongated, interruptedly few-flowered: calyx silky villous. Texas.

spiciformis, T. {p-T. ) stem nearly glabrous: leafets ovate-oblong, coriaceous, rather
acute, indistinctly veined, glabrous above, minutely hirsute beneath: racemes much
longer than the leaves; flowers approximated, and nearly sessile: legume slightly
falcate, pubescei:t. Florida.

hrarhypoda, T. (p. ) nearly glabrous: stem not twining: leafets oblong or linear-
oblong, somewhat coriaceous, reticulated, paler beneath, obtuse or emarginate:
petioles longer than the leafets; racemes shorterthan the petioles, few-flowered:
calyx villous. Middle Florida.

Fuirena. In honor of Geo. Fuiren, a Dutch botanist.

Fumaria. Lat. fumus, smoke, from the juice and odor having the same efftjct as

smoke on the eyes.
Galactia. Gr. gala, milk, the plant being milky in all its parts.

(I) Dolichos regularis, W. Ervum vokibile, Wr. (2) Hedysarum volubile, W.

GALACTIA, GALIUM, 249

eessiliflora, T. (p.) glabrous: stem erect, flexuous: leafets shorter than the petiole,
oblong-linear or linear, somewhat coriaceous, glaucous beneath, the terminal one
sub-sessile: racemes very short, sessile. 1 f. Florida, Alabama.

marginalis, Benth. (r. ) suffruticose: branches prostrate, somewhat silky-pubescent,
at length glabrous: leaves l-foliolute; leafet oblong-lanceolate or linear, narrowed
at the base, coi'iaceous, glabrous, with a marginal nerve beneath: peduncles very
short, axillary,' l~3-flovvered: calyx pubescent; segments as long as the tube. Texas.

6 — 1. Galan'thus. 17. Amar. r. erne.+ diu.

Exotic,
nivalis, (snowdrop, w. Ap. Zf.) leaves linear, keeled, acute, radical: scape 1-flowered.

17 — 3. Galar'dia. 55. Heli. ton. sec — . stim.

pinnatifida, T. & J. (W. y. p.) leaves pinnatifid: divisions lance-linear, somewhat
entire. 8 i.

Southern.

licolor, Lk. (1) (W. p. J. Zf.) leaves alteinate, sessile, lance-linear, acute, pubes-
cent, sparingly serrate, ciliate; cilia> hooked: flowers solitarjs terminal: scales of
the involucre lanceolate, acute, pubescent; outer ones refle.xed; inner ones erect:
chaff of the egret very entire, awned. Var. aristata, Ph. very liirsute, scabrous:
stem branching: leaves lance-linear, sessile: chaffs of the egret (5 — 7) ovate-lance-
olate, very long awned. 2 f Florida.

Galardia, Actinella, Leptopoda.

17 — ^2. Galatel'la. 55. Corym. ton. sec-stim.

ncmoralis, Cass. Described under Aster, by the specific name ledifolius^
graminifoliai Described under Aster, graminifolius.

5 — 1. Ga'lax. 83. Gala. ton—;.
Southern,
rotundifolia, Mx. (2) (A. w. J. Zf.) very glabrous: leaves round-reniform, toothed;-
spike very long.

Galega, Tephrosia.

13 — 1. Galeop'sis. 42. Labi, stom. ton.

tetra'hit, (flowering nettle, hemp nettle. O. r. w. Jn. 0.) the spaces between the

joints of the stem thicken upwards: leaves ovate, hispid, serrate, calyx prickly,

shorter than the corol: stem rough-haired. 1 — 2 f.
ladanum, (red hemp nettle. E. r. Ju. 0.) stem hairy: internodes not swollen: leaves

lanceolate, sub-serrate, hairy: upper lip of the corol sub-crenate. 1 f. B. M«.

Holyoke.

4 — 1. Ga'lium, 57. Stel. ast. dye.

1. Fruit glabrous.

trifidUm, W. (3) (bed-straw. W. w. Ju. U-) stem procumbent, scabrous backwards;
cauline leaves in fives; branch leaves in fours, linear, obtuse: scabrous at the mar-

Galanthus. Gr. gala, milk, and anthos, flower, alluding to its milky whiteness.
Galardia. In honor of M. Gaillard de Charrentonneau, a French amateur of botany.
Galateila. Gr. gala, milk, with a diminutive adjunct; on account of the milky juice

of the plant.
Galax. Gt. galax, milky; from the whiteness of its flowers.
Galeopsis. Gr. gale, a weasel, and opsis, appearance; from the grotesque figure of

the flower.
Galium. Gr. gala, milk, because one species will coagulate milk.

(1) lanceolata, Mx. (2) aphylla, W. Erythrorhiza, Mx. (3) Claytoni Mx
32

260 GALIUM, GAULTHERIA.

gin and on the nerves: fascicles terminal, few-flowered: pedicels short: corols

mostly 3-cleft. S. W. Y. P. T. B. C. N. F. Meh. K. M.
verum, (j-ellow bed-straw, y. Ju. 2i.) leaves whorled, about in eifrhts, linear, grooved,

entire, scabrous: flowers in dense panicles. Var. lulifoUum. leaves wedge-obovate.
tinctoriuin, (wild madder, dyer's cleaveia. O. w. Ju. 21-) stem diffuse, saioolhish:

cauline leaves in fives and sixes; branch leaves in lours, linear-acutish: peduncles

terminal, elongated, 2 — 3-flowered. 1 f. <S'. Mch.
oblusuin, Bvv. (W. \v. Ju. Z{.) stem srnooih, procumbent: leaves in fours, oblanceo-

lale, obtuse, rougli on the margin and midrib. B. T. C. Mch.
asprelluin, Ms. (rough bed-straw. O. vv. Ju. 2i-) stem diffuse, very branching, prickly

backwards: leaves in fives and sixes, lanceolate, acuminate; margins and nerves

prickly: pedicels sliort. 18 — 24 i. S. Mch.

2. Fruit hirsute.

brachiatum, Ph. (bed-straw, w. Ju. If.) stem limber, long, brachiate-ramose, hispid:
branches short: leaves in sixes, lance-oblong, acuminate, glabrous; margin and
keel ciliate: branches whorled, the longest dichotomous: pedicels 2- flowered: fruit
with hooks. S. V. Y. P. T. C. N. Mch.

aparine, (catch- weed, goose grass. W. w. J. ^.) stem limber, scabrous backwards:
leaves in about eig:hts, linear, and linear-obianceolate, mncronate, hispid above,
margin and keel prickly: fruit hook-bristled. 3—4 f. P. Y. W. B. C. O. N. F.
M.

micranfhum, Ph. (W. w. Ju. lU) stem very branching, prickly backwards: leaves
short, lanceolate, mucronate, glabrous; margin and keel prickly: pedicels about
2-flo\vered.

triflorum, Mx. (1) (O. vv. Ju. Zf.) stem procumbent, smoothish: leaves in fives or
sixes, lance-obovate, mucronate glabrous, scarcely ciliate at the margin: branchlets
3-flowered at the end; flowers pedicelled: fruit small. /S. Mch. M.

pilosum, A. (W. p. J. 21.) stem nearly simple, long, ascending, remotely geniculate,
hispid: leaves in fours, oval, short-mucronate, very hirsute both sides, nerveless:
branchlets nearl}' simple, about 3-flowered at the end: fiuit pilose. 1 f S. P.
Y. T. N. C. O. F. Mch.

circcE'zans, Mx. (2) (wild liquorice, cross cleavers. O. w-y. J. 2X.) stem erect,
smooth: leaves in fours, oval, acutish, smoothish; margins and nerves a little
ciliate; peduncles few-flowerd; flowers remote, sub-sessile: fruit with hooked
bristles. Leaves taste much like liquorice. 6 — 12 i. S. Mch. M.

lanceolutum, T. (W. p. Ju- 2i.) stem erect, very smooth: leaves in fours, lanceolate,
generally acute, smooth, 3-nerved. sub-ciliate at the margin: peduncles divaricate:
fruit sub-sessile, nodding, hook-bristled. 1 f. D. O. B. P. T. H. N. Owego.
Mch. K. M.

boreale, (3) (VV. w. Ju. 2|'.) stem stiffly erect, smoothish, branching: branches short,
erect: leaves in fours, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, with involute scabrous
margins: flowers panicled, terminal: fruit minutel}' hook-bristled. 12 — 24 i. T. Y.
P. E. C. O. F. N. Owego. Mch.

Southern.

latifolium, Mx. (A. p. Ju. ) stem erect, smooth: leaves in fours, oval, acute, mem-
branaceous, somewhat hispid on the margin: peduncles divaricate, loosely many-
flowered: fruit smooth. Carolina.

uniflonan, Mx. (p. J. 2X.) stem assurgent, smooth: leaves generally in fours, linear,
acute, revolute: peduncles generally solitary, 1-flowered: fruit smooth.

hispid' ulum, Mx. (w. M. 24..) stem procumbent, pubescent, much branched: leaves
in fours, lanceolate, dotted, scabrous: fruit scabrous. Carolina.

cuspidatum, Dc. ( 21.) stem prostrate, glabrous: leaves about in sixes, lance-acumi-
nate, thinly-ciliated: peduncles trifid: lobes of the corol acuminate: fruit pilose.
Hairs on the fruit long and white.

10 — 1. Gaul'theria. 51. Eric. h. ast. o. sto. stim.
proeumbens, (spicy wintergreen. O. w. J. 24- or ^.) stem procumbent: branches

Gaultheria. In honor of Dr. Gaulthier, a JVench botanist of Quebec.

(1) cuspidatum, M. (2) brachiatum, M. boreale, Wr. (3) strictum, 4th

ed. septentrionale, Dc.

GAULTHERIA, GEL6EMINUM. 951

erect: leaves obovate, acute at the base: flowers few, nodding. Berries red, ooo-
sisting in part of the permanent calyx; a little mealy; pleasant tasted. S.
Mch.

hispid' uhi, M. (1) (creeping wintergreen. W. w. M. ^.)stem creeping, hispid: leaves
oval, acute: flowers solitary, axillary, sub-sessile, having but 8 stamens, short-bell-
form. B. D. N. Mch.

skallon, Ph. (W. w. J- ^.) erect, fruticose: leaves ovate, sub-cordate, serrulate: ra-
ceme 1 -sided, bracted: pediclels 2-bracted in the middle. <S'.

8 — 1. Gziu'RA. 83. Onag. emo.

biennis, (virginian loosestrife, r. & y. Au. §.) leaves lanceolate, toothed: spike crowd
ed: fruit roundish-4-cornered, pubescent. 4 — 6 f. S. T. P. C. H. O. M. Peeks-
kill. Mch. S— C.

vilLosa, T. & J. (W. r.) herbaceous: stem panicled above, naked, very glabrous:
leaves silky-villose, lanceolate, acute, remotely toothed and entire: petals obovate,
obtuse: stamens declined: flowers octandrous: capsules linear-oblong. 3 f.

parvifolia, T. &. J. (W. r.) stem glabrous, panicled above: leaves linear, hirsute,
entire: flowers loosely spiked: petals roundish, with short claws: capsules ovate-
oblong, narrowing towards each end.

mara-inuta, Lehm. ( r.) stem ascending, base suffruticose: leaves lanceolate, re-
pand-dentate, sub-revolute, becoming whitish, with close pressed pubescence on
both sides: flowers in terminal spikes, whorls crowded, bracts linear, deciduous:
fruit becoming white. R.

glabra, Lehm. (r. ) stem ascending, base sufiruticose: leaves narrow-lanceolate, un-
dulate, very glabrous: spikes elongated: flowers alternate: bracts linear, persistent:
germs linear, 4-angled, glabrous. A.

parvijloru, Dg. ( ) stem herbaceous, erect, pilose: leaves oblong, acuminate, re-
mote-toothed, margin ciliate; in the young state somewhat velvety: spikes elonga-
ted: flowers minute, crowded: fruit distant, 4-angled, tapering at both ends, some-
what glabrous. 12 — 18 i. R. A.

Southern.

angustifolia, Mx. (2) (w. Ju. Zf.) leaves clustered, linear, repand, undulate: fruit
oblong, 4-angled, acute at each end. K.

coccinea, N. (W. r. 0. U.) silky-pubescent: leaves lance-linear, sub-denticulate: spike
crowded: petals as long as the calyx: stigma sub-entire. Var. integerrima, stems
numerous, hoary-sub-villose, simple: leaves lance-oblong, very entire, acutish,
narrow at the base: racemes lax, few-flowered: petals ovate, obtuse, with very nar-
row claws.

mollis, N. (VV.) leaves lanceolate, entire, clothed with soft hairs.

lini/ulia, N. (W. w.) stem erect, spaiingly branched, smooth: leaves smooth, sessile,
lance-linear, entire: midrib translucent: spike terminal, crowded, becoming much
extended after flowering: fruit triquetrous, shorter than the linear bracts. 3 — 4 f.

sinuata, N. (W. ) brandies and Ipaves with close-pressed hairs; leaves numer-

ous, linear sinuate: flowers long soiked: fruit distant, clavate, 4-sided at the apex,
tapering at the base and short pedicelled: angles tumid. Arkansas, and Red
River.

5 — 2. Gelsem'ikum. 47. Apo. acr. stim. r. bit. erne. sud.
So7Uhern.

sempervirens, W. (3) (y. March. 2S-) stem twining, smooth, glabrous: leaves oppo-
site, ppiennial, lanceolate, entire, dark-green above, paler beneath: petioles short.
Var. inodorum, has inodorous flowers. Florida. S — C.

Gaura. Gr. gauros, pompous or elated, from its rose colored flowers in fine terminal

spikes.
Gelseminurn. One of the ancient names of the jasmine.

(1) serpyllifolia. Ph. Vaccinium hispidulum, L. Oxycoccus hispidulus, P. Ar-
butus thymifolia, A. filiformis, Lk. (2) biennis, Wr. (3) Bignonia, W.

25^ GENISTA, GERANIUM.

16—10. Genista. 93. Leg. nut. asc. ape.
Exotic,
tinctoria, (dyers broom, wood waxen, y. Au. Zf.) leaves lanceolate, glabrous: branches
terete, striate, erect, unarmed: legumes glabrous. 1 f. B. Peekskill.

5 — 2. Gentia'na. 46. Gent. r. ton. bit. alli. dysp. ust.

saponaria, (1) (soap gentian. O. b. &. w. S. 2|.) stem terete, glabrous: leaves lance-
ovate, 3-nerved: flowers sessile, fascicled, terminal and axillary: corol 5-cleft, bell-
ventricose, almost closed at the top; inner folds tootlied. i.2 — 18 i. iS'. Mch.

pchrokuca, Frl. (2) (marsh gentian. W. y. 6l b. S. 21- ) stem somewhat angled, gla-
brous: leaves lance-ovate; flowers sessile, fascicled, terminal: corol 5 — 10 cleft, bell-
ventricose; divisions acute; inner folds simple, acute. If .V. Mch.

fubricaulis, Bz. & Keating (W.) stem terete, glabrous, red: leaves lance-oblong, 3-
nerved, obtuse: flowers terminal, fascicled, sessile: corol 5-cleft, bell-form, not
ventricose; divisions acute, connivent; inner fold 1-toothed. If. K.

pneumvnantha, (calathian violet, b. Au. If.) stem terete: leaves-linear, obtusish:
floweis terminal, fasicled: lateral ones solitary, peduncled: corol 5-cleft. bell-form;
divisions roundish; inner folds with one acute tooth. If. S. P. B. Canada.

angiistifolia, Mx. (3) (b. O. If.) stem simple, slender, 1-flowered: leaves linear and
wedge-form, spreading: corol funnel-forin, with the alternate divisions lacerate.
1 f. 8. Y.

linearis, Frl. (4) (A. b. Au. 21-) ^tem somewhat scabrous: leaves lance-linear, undu-
late, ciliate: flowers sessile, in terminal, crowded fascicles: calyx ciliate: corol bell-
form, .5-cleft: divisions obtuse, with the inner folds denticulate. .S'. P.

miinqutflora, Frl. (5) (O. b. Au. $.) stem 4-cornered, branching: leaves half-clasping,
oval, acute, 3-nerved: flowers 5-cleft, bell-tubular, with a glabrous throat, terminal
and lateral, in threes or fives, sub-pedicelled; divisions lanceolate, acuminate:
calyx short. If -S. M. Mch.

crinita, W. (6) (fringed geiitian. O. b. S. Zf.) stem terete; branches long, 1-flowered:
leaves lanceolate, acute: corol 4-cleft; divisions obovate, gash-ciliate. 18 i. S.
M. Mch.

acuta, Mx. (W. A. g. y.) stem 4-angled: leaves somewhat clasping, oblong, very
acute: flowers fascicled, terminal and lateral; throat of the corol ciliate. S.

lutea, (yellow gentian, y.) leaves broad-ovate, nerved: corols about 5-cleft, wheel-
form, whorled. Y. New Jersey.

Southern,
patesbaei, Wt. (Oc.) rough: leaves narrow-lanceolate: divisions of the calyx lance-
linear, twice as long as the tube: corol with the border erect; inner segments short,
2-cleft, fimbriate.

15 — 10. Gera'niuhi. 73. Gera. ast, aro.

maculatum, (crow-foot geranium, cranesbill. O. r. & b. J. Zf.) erect: pubescence
reversed: stem dichotomous: leaves opposite, 3 or 5-parted, gashed; upper ones
sessile; peduncles 2-flowered: petals obovate. 1—2 f S. West Rocky Mts.
Mch.

carolininnum, (W. w. I. 3u. $.) diff"use, pubescent: leaves opposite, 5-lobed; lobes
3-cleft, gashed; peduncles 2-flowered. sub-fasciJIed: petals emarginate, equalling in
length the awned calyx: carpels villose. 2—12 i. S. Y. C. P. M. R. D. Mch.
S— C. K.

pusillum, (small crane's bill. b. M. =§.) peduncles 2-flowered: flowers penlandrous,
with 5 abortive filaments; petals retuse, of the length of the awnless calyx: leaves

Genista. Lat. genu, a knee, in allusion to the bending of the twig; or from Celt, gen,

a small bush.
Gentiana. After Gentius, king of Illyria, who according to Pliny, first used it for its

tonic qualities.
Geranium. Gr. geranion, from geranos, a crane, the germ and style resembling the

head and beak of that bird.

(1) fimbriata, Vahl. (2) saponaria, Wr. villosa, W. (3) purpurea, Wr.

(4) puberula, Mx. (5) quinquefolia, L. amarelloides, Mx. (6) fimbriata,

Bpt. rep.

GERANIUM, OERARDIA. 253

enb-reniform, 5 to 9-Iobed; lobes 2 to 3-parted, wedge-form, divisions acute, sub-
tootlied: carpels pubescent. Probably synonomous wiih G. dissectum. P. O.

dissectuin, W. (wood geranium, r. J. O.) spread, hairy: leaves opposite, 5-parted;
lobes :3-cleft, gashed, linear; peduncles 2-ilo\vcred, long: petals emarginate, the
length orthe awiied calyx: carpels with glandular hairs. 1 f. Y. P. B. C. II. M. F.

rohcrliaiium, (herb robert. O. r. J. ^.) spread hirsute: leaves opposite, ternate and
quinate, 3-cleft, pinnatifid; peduncles 2-Hovvered: petals entire, twice as long as
the awned calyx: carpels net-veined. 10 — 15 i. S. Mch.

columbimtm, (long stalked geranium, b. M. 21.) peduncles 2-flowered: longer than
the leaves: leaves 5-parted; lobes many'cleft, linear: petals emarginate, of the
length of the awned caly.x: carpels glabrous. P. Y.

caespitosum, J. (W. r.) somewhat erect, sparingly branched above; radical leaves
reniform, deeply 5 to 7-cleft.

alhijloruin. Hook, {w.) stem erect, dichotoriious, somewhat angled, glabrous below;
glandular-pilose above: leaves deeply 5-parted; segments ovate, acuminate, incisely
sub-pinnatifid, rallier hairy; radical ones on long petioles; tiie uppermost opposite,
on short petioles, 3-parted, rather acuminate: sepals glandular-pilose: petals as well
as filaments hirsute at the base, llocky Mts.

criantlium, Dc. (p.) stem erect, angled, sparingly dichotomous, minutely pubescent
Of nearLj' glabrous below: leaves deeply 5 to 7-lobed; lobes 3-cleft; segments laci-
niate-incised; radical ones on long petioles; the uppermost sub-sessile: peduncles
short and crowded: sepals and base of the petals and stamens densely villose.
N.W. Coast and Kamschatka.

Exotic.

sanovivaim, (bloody geranium. 2X.) peduncles 1-flowered: leaves 5-parted, 3-cleft,
orbicular: capsule bristly at the top.

Geraniuvi, Pelargonium, Erodium.

13 — 2. Gerar'dia. 37. Scro. acr. poi. asc. feb— . abs.

1. Floicers yeiloxo.

Jiata. (false foxglove. O. y. .Tu. Ti-) pubescent: stem nearly simple: leaves sub-sessile,
lanceolate, entire or toothed; lower ones sub-pinnatifid, gashed: flowers axillary,
opposite, sub-peduncled. 2 — 3 f. &'. Mch.

glauca, Eddy. (1) (oak-leaf foxglove. O. y. Ju. 71.) glabrous: stem glaucous, panicle-
like: leaves pelioled, sinuate-pinnatifid, with acute lanceolate divisions; upper
leaves lanceolate, entire. 3 — 5 f. S. Mch.

pediadaria, (louse-wort foxglove. W. y. S. ^.) pubescent, brachiate-panicled: leaves
oblong, doubly gash-serrate and pinnatifid: flowers axillary, opposite, pedicelled;
divisions of the calj'X leafy, gash-toothed. Var. pcctinata, stem and branches
densely pilose: leaves ovate, pectinately sub-bi pinnatifid, soft pubescent: calyx
hirsute. 2 f. S. N. C. D. Y. P. B. O. H. N. Peekskill. Mch.

2. Flowers purple.

purpurea, (p. Au. -C^.) stem with opposite branches: leaves linear, slender: flowers

axillary, opposite, sub-sessile: segments of the calyx subulate. 12 — 18 i. S.

P. Y. C. B. N. F. Mch.
maritima, R. (2) (W. L. p. Ju. 0.)' leaves linear, fleshy, short, oblusish: flowers

peduncled: upper segments of the corol ciliate: calyx truncate. 6 — 12 i. W. D.

N. C. Y. F. B.
auriculata, Mx. (3) (W. p. Au. #.) nearly simple, rough: leaves lance-ovate, 2-eared

at the base, entire: flowers axillary, opposite: leaves and flowers closely sessile.

8 i. S. P. Mch. ^

tenuifoUa, W. (4) (W. p. Au. $. -^?) very branching: leaves linear, acute, scabrous:

peduncles axillary, longer than the flowers: teeth of the calyx acute. 6 — 12 i. S.

P. Y. T. B. O. H. Mch.

GerardiX. In honor of John Gerarde, the old English herbalist, a great cultivator of

exotic plants.

(1) quercifolia, Ph. Rhinanthus virginicus, G. heterophylla, M. (2) crinita,
Eddy, crassilblia, Var. of purpurea. Ph. (3) Erinus africanus, M. (4) erecta, Vahl.

254 GERARDIA, GEUM.

aetacea, Wr. (1) ^p. S. 0.) stem very branching: leaves setaoeons, glabrous: flowers
scattered, terminal and axillary: peduncles much longer than the leaves. 2 f. S.
P. S — C

Southern,

aphylla, N. (p. Ju. 0.) stem naked, nearly simple, with small, deciduous, opposite,
ovate scales: corol longer than the peduncle. 3 f.

plukenttii, ( y- S.) stem very branching: leaves setaceous, glabrous: fk)wers axil-
lary and terminal: peduncles shorter than the leaves: teeth of the calyx setaceous,
very short. 2 f.

JasdcuUiUi, (L. p. S. ^.) stem rigid, erect, branching near the summit: leaves oppo-
site, and in threes, sometimes alternate, linear, clustered, very scabrous: peduncles
much shorter than the leaves. 3 — 5 f.

JilifuUa, N. (p. S.) stem terete, branching: leaves filiform, someWhat clustered, gla-
brous, alternate: divisions of the calyx acutely toothed: peduncles longer than the
leaves. < ' ' ^

linifolia, N. (2) (p. S. 2_(.) stem terete, virgate:' leaves linear, acute, smooth, ap-
pressed: calyx truncate, denticulate: corol pubescent without, villous within: pe-
duncles a little shorter than the leaves. 2 f

cuneifolia, Ph. ( ) branching; branches erect: leaves wedge-form, lanceolate, un-
equally serrate; upper ones alternate: peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves:
calyx 5-parted. Is this a Gerardia? E.
frulicosa, Ph. (W. p. J. ^.) very branching: leaves lanceolate, seriate, attenuate at
the base, sub-petioled: racemes'terminal: flowers opposite, bracted. Rocky Mts.

Gerardia, Seymeria.

11—12. Ge'um. 92. Rosa. ast. ref feb.

stridum, W. (3) (upright avens, herb bennet. O. y. J. 21.) hirsute: leaves all inter-
ruptedly pinnate, the odd one largest; leafets ovate, toothed: stipules gashed: the
five alternating divisions of the calyx linear, short; flowers erect; petals roundish,
longer than the calyx: awns naked, hooked, sometimes hairy, not hooked. 2 f.
Mch.

cirginianum. (avens. O. w. Ju. Zf.) pubescent: radical and lower cauline leaves ter-
nate, upper ones lanceolate: gtipules ovate, sub-enlire: flowers erect; petals shorter
than the calyx: awns hooked, naked; at the apex twisted, hairy. Var. trilobum,
has tlie radical leaves 3-lobed or ternate. 2 f. S. Mch.

album, W. (4) (W. w. Ju. 2_f.) pubescent: radical leaves pinnate; cauline ones ter-
nate; upper ones simple, 3-cleft: lower stipules gashed: flowers erect; petals of
the length of the calyx: awns hooked, naked, hairy at the end. 2 f. <S. P. B.
F. T.

rivale, (purple avens. O. p. M. If.) pubescent: stem simple: radical leaves interrupt-
edly pinnate; cauline ones 3-cleft: flowers nodding; petals of the length of the
calyx: awns plumose, nakedisk above, a little hooked. Excellent tonic. Damp.
Mch.

agrimonoides, ( w. ZC-) very hirsute: leaves all pinnatifid; lobes sub-equal, un-
equally gash serrate: stipules ovate, sub-entire: flowers erect; divisions of the
calyx sub-equal: petals oval, of the length of the calyx. Penn.

peckii, Ph. (A. y. Ju. 2i-) stem few-flowered: radical leaves reniform, rounded, sub-
truncate at the base, gash-toothed; petioles very long, sometimes appendaged: pe-
tals roundish, longer than the calyx. 4—8 i. VVJiite iiills.

geniculatum, Mx. (Zf.) many-flowered, sub-panicled: cauline leaves sub-sessile, 3-
parled: stipules entire: petals wedge-obcordate: aw^ns all over hairy, geniculate in
the middle. Canada.

radiatum, Mx. (A. y.) very hirsute: radical leaves pinnate; terminal one large, reni-
form, with radiating nerves, dentate; stem leaves clasping, gash-lacerate: awns
glabrous, simple at the summit. <S'.

Geum. Gr. guio, to be proud, from its gaudy appearance; or from geuo, to give

taste; relating to the aromatic smell of G. urbanum.

(1) erecta, Mx. (2) erecta, Wr.? (3) canadense, Mx. aleppicum, Jn.

(4) canadense, Jn. carolinianum, Wr.

GEUMj GLYCERA. 255

ciliatum, Ph. (W. y-p. Ju. 2f.) pubescent: stem simple; leaves a little glabrous, ciliate
at the marofin; lower ones pinnate, cauline ones pinnatifid, upper ones palmate;
divisions Imear, gashed: flowers corynibed.

Exotic,
urbanum, (y. M. Zf.) flowers erect, awns hooked, naked: stem erect, branching,
hairy: radical leaves pinnalilid in fives; cauline ones palm-ternate; upper ones
ovate, 1-lobed: stipules large, sub-orbicular. 1'^ — 16 i.

11 — 5. Gille'nia. 92. Rosa. ast. ref. feb.

trifollata, Mn. (1) (Indian physic, bowman's root. W. w. J. Zf.) leaves ternate,
lanceolate, serrate, nearly equal: stipules linear, entire: flowers terminal, in loose
panicles: calyx bell-tubuW. Styles 5. 2 f. S. P. Y. O. H. M. Mch.

stipulated, (2) (W. w. .T. 'Z{.) leaves ternate, lanceolate, gash-serrate, nearly equal:
stipules leafy, ovate, gash-toolhed: flowers in a lax panicle: calyx bell-form. Styles
5. Var. incisa, has ternate leaves, with leafets gash- toothed. 2 — 3 f. S. P.

12 — 1. Glau'cium. 62. Papa. nar. ano — •
Soutltern.
luteum, S. (3) (horned poppy. L. y. Ju. 0.) stem glabrous: cauline leaves clasping,
repand: peduncles 1-flowered: silique tuberculate, and a little scabrous.

5 — 1. Glaux. 35. Prim. acr. ton — .

maritima, (sea milk-v;ort. L. r. Ju. Zf.) leaves oblong, smooth: flowers axillary,
sessile. 4 — 5 i. In salt marshes. Harper's ferry. Canada.

13 — 1. Gle'choma. 42. Labi. stom. ton.

hederacea, (ground ivy, gill over the ground. O. b. & r. M. Zf.) leaves reniform, cre-
nate: stem rooting. Var. cordata, leaves cordate. (S.

20 — 6. Gledits'chia. 93. Legu. nut. asc. ape.

triacanthos, (honey-locust, w. J. ^.) thorn strong, cross-branched: leaves oval, and
oblong: legumes very long, compressed. A large tree. One side of the long flat
legume contains a sweet pulp. Cultivated. Var. inennis, branches unarmed. S.
T. P. C. D. F. Mch.

Southern.

hrachycarpa, Ph. (O. Ju. ^.) spines thick, short, sub-ternate: leafets oblong, obtuse:
legumes short-oblong.

monosperma, W. (swamp-locust. O. Ju. T?.) branches somewhat spiny: leafets ovate-
oblong, acute: legumes oval, mucronate, somewhat 1-seeded.

Gloitedium, Robinia, Sesbania.

3 — 2. Glyce'ra. 10. Gram. far. ton. fod — .

fiuitans, (4) (water fescue. W. Ju. Zf.) panicle one-sided, slightly branched; spikelets
linear-terete, appressed, 8 to 12-flowered; florets very obtuse, 7-nerved: leaves
long, flat. 2—3 f. S. T. Y. P. C. O. H. N. D. Mch.

Gillenia. Gr. gelao, to laugh; in allusion to its exhilerating qualities.

Glaucium. Gr. glaukos, sea green; from its color.

Glaux. Gr. glaux, so called by Dioscorides, from its glaucous color.

Glechoma. Gr. glechon, the herb pennyroyal; others say from glukus, sweet; from

its taste.
Gleditschia. In honor of Dr. J. G. Gleditsch, a German botanist and author of

several botanical works.
Glyceiia. Gr. glukus, sweet, the seeds baing very sweet and called manna seeds in

Germany.

(1) Spirea, L. (2) Spirea, stipulata, M. (3) Chelidoniura glaucium, W.

(4) Festuca, L. Poa, S. Devauxia, Ph.

256 CLYCERA, CNAPHALIUM.

hreoifoVui, M. (1)(J. 2X.) panicle simple, elongated, appressed; spikelets linear-terele^
4 to 12-flovvere(]; florets attenuated, acute, indistinctly nerved: leaves short, erect.
18 i. B. O. M.

10 — 10. Gly'cine. 93. Legn. nut. asc. ape. sug.
Soiithern.
striata, ( ) stem twining: leafets oblong, very soft downy: raceme of the length
of the leaves: legumes very hirsute. Is this species as high north as the Gulf of
Mexico?
angulata, D. ( ) stem angled, with the angles hairy: leafets oblong-ovate, obtuse,
silky beneath: legumes linear, compresaed, hirsute. ^•■'

Glycine, Phaseolcs, Sub. G. Strophostyles, Amphicakpaea, Rhtnchosia, Wistaria,
and Apios. (2).

16 — 10. Glycyrrhi'za. 93. Liegii.^pfc. asc. ape. sug.

lepidota, N- (W. w. Ju. 11.) leafets oblong, acute, silky villose: legumes racemed,

oblong, hispid. 3 — 5 f. R. Hudson's Bay. .
glulinosa, N. ( ) leafets oblong and oblong-lanceolate, strigose with scaly glands:

stems and calyx pubescent with glandular hairs: spikes pedunculate, much shorter

than the leaves: bracts with a long acuminate point: calyx nearly equal. Banks

of Lewis's River.

Exotic,
officinalis, (liquorice. 21.) leaves pinnate, the terminal ones petioled. Root tuberous-

cyUndric, sweet.

17—2. Gnapha'lium. ^. Inul. ton. sec-stim. feb. sud. f. h. odo,

polyccpW alum, Mx. (3) (sweet-scented life-everlasting. O. y-w. Ju. 0.) leaves lance-
linear, acute, glabrous above, downy beneath: stem panicled, downy: corymbs

terminal. 1—2 f. -S'. Mch.
deciirrens, Ives, (4) (neglected life-everlasting. O. y-w. Ju. #.) leaves lanceolate,

broad at the base, acute, decurrent, somewhat scabrous above, tomentose beneath:

stem leafy, branched, spreading. 1 — 3 f. C. V. T.
purpureum, W. (5) (W. p. Ju. 2i-) leaves linear-spatulate, downy beneath: stem

erect, simple: flowers sessile, glomerate, terminal and axillary: involucre purple.

G— 12 i. S. Y. P. C. N. Florida.
luteo-album, L. ( ) leaves sub-amplexicaule, both sides and the stem arachnoid-
woolly, lower ones spatulate, upper ones lance-linear, undulate: flowers dense,

corymbose-capitate. R. A.
supinum, L. ( ) stem decumbent at the base and branching; fruit-bearing one

erect: leaves linear, both sides arachnoid-tomentose: flowers axillary, solitary or

racemed: scales of the involucre fuscous at the margin. A.
ullglnosum, W. (cudweed, mud-life-everlasting. O. w. Ju. 0.) stem branched, spread

woolly: leaves lance-linear, narrowed at both ends, downy: flowers terminal,

heaped: involucre brown. Damp. 4 — 6 i. -S'. Mch.
germanicum, W. (w. Ju. 0.) stem erect, dichotomous: leaves lance-linear, acute,

tomentose: flowers in a globular head, terminaj, and lateral. 6 — 8 i. iS. P.

H. M.
amcricanum, W. (6) (W. y-w. J. 0.) herbaceous, erect, branching: leaves obovate-

spatulate, pubescent beneath: flowers axillary and terminal, in glomeratefcpikes.

6—8 i. S. P. Y. *

sylcatlcum, W. (Ju. Zf.) stem erect, simple, downy: flowers in a leafy spike, axillary

and terminal: leaves lance-lineari downy. 12 i.

Glycine. Gr. ^ukus, sweet, from the leaves of some species having a sweet taste.
Glycyrrhiza. Gr. gluUus, sweet, and rlza, root, from its sweet taste.
Gnaphalium. Gr. gnaphalon, cotton or wool, from its soft downy surface.

(J) acutiflora, T. Festuca, M. (2) The old genus Glycine is thus distributed
under the sub-divisions of Phaseolus by Elliott and De Candolle. I follow them
reluctantly, but not precisely. (3) obtusifolium, Wr. (4) luteo-album? M.

(5) hyemale, Wr. (6) spatulatum, Lk. pennsylvariicum, M.

GNAPHALIUM, GOODYERA. 257

Sub-genvs Antennaria, Br. st7jlc very simple or short, bifid. — didiniatc.

margaritacea, (pearl-flowered life-everlasting. O. y. & w. Jii. H-) tall, simple: leaves
lance-linear, acute, 3-nerved, sessile, under side and stem woolly: corymb many-
flowered: scales of the hemispheric involucre elliptic, obtuse, opaque, white, the
outer ones only tomentose at the base. 1 — 2 f.

dioica, (w. M. 2^.) stoloniferous, creeping: leaves tomentose beneath chiefly: radical
ones spatulale, obscurely 3-nerved at the base; cauline ones lance-linear: stem
simple: flowers corymbose-capitate, dioecious. Canada. A. R. T. C. N. F. Mch.

raceinosa, H. (A. ) stoloniferous, creeping: leaves on the upper side and the simple
stem glabrous, under side wliite-tomentose; radical ones ovate-spatulate; cauline
ones lance-linear: (lowers racemed, dioecious: racemes lax, somewhat compound:
scales of the invoWcre all obtuse, shining, very glabrous. R.

carpatica, W-d.h\. {lyi^A. 21.) somewhat low, simple, woolly: leaves lanceolate, 3-
nerved, inferior ones petioled: corymb capitate, few-(C — 8)-flowered: involucre
turbinate, woolly beneath; scales obtuse, shining, becoming fuscous; upper ones
elongated, apexes white, becjtoing opake. .Canada. R.

alpina, ( ) stolonifero^^ short, sub-erect: leaves white-tomentose beneath

chiefly; radical ones spatulate; cauline ones linear: corymb capitate: interior scales
of the involucre acute, membranfljipeous, becoming fuscous, shining. R. A.

Gompho carpus. Acerates, Asclepiab.
5 — 1. Gomphre'na. 30. Amar. cat. r, ton.
Exotic,
globosa, (globe amaranth, bachelor's button, r. Au. #.) stem erect: leaves lance-
ovate: heads solitary: peduncles 2-leaved.

Gompkrena, Achyranthes.

Gonolobium, Gonolobus.

IS — 5. Gonolobus. 47. Ascl. acr. stim. eme. sud.

obliquus, (false choak-dog. p. J. 21.) stem twining, hirsute: leaves heart-ovate, acute:
corymbs axillary: segments of the corol ovate, acuminate. S. P.

hirsutus, Mx. (2) (W. p. Ju. li.) sarmenls and petioles very hirsute: leaves gradually
acuminate, pubescent on both sides: divisions of the corol oval-oblong, obtuse:
follicles oblong, muricate. Charleston, S— C.

Southern.
macrophyUus, Mx. (W. y. Ju.) leaves broad, cordate, with the sinus closed, abruptly

acuminate: follicles muricate: lobes of tlie crown divided. Charleston, S — C.
proslratus, ( p. ) stem prostrate, herbaceous: leaves reniform-cordate, acute, tomentose

beneath.
viridijhrus, N. (W. g.) smooth, twining: leaves sub-reniform-cordate, auricled at the

base, acuminate, somewhat long-peduncled: divisions of the corol oblong-linear,

oblique, obtuse: follicles ribbed.

18—1. Goodye'ra, Br. (3) 21. Orch. aro. vis.

pubescens, W. (rattle snake leaf, scrofula weed, adders' violet. O. y. w. Ju. 2I-) leaves

radical, ovate, petioled; veins colored, reticulate: scape sheathed: scape and flowers

pubescent: lip ovate-acuminate: petals ovate. 10 — 15 i. <S.
repens, W. (A. w. Ju. li.) radical leaves ovate, petioled, reticulate: scape sheathed:

scape and flowers pubescent: flowers one-sided: lip and petals lanceolate. 8 i. C.

B.

Gomphrena. From Gromphrena, a name applied by the ancients.

Gonolobus. Gr. gonia, an angle, and lobos, a pod, alluding to the ribs or angles on

the legume.
<ioodyera. In honor of John Goodyer, a Hampshire botanist, celebrated in Gerarde's

Herbal.

(I) G. alpinum, W. (2) carolinensis, E. Cynanchum carolinense. W,
<3) Neottia, W.

33

258 GOKDOMA, CRATIOLA

15 — 12. Gordo NiA. 70. Tern. stom. ton. ref.
SouUiern.
lasianthus, W. (holly-bay. Ju. w. T: .) leaves lance-oblong, yeiy glabrous, shining,
coriaceous: floweis long-peduncled: capsules conical, acuminate. Charleston, S —
C.
puhescetis, W. (vv. M. ^ .) leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrulate, pubescent beneath, de-
ciduous: capsules spherical.

15—13. Gossy'fium. 74. Malv. niuc.

Exotic.

herbaceum, (cotton. Au. ^.) leaves 5-lo^itl, mucronate, one gland beneath: stem
herbaceous, smooth. 5 f.

2 — 1. Grati'ola. o7. Scro. acr. poi. asc.

carolinensis, Ph. (1) (w. .Tu. Z[-) f'tem smooth, somewhat branched, procumbent at
the base, 4-sided above, terete below: leaves sessile, lance-oblong, obtusish, dentate,
3-nerved: peduncles pubescent, short: divisions of the calyx lance-linear, equal,
entire: bracts broader, expanding: corol pubescent within: sterile filaments none:
capsule globose. Le Conte. /S. v..,,

virginica, Ph. (2) (creeping hedge hyssop. W. w,5& y. 21.) stem more or less pubes-
cent, branching at the base, assurgent, terete: leaves smooth, sessile, lanceolate,
obtusish, dentate above, attenuate below: peduncles long, setaceous, pubescent:
divisions ot" the calyx equal, lanceolate, obtuse: bracts broader: corol pubescent
within: capsule ovale, acutish: sterile filaments none. Le Conte. 6 — 8 i. S.
C. N. F. T.

au'rca, M. (hedge hyssop. W. y. Jo. IS-) smooth: stem 4-angled, repent at the base,
blanching: leaves sessile, lance-oblong, punctate, dentate or very entire, acute or
obtusish: peduncles long, setaceous, pubescent: divisions of the calyx equal, linear:
bracts linear, expanding: corol pubescent within: capsule ovate rather acute: sterile
filaments 2, jninute. Le Conte. 4—8 i. S. X-

anugalloulea, Mx. (3) (water hedge hyssop, w-b. Ju. 21.) sub-erect, very smooth:
st'em 4-sided: leaves oblong-oval, sparingly denticulate, shorter than the flowers:
calyx without bracts, subulate, pubescent: corol smooth within; divisions generally
obtuse. S. 3—6 i. S— C. ' *,

Southern.

viscosa, Sz. (4) (w-p. Ap. 21.) stem assurgent, viscid-pubescent, sub-terete: leaves
smooth, sessile, lance-ovate, acutish, dentate, 3-nerved: peduncles long: divisions
of the calyx equal. lance linear: bracts broader, expanding, shorter than the calyx:
corol pubescent within: sterile filaments two: capsules ovate, as long as the calyx.
Le Conte.

quadridenlata, Mx. (5) (w. Ju. 0.) smoothish: stem terete, procumbent, sometimes
viscous: leaves sessile, lancejolale, acute, sub-punctate, 4-toothed; two anterior
teeth longest: divisions of the calyx unequal, linear: bracts small, only on the
flowers that fiisi appear: (later flowers without:) corol pubescent within: sterile
filaments 2, small: capsule ovate, acute, shorter than the calyx. Le Conte.

pilosa, Mx. (G) (w. Ju. 0.) erect, branching, very hairy; stem 4-sided: leaves sessile,
ovate, dentate: rtovvers sub-peduncled: divisions of the calyx unequal: two inter-
mediate ones small, setaceous: corolsmooth within: steiile filaments 2, very minute.
Le Conte. 1— 2 f S— C. , ; ,

vmsouriana, Bk. (W. J. y. 21-) erect, terete, nearly simple: leaves narrow, lanceo-
late, connate, opposite, toothed at the apex; peduncles longer than the leaves: seg-

Gordonia. In honor of James Gordon, an eminent cultivator of many new plants

near London.
Gossypiuni. Of Egyptian origin, from gotae, whence gottipium, the name of the

cotton plant.
Gratiola. Lat. gratia, grace or favor, on account of its supposed medical qualities.

(1) virginianarand acuminata, Wr. sphaerocarpa, and megalocarpa, E. officinalis,
M.v. (2) officinalis, Mx. (3) tetragona, E? Lindernia pyxidaria, Ph. &c.

(4) virginica, E. (5) ramosa, Wr. (6) peruviana, Wr.

GRATIOLA, HABENARIA. 259

ments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, more than half as long as the tube of the corol
bracts longer tlian tlie calyx: whole plant viscid, pubescent. 4 — (i i.
fioridana, N. (y. Mar. 0.) glabrous, erect: leaves lanceolate, obsoletely denticulate,
acutish: peduncle longer than the leaf: flowers largish, divisions Qmarginate. 9 i.

GiindtUa, Donia.
2 — ]. Gymnandra. 37. Scro cat. asc.
[See p. 34, where this reference is made.]

Calyx 2-parted, spathaceus, or 0: superior lip of the corol entire; inferior one 2 — 3-
parted: stamens 2, exsert: capsule 2-celled; cells one-seeded.

huUii, Ea.* villose: stem naked above: radical leaves petioled, cordate, oblong, 'cienate;
coriaceous cauline ones sessile, lanceolate, erose-denticulate: flowers spiked; on
short bracted pedicels. 15 i. P| gicieg- of Mch. Is Hk's spec, a var. of this?

20— IO.wKinocla'dus. 99.

canadensis, W. (W. w. J. ^.) ^^TO?Jipinnate; leafets oval, acuminate, pubescent.
S. O. Banks of Seneca La^r.. ' V

3 — 2. Gymnopo^gon. 10. Gram. far. ton.

racemosum, Ph. (1) (Au. 2i.) spikes panicled: flower solitary, remote: the exterior
palea awned at its summit; the interior at its base. Sand. 181.

17 — 4. Gvmxosty'les. 55. Inul. ton. sec-stim. r. exp.
Southern,
stolonifera, P. (2) (M. H.) herbaceous, procumbent, creeping, glabrous: leaves pin-
natifid: flowers sessile at the root.

6 — ]. GvNANDROPsis. 64. Capp. ton. ath.

pentaphylla, Dc. (w. Ju. ^.) smooth:' leaves quihate and ternate; leafets entire, sub-
serrulate: stamens inserted on the pedicel of the germ. 2 f. S. F.

Gynandropsis, Cleomi;.

6—3. Gyro'mia. ivK. 12. Smil. diu. dem.

mrginica, (3) (Indian cucumber. O. y. g. M. 21.) several leaves in a whorl near the
middle of the stem and 3 in a whorl at the top, lance-oval, acuminate: pedicels ag-
gregated, terminal. Root white, edible. 12 — 18 i. S. Mch.

H.
18—1. Habena'ria. W. (4) 21. Orch. nut. emo.

cUiaris, (orchis. O. y. Ju. Zf.) lip lance-oblong, pinnate-ciliate, twice as long as the

petals: spur longer than the germ. 1 — 2 f 6'. Mch.
blepliariirluttis, W. (w. Ju. 2X.) lip lanceolate, ciliate, of the length of the upper petal;

spur longer than the germ. Resembles the last. 18 i. S. T. Y. B. N.

Gymnandra. Gr. gumnos, naked, aw<Zros, (of areer) stamen (man.)

Gymnocladus. Gr. gumnos, naked, and Idadus, slender branch, in allusion to the
naked appearance of its strange rigid shoots in winter.

Gymnopogon. Gr. giimnos, naked, and pogon,heaTd, from the awn of the corol.

Gymnostyles. Gr. gumnos, naked, and slulos, style, from the long, permanent,
naked style.

Gynandropsis. Gr. gime, pistil, andros, stamen, opsis, appearance; having the ap-
pearance of the class Gynandria.

Gyromia. Gr. giiros, a whorl, alluding to the whorls of leaves on the plant.

Habenaria. Lat. habena, a thong or lash, on account of the long narrow strips of the
lips of the corol.
(1) Andropogonambiguum, Mx. Anthopogon lepturoides, N. (2) Hippia P.

(3) Medeola, L. &c. (4) Orchis, L. '

*To Mr. Geo. Bull, Ast. Bot. to Mich. Commission.

260 HABENARIA, HAMAMELIS.

eristata, Mx. (y. J. If.) lip oblong, pinnate-ciliate; petals round, 2 lateral ones tooth-
ed; spur shorter tlian the germ. S. P. Y.

psycho' des, W. (l") (y. J. li.) lip 3-parted, divisions capillary-many-cleft; petals
obtuse; spur filiform-clavate, ascending, of the length of tlie germ. C. Y. P. T.
B. Mch.

Integra, (y. Ju. ![.) lip oblong, entire, longer than the inner petals; spur longer than
the germ, acute at the point; stem leafy; bracts shorter than the flowers.

huronensis, N. (W. g-vv Au. 21.) lip lanceolate, acuminate, entire, incurved; petals
subulate, connivent; spur about the length of the hp, incurved; petals flat: stem
leafy. 1—2 f. Mch.

fuscescens, W. (py. Ju. Zf.) hp ovate, toothed at the base; petals spreading; spur
subulate, of tlie length of the germ: bracts longer than the flowers. S. C.

herbioLa, Br. (y. J. 71.) lip oblong, obtuse, toothed at the base; palate 1-toothed: spur
filiform, shorter than the germ: bracts longer than the flowers. 1 f. F. P. N. T.
Moh.

bracteata, W. (2) (vegetable satyr, g-w. M. 2X0 lip linear, emarginate, obtusely 3-
toothed; spur short, sub-inflated, somewhat 2-lobed: bracts twice as long as the
flowers, leaf-like, spreading; roots palmate. 6— lOi. iS. O. F. P. T.N. Mch.

fimbriata, W. (O. p. Ju. 2f.) lips 3-parted; divisions wedge-form, ciliate, fringed;
lateral petals ovate, toothed; spur filiform, clavate, longer than the germ. 2 f.
Mch.

grandiflora, Bw. (3) (p. J.) lip dependent, twice as long as the petals, 3-parted; divi-
sions wedge-form, fringed; middle one largest, with connivent fimbria; lateral pe-
tals fimbriate; spur ascending, clavate, longer than the germ: leaves oval-oblong.
2f. iN. Mch.

incisa, W. (w-p. Ju. 2_C.) lip 3-parted; divisions wedge-form, gash-toothed, middle one
emarginate; lateral petals obtuse, sub-dentate; spur subulate, ascending, of the
length of the germ. 2—4 f. S. P. Y. N.

fissa, W. (W. p. Ju. 2X.) lip 3-parted; divisions wedge-form, toothed, intermediate
one 2-lobed; spur filiform, clavate, ascending, longer than the germ. Tall. S.
P. K.

tridentata, W. (4) (W. w. J. H.) lip lanceolate, 3-toothed at the apex; petals obtuse;
spur filiform, clavate, ascending, longer than the germ. 6 — 12 i. S. C. Y. P.
N. Mch.

Southern.

quinqueseta, Mx. (5) (w. S.) lip 3-parted; lateral segments setaceous; inner petals
2-parted; lower segment setaceous, nearly twice as long as the outer petal; spur
twice as long as the germ: leaves lance-oval: bracts acuminate. 2 f

repens, N. (y-g. Au. 2i.) lip 3-parted; lateral segment setaceous; inner petals 2-parted;
lower segment setaceous, scarcely longer than the outer petals; horn as long as the
germ: leaves narrow, lanceolate: bracts acute.

Hahenaria, Orchis.
15 — 12. Hale'sia. 71. Styr. stom. aro. ast.
Souther7i.
tetraptera, W. (snow-drop tree. O. w. Ap. Ip.) leaves lance-oval, acuminate, serru-
late: corol 4-cleft: flowers dodecandrous: fruit equally 4-winged. Charleston
S— C. Florida.
diptera, W. (w. A p. Tp.) leaves lance-oval and ovate, acuminate, serrulate: petals

4: flowers octandrous: fruit compressed, vv^ith two large wings. Florida.
parvijiora, Mx. (^.) fruit unequally and somewhat 4-winged, clavate, small: flowers
small.

4 — 2. Hamame'lis. 78. Hama. ton.

virginica, W. (witch hazel. O. y. Oc. h.) leaves obovate, acute, toothed, cordate
with a small sinus. Var. parvifolia, (A.) leaves oblong-ovate, upper part undulate-

Halesia. In honor of Dr. S. Hales, the eminent physiologist.

Hamamelis. Gr. amamells, from ama, accompanying, and mtlea, apple tree; applied,
it is thought, because the apple in fruit accompanies this flower.
(1) lacera, Mx. (2) Satyrium, P. (3) Orchis, Bw. (4) Orchis claveU

ata, Mx. (5) michauxii, N. Orchis, Mx,

HAMAMELIS, HEDYSARUM. 261

coarse-crenate, pubescent and Bomewliat hirsute beneath: divisions of the calyx
oblong. Flowers in the fall, and perfects the fruit the next summer. 5 — 15 f. S.
Mch.

macrophylla, Ph. ( ^.) leaves roundish, cordate, coarsely and obtusely toothed, sca-
brous and punctate beneath. A doubtful species.

20 — 5. Hamilto'nia. 25. Santa, nut. sed.

oleifera, W. (1) (anierican oil-nut. A. g-y. J. '^.) pubescent: leaves oblong, entire,
acuminate: flowers in terminal racemes. Flowers small. 4 — 6 f. S. C.

Hapalostemium, Harpalya, Hieracium.

Harpahjce, Prenanthes.

13—1. Hedeo'ma. (2) 42. Labi, stom ton. fra.

pulegioi'des, (penny-royal. O. b. J. 0.) pubescent: leaves oblong, serrate: peduncle*

axillary, whorled. 6 — 8 i. S. Mch.
glabra, P. (3) (W. r-p. Au. 21.) smooth: stem surculose: radical leaves nearly oval;

cauline ones oblong-linear, all entire: flowers axillary, mostly solitary, long-

peduncled. 6— 12 i. S. F. D. Niagara Falls. Mch.

Southern,
hispida, Ph. (4) (W. Ju. 0.) branching, pubescent: leaves linear, acutish at both

ends, very entire, veined, revolute at the margin: whorls many-flowered: calyx

strigose. 3^6 i.
iracteoluta, N. pubescent: stem simple, slender: leaves linear, sub-lanceolate, acute-

at each end, entire: pedicels 3 — 5-flo,wered: bracts setaceous.

5 — 1. He'dera. 58. Capr. ast. fra.

Exotic.

helix, (english ivy. g-w. S. ^.) leaves 3 or 5-lobed: floral ones ovate: umbel erect,

Hcd&ra, Ampelopsis.

HedyiMoa, Kyllingia.

4 — 1. Hedyo'tis. 57. Cine, feb-j-. ton. ast.

glomerata, Mx. (5) (creeping green head. w-g. M. 0.) stem assurgent: leaves lance-
olate, pubescent, attenuate at the base: flowers fascicled, axillary and terminal,
S. W. Y. S— C.

ianceolata, Dc. (6) glabrous: stem erect, 4-sided, angles somewhat winged: leaves
sessile, lanceolate, acute: stipules lanceolate, membranaceous: corymbs trichoto-
mous, terminal: corols funnel-form, with exsert anthers. Carolina.

16 — 10. Hedysa'rcm. 93. Legu. nut. asc. ape.

ainadense, (bush trefoil. O. r. Ju. 21.) erect, smoothish: leaves ternate, lance-oblong:
stipules filiform: flowers racemed: bracts lance-ovate, acuminate, ciliate: joints of
the loment obtusely triangled, hispid. 3 f. S. Mch.

Hamiltonia. Dedicated by Muhlenberg, to Mr. Hamilton, an American patron of

botany.
Hedeoma. Gr. edits, edees, eatable, peihaps so called from its fragrance.
Hedera. Said to be from huedus, a kid; being given to increase the milk of goats.
Hedyotis. Gr. edus, sweet, and oits ( otos ) the ear; said to cure deafness.
Hedysarum. Uncertain: supposed from tdus, sweet, and aroma, fragrance, applied

to the flowers of some species.

(1) Pyrularia pubera, Mx. (2) Cunila, L. (3) Cunila glabella, Mx.

(4) hirta, N. (5) Oldenlandia, Mx. (6) Anotis, Dc.

262 HEDYSARUM.

canescens, W. (r-b. Au. 2i.) erect, pilose: stem angled, ciliate, hispid: leaves ternate,
roundish, with close-pressed hairs beneath: stipules ovate, acuminate: racemes
panicled: bracts cordate: joints of the loment triangular, hispid. S. P. Y. Mch.

marylandicum, W. (W. p. Ju. Zf.) erect, branching, pilose: leaves ternate, oblong,
villose beneath: stipules subulate; racemes panicled: loment 3-jointed; the joints
rhomboid, reticulate, a little hairy. S. P. Y. O. T. Mch.

ciliarc, ^V. (O. p. Au. 21.) erect, sub-pubescent: leaves ternate, ovate, short-petioled,
pubescent beneatli, margin ciliate: stipules filiform: panicle terminal: joints of the
loment (2 or o) half orbicular, hispid, reticulate. Var. oblongifolium, E. leaves
longer, nearly glabrous, sub-glaucous beneath, long-petioled. 2 f. S. Mch.

viridifloruin, L. not Ph. (g. & p. J. 7l- , erect: leaves ternate, ovate, obtuse, scabrous
on the upper surface, soft-villose beneath, panicle terminal, long, naked: joints of
the loment triangular. E. 3—4 f. S. Y. M. N. D. P. C. F. T.

aikini, Esi. (1) (W. g. &p. Au. H-) erect: branching, pubescent: leaves ternate,
ovate-oblong and subdeltoid, acute-mucronate, scabrous beneath: stipules cuspi-
date: racemes panicled, bracted. Flowers become greenish in full maturity. 3 f.
Very abundant on the islands about Troy, N. Y.

ohtusum, W. (W. p. & g. Au. 2£.) erect, slender, sub-pubescent: leaves ternate,
ovate, obtuse, sub-cordate at the base: stipules subulate: panicle terminal: joints of
the loment sub-orbiculate, reticulate, hispid. 1—2 f. 6'. P. Y. N. M. T. Mch.

humifusum, M. (p. Au. Zf.) stem prostrate, sub-glabrous: leaves ternate; leafets ovate
or oval, acutish, slightly hairy: racemes elongated: joints of the loment sub-
rhomboidal, hispid. B.

rotundifolium, Mx. (W. p. Au. 21.) prostrate, hirsute: leaves ternate, orbicular,
pilose both sides: stipules round-cordate, reflexed: racemes axillary, and in the
terminal panicles few-flowered: joints of the loment sub-rhombic, reticulate-
scabrous. 2—3 f. S. T. N. Mch.

paniciilatum, W. (W. p. Ju. 2i.) erect: leaves'teinate, lance-linear, smoothish, revo-
lute at the margin: stipules subulate: panicle termkim: loment hispid; joints some-
what triangular. 2— 3f. S. B. O. II. M. F. C.'P. N. T. Mch.

strictum, Ph. (W. p. Ju. 2i.) stiffly erect, glabrous,' simple: leaves ternate, sub-linear,
net-veined: stipules subulate: "racemes axillaiw antj. terminal: loments about 2-
jointed; joints lunate-triangular, hispid. 2 — ^1 S. JVJch.

laevlgatuin, N. (W. p. Au. 2i.) very smooth: stem simple, erect, sub-glaucous: leaves
ternate, long-petioled; leafets ovate, acute: stipules suiiulate, minute, caducous:
panicle terminal, sub-simple: ft^vers ' in ^^f^ ou long peduncles: bracts ovate,
acute, shorter than the flower-buds: joinfiBp'tlie loment triangular, iiispid. S.
Y. Rich. ^^

nudiflorum, (W. p. Ju. 2[.) leaves ternate, broad-oval, acuminate, sub-glaucous
beneath: scape panicled, glabrous, radical, taller than the stem: joints of the loment
round-triangular. 1—2 f. S. Y. B. O. 'N. C. f . Mch.

acuminatum, Mx. (O. p. Ju. 2X.) erect, sin>ple, pubescent, leafy at the summit: leaves
ternate, ovate, long-acuminate, with scattered hairs* on both sides, close-pressed,
long-petioled; the odd leafet round-rhomboid: "panicle long-peduncled, terminal.
1—2 f. S. Mch.

Iractco' sum, Mx. (2) (r. Au. 2X.) erect, glabrous: leaves ternate, oblong-oval, acumi-
nate: stipules subulate: racemes terminal, with scattered flowers: bracts ovate,
acuminate, striate, glabrous: joints of the loment sub-oval. 3 — 5 f. S. N. T.
Mch.

alpinum, Var. amencanum, Mx. (3) (W. A. p. IS.) erect: leaves pinnate; leafets
oval-oblong, hairy: stipules partly sheathing: joints of the loment roundish. S.
R. Canada.

glahdlum, Mx. (W. p. Ju. 7S-) erect, glabrous: leaves ternate, ovate-obtuse, sub-
glaucous beneath: stipules sniall, subulate: panicle terminal: joints of the loment
rhomb-triangular. 2 f. 8. D. C.

paucijluruw, N. (W. w, Zf.) decumbent: stem filiform: leaves ternate, long-petioled;
leafets broad-ovate, acuminate, pubescent-ciliate; terminal one broad-rhomboid:

(1) viridiflorum. Ph. not Lin. See Elliott. Vol. II. p. 217. As the viridiflorum
of Linneus is retained by Elliott and Torrey, and as we certainly have Pursh's plant
in abundance, it becomes necessay to give the latter a new name. I have given this
name as an expression of my esteem for Dr. William Aikin, a most indefatigable
and very accurate young botanist. (2) cuspidatum, W. (3) boreale, N?

HEDYSARUiM, HELI W T HEMUM. 263

stipules obsolete: raceme terminal, pcduncled, shorter than the leaves, very few-

(4 — 8) flowered. Canada.
mackenzii, R. ( ) caulescent, decumbent: leaves pinnate; leafets oblong, both

sides becoming whitish pilose: stipules sliealhi:ig: joints of the loment transversely

rugose, pilose. A.

Southern,
llneatum, Mx. (2i.) stem creeping, striped with green: leaves ternate, roundish, sub-
sessile: racemes long, with small scattered iiovvers: joints of the loment lenticular.
rigidiim, E. (W. p. Au. TJ..) erect, very branching: leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse,

reticulate, pubescent: panicle branchmg: bracts lance-ovate, acuminate. 3 f.

S— C.
rhomhifolium, E. (p. S. If.) pubescent: leaves ternate,' rhomboid, obtuse, thick,

reticulate, rugose: panicle compound: bracts small: loment 1 — 3-jointed; joints

roundisli, veined. 2 — 3 f. • .
scabcrrimum, E. (p. Ju. 21.) erect, very scabrous: leaves ternate, ovate, tapering

towards the apex, acute, pilose- pubescent: stipules ovate, acuminate, persistent:

panicle terminal: joints of the loiuent somewhat triangular, very hispid. 3—4 f.

K. 1

Hedysanan, Lespedeza.

17 — 2. Hele'nium. 55. Heli. ton. sec-stim. feb. s. ole.

autu.mnale, (false sunflower. O. y. Au. 21.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, sub-decurrent:

stem corymbed above: disk florets 5-cleft; rays flat, reflexed. Var. jmbescens,

leaves pubescent. 3 — 5 f. S. Mch.
canaliculatnm, Lk. leaves lanceolate, serrate, sub-decurrent: stem simple: disk

florets 5-cleft: ray-florets channelled.
quadndentalum, Mx. (O. Ju. 21.) leaves broad-decurrent; lower ones sub-pinnatifid;

upper ones lanceolate, entire, glabrous: disk florets 4-toothed. 3 — 4 f. La. S — C.
tenui/uliiim, N. (W. y. If.) leaves very long and narrow-linear: branches 1 -flowered:

egret very long, acuminate, bearded: stem low, naked. 9 i. Alabama, Mississippi.

La.

12 — 1. ^Helianthemum. (1) SO. Cist. exp. ton. stim. cat.

canadense, Mx. (rock-rose,Trost plant. O. y. J. 2X-) without stipules, erect

alternate, erect, linear-lanceolate' flat, lomentose beneath: racemes terminal, few-
flowered: divisions of Uie calyx broad-ovate, acuminate: capsules shorter than the
calyx. At the foot of tlie Pine-rock, New Haven, the barren plains produce great
quantities of this plant. In Nov^iber and December of 1816, I saw hundreds of
these plants sending out broad, tl^, curved ice crystals, about an inch in breadth,
from near the roots. These were melted away by day and renewed every morning
for more than 25 days in succession, (i — 14 i. .8'. Mich. Cistus canadensis W.

corymbosum, Mx. (J. 21.) without stipules, erect, ramose, minutely pubescent: leaves
alternate, lanceolate, whitish downy beneath: corymb fastigiate, with numerous
crowded flowers: divisions of the calyx ovate, acute: capsule longer than the calyx.
12 i, S. Y. W. N. Cistus corymbosum, Mx.

Southern.

carolinianum, Mx. (J. 21.) without stipules, hirsute, erect: leaves alternate, oblong-
oval, sub-denticulate; bottom ones obovate, hirsute on both sides: peduncles few,
terminal, with the calyx very villose; divisions of the calyx oblong, acute, shorter
than the petals. Cistus carolinianum, Mx.

poUt'oliuiu. T. (Ju. Au.) primary or petaliferous flowers terminating the stem and the
numerous short branches, on filiform peduncles, many times longer than the
flower, the broadly cuneiform petals a little exceeding the calyx: secondary flowers
very small, apetalous, 3 to 6-androus, clustered in lateral cymules on the foliferous
branches, at first glomerate and nearly sessile, at length on pedicels as long as the

Helenium. From Helen, the wife of Menelaus, who is said to have used it as a

cosmetic.
Heliantliemum.

(I) Cistus.

'264 HELIANTHEMUM, HELIANTHU8.

calyx: leaves linear or linear-oblong, with revolute margins, beneath tomentose-
canescent. Texas.
scoparium, N. (y.) slightly pubescent, decumbent and much branched below: flowers
paniculate-racemose: sepals ovate, acuminate, tlie outer ones minute and subulate:
petals 5, cuneate-oblong, longer than the calyx: capsules about 6-seeded: leayes
scattered, linear-subulate, exstipulate. California.

17—3. Helian'thus. 55. Heli. ton. sec. stim. s. ole^-.

1. Leaves opposite.

atroTubens, W. (W. y. & p. Au. Zf.) hispid: stem nakedish above, lax-panicled:
leaves spatulate, ovate, crenaie, 3-nerved, scabrous above: scales of the involucre
lance-ovate, of the length of the disk. 3 — 4 f. S. P.

divaricatus, (y. Au. li.) stem glabrous, very branching: leaves nearly opposite, ses-
sile lance-ovate, 3-nerved, scabrous above, smooth beneath: panicle trichotomous,
slender, few-flowered. 5—6 f. S. T. Y. P. B. C. O. N. F.

frondosus, W. (W. y. Ju. 2i.) stem smooth below: leaves lance-ovate, remotely and
acutely serrate, scabrous above, paler and sub-scabrous beneath, 3-nerved: pedun-
cles scabrous: petiole ciliate: involucre squarrose, undulate, leafy, ciliate: rays 8-
flowered. 4—5 f T. Y. P. N. Canada. Mch.

trachdifolius, W. (1) (W. y. Au.'2Lf.) leaves short-petioled, lance-ovate, coarse-serrate,
acuminate, 3-nerved, scabrous above, rough-haired beneath: scales of the involucre
lanceolate, acute, ciliate, pubescent, spreading at the tips: rays numerous. 2 — 4 f.
S. T. Y. P. V. W. C. N. F. Mch.

hispidulus, E. (W. y. S. TJ..) stems scabrous: leaves sessile, lance-ovate, tapering to-
wards the summit, serrulate, scabrous above, paler and slightly hispid beneath:
scales of the involucre lance-ovate, ciliate: chaft'3-toothed. 3 — 4 f. 5'. D.

heteropliyllus, N. (y.lf.) stem 1-flowered, slender: leaves pilose-hirsute, mostly oppo-
site; radical ones oblong-elliptic"; upper ones lance-linear, all entire: scales of the
involucre lanceolate, acuminate. 1 — 3 f. Alabama. Mch.

2. Upper leaves alternate.

angustrf alius, W. (2) (y. &. p. O. 21.) stem slender, slightly scabrous: leaves narrow-
lanceolate, revolute at the margin, scabrous, entire, glaucous beneath: scales of
the involucre lance-linear, ciliate, expanding: chaff 3-toothed. 3 — 5 f. S. Y.
C.

mollis, W. (y. Ju. 2(.) stem smooth below, scabrous above: leaves lance-ovate, acute,
serrate, scabrous above, pubescent and hoary beneath: flowers few, terminal. 3 —
6 f S. F. P N.

strumosus, W. (W y. If.) leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-neived, scabrous be-
neath: scales of the involucre lance-linear, ciliate at the base. T. O.

nltissimus, W. (W. y. Au. Z{.) leaves alternate, lance-ovate, serrate, scabrous, 3-
nerved, slender at the apex, with ciliate petioles: scales of the involucre lanceo-
late, ciliate. Chaff" on the receptacle green: stem purple. 4—8 f. S. T. H.
M. F. N. Mch.

gigantens, W. (W. y. S. 2I-) leaves lanceolate, scabrous, alternate, obscurely 3-
nerved, sub-sessile, attenuate at each end, ciliate at the base: scales of the invo-
lucre lanceolate, ciliate. Var. crinitus, leaves approximate, long lance-linear, acumi-
nate, sub-entire, scabrous, sub-sessile, both sides colored alike: involucre squarrose;
segments linear. 5 — 6 f S. C. F. P.

decapetaius, (W. y. Au. H-) leaves ovate, acuminate, remotely serrate, 3-nerved,
scabrous, pubescent beneath: scales of the involucre lanceolate, sub-equal, sub-
ciliate: rays ten or twelve. 3 — 4 f. S. N. D.

multijlorus, W. (A. S. 21- ) leaves 3-nerved, scabrous; lower ones cordate; upper ones
ovate: rays many-flowered: scales of the involucre lanceolate. iSf.

macrophylivs, W. (y. Au. 2i.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, unequally-serrate,
scabrous above, while pubescent beneath: scales of the involucre long-linear,
spreading, ciliate at the base: chaff pubescent above? iS. P.

petiolaris, N. (W. y. &. p. Au.) leaves alternate, ovate, acute, somewhat entire, very
long petioled, scabrous: stem erect, branching: flowers long-peduncled: akenes
villose. S.

Helianthus. Gr. elion. the sun, and anthos, flower; because it turns with the sun.
(1) gigas, Mx. (2) Rudbeckia, W. in the same work.

HELIANTHUS, 266

lenticularis, Lind. ( 0.) leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, hispid, three-
nerved: peduncles in single heads, equal. A. R.

hallii* (I) (y. ) loaves lance-oblonjj, obtuse, very longly-attenuated into the

petiole: scales of the involucre spreading, broad lanceolate, ciliate: egret with
awns solitary, or in twos unequal, strong. R.

Exotic.

tuberosus, (Jerusalem artichoke. y. S. 21-) leaves 3-nerved, scabrous; lower ones heart-
ovate; upper ones ovate, acuminate: petioles ciliate. Root tuberous. Naturalized.
4— 8i.

annuus, (common sunfloWer. y. & w. Ju. 21.) leaves all cordate, 3-nerved: peduncles
thickening upwards: flowers nodding. 6 — 10 f.

Southern.

1. Leaves opposite,

puhcsccns, W. (2) (W. y. Au. li.) hoary-pubescent: stem villose! leaves sessile,
heart-ovate, clasping, 3-nerved, crenulate, Very soft: scales of the involucre lanceo.-
late, villose. 2-3 f.

tongifolius. Ph. (O. y. S. 2^.) very glabrous: stem panicled: brandies few-flowered
at the summit: leaves sub-sessile, very long-lanceolate, 3-nerved, very entire; lower
ones serrate: scales of the involucre ovate, acute; outer ones linear, divaricate.
4— 7f

sparsifulius, E. (y. & p. Au. 7i-) stem scabrous: branches sub-glabrous: leaves ovate,
acute, coarsely toothed, hispid, very scabrous on both sides, abruptly contracted
into the petiole: scales of the involucre lance-oval, ciliate. 4 — .5 f

trunmtus^ Sz. (W. y. S. 2|!.) stem slender glabrous: leaves ovate, serrate, tapering to-
wards the apex, hairy, scabrous, closely sessile: scales of the involucre lance-ovate,
ciliate: chatf lanceolate, ciliate, pubescent. 2 f.

tenuifolius, E. (y. S. 2X«) stem smooth: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, coarsely ser-
rate, a little scabrous on both sides, long petioled, membranaceous: scales of the
involucre lanceolate, ciliate: flowers small. 4 f

spatnlatus, E' (y- S. IS') stem scabrous above: leaves spatulate-ovate, sub-acuminate,
serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath: branches opposite; scales of the in-
volucre lanceolate, hispid: chaff acuminate, entire. 4 — 6 f.

tricuspis, E. (y. S. 2X0 leaves oblong, lance-ovate, scabrous on both sides: scales of
the involucre broad-subulate, ciliate: chaff of the receptacle tricuspidate. 3 — 4 f.

divcTsif alius, E. (y. S. li.) stem scabrous: lower leaves lance-ovate, acuminate; upper
ones heart-ovate, mucronate; all scabrous above, and pubescent beneath: scales of
the involucre lanceolate, ciliate: chaff slightly 3-toothed. 3 — 5 f

acaber'rimus, E. (W. y. S. 21 •) leaves lanceolate, very scabrous on both sides, nearly
entire: scales of the involucre ovate: chaff of the receptacle entire, ciliate on the
back. 4 — 6 f

tubaeformis, W. (W. 0.) leaves cordate, wedge-form at the base, villose, S-nerved:
peduncles thickened, hollow.

laetiflonis, P. (2f.) leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, 3-nerved, serrate, rough: peduncles
elongated: scales of the involucre lanceolate, erect, ciliate: rays many-floweredj
very long.

paucijorus, N. (W. y.) leaves lance-linear, acuminate, serrate, smoothish: stem naked,
trichotomous, fewflowered: involucre close-imbricate: divisions ovate. 4 — 5 f.

2. Upper leaves alternate.

tomento'suS) Mx.? E. ( y. S. Z[.) stem rough: leaves lance-ovate, tapering to
the summit, acute, serrulate, scabrous above, tomentose beneath, generally alter-
nate: scales of the involucre leafy, sqij,arrose, lanceolate: chaff 3-cleft. 4 — 6 f.

aristatus ,E. (y. S.) stem erect .scabrous: lower leaves opposite, closely sessile, lance-
oval, acute, toothed, scabrous, hairy beneath: corymbs few-flowered: akenes com-
pressed; awns 2, persistent. This species appears to be intermediate between
Actinomeris and Helianthus, and may belong to a distinct genus. Elliott. 2 — 3f.

(1) longifolius. (2) mollis, Lk. canescens, Mx.

*In honor of John Ball, Esq., a naturalist who travelled beyond the Rocky Moun-
tains.

34

266 HELIOPSIS, HELOSCIADIUM,

17—2. Heliop'sis. 55. Heli. ton. sec. stim. feb. sud.

lavis, P. (1) (ox-eye. O. Ju. 2X-) stem glabrous: leaves opposite, ovate, serrate, 3-

nerved, smooth benealJi. 3 — 5 f. S. AIcli.
scahia, Dunham. (VV. ) leaves shortly petioled, ovate, 3-nerved, deeply serrate,

apex very entire, both sides scabrous: involucre pubescent. Red River.

5—1. Heliotro'pium. 43. Helio. ast. ton. tes.

Southern.

indicum, (turnsole, b. Ju. #.) leaves heart-ovate, acute, roughish: spikes solitary;

fruit bifid. 8—12 i. Florida. S— C.
curussavicutrtf (O. y. w. J. 0?) leaves narrow-lanceolate, succulent, glabrous, with-
out veins: spikes conjugate. 6 — 12. i.
europcum, (w. #.) leaves ovate, very entire, tomentose, rugose: spikes conjugate.
Inodorous. 11. M.

12 — 12. Hellebo'rus. 61. Ranu. ace. cau. r. poi. cat. ver.

foetidiis, (hellebore.) stem many-flowered, leafy: leaves pedate, remotely serrate, cori-
aceous: corol somewhat converging.

HtUehorus, Coptis.
6 — 3. Helo'nias. 13. Mela. poi. asc. s. acr. atli.

latifoliti, Ms. (2)'^.(helonias. p. M. If.) scape almost leafless: spike ovate, crowded:

bracts lance-linear: leaves lanceolate, mucronate, nerved. S. P. Y.
paniculata, N. ( .1- K.) monoecious: scape below leafy, paniculate; above, below

the apex, fructiferous: bracts^ membranaceous, acuminate: petals lance-oblong:

stamens exserl; anthers yellowT
cTijIhrosptr'ma, Mx. (3) (w. •& g. J. If.) scape leafy: racemes oblong: bracts short:

leaves lineai, very long: seed ovate, reddish: capsule shortened with divaricate

horns. 2 f >S. P. S — C.
anfrustifolia. Mx. (J. If.) scape leafy: leaves linear, subulate: raceme simple, terminal:

capsules oblong, covering at the summit: seeds linear. 2 f. S. P. Florida.
dio'ica Wr. (4) (blazing star, false unicorn root. W. w. J. If.) scape leafy: racemes

spiked, nodding; pedicels short, sub-bracted: filaments longer than the corol: petals

linear: leaves lance-oblong. Generally dioecious. 1 — 2 f. S. P. T. Y. F. C. O.

Cattskill, Great Barrington. M. S— C.

Southern,
duhiti Mx. (21) leaves grass-like, very long and narrow: scape naked: spike slender:

flowers small, sessile. 2 — 3 f

Helonias, Xerophvllum.

5 — 2. Heloscia'dium. GO. Umbe. stom. or nar. if nau.

Southern.

nodijbriim, Dc. ( Zf.) stem procumbent, striate: leaves gash-pinnate, segments

Heliopsis. Gr. elion, the sun, and cpsis, face, from its yellow rays.

Heliotropium. Gr- elion, the sun, and trope, a turning, because it turns its leaves

to the sun.
Helleborus. Gr. elein, to cause death, and bora, food, on account of its poisonous

properties.
Helonias. Derived from Slos, a marsh, where some species grow.
Helosciadium. Gr. elos, button, protuberance, sidados, shade, pavillion. Sed quere.

(1) Helianthus Itevis, L. Rudbeckia oppo.^ilifolia, L. in another place. Ruph-
thalmum helianthoides, W. Silphium solidaginoiues, L. the last time he notices it.
(2) bullata, W. (3) Melanlhium luteuni, \V. phalargioides, Lk. muscaeloxi-

cum Wr. Anthericum subtriginum, Jn. (4) pumila, Jn. Melanthium dioicum,
^Vr. densum, Lk. Veratruni luteum, L. It is still placed where Linneus left it
by N., but it differs too widely in habit and sensible qualities to remain with the
Veratrum viride.

HRLOSCIADIUM, HERPESTRIS. 267

oblong, equally serrate: umbels opposite the leaves, sessile or shortly peduncled:
involucre none or few-leaved, deciduous.

leptophyUum, Dc. ( ) described under jEthusa.

calif or nicv 771, H. ( ) procumbent? leaves pinnate, in 6 to 9-pairs, with an ovate
terminal one, acute, gash-serrate: lower ones pinnatifid or pinnate, divisions few:
umbels lateral and terminal: involucres and involucels many-leaved: styles elon-
gated. Douglas says the stems are from 2 to 3 feet high — probably not procum-
bent. R.

6 — 1. Hemerocal'lis. 14. Lilia. diu. emo.

Exotic.
Jlava, (yellow day-lily. y. Ju. 21-) leaves broad linear, keeled: petals flat, acute:

nerves of the petals undivided.
fulva, (tawny day-lily. y. Ju. Zf-) leaves linear-lanceolate, keeled: three inner petals

obtuse, undulate; outer nerves of the petals branching. Naturalized. 3 f.
japonica, (vv. Au. ) leaves cordate, acuminate: corol funnel-shaped. Japan.

2 — 1, Hemian'thus. 37. Scro. acr. poi. asc. cat — .

micrantha, Ph. (1) (w. Au. 0.) glabrous, succulent: leaves closely sessile, ovate and
oval, obtuse, entire, nerved: peduncles shorter than the leaves: calyx 5-cleft:
style 2-cleft. S. Y.

12—23. Hepat'ica. 61. Ranun. h. ton. deo. cac,

acutiloha, Dc. (heart-liverleaf O. vv. & b. Ap. Zf-) leaves cordate, 3 to 5-lobed; lobes
entire, acute: sepals acute. Grows in woods, preferring the north side of hills and
mountains. This is the Var. acuta of the triloba, of W. 5 i. Mch.
america/ia, Dc. (kidney-liverleaf O. w. & b. Ap. Zf.) leaves heart-reniform, 3-lobed;
lobes entire, round-obtuse: sepals obtuse. Grows chiefly in woods, preferring the
south side of hills and mountains. This has been mistaken for the triloba of W.
5 i. Mch.

The last species has lately come into great repute as a tonic, deobstruent, and
diuretic. Prof. Tully believes its powers are exaggerated, and that it cannot be relied
on in a dangerous disease, but that it may be considerably useful in moderate com-
plaints. It ought not to be called the Liverwort, as this is the well known name of
the Marchantia polymorpha. Its true English name is Liverleaf.

5 — 2. Herac'leum. go. Umbe. h. nar. r. poi-]-.

lanatum, Mx. (master wort; cow parsnip. O. w. J. 2_C.) petioles and nerves of the
leaves very villose beneath: leafets petioled, broad, round-cordate, sub-palmate-
lobed: carpels orbicular. A large umbelliferous plant of a white woolly appearance.
Meadows and other damp places. Very poisonous. Mch.

dovirlassii, Dc. ( Z£.) leaves below scabrous, also the petioles, above glabrous,
gash 3-cleft; segments petioled, cordate, 3 to 5-tobed, acuminate, dentate: leafets
of the involucre many, subulate at the apex: fruit obovate glabrous: dorsal leafet
elongated, sub-clavate: commisures 2, short, club-form, and 2 others very small,
sub-abortive. R.

spondylium, (W. $ .) leaves pinnate; leafets 5, oblong, pinnatifid, acute, dentate:
corol nearly uniform.

13 — 2. Herpes'tris. (1) 37. Scro. acr. poi. asc. cat-(-. eme — .

cuneifoUa, Mx. (b. Au. 21.) very glabrous: leaves wedge-obovate, obscurely crenate
above: peduncles as long as the leaves, corol 5-clefl. S. La.

Hemerocallis. Gr. emera, a day, and kallos, beauty; appUed with singular propriety

to the beauty and short duration of the flower.
Hemiantlms. Gr. e7iiisus, half, and anthos, flower, from their form.
Hepatica. Gr. epar, tlie liver, the leaves having a resemblance to the human liver.
Heracleum. Dedicated to Hercules, who is said to have added a knowledge of

Botany to his other exploits. Du.
Herpestis. Gr. erpestes, any thing which creeps.

(1) micranhemoides, N. Herpestvis, Ph.

268 HERPESTIS, HEUCHERA.

Southern.

rotimdifolia, Mx. (W. b. Au.) finely pubescent: leaves oval, roundish, rpany-nerved:

peduncles opposite, as long as the leaves: corol 4-cleft.
amplexicaidis, Mx. (2) (Au.) stem woolly: leaves cordate, clasping, entire, obtuse:

peduncles shorter than the leaves: corol 4-cleft. Charleston, S. C.
broionei, Ph. (W.) leaves oblong, entire: peduncles longer than the leaves: stem

declined.

14 — 2. Hes'peris. 63. Cruc. asc. nut— .

pinnatifirla, Mx. (wild rocket. W. J. $.) leaves sharply serrate; upper ones lanceo-
late, lower ones pinnatifid: silique sub-pedunclod: pedicel at length much longer
than the calyx. 1 f. -S. P. K.

matronaiis, (garden rocket, dame violet. W. 21.) stem simple, erect: leaves ovate,
denticulate: petals emarginate, mucronate. Var. hort.ensis, flowers double, odorifer-
ous, white. Said to be a native on Lake Huron. Dr. Todd.

pygmaia, H. (p. ^.) leaves lance-linear, attenuate at the base, entire or dentate:
pubescence 2-parted, appressed: siliques numerous, erect, compressed, pubescent:
stem erect, simple. A.

jnenziesii, H. (2i.) leaves spatulate, fleshy: pubescence 2-parted, appressed: siliquea
spreading (when young;) stem very short, erect, smiple. California. R.

Exotic,
tristis, (yellow rocket. ^.)stem hispid; branches spreading: leaves lance-ovate: silique
pword-form.

3 — 1. Heteran'thera.* 17. Pont, ton — .

reniforinis, Mx. (3) (mud-plantain. W. g-w. Ju. 2i:.) leaves round-reniform: spathe
oblong, acuminate, 2— 3-tlowered; flowers obscure, scarcely colored. 4—8 i. S.
Hudson, south bay. T. Y. P. C.

Southern.

ovalis Mx. (4) (W. b. Ju. IX-) leaves ovate-oblong: spathe lanceolate, 1-flowered.

5 — 2. Heuche'ra. 84. Saxi. ast.

americana, (5) (alum-root. W. r. Ju. If.) viscid-pubescent: scape and leaves roughish:
leaves r'ound-lobed, with dilated, obtuse, mucronate teeth: panicle dichotomous:
calyx short obtuse: petals lanceolate, as long as the calyx: starneus exsert. 2— 3 f.
S. F. T. Y. P. C. H. D. Catskill, Mch.

pubescens, Ph. (W. r. «fc y. J. li-) dusty-pubescent: scape glabrous below: leaves
sub-acute lobed, toothed, glabrous beneath: peduncles of the panicle short, with
crowded flowers: calyx bell-form: petals longer tlian tiie calyx, large: stamens
scarcely exserted. 2 f. S. P. M. Allegany Mts. McNab.

hispida, Ph. (A. p. J. 2i-) hispid scabrous: scape, petioles and leaves, glabrous beneath;
leave's hispid-pilose above, acute-lobed, toothed; teeth very short, sub-retuse, mu-
cronate: peduncles of the panicle few-flowered: calyx shortish, sub-acute: petals
spatulate, as long as the cMyx: stamens exsert.

Hesperis. Gr. esperos, the evening; because the flower is more fragrant in this pait

of the day than in any other.
Heteranthera. Gr. cleros, other or different, and ancr, anther, because the anthers

are of diflTerent sizes in the same flower.
Heuchera. In honor of J. H. Heucher, Prof, of medicine in Wittenberg, in 171 1,

(1) Monniera, Mx. (2) Obolaria caroliniana, Wr. (3) acuta, Vahl. Lep-
tanthus Mx. virginica, P. (4) limosa, Vahl. Leptanthus, Mx. (5) cortusa,
Mx. viscida. Ph. _ ,. ,

* See pao'e 30^ there describe this remarkable genus, as intermediate between
triandroux and gynandrous. As I am not a celebrated manufacturer of genera and
species, little attention has been given to it. Advocates for truth are very respect-,
fully requested to examine this plant, when in its unostentatious bloom. A. E.

IIEUCHERA, HIBISCUS. 269

eaulesccns, Ph. (W. A. w. J. IC.) suffruticose at the base: scape at the base, and
petioles pilose: leaves glabrous above, pilose at the nerves beneath, acutely lobed,
ciliate, dentate; teeth acute, mucronate: calyx short, villose: petals linear, twice
as long as the calyx: stamens exsert.

hracteala, (W. If.) pubescent: scape racenied: leaves heart-orbicular, gash-serrate;
teeth mucronate: Hovvers bracted: petals very narrow, scarcely as long as the
calyx: stamens not exsert. R.

4Lcerifulia, R. ( VV. Z[.) petioles hirsute; leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, acutely
5-lobed, unequally toothed — teeth mucronate. scape smooth: panicle elongated,
las-flowered: petals short; stamens exsert. Kentucky, Maryland.

vucrantliii, Douglass. (W. 2i-) leaves roundish, cordate, acutely crenate, sub-5-lobed:
petioles long, having scattered hairs as well as the base of the stem; cauline leaves
gashed: panicle compact: petals lance-linear, entire: stamens exsert.

villosa, Mx. (A. w. J. U.) very villose: leaves acutely lobed, toothed: teeth acute,
mucronate: fascicles of the panicle, capillary, lax-flowered: calyx short: stamens
exsert.

16 — 12. HiBis'cus. 74. Malv. f. mue. h. dem.

moschcutos, W. (!) (marsh-mallow. W. w. & p. Au. Zf.) leaves ovate, acuminate,
serrate, sub-3-lobed, sub-5-nerved, white-downy beneath: peddncles flower-bearingr
calyx downy: capsule glabrous. 4 — Of. jS. Y. Canada. M. S — C. R. B. C.
F.' Newburg, Salina.

militaris, (2) (W. w-r. Au. 2X.) very glabrous: leaves 3-lobed, hastate, acuminate,
set rate: corol tubular, campanulate: capsule ovate, acuminate, glabrous: seeds
silky. 3—4 f. «. P. S— C.

xirtfiuims, (3) (sweat weed. L. r. Au. 21.) downy, rough: leaves acuminate, unequally
toothed; lower ones cordate, undivided; upper ones cordate-oblong, 3-lobed;
peduncles axillary, and in terminal racemes; flowers nodding: pistils nodding. 2 —
4 f. S. P. Y.

Exotic.

phaniceus, (phenicean mallows, r. Ju. 21.) leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, and cre-
nate, lower ones 3-cuspidate: peduncles jointed: seeds woolly. 0 — 8 f,

5?/riacws, ( Syrian mallow, w. &. p. Au. h.) leaves wedge ovate, 3-lobed, toothed:
bracts about 8, of the length of the calyx. .^) — 10 f.

esculends, (okra. y. Ju. |^.) leaves heart-.5-lobed, obtusish, toothed: petiole longer
than the flower: bracts about .5, caducous, bursting lengthwise. 3 f.

trioimm, (bladder ketmia, flower of an hour. 0.) bracts many; calyx inflated: capsule
membranaceous: leaves toothed; upper ones 3 parted. 6 — 181. Mch.

Southern.

grandiflorns, Mx. (W. r. Au. Zf.) leaves large, coriaceous, triangular-cordate, 3-lobed,
tomentoseon both sides: hoary beneath: cfipsules tomentose, sub-truncate. 5 — 7 f.

incanus, W. (y-w. S. 7i.) leaves ovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, hoary-tomentose
on both sides: peduncles axillary: calyx tomentose, nearly equal.

coccineus, Wr. (4) (r. Au. 2i-) very glabrous: leaves palmate-5-parted: divisions lance-
linear, acuminate, remotely serrate at the apex: capsule ovate, glabrous. 4 — 8 f.
S— C.

munihot, W. (W. y. & p. Au. 2S-) stem and petioles unarmed: leaves palmate-digi-
tate, 7-parted; divisions linear: peduncles hispid: outer bract 1: calyx torn: cap-
sule very hirsute, pyramidal.

scaler, (5) (y. & p. Au. Z[.) stem scabrous: lower leaves cordate, angled; upper
ones palmate, 3— 5-lobed; lobes irregular-dentate angled: calyx very hispid, twice
as long as the bracts. 3 f.

carolinhinus, M. (p. Au. 21- ) leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, serrate, smooth on
both sides, sometimes sub-3-lobed: seeds hispid. 4 — 6 f.

coUinsiana, N. (y.) lowest leaves obtusely .o-lobed; upper ones pedately 5-parted, the
lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely toothed; petiole as long as the lamina:
flowers on short peduncles: leaves of the involucel 10—12: calyx spathaceous, 5--
toolhed, cleft on one side. West Florida.

Hibiscus, ibiskos: the ancient Greek name of the marsh mallows.

(1) palustris, Wr. (2) virginicus, Wr. hastatus, Mx. riparius, P. (3) cly
peatus, Wr. (4) speciosus, A. (5) aculeatus, Wr.

^70 HIERAGIUM.

17 — I. Hiera'ciuim. 53. Cich. sec-stim. ano — . ton — .

gracile, H. ( ) scape naked or one-leaved, glabrous: cyme-racemed above, pubes-
cent, and with the involucre black-pilose, snb-glandulous: leaves oblong, oblusish
glabrous, attenuated into a longish petiole, nieuibranaceous, entire: flowers small.
12— ISi. R.

albiflorum, H. (w. ) stem leafy, with sotl reflexed hairs below: leaves broad- lanceo-
late, entire, obtuse, attenuated into a petiole, with long white hairs; cauline leaves
remotish, becoming gradually smaller, sessile: panicle slender, many-flowered,
glabrous: petioles divaricate: involucre wiih scattered long white hairs. II.

scouleri, H. ( ) setose-pilose, hairs long, rigid, spreading, tawny: stem leafy, panicu-
late: panicle large, many-flowered, erect: leaves broad-lanceolate sub-coriaceous,
rigid, acute, scarcely toothed; radical ones attenuated into a short petiole; cauline
ones remotish, sessile: involucre fuscous-pubescent, the pubescence intermixed with
long glandular hairs. F. R. Jlch.

gronovii,'* L. (vein-leaf, hawk-weed. O. y.Ju. 2X-) scape leafy, panicled above, glabrous:
leaves lance-ovate, sub-pilose, ciliate; midrib villose beneath: pedicels arid involucre
glandular-pubescent. Var. venosum, scape naked; leaves smoothish with colored
veins: involucre smooth.

paniculatum, W. (O. y. Ju. 7S-) somewhat glabrous: stem erect, leafy panicled, white-
woolly below: pedicels capillary: leaves lanceolate, naked, toothed, membranace-
ous. 2—4 f S. Mch. «

kalmii, W. {y. Aa. 2X-) stem erect, many-flowered, smooth, downy above: leaves
sub-sessile, larrceolate, acuminate, sharply toothed outside: peduncles axillary and
terminal, downy. B. F. N. T. Mch.

marianiim, W. (1) (O. y. Ju. 2i-) stem erect, villose: leaves oval-obov.ate, strigose,
villose on the keel; lower ones sub-dentate: peduncles and involucre downy. 1 —
2f. S. Mch.

pusUliim,, W. (y. Ju. H-) small," very villose: stem simple, erect, one-flowered,
somewhat 2-leaved: leaves remote, lanceolate, slenderly tapering, acute, entire;
cauline ones linear: involucre very villose. Probably a variety of H. uljnnum. Ph.
Labrador.

moUe, W. (soft hawk-weed. y. Au. Zf.) pilose: stem erect, simple, leafy, corymbed,
few-flowered: leaves lance-oblong, attenuate, sparingly toothed below; radical ones
petioled. Labrador.

macrophjlhun, Ph. (y. Zf.) very tall: stem erect, leafy, hispid, sulcate: leaves cor-
date, half-clasping, ovate-oblong, remotely coarse- toothed, nearly naked; nerves
and veins pubescent beneath: panicle divaricately corymbed: peduncles elongated,
naked, glabrous: involucre glabrous.

sylvaticum, S. ( ) stem leafy, branching above, sub-corymbed, sub-villose: pedun-
cles more or less pubescent; leaves lance-ovate or lanceolate, sub-hirsute, dentate,
with the teeth erect: involucre with short pubescence. A var. has the leaves
lance-ovate, green, teeth minute. Canada.

prenanthoUlcs, Vill. ( ) stem erect, leafy, pubescent-hirsute: panicle corymbose:
pedicels and involucre pilose-glandulous: leaves oblong-cordate, half clasping at
the base; upper ones gradually smaller, ovate-cordate all with coarse remote teeth.
D. R. A. Canada.

umbdlaium, L. ( ) stem erect, sipiple, very leafy: leaves lance-linear, somewhat
glabrous, toothed and very entire; , flowers sub-umbelled: peduncles pubescent:
involucres glabrous. D. A.

scabrius'aduin, Sz. & Say. (W. y.) stem glabrous, erect, terete, sulcate, leafy: leaves
lance-ovate, sessile, clasping, sub-dentate, scabrous and somewhat involute at the
margin, rugose above, glaucous and pilose beneath: involucre smoothish.

Hieracium. Gr. ierax, a hawk, from the vulgar opinion that these birds removed

films from their eyes with it.

(I) scabrum, Mx.

* Dr. Aikin has written me, after thoroughly studying this and the venosum, in
numerous localities, that they cannot be retained as distinct species. He proposes
the above amendment.

I am not singular in my views. Every old botonist doubts the opinions of all bo-
tanists, who decide hastily. Dr. A. is exceedingly cautious; of course I receive his
opinions in all cases.

HIERACIUM, nOMALOBUS. 271

Exotic,
auraniiacvm, (orange liawkweed. y. 2Z.) scape leafy, hispid: flowers corymbed;
peduncles glomerate: leaves oblong, aculish, pilose-liifpid.

Southern.

runciniitum, J. (W.) hirsute: leaves radical, oval-oblong, runcinate; scape few-
flowered, angular: involucre glandular-pilose. 1 f.

barbatum, N. (W. y. 2i.) very pilose, tall, rigid leaves entire: radical ones cuneate-
oblong aculish, upper ones sessile, much smaller, sub-linear: flowers scattered,
panicFed: branchlets very short, few-flowered: peduncles and involucre pulverulent-
tomentose. 3 — 4 f. Arkansas.

3 — 2. Hierochlo'a. 10. Gram. far. ton.

borealis, Sch. (1) (sweet summer grass, seneca grass. M. 2_f.) panicle sub-secund, a
little spreading: peduncles smooth: florets unarmed: outer palea ciliate on the
margin: root creeping. 16 i. O. P. Y. N. B. D. Seneca Lake. JVlch.

alpina, Wa,h\. (A. J. 2X0 panicle ovate, contracted: spikelets compressed, longer than
the branches: glumes lanceolate, nearly nerveless: lateral florets triandrous; one
of them with an awn about as long as the valves; sides almost smooth, margins
ciliate. G— 8 i. While Mis.

20—8. HxppoPHAE. 24. Elae. ton.

canadensis, W. (sea buckthorn. M. \: .) leaves oblong-ovate, glabrous, with scattered
stellate pubescence above, stellate, pubescent and scaly beneath: scales ferruginous
and deciduous. G— S f. P. Y. O. D. Canada, Sciioliarie. Mch.

argenteu, Ph. (W. \ .) leaves ovate, obtuse, glabrous on both sides and covered with
silvery scales. 12 — 18 f. D.

1 — 1. Hippu'ris. 88. Onag. emo. nau.

vulgaris, (mares tail. W. y-g. M. 2X-) leaves linear and lance-linear, verticil late in
6s, 8s, 9s. Sf. P. T. D. Cayuga Lake, plenty. Near Schenectady, rare. U.
Canada. Mch.

monlana, (Reichen) ( ) slender: leaves in sixes, linear, acute. A.

maritima, Hel. ( ) leaves in fours or sixes, lanceolate, obtuse scarcely gangrenous.
9—18 i. A.

3—2. Hol'cus. 10. Gram. far. ton.

latnanus, (soft grass. J. 21.) panicle equal: florets shorter than the glumes; superior
one with a recurved awn: root fibrous. 1 — 2 f. P. Y. D. Mch.

HolcUS, HlEROCHLOA, KoELERIA.

16 — 10. HoMAi.oBus. 93. Legu. asc. ape.
Caulescent.
dispar, N. (J.) decumbent, puberulent: stem somewhat striate, nearly glabrous;
leaves almost sessile; leafets 6 to 10 pairs, linear-oblong obtuse: stipules short,
ovate, the lower ones united: racemes many-flowered, loose, almost sessile, scarceli"-
longer than the leaves, often 2 or 3 together: bracts minute, shorter than the
pedicels: legumes elliptical-oblong, obtuse, flat, somewhat slipilate; the stipe
shorter than the calyx. Missouri and West.

Hierochloa. Gr. ieros, sacred, and chloe, green herb or grass, because in Silesia it is

strewed before the church doors, and esteemed sacred to the Virgin Mary.
Hippopha?. Gr. ippns-, a horse, and p/tad, to destroy, from the supposed qualities of

some of the species.
Hippuris. Gr. ippos, a horse, and oura, a tail, this genus having a great affinity to

the Equisetum.
Holcus. Gr. otkus, the Greek name of a plant, with awns like barley.
Homalobus. Gr. omolos, similar, lohos, lobe of the ear.

(1) fragrans, Rs. Holcus odoratus, Mx. lanatus, L.

273 HOMALOEUS, HOPEA.

mvUiflorns, T. (p.) nearly erect, pubescent with appressed hairs or at length nearly
glabrous: stem slightly striate: leafets 6 to 10 pairs, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuseJ
stipules small, ovate, the lower ones united: racemes usually solitary, pedunculate,
many-flowered, loose at length, longer than the leaves: bracts very minute, shorter
than the pedicels: legumes linear-oblong, acute, flat, stipilate; the stipe longer
than the calyx. Missouri.

■campastris, N. (y. ) nearly erect, stout, with rigid rush-like branches: petioles semi-
cylindrical, somewhat dilated towards the extremity; the lower ones bearing 3 to 5
pairs of rigid linear-subulate leafets; the upper ones 3-foIiate or simple: stipules
triangular-subulate: the racemes short, 5 to 10 flowered, loose: calyx hirsute
with black hairs, with short subulate teeth: legumes pubescent, long and straight,
compressed. 1 f. Oregon.

Junceus, N. ( ) erect, slender, much branched: radical petioles bearing 1 to 2 pairs
of minute leafets; the cauline ones filiform and leafless: stipules broadly triangular,
minute: peduncles very long, the flowers few and remote: bracts scarcely any:
teeth of the calyx very short and obtuse: legumes long, linear, straight, puberulent.
Rocky Mts.

wtliorarjms, N. (y.) decumbent, slender, flexuous, much branched from below: lower
leaves with 1 to 2 pairs of long narrowly Imear and very acute leafets; upper leaves
simple, sessile, similar to the lower leafets: stipules minute, dilated: peduncles
longer than the leaves, few-flowered: teeth of the calyx very short, acute: legumes
oblong-linear, nearly straight, coriaceous, somewhat puberulent, torulose, 6 to 8-
seeried. Rocky Mts.

decumhens, N. (y. p.) much branched from the base, diff"use, or decumbent, slender:
leafets 3 to 5 pairs, mostly very small, narrowly lanceolate-linear, on long often
slightly dilated petioles: stipules subulate, the lower ones partly united: peduncles
very long: racemes very loose, 5 to 10-flowered: legumes flat, linear, elongated,
falcate, somewhat puberulent. Rocky Mts.

tetiuifoiais, N. (y. p.) low, brancbefl froi!) the base, somewhat cespitose: leafets 3 to 6
pairs, very small, subulate, on a narrow-channelled rachis: stipules triangular-
acuminate; the lowermost broader and membranaceous: peduncles very long, 5 to
8-flowered: teeth of the calyx short and acute: legumes short and flat, linear-
elliptical, straight, somewhat puberulent. 3 — 4 i. Rocky Mts.

Acuuhsc.ent.

cespitosus, N. (J. p.) leaves simple or pinnately 3 to 5-foliolate, linear-lanceolate «>r
oblanceolate, narrow, acute, tapering below: racemes loose: bracts lanceolate-sub-
ulate, about the length of the pedicels in fruit: teeth of the calyx subulate, about
the length of the lube: legumes oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, very slightly
curved, at length glabrous, about 12-ovuled. 3—4 i. Hills of the Platte towards
Rocky Mts.

brackycarpus, N. (p.) leaves simple, rarely 3-foliolate, lanceolate-linear, acute, taper-
ing below: racemes loose: bracts subulate, nearly as long as the calyx: teeth of the
calyx setaceous-subulate, as long as the tube: legumes oblong-elliptical, with an
abrupt short point, flat, straight, at length almost glabrous, about 8-ovuled. Hills
of the Platte towards Rocky Mts.

canescens, N. (p.) leaves simple, lanceolate, pungent, tapering below into slender
petioles: racemes sub-capitate, at length rather loose: liowers larger: bracts subu-
late, nearly the length of the calyx: teeth of the calyx subulate, about as long as
the tube: legumes linear, flat, abruptly pointed, somewhat curved, puberulent,
about 12-ovuled, High hills of the Platte towards Rocky Mts. 2—4 i.

15—12. Ho'pEA. 71. Styr. stom. aro, ast.
Southern.
tinctoria, (sweet-leaf. y. Ap. 2S-) leaves lance-oblong, glaucous, pubescent beneath:
flowers sessile, axillary, in clusters. 15 — 18 f. Charleston, S. C. Florida.

3—2. Hor'deum. 10. Gram. far. ton.

juhatum, (squirrel tail grass, wall barley. W. 3. $.) lateral florets abortive, neuter:
awns of the glumes and paleas six times as long as the flowers. 2 f. S. B. C. D-

Hopea. In honor of Dr. John Hope, Prof, of botany at Edinburgh.
Hordeum. Lat. kordmm, the derivation of which is uncertain.

HORDEUM, HOSACKIA. 273

Exotic.
Tulgare, W. (barley. Ju. 0.) florets all perfect, awned, in two erect rows.
distichon, W. (J. 0.) lateral florets imperfect, awnless: seeds angular, imbricate.

Southern.

ptisillum, N. (W.) lateral florets staminate or neuter, awnless, acute: four inner
glumes coriaceous, dilated; all short awned: awns scabrous. 4 — 6 i. Decumbent.

10—10. Horke'lia. 92. Rosa. ast. ref. feb.

congesta, Doug. ( ) radical leaves pinnate; leafets cuneate-oblong, gashed at the
apex: exterior divisions of the calyx very entire: petals longer than the calyx. R.

10 — 3. Horten'sia. 58. Capr. ton. feb — .
Exotic,
speciosa, (changeable hydrangea, r. «&. w. J. ^.) leaves broadly ovate, serrate, acu-
minate: flowers corymbed. From the East Indies. This is the common flower-
pot shrub, usually called hyderindia.

16 — 10. Hosack'ia. 93. Leg. nut. asc. ape.

bicolor, Douglass. (W. y. w. ) glabrous, decumbent: leafets sub-opposite, 7 to 9,
oblong or obovate: stipule? heart-ovate, membranaceous, very obtuse: flowers ura-
belled: bracts 1-leaved or none. Rocky Mts. and west of them.

decunibens, Bent. (W. y. 2i-) rough haired, decumbent: leafets alternate, 4 or 5,
wedge-oval, acute: stipules very minute, acute, caducous: flowers umbelled: bracts
1 to 3-leaved. West of Rocky Mts.

parviflora, Bent. (W. ) erect, glabrous, chiefly ramose at the base: leafets alter-
nate, 4 to 6, obovate-oblong, glaucous beneath: stipules obsolete, caducous: pe-
duncles 1 -flowered: bracts under the flowers often 3-leaved. West of Rocky Mts.

unifoLiida, Hk. (W.) decumbent, hirsute, branches much spread: leaves generally
with a single leafet, rarely 2 or 3, sub-sessile, oval, acute at the apex and base:
stipules obsolete: peduncles 1-flowered: bracts under the flowers l-leaved, ovate.
West of Rocky Mts.

pUitycarpa, N. ( ) slightly pubescent, robust: leafets 7—9 pairs, most opposite,
oblong-oval or obovate: stipules small, cordate-ovate, membranaceous, obtuse: pe-
duncles bracteate with a2 — 4-foliolate leaf belnw the umbel: calyx truncate, minutely
toothed: legume rather broad and flat. Oregon.

parviflora, Benth. (0. J. w-r. ) erect, nearly glabrous, branched from the base: leafets
4 — 6, oblong and obovate, alternate: peduncles 1-flowered: bracts 3-lbliolate: calyx
one-third the length of the corol; teeth linear-subulate. Oregon. S.

microphylla, N. ($•) nearly prostrate, and much branched, somewhat strigosely pu-
bescent: leafets 4—5, obovate or oval-oblong, alternate: peduncles shorter or a
little longer than the leaves, bract usually trifoliolate. Oregon. S.

data, N. (May. w.) sparsely hirsute: stem tall and somewhat branching above: leaves
on short petioles; leafets elliptical-oblong, somewhat obtuse: peduncles longer than
the leaves: bract of a simple leafet: calyx two-thirds the length of the coiol; the
segments twice as long as the tube: legume terete, slender. Oregon.

fjorihunda, N. (J-Ju.) smoothish or pubescent, much branched and decumbent: leafets
elliptical-oblong, the lateral ones narrower: extreme branches with unifoiiolate
leaves: flowers on short peduncles, approximated towards the extremity of the
branchlets: bract of a single leafet: legume compressed, few-seeded. Rocky Mts.

pilosa, N. ( ) densely clothed with soft hairs, decumbent and much branched: leafets
elliptical-oblong, obtuse or slightly acute: branches unifoiiolate: bract of a single
leaf: flowers scattered: peduncles very short: legume flattish, few-seeded. Rocky
Mts.

mollis, N. (J. ) hirsute with spreading hairs, erect, branching from the base: leafets

Horkelia. The name of a friend to the botanist who gave it, latinized.
Hortensia. From hortus, a garden, its former specific name. Hydrnngia hortensia.
Hosackia. In honor of Dr. David Hosack, of New York, who was the earliest patron
of botany in the Northern States.

35

274 HOSACKIA.

oblong and cuneate-oblong, obtuse: peduncles longer than the leaves: bract of a
single leafet: calyx as long as the corol: legume almost flat, glabrous. Banks of
the Wahlaniet.

sioloitifera, Lindl. (g. p. U-) glabrous, erect, stoloniferous: leafets 11 — 15, ovate or
oblong, mucronate: stipules ovate, heibaceous: umbels many-flowered, capitate:
bracts 1—3-foliolate: teeth of the calyx very short. California.

o-racUis, Benth. (y. Z{.) glabrous, decumbent: lower leafets obovate-cuneate: stipules
large, membranaceous: bracts trifoliolate: calyx somewhat bilabiate, the teeth half
as long as the tube. California.

stipidarls, Benth. ( ) stem and petioles hairy: stipules foliaceous, broadly semi-
sagittate: bracts trifoliolate: teeth of the calyx shorter than the tube. California.

crasiifolia, Benth. ( ) leafets broadly obovate, somewhat fleshy, stipules scarious:

bracts 3-foliolate: teeth of the calyx very short. California.

ochroleuca, N. (y. March. A. Z[.) pubescent, nearly erect: leaves sessile; leafets 3—4
pairs, obovate or oblong, alternate: stipules very minute: umbels bracteate with a
single sessile leafet: teeth of the calyx acuminate, as long as the tube: legume
sub-terete. St. Barbara. California.

grandijiora, Benth. (U- ) «teni slightly pubescent above: leafets about 7: peduncles
elongated: bract 1-foliolate, sessile: teeth of the calyx scarcely shorter than the
tube. California.

tomtntosa. Hook. &. Arn. (y. r. 2X.) herbaceous, canescently tomentose, decumbent:
leafets 4 — 6, obovate, mostly obtuse: peduncles very short: bracts 1-foliolate: teeth
of the calyx shorter than the tube. California.

micrantlia, N. {y. ^. March, Ap.) herbaceous, pubescent, prostrate: leafets 4 — 6,
cuneale or obovate, obtuse: umbels almost sessile, few-flowered, without bracts.
California.

ajtisoides, Benth. (y. ) suffruticose, somewhat pubescent, decumbent: branches an-
gular: leafets 3 — G, cuneate-obiong; petioles very short: umbels many-flowered,
on short peduncles: bracts of 1 — 3 minute leafets: teeth of the calyx subulate,
recurved. California.

prostrata, N. (y. r. A.) suffruticose, nearly glabrous, prostrate: branches terete:
leafets 3 — 7, oblong, obtuse: peduncles longer than the leaves, often elongated:
umbels many-flowered: bracts I-foliolale: calyx nuich shorter than the corol, the
teeth scarcely one third the length of the tube: legume with a very long subulate
point. California.

juncca, Benth. (y. ) suffruticose, glabrous: branches angular and erect: leafets 3 — 5,
oblong, obtuse, peduncles very short, 3 — 5-flowered, without bracts: calyx some-
what prismatic, with very short, pointless teeth. California.

crassifolia, N. (y-r. ) suffruticose, decumbent, nearly glabrous: branches angular:
leafets 3 — 4, oblong or cuneate-obiong, obtuse, thick: umbels nearly sessile, 5 — 7-
riowered: bracts none: teeth of tlie calyx about one-fourth the length of the tube:
legume with a very long, subulate point. California.*

scopTiria, N. (y-r. March, Ap.) suffruticose, erect, much branched, nearly glabrous:
branches terete: leafets 3 — 4, linear-oblong, somewiiat acute: umbels sessile,

5 7.flowered: bracts none: teeth of the calyx subulate, about one-third the length

of the tube: legume with a very long, subulate point. 3 — 4 f. California, used
there for making brooms.
scricea, Benth. (r-y. ) densely silky-tomentose: leafets usually 3: peduncles very
short, 1 — 3-rtowered, without biacts. California.

nudifiora, N. (#. Marcli.) somewhat pubescent with appressed hairs, diffusely
branched from the base: leafets 5 — 7, alternate, oblong-linear, acute: peduncles
with a minute, glandular scale in the place of the bract: legume pubescent, straight,
curved at the joint, somewhat terete. California.

strigosa, N. (2/? March, y.) strigosely pubescent, decumbent, much branched: leafets

6—'d. alternate, lanceolate-linear, acute: peduncles naked, or with a bract of 1 — 3

minute leafets: corol nearly twice as long as the calyx: legume pubescent, nearly

straight. California.

ruhdla. N. (Zf. r. ) strigosely pubescent, much branched: leafets 6 — 10, alternate,

* It seems there are two H. crassifolia, one of Bentham, and one of Nuttall. From
the descriptions, they are evidently distinct plants.

HOSACKIA, HOYA. iilO

linear, rather obtuse: peduncles 1 — 3-flowered, naked, or with a bract of a single
leafet: legume pubescent, nearh' straight. California.

maritimn, N. (March, y. 0?) rather succulent, somewhat strigose, prostrate, much
branched: leafets 4 — 5, alternate, obovate, obtuse: peduncles I — 3-fiowered, naked,
or with a trifoliolate bract: legimie glabrous, sub-terete, straiglit. California.'

suh-pinnata, T. (0. ) canescently villose, branched from the base: leafets about 5,
obovate, obtuse: flowers solitary, nearly sessile: bracts none: teeth of the calyx
subulate, as long as the tube: legume pubescent, 3 — 6 i. California.

loratigeiiana, T. ( ) diffuse, sparsely hirsute: leafets 4, oblong, somewhat glau-

cous: peduncles axillary, very short, l-flowered: bracts none: legume pubescent.
California.

5 — 1. Hotto'nia. 35. Prim. sed. sop.

infata, E. (1) (water violet. W. w. J. 21-) flowers whorled, short peduncled: corol
shorter than the calyx: scape short, inflated between the joints: leaves alternate,
piunatifid, crowded. S. Rhode Island. B. C. F.

4—1. IIousto'nia. (2) 40. Gent, ton+.

carvlea, (3) (venus' pride, innocence, dwarf pink. O. b. & w. M. 2i-) stem erect,
setaceous, dichotomous: rndical leaves spatulate; cauline ones oblanceolate, oppo-
site: peduncles l-flowered, elongated. 4 — 6 i. S. Mcli.

longifoUa, W. (4) (W. p. J. IS-) leaves narrow-lanceolate, tapering to each end:
flowers corymbed. 6—1-2 i. S. P. B. H. D. U. Canada. Mcli.

puipurea, W. (5) (W. p. w. Ju. 21-) stem erect, branching above, pubescent at the
joints: leaves sessile, ovate, lanceolate, or lance-linear: fascicles terminal, corymb-
ed. 4— S i. S. S— C.

ciliolata, T, (W. p.) radical leaves ovate, obtuse, narrow at the base, ciliate at the
margin; cauline ones ov:ite-spatulate, sessile: corymbs terminal, pedicelled:
peduncles trichotomous: divisions of the calyx lance-linear: stem smooth, branched
above, Niagara Falls. Mch.

pubescens, R. (VV.) leaves wedge-form acute, pubescent; lower ones sub-petioled,
lanceolate; upper ones sub-oval, sessile: panicle trichotomous, terminal.

patens, E. (6) (p. March. ^.) small, stem branching, dichotomous, with scabrous
angles: flowers solitary, terminal and axillary. 1 — 2 i. S — C.

Southern.

serpyllifoliat Mx. (O. b. M. 2/-) procumbent, cespitose: leaves spatulate, obtuse:
peduncles terminal, l-flowered, very long. ,

(enellu, Ph. (A. b. J. 2X-) stem creeping, filiform: leaves round acute, nerved: pedun-
cles terminal, 1-tlowered, very long. Smaller than the last.

rotundifolia, Mx. (L. w. Ap. 2X.) creeping: leaves ovate, roundish, abruptly narrow-
ed at the base: peduncles axillary, solitary, l-flowered. Leaves evergreen. Florida.

lenuifoUa, N. (W.) smooth: stem erect, divaricate, very brandling; branches sub-
trichotomous: leaves narrow-linear: corymbs terminal, sub-fastigiate, with long
setaceous peduncles. (5 i.

minima, Bk. (W. b. March, 0?) stem erect, simple, 4-cornered, somewhat scabrous:
leaves opposite, spatulate-ovate, sub-acuminate, ciliate, scabrous on both sides;
flowers peduncled, solitary, terminal. 1 — 2 i,

18 — 2. HoYA. 47. Ascl. dia. r. nau. exp.

Exotic.

carnosa, R. Br. (w-r.) leaves ovate: flowers bearded. A vine.

Hottonia. In honor of John Hotton, the predecessor of Boerhaave at Leyden.
Houstonia. In honor of Dr. Wm. Houston, an English botanist of considerable

merit.
Hoya. In honor of the gardener of the Duke of Northumberland.

(1) palustris? Ph. (2) Hedyotis, H. (3) linnei, Mx. (4) angustifolia, Mx.
(5) varians, Mx. Hedyotis umbellata, Wr. Knoxia purpurea, Lk. (6) linnei,

Var. coerulea. Mx. Var. minor. Ph.

276 HUDSONIA, HYDRASTIS.

12—1. Hudso'nia. 80. Cist. stom. ton.

ericoldes, (false heath. W. y. J. h.) leaves acerose-subulate, hirsute: peduncles fili-
form, solitary. About 6 i. high, a very delicate shrub. Pine barrens. Y.

tomentosa, N. (W. L. y. Ju.) hoary lonientose: leaves ovate, imbricate, shorter than
the intervale of the stem: flowers sub-sessile: calyx obiuse. B. D. Canada.
N. Jersey. Mch.

Southern.

montana, N. (A.) decumbent, smoothish, cespitose: leaves long filiform-subulate,
sub-imbricate: peduncles terminal, solitary: calyx bell-form, woolly: capsule villose.
3—5 i.

20 — 5. Hu'mulcs. 98. Urti. nar. ton. ano.

lupubis, (hop. O. g-y. Au. Zf.) stem twining with the sun: leaves lobed. One of the
best of tonics.

14 — 1. Hutchin'sia. 63. Cruc. asc. nut.

calydna, (w. ) white-pubescent: leaves mostly radical, deeply pinnatifid, long
petioled: calyx permanent: silicles oblong, tapering to both ends, acuminated by
the style. A Var. lower leaves all entire. R. A.

6 — 1. Hyacin'thus. 16. Asph. exp. nar. stim.

Exotic.

orientalis, (garden hyacinth, r. Ap. 2i-) corol funnel-form, half 6-clefl, ventricose at

the base.
rmiscari, (musk hyacinth, b. Ap. If.) carols ovate, all equal.
botryoides, (grape hyacinth, b. Ap. U-) corols globose, uniform: leaves cylindric,

channelled, straight.
comosus, (purple grape hyacinth, p.) corols angular cylindric: upper flowers sterile,

long-peduncled, erect.
racemosus, (hare-bell hyacinth. 2|.) flowers thick, ovate, those at the top sessile:

leaves lax, pendant, linear, carinate.

10 — 2. Hydran'gea. 58. Capr. ast. fra.

vulgaris, Ph. (1) (hydrangea. W. w. Au. Ip.) leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at the base,
acuminate, toothed, glabrous beneath: cymes naked. 5 f. S. P. H. M. Har-
per's Ferry.

nivea, Mx. (2) (w. Ju. ^.) leaves heart-ovate, acuminate, serrate, snow-white down
beneath; cymes radiate, 6-^8 f. S. P. S — C.
Southern.

cordata, Ph. (3) (W. A. Ju. 11.) leaves broad-ovate, sub-cordate at the base, acumi-
nate, coarsely toothed, glabrous beneath: cymes generally radiate.

quercifolia, Bart. (w. «& r. Ju. ^.) leaves oblong, sinuate-lobed, toothed, tomentose
beneath; cymes radiate, thyrse-panicled. 4—5 f Florida.

Hydrangea, Hortensia,

12 — 12. Hydras'tis. 61. Ranu. acr. cau. poi.
canadensis, (orange root, turmeric root. W. w-r. Ap. 2^.) stem with two opposite

Hudsonia. In honor of Wm. Hudson, a correspondent of Linneus, and author of

Flora Anglica.
Humulus. Lat. huinvs, fresh earth, from its choosing rich soil,
Hulchinsia. The name of a friend to the botanist who gave it, latinized.
Hyacinthus. After Hyacinth, the favorite of Apollo, who was changed into this

plant.
Hydrangea. Gr. udor, water, and aggeion, a vessel, in allusion to the pitcher-like

shape of the seed-vessel.
Hydrastis. From Gr. udor, water, in reference to the humid places wherein it grows.

(1) arborescens, W. (2) radiata, Wr. (3) vulgaris, Mx.

HYDRASTIS, HYDROPELTIS, 277

leaves above: leaves petioled, emarginate at the base, palmate^ serrate, gashed:
peduncle terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. Root yellow. S. P. Y. C. D. Mch.

20—9. Hy'drocha'ris. 22. Hydr. ton.
Southern.
spongiosa, Bosc. (1) (w. Au. 21-) monoecious: leaves floating, round-cordate, reticu-
late beneath, with vesicles at the base. Stagnant water.

10 — 6. Hydrochlo'a. 10. Gram. far. ton.

Jfuitans, Mx. (2) (Ju. 2X.) small; stem slender, branching: leaves linear, flat: spikes
sohtary, axillary, setaceous, about 4-flowered: glumes unawned. S.

5 — 2. Hv'drocoty'le. 60. Umb. ton — . dem.

umbellata, W. (water navel-wort. g-w. M, Zf.) leaves peltate, crenate, at the base

eniarginate: umbels peduncled, many-flowered. S. P. B. C. F. Mch. S — C»
americana, (O. g-w. J. If-) glabrous, tuberous: leaves sub-peltate, orbicular, doubly

crenate: glomerules few-flowered, sessile. V a.r. flexicaidis, stems firmer and shorter,

somewhat flexuous-angled. Var. gracilis, slender, filiform, not flexuous: leaves

smaller. Plant low and prostrate. Flowers very smalK ;S.
vulgaris, (3) (penny-wort. g. w. J. If.) leaves orbicular, peltate, slightly crenater

scape interruptedly spiked, few-flowered. jS*. P. C. Canada.
ranunculoides, (4) (J. 2X-) leaves cordate, somewhat 5-lobed, crenate-dentate: umbels

capitate, 8 to 10-flowered. iS'.
lineata, Mx. (5) (r-w. Ju. 7i.) glabrous, creeping: leaves sessile, cuneate-linear, with

transverse nerves: umbels peduncled. S. C. Peekskill.

Sub-genus Erigenia. Described at page 60.

hulhosn, N. (W. w. 2i.) glabrous: leaves one or two, radical, petioled, gash-biternate:
leafets of the involucels few, unequal: anthers exsert, dark purple. Root globe-
tuberous. S. P. O. F.

repanda, P. (r-w. Ju. 21.) leaves round-cordate, somewhat repand; petioles and nerves
pilose: heads 3-flowered, peduncled.

Hydroglossum, Lygodium.

5 — 2. Hydro'lea. 44. Hydr. h. epis.
Southern,
quadrivalms, Wr. (6) (b. Ju. II.) spinose, pilose: leaves long-lanceolate: flowers

nearly sessile, axillary: capsules glabrous. Charleston, S — C.
corymbosa, Macbride. (b. & y. Ju. Zf.) without spines, sub-glabrous: leaves lanceo-
late: calyx hispid: llowers terminal. 2 f.
spinosa, (W.) leaves lanceolate, hirsute: flowers terminal.

12 — 12. Hydkopel'tis. 61. Ranu. acr. cau.

poi.

purpurea, Mx. (7) (water.shield, water-target. O. p. Au. 2X-) leaves peltate, oval,
entire: peduncles solitary, 1-flowered. The leaves float on the surface of water,
having long flexible petioles. Plant mostly covered with mucilage. S. Mch.

Hydrocharis. Gr. udor, water, and charts, grace, as this little plant may be con-
sidered to be an ornament of still waters.

Hydrochloa. Gr. iidor, water, and cidoe, grass, it growing principally in water.

Hydrocotyle. Gr. udor, water, and kotuLe, a cavity, from the leaves being a little
depressed in the centre, so as to hold a drop of water.

Hydrolea. From Gr. udur, water, and daia, oil, because the leaves of this water
plant are viscous as if they were smeared with old oil.

Hydropeltis. Gr. udor, water, and pelte, a shield, from the floating peltate leaves.
(I) cordifoUa, N. (2) zizanea, Mx. ;(3) interrupta, M. (4) oymbalari-

folia, M. (5) Crantzia, N. (6) caroliniana, Mx. (7) Brasenia peltata, Ph.

278 HYDROrHYLLUM. HYOSCYAMUS.

5 — 1. Hvdrophyl'lum. 43. Hydro, emo. ton — .

cirginicum, (burr-flower. W. b. J. 2i.) smoothish: leaves pinnate and pinnatifid; divi-
sions lance-oval, gash-serrate: fascicles of the flowers conglomerate. The flowers
have the appearance of a burr several weeks before they expand. 9 — 18 i. S. O.
D. P. Windsor, Vt. Mch. M.

canadense, W. (rough burr-flower, W. p. &w. Ju. 21-) hirsute: leaves lobe-angled:
fascicles of the flowers crowded. Resembles the last in some respects, but the
leaves are much larger. W. P. C. X. O. D. Mch. M.

hispidum, Riddell. whole plant hispid: leaves mostly radical.

■macrophyUum, N. (W. w. Zf.) leaves pinnatifid, coarsely gash-toothed, divisions
sub-rhornboid, oval, upper ones confluent: peduncles very long, and with the calyx
hirsute: cyme crowded: divisions of the calyx shorfer. K.

SouOicm.
lineare, Ph. (W. Ap. If.) pilose: leaves linear: racemes elongated.

15 — 1. Hymexolobis. C3. Cruc. asc. diu.

divaricatus, N . ( ) procumbent, much branched: leaves short and pinnatifid, with
several oblong lobes; upper ones linear and often entire: silicle eiliptical-oblong-
obtuse. Oregon.

erectus, N. ( ) stem erect, much branched: leaves oblong, SQinewhat pinnatifid or
entire: silicle linear-oblong. Oregon.

17 — 1. Hymenopap'pcs. 55. Heli. s. ole. sto.

Suttihtrii.

scabiosaeus, Mx. (w. Ap. Zf.) whitish-woolly: leaves deeply pinnatifid; divisions
linear-oblong, sub-dentate: flowgrs corymbed. 2 — 3 f. Floiida.

tenuifoLius, Ph. (W. g-w. Q .) whitisli- woolly: stem corymb-branched: leaves sub-
bipinnatifid; divisions narrow-linear, entire: flowers compoundly coryiiibed: pedi-
cels crowded: involucre about 6-leaved, shorter than the florets; akenes very
villose.

dougiasii, H. ( ) tomentose, with white deciduous wool: branches elongated,

sub-corymbed: leaves bipinnatitid, segments linear, sinuate: flowers solitary: leafets
of the mvolucre about "20, linear, pubescent, shorter tlian the flower: corol filiform,
apex pilose, chaff's of tlie pappus linear, scarcely longer. 1 — 3 f R.

fdifvlius, H. ( ) tomentose with white deciduous wool: branches paniculate,
scattered: leaves bipinnatifid, segment filiform, elongated, very entire: flowers
solitary: leafets of the involucre about 12, elliptic, pubescent, somewhat shorter
than the flower: tube of the corol campanulate above: piippus very short. 18 —
24 i.

21 — 1. Hyjiesophvl'lum. 5. Fili. sec. stim.

ciliatum, W. {![.) frond pinnate: lower leafets larger; upper ones gradually smaller,
pinnatifid; divisions linear, obtuse, 2-cleft, ciliate, hairy on the veins: rachis and
stipe with ciliate wings. On trunks of trees. <S'.

5 — 1. Hyoscy'amus. 38. Sola. f. nar^-- b. poi.

niger, (henbane, y. & p. Ju. $ .) leaves clasping, sinuate: flowers veiny, sessile.
Naturalized. T. B. D. F. N. Black Rock. Grows spontaneously at Detroit,
and Upper Canada, near Buffalo. Cooley.

Hi/oseris, Krigia.

Hydrophyllum. Gr. udor, water, and phuUon, a leaf, from the leaves in the spring
being filled with water.

Hymenolobus. Gr. umen, membrane, lohns, lobe. Pod membranaceous.

Hymenopappus. Gr. wj/teyj, a membrane, and pappus, seed-down, from the tops of
the akenes being covered with membranaceous egret.

Hymenophyllum. Gr. umen, a membrane, and pliuLLon, a leaf, the foliage being re-
markable for its filiny texture.

Hyoscyamus. Gr. us, (uos) a hog, and huamos, a lot or measure; because it is good
enough for hogs. Probably named by a Jew.

HYPERICUJU. 279

12—5. Htpe'ricum. 68. Hype. cat. feb.
1 . Flowers tcilk 5 styles.

kalmianum, W. (W. y. Ju. f;.'.) friiticose, very branching; branchlets 4-cornered:
leaves lance-linear: corymbs terminal, 3 — 7-llo\vered: divisions of the calyx lance-
olate, obtusish: capsule as long as tlie calyx. 3 — 5 f. S. P. Niagara Falls,
Lake Huron, N. Jersey. Mch.

pyruinidutum, W. A. (VV. y. Ju. HO ilovvers pentagj'nous, terminal: styles shorter
than the stamens: sepals ovate, acute: stem somewhat 4-sided, branching: leaves
sessile (^sub-amplexicaule,) oblong, acute, glabrous.

2. Flowers with 3 styles, or fewer.

prolificum, W. (1) (W. y. J. ^.) braches 2-edged: leaves lance-linear, obtusish:
corymbs axillary and terminal, few-flowered: petals a little longer than the stamens:
sepKls lanceolate. 1—3 f. S. H. D. xMch.

galluides, Lk. (W. y. Ju. f?.) branches 4-sided: leaves linear, sessile, revolute at the
margin, fascicled: panicles terminal', divaricate-dichotomous: petals and stamens
equal, scarcely longer tlian the linear sepals: styles united, sub-exsert. 2 f. S.

perforatum, (2) (O. y. J. 2i-) erect, brandling: stem 2-edged: leaves oblong, obtuse,
transparently punctate: panicle terminal, brachiate, leafy: petals longer than the
acute, lanceolate sepals. This is the common st. John's wort, so troublesome to
farmers. 1 — 3 f. iS'.

corymbosum, W. (3) (W. y. Ju. 71.) erect, glabrous, darkly punctate: stem terete,
branching: leaves clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse: corymbs terminal, brachiate,
dense-flowered: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute. IS — 24 i. S. B. D. F.
T. P. N. V. Mch.

parvijlorum, W. (4) (low centaury. O. y. Ju. If.) erect, small, glabrous, dichoto-
mous-ramose, somewhat 4-sided: leaves ovate-oblong, sub-cordate, obtuse, nerved,
sessile: panicles terminal, dichotomous-corymbed: petals shorter than the lance-
olate sepals. 6 — 12 i. <S. Florida. Mch.

can/idense, (W. y. Ju. 0.) erect, small, few-flowered: stem 4-sided, dichotomous
above: leaves sessile, linear, slender at the base: the branches of the panicle oppo-
site, the branchlets dichotomous: capsule long, conic, colored, led. 9 — 18 i. S.
P. Y. VV. N. B. C. D. iMch.

adpressum, B. (y. Ju. Zf-) stem erect, 2-edged immediately below each pair of leaves,
and sub-cylmdric near the root: leaves opposite, closely sessile, lanceolate-obtuse,
transparently punctate, with very tine dots; those of the branches sub-linear,
crowded; those of the cymes small, acute, crowded: flowers terminal and axillary,
with obtuse, entire petals: style 1 : capsule sub-conic. P.

petiohitum, Wr. (5) (y. Ju. 2Z.) leaves petioled, oblong-oval, round-obtuse: flowers
opposite, axillary, sub-sessile, sub-ternate: stamens adnate as far as the middle:
capsule oblong. S. P.

tingulosuin, Mx. (6) (y-r. Ju. 2i-) erect: stem 4-sided: leaves oblong-, acute, closely
sessile: panicle terminal, dicholomous-branches divaricate, with distant alternate
flowers: calyx sub-campanulate; divisions lanceolate, acute, keeled below, almost
as long as the corol: petals with a single lateral tooth. 2 f. N.

mitranthuin, Choisy. (W. ) stem terete, punctate, becoming purple: branchlets

straight: leaves oblong, obtuse, black-punctate: flowers crowded, terminal: sepals
small, obtuse: corol and anthers black-punctate. »S*. Canada. D.

ellipticum, Hk. (VV. ) stem erect, herbaceous, sub-ramose above, acutely 4- angled:
leaves oval, very obtuse, pellucid and fuscous, punctate: corymbs small, terminal:
divisions of the calyx oblong, spreading, very unequal, nerved, foliaceous: styles
2 or 3, compactly united. Canada. N. VV. Lakes.

cistifolium, ( 21.) stem angled: leaves ovaie-oblong, black-punctate beneath,

acutish, somewhat clasping, margin revolute: flowers in dichotomous corymbs:
sepals ovate, entire: styles coadnate. N. >

frondosum, Mx. (7) (W. y. Ju. >?.) branches two-edgedr leaves oval-oblong, obtuse,
mucrouate, narrow at the base: flowers terniinal, sub-solitary: divisions of the

Hypericum. Obscure. Gr. trperikon, in Dloscorides.

(1) kalmianum, Du Roi. (2) virginicum, VVr. (3) punctatum, Lk. macula-
turn, Wr. (4) quinquenervium, VVr. niutilum, VV. (5) axillare, Mx. Elodea
* petiolata, Ph. (0) denticulatum, VVr. (7) elatum, A.

280 HYPERICUM.

calyx oblong, acute, equalling the stamens and petals; styles united, as long as the
stamens. Canada.

scoulcri, Hk. ( ) stem terete below, quadrangular above: leaves oblong-ovale,
closely sessile and somewliat clasping, not dotted; under surface witli numerous
prominent veins: cyme somewhat conjpoiind: sepals broadly ovate, rather obtuse,
one third the Jen^tli of tlie petals, dotted with black: styles 3, distinct, erect.
Oregon. Rocky Alts.

sarotlira, Mx. (J. Au. nitx/ced, false John's wort, orange grass, pifie-weed. p. y. 0.)
small, erect, setaceous-ramose: leaves minute, close-pressed: flowers on the branch-
lets alternate, solitary: styles 3. 4—8 i. S. T. Y. C. B. P. H. M. F. N.
Sarothra gentianoides of 7th edition.

Southern.

Floiccrs iciik 3 styles.

aspathaloides, W. (1) (y. ><.) branches sub-terete, dichotomous: leaves fascicled,
linear, acute, striate: flowers solitary, axillary, sub-sessile: styles united.

fasciculatum, Mx. (2) (y. Ju. fp .) branches 4-angled: leaves crowded, somewhat in
verticillate clusters, filiform, linear, obtuse, sessile: peduncles axillary, near the
summit of the branches, 1 to 3-flowered: sepals filiform: styles united. Does this
really differ from the galioides? Elliott. 1 — 2 f.

rosmarinifolmm, (3) (W. y. Ju. T).) stem terete, somewhat angled: leaves lance-
linear, acute, tapering at the base, somewhat clustered: panicle long: peduncles
near the summit of the branches, axillary, 3-flowered: styles united. 2 — 4 f.
Charleston, S— C.

amiiigmim, E. (J. If.) branches compressed: leaves lance-linear, acute, mucronate:
flowers axillary and terminal: sepals lance-linear, unequal, as long as the corol:
petals toothed near the summit: styles 3, united. 2 — 4 f.
Jastigiatum, E. (J. Tj.) branches "somewhat compressed: leaves narrow-lanceolate,
very acute: corymbs terminal, many-flowered, fastigiate: styles united. 3 f.

nudiflorum, Mx. (y. An. Ip .) branches winged: leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, sessile:
panicle terminal, naked, compound: corol larger than the calyx; styles united. S —
C. K.

glaucum, (4) (y. Ju. ^.) branches terete: leaves oblong, cordate, clasping, obtusish,
smooth, glaucous, coriaceous: panicle leafy, divaricate-dichotomous: divisions of
the calyx ovate, acute, longer than the petals: stamens and petals about equal:
styles united.

opacum, T. ( ) stems 2-winged: leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, closely sessile, some-
what coriaceous, opaque, punctate with minute brown dots, veinless: cyme com-
pound, naked; the diciiotomal flowers sessile: sepals very unequal, obovate and
oblong: petals somewhat dolabriform, twice as long as the sepals: styles united to
the summit: capsules globose-ovate, 3-lobed by the inflexion of ihe dorsal sutures.
Georgia, Alabama. 2 f.

drummondii, T. (Ju. S.) stem and branches rather stout, terete below, quadrangular
above: leaves narrowly-linear, longer than the internodes: flowers pedicellate: sta-
mens 10 to 20: capsules ovate, shorter than the lanceolate sepals: styles 3. Mis-
souri, La. G.

elatum, A. ( ) trigynous: sepals lanceolate-ovate, acute; stamens longer than the
corol: stem shrubby: leaves ovate-oblong.

pilosum, Wr. (Ju. ) pilose; stem virgate, simple: leaves expanding, ovate, acute,
tapering at the base: panicle few-flowered.

acutifulium, E. (y. ) stem herbaceous? branching, glabrous: leaves narrow-lanceo-
late, acute: panicle many-flowered: capsules scarcely longer than the calyx.

tuhulosum, Wr. (5) ( ) leaves sessile: corol tubular: stamens united above the
middle.

triplinerve, Vent. (W. y. Au. 2X.) erect, somewhat branching: stem somewhat two
edged: leaves linear, spreading, 3-nerved: llowers raceme-panicled: corol unequal:
acute sepals and petals glandular-serrate.

dolabrifurme. Vent. (W. y. Ju. Zf. ) erect, branching: stem two-edged: leaves lance-
linear, spreading, obtuse: corymb terminal, dichotomous: sepals lanceolate, un-
equal: petals ax-form.

(1) fasciculatum, Lk. (2) tenuifolium, Ph. (3) fasciculatum, Ph. W.

(4) myrtifolium, Lk. (5) Elodea, Ph. &c.

HYPERICUM, HYSSOPUS. 281

sphaerocdrpiim, Mx. (W. y. 2i.) efect, very glabrous: leaves oblong: panicle naked,
dichotomous; forks all 1-flowered: styles united: capsule globose.

virs^atiim, ( 2X-) steiri straight, quadrangular: leaves lance-ovate, slightly claspr
ing, black-punctate, margin rpvolute: panicle few-flowered, dichotomous: sepals
lanceolate, entire: styles 2 or 3: sligma capitate.

hcdijiififoiium, ( Zf.) stem straight, quadrangular: leaves sessile, decussate, lance-
olate, sub-acute, close-pressed, black-punctate beneath, not pellucid; sepals lancer
linear, black-pudctate: styles 3 or 4; stigma capitate.

Floicers with 5 styles.

rostratum, ( Zf.) stem woodyj 2-edged: leaves sessile, ovate, acute at both ends,
at the margin revolute, punctate: corymbs axillary and terminal: calyx 2-bracted:
germ beaked^ with 5 styles. Louisiana.

Hypericum) Sarothra.
21 — 1. HYPOPEL'xiSi 6. Fili. seic-stim.

obtusa, W. (1) (W. Ju. It.) frond doubly-pinnate, the lesser leafets oblong, obtuse,
the upper ones having united bases; tooth crenate: rachis pubescent above. 4 — 5 it
Rocks. T. O. H.

6 — 1. Hyfox'is; 17. Hypo. ton^.

erecia, W; (2) (star-grass. O. y. Ju. 2X.) pilose: scape 2 or 3-flowered: leaves lance*
linear: divisions of the corol lance-oblong. Var. graminea, has longer and nar-
rower leaves; more flowers, longer lance-linear divisions to the corol — and altor
gether a more grassy appearance. S.

Southern.
filifoUa, E. (Ap. ) leaves filiform, somewhat angled, hairy: scape generally 2-

flowered.
juricea, S. (J. 21.) pilose: leaves filiform, channelled, very entire: scapes 1-flowered.

13 — ]. Hyp'tis. 42- Labi. fra. sto. car. ton.
Southern.

tadiata, ( w. Au. 21.) heads of flowers opposite: peduncles aS long jis the inter-
nodes: bracts lanceolate, longer than the fruit-bearing calyx: leaves oblong, ser-
rate. 3—4 f.

capitata, W. (w. Ju. 2i.) heads of flowers opposite: peduncles as long as the inter-
nodes: bracts lanceolate, shorter than the fruit-bearing calyx: leaves oblong, at-
tenuate at each end, unequally serrate. It is doubtful whether this species has
been found in this country.

spicata, Poit. ( ) spikes terminal: flowers in little heads, pedicelled, crowded:

leaves cordate-ovate, doubly serrate. Florida.

13 — 1. Hysso'pOs. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton.

nepetoidbs, W. (3) (giant hyssop. W. g-y; Ju. 7X.) stem acutely 4-angled, sub-alates

leaves ovate, acutely dentate; petioles smooth. 4 — 8 f. S. T. Y. P. W. D.

N. C. H. F. O. U. Canada. Mch.
scrophularif alius, W. (4) (W. Ju.. 2^.) stem obtusely 4-angled: leaves heart-ovajte,

obtusely dentate; petioles ciliate-pubescent. 3 — 5 f. Dr. Darlington, arid Dr. M.

Stevenson, have shewn that these are perfectly distinct species. P. W. C D.

Mch.
foeniculum. Ph. (5) (W. b. Ju. 0.) erect^ pubescent: leaves heart-ovate, toothed,

glabrous above, whitish-tomentose beneath: whorls about 6- flowered.

Hypopeltis. Gr. vpo, under, and pelte, a shield.

Hypoxis. Gr. i/po, under, and oxus, sharp; from the sharp pointed capsules.

Hyptis. Gr. uplios, resupinate, referring to the corol.

Hyssopus. Gr. ussopus, a word from the Hewbrew ezoh.

(1) Aspidium obtusum, 5th ed. (2) caroliniensis, Mx. (3) Lophanthus.

(4) Lophanthus. (5) aristatus, N. Stachys, Ph.
.36

282 HYSSOPUS, ILLICIUM.

Exotic,
officinalis, (Ijyssop. Ju. Zf.) flowers whorled: racemes one-way: intermediate divisions
of the corol 2-lobed, entire: leaves lance-linear.

I.

14 — 1. Ibe'ris. 63. Cruc. asc. ton.
Exotic.

umheUata, (candytuft, w. J. #.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate; lower ones serrate,
upper ones entire.

4 — 1. Ic'todes. (1)7. Aroi. dr. ast. cat. as<.

fottida, Mx. (skunk cabbage, fetid hellebore. O. p. A. H.) stemless: leaves radical,
heart-ovate, very large: spadix supporting the flowers in a sub-globose head. Odor
resembles that of the skunk. Mch. .S'.

4 — 4. I'lex. 95. Ilic. ton. ast.

opaca, A. (evergreen holly. M. g-w. M. 21.) leaves evergreen ovate, acute, spinose
glabrous, Hat: flowers scattered at the base of the shoots of the preceding year. A
middle sized tree. S. Y. C. P. B. Canada. Charleston, S— C. Florida. M.

Southern.

laxifiora, Lk. (J. \ .) leaves ovai.e, sinuate-toothed, spinose, shining, flat: peduncles

super-axillary, in the young branches aggregate, lax-ramose.
cassina, A. (J. ^■) leaves lauce-ovale, sharply serrate, flat, glabrous on the mid-rib

beneath: lateral peduncles corymb-branched. 8—12 f Charleston, S— C.
dako'on, Wr. (w. M. >).) leaves lance-oblong, nearly entire, reflexed at the margin,

villose on the mid-rib beneath: peduncles lateral and terminal, corymb panicled.

4—12 f. La.
laurifoLia, N. ( ) leaves large, elliptic, acutish, very entire, sempervirent: pedicels

elongated, sub-3-flowered. Florida.
myrtifolia. Wr. (2) (W. J. ^.) leaves lance-linear, mucronate, rigid, very glabrous:

fertile flowers solitary. 6 — 10 f
ligustrina, E. (3) (J. >?.) leaves lance-linear, wedge-form at the base, generally en-
tire: fertile florets solitary. 6— 10 f
vomito'ria, A. (4) (south-sea tea. O. M. ^.) leaves oval, obtuse at each end, crenate,

senate, glabrous: umbels lateral, sub-sessile. 6 — 1.5 f
prinoideSy A. (M. fp.) leaves deciduous, lance-oval, acute at each end, serrate:

peduncles 1-flowered; fertile ones solitary. 6 — 8 f S — C.

Ilex, Myginda, Nemopanthes.
Illecebrum, Achyranthes.

12 — 12. iLLi'cirM. 75. Wint. h. b. aro. spi.

Southern,
parvijlorum, Mx. (y. M. ^.)*leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire, obtuse, perennial:

petals and sepals round, concave. 6 — 10 f.
floridanum, W. (W. p. J. >>.) leaves acuminate: petals numerous, oblong and linear.

Florida.

Iberis. From the country Iberia, now Spain.

Ictodes. From Gr. ikds, a kind of weasel, a ferret: a skunk: in allusion to its odor.
Ilex. Lat. scarlet oak. Boerh. says it is from Hebrew elou, which signifies oak.
Illicium. Lat. illicio, to attract, on account of its aromatic fragrance.

(1) Pothos. L. Symplocarpus, Sy. Dracontium, E. in another part of his work.
(2) angustifolia. Ph. rosmarinifolia, Lk. M. (3) angustifolia, M. Var. liguslri-
folia, Ph. (4) cassine, Wr.

IMI'ATIENS, lONIDIUM. 283

5 — 1. Impa'tiens. 73. Bals. cat — .

pallida, N. (1) (jewel-weed, touch-me-not. O. y. Ju. 0.) peduncles solitary, 2 and
4-floweied: spur obtusely conic, dilated, shelter tlian the petals, recurved, very
short: tlowers sparingly puncate: leaves rhomb-ovate, mucronate-lootlied. 2 — 4 f.
S. Not so common as the next.

fulva, N. (2) (speckled jewels. O. y. & r. Ju. #.) peduncles solitary, 2— 4-flowered:
spur acutely conic, longer than the petals, resupinate, emarginate, nearly as long
as the galea: dowers with crowded spots: leaves rhomb-ovate, raucronate, toothed.
2—4 f. ;s.

Exotic.

balsamina, (balsam weed. r. & w. Au. 0.) peduncles aggregate, 1-flowered: leaves
lanceolate, upper ones alternate: spur shorter than the flowers. 1 — 3 f. by rich
culture 5 f.

Tmperatoria, Angelica.

16 — 10. In'digofe'ra. 93. Leg. ape. hea. dye.

Exotic.

tinctoria, (indigo. T>.) leaves pinnate, oblong, glabrous, in four pairs: racemes shorter

than the leaves: legume terete, somewhat arched. From the East Indies.

Southern.

caroliniana, Wr. (b. Au. 2X-)lP^ves pinnate; leafets oval and obovate: spikes longer
than the leaves: legumes 2-see(ied, reticulate-veined. 2 — 7 f.

leptustpala, N. (r. Zf.) rough and cinereous with appressed hairs: stem herbaceous,
decumbent: leaves unequally pinnate, on short petioles; leafets 3 — 4-pairs, obovate-
oblong or cuneiform, nearly sessile, somewhat glabrous on the upper surface: ra-
cemes pedunculate, longer than the leaves, 6 — l."i-flowered, the flowers nearly
sessile: calyx deeply parted; the segments attenuate-subulate, equal: legumes
linear, reflexed, somewhat quadrangular or nearly terete, straight and even, 6 — 9-
seeded. Arkansas, Georgia.

17 — 2. I'nula. 5.5. Inul. r. ton. sec-stim. feb. sud. r. exp.

he'lenium, (elecampane. W. y. Au. 2l[.) leaves clasping, ovate, rugose, tomentose
beneath: scales of the involucre ovate. Naturahzed. 3 — 5 f. B. T. C. O. V.
Mch.

Inula, Chrysopsis.
5 — 1. Ioni'dium. 80. Viol, cat — . ton.

concolor, Forst. (3) (green violet. W. w-g M. Zf.) straight, erect: leaves broad-
lanceolate, sub-entire: stipules subulate entire: peduncles short: petals connivent,
emarginate: spur 0. 20 i. S. O. M. K.

Southern.

stipulaceum, N. (M. J. 0.) nearly glabrous: leaves alternate; lower ones oblong;
upper ones oblong-linear and linear, entire: stipules large, linear-lanceolate: sepals
very acute: limb of the inferior petals reniform, twice as long as tlie calyx: ap-
pendages of the lower stamens subulate. 8 — 12 i. Arkansas, Texas.

lineare, T. ( ) somewhat pubescent: stem branched: leaves hnear narrow, entire:
stipules linear, minute. Arkansas.

Impatiens. Lat. in, not, and potior, to suffer, from the elasticity of the capsule,

which will open as soon as touched.
Indigofera. Meaning, bearing indigo; this being the plant from which indigo is

obtained.
Inula. Gr. elenion, fabled to have sprung from the tears of Helen,
lonidium. Gr. ion, violet, and eidos, like; from its resemblance to the violet.

(1) aurea, M. nolitangere, Ph. (2) maculata, M. biflora, Ph. (3) Viola,

Forst. Ph. &c.

§84 IPOMEA, IRIS.

5 — I. Ipome'a. 44. Conv. r. cat.

laeuno'sa, Mx. (w. & p. J. 0.) glabrous: leaves cordate, acuminate, ecrobienkte,
angled at the base: peduncles short, about one-flowered; calyx hairy: corol tubular,
short: capsules hairy. S. P.

nil, Mx. (1) (morning glory. W. b. Ju. ^.) hirsute: leaves Cordate, 3-lobed: pedun-
cles short, 1 — 3-flowered: calyi very Villose, long-acuminate. S. P. Harper's
Ferry. S— C. M.

quamo'dit, W. (jasmine bindweed, r- w. Au. 0.) leaves pinnitifid, linear: flowers
sub-solitary; corol tubular. P.

Simthern.

coocinea, Wr. (y-r. Ju. 0.) pubescent: leaves cordate, acuminate, sub-angled: pedun-
cles about 5-flowered: caylx awned: corol tubular; limb sub-entire,

fiissecta, Mx. (Ju. Zf. Tpf) stem, petioles, and peduncles very pilose: leaves glabrous,
7-lobed: divisions sinuate: peduncles 1-flpwered: divisions of the calyx oval: corol
bell-form.

trichocarpa, Mx. (2) (p. Ju. 0.) leaves entire, pordate, or 3-lobed, villose; caly:?
ciliate: capsules hirsute: peduncles about 2-flowered. S — C.

lona'nox, W. (w. Ju. #.) very glabrous: leaves cordate, entire or angled: peduncle
1 to 3-flowered: calyx awned; corol undivided; lube long.

tamnifoliq,, W. (b. Ju. 0.) hirsute: le^ve^ cordate, acuminate: flowers in aggregate
heads, itiVolucred: bracts linear: corol ghprt, tubular; limb spreading: capsule gla-:
brous.

filiosq,, Mx. (W.) glabrous? leaves cordate, sub-ciliate ^t tl>e rpargin: peduncles
long, l-flowered: calyx without bracts; divisions broad-oval, ^obtuse: corol tubular,
bell-form.

prhlcularis, E. (p. Ju.) prostrate: leaves round, ematginate, veined, glabrous: pe-
duncles about 3-flowered: tube «f the corol short.

farolina, Gates. ( b.) leaves digitate; leafets petioled: pedunclss l-flowered.

Ipomea, Convolvulus,

20 — 5. Ire 'sine. 30. Amar. caf^. r. ton.

Soutlieni.

Pfilosioides, W. (W. S. ^.) leaves punctate, scabrous; lower ones oblong, acuminate;

upper ones lance-ovate: panicle branching, crowded: stem furrowed. 3 — 4 f.

3 — 1. I'ris. 18. Irid. stim. poi. cat.

persic'olor, (3) (snalje lily, blue flag. O. b. J. Zf.) leaves ensiform: stem acute on one
side: capsules oblong, 3-sided, with obtuse angles. Var. sulcata, (4) inner petals
longer than the stigmas: germ with sulcate angles and concave sides: capsule ob-
long, ventricose; angles somewhat furrowed. Var. communis, (.5) stem erect,
iflexuous: leaves narrow-ensiform: inper petals a little shorter than the stigmas:
fingles of the germ not grooved when young, sides deep-concave: capsule cylindric-
oblong. 2— 3f. -S. Mch.

prismatica, Ph. (6) (boston iris. b. y. J. 'U.) flowers beardless: leaves linear: stem
round, many-flowered: germs triangular, twice grooved on the sides. 1 — 2 f. C.
Y. B. N. M.

lacustris, N. (W. b. 21.) beardless: leaves short-ensiform: scape much shorter thart
the leaf, l-flowered; petals sub-equal? attenuated on the tube: capsule turbinate,
3sided, margined, seed roundish, smooth: root tuberous. Great lakes. Mch.

jnissourimsis, N. (W. y. b. 21-) beardless; stem terete, higher than the leaves, some-
what 3-flovvered: leaves narrow-ensiform: capsules oblong-lineal-: flowers bicolored.
12-16 i. 11.

Ipomea. Gr. ips, vine ol- twining, and omoios, like; from its resemblance in ap-
pearance and habit. T(iken by Linneus from Convolvulus.

Iresine. Gr. eiroS, wobl, because this plant, when in fruit, bears a soH of wooUiness.

Iris. Gr. iris, the rainbow, from the varied and soipewhat concentric hues of the
flower.
(I) Convolvulus, W. (2) Carolina, Ph. W. Sl Mx. (3) yirginica, Bw. 1st ed.,

Sind probably of L. (4) versicolor, W. virginica, th, (5) versicolor, Pl^,

(6) gracilis, Bw. Jst ed. virginica, T,

IRIS, ISNARDIA. 285

Exotic.

iamhucina, (elder-scented iris, garden iris. b. p. w. M. Zf.) stem many-flowered,-
higher than the leaves: divisions of tlie corol emarginate; outer ones Hal: leaves
inriex-falcate at the apex: spathe membranaceous at the apex: lower flowers pe-
duncled: stigmas with acute serrate divisions. IS — 24 i. Cultivated in gardens,
common. Called pLicala in 5lh ed., now corrected by Prof. Tully.

pum'da. (dwarf flower-de-luce. b. M. ZI-) bearded: scape 1-flowered: leaves ensiform,
glabrous: lube of the corol exsert: petals oblong, obtuse. (3 — 10 i.

ochroleu ca, (yellow iris. y. M. ) beardless: leaves ensiform, depressed, striate: scape
6ubr terete: germ 6-cornered,

Southern.

cristala, Mx. (W. b. & y. Ap. 2X.) bearded; beard crested: scape generally 1-flower-
ed, as long as the leaves: germs 3-angled: petals about equal. 2 — 4 i. S — C.

tripe'tala, Wr. (1) (b. M. 2i.) beardless: stem terete, longer than the leaves: leaves
ensiform: rudiments of the jnner petals 3-toothed; middle tooth acuminate: cap-
sule 3-angled. 2 f. S— C.

cuprca, Ph. (O. r-y. Ju. 21-) beardless: stem terete, flexuous, equalling the leaves:
leaves broad-ensiform: stigmas linear, short: petals all reflexed, emarginate, obo-
vate; inner ones siiortest: capsules large, 6-angled. 3 f. La.

Verna, W. (VV. A. b. M. 2i-) beardless, stemless, 1-flowered: leaves very long, grass-
like, glaucous: tube very long; petals nearly equal: capsules roundish, sessile.
On the earth.

eibirica, W (W. b. Ju. H.) beardless: stem hollow, terete, higher than the leaves,,
somewhat 3-flowered: leaves linear: capsules short, 3-ahgled, obtuse at each end.

13 — 1. Isan'tHu^. 42. Labi. stom. ton.

paruhus, Mx. (2) (blue gentian, false pennyroyal. O. b. Ju. 1[.) viscid-hairy: leaves
lance-oyal, acute at both ends, 3-nerved: peduncles 1 or 2-flowered.

14 — 1. Isa'tis. 63. Cruc. asc. dia. dye.
Exotic,
tinctoria, (woad. J. $ .) radical leaves crenate; caiiline ones sagittate, oblong.

[4 — 1. Isnar'dia. (3) 88. Onag. emo.

palustris, W. (water purslane. O. g. J. If.) prostrate, creeping: leaves opposite,
lanceolate, tapering at the base: capsple oblong, sub-angled. Var. americana,
leaves acuminate, large: flowers sessile, apetalous. Mch.

uscendens, Hall, stem obliquely ascending, rigid, (never creeping or prostrate) some-
what angular, reddish, Grows with the palustris, but is generally smaller and quite
different in appearance, Albany.

Southern.

alata, E. (Ju. ) glabrous: leaves wedge lanceolate, decurrent, stem winged: cap-
sule cubic, sessile. 2 f.

tnicrocarpa, Mx. (4) (Au. 0?) stem decumbent, slightly winged: leaves alternate,
spatulate-obovate: flowers axillary, sessile. 1 f.

sphaerocarpa, E. (Au. Z[.) stem erect, branching: leaves lance-linear: capsules small,
sessile, globose, pubescent. 2 f.

cylindrica, E. (Au. 2_C.) stem erect, branching, slightly angled: leaves lanceolate;
capsules cylindrical. 3 f.

lanceolata, E. (Ju. 2i.) stem virgate: leaves narrow, lanceolate, glabrous, sub-decur-
rent: capsules cubic, sessile, winged.

Isanthus. Gr. isos, equal, and antkos, flower; because this plant, unlike the rest of

the class, has a regular corol.
Isatis. Gr. and Lat. istitis; from Gr. isazo, to render equal. The plant was believed

to destroy, by its simple application, all rougljness and inequalities of the skin.
Isnardia. In honor of Danti d'Isnard, a French botanist.

( 1 ) tridentata, Ph. (2) Trichostema brachiata, L. (3) Ludwigia, E. Ph. &c.
(4) glandulosa, Ph.?

286 ISOETES, JASMINUM.

21—1. Isoe'tes. 5. Fill, sec-stim.

lacustris, W. (quill-wort. 1[.) frond dilated and imbricate at the base, narrow and
subulate above, flat: root fibrous. From 2 to 12 inches liigh: color green: growing
immersed, or at the margin of ponds. Resembles a zoophyte. P.

6 — 1. Isome'eis. 64. Capp. ver. asc. ape.
Southern.
arhorea, N. (y. Tj.) leaves crowded, trifoliate; leafets lanceolate, somewhat mucro-
nate, glabrous: calyx campanulate; segments triangular-ovate, acuminate. Alow
tree. California. With the unpleasant odor of PoLanisia.

Isalensis, Scirpus.

Isopyrum, Enemeon.

5 — 1. I'tea. 84. Saxi. ast.

Southern.

virginica, W. (ilea. W. w. J. ^'.) leaves alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate,

pubescent on the veins. 3 — 6 f. S. New Orleans, Florida. S — C.

17 — 4. I'vA. 55. Ambr. ton. sec. stim. feb. sud.

frutesccns, (high-water shrub. L. g. Au. fp.) leaves lanceolate, punctate-scabrous,
deeply serrate: glomerules of florets globose, depressed. Somewhat shrubby. 3 —
4 f S. B. C. F. M.

axillaris, Ph. (VV. y-g. M. 21.) herbaceous, sub-pilose: leaves generally opposite,
lance-linear, entire: flowers axillary, solitary, nodding: involucre nearly simple;
leafets ovate. 6 — 8 i. R.

Sojithern.

imbricata, Wr. (L. Au. T-.) shrubby, glabrous: leaves lance-linear, wedge-form, en-
tire, glabrous: involucre imbricate.

xanthifolia, N. (W. Au. 0.) leaves opposite, petioled, heart-ovate, acuminate, doubly
serrate, soft-villous, hoary bpneath: spikes naked, panicled. 5 — 6 f

ciliata, Ph. (VV. Ju. #.) heibaceous: leaves lance-ovate, sub-serrate: spike some-
what crowded: bracts lanceolate, acuminate: bracts and petioles long-ciliate. 2 f.

3 — 1. Ix'iA. 18. Irid. stim. poi — .
Exotic,
chinensis, (blackberry lily. y. r. J. 2_f.) corol about 6-petalled: stem flexuose: leaves
ensiform.

Southern,
coelestina, B. (O. b. M. 21.) leaves linear-subulate, many times shorter than the 1-
flowered scape.

2 — 1. Jasmi'num. 34. Jasm. fra. stom.
Exotic.
fruticans, (jasmine, y. b.) leaves alternate, ternate, simple; leafets obovate, wedge-
form, obtuse: branches angled.
officinale, (jasmine, w. ^.) leaves pinnate, opposite; leafets acuminate. Florida.

Isoetes. Gr. isos, equal, and etos, the year; from its being evergreen.
Isomeris. Gr. isos, equal, meris, divisions.

Itea. Gr. ilea, a willow, from ienai, to go; on account of its rapidity of growth.
Iva. A name of barbarous origin, or an abbreviation of Abiga, (see Ajuga,) applied
by Linneus to those plants, because their smell resembles that of the ancient Iva.
Ixia. Derived from Gr. icho, to fix; alluding to the viscid roots of some species.
Jasminum. From the Arabian jasmin (ysman. )

JATROPHA, JUNCUS. 287

19 — 15. Ja'tropha. 96. Eiiph. ton. iri. stom.

f^ouihcrn.
stimulosa, Mx. (tread softly, w. Ju. 2i.) hispid with stimulating prickles: leaves
palmate-lobed; lobes obtusish, sub-sinuale-tootlied: c\'mes short-peduncled. 6 — 18 i.
Florida. S— C.

8 — 1. Jeffeuso'nia. G2. Podo. cat.

diphjlla, B. (1) (twin-leaf. W. w. M. 21.) stemless: peduncles naked, 1-flowered:
leaves in pairs. Var. luhata, leafets incisely 5 to 7-lobed. J. lobata M. P. O. K.

19 — 12. Ju'glans. 94. Jugl. cat. ast. erne, f ole.

njo-m, (black walnut. O. M. Ti.) leafets numerous, lance-ovate, serrate, sub-cordate,
narrowed above; petioles and under side of the leaves sub-pubescent: fruit globose,
with scabrous punctures, nut wrinkled. Mch.

cinerea, (butternut. O. M. ^.) leafets numerous, lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the
base, soft-pubescent beneath; petioles villose: fruit oblong-ovate, viscid, long-
peduncled; nut roughly sculptured. The bark is a cathartic. Mch.

Exotic,
regia, (madeira rmt. M. h.) leafets about 9, oval, glabrous, sub-serrate, sub-equal:
fruit globose. Va.i.fraxinifol.ia, has 9 or 10 leafets, oblong, serrate, smooth; lateral
lower one adnate on the common petiole. It is said that this variety is indigenous
to North America.

Juglans, Carya.

6 — 1. Jun'cus. 13. June, ton — .

1. Scapes naked; flowers lateral.

effusus, (soft rush, bulrush. W. J. Zf.) scape minutely striate; (soft:) panicle loose,
very branching, spreading: sepals lanceolate, acuminate, rather longer than the
obovate, obtuse capsule. 2—3 f. S. T. B. C. O. F. P. Y. Mcii.

sctacciis, Roslk. (W. Zf.) scape filiform, striate: umbel lateral, compound, few-
tlowered: peduncles many-flowered: sepals subulate. 2 f. <S. C. P. N.

acutus, (O. it.) scape naUed, terete: panicle lateral: involucre 2-leaved, spinous:
capsule roundish, mucronate, twice as long as the calyx. 2 — 3 f. S. Y. C.
Mch.

2. Leaves all radical; flowers terminal.

squarrosus, (2f.) leaves setaceous, (rigid) grooved: panicle terminal, elongated, com-
pound: capsules elliptical.

tenuis, W. (W. Ju. 2i.) stem erect, filiform, somewhat dichotomous at the summit,
nearly terete: leaves setaceous, channelled: flowers solitary, approximate, sub-
sessile: calyx longer than the obtuse capsule. 1 f. S. T. B. C. O. P. F. N.
Mch.

nodosus, (W. Ju. Zf.) stem somewhat leafy: leaves nodose-articulate: heads about 2,
globose; one of them lateral and peduncled, the other sessile: sepals mucronate,
shorter than the acuminate capsule. 8 — 10 i. .S'. C. N. D. Mch.

3. Stems leafy.

(Leaves nearly plane, grooved above.)

marginatus, Rostk. (2) (W. Au. IS-) leaves flat, smooth: corymb terminal, simple,
proliferous: heads 5 to 10-flowered; flowers triandrous: sepals about as long as the

Jatropha. Gr. intron, a remedyj and pJuigo, to eat, the fruit being used both for food

and physic.
Jeffersonia. In honor of Thomas Jefferson, who was a patron of natural science.
Juglans. Contracted from Jovisglans, the acorn of Jupiter, from its goodness.
Jimcus. Lat. jungo, to join, from its use in tying or binding things together.

(1) Podophyllum, L. (2) aristulatus, Mx. E.

288 JUNCUS, JUNIPERUS.

obtuse capsule; outer ones and bracts somewhat awned. Var. odoratus, stem tall,
sub-terete, leafy: panicle very branching, proliferous. 12—18 i. <S. Y. P. H. M.

irijidus, (A. Ju. 2i-) slieaths ciiiate; those at tlie base of the stem leafless: bracts
leafy, very long, grooved: heads about 3-iiowered, terminal: stem 1-leaved. 6 i>
White Mis.

hulbosus, (1) (black grass. Au. H.) stem simple, leafy, compressed: leaves linear-
setaceous, channelled: panicle terminal, compound, sub-cymose, shorter than the
involucre: sepals incurved, obtuse or acute, generally shorter than the ovate, sub-
globose capsule. Y. B. C. P. Mch.

lufonius, (toad rush. W. Ju. 0.) stem dichotomous above, panicled: leaves filiform-
setaceous, channelled: flowers sub-solitary, sessile, 1-sided: sepals very acuminate,
much longer than the oval-ovate capsule. 3 — 6 i. S. P. H. B. F. N. Black
Rock.

(Leaves rounded or sub-compressed, nodose-articulate.)

ucuminatus, Mx. (W. Au. 2_f.) stem leafy, erect: leaves terete, nodose-articulate:
panicle terminal, compound: heads 3 to 6-flowered, peduncled and sessile: sepals
lance-linear, somewhat awned shorter than the acute capsule, viviparous? 18 i.
S. N. Y. P. C. H. Owego.

polyceplia/us, Mx. (2) (W. Au. Zf.) stem leafy, erect: leaves compressed, nodose-
articulate: panicle decompound: heads globose, many-flowered: floweis triandrous:
sepals somewhat awned, rather shorter than the triangular, acute capsule.
18—24 i. S. N. H. B. T. C. M. D.

subverticiUa'tus, W? (3) (Zf.) cauline leaves subulate, nodose-articulate: panicle
corymbed: heads about 5-flowered, fasciculate-whorled: sepals striate, as long as
the obtuse capsule. 18 i. Canada.

militaris, Bw. ( ) leaf one, jointed, cylindrical, longer than the stem: panicle
terminal, proliferous: heads abont 5-flowered: sepals acute. 2 — 3 f. B.

congiomeratus, S. (Ju. 21- ) stem naked, straight: panicle lateral, conglobate: capsule
retuse: flowers triandrous. Y.

Southern.

repens, Mx. (J. 2X. ) creeping: stem geniculate, branching: leaves linear, flat: fascicles
lateral and terminal: flowers triandrous: leaves of the calyx subulate, carinate,
very acute. 6 — 10 i.

bijiijrus, E. (J. 71.) stem terete: leaves linear, flat: panicle decompound, long; fasci-
cles 2- flowered. 3 f. S— C.

20—15. JuNi'PERus. 100. Conif. f. res-ton. diu^-. sti. sud. car. ast. dro.

communis, W. (juniper. W. M. ^.) leaves in threes, spreading, mucronate, longer

than the beiry. Var. erccta, branches erect. Var. depressa, (4) branches prostrate

or horizontal. P. T. N. Canada, Mch.
virginiuna, Wm. (red cedar. O. M. f-.) leaves in threes, adnate at their bases; in

their young state they are imbricate, older they become spreading. 15 50 f

Mch.
sabina, W. (savin. W. M. ^.) leaves opposite, obtuse, glandular in the middle,

imbricate 4-vvays; the young tender ones opposite, acute. Grows near Lake

Superior, Pitcher. Var. procumbeiis, G inches high. Rocky Mountains, Ph, B,

Canada.

Southern.

excelsa, W. (M. h.) leaves opposite, obtusish, glandular in the middle, imbricate
4-ways: the young tender ones acute, in threes, spreading: stem arboreus. A
middle size tree. Perhaps a variety of the last.

barbadensis, W. ( ^ ) leaves all imbricate four ways; younger ones ovate; older ones
acute.

Juniperus. Lat.juvenis, young, and ;;«rio, to bring forth, because ii produces young
fruit while the old ones are ripening; or from the Celtic word jenuprus, sisnifvins-
rough or rude. > ^ J e,

(1) dichotomus, E. (2) Var. crassifolius, E. Ph. Bw. echinatus, M. /3) flui-

tans, Mx. verticillatusjPh. (4) repens, N. prostrata, M.

JUSSIAEA, KENTROPHYTA. 289

10 — 1. Jussi^'a. 88. Onag. emo. ton — \
Southern.
^andiflora, Mx. (y. Ju. 2i.) creeping: stem erect and ascending: leaves lanceolate,
eiitire, with the peduncles and calyx fillose: flowers decandrous. 2—3 f. Charles-
ton, S—C. New Orleans, Dr. Riddell. La.
erecta, W. (y. An. 2|.) erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate: flowers octandrous, sessile.
subdtaulis, Ph. (VV. y. J. 2i.) creeping, glabrous: leaves laince-linear. repand-toothed:
flowers solitary, octandrous, peduncled: alternate filaments shortest: petals obo-
vate.
leptocnrpa, N. (W. y. 0.) erect; stem and calyx somevfhat hirsute: leaves lanceolate,

attenuate at each end: flowers sessile: capsule slender, cylindric.
tenuifulia, N. ( ) leaves sessile, linear, glabrous; flowers sessile, octandrous;
Florida.

2—1. JrsTi'ciA. 36. Rhin. aro. ton—.

pcdunculosa, Vahl. (1) (water willow. W. Ju. Tp.) spikes axillary: flowers crowded:
peduncles elongated, alternate: leaves lanceolate. S. H. Niagara river. S—C.
M.

Exotic.

adkaioda, (malabar nut. p. fp.) leaves lance-ovate: bracts ovate, nerved, permanent:
helmet of the corol concave.

Southern.

humilis, Vsihl. (Ju. 2I-) spikes axillary and terminal, few-flowered: flowers distant:
bracts linear: leaves lance-oblong. La.

brdchiata, Ph. (W. r. Ju. If.) peduncles axillary in whorled racemes: pedicels in
pairs: bracts obovate, 3-flowered: leaves ovate, acute; petioles very long: stem six-
angled, very branching.

K.

10— J . Kal'mIa. 50. Eric. 1. poi. 1. & f. nar. ast;

latifolia, W. (broad-leaved laurel. W. w. &. r. Ju. >>.) leaves long-petioled, scattered,
and in threes,- oval, smooth both sides: corymbs terminal, with viscid hairs.
3—20. f. S. B. P. T. F. M. N. Florida.

angusiifolia, (sheep laurel, dwarf laurel. O. J. ^.) leaves in threes, petioled, oblong,
obtuse, sometimes rusty beneath: corymbs lateral: bracts llneair: peduncles and
calyx with glandular hairs. Var. ovata, taller, leaves broader, sub-ovate. 2 — 3 f.

glauca, A. (2) (swamp laurel. W. r. M. >>.) bjanchlets 2-edged: leaves opposite, sub-
sessile, oblong smooth, glaucous beneath, margin revolute: corymb terminal,
brae ted: peduncles and calyxes very glabrous. Var. rosmarinifolia, leaves linear^
green beneath. 18—24 i. D. P. N. F. T. Plainfield, Mass. Mch.

Southern.

cantata, Mx. (A. w. r. T;.) leaves scattered, sessile, wedge-form, oblong, pubescent
beneath, slightly awned at the apex: corymbs lateral, few-flowered.

hirsuta, Wr. (r. Ju. >■.) branches, leaves and calyx hirsute: leaves opposite and alter-
nate, sub-sessile, lanceokte: peduncles axillary, soUtary, 1-flowered; longer than
the leaves. 10—18 i. Charleston, S—C.

16 — 10. Kentrophyta. 93. Legu-ton — .

montana, N. (y. 2X-) stipules scarious, cohering about half their length: calyx pubes-
cent, with dark and white hairs. Hills of the Platte.

niridis, N. ( ) stipules herbaceous, distinct nearly to the base: hairs of the calyx
all white. Hills of the Platte.

Jussiaea. In honor of B. Jussieu, the great French botanist.
Justicia. In honor of James Justice, a botanist of Edinburgh.
Kalmia. In honor of Dr. Kalm, a pupil ofLinneus.
Kentrophyta. Gr. hentron, spine, phuton, plant.

(1) Dianthera americana, L. ensiformis, Wr. (2) polifolia, Wm,
87

290 KOCHIA, KRIGIA,

5—2. Ko'cHiA. 29. Chen. nut. ton. lax—.

Southern.

dentata, W. (1) (W. J. 0.) leaves lanceolate, sinuate-toothed: stem erect, very

branching.
dioica, N. (W. M. #.) low: branching axillary: leaves sessile, very entire, lance-
ovate, acute, glaucous, somevphat succulent: stamiuate flowers terminal, conglo-
merate. Both species resemble chenopodium. 6 — 12 i.

3—2. Koele'ria. 10. Gram. far. ton.

permsylvanica, SI. (2) (J. 7i-) leaves flat, and with the sheaths soft-pubescent: panicle
oblong, slender, rather loose: glumes 2-flowered, nearly equal; lower one oblong,
obtuse, sul)-mucronate: upper palea scabrous. 2 f. O. N. T. Mch. K. M.

tnincata, M. (3) (J. U-) leaves flat, smooth: panicle oblong, racemed: glumes 2-
flowered with a third abortive floret, unerjual; lower one a little scabrous, obtuse:
paleas glabrous. 2 f. Var. major, T. panicle large, a little spreading: leaves
bioad-linear, very long. 3 f. S. O. N. Mch. K. M.

nilida, N. (W. 0?) spike elongated, lobed: lobes crowded, appressed, approximate;
spikelets oblong-ovate, smooth, awnless; lower ones 2-flowered; upper ones 3, both
with an additional setaceous rudiment: stipule hairy. 8 i. D. Mch.
Southern.

paniculata, N. ( ) panicle oblong, smooth: spikelets 2 to 3-flowered, shining:

glumes awnless, very unequal, largest one obtusely truncate.
cristata, S. (4) (W. Ju. 21.) spike somewhat lax: spikelets diverging, 3 to 4-flowered,

somewhat awned and wrinkled, sub-ciliate on the keel.

4—1. Krame^ia. 93. Leg. asc. exp. ast.
lanccolata,T. & J. (W. y. ^.) hoary-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, acute, villose:
pedicels axillary, about twice as long as the leaves.

17 — 1. Kri'gia. .53. Cich. sec-stim. ano. sal.

vivfrinica, Mx. (5) (dwarf dandelion, y. M. 0.) small: leaves lyrate, glaucous,

smoothish, ciliate: scaj)e 1-flovvered, becoming elongated after flowering: involucre

about 8-leaved. Var. dichotoma, caulescent, dichotoinous. 4 — 8 i. (S. T. B. F.

N. D.
amplexicauUs, Mx. (6) (y. Ju. 21.) glaucous: radical leaves spatulate, lanceolate and

oval, toothed: scape somewhat leafy and branched. 12 — 14 i. iS. D. N. Mch.
griffithli, N. (7) (y. If.) very glabrous: glaucous: radical leaves runcinate-lyrate,

oblong; cauline ones clasping, stems few-flowered (2—3): flowers long peduncled.

Philadelphia.

Southern,
caroliniana, Wr. (8) (Ap. y. Zf-) leaves runcinale, nearly glabrous: scapes very long,

with the base of the involucre glandular-hairy. 6— 12 i. K.
dandelion, (9) (y. ![.) glabrous; slightly glaucous: leaves lance-linear, entire, smooth:

scape 1-tlowered. 8 — 18 i.
moniana Mx. (10) (A.) very glabrous, procumbent: leaves lanceolate, entire: scape

1-flowered.
occidentalis N. (W. v-) glabrous, small: leaves sub-lyrate, attenuate: scape nakedish,

one flowered: divisions of the involucre lance-ovate: bristles of the egret very short.

Arkansas.

Kochia. In honor of Koch, a German botanist.

Koeleria. In honor of M. Kohler, a German botanist.

Krameria. In honor of two German botanists, Kramer, father and son.

Kricria. In honor of David Krieg, a German botanist, who found many new plants
in the U. S. „ ^

(1) Salsola platyphylla, Mx. (2) Aira, SI. M. (3) Aira, M. triflora, E.

(4) Aira, L. (5) Ilyoseris, Mx. (6) Troximon, Ph. Hyoseris, Mx. (7) Hy-

oseris, Wr. (8) Hyoseris angustifolia, Ph, Tragopogon, L. (9) Hyoseris,

Mx. (10) Hyoseris, L.

KRIGIA, LAMIUM. 291

lyrata, N. (I) (y. 2{.) very glabrous, stemless: leaves sub-lyrate, oblong, acute: scape
one-flowered, naked: divisions of the involucre linear-acute. Arkansas.

17 — 1. Kuhn'ia. 55. Eupa. ton. sec-stim. feb.

eiipaiorioides, yV . (2) (false boneset. w. Au. 2j;.) glabrous: leaves petioled, broad-
lanceolate, serrate: corymbs terminal, few-flowered, compact. i2 — 3 f. iS. P.
K. M.

critnnia, W. (3) (y. Au. If.) pubescent: leaves narrow-lanceolate, about 2- toothed
below, petioled, punctate beneath; upper ones linear, entire, sessile: panicle ter-
minal, spreading. 3 i. jS. P. Mch.

glutinosa, E. (VV. w. S.) pubescent, glutinous: leaves lanceolate, tapering towards
the summit, notched and toothed, crowded: flowers corymb-panicled. 2 f.

3 — 1. Kylun'ga. 9. Cype. far. ton — . sug.

wo«occ;>/i'a/«, (false bog-rush. Zf.) culm filiform, 3-sided, with a leafy base: heads
globose, sessile: involucres 3-leaved, very long. T. Y. N.
Southern,
pumila, Mk. (W.J. 2X.) head globose, sessile, solitary: involucre short (longE.)

culm setaceous: flowers diandrous. 3 — 6 i. S — C.
maculata, Mx. (Ju. 2i-) glumes 3, unequal, imbricate: heads about 3, ovate, sub-
acute, sessile. 3 — 5 f.

L.
Lachnanlkes, Dilatris.
17 — 1. Lacto'ca. 53. Cich. sal. ase. cac.

elongata, M. (4) (wild lettuce. O. y. J. ^. or 2l[.) leaves smooth beneath; lower ones
runcinate, entire, clasping; lowest ones toothed; highest ones lanceolate: flowers
corymb-panicled. 3 — 6 f S. Mch.

kirsiita, M. (W. y. Au. 2_f.) lower part of the stem and leaves hairy: radical leaves
lyrate; segments truncate, sub-dentate; upper ones partly runcinate-pinnatifid:
flowers racemed.

inie.o-rifolia, Bw. (W. y. Ju. ^T) leaves sagittate, entire, unarmed, clasping, pale be-
neath, midrib smooth; lower ones a little eroded: flowers panicled. 3 — 4 f. S. B.C.

sanguinea, Bw. (wood lettuce, r. Au. $1) leaves clasping, glaucous beneatli runci-
nate, with the midrib filamentous: flowers panicled. 2 — 3 t. B. C. Mch.

Exotic,
sativa, (lettuce, y. Ju. -^.) leaves roundish; cauline ones cordate: stem corymbed.
Var. romana, has oblong, straight leaves, narrowed at the base. Var. crispa, has
sinuate-crenate leaves, toothed, undulated, crisped; radical ones hairy on the keel.
Var. laciniala, has the lower leaves piniiatifid. and the upper ones runcinate.

Snvthern.
graminifolia, Mx. (p. Ju.) stem erect, simple: leaves unarmed, generally undivided,

simple at the base, long-linear: panicle leafless, loose; branches few-flowered:

flowers all peduncled. 3 f.
sagittifolia, E. (y? Au.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lance-oblong, acute, entire

glabrous, pale beneath, close sessile, sagittate at the base: flowers panicled. S—

13 — 1. La'mium. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton. all — .

amplexicaule, (hen-bit, dead nettle. O. p. M. 0.) floral leaves sessile, clasping, ob-
tuse; radical leaves petioled, sub-orbicular. 6 — 10 i. S.

Kuhnia. In honor of Adam Kuhn, of Pennsylvania, a pupil of Linneus.

Kyllinga. In honor of Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist; often erroneously spelled

Kyllingia.
Lactuca. Lat. lac, milk, from its milky juice.
Lamium. Lat. lamium, from Gr. laimos, the throat, alluding to the shape of the

corol; or from the sea-monster Lamia, from the grotesque figure of the flower.

(I) Cynthia. (2) Eupatorium alternifolium, L. (3) Critonia kuhnia, Mx.

(4) longifolia, Mx.

293 LAMIUM, LATHYRUS.

ji%rpurmm, (p. 0.) leaves cordate, obtuse, toothed, petioled, crowded at the top:
stem nakeciish downwards. P.

Exotic,
garga'nicum, (dead nettle. Zf.) leaves cordate, concave: throat of the corol inflated;
t;^e short.

Southern.
;■ 'lulam, Mx. (W. w.) stem hispid: leaves long petioled, broad-cordate, pubes:
III axils 1-flowered.

13—2. Lanta'na. 41. Verb. h. dis. cata-aro. all— •
Southern.
camara. (y. Au. ^.) leaves opposite, lance-ovate, crenate and serrate, scabrous: steni
rough, not prickly: flowers in umbellate heads, leafless. 2 — 4 f.

17 — 1. Lap'sania. 53. Gich. sec-stim. ano^.

communis, L. ( ) fruit at the margin of the calyx angled: gtepi pauicled:

' peduncles slender: leaves ovate, petioled, angular-dentate. Canada. Probably in:
troduced.

Larbrea, Stellaria.

Larix, Pin us.
16 — 10. La'thyrus. 93. Legu. ijut. asc. ape.

palustTis, (marsh-pea. w-p. Ju. 21.) stem winged: stipules lance-semi-sagittate: leaf-
ets six, lance-linear, acute: peduncles about 3-flowered. B. O. D. Canada.
PeekskiU. Mch.

myrtif alius, W. (1) (r. Ju. 21-) stem naked, winged, 4-cornered: stipules gemi^

' sagittate, lance-ovatp, acpminate; leafets 4, lance-oblong, acute, mucronate, net-
veined: peduncles longer than the leaves, about 4 or 5-flowered. C. T. P. R.
Mch.

venosus. W. (W. p. Ju. If.) stem naked. 4-cornered: stipules semi-sagittate, ovate,
acuminate: leafets numerous, somewhat alternate, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, veiny:
peduncles shorter than the leayes, 5 — 40-flovvered. Often called myrtifolius. ?.
D. O. Mch.

maritimus, Bw. (2) (beach pea. p. Ju. 21.) stem compressed, 4-angled: stipules sa-

■ gittale: leafets numerous, sub-alternate, obovate; peduncles shorter than the leaves,
about 7-flowered. B. C. F. D. Mch.

ochrokucus: Rich. (y. J.) very glabrous: leafets 3 to 4-paired, broad-oval or ovate:
stipules broad, semi-cordate, sub-hastate, angled with the angles obtuse, and some-
times obtusely toothed, scarcely smaller tlian the leafets: peduncles many-flower-
ed, somewhat equalling the leaf: the two upper divisons of the calyx abbreviated:
legumes long-linear, acuminate, pompj-essed, glabrous. A. R. Mch.

polypliyUus, (p.) glabrous: stem nearly erect, arigled: leaves 5 — 8 pairs, oval-ob-
long, oblusisli; the tendrils very short; stipules as large as the leafets, semi-cor-
date, angularly crenate at tiie base; sotiietimes acuminate: peduncles 7 — 10-
flowered, shorter than the leaves: segments of the calyx hairy on the margin; ihe
two upper ones triangular, and much shorter than the lanceolate lateral ones; the
inferior one subulate-setaceous, rather longest; corol purple: legume smooth, acu-
minated, long and flat. 2 f Oregon.

Xiestitus, N. (J. p.) erect and rigid, or a little climbing, silky-canescent: leafets 5 — 7
pairs, small, elliptical or oval, cuspidate; tendrils mostly pinnated: stipules broadly
semi-sagittate, acuminate, slightly toothed below, about the size of the leafets:
racemes about the length of the leaves, 4 — 6-flowered; flowers large, purple: lower

Lantana. Lat. lentus, flexible; this name was first applied to the genus Viburnum,
with which this agrees in some things.

Lapsania. Gr. iapuzo, to relax, on account of its laxative qualities.

Latiiyrus. Gr. latkuros, a name employed by Theophrastus to designate a legumin-
ous plant.
(I) stipulaceous, Le Conte. (2) Pisum maritimum, Ph.

J^ATHYRUS, LAURUS. 293

segments of the calyx narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, rather longer than the tube:
legume flat, pubescent, attenuate at each end: style villous along the side for about
one-third its length. Oregon.

linearis, N. (A. p.) nearly glabrous: stem decumbent, slender, angled: leaves nearly
sessile; leafets 5 — G pairs, narrowly linear, mostly obtuse, apiculate. rigid; tendrils
short, simple or bifid: stipules small, lanceolate, semi-sagittate, laciniate-toothed
or incised below: peduncles 3 — 4-tlowered, shorter than tlie leaves: flowers rather
large, pale purple: segments of the calyx triangular-subulate, shorter tlian the
tube: legume attenuated at each end; style nearly filiform, villous all round at the
summit. Plains of the Platte.

dissitifuUjis, N. (p.) somewhat pubescent, climbing: leafets 4—6 pairs, nariowly
linear, rather obtuse, apiculate, scattered; the petiole thick and channelled, ter-
minating in a pinnatifid tendril: stipules linear, semi-sagittate, entire: peduncles
4 — G-flowered ,niuch shorter than the leaves: segments of the caly.x short, the up-
permost obtuse. Plams of the Platte.

prnatus, N. (M. J. p.) erect, glabrous, often glaucous: stem quadrangular: leafets
3 — 4 pairs, lanceolate linear, rather acute, mucronate, rigid and strongly veined;
tendrils scarcely any: stipules linear-lanceolate and slender, semi-sagittate, entire:
peduncles about 4-"(or 6 — 8)-flowered, much longer than the leaves; flowers very
large, purple: segments of the calyx subulate, slightly unequal, rather shorter than
the tube: legume smooth and flat, acuminate at eack end, about 10-seeded: style
minutely pubescent along the upper side. Oregon.

Exotic.

pdoratus, (sweet pea. J. ^.) peduncles 2-flowered: tendril with two ovate-oblong
leafets: legumes hirsute.

Jnt'ifolhis , (everlasting pea. Au. 21.) peduncles many-flowered: tendril with two lance-
ovate leaves; membranaceous between joints.

cly'menum, (various pea. 0.) peduncles 2-flowered: tendril with many lanceolate
leafets: stipules toothed.

articulntus, (jointed pea. Ju. C^.) peduncles about 1-flowered: tendril with many al-
ternate lanceolate leafets: legume jointed.

sad'vus, (chick vetch, f^.) peduncles 1-flowerd, tendrils with 2 and 4 leafets: legumes
ovate, compressed, with two narrow wings on the back.

Sovthern.

pusillus, E. (p. M.) peduncles long, 1-flowered: stipules falcate: tendril 2-leaved,
simple: leaves lance-linear: stem winged.

decaphyllus, Ph. (1) (\V. p. 21.) stem 4-angled: stipules linear, semi-sagittate: leaves
in 5 pairs; leafets oval-oblong, mucronate: peduncles 3 — 4-flowered. D.

striclus, N. (A.) pubescent, rather rigid: stem slender, angled: leafets 2 — 5 pairs,
linear, acute: tendrils bifid: stipules semi-cordate, acuminate, serrate: peduncle
about 4-flowered, longer than the leaf; flowers large: lower segments of the calyx-
acuminate, as long as, or longer than the tube. California.

9 — 1. Lau'rus. 27. Laur. aro-oil. b. & r. deob. asp. exp.

paroliniensis, Mx. (y. J. ^.) leaves lance-oy.al, coriaceous, glaucous beneath: pe-
duncles simple, terminated with a few-flowered fascicle: outer segments of the
calyx half as long as the inner ones. Var. glabra, leaves glabrous beneath. Var.
pubescms, leaves pubescent beneath. Var. ubtusa, leaves obovate, obtuse. Leaves
perennial. 10—30 f. &'. Charleston, S— C. Florida. M.

f/enzo'in, (spice bush, fever bush. O. g. y. Ap. ^.) leaves wedge- obovate, whitish
sub-pubescent beneath: flowers in clustered umbels: buds and pedicels glabrous.
4— 10 f S. iMch.

sas'safras, (sassafras tree. O. y. M. ^.) leaves entire and lobed on the same plant:
flowers mostly dioecious. 10 — 40 f. S. Mch.
Exotic.

cam'phora, {camphor tree. ^ .) leaves about 3-nerved, lance-ovate: panicle spreading.
From Japan.

Laurus. Lat. laurus, the obscurity of its derivation denotes its antiquity. The
Celtic hlauT, (pronounced laur) signifies green.
(1) polymorphus, N. Vicia, stipulacea, Ph?

294 LAURUS, LECHEA.

SotUhcm.

catesbyana, Mx. (w. M. Tp.) lance-ovate leaves and branches glabrous: panicles short
peduncled: divisions of the calyx oblong, obtuse, nearly equal, caducous. Leaves
perennial. 6 — 9 f.

aestivalis, ( ) leaves veined, oblong; acuminate, rugose beneath: branches super-
axillary.

melissaefulia, Wr. (1) (y. Ap. ^.) leaves heart-lanceolate, veined, pubescent beneath:
flowers in clustered umbels: buds and pedicels villose. 2 — 3 f.

geniculata, Wr. (y. Ap. ^•.) branches divaricate-flexuose: leaves small, oval, smooth:
umbels terminal, few-flowered. lU — 15 f.

alhida, N. (white sassafras. ^.) buds and younger branches smooth and glaucous:
leaves entire or lobed, every where smooth and thin, obsoletely veined beneathi
petiole longer. Is this a distinct species?

13 — 1. Lavan'dula. 42. Labi. stom. ton. car. fra.

Exotic.

spica, W. (lavender. Au. Zf.) leaves sessile, lance-linear with revolute marginst
spikes interruptedly naked.

15—12. Lavate'ra. 74. Malv. emo. muc. f. nut-muc.

Exotic.

thurin' giaca, (gay mallows. 2i-) lower leaves angled; upper ones 3-lobed, with the

middle lobe longest: peduncles solitary.
arborea, (tree mallows. S. ^.) leaves 7-angled: peduncles crowded.

14 — 2. Leavenvtorth'ia. 63. Cruc. asc. diu — .

Southern.

aurea, T. (y. ) style distinct: embryo nearly straight. Arkensas, Texas and

Alabama.
michauxii, T. (ZC-) style almost none: radical oblique. Tennessee, K.

3—3. Leche'a. (2) SO. Cist. stom. ton.

major, (3) (pin-weed. W. g-p. Ju. 2X-) erect, hirsute: leaves lance-oblong, mucro-
nate: panicle leafy: branches bearing flowers at their tops: flowers in fascicled
racemes, one-way, sliort-pedicelled. 1 — 2 f. S. B. P. C. F. N.

minor, (W. g-p. If.) smootliish: leaves lance-linear, acute, panicle leafy; branches
elongated, bearing flowers on all parts: stem ascending. 8 i. B. C. F. H. N. D.

thymifoUa, Ph. not of Mx. (.lu. S. Zf.) frutescent: stems decumbent at the base, densely
and paniculately branched above, canescenlly villous with white appressed hairs:
leaves very numerous, and often articulate; cauline ones oblanceoiate or linear;
those of the short, procumbent and very villose radical branches imbricated, ellip-
tical, very small; those of the floriferous branches narrowly linear, with revolute
margins, erect and crowded: clusters terminal and axillary near the extremity of
the simple floriferous branches, 2 — 6-flowered; pedicels very short: calyx tomen-
tose-canescent: capsule globose. Massachusets to Virginia.

Southern,
drummondii, T. (.T. Ju. p.) decumbent and much branched at the base, slightly pu-
bescent: leaves linear-subulate, scattered: racemes filiform, terminating the numer-
ous branches, loosely flowered; flowers unilateral, on capillary, spreading, and at
length reflexed pedicels: capsule globose-3-sided. Texas.

Lavandula. Lat. lavo, to wash: from its distilled waters being used in sprinkling in

baths.
Lavatera. Named by Tournefort, in honor of two Lavaters, physicians of Zurich.
Leavenworthia. In hornor of Dr. Leavenworth, of U. S. Army; an indefatigeable

botanist.
Lechea. In hornor of John Leche, Prof, of Medicine at Abo.

(1) dyospyrus, Ph. (2) Helianihemum, S. (3) villosa, E.

LECHEA, LEONTICE. 295

Remark. All the species of this genus have a barren aspect, and give pastures a
ver^ unsightly arid appearance.

Lecontia, Rensselaeria.

10 — 1. Le'dom. 50. Eric. ton. ast.

paliisire, (marsh tea. w. M. ^.) leaves linear, margins revolute, iron-rust down be-
neath: stamens 10, longer tiian the corol. Canada.

luti/oliiim, A. (1) (labrador tea. w. r. J. >>.) leaves linear-oblong, folded in at the
margin, iron-rust down beneath: stamens mostly 5, equalling or longer than the
corol. About swamps. D.'T. P. O. N. Pittsfield, Ms. White Mts.

Ledum, Leiophyllum.
3 — 2. Leer'sia. 10. Gram. far. ton.

virffinica, W. (wiiite grass, rice grass. W. Ju. 2X-) panicle simple: lower branches
diffuse: flowers appressed, monandrous, sparingly ciliate on the keel. Flowers
often diandrous and triandrous, larger and more ciliate. 3 — 4 f. /S'. P. C. M.
T. N. Mch.

onjzoi'des, (2) (cut grass. W. Au. 21.) panicle diffuse, sheathed at the base; flowers
triandrous, spreading: keel of the glumes conspicuously ciliate. 3 — 5 f. »Si. Y.
B. P. C. F. M. O. T. N. Mcii.

Imtimlaris, Mx. (catch-fly grass. W. Ju. 21.) panicle erect: flowers large, roundish,
diandrous imbricate; keeland nerves ciliate. 2 — 4 f. C.

Leimantldum, Melanthiusi.

10 — 1. Lei'ophvl'lum. 50. Eric. f. aro. asp — .

Imxifolium, T, (3) (sand myrtle, sleek leaf. w. ^.) leaves small, lance-oval, entire,
glabrous, lucid, revolute at the margin: corymbs terminal. 6 — 8 i. S. Y. S — C.

19—2. Lem'na. 7. Pist. acr— .

trisulca, (duck meat. W. -^.) leaves thin, lance-oval, caudate at one end, serrate at
the other: roots solitary. Water. N. T. Mch.

minor, (green duck meat. W. J. 0 ) leaves nearly ovate, compressed: roots solitary.
Var. cydoslasa, leaves elliptic, flat on both sides, cohering in a circular arc: roots
solitary. Water. /S. Mch.

gihha, (W. ^.) leaves obovale, nearly flat above, hemispherical beneath: roots soli-
tary. Water. C.

polyrrhiza, (water flaxseed. W. Ju. ^.) leaves round obovate, compressed: roots
numerous, fascicled. The leaves of this species become purplish, and grealty re-
semble flaxseed scattered on the surface of stagnant waters. The roots rarely
reach tlie ground; but merely extend downwards a kvi inches into the water. 6'.
W. P. T. V. C. D. F. O. N. Mch.

6 — 1. Leontice. 78. Berb. ton. rhc.

thaliclr aides, L. (poppoose-root, false-cohosh. p. y. Ap. 7i- ^.) very glabrous: leaves
more than decompound; leafets oval; tiie lower ones lobed and jietioled; the end
ones 3-lobed: berries dark blue. If. iS'. P. D. O. Mch. Canada. The roasted
seeds have been used as a substitute for coffee. Caulophyllum thalictroides Mx.
in 7th edition.

Leontice, Caulophyllum.

Ledum. Lat. Ixcdo, to hurt; from its supposed qualities.

Leersia. In honor of John Daniel Leeis, a German botanist.

Leiophyllum. Gr. leios, smooth, and phuUon, leaf, in allusion to its foliage.

Lenma. Gr. levima, a husk or shell, from the shape of the leaves. Theophrastus

describes under tliis name an aquatic plant.
Leontice. Gr. lean, lion, petalon, leaf— abridged from the old name.

(1) Palustre, Mx. (2) Phalaris, L. (3) Amyrsine busifolia, Ph. Ledum

thymifolium, Lk.

296 LEONTODON, LEPIDIUM.

17 — i. Leos'todon. 53. Cich. sal. asc. ase.

tarax'acum, (dandelion. O. y. Ap. H.) outer involucre reflexed: scape 2-flowered;

leaves runcinate, witli toothed divisions. Introduced.
palustre, S. (marsh dandelion. Zf.) outer involucre scales short, erect, ovate: leaves

sinuate-toothed, somewhat glabrous. /S*.

13—1. Leonu'kus. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton.

Exotic.

cardi'aca, (mother-wort. w-r. Jn. If.), leaves 3-lobed, toothed, bases wedge-form:

calyx prickly, less than the corol. Naturalized. 2 — 3 f.
marrubias'lrum, W. (r. Au.) leaves lance-ovaie, toothed: calyx somewhat prickly,'
as long as the corol. Naturalized. 2 — 4 f.

14 — 1. Lepid'ium. 63. Cruc. asc. dia.

virginicum, (1) (wild pepper-giass. O. w. J. $.) radical leaves pinnatifid; caulin*

ones lance-linear, somewhat gash-serrate: flowers 4-petalled, mostly with but two

stamens: silicles lens-form. 12—18 i. <S.
campestris, R. Br. (2) (J. Ju.) silicles ovate, winged, emarglnate, scaly-punctate r

cauline leaves sagittate, denticulate. N. Y. Delaware.
ruderale, L. ( ) flowers diandrous, apetalous; radical and cauline leaves pinnatifid

or incised; branch leaves linear, very entire: silicles (small) broad-6va:l, emarginate,

spreading: cotyledons incunjbent. A.
menzlesia, Uc. ( ) flowers diandrous, apetalous: radical leaves bi-pinnatifidr cauline

and branch-leaves many, pinnatifid, upper ones linear, very entire. A Var. radical

leaves hispid. Another Var. radical leaves pubescent. R.

Exotic,

sativum, (peppergrass. W. Ju. 0.) leaves oblong, many-cleft.

intcgrifolium, N. {J. Jn. 2i-) glabrous and decumbent: silicles elliptical-ovate, wing-
less, scarcely emarginate: septum prominent: style short but distinct: leaves lance-
olate-oblong, acute, narrowed below: petals about twice the length of the broad
membranaceous sepals. Prairies near the Rocky Mts.

inontanum, N. (2_[.) nearly glabrous, decumbent: silicles elliptical, slightly emarginate,
wingless: style conspicuous: leaves pinnatifid and bi-pinnatifid; segments oblong;
uppermost leaves trifid or entire. Oregon.

Sovtherii.

californicum, N. (0.) stem somewhat hirsutely pubescent, much branched: silicic*
nearly orbicular, emarginate, wingless: flowers diandrous (petals 4): leaves nearly
glabrous, laciniately pinnatifid. California.

lasiocarpuin, N. (0.) hispidly pubescent: silicles elliptical-oval, conspicuously emar-
ginate, wingless, somewhat pubescent, reticulated, rathei* longer than the pedicels:
leaves undivided, linear-lanceolate, incisely toothed: flowers diandrous, apetalous.
California.

nitidum, N. ( ) glabrous: silicles elliptical-obovate, emarginate, slightly winged,

shining: pedicels flattened, about the length of the silicles: leaves laciniafe; the
segments linear and very narrow: flowers apetalous or dipetalous, diandrous.
California.

oxycarpum, T. (0.) silicles broadly ovate, deeply emarginate, wingless, the valves
pungently acuminate and raliculated: stems branched, diffuse: leaves linear-filiform,
sparingly pinnatifid, toothed: flowers apetalous, diandrous. California.

latipes, Hk. (0.) cespitose, strigosely pubescent: flowers in dense spiked racemes:
silicles elliptical-ovate, 2-winged at the summit, reticulated: pedicels very broad,
flat, leaves pinnatifid, with filiformly linear segments. California.

Leontodon. Gr. leon (leontos) lion, and odous, tooth, from the jagged edges of the

leaves.
Leonurus. Gr. leon, lion, and aura, tail; so named from its spikes resembling the

tuft on the end of the lion's tail.
Lepidium. Gr. lepis, a scale; the form of the silicles being that of little pcales.

(1) Senebiera pinnatifida. Do. (2) Thlaspi compestre, L.

LEPTANDRA. LEPUROPETALONT. 297

. 2 — 1, Leptan'dra. 37. Scro. ton. cat.

virginica, (1) (culver's physic, tall veronica. O. w. Aii. ZfO spikes terminal, long:
leaves whorled: stem erect. Yar. purpurea, Ph. flowers purple. 3 — 8 f. S. Mch.

Lcptanthus, Schollera.
10 — 2. Lkptar'rhena. 84. Saxi. ton — .

pT/rolifolia, Br. ( Z(.) stem woody at the base, covered with rudiments of withered
leaves: leaves ovate, coriaceous, petioled, glabrous above, shining, reticulate,
margin crenate: flowers coarctate-panicled: pedicels and calyx covered with short,
glutinous pubescence: sepals very short, obtuse: petals linear, longer than the
calyx. R. A.

Leptarrhena, Saxifraga.

5 — 2. Lep'tocad'lis. 60. Umbe. r. res. ton. exp. cac.

inermis, N. ( 0.) fruit unarmed, somewhat rugose: lobes of the leaves capillarj;

umbels 4 — 5-rayed: leafets of the involucels 3 — 4.

diffusus, N. ( 0.) fruit with bristles somewhat close-pressed, muricate: branches
and rays divaricate: umbels and umbellets 3-rayed; pedicels of the umbellets some-
what equalling the rays of the umbel. Stem erect, slender, branching at the apex:
lobes of the leaves capillary: leafets of the involucels 1 — 2: pedicels half an inch
long- R.

divaricalus, Dc. (2) (w. #.) Described under ^thusa.

patens, N. ( 0.) fruit tubeiculose-muricate: branches divaricate: rays of the

umbels and umbellets 4 — 5, contracted: lobes of the leaves capillary. R.

eckinaius, ^. ( ^.) fruit witli spreading bristles, echinate: branches at length
divaricate: umbels and umbellets sparingly diverging. R.

Leptochloa, Oxydenia.

■■^3. Lep'topo'da. 55. Cory. r. exp-ton.
^r Southern.

, jimhriata, W. (3) (y. Ap. If.) stem viscid-pubescent, striate: leaves alternate, lance-
linear, half clasping, glabrous, punctate; cauline ones gash-toothed: chaff of the
egret torn. 2 f. Florida.
decurrens, Macbride. (4) (y. Ap. 7i-) stem very glabrous: leaves lance-linear, toothed,
glabrous, decurrent: chaff of the egret torn. 12 — 18 i.

3 — 2. Leptu'rus. 10. Gram. far. ton. sec-stim.

paniculatus, N. (W. J. 0.) rachis incurved, compound, acutely triangular; branches
and summit fioriferous: spikes subulate, compressed, one-sided: glumes 2, acumin-
ate, l-flowered. 10 i.

5 — 3. Lepu'rope'talon. E. (5) 84. Saxi. ast.
Southern.
spathulatum, M. (w. Ap. 0.) glabrous: stem erect and procumbent, somewhat suc-
culent, sub-angled: leaves alternate, sessile, lance-spathulate, obtuse, entire. 1 2 i.

Leptandra. Gr. leptos, slender, and aner (andros,) stamen, in reference to its form.
Leptarrhena. Gr. kplos, slender, thin, renos, wool, flock, &c. Sed quere.
Leptocaulis. Gr. leptos, slender, kaulos, stem. Thin stem; perhaps scaly stem.
Leptopoda. Gr. leptos, slender, ^adpous (podos ) foot or stem, from the weakness of

the stem?
Lepturus. Gr. leptos, .slender, and oura, tail, from its long, slender, cylindrical spike.
Lepuropetalon. Gr. lepuron, rind or peel, and petalon, a petal, from the appearance

of the petals.

(1) Callistachia, R. Veronica, L. (2) Daucus divaricatus, Wr. Sison pusil-
lum, Mx. Ammi divaricatum, and Ligusticum pusillum, Mx. Sison divaricatus
Spreng. ^ihusa divaricata, N. (3) puberula, Macbride. Galardia, Mx. (4) He-
ienium N. (5) Pixidantherea, M.

38

298

LESPEDEZA, LEWISIA.

16—10. Lespede'za. (]) 93. Legu. nut. asc. ape.

capitata, Mx. (2) (O. w-p. J. Zf.) leaves ternate, lance-oblong, obtuse, silky beneath:
stipules subulate: racemes axillary, ovate, shorter than the leaves: legumes
hairy, shorter tiian the calyx. 3 — 0 f. S. Mch.

angiuiifolid, Ph. (W. w-p. S.'Zf.) leaves oblong, oval and lanceolate, hoary-pubescent
beneath: racemes capitate, longer than the leaves: corol longer than the calyx.
3— of. .S*. P. C. F. H. M. Mch.

stiivei, N. (p. S.) erect, simple, soft-downy; leafets oval: spikes ppduncled, scarcely
longer than tlie leaves: legume naked, pubescent. 2 — 3 t. 6'. Y. P.

polystacliia, Mx. (3) (W. w-r. Ju. !(•) erect, branching, very villose: leafets round-
oval: spikes axillary, long peduncled: corol and legume about equal to the calyx.
2—4 f. K B. C. F. O. M. iV. T. Mch. '

sessdiflora, Mx. (4) (bush clover. O. p. Ju. 21.) erect: leaves oblong: fascicles of
flowers sessile, numerous: legume nearly naked, acute: calyx minute. Var. re<JcM-
lata, stem simple, erect or erectish: leaves pubescent beneath. 1 — 3 f. S. Mch.

violacen, W. (5) (O. p. Ju. ZT.) leafets oval, obtuse: racemes umbelled, as long as
the petiole: flowers in pairs: legume rhombic, reticulate, glabrous. 1 — 2 f. S.
Mch.

procumOens, Mx. (6) (W. p. &, y. Ju. 2X0 procumbent, slender, pubescent: leafets
oval: peduncles very long: flowers in setaceous spikes: legumes naked: calyx
minute. X Y. P. B. C. F.

divergens. M. (7) (W. p. Ju. Zf.) diffuse, branched: leafets oblong, obtuse, close-,
pressed, hairy beneath: racemes longer than the petioles: flowers m pairs: legumes
ovate, reticulate, smooth. Probably a variety of the violacea. 1 — 2 f. S. P.

repens, (p. Au. Z£-) leaves round-oval, emarginate: racemes axillary: legume repand-
tooihed: stem creeping. P. K.

prostrata, (W. Zf.) prostrate, slgnder, glabrous: petioles somewhat shortened; leaf-
ets oval, obtuse, mucronate, a little hairy beneath: racemes axillary, slender, with
scattered florets longer than the leaves: calyx shorter than the corol: legumes ovate,
sub-pubescent. P. New Jersey. Hedysarurn prostratum. L. Mch.

Suvtlicrn.

longifoUa, ( Zf-) stem erect, angled, pubescent: petioles very short; leafets

oblong, glabrous above, silk-silvery and close-pressed beneath: racemes fascicle-
corynibed, many-flowered, axillary snd sub-terminal: legume shorter than the
acuminate lobes of the calyx. Louisiana.
frutesccns, (8) ( Zf.) erect, villose: petioles very short; leafets oval, obtuse,

eub-mucronate, silk-hairy beneath: racemes axillary, sub-sessile, shorter than the
leaves: calyx shorter than the corol: legumes hairy, shorter than the calyx. In
Caiolina. S— C.

villosa,N. ( Zf.) erect, branching, cotton downy: petioles sub-elongated; leaves
oval, obtuse: spikes axillary, slender, thrice or four times longer than the leaves:
calyx shorter than the corol and longer than the legumes. Hedysarurn hirtum, L.

13 — 1. Leu'cas. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton.
Southern.
mardniccnsis, Br. ( ) leaves entire: whorls many-flowered, capitate. Probably in-
troduced.

12 — 1. Lewis'ia. 8G. Port, muc-nut. lax.
SijiU/icrn.
redivica, Ph. (W. w. Ju. Zf.) leaves radical, linear, somewiiat fleshy, obtusish: scape
I — 2-flowered; pedicel genticulate at the base: capsule oblong.

Lespedeza. Named by Mx. in honor of Lespedez, governor of Florida.
Leucas. Gr. Icukos, white, so called on account of tlie whiteness of the flower.
Lewisia. In honor of Gen. Merrivvelher Lewis, the leader of the first expedition to

the Rocky Mts.

(I ) Hedysarum, W. (2) fiutescens, W. (3) hirtum, W. (4) Hedysarurn
reticulatum, M. Medicago virgmica, L. (5) divergens, Ph. (6) prostrata, Ph.
(7) Hedysarurn, M. (8) Hedysarum fruteecens, L.

LIATRIS, 399

17 — 1. Lia'tris. 55. Inul. r. res. diu. ant. poi-ton.

sgiiarrosa, W. (1) (W. r. Au. li.) stem simple: leaves long-linear, nerved; margin
a little scabrous: raceme leafy, few-flowered: scales of the involucre leafy above,
lanceolate, risid, spreading. 2—3 f S. C. Y. N. Mch.

scariosa, (2) (W. b. Au. If.) stem simple, snb-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, taper-
ing to bolli ends, glabrous, with scabrous margins: involucre squarrose below, ra-
ceuied, alternate, di^5lant; scales spatulate, with membranaceous colored margins.
S. P. Y. C. D. F. H. "N. Mch.

spicata, W (3) (gay feather, button snakeroot. W. r. Au. 7X-) stem simple, tall:
leaves linear, glabrous, ciliate at the base, nerved, and punctate: spike very long:
flowers sessile: scales of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, close-pressed. 2 — 4 f.
^•. P. N. D. Mch.

pilosa, W. (p. S. Zf.) stem simple, pubescent: leaves linear, pilose, ciliate: heads
racemose, lax: scales ofthe involucre oblong, obtuse: pedicels bracted. Var. dubla,
E. stem striate, sub-pilose; leaves long, Unear; lower ones lance-linear, puncta-te,
acute, pilose and ciliate near the base, nearly glabrous towards the summit: ra-
ceines long, leafy. Perhaps a distinct species. Elliott. 2 — 3 f S.

cylindrica, Mx. (W. p. Au. 21.) slender, hirsute: leaves grass-like: spike few-flowered:
involucre sub-sessile, cylindric, few-flowered; scales round at the summit, abruptly
mucronate. 1—2 f. -S. D. Mch.

Southern.

1. Flowers iri spikes or racemes: roots bulhoits.

pijcnostachija, Mx. (W. S. 21.) stem simple, hirsute: leaves straight, narrow-linear,
pubescent: spike long: flowers clustered, sessile: involucre appcessed, squarrose at
the summit. 2 — 4 f.

graminifulia, Wr. (W. p. S. H-) stem simple, glabrous: leaves very long-linear, gla-
brous, nerved, margin sub-scabtous; midrib hairy above: flowers distant sub-sessile:
scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, mucronate, ciliate, appressed; inner ones
colored. 2 — 4 f

heterophijUa, W. (S. 21.) stem simple, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, glabrous, smooth;
upper ones lanoe-linear, much smaller: heads spiked, short peduncled, sub-squar-
rose: scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, naked. S — C.

aspera, Mx. (W. S. 2{.) stem somewhat branching, scabrous-pubescent: leaves lance-
linear, very rough: heads sliort, spiked, distinctly alternate, solitary, sessile:
scales of the involucre roundish, obtuse, connivent.

gracilis, Ph. (W. p. S. 21.) stem slender, hairy, (glabrous. Ph.): leaves linear, gla-
brous, ciliate at the base: heads in racemes, about 7-flowered: scales of the invo-
lucre obovate, ciliate, appressed. A variety of the /;/7osrt. N. 2 — 3f

tenuifolia, N. (p. S.) stem slender, glabrous: lower leaves crowded, linear, a little
hairy at the base; upper ones setaceous: racemes very long: pedicels leafy: scales
of the involucre oblong, mucronate. 2 — 4 f S — C.

rcsinosa, N. (p.) glabrous: leaves linear, crowded: lieads spiked, oblong, 4 — 5-flower-
ed: scales of the involucre obtuse, appressed, resinous, at length hoary. 2 f. S —

secunda, E. (p. S. 21.) stem reclining, pubescent: leaves linear, glabro.as, sparingly
ciliate at the base: racemes one-sided: scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute,
appressed. 2—3 f S— C.

sphaeroidea, Mx. (p. S. Zf-) leaves smooth; lower ones broad, lanceolate; upper
ones narrow: flowers raceined, large, solitary, alternate: involucre sub-globose:
scales oval, erect. 2 — 4 f

elegans, Wr. (4) (O. p-r. Oc. 2i.) stem simple, villous: leaves lance-linear, sub-
scabrous beneath: raceme cylindrical; flowers crowded: inner scales of the invo-
lucre liixulate, colored. 3 — 5 f

paucifloscvlosa, N. (2{.) leaves sub-coniform; lower ones lance-linear; upper ones
linear, acute, glabrous: raceme very long, few-flowered: calyx somewhat 3-flower-

Liatris. A name probably derived from Gr. Uazo, to come forth.

(1) Serratula, L. (2) Serratula, L. Liatris squarrulosa, Mx, (3) macros-
tachya, Mx. Anonymous graminifolus, Wr. Serratula spicata, L. (4) Staehe-

lina, W.

300 LIATRIS, LILIUM.

ed, pedicels filiform: scales of the inrolucre oblong, obtuse: stem finely pubescent.
Alabama.

brachystachya, N. (ZT.) very glabrous: leaves near together, linear, acute: spikes
abbreviated, oblong: flowers close together: involucre squarrose, sub-5-flowered;
divisions oblong, acute, inner ones colored. Spike 3 inches long. Arkansas.

tirgata, N. (2i-) finely pubescent: leaves linear, scattered: racemes compound, branch-
panicled; branchlets somewhat one-flowered, with small leaves: involucre sub-
hemispheric, many-flowered; scales obtuse, appressed. Georgia and North Carolina.

2. Flowers in panicles or corymbs; roots not bulbous.

pauciflora, Ph. (2X.) stem simple, glabrous: leaves linear: panicle virgate, leafy;
branches short, few-flowered: involucre sessile, secund, 3 — 5-flowered; scales
erect, lanceolate, acute, glabrous.

paniculata, Wr. (p. S. 21.) stem simple, hairy-viscid: leaves lanceolate, nerved, sub-
glabrous: panicle contracted; involucre about 5-flowered; scales lanceolate. J —
If S.

odoratissima, Wi. (p. S. 2i.) very glabrous: stem simple: leaves ovate and lanceo-
late, nerved, toothed, sub-glaucous: panicle corymbed: involucre 7 — 8-flowered;
scales obovate, obtuse. 3 — 4 f.

tomentosa, Mx. (1) (p. S. 1[.) stem simple, and with the wedge-lanceolate leaveg
hirsute: corymb few-flowered, 1,depressed-divaricate; branches few-flowered: invo-
lucre tomentose; scales ovate, acute. 2 f

lellidifolia, Mx. (p. 2X. ) low, sub-glabrous: leaves wedge-oblanceolate: corymb un-
equal: flowers all somewhat long-pediceiled: scales of the involucre oblong-oval,
obtuse. 8^12 i. S^C.

toal'teri, E. (p. S. 2_C.) stem simple, hairy near the summit: leaves lanceolate, acute,
glabrous, punctate, at the base: involucre many-flowered; scales acute, tomentose.
2 f

opposiftfoliu, N. (HI) pubescent: leaves lanceolate, nearly opposite, nerved: stem
branching; branches corymb-panicled: involucre cylindric-ovate, smallish, about
15 — 20- flowered; scales oblong, obtuse; inner ones colored: egret a little scabrous.
Florida.

frutlcosa, N. (p. 'f>.) glabrous: stem fruticose: branches corymbed: leaves wedge-
obovate, punctate: involucre sub-5-flovvered; divisions acuminate. Florida.

squamosa, N. (2(.) pulverulent-canescent, corymbose; little corymbs 3 — 5-flowered:
radical leaves linear, long; cauline ones appressed, very short: involucre sub-
hemispheric; scales acute. Alabama.

5 — 2. Ligus'ticom. 60. Umbe. g-h. odo. exp. r. aro. exp.

scoticum, Mx. (w. Ju. 7S-) cauline leaves bifernate; upper ones trifoliate; lateral
leafets trapezoid, terminal one rhomboid: umbels stiffly erect: involucres linear,
many-leaved. 18 i. B. Canada.

Exotic.
lexiisdcum, (lovage, smellage. w. Zf-) leaves long, numerous; leafets above gashed.
Strong-scented.

Ligusticum, Thapsia.

2 — 1. Ligus'trum. 34. Olea. b. bit. ast.

vulgare, (prim. W. w. J. T^ ) leaves lanceolate, acutish: panicle compact. Perhaps
introduced. Indigenous in Missouri. Y. C. P. B. F. M. N.

6 — 1. Lil'ium. 14. Lili. diu. emo.

philadelphicum, (red lily. O. r. y. J. 21.) leaves whorled, lance-linear: corol erect,
bell-form, spreading; petals lanceolate, having claws. 1 — 3 f. S. Mch.

Ligusticum. Gr. ligvstihon; so called from Liguira, in Italy, its native place.

Ligustrum. Lat. Ugo, to bind, from the use made of its branches.

Lilium. Gr. leirion, lily, smooth, graceful; or from the Celtic, li, which signifieg

whiteness.

(1) corymbosa, N.

LILIUM, LIMOSELLA. 301

eanadense, (nodding lily. O. y. r. Ju. 7i.) leaves remotely whorled, lanceolate: pe-
duncles terminal, elongated, mostly in threes: corol nodding; petals spreading.
2—3 f. S. Mch.

superbum, (superb lily. W. y. p. Ju. Zf-) leaves-lance linear, 3-nerved, glabrous;
lower ones whorled; upper ones scattered: flowens in a pyramid-raceme, recurved:
petals revolute. 3— (3 f. S. P. Y. C. T. B. Catskill.

catesbaei, Wr. (1) (southern lily. W. y. r. J. Z£-) leaves scattered, lance-linear: stem
1-flowered: corol erect; petals vvitli long claws; margin undulate; apex reflexed.
1— 2f. S. P. S— C.

pennsylvaniaim, Ker. (A. r. y. Ju. If.) leaves scattered, lance-linear; the uppermost
ones whorled, about equal to the flowers: stem about 1-flowered, somewhat 5-sided:
peduncles woolly: corol erect, woolly outside. P. Sandusky.

Exotic.

candidum, (white lily. w. J. 21- ) leaves lanceolate, scattered, tapering to the base:

corol bell-form, glabrous within.
iulbiferum, (orange lily. y. J. 21.) leaves scattered, 3 nerved: corol canipanulate,

erect, scabrous within.

Southern.
pudicum, Ph. (W. y. M. 21.) leaves scattered, lance-linear: stem 1-flowered: corol

bell-form, nodding; petals erect, sessile, spatulate-obovate, obtuse, flat within.
umbel latmn, Ph. (2) (W. r. Ju. 2{) leaves scattered, linear, short, acute: upper ones

whorled: flowers 1 — 5, terminal, erect; petals unguiculate, lanceolate, spreading,
■carolininnum, Mx. (y. r. Au. ZJ".) leaves whorled and scattered, wedge-lanceolate:

flowers few, (1 — 3,) terminal! peduncles thick: corol revolute. This may be a

variety of the superbum, £. 2 f. S— C.

10 — 1. Limnan'thes^ 73. Trop. asc. f. lax-con.
Southern.
douglassii, R. Br. (y. w.) leaves bipinnatifid; the divisions often alternate. Plant
slightly succulent. California.

3 — 1. Limnet'is. (3) 10. Gram. far. ton.

^ynosur aides, W. (4) (many-spiked salt-grass. W. An. 21.) spikes numerous (JO —

40) peduncled, panicled, spreading: leaves broad, flat, at length convolute: a short

awn on one of the glumes; styles 2-cleft at the summit. 4 — 9 f. &'. B. T. C.

O. Peekskill. xMch.
Juncea, Mx. (5) (rush salt-grass. L. Ju. 2i.) leaves 2-ranked, convolute, spreading:

spikes few, (1 — 3) peduncled: peduncles smooth: paleas obtusish: styles 2. 18 i.

T. B. C. Peekskill. M.
glabra, M. (L. W. Au. Zf.) leaves coDcave, erect: spikes alternate, sessile, erect, ap-

pressed: paleas smoothish on the keel: style deep-cleft. 3 — 5 f. S. B. C.

Peekskill. M. d

•10 — 1. Limo'nia. 70. Aura. f. sto. ton.

Southern.
Mcidissima? L. ( ) leaves pinnate; leafets roundish-oval, crenate: spines germi-
nate. Florida.

13 — 2. Limosel'la. 37. Scro. cat. eme. asc.

subulata, Ives, (mud wort. b-w. Au. 21.) leaves linear, very narrow, scarcely dilated
at the apex: scape 1-flowered, as long as the leaves. 1 i. Peekskill, JBanks of
Housatonic and Delaware rivers.

Limnanthes. Gr. limnas, water nymph, or marsh, anthos, flower.
Limnetis. Gr. limnes, a pool or marsh; from its place of growth.
Limonia. Arabic, limoun, lemon; to whose fruit this produces a relative.
Limosfclla. Lat. liinnus, slime or mud; from its native soil.

(1) spectabile, Sy. carolinianum, Lk. (2) andinum, N. (3) Spartina, Sr.

(4) polystachya and cynosuroides, Ph. (5) Trachynotia, Mx. Spartina, W.

<S

302 LINDERNIA, LIRIODENDRON.

2 — 1. Linder'nia. 37. Scro. cat. erne. asc.

attenuata, M. (false hedge hyssop. W. p. Au. 0.) leaves lanceolate and obovate,

narrowed at the base: peduncles shorter than the leaves, erect. S. C. F. H.

N. T. Mch.
dilatata, M. (I) (pimpernel. W. b. Au. e^.) leaves dilated at the base, clasping,

remotely toothed: peduncles longer than the leaves. S. B. P. C. O. T. V.

Mch.
monticola, M. (21.) stem slender, dicholomons: radical leaves spatulate; cauline ones

linear, small and remote: peduncles very long, at length deflected. 4 — 6 i. S. N.

Soulhem.
grandifiora, N. (If.) leaves roundish, entire, nerveless, half-clasping: peduncles very

long, axillary and terminal: stem creeping.
refructa, E. (b. J. Zf.) stem slender, erect, branching, glabrous: radical leaves spatu-

late-oval; upper ones subulate: flowers solitary, axillary and terminal: peduncles

refracted after flowering. 8 — 12 i.

4 — 1. Lix'njEa. 58. Capr. ch. dia — . la.x.

borealis, W. (twin-flower. W. w-r. J. If.) stem prostrate: branches erect, each bear-
ing two flowers: leaves roundish, crenate. Woods. H. N. T. B. C. D. V. Mch.

5 — 5. Li'num. 82. Lipe. s. muc. dem. cata. b. fac.

cirginituium, (wild flax. O. y. Ju. 0.) sepals acute: panicle terminal: flowers remotely

alternate: leaves lance-linear, scattered; radical ones ovate. 1 — 2 f. S. Northern

Lakes. Mch.
peren'ne, var. lewisii, Ph. (W. b. .Tu. TJ.) divisions of the calyx ovate, acuminate:

petals wedge-form, rounded at tire apex: leaves scattered, lance-linear, mucronate:

stems tall, numerous. R. Canada.
rig'idum, ( VV. j.) divisions of the calyx ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, ciliate: petals

oblong, narrow: ieaves stiffly erect, linear, short. 6 i. B. Missouri.

Exotic.
tisifMtissimum, (flax. b. Ju. 0.) sepals ovate, acute, 3-nerved: petals crenate: leaves
lanceolate, alternate: stem sub-solitary.

Southern,
selaginoidcs, Lam. (w-r.) glabrous: stems a span high, suffruticose, corymbosely
attaclied at the summit: leaves crowded, alternate, very small, linear and very
narrow, mucronate piliferous: flowers terruinal, sub-sessile, petals shorter than the
calyx: ovary completely 10-celled. Texas.

Liparis, Malaxis.
19 — 12. Liquidam'bar. 99. Plat. ton. aro.

sty'raciflu'a, (sweet gum. W. M. ^.) leaves palmate, with, acuminate lobes, serrate,
villose at the meeting of the veins beneath. <S*. T. Y. P. N. F. M. S— C.

12 — 12. Li'rioden'dron. 75. Magn. b. aro. bit. dia. rhe.

tu'lipife'ra, (white wood, tulip tree. W. y. r. J. y>.) leaves truncate at the end, with
2 side lobes. A beautiful flowering tree. 90—150 f. ,S'. F. T. Y. C. P. O.
N. D. Mch.

Lindernia. In honor of Francis Balthazer Von Lindern, a pliysician and botanist of

Strasljurg.
Linnaea. In honor of Linneus, the great Swedish Botanist
Linum. Gr. linaii, flax, from Lineo, to hold, liie fibres being well known for their

tenacity. Llin, in Celtic, signifies thread.
Liquidambar. Lat. liquldum, fluid, and umbar, fragrant gum, alluding to the aromatic

gum which exudes from the tree.
Liriodendron. Gr. Icirion, lily, and dendron, tree, from the beauty of the flower.

(1) Pyxidaria, Ph. Gratiola inequalis, VVr.

LISIANTHUS, LOBELIA. 303

5 — 1. Lisian'thus. 46. Gent, bit-ton.

glaucifoUus, Jn? (W. y.) stem herbaceous, terete: leaves oblong-ovate, sessile, glau-
cous, acute, 3-nerved: flowers terminal, corynibed: peduncles elongated. T. & J.

18 — 1. Liste'ra. 21. Orcli. r. amy. vis. arc. salep.

convallaroiile.s, (I) (lily orchis, g-p. M. if.) stem with two round cordate, acute,
opposite leaves: spiiie few-flovvercd: lip oblong, obtusely 2-lobed: germ sub-globose,
root fibrous. 4—6 i. .S'. H. T. Catskill Mts.

cordata, Ms. (2) (g-p. M. Zf.) stem with two opposite, roundish-cordate leaves:
raceme loose: column without any appendage behind: lip elongated, 2-toothed at
the base, deeply bifid ; segments sub-divaricale and acute. 4 — 8 i. N.

Southern.
pubescens, Ph. (3) (g-w. J. Zf-) leaves radical, ovate, acute; scape leafless, pubescent,
lax-flowered: flowers pedicelled: lip 2-lobed, scarcely longer than the connivent
petals: capsules clavate: root palmate.

5 — 1. Li'thosper'mum. 43. Bora. ton. vul.

arvense, (steen-crout, stone-seed, wheat- thief. O. w. M. 0.) stem erect, branched:
leaves lance-linear, rather acute, (lower ones obtuse",) veinless, hairy: calyx nearly
as long as the corol; segments spreading: nut rugose. 8 — 15 i. S.

officinale, (gronnvell. y. M. 2i-) stem erect, branching, scabrous: leaves lance-ovate,
acute, nerved, scabrous above, hairy beneath: fruit-bearing calyx elongated, spread-
ing: nuts ] to 3, ovate, glabrous, often with hollowed punctures. 20 — 30 i. When
this plant grows in rich shady woods the leaves are very broad. B. P. T. O. N.
L. latifolium is a synonym.

maritimum, (4) (L. b. Ju. 2I-) very smooth: stem procumbent, branched: leaves
ovalspatulate, fleshy: corol scarcely twice the length of the calyx.

dentiailiituin, Rs. (5) (p. J. 21.) stem erect: leaves nerved, sub-glabrous, acute;
maigin scabrous, with minute teeth; radical ones ovate; cauline ones oblong:
divisions of the calyx denticulate on the margin. G — 12 i.

pilosum, N. (y. Zf.) simple, pilose-hirsute: leaves linear, acuminate, sessile, approxi-
mate: flowers fascicled, sessile, smallish: divisions of the corol oblong, entire. R.

torrcyi, N. (6) (J. 2X.) strigose-hispid: leaves oblong-linear, obtusish, scattered: stem
low, branching: fascicles terminal, few-flowered: lobes of the corol oblong, entire.
9 i. R. ' ^

Southern.

angusiifoUum, Mx. (W. w. Ju. 0.) nut turgidly ovate, shining, with hollow punc-
tures on every part: flowers generally lateral: leaves linear, with close-pressed pu-
bescence: stem procumbent.

epulum, W. (W. y. Ju. 0.) nut muricate: spikes terminal, 1-sided: bracts lanceo-
late: leaves lance-linear, acute.

Lilhospermmn, Batschia.
— 51. Lobe'lia. 52. Lobe, acr-nar. eme+. ast. exp. dia-f .

dortmanna, (7) (water lobelia, b. Ju. 2S-) radical leaves linear, recurved, fistulous,
with two cavities, entire: scape simple, racemose, somewhat naked: flowers re-
mote, peduncled. S. T. Y. B. N.

cardinalis, (cardinal flower. O. r. w. Ju. 21.) erect, simple, pubescent: leaves lance-
ovate, acuminate, denticulate: racemes somewhat 1-sided, many-flowered: stamens

Lisianthus. Gr. lis, smooth, and anthos, flower: or from Gr. Itisis, dissolution, from

its dissolving powers. •
Listera. In honor of .Martin Lister, an English physician and physiologist.
Lithospermum. Gr. lithos, stone, and sperma, seed; the seeds being very hard, and

siiining like little pebbles.
Lobelia. In honor of M. de Lobel, a distinguished German botanist.

(1) Epipactis, Sz. (2) Opiirys, Mx. (3) Epipnctis, Ph. (4) Pulmonaria, L.
parviflora. Ph. (5) Pulmonaria, Rg. sibirica. Ph. (G) L. decumbene, Y.

(7) paludosa, N.

304 LOBELIA, LONICERA.

longer than the corols. Var. alia, flowers white. Goderich. U. C. Darap.

1—2 f. ;sr. Mch.
siphiUtica, (W. b. Ju. 21.) erect, simple, hirsute, with short hairs: leaves lance-ovate,

sub-serrate: raceme leafy: calyx liirsute, with reflexed sinuses. 18 — 241. S. T.

Y. W. V. P. C. D. F. O. N. Mch.
infa'ta,* (wild tobacco. O. b. Ju. ^.) erect, branching, very hirsute: leaves ovate,

serrate: racemes leafy: capsules intlated. 12 — 18 1. S. Mch.
kalmii, (O. b. Ju. 0.) slender, erect, sub-simple: radical leaves spatulate; cauline

ones linear, delicately toothed: flowers racemed, alternate, remote, pedicelled.

Var. gracilis, has a minutely scabrous stem: peduncles shorter than the flowers:

segments of the calyx longer than the capsule. 6 — 24 i. S. Mch.
claytuniana, Mx. (1) (O. b. Ju. ZT-) erect, sinjple sub-pubescent: leaves oblong, ob-

tusish; radical ones entire; cauline ones denticulate above: raceme wand-like;

bracts subulate. 18—24 i. S. Mch.
jfuberula, Mx. (W. b. Ju. 7S-) erect, very simple, pubescent: leaves oblong-oval, re-

pand-serrulate: flowers spiked, alternate, sub-sessile: germs hispid: calyx ciliate.

2 f. &'. P. Charleston, S, C.

Southern.

aphylla, N. (If.) very small: stem fihform, sub-simple, scaly: peduncles remote,
elongated. 4 — 6 i. Florida.

amoc'na, Mx. (b. Ju. 2/. ) erect, very glabrous, (pubescent, E.): leaves broad-lanceo-
late, serrate: spike many-flowered, one-sided: divisions of the calyx entire: inferior
divisions of the corol oval, acute. 2 — 3 f. S — C.

glandulosa, Wr. (b. S. 2_[.) stem erect: leaves lance-linear, somewhat fleshy, denti-
culate: flowers in racemes. 1 — 2 f.

fulgens, Donn. (VV. r. Ju, 2Lf.) erect, simple, sub-pubescent: leaves very long-lanceo-
late, attenuated, sub-entire: raceme many-|lowered: stamens and pistils as long
as the coiol. 2 — 4 f.

viickauxii, N. (2) (p. Ju. 0.) glabrous, branching above: leaves petioled, ovate, cre-
nate-dentate; lowest ones roundish: racemes lax: peduncles elongated.

5 — 3. LoEFLiNGiA. 30. Ille. ast — .
Sojdhern.
squarrosa, N. (0.) glandular-pubescent, much branched: leaves subulate-setaceous
and squarrose: stamens 3 — 5: stigmas sessile: capsule triangular, at length exsert-
ed. California.

3 — 2. Lo'lium. 10. Gram. far. ton.

perenne, (darnel. M. ![.) florets much longer than the glume, unarmed, Hnear-oblong,
compressed. Introduced 18 i. B. P. C. M. N.

temulentum, (Ju. i?f.) florets shorter than the glumes, as long as the bristle at their ex-
tremity: culm scabrous above. 2 f. P. Mch.

5 — 1. Loni'ce'ra. (3) 58. Capr. r. cat — . h. lax — .

hirsuta, Ea. (rough woodbine, y. J. ^.) corol ringent, hairy: filaments bearded:
leaves hirsute, abruptly acuminate; lower ones obovate; upper ones connate,
(ovate, oval and obovate.) Flowers in whorled spikes, large: leaves ciliate, all
very hairy. Stem twining around trees to the heigiit of 20 to 30 feet. This
species is remarkably different from all other species of the genus; being very
rough and hair}'. Found first two miles west of Williams College, Mass. where I
saw hundreds in flower, climbing the trees and shrubs of an elevated ridge or hill,

Loeflingia. In honor of P. Loefling, a Swedish botanist.

Lolium. Lat. loUum. Loloa is the Celtic name of this grass.

Lonicera. To commemorate Adam Lonicer, a physician of Frankfort, in the six-
teenth century.
* This species was formerly considered annual, but the error has been shown by

Dr. Coffin, of Troy.

(1) spicata, Lk. goodenioides, W. pallida, M. (2) cliffbrtiana, Mx. not L.

(3) Caprifolium, J.

LOfflCEllA, LUDWIGIA. 806

jri (he siimnier of 1817. It has since been found in Middlebury, Vt., Worceslerj

Mass., Troy and Fairfield, N. Y.* See Boston Flofa, p. 88. 2d ed. D. V. Mch.
jSaoa, Sims. (1) (W. y. J. fp.) spikes with whorled iieads: corol sub-ringent-like,

ti^ith divisions oblong, obtuse: leaves ovate, glaucous beneath, with cartilaginous

margins; upper ones connate-perfoliate. S. Catskiil Mt.
parviflora, Lk. (2) (W. r-j. J. fp.) spikes with whorled heads: corol ringent, gibbous

at the base: filaments bearded: leaves deciduous, glaucous beneath, connate; floral

Ones perfoliate. «S. T. N. Mch.
grata, A. (r. y. J. h.) spike with whorls very near each other: corol ringent-like,

tvith a long tube: leaves perennial, obovate, sub-mucronate, net-veined and pale/

beneath; uppet ones connate-perfoliate. S. Y. C.
sempervirens, A. (r. y. M. >?.) spikes with distant, nakedish whorls: corols sub-equal:

tube ventricose above: leaves ovate and obovate, glaucous beneath; upper ones

connate-perfoliate. Leaves perennial. S. Y. P. C. D. Florida.
doughisiii (W; >;.) branches twining: leaves oval, acute at both ends, petioled^ gla-
brous, ciliate, downy outside, upper ones connate: flowers head-spiked: stigma

eisert.

Exotic,
caprifolium, {honeysuckle, h.) corols ringent-like, terminal: sessile leaves connate-"

perfoliate at the top.
peridymenum, (woodbine. J. >).) flowers in ovate, imbricate, terminal heads: leaves

all distinct. Var. quercifoliai leaves sinuate.

Southerm
eiliosum, Ph. (W. y. J. >i.) spikes with whorled, approximate heads, sub-sessile:
corol sub-equal; tube hirsute, ventricose in the middle: leaves somewhat clasping,
sessile and petioled, ovate, glaucous beneath; margin distinctly ciliate; upper onesr
connate-perfoliate.

Lonicera, Diervilla, Xylosteum.

Lopanthus, Hyssop Ds.

Lophiolia, CoNOSTYLis.f

Lotus, Trigonella.

4 — 1. Lddwig'ia. 88. Onag. ton.

allemifolia, (3) (seed box. O. y. Ju. H.) erect, branching, sub-glabrous: leaves alter-
nate, lanceolate, hoary beneath: peduncles axillary, 1-flowered: capsules 4-sided;
divisions of the calyx large, colored, persistent. 1 — 3 f S. Mch.

pilosa,yVr. (4) (y. Ju. 21.) erect, branching, hirsute: leaves alternate, oblong, sessile*
hirsute both sides: peduncles 1-flowered, axillary: capsules globose, quadrangular^
winged, 2-bracted at the base. 2 f S. Y. M. S— C.

Uniflora, R. ( ) stem straight, simple: leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute, glabrous:
flower terminal; petals longer than the calyx. Probably alternifolia. Toriey.

Southern.

moUiSf Mx. (Au. 21.) villous: stem erect, much branched: leaves lanceolate: flowers

generally clustered: capsule globose, 2-leaved.
capitataj Mx. (5) (y. Au. 7i.) stem erect, virgate: leaves lance-linear, glabrous!

flowers generally in terminal heads: bracts longer than the calyx.
pedunculosa, Mx. (y. J. 2i-) stem procumbent, radicant: leaves opposite, lanceolateS

peduncles l-9owered, longer than the leaves. 3 — 6 i. S — C.

Ludwigia. In honor of Ludwig, Prof of Medicine at Leipsic, 1733.

(1) fraseri. Ph. (2) dioica & media, L. Caprifolium bracteosum, Mx.

(3) macrocarpa, Mx. ramosissima, Wr. RJiexia linarifolia, Poir. (4) hirsuta,

Ph. (5) suff'ruticosa, Wr.

*I published this species in the Manual in the year 1818, and repeated it in the
succeeding editions. Afterwards Goldie came to this state, and also travelled in
Canada, where he found it. and examined it with my Manual. In 1822 lie published it
as a new discovery, under the name Capriiblium pubesceiis, in the Edinburgh Phil.
Journal.

39

306 LUDWIGIA, LUPINUS.

linearis, Wt. (1) {y. t. 21-) stem erect, branching, angled near the summit: leaves

alternate, linear, glabrous, sub-serrulate: flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. 2 f.

S— C.
polycarpa, { Oc.) erect, much branched: leaves narrow-lanceolate, acute at each

end, alternate, glabrous: flowers apetalous? closely sessile, axillary and congie-

galed: capsules spherical, two-leaved. 1 to 3 f. Discovered by H. A. Griswold,

in wet lands around Louisville, Ky.
decuneus, Wr. (2) (W. y. Au. 0.) erect, very branching, glabrous: leaves alternate,

lance-oval, decurrent: flowers octandrous. 2 f. Cliarleston, S — C. K.
natans, E. (y. Ju.) swinuning and creeping: leaves opposite, lance-spatuiate: flowers

axillary, sessile, petals as long as the calyx. Charleston, S — C.

Ludtclgia, Isnakuia.

14 — 1. Luna lUA. 03. Cruc. asc. dia.

Exotic.

annua, (honesty, satin pod. p. S •) leaves obtusely toothed: silicles oval, obtuse at

both ends. "Naturalized.
■redivioa, (honesty, b-p. ZC-) leaves with niucronate teeth: silicles tapering to both
ends. Flowers odorous.

16 — 10. Lupinas'tku. 93. Legu. s. ano.

Southern.

7nacrocephalus, Ph. (3) (W. y. &. p. M. 2i-) leafets nine, oblanceolate; petioles very

long: stipules wedge-lbrm, gash 3-toothed: teeth of the calyx filiform, plumose.

16 — 10. Lupi'nus. 93. Legu. f. nut. g-f. asc.

perennis. (wild lupine. O. b. r-y. M. 7J..) stem and leaves smoothish: leaves digitate,

with about 8 to 10 leafets, which are oblanceolate, obtusish: flowers alternate;

calyx not appendaged: banner emarginate; keel entire. 12 — 18 i. -S. Mch.
noutkutcnsis, Donn. (W. Ju. 2i.) stem and leaves hirsute: leaves digitate; leafets

(7 — 8) lanceolate, obtuse: calyxes whorled, not appendaged: banner emarginate;

keel entire.
decumbens, T. & J. (W. p.) suflruticose, sub-decumbent: flowers pedicelled, somewhat

whorled, bracted: calyx silky-hirsute: banner and keel entire: leafets lance-oblong,

acute and obtuse, silky beneath.
Icpidiis, Lind. ( Zf.) lierbaceous: flowers alternate: pedicels without bracts: vipper'

lip of the villose calyx, 2-parted, lower one acuminate, long: leafets 5 to 7-lanceo-

late, both sides silky: flower-stem erect somewhat l-flowcred. ' R.
miniimis, Doug. ( 21.) herbaceous: dense-silky-pilose, small: stem 1 — 2-leaved;

leafets 7 — 9, lanceolate acute, attenuate below: flowers alternate and verticillate;

pedicels without bracts: upper lip of the calyx bifid at the apex; lowier lip entire:

root small sub- fusiform. 6 — 8 i. R.
polyphyllus, Lind. (w. b. If.) herbaceous, tall: leafets 11 — 15, lanceolate, hirsute

beneath: flowers alternate in a very long raceme, rarely sub-verticillate, bractless:

pedicels longer tiian the deciduous, lanceolate bracts: both lips of the calyx entire:

leo^umes yery densely pilose. 3 — 4 f. R.
sericcus, Ph. (W. r. p. Ju. IJ.) stem and leaves silky-tomentose: leaves digitate:

leafets (7 — 8) lanceolate, acute, silky both sides: calyxes somewhat whorled, not

appendaged: banner gashed; keel entire.
ornalus, Doug. ( 21.) flowers verticillate with a small appendage: upper lip of

the calyx bifid; lower lip entire, long; leafets 7 — 12, lance-linear, both sides silvery

tomentose: legunies 4 — 5-seeded. R.
arhustus, Doug. ( Z{.) flowers alternate, pedicelled, bracted: upper lip of the

calyx bifid; lower lip entiie, acute: leafets 7 — 13, obovate-oblong, silky both sides:

legumes 3— 5-sceded. A. R.

Lunaria. Lat. luna, moon, in allusion to the broad, round, silvery silicles.

Lupinaster. That is to say, Lvpinc-liLc.

Lupinus. Lat. lupns, a wolf: because this plant ravages the soil by overrunning it

after the manner of this animal.

(1) angustifolia, Mx. (2) Jussiaea, Dc. (3) Trifolium megacephalum, Hk.

LUPINUS. 307

laxiflorus, Lind. ( ![.) herbaceous; on all sides pilose: flowers sub-alternate,
bractless: upper lip of the calyx entire, saccate at tlie base; lower lip longer, ovate-
acuminate: keel beardless; banner ob-cordate: leafets 7 — 9-lance-linear: stipules
very small subulate. A variety has the leafets linear, and calyx less saccate at the
base. R.

littoiulis, Doug. ( 2I-) flowers verticillate, pedicelled, bractless: both lips of the
calyc entire: leafets 5 — 7, linear-spatulale silky both sides: legumes 10 — 12-seed-
ed, transversely sulcate: roots granulated. R.

albkauUs, Doug. ( ?{•) tall: leaves numerous; leaves and stem minutely silky-
pubescent, pubescence becoming somewhat tawney; leafets 7 — 9, lance-spatulate,
mucronate: tlewers mostly verticillate, bractless: bracts when present subulate,
sub-persistent, equalling the silky pedicels: calyx fulvous -silky, both lips entire.
R.

aridus, Doug. (p. It.) heibaceous, silky-hirsute: flowers verticillate, pedicelled,
bracted: upper lip of the calyx bifid, lower one entire: leafets 5-^9-lance-linear,
villose: stipules subulate. R.

leucophijUus, Lind. ( TJ..) herbaceous, very villose: flowers alternate, pedicelled,
bracted: upper lip of calyx bifid; lower lip entire: leaves digitate; leafets 7 — 9,
lance-oblong: stipules subulate, woolly. R.

pliimosus, Doug. ( 2i') silky-villose: flowers alternate, shortly pedicelled, bracted:
upper lip of the calyx bifid; lower one entire: leafets 5 — 7, lanceolate: legume gla-
brous, 3 — 5-seeded: bracts longer than the flowers, villose, deciduous. North
Carohna. R.

sabinii, Doug. (y. 2i. ^?) erect, high: stem a little glabrous, striate: leaves with
the hairs short, fulvous, silky: leafets 9 — 11, lanceolate, acuminate, attenuated to
the base: flowers whorled, bractless: bracts if present, long, subulate, silky, decidu-
ous: calyx very pilose, base gibbous; upper lip short-bifid; lower lip entire, reflexed;
pedicels long: legumes silky-villose, fulvous, somewhat 4-seeded, terminated with
the persistent style. R.

sulplnireiis, Doug. ( y. 2X.) erect: stem angular-sulcate, with scattered, silky leaves:
leafets 12 — 14, narrow, lanceolate, base and apex acuminate: bracts subulate, decidu-
ous: flowers verticillate, bractless: calyx very silky, sub-gibbose at the base; upper
lip sub-bifid, lower one longer, entire. A. R;

bicolor, Lind. (w. p. b. 0.) stem branching, procumbent, leafy: stem and leaves pilose,
scarcely silky: leafets 5 — 7, linear-spatulate: whorls few-flowered: calyx silk-
woolly, without appendage; upper lip bifid, lower lip long, entire: wings longer
than the banner: legumes many-seeded. R.

micrantlnis, Doug. (p. C--) flowers sub-verticillate, sessile, bracted: upper lip of the
calyx bifid, lower one entire: leafets .5 — 7, linear-spatulate, ciliate: legumes 6-seed-
ed, transversely sulcate: stem ramose: root granulated. R.

pusillvs, Ph. (W. b. J. 0. or $ .) small and very hirsute: leaves digitate; leafets
(5 — 7) wedge oblong, glabrous above; calyxes alternate, not appendaged: banner
2-paited; keel entire: legume about 2-seeded. 4 — 6 i.

Exotic.

alhis, (white lupine, w. An. C?-) calyxes not appendaged, alternate: banner entire;

keel 3-tootlied.
hirsittus, (garden lupine, b. 0.) calyxes appendaged, alternate: banner 2-parted;

keel 3-toothed.
pilosus, (rose lupine, r. w. 0.) calyxes appendaged, whorled: banner 2-parted; keel

entire.
lutevs, (yellow lupine, y. 0.) calyxes appendaged, whorled: banner 2-parted; keel

3-toothed.

^mttlicrn.

villosus, (hairy lupine, w. r. p. J. It.) very villose: leaves simple, oblong: calyxes

not apfiendaged, aUernate in a long spike: banner 2-clefi; keel entire, long. Florida.
diffiisus, N. (Ap. li-) villose, silky: stems numerous, diffuse, decumbent: leaves

simple, oblong, obovate: petioles and stipules short, naked. S — C.
argentcus, Ph. (VV. y-w. Ju. 2S-) leaves digitat-^; leafets (.5 — 7) lance-linear, acute,

glabrous above, silvery silkey beneath: calyxes alternate, not appendaged: banner

obtuse; keel entire.

308 LUZULA, LyCQPODIUM.

6 — 1. LczuLA. (1) 13. June, ton— r.

pUosa, (O. M. 21-) leaves hairy: panicle sub-cymose: peduncles 1-flowered, reflexed:

glume-like sepals acuminate, rather shorter than the obtuse capsule. 6 i. iVIch.
campestns, (O. M. If.) leaves hairy: spikes sessile and peduncled: glume-like sepals

acuminate, longer than the obtuse capsule. If. <S'. Mch.
melanocarpa, Mx. (W. Ju.) culm leafy: leaves sub-lanceolate, smooth; paqicles

capillary, loose; flowers distinctly pedicelled: capsules black. White Mts.
spicata, W. (Au.) leaves narrow, hairy at the throat: spike nodding, compound:

glume-like sepals acuminate-awned, about as long as the roundish capsule. 8 i,

White Mts.

10 — 5. Lych'nis. 82. Lych. dem. cata.

apetala, (A. It.) calyx inflated: corol shorter than the calyx: stem about 1-flowered.

R. Canada.
nlpina, W. (r. Zf.) glabrous: flowers in dense umbelled heads: petals 2-cleft: styles

4. Lajjradof. Canada.

Pxotic.

ahalcedonica, (scarlet liphnis. r. J. 21-) flowers fascicled, level-top, or convex.
viscaria, (clammy lichnie. 21.) stem geniculate, viscous: petals entire: capsule 5-

celled.
fios'cuculi^ (ragged robin. Zf.) petal? torn: capsule 1-celled, roundish.

4—1. Ly'ciuji. 38. Sola. dis. exp.
Exotic.
bar'barum. (matrimony vine. r. y» J. \ .) stem angled: branches erect: leaves lancer
plate, tapering to both ends: calyx mostly 3-cleft.

Southern.

parolinianum, Wr. (L. p. Ju. Tp.) unarmed: leaves clustered, narrow wedge-form,
Peshy: tlowers 4-cleft, tetrandrous. 3 — 5 f.

21 — 1. Lycopo'dium. 5. Fili. sec-stim.
1. Spikes peduncled.

davatum, (club-moss. O. g. Ju.) stem creeping: branches ascending: leaves scatter-
ed, incurve-bristle-bearing, serrate: spikes in pairs or single, peduncled, cylindric:
scales ovate, acuminate, erose-dentate. Woods. Mch,

complanatum, (ground-pine. yV. g-y. Ju. 2f.) creeping, erectish: branches alternate,
dichotomoas: leaves bifareous. connate, spreading at the lips: spikes in pairs, pe-
duncled. Woods. K B. C. O. T. Mph.

caroliniannm, W. (W. Ju. 210 stem creeping: leaves somewhat 2-ranked, spreading,
lanceolate: pedunples erect, solitary, elongated, 1-spiked: bracts sub-lanceolate.

5. P. Y. B. C.

fabinaefolium, W. (2) (W. Ju. 2X.) stem erect: branches alternate, dichotomous:
leaves lanceolate, acute, pointing 4-ways, appressed, convex: peduncles solitary,
1-spiked; spikes terete: scales sub-cordate, acuminate.

2. Spikes sessile: leaves surrounding the stem.

dendroideum, Mx. (tree-weed. W. g. Ju. 2S.) erect: branches erect: leaves in six
equal rows: spikes solitary, numerous. Woods. S. B. C. K. Mch.

Luzula. These plants were called by the old botanists Oramen Luzvle.

Lychnis. Gr. luchnos, a lamp or lanthorn; either so called because its leaves were

used as wicks, or from the resemblance of the calyx to a lanthorn.
Lycium. Gr. Lvkion. So called, it is supposed, from Lycia, its native country.
Lycopodium. Gr. lukos, wolf, and poiis, (podos) the foot; from the incurved epda

of the brq.nches: or because the root was compared to a wolf's foot.

(1) Juncus, L. &. Mx. (2) alpinum, Mx.

LYCOPODIUM, LYC0PU6, 809

(Ju. Zf.) erect: branches spreading: leaves in six unequal rows: spikes
one or few, solitary. B. C.

annotinum, W, (running ground-pine. W. Ju. Zf.) stem creeping: branches twice 2-
parted, ascending: leaves pointing five ways, lance-linear, mucronate, spreading
and serrulate near the lips: spike solitary, terminal. P. Canada. Mch.

inundatnm, W. (Ju. Zf.) stem creeping, sub-ramose: branches simple, solitary, erect,
1 -spiked at the lop: spike leafy: leaves linear, scattered, acute, entire, curved,
above. Y. C.

alopecuroides, W. (Ju. If.) stem creeping, sub-ramose: branches simple, long, as-
cending, 1 -spiked at the top: leaves linear-subulate, ciiiate-toothed at the base,
spreading: spike leafy. S. Y. P.

jsalaginoides, VV. (Ju. If.) stem creeping: branches simple, ascending: leaves scat-
tered, lanceolate, spreading, ciiiate-toothed: spikes solitary, terminal, leafy. S.

,nipestre, (festoon pine. Ju. Zf.) stem creeping, branching: branches sub-divided, as-
cending: leaves scattered, lance-linear, ciliate, with hairs at the apex: spikes soli-
tary, terminal. Rocks and gravelly banks. T. Y. N. P. B. Mch.

3. Spikes sessile; leaves 2-ranked.

albidulum, W. (Au. Z{. ) leaves ovate, acute, denticulate, alternate, close-pressed:
spikes terminal, long, 4-sided. S. P.

apodum, W. (Ju. Zf.) leaves round-ovate, acute, flat, denticulate with superficial al-
ternating points: stem branching, rooting near the base: spikes terminal, sub-soli-
tary. P. Y.

4. Capsules axillary.

.lucid'ulum, Mx. (1) (moon-fruit pine. M. y. 21-) stems assurgent, with a few longish
branches: leaves spreading shining, lance-linear, serrate, about in 8 rows. C. B.
T. W. N. V. Mch.

/celago, (A.) leaves scattered, entire, lanceolate, awnless, in 8 equal rows: stems
dichotoraous, erect, fastigiate. White Mts.

Southei-n,
fristachymum, Ph. (A. Ju. 2X.) stems erect: branches alternate, dichotomous, sub-com-
pressed: leaves lanceolate, acute, appressed, pointing 4 ways: peduncles solitary,
elongated, 3-spiked: spikes terete: scales loundish, acuminate.

5 — 1. Lycop'sis. 43. Bora. ton. honey-pti.

firvensis, (wild buglos. W. b. Ju. ^.) 'ihispid: leaves lanceolate, repand-toothed:
racemes in pairs: flowers sessile. Probably introduced. iS. B. C. N.

virginica, (w. J. 0.) small, hispid: lower leaves spatulate; upper ones linear-oblong,
entire: racemes solitary: flowers peduncled. S. B.

2 — 1. Lyco'pus. 42. Labi. fra. sto. ton.

europctus, (2) (water hoar-hound. W. w. Ju. Zt-) lower leaves gashed; upper ones
lanceolate, serrate: calyx acqminate-spined. Flowers small, whorled. Damp.
1—3 f &'. T. Y. P. C. V. B. N. F. O. Mch.

virginicvs, (bugle-weed. W. w. J. Zf.) leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate, at the base
narrowed and entire: calyx very short, spineless. Var. querdfolius, leaves sinu-
ate-pinnatifid. Damp. 2 f & C. B. T. D. F. O. N. Mch.

Tunijlorus, Mx. (3) (w. J. 21.) leaves lanceolate, sub-serrate, glabrous: suckers pro-
cumbent. A low plant, with flowers mostly solitary. Canada.

obtusif alius, Ya.hl. (Zf-) leafets lanceolate, remotely and obtusely serrate. Hudson's
Bay.

Lycopsis. Gr. Ivkopsis, from Ivkos, wolf, and ops, the eye; the small blue flowers
having been compared to a wolf's eye.

Lycopus. Gr. lukos, wolf, and pous, foot; so named on account of a fancied re-
semblance between the cut leaves and a wolf's foot.
(1) reflexnm, Sh. (2) angustifolius and sinuatus, E. exaltatus, Ph. vulgaris,

P. americanus, M. (3) pumilus, Vahl.

310 LYGODESMIA, LYSIMACHIA,

17 — 1. Lygodes'mia. 53. Cich. sal. asc. ase.

juncea, Don. (1) ( H.) stem very branching, striate: leaves linear-subulate:

hairs of the pappus very numerous, scabrous. K.
minor, H. ( Z(-) stem very branching, obscurely striate: leaves linear-subulate,

short: hairs of the pappus about IG, plumose. lU — 24 i. R.

Lygodcsmia, Prenakthes,
21 — 1. Lygo'dium. 5. Fili. sec-stim.

palmatnm, Sz. (2) (climbing fern. g-y. Au. 2i.) stem climbing, leaves palmate, 5-
lobed; divisions lanceolate, obtuse: spikelets terminal, compound panicled. 3 — 4f.
S. Granby, Amherst. Mass. Near Camden, N. J. McNab.

Lyonia, Andromeda, Cynanchum.
5 — 1. Lysima'chia. 35. Prim. sed. sop.

stricta, A. (3) (loosestrife. O. y. Ju. 2f.) raceme terminal, very long, lax: leaves
opposite, or in threes, lanceolate, sessile: petals lanceolate, spreading. 1 — 2 f. S.
Mch.

thyrsiflora, (4) (O. y. J. If-) stem simple, smooth: leaves sessile, lanceolate, oppo-
site, acute, paler beneath: racemes lateral, long-peduncled. Flowers small — ap-
pearance unlike tlie rest of the genus. 12 — IS i. Mcli.

quudnfolla, (5) (O. y. J. 2i-) pubescent: leaves sub-sessile, oval, acuminate, punc-
tate, whorled, or in nearly opposite pairs, with axillary, 1-flovvered peduncles:
divisions of the corol oval, entire. Leaves vary from opposite, to seven in a whorl.
12— 18i. -S'. Mch.

ciliaia, (moneywort. O. y. J. 2X0 sub-pubescent: leaves opposite, long-petioled, sub-
cordate-ovaf; petioles ciliate: pedicels somewhat in pairs: flowers nodding. 2 — 4 f.
S. Mch.

hyhridn, Mx. (6) (W. y. J. H,) glabrous: leaves opposite, petioled, lanceolate, acute
at both ends; petioles ciliate: flowers nodding: corol shorter than the calyx;
divisions crenulate. P. Y. B. Niagara Falls. Mch.

revobUa, N. (VV. y. J. Z[.) smooth: stem 4-sided, simple: leaves linear, sessile, taper-
ing to both ends; margin revolute; peduncles solitary: divisions of the calyx
lanceolate, veiy acute: segments of the corol round-oval^'ebruptly acuminate.
6— 18i. D. K. Mch.

quadrifinn, Sims. (7) (W. 21-) branching: stem smooth: leaves sessile, opposite,
very long linear: peduncles in fours, sub-terminal, 1-flowered. 2 — 3 f. S.

Southern.

herhemon'ti, E. (2i.) flowers in terminal racemes; lower ones whorled; upper ones
scattered: leaves in fours, lance-ovate, sessile, 3-nerved. 2 f. S — C.

lanceolnla, Ph. (2Z-) very glabrous, erect, simple: leaves in fours, sub-petioled, lance-
olate, prominently acuminate: peduncles in fours, many-flowered: upper flowers
racemed: divisions of the corol ovate, acute.

hdcrophylic, Mx. (AV. .Tu. 2/.) stem erect, glabrous, branching: lower leaves roundish;
upper ones linear, sessile: flowers axillary, nodding: peduncles shorter than the
leaves. 12 — 18 i.

angustifoUn, Mx. (y. 21.) very glabrous branching: leaves opposite and whorled,
long-linear, punctate: racemes terminal, short: divisions of the corol oblong.

Lygodesmia. Gr. lugodes, pliant, mia, one, or meivo, to diminish. Sed quere.

Lygodiuin. Gr. lugudes, pliant, flexible, slender; from the habit of this elegant ge-
nus of climbing ferns.

Lysimachia. Named either after Lysimachus, a general of Alexander, or a king of
Sicily; or from Gr. lusis maclies, answering loose strife.
(1) Prenanthes juncea. Ph. (2) Hydroglossum, W. Ophioglossum, L. Ctei-

sium paniculatum, Mx. (3) bulb^fera, C. racemosa, Lk. (4) capitata, Ph.

(5) heterophylla, N. angustifolia, W. (6) hirsuta, Mx. punctata, Wr. (7) longi-

folia, Ph.

LYTHRUM, MADIA. 311

II — 1. Ly'thrum. 91. Sali. ast-f. dia.

salicaria, Var. puhesccns, Pli. (milk willow-herb p. Jn. 7i.) pubescent: leaves opposite

and in threes, sessilo, lanceolate, cordate at the base: flowers terminal, whorled-

spiked: capsules oblono-; stamens \'i. 2 f. Canada. Mch.
verlicdtalum, (1) (swamp willow-herb, grass poley. W. p. Au. 7i-) pubescent: leaves

opposite, or in threes, lanceolate, petioled; dowers axillary, somewhat in whorls:

fruit tjlobose; stamens 10. Wet. 2 f. &'. T. i\. Mch.
hyssopifoimni, N. (dwarf grass poley. W. w. p. 21.) leaves alternate and opposite,

lance-linear and sub-oval: flowers solitary, axillary. Hexaudrous. 6 — 10 i. C

St. Clair, Detroit.

Southern.

virgatum, W. (2) (VV. p. Ju. U.) leaves opposite, lanceolate, glabrous: stem
paniclcd: flowers axillary, in three.s. pedicelled: stamens 12. S — C.

alaluvi, Ph. (W. p. Ju. Zf.) very glabrous: stem winged: leaves opposite and alter-
nate, closely sessile, sub-cordate, ovate-oblong: flowers liexandrous, axillary, soli-
tary, sessile. 2 — 3 f. Marshes.

lineaie, W. (w. Ju. 2X.) glabrous, virgate-panicled: leaves linear, somewhat opposite:
flowers axillary, solitary, hexaudrous. 3 — 4 f.

M.

13—1. Macbri'dea. 42. Labi. fra. sto. ton.

Southern.

pulchra, E. (p. tk w. Au. 2X.) stem erect, simple: leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute,

serrulate, punctate, ciliate, glabrous beneath, somewhat hairy above; upper ones

sessile; lower ones attenuated at the base as if petioled. 12 — 18 i. S — C.

20 — 4. Maclu'ra. 9S. Atro. nar. ton. ano.

Southern.

auranliacea. N. (W. f^ .) leaves petioled, oval, acumina*, very entire, sub-mucronate,

smooth and shining above; petiole and nerves minutely hirsute, pubescent beneath:

fruit axillary, sub-sessile, surface verrucosa. 20 — 30 f.

Macropodium, Packypodium.

12 — 1. Macro'trys, R.* 61. Ranu. f. poi. r. asp. exp. ast. asm. sh.

racemosa, (3) (bugb'sine, black snake-root, cohosh. W. w. Ju. 21.) leaves decom-
pound; ieafets oblong-ovate, gash-toothed: racemes in wand-like spikes: capsules
ovate. Woods. 3— 9 f S. Y. O. C. P. D. £. Hudson.

Joetida, W. (W. Ju. 2i.) leaves decompound; Ieafets ovate, gash-toothed; teeth
acute: raceme panicled, nodding: styles 5; capsules ovate, uncinate.

17 — 2. Mad'ia. 55. Cory. r. exp. ton. sec.
viscosa, H. ( ) floweis axillary, solitary, with many florets: rays conspicuous.

Ly thrum. Gr. luthron, clotted blood; from the deep purple flowers.

Macbridea. In honor of Dr. Wm. Macbride, of Charleston, S — C.

Madura. In honor of Wm. Maclure, the President of tJie Am. Geo. Soc.

Macrotrys. Gr. makros, large, and botrus, bunch or raceme, in allusion to its fructi-
fication. This genus has genejally been spelled Macrotys, which is incorrect.
Tully.

Madia.

(1) Anonymus aquatica, Wr. Decondon aquaticum, Grael. verticillatum, E.

(2) lanceolatum, E. (3) Cimicifuga serpentaria, Ph. Actasa, L.

*I retain this genus, for the species racemosa. I yield to authorities in most cases.

But in this case, I cannot submit to the absurdity; as no one can be better acquainted

with the cohosh, than myself I have seen hundreds in flower at the same time, in

a bushy field and open woods, three miles south of Hudson, on Hudson River. In

this field I drew the description, Gen. and Spec. A. E.

312 MADIA, MALOPE.

A var. has the dowefS fiub-sessile: rays small. Another var. has the flowers
mostly pedicelled: rays large. R.
glomeruta, H. ( ) flowers (2—4) glomerate, with few florets, disposed in a terminal
corymb: rays obsolete. R.

12—12. Magno'lia. 75i Magn. b. bit. aro. rhe.

glauca, (beaver tree, swamp laurel. W. w. J. \^ . ) leaves oval, glaucous beneath: petals
obovate, tapering to the base. Var. latifoUa, lias oblusish, deciduous leaves. Van
longifolia, has perennial leaves acute at both ends. S. P. Y. B. Baltimore,
Florida.

ecMrremato, Mx. (cucumber tree. W. b-y. J. ^.) leaves oval> acuminate, pubescent
beneath: petals obovate, obtusish. 70 f. 5f. P. D. O. M.

iripetala, W. (1) (umbrella tree. W. w. J. h.) leaves large, wedge-obovate, acute; irt
the young state all over silky: petals 9, oval, acute; outer ones reflexed. 25—35 f.
& P.

Southern.

grandiflora, W. (big laurel, magnolia. W. w. M. fp.) leaves evergreen, oval, thick*
leathery: petals broad- obovate, abruptly narrowed into a claw. Var. elliptical
leaves oblong-oval, ferruginous beneath: flowers somewhat contracted. Var. oho'
rata, leaves oblong-obovate, flowers expanded. Var. lanceolata, leaves oblong-lance-
olate, curved at the apex, both sides colored alike: flowers somewhat contracted.
60—80 f. Florida. S— C.

macrophylla, Mx. (W. w. J. Ip.) branches fragile: leaves very large, oblong, sub-
cuneale-obovate, sinuate and auricled at the base, glaucous beneath: petals 6,
ovate, obtuse. 30 — 35 f. Florida.

cordata, Mx. (W. A. y. M. '^.) leaves broad-oval or lance-ovate, sub-cordate, sub-
tomentose beneath: petals lanoe-oblong, acute. 20 — 40 f. S — C.

pyramidata, Bartram. (Ap. ^.) leaves rbomb-oboval, abruptly acute, both sides color-
ed alike, sub-cordate and auricled at the base; lobes divaricate: petals lanceolate,
gradually acute.

Mahoiiia, Berberis.

Majantheytium, ConvallaRia.

Malachodendran, Stuartia.

18 — 1. Malax'is. 21. Orch. r. amy. aro.

liliifolia, (2) (twayblade. W. w. y. p. J. 11.) leaves 2, lance-ovate or oval; scape
3-cornered: inner petals filiform, reflexed, 2-colored; lip concave, obovate, mucro-
tjate. This species is often mentioned as somewhat tare; but I have seen hundred*
irt flower at one time along the north side of Pine rock. New Haven. 4 — 8 i. S.
C. T. F. N. Mch.

longifolia, B. (3) (W. y-g. J. TX-) bulb roundish: scape 2-leaved: leaves broad-lance
olate, longer than the scape: spike oblong: lip cordate, concave, channelled, shorter
than the petals. 3—7 i. T.

loeselii, ( y. ) leaves two, lance-ovate: scape 3-cornered: lip ovate, recurved at the
apex. Damp. In New England. Hitchcock.

Malaxis, Microstylis.
15—12. Mal'ope. 74. Malv. muc.
Southern,
malacoides (4) (y. 0.) leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, crenate, glabrous above; pedun-
cles solitary, axillary. 12 — 18 i.

Malus, Pyrus.

Magnolia. In honor of Peter Magnol, a botanist of Montpelier.

Malaxis. Gr. malakia, softness, expressive of the delicacy and softness of these

plants.
Malope. Supposed to be a corruption ofmrdachc, mallows.

(1) umbrella, Lk. (2) Ophrys, L. (3) correana, B. (4) Malva americana.

313

15—12. Mal'va. 74. Malv. moi.

roiuttdifolia, (low mallows. O. r. w. J. 21-) leaves heart-orbicular, obsoletely 5-lobed:
peduncles bearing the fruit declined: stem prostrate. Probably introduced. Mch.

rhndarit!, Doug. ( r. ) stem herbaceous, stellate-hairy: leaves a little scabrous,
cordate, deeply 5 to 7-cleft; lobes acute: peduncles terminal and axillary, 6 to 8-
flowered. Kocky Mt. and west.

hederacea, Doug. ( r. 2/.) stem short, procumbent: peduncles axillary, 1-flowered:
petals stellate-hairy. West of Rocky Mt.

houghlonii, T. (Ju. Au. p.) stellately hairy: stem herbaceous, erect? leaves crenate,
deltoid-ovate, the radical ones cordate at the base: flowers in a loose terminal
panicle; bracteoles 3, linear-spatulate: carpels numerous, not wrinkled. N. W.
Territory. Illinois.

munrouna, Dougl. (J. 2_f. r.) lower leaves cordate-orbicular, toothed; upper ones
somewhat trifid and incised, pubescent: flowers fascicled, somewhat spiked; pedun-
cles declined in fruit: bracteoles 2 to 3, slender, deciduous: carpels 8 to 10.
Oregon. This is the NuttuUia Munroana of the 7th edition.

plicata, N. (2i.) stellately and somewhat canescently tomento'se, rather thick: stem
prostrate, flexuous: leaves reniform-cordate, undivided, crenately serrate, somewhat
plicate: flowers nearly sessile, solitary: petals stellately pubescent on the back.
Oregon.

Exotic.

sylvestris, (mallows, r-b. J. $. and 2i.) stem erect: leaves about 7-lobed, acutish:
peduncles and petioles hairy.

crispa, (curled mallows. Au. 0.) stem erect: leaves angular, crisped: flowers axillary,
glomerate.

mosc/iata, (musk mallows. 2i-) stem erect: radical leaves reniform, gashed: cauline
ones 5-parted, pinnate, many cleft: leafets of the involucre linear. Naturalized.

tirmta, (whip-stalk mallows, r. If. and h.) leaves deeply 3-lobed, toothed, wedge-
form at the base: peduncles in pairs, longer than the petioles.

Southern.

abutiloideSj (p. Ju. If-) leaves with 5 angular lobes, lomentose: peduncles 2-cleft,
about 4-flowered, axillary: capsules many-seeded.

caroUidana,\N. (r. Au. 0.) leaves 5-lobed or palmate, gash-toothed: peduncles longer
than the petioles: petals entire: fruit villose: stem prostrate. New Orleans.
Florida.

trianguLata, (1) (p. Ju.) hirsute, sub-decumbent: lower leaves triangular-cordate:
upper ones 3 to 5-lobed, irregularly toothed: flowers racemed. 12 — 18 i.

olitusa, T. ( ) stem prostrate: leaves cordate-orbicular, obtusely 5-lobed; petioles

elongated, pubescent: peduncles axillary, several together, much shorter than the
petioles, declined in fruit? segments of the calyx short, obtusely triangular: invo-
lucre 3-leaved, the bracteoles setaceous: carpels numerous, strongly wrinkled.
California.

fasciculata, N. ( ) stellately and canescently pubescent: stem nearly simple: leaves
roundish-cordate, somewiiat 3-lobed, on short petioles: rather thick, crenate:
flowers in somewhat distant leafless fascicles on the upper part of the stem; pedi-
cels very short: segments of the calyx short, acuminate: bracteoles 3, subulate:
carpels about 10. California.

involucrata, T. (r. ) hirsute: stem branching, procumbent.' leaves deeply 3 to 5-parted}
segments linear-lanceolate, laciniately 3 to 5-toothed: flowers few, in a loose
panicle; peduncles erect, 1-flowered, longer than the leaves: bracteoles 3, lineaf-
lanceolate, two thirds the length of the deeply-parted calyx. Texas.

digitata, T. (24!. p-) glaucous and nearly glabrous: leaves deeply C to 7-parted; seg-
ments linear, entire or 2-cleft, the uppermost entire: flowers few, solitary or some-
what paniculate, on long peduncles: calyx naked, glabrous. Arkansas. Texas.
Nuttalia digitata of 7th ediiion*

pedata,T. (2^. p.) somewhat scabrous with stellate hairs: leafets pedately 5 to 7-

Malva. As ifmolva, from Lat. mollis, soft, expressive of the softness of its leaves:
or from the Gr. malake, soft, in allusion to the soft niucilagenous qualities of the
species.
(1 ) M. C. Lavenworth. retusa, W.?

40

314 MALVA, MARSHALLIA,

parted; segments laciniately toothed: flowers on elongated peduncles in a loose
panicle: calyx naked, slightly hirsute. Arkansas. Texas. 2 — 4 f.

16 — 12. Mal'tavis'cus. 74. Malv. muc.

Southern.

Jloridanus, N. (r. li?) pilose, hirsute, herbaceous; leaves cordate-ovate, crenate ob-
tusish, small, short-petioled: peduncles axillary, nodding, towards the end of the
branches. Florida.

drummondii, (2X. r.) stem and lower surface of the leaves minutely tomentose: leaves
broadly-cordate, somewhat 3-lobed, coarsely and crenately toothed; petiole about
half as long as the lamina: flowers solitary on axillary peduncles, or several toge-
ther on short flowering branches: involucel S-lcaved, the folioles spatulate, nearly
as long as the calyx, erect: column twice as long as the corol: carpels connate.
Texas.

Mammillariii, Cactus.

3 — 2. Manisu'ris. 10. Gram. far. ton.
Southern,
granularis, {S. 01) glumes of the globose fertile floret verrucose, tesselated; stem
erect, branching: sheaths hirsute. 2 — 3 f.

3 — 1. Mapa'nia. 9. Cype. far. ton. nut. sug.
Southern,
sylvatica, (W. Ju. Zf-) culm at the base covered with imbricate, lanceolate leaves or
scales.

3 — 1. MARis'cjis. (1) 9. Cype. far. nut. sug.

retrofracius, (Ju. 21.) um.bel simple; rays long: spikes obovate, imbricate backwards;

spikelets subulate, at length bent backwards: involucre 3-leaved. 18 i. S. P. Y.
echinatus, (2) (hedge-hog club-rush. VV. Ju. Zf.) umbel simple; rays short; spikes

globose: flowers spreading. Var. tcuellus, T. (L. ) culm acutely triangular, slender;

involucre 3 to 5-leaved; 3 of the leaves many times longer than the umbel. 6 — 18 i.

S. Y.

Southern,
cylindricus, F.. {Ju.) stem obtusely 3-angled, glabrous: umbels simple; heads cylin-

dric; spikes lanceolate, sub-compressed, few-flowered, (2 — 5:) expanding. 2 — 3 f.

Mariscus, Cyperus.
13 — 1. Marrc'bium. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton.

vulgare, (horehound. O. w. Ju. 2X0 leaves round-ovate, toothed, rugose-veined: calyx
toothed, setaceous, uncinate. Introduced. S.

17—1. Marshal'lia. (3) 55. Heli. s. ole. sto.

Southern.

lanceolata, Mx. (p. M. li.) stem simple, naked near the summit, leafy below; radical

leaves obovate; cauline ones long-lanceolate: scales of the calyx oval: chaif spatu-

late. 18—24 i.

latifolia, Mx. (A. 2X-) stem simple: leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, 3-nerved; lowest

Malvaviscus.

Manisuris. From manis, the scaly lizard, and aura, a tail; the appearance of its scaly

spikes bearing an apt resemblance to the covering of that animal.
Mapania. Gr. mapaino, to become emaciated, in allusion to the appearance of this

grass.
Mariscus. From the Celtic word mar, a marsh, relating to the places where it grows.
Marrubium. From Marrubium, (Maria urbs) a town in Italy.
Marshallia. In honor of Humphry Marshall, author of Arbustum Americanum,

published in 1778.

(1) Scirpus, L. (2) ovularis, Vahl. Kyllingea ovularis, Mx. (3) Persoonia,
Mx. Trattenickia, P.

MARSHALLIA, MEDICAGO. 315

ones sheathing: scales of the calyx acute: chafF of the receptacles narrow-linear.
angustifolia, Mx. (W. p. Ju. 7i.) stem branching: lower leaves narrow-lanceolate;
upper ones linear: scales of the calyx rigid, subulate: chaff linear. Var. cyanon-
thcra, E. stetn simple, very pubescent near tlie top: leaves lance-linear, 3-nerved:
scales of the calj'x lanceolate, acuminate. 2 f.

13—2. Marty'nia. 40. Peda. h. cat. f. lax. poi— .

proboscid' ca, W. (1) (unicorn plant. W. w. p. y. Ju. 0.) stem branching: leavesalter-
nate, cordate, entire, villose. Fruit somewhat gourd-like, with one long horn.
1—2 f. S. F. H.

17 — 2. Matrica'ria. 55. Anth. sec-sti. ton-

Exotic.
ckamomiUa, W. (wild chamomile, w. M. 0.) leaves bipinnate: scales of the involu-
cre obtusish.

5 — 1. Meconella. Papa. nar. sed. ano.

orcgana, N. (y-w. 0.) stem slender, dichotomously branched: radical leaves in a
rossulate cluster, spatulate; cauline ones linear or linear-sj)atulate, opposite; the
lowermost ternate, entire: peduncles axillary, filiform, 1-flowered; flowers very-
small. 3 — 5 i. Oregon.

12^1. Meconop'sis. 62. Papa. sed. cat.

diphylla, Mx. (2) (W. M. 2i.) stem with two twin leaves near the summit: leaves
sessile, lobe pinnaiifid: peduncle solitary, 1-flowered: capsule oblong-ovate. S.

Southern,
heterophylla, Benth. (r. K"-) leaves few and remote, pinnately divided; segments of

the lower ones ovate, incised and petioluled; of the upper linear, entire, somewhat

confluent. 1 f California.
crassifoliu, Benth. (y-r. 21.) stem leafy at the base: leaves rather thick, glaucous,

pinnately divided; tlie segments incisely lobed, with revolute margins; those of the

lower leaves ovate-cuneiform, of tlie upper linear-cuneiform. California.

Medea, Dodecatheon.

16 — 10. Meuica'go. 93. Legu. f. nut. g. asc.

lupulina, (hop medick, nonesuch, Dutch clover. O. y. J. 0.) spikes oval; legumes
reniform, 1-seeded: stipules entire: leaves obovate; stem procumbent. S.

Exotic,
intertexta, (y. Au.) peduncles somewhat 2-flowered: legumes spiral, oval: prickles

pubescent, setaceous, 2-ranked, appressed: stipules ciliate toothed; leafets obovate,

dentate. Naturalized.
saliva, (lucerne medick. p. Ju. Zf.) peduncles racemed; legume smooth, cochleate:

stipules entire: leaves oblong, toothed. Naturalized.
tribuloides, (hedge-hog. 0.) peduncles 2-flowered: legume cochleate, cylindric, flat

both sides, aculeate, conic 2-vvays, reflexed: stipules toothed: leaves toothed,

obovate.
scuteUata, (snail-shell, bee-hive. Ju. 0.) peduncles about 2-flowered: legumes un-
armed, cochleate in an orbicular form, with a convex base and a flat top: stipules

toothed: leaves obloni^, toothed.

Southern.
maculata,Yf . (p.) stem prostrate: leafets obcordate, toothed, spotted: stipules toothed:

Martynia. In honor of John Martyn, late Professor of Botany at Cambriilge.
Matricaria. Lat. matrix, womb, from its efficacy in diseases of females.
Meconella. Gr. mecon, a poppy, terminated by a diminutive — little poppy.
Meconopsis. Gr. mekdn, a poppy, and opsis, appearance.
Medicago. Gr. medike, so named from having been introduced by the Medes into

Greece.

(1) annua, L. alternifolia, Lk. (2) Chelidonium, Mx. Hytophorum, N.

816 MEDICAGO, MKLICA.

peduncles 3 to 5-flowered: legumes compactly spiral, furrowed on the margin, and
fringed with a double row of long curved spines: seeds renifortn, yellowish. La.
dentiadata, W. (p.) nearly glabrous: stem prostrate: leafets obcordate: stipules laci-
niate: peduncles 2 to o-Howered: legumes broad, loosely spiral and flat, with 1 to 3
convolutions, reticulated; the margin thin, keeled, with a double compact row of
subulate curved prickles. 1 — 2 f. La. California.

Medeola, Gyromia.
13 — 2. Me'lampy'rum. 3G. Rhin. nar. ast.

ajnericanum, Mx. (1) (cow-wheat. O. y. Ju. ^.) slender: lower leaves linear, entire;

floral ones lanceolate, toothed behind: flowers axillary, distinct. Var. latifolium,

has very broad leaves. Woods. S. Mch.
brachiaium, Sz. & Say. (W.)stem terete, subscabrous, naked, below, with long, naked,

ascending, opposite or whorled branches: leaves entire, rugose and scabrous on

both sides, attenuated into the petiole. C — 8 i.

6 — 3. Melan'thium. 13. Smil. diu. dem.

virginicnm, W. (2) (black flower. W. w. becoming black. J. Zf.) panicle pyramid-
form: petals oval, sub-hastate, flat, with two spots: flowers mostly perfect. 2 — 3 f.
S. P. Y.

hrjhridum, Wr. (3) (bunch flower. W. w. J. 2i.) panicles racemed above, pistillate:
petals roundish, having claws, undulate-plaited, hardly spotted, hirsute outside.
2 f. S. P.

glaucum, N. (W. g-w. Ju.) root bulbous: leaves glaucous, margined: racemeg mostly
simple, few-floweied: petals roundisli unguicuiate, with two peculiar spots: seeds
subulate, alated. 1 — 3 f. Northern Lakes. Canada. Mch.

Soxithe.m..

monoicum, Wr. (A. Ju. Z[.) panicle with the lower flowers staminate; upper opes
pistillate and racemed: petals oblong, flat, with short claws: styles half as long as
the germ.

17 — 1 Me'lanan'thera. 55. Heli. s. ole. +.

Southern,
hastata, Mx. (4) (w. S. K!-) leaves hastate, 3-Iobed: chalf of the receptacle lanceolate,
acuminate. Var. W^re/rt, leaves deeply 3-lobed. Var. pandurata, leaves sliglitly 3-
lobed, panduriform. 4 — G f. Charleston, S — C.

10—1. Me'lia. 71. Meli. feb.

Southern.

azcdarach, (bead tree. ^.) leaves doubly-pinnate; leafets smooth, ovate, toothed,
30—40 f. Florida.

3--2. Melica. 10. Gram. ton. cat,

speciosa, M. (5) (melic grass. J. 21.) smootli; panicle loose, erect, few-flowered:
branches simple: florets obtuse. 3— 4 f S. P. Charleston, S—C.

Sorithcrn.
diffusa, ?h. (J. 2^.) panicle diffuse, very branching: flowers acute, beardless: stem
erect, pubescent. 'K.

Melampyrum. Gr. mdas, black, and puros, wheat; the fruit being similar to wheat,
but giving a singularly black color to wheat in which it is ground.

Melanthium. Gr. melos, blark. and onihos, flower; from their color.

Melananthera. Gr. melas, black, and Lat. anthera. anther.

Melia. Gr. melia, the ash; because this tree resembles the ash in its leaves.

Melica. Varied from Meline, the name of a sort of grass, resembling Panicum.
(1) lineare, Lk. (2) Helonias virginica, Bot. Mag. (3) latifolium, Lk,

racemosum, Mx. (4) Bidens nivea, W. Athanasia, Wr. (5) glabra, Mx,

MELILOTUS, MENISPERMUM. 317

16 — 10. Meliis%'tus. (1) 93. Legu. f. nut. g. asc.

vulgaris, (2) (yellow melilot-clover. y. J. ^.) stem erect: leafets oblanceolate, mu-
.cronately serrulate: banner and wings equal:* racemes axillary sub-panicled; the
longest raceme 3 to 5 times as long as tiie longest leafet at its base: legumes oval.
2 to 4 f. Unquestionably indigenous from Glenn's Falls on the Hudson River, to
the Highlands. &. T. P. C. B.

alba, (3) (white melilot-clover. w. J. #.) stem erect: leafets variable (oval, ovate,
obovate, and oblanceolate) mucronately serrulate: banner /on wcr* than tlie wings:
racemes axillary, panicled; the longest raceme 0 to 10 times as long as the longest
leafet at its base: legumes oval. 3 to G f. Flowers and legumes smaller than the
preceding species and the stem more robust. Probably intioduced; but now very
common and growing wild. Both species sweet scented. S. T. P. C. B.

Souiherii.

parriflora, Desf. (0. y.) stem ascending or erect, with spreading branches: leafets
of the lower leaves obovate-roundish and often nearly entire; upper ones cuneate-
oblong or linear, truncate or emarginate serrate: stipules linear-setaceous; spikes
at first dense, at length rather loose: flowers minute: teeth of the calyx broad,
rarely equal, half the length of the corol: wings almost as long as the keel and vex-
illum: legumes globose-ovate, wrinkled, 2-seeded. La. Probably introduced.

Occidcntalis, N. (y.) stem erect, tall: leafets linear-oblong or obovate, sharply serrate,
truncate at the extremity: flowers minute: teeth of the calyx unequal, as long as
the tube; vexillum as long as the tube: legume 1 — 2-seeded, ovate-orbicular, slight
]y wrinkled. California.

MdllotUS, PSORALEA.

13 — 1. Melis'sa. 42. Labi, fra. sto. car. ton.
Exotic.
officinalis, (balm. w. b. Ju. 2X-) flowers whorled halfway around, sub-sessile: bracts
oblong, pedicelled: leaves ovate, acute, serrate. Naturalized.

19 — 15. Melo'thria. 97. Cucu. nut. ref cat.

pendula, (creeping cucumber, y. .T. 0.) leaves sub-reniform, lobe-angled; terminal
lobe equalling the rest: berry cylindric, ovate. S. T. P. S — C.

20 — 12. Menisper'mum. 77. Menis. r. ton. diu. dysp.

canadense, (moonseed. O. w-y. Ju. ^.)stem climbing: leaves sub-cordate, round
angled, peltate, with the petiole near the base: racemes compound: petals 8. Var.
lobatum, Ph. (4) leaves lobed. iS. Mch.

Sovthern.

tTnila'dnum, W. (5) (W. y. Ju. fp.) leaves peltate, sub-glabrous, cordate, roundish,
obtusely angled, glaucous beneath: racemes generally simple: petals 4.

lyoni, Ph. (W. Ju. 2i-) leaves cordate, palmate-lobed, very long petioled: racemes
simple: petals 6: stamens 12.

Melilotus. Gr. meli, honey, and lotos, lotus; these plants are similar to the lotus and

the favorite resort of bees.
Melissa. Gr. melissa, a bee, from that insect frequenting the flowers.
Melothria. Gr. melon, fruit, and tlirion, food; in allusion to some species.
Menispermum. Gr. inene, the moon, and spermrr, seed; from its crescent shape.

(1) Trifolium, L. (2) officinalis? (3) Var. alba? I adopt the genuine

names of old authors; because the descriptions of modern authors are either very
deficient, or they did not have our plants before them. Whereas the figures and
discriptions of the older authors, show that they were acquainted with both of our
species, which they called by those names See Parkinson, p. 718, London ed., A. D.
1640. (4) M. virginicum, W. (5) Cissampelos, W,

•Suggested by H. H. E.

318 MENTHA, MERKIA

13 — 1. Men'tha. 42. Labi. aro. c(y-ole. car. fia col.

tenuis, Mx. (1) (america spear-mint. O. w. J. 2i-) glabrous: leaves lance-ovate,
serrulate, petioled: spike slender, terminal, with small interrupted whorls: stamens
not exsert. 1 — 2 f. S.

canadensis, W. (W. w-p. Au. 21.) flowers whorled: leaves lanceolate, serrate, peti-
oled, pilose: stamens equalling the corol. 12 i. Y. C. Canada.

borealis, Mx. (northern mint, horse mint. O. w. Ju. If-) ascending, pubescent:
leaves petioled, lance-oval, acute at both ends: flowers whorled: stamens exsert.
Damp. 9—18 i. -S. Mch.

viridis, (spear-mint. W. p. Au.) leaves lanceolate, sessile: spikes elongated, inter-
rupted: stamens long. 1—2 f. P. B. T. C. N.

Exotic.

piperita, (peppermint. W. p. Au. 2i-) spikes obtuse, interrupted below: leaves sub-
ovate, somewhat glabrous, petioled: stem glabrous at the base. Naturalized.
1—2 f. F. B. N. T. Mch.

arvensis, (field-mint. W. p. Ju.) hairy, branching: leaves ovate: flowers whorled:
calyx bell-form. Naturalized. 1 f.

11 — 1. Mentze'lia. 88. Onog. ton.

Southern,
aurea, N. (W. y.) stem dichotomous: leaves lance-ovate, deeply angular-crenate:

flowers sessile; petals oval, acuminate, entire: capsule about 3-seeded. Very

rough and tenaceous. 12 i.
oligosperma, N. (W.) decumbent: flowers large.

5 — 1. Menyan'thes. 4(5. Gent, bit-j-. ton-f . dia. ast. rhe. dro.

trifoliata, (buck -bean. O. w. M. U-) leaves ternate: corols densely bearded above.
In stagnant waters and sphagnus swamps. 6 — 12. i. S. Mch.

Menyanlhes, Villarsia.

8 — 1. Menzie'sia. 50. Eric. diu. ast.

carulea, W. (2) (mountain heath. A. r. Ju. fp.) leaves scattered, crowded, linear,
obtuse, cartilaginous toothed: peduncles terminal, aggregate 1-flowered; flowers
bell-form: calyx acute. Decandrous. Very small. White hills.

glohularis, Sy. (A. J. ^.) leaves lanceolate, glaucous beneath except the nerves, pu-
bescent: calyx 4-cleft: flowers globose, octandrous. 2 — 4 f iS.

empelriformis, S. (W. r. Ju. \ .) leaves linear, serrulate, concave beneath: peduncles
terminal, aggregate: flowers bell-form: calyx obtuse. Decandrous.

Southern,
ferniginea, W. (W. J. \-.) leaves lance-obovate, glabrous beneath except the nerves:
calyx somewhat 4-cleft: flowers urceolate, octandrous.

5—3. Merk'ia. 82. Gary. dem. cat.

physodes, Fisch. ( ) leaves ovate, a little ciliate:' peduncles solitary, 1-flowered:

capsule about half an inch in diameter. Bay of Eschscholtzia.

Mentha. From Menthe, daughter of Cocytus, fabled to have been changed into this
herb.

Mentzelia. In honor of Dr. Christian Mentzel, physician to the Elector of Branden-
burg.

Menyanthes. Gr. vien or meiie, a month, and anthos, flower; because the plant con-
tinues in flower about that time.

Menziesia. In honor of Archibald Menzies, a distinguished botanist.

Merkia.

(1) viridis, Wr. (2) Andromeda taxifolia, Pallas. Erica, W. Phyllodoce

taxifolia, Sy.

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, MIKANIA. 319

11 — 5. Mesembryan'themum. 87. Ficoi. cata. dern.
Exotic,
crystallimun, (ice plant, w. Au. #.) branching: leaves alternate, ovate, papillose:
flowers sessile: cal}'^ broad-ovate, acute, retuse.

11 — 5. Mes'pilus. 92. Poma. b. feb. f. ref.

Exotic,
germanica, (medlar, h.) leaves lance- ovate, downy beneath: flowers sessile, solitary.

2 — 1. Micran'themum. 3.^). Prim. sop. ast — .
Southern.

orbiculatum, Mx. (w. Au. Zf.) stem prostrate, terete: leaves orbicular, abruptly nar-
rowed at the base: flowers peduncled. ' Wet ditches. S — C.

emarginatum, E. (w. Au. 2X-) leaves oval and obovate, emarginate: flowers sessile.
Wet.

10 — 4. Micrope'talon. 82. Gary. dem. cata.

lanceolatum, Mx. (1) (blind starwort. A. Ju. Zf.) glabrous: leaves lanceolate, nar-
row at both ends: flowers panicled; petals ovate, very short or wanting. Damp.
6—8 i. H. P.

longifoUa, M. (2) (long-leaf starwort. W. w. J. 21.) stem decumbent or sub-decum-
bent: leaves lance-linear, opposite, entire, smooth: panicle terminal: calyx 3-nerved,
. about equalling the petals. 12—18 i. S. P. D. F. Mch.

Southern.

lanuginosum, Mx. (A. Ju. Zf.) dense-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, tapering into the
petiole: peduncles sub-solitary, elongated, at last reflected: flowers without petals.

18 — 1. Micros'tylis. 21. Orch. nut. emo.

ophioglossoides, W. (3) (adder mouth, g-w. J. Zf.) leaf solitary, ovate, clasping:

scape 5-angled: lip clefl at the tip. 6—9 i. S. T. D. Y. C. V. B. P. N. Rocky

Mts. Mch.
bracltypoda, Gray. (Ju.) stem 1-leaved: racemes sub-spiked, with the flowers shorter

than the pedicels: lateral petals refracted; lip triangular-hastate, cucullate, acumi

nate. New-York.

3—1. Mie'gia. (4) 10. Gram. far. ton.
Southerii.

maerosperma, Mx. (cane. W. Ap. ZX-) stem terete, glabrous, hollow, rigid: leaves
distichous, lanceolate, flat, sub-acuminate, pubescent beneath. 3 — 15 f. Var.
gigantea, much taller. 30 — 40 f.

Mesembrianthemum. Gr. inesemhria, mid-day, and anthos, flower; on account of the
flowers usually expanding at that time.

Mespilus. Gr. mcspilt, from mesos pilos, half-bullet, to which tlie fruit bears resem-
blance.

Micranthemum. Gr. milcros, small, and anthos, flower, from the diminutive size of
the blossom.

Micropetalun. Gr. inikros, small, and petaion, petal, from their diminutive size.

Microstylis. Gr. milcros, small, and stulos, style; in reference to the minute column
or style.

Miegia. In honor of two Swiss botanists, father and son, Jno. Rodolph and Achilles
Meig.
(1) Stellaria, T. Spergulastrum, Mx. (2) gramineum. Ph. Stellaria, M.

(3) Malaxis, W. unifolia, Mx. (4) Arundinaria, Mx. (5) Eupatorium, L.

320 MIKANIA, MITCHELLA.

]7— 1. Mika'nia. 55. Cory. r. exp. ton. sec-slim.

scandens, (5) (climbing thorough-wort. w. Au. Z[.) stem smooth, climbing: leaves
cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate; lobes divaricate, unequal: flowers corymbed.
Damp or wet. S'. P. Y C. B. F. S— C. M.

puhesccns, M. (w-p. Au. 2X-) pubescent: stem climbing: leaves cordate, repand-
toothed, angled at the base; acuminate: involucre 4-flowered. jS.

3—2. Mir.'iuM. 10. Gram. far. ton.

effasvm, (millet. !(..) panicle diffuse, compound: branches horizontal: glumes ovate,
very obtuse: paleas avvnless, smooth and shining: leaves broad-linear. 5 — 8 f.

amphicarpon, Ph. (1) (millet grass. Au. 21-) leaves lance-linear, hairy, ciliate: panicle
simple, contracted, bearing perfect flowers: fertile flowers in solitary, elongated,
radical scapes, at length subterraneous. 18 — 24 i. Y.

pungens, T. (2) (dwarf millet grass. M. 21-) culm erect: leaves lanceolate, very short,
pungent at length involute: panicle contracted: branches generally in pairs, 2-
flowered: flowers awnless, ovate: paleas hairy. 12—18 i. B.

E-cotic.

nigricans, (african millet.) flowers panicled, crowded: glumes shining, becoming
black: leaves ensiform, very long.

Milium, PlPTATHERUM.

il/iffiosa, Acacia, Schrankia.
13 — 2. MiJi ULUS. 37. Sera. cat. eme.

ringens, (monkey-flower. O. b. J*. Zf.) erect, glabrous; leaves sessile, lanceolate,
acuminate, sub-serrate: peduncles axillary, opposite, longer than the flower: teeth
of the calyx acuminate. 1— 2 f S. Mch.

alalits, (W. b. Ju. It.) erect, glabrous; leaves pelioled, ovate, acuminate, serrate:
peduncles axillary, opposite, shorter than the flower: stem winged at ihe 4-corners:
Jeeth of the calyx round-mucronate. ]— 3 f .S*. T. Y. P. C. F. H. Mch.

luteus, W. (W. y. Ju. Zf.) erect glabrous, stoloniferous: leaves roundish-ovate,
nerved, toothed: lower ones obtuse, pelioled; upper ones acute, closely sessile:
raceme terminal: peduncles axillary, opposite, elongated: calyx unequal: teeth
acutish. 12—18 i. Cultivated. Mch.

rivularis? N. (y. ZT-) leaves oval, obtuse, crenate: cauline ones sessile: flowers axil-
lary and terminal: teeth of the calyx very short. R.

Southern.

lewisii, Ph. (W. p. Au. Zf.) erect, small, pubescent: leaves sessile, lance-oblong,
acute, nerved, mucronate-denticulate: flowers few, terminal, very long peduncled:
teeth of the calyx acuminate. 6 — 8 i.

5— J . Mirab'ilis. 32. Nyct. cat.
Exotic,
dichotoma, (mexican four o'clock. ZX.) flowers sessile, axillary, erect, solitary.
jalapa, (four o'clock, r. y. Ju. H-) flowers heaped, paduncled: leaves glabrous.
longiflora, (w. Au. Zf.) flowers crowded, very long, a little nodding: leaves sub-
vilUose.

Mikania. In honor of Prof Jos. Mikan, of Prague.

Milium. Lat. ndliuiii, a sort of grass, so called from jnille, a thousand, from the

abundance of its seeds, or from Celtic mil, a pebble, alluding to the hard, shining

grains.
INlimulus. Lat. mimiis, a masked actor, from a supposed resemblance of its corol or

seeds.
Mirabilis. Lat. mirabiUs, wonderful, on account of the diversity of these most

fragant flowers even on the same root.

(1) ciliatum, M. (2) Synonymous with Stipa canadensis, T.

41ITCHELLA, MONARDA. 321

4—1. Mitchel'la. 57. Cine. f. amy.

repms, (partridge berry, cliecker berry. O. vv. J. 2^.) stem creeping: leaves roundish,
petioled, opposite. Woods. -S. Mcii.

10—2; Mitel'la. 84. Saxi. tod.

diphjUa, W. (currant leaf. W. w. Ap. 7i-) leaves cordate, sub-lobate, dentate: scape
2-leaved; leaves opposite. Wood. 1—2 f. P. T. C. D. O. N. V. Mch.

cordifulia, Lk. (W. w. iVJ. 1[.) leaves round-reniform, doubly-crenate, with scattered
hairs above: scape erect or prostrate, naked or 1-Ieaved. Yai. reniformis, (1)
leaves reniform, scape naked. Var. prostraia, (2) stems prostrate, leafv. 6—8 i
S. P.' C. D. N. Mch. / i- y J

prostraia, ( W. Ju. ZX.) root creeping: stem prostrate: leaves alternate, round-cordate,
sub-acute, obtusely sub-lobed. Canada.

irifida, Graham. (21.) pentandrous: leaves radical, cordate, obtusely lobed, crenatei
scapaleafless: calyx campanulate, limb spreading at the apex: petals tr'ifid: ova-
riuin seed-bearing. R. A.

Mitdla, Tellima.

Mitrcola, Ophiorhiza.

3—3. Mollu'go. 82. Gary. dem. cata.

terddUata, (carpet- weed. O. w. Ju. #.) stem sub-divided, prostrate: leaves in
whorls, wedge-form, acutei peduncles 1-flowered. iSf. Mch.

13—1. Molccel'la. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton.

Exotic.
taxis, (molucca balm, shell-flower, w. g. Ju. 0.) calyx campanulate, 5-toothed
teeth equal, awnless: leaves petioled, round-ovate, toothed. Calyx much longer
and larger than the corol. °

19-15. Momor'dica. 97. Cucu. g. poi. lax.

echinata, (W. vv. Au. 0.) pomaceous: berry 4-seeded, roundish, setose-echinate-
leaves cordate, 5-lobe-angled, acuminate, entire. Calyx 6-cleft: corol 6-parted.'

Exotic.

balsamina, (bal.sam apple. S. 0.) pomaceous: berry angled, tubercled: leaves ffla
brous, spreading, palmate. ^

2—1. Monar'da. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton.

didyma, (3) (mountain mint. O. r. J. 71.) leaves ovate, acuminate, sub-cordate
somewhat hairy: flowers in simple or proliferous heads: outer bract'! laro-e colored'
lanceolate. Var. angustifolia, (4) leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, pubescent- stPm
pubescent. 18—24 i. -S. jr. oicm

Mitchella. In honor of Dr. John Mitchell, an English botanist who travelled in

Virginia.
Mitella. Lat. diminutive ofmitra, a cap, or mitre, the ripe seed vessels with the two

little pointed lobes resembling a little mitre.
Mollugo. Lat. mollugo, a name supposed to be derived from mollis, soft, on account

of its soft leaves. '

Molucella. Latinised by Linneus, from Molucca, because it was first found in those

islands.
Momordica. Lat. mordeo, momordi, to bite; the seeds appearing as if bitten off-

but the word appears to be of Italian origin.
Monarda. In honor of Nicholas Monardes, a Spanish botanist of the 16th rentnrv

rA'l r'^' "^P. ^^^ P"^'''*^' ^" ^^^ P"'P"^«^' ^^- coclUarMx.

(4) kaimiana, Ph. '

41

OZZ MONARDA, MONOTROPA.

oblongata, A. (1) (wild burgamot. W. b. r. Ju. KO pubescent: head simple: outer
bracts ovate: calyx short, bearded in the throat; teeth spreading: stem obtuse-
angled, pubescent above: leaves lance-oblong, rounded at the base. 2 — 3 f. S.
P. B. Y. C. T. H. O. M. W. D. Mch.

clinopodia. (2) (W. y. p. Ju. ZC.) glabrous: heads small, simple, terminal: oi|^er
bracts broad-ovate, acute, entire, smoothish: calyx cilia.te, short: corol pubesognt,
slender: leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, a little hairy: stem obtus^an-
gled, glabrous. S. P. "Canada. Salina.

Jistidiisa, (W. p. Ju. 2i.) hirsute, with scattered hairs: heads simple, proliferous,
leafy: outer bracts oblong, acute, glabrous: calyx long, bearded: corol hirsute, of
middling length: leaves ovale, acuminate, serrate; petioles long, ciliate: stem
glabrous, obtuse-angled. 2 f S. P. Y. Canada. :

punctala, (3) (W. y. J. 7i-) smoothish: flowers middling size, whorled: br<ft*s lance-
olate, colored, longer than the whorls: leaves lance-oblong, remotely serr*te: stem
obtuse-angled, with whitish down. 2—3 f. -S. P. Y. D. Mch.

hirsuta, Ph. (4) (W. b. p. Au. 21.) very iiairy; flowers small, whorled: bracts atten-
uated into awns: upper teeth of the calyx very short, the rest bristle-form* leaves
ovate, acuminate, long petioled, serrate. 2 — 3 f S. K. N. Mch.

beckii, Ea. (VV. Zf.) stem rough, with stilFvvhito hairs: leaves petioled, ovate-oblong
and lanceolate, serrate, acutish, somewhat hairy: bracts ovate, glabrous, veiny, a
little shorter than the 2-lipped calyx: upper teeth of the calyx subulate. Flowers
small, in wliorls. First discovered by Professor L. C. Beck near St. Louis. De-
scribed by Dr. Torrey in the Annals of the N. Y. Lyceum.

ciliata, {p. Au. 2^.) hirsute: flowers small, whorled: bracts ovate, glabrous, veiny,
ciliate, equalling the calyx: leaves ovate-oblong, tapering, sub-sessile, serrate,
pubescent: stem acute-angled, hirsute. -S. P. Y. V. D. Mch.

lugosa, A. (W. A. w. Ju. Zf-) smoothish: heads simple, middling size: outer bracts
ovate, undulate: calyx smoothish: leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acute, rugose; nerves
beneath and petioles pilose: stem acute-angled, smoothish. 4 f. Canada.

Southern.

gracilis, Ph. (A. y-w.) very glabrous: heads lateral and terminal, small: outer bracts
linear, ciliate: calyx pubescent ciliate: corol shon: leaves lance-linear, acuminate,
seriate: stem obtusely angled, glabrous.

purpurea, Ph. (A. r. Ju. 2i.) somewhat glabrous: heads large, leafy: outer bracts
large, colored, broad-ovate, acuminate, serrate: calyx colored; throat bearded:
corol long, nearly glabrous: leaves oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate; nerves all
over pilose: stem acutely angled, glabrous.

bradhuiiaua, Bk. (W. p. Ju. Zf.) heads large, terminal: outer bracts broad-lanceo-
late, ciliate, colored: calyx pilose, densely bearded at the throat, with 5 subulate,
very long, divaricate teeth: leaves opposite, sessile, or with very short ciliate peti-
oles; hairy on both sides, lance-oblong, dentate, rounded at the base. Stem simple.
3f-

scahra, Bk. (W. p. Au. ZT-) heads large, simple, terminal, somewhat in threes:
bracts lance-ovate; teeth of the calyx short, acute, nearly straight: leaves lance-
ovate, sub-cordate, serrate, opposite, scabrous, punctate, somewhat hairy; petioles
short, hairy. Stem branching. 3 f

3 — 2. Monoce'ra. 10. Gram. far. ton.

Southern.

aromatmi, Wr. (5) (J. 21.) spikes solitary; spikelets about 6-flowered: flowers awned,

bearded at the margin; exterior paleas roughened by glands, awned on the back.

10 — 1. MoNOTRo'pA. I'll. Pyro. h. bit-ton. diu.

unijtora, (bird's nest, Indian pipe. O. w. J. Zf.) stem 1-flowered: flower nodding at
first, at length erect: scales of the stem approximate. Whole plant ivory-white at
first. 4—8 i. S. Mch.

Monocera. Gr. monos, one, and keras, horn, there being but one spike.

Monotropa. Gr. monos, one, and irepo, to turn, the flowers all turning in one

direction.

(1) longifolia, Lk. allophylla, Mx. mollis, W. (2) glabra, Lk. (3) lutea,
Mx. (4) ciliata, Mx. not L. (5) Aegilops, Wr. Chloris monostachya, Mx.

MOIVOTROPA, MYLOCARYim. 323

morisoniana, Mx. (J. 2f.) scape elongated, straight, 1-flowered: scales distant: flowers

erect: stamens 10 to 12. S — C.
lanuainosa, L. (false beech-drops. W. y-w. Ju. 7i-) scape spike-flowered: whole

plant, includinnr the flower, woolly, except the base of the stem. Grows on roots

of trees, &c., whole plant yellowish white. 3—0 i. ST. B. C. T. F. P. V.

Niagara Falls. Hypopithys lanuginosa of 7th edition.
europea, (yellow beech-drops, y. J. 21-) scape spike-flowered: flowers and scales

on the stem glabrous outside; lateral flowers octandrous. P. Canada. Hypopithys

europea of 7th edition.

•' 10 — 1. MoNOTROp'sis. (1) 51. Pyro. h. aro. o. nar — . ric.
t Southern,

odorata, §z. (r-w. Mar.) flowers bell-form, in aggregate heads. 3 — 4 i.

3—3. Mon'tia. 86. Port. muc. lax.
fontana, (false spring beauty. ) leaves opposite: flowers axillary, small. Wet.

19—4. Mo'rus. 98. Atro. b. ton. f. ton. lax.

rubra, W. (red mulberry. W. M. ^.) leaves cordate, ovate, acuminated or 3-lobed,
equally serrate, scabrous, soft hairs beneath: pistillate spikes cylindric. 15 — 30 f.
& Tl Y. P. C. O. N. F.

Exotic.

alba, (white mulberry. M. \.) leaves heart-form, with oblique bases, ovate or lobed,
unequally serrate, smoothish. From China and Persia. Naturalized. 15 — 20 f.

nigra, (black mulberry. Ju. ^.) leaves cordate, ovate or sub-5-lobed, unequally
toothed, scabrous. From Persia. 30 — 40 f.

mullicaulis, (many-stemmed mulberry. >^.) leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, crenate-
serrate, net-veined, bullate, with veins prominent; sub-scabrous and pimpled be-
neath, sub-glabrous above: sprouts piohferous 8 — 16 f. Leaves sometimes 12
to 14 inches long.

3 — 2. Mdhlenberg'ia. 10. Gram. far. ton.

diffusa, Sr. (2) (drop-seed grass. O. J. 21.) culm diflfljse (decumbent:) leaves lance-
linear: panicle branched, appressed: awns as long as the paleas. 18 i. S. Mch.

Muhlenbergia, Brachyelytri'm.

Myagrum, Alyssum, Camelina.

4 — 4. Mygin'da. 95. Ilic. ton.

myrtifolia, Jn. (3) (W. w. Au. ^.) leaves opposite, oblong, obtuse, serrate, reflexed
at the margin, glabrous, perennial: peduncles axillary, very short, sub-solitary,
1-flowered, 2-bracted at the base. S. R.

10 — 1. Myloca'ryum. 51. Eric. f. sed. nar. s. bit. ton.

Southern.

ligustrinum, W. (buckwheat tree. W. M. ^ . ) leaves perennial, alternate, sessile,

Monolropsis. Appearing like a Monotropa. Gr. apsis, appearance.

Montia. In honor of Joseph de Monti, Professor of Natural History at Bologna, in
the beginning of the 18lh century.

Morus. Morca was the Greek name of the mulberry, amauros, black: the Celtic mor
denotes black.

Muhlenbergia. In honor of Rev. H. Muhlenberg, of Lancaster, Penn.

Myginda. In honor of Francis Von Mygind, a German patron of botany.

Mylocaryum. Gr. mule, a mill, and kania, a kernel or stone, in form the nut resem-
bles mill-stones.
(1) Elliott proposed Schvveisitzia as a substitute for Monotropsis, and Nuttall has

adopted it. (2) Dilepymum, Mx. (3) Ilexa myrsinita. Ph.

S24 MYLOCARYUM, MYRIOPHYLLUM.

wedge-lanceolate, very entire, glabrous, sub-glaucous beneath: racemes simple,
terminal. 6—15 f. Florida.

5—1. Myoso'tis. 43. Bora. ton. honey-pti.

palustris, Roth. (1) (scorpion weed. W. b. M. 11.) nut smooth: calyx leaves sub-qval,
about as long as the tube of the coroh stem sub-ramose: leaves lance-oval: racMnes
bractless. J 2— 18 i. P. Y. H. B. N. C. Hudson.

arvensis, (2) (forget-me-not. W. w. b. J. 0.) nut smooth: calyx leaves oval, acumi-
nate, very hirsute, longer than the tube of the coroh stem very branching: racemes
conjugate: leayes lance-oblong, hirsute. 4 — 8 i. iS'. T. Y. P. N. F. M. D.

stiffruticosa, T. & .T. (W. b?) stem suffruticose, very branching, hirsute: leaves lance-
linear, hispid pilose: spikes terminal, many: flowers pedicelled: c^lyx clo^d: nut
emoolh, depressed, ovi^te. 8 1.

Southern. *

fuma, W. (W. b. & y. If.) leaves oblong, villose: racemes few-flowered: nut
emoothish; margin serrulate.

MlJOSOtis, ROCHELIA.

5 — 12. Myosu'rus. 61. Ranu. g-r. acr-poi. h. epis.

Southern. *

minimus, (Ap. 0.) leaves linear, entire: scape 1-flowered: stamens 5 to 8. Petals
anther-form. 2 — 4 i.

20—4. Myei'ca. 99. Myri. r, ast. f. aro-wax.

gale, W. (sweet gale, bog myrtle. W. M. T^.) leaves wedge-lanceolate, obtuse, ser-
rate at the apex: staininate aments imbricate: scales acuminate, ciliate: f^uit in a
scaly head. 3-4 f. C. H. B. D.

ctrifcra, (bayberry. W. g-p. M. T^.) leaves wedge lanceolate, acute, with distant
serratures at the apex: staminate aments lax: scales acute: fruit small, globose,
covered with a whitish wax, in a mealy state. Var. pumila, Mx. leaves lance-
linear. 2-18 f. «. C. Y. P. B. F. O. N.

caroliniensis, W. (Ap. ^.) leaves wedge-oblong, coarsely toothed: staminate aments
lax; scales acute: berry globose, large. 3 — 4 f. S. C. New England.

pennsylvanica, Lk. (M. \ .) leaves oblong, acutish at each end, very entire or sparingly
sub-serrate at the apex, revolute at the margin: staminate aments lax: scales acute:
berry globose, large. 3 f.

19 — 12. My'RioPHYL'nJM. 88. Halo. emo.

verticillatum, (water milfoil. W. Ju. 2_f.) leaves pinnate, capillary; upper ones peclir
nate-pinnatifid: flowers in axillary whorls; lower ones pistillate; upper ones stami-
nate or perfect, octandrous. In stagnant waters. S. B. P. Y. C. N. Canada.
Mch.

spicatum, (Ju. 2-C-) leaves all pinnate, capillaceous: spikes interrupted, naked, whorl-
ed; flowers staminate, polyandrous. D. Y. Canada.

heterophyllum, Mx. (Ju. If.) lower leaves capillary, pinnate; upper ones oval, acutely
seirate: flowers hex^ndrous.

capillaceum, (Ju. If.) leaves all capillary, pinnate: flowers axillary, opposite and alter-
nate, tetrandrous, mostly perfect: fruit 4-angled, formed of four cyUndrical carpels.

Myosotis. Gr. mus, ( muosj mouse, and oiis, ( otosj ear, alluding to the shape and

hairiness of the leaves.
Myosurus. Gr. mus, (muosj mouse, and op.ra, tail, referring to the long, slender

receptacle.
Myrica. Gr. murike, a name applied to this genus, from a supposed resemblance to

the tamarisk; perhaps from Gr. muro, to flow, because wax flows from its fruit, or^

warm days.
Myriophyllum. Gr. murios, innumerable, and phuHon, leaf; from their great number,

(1) gcorpioides, W. laxa, Lk. (2) yerna, N,

MYRIOPHYLLUM, NARTHECIUM. 325

ambigvum. N. (1) ( ) etem'floating, dlcliotomous: leaves petioled, obsoletely

pinnate; lowest ones capillary; middle ones pectinate; upper ones nearly entire.

Var. limosum, stem rooting, erect: leaves rigid, mostly 3-cleft: segments setaceous,

acute. Y. B.
tenellum, Bw. (.lu. 7S-) erect, nearly leafless: bracts entire, obtuse: petals linear, con-.

duplicate and revolute. 4—12 i. B. F. Plainfield, Porter.

Southern,
scabratum, Mx. (J. 2^.) leaves pinnatifid: flowers whorled, axillary; upper ones stami-
nate, tetrandrous; lower ones pistillate: fruit 8-_angled. 12 i. La. K.

Myrrhis, Urasperm0m.
11—1. Myr'tus. 89. Myrt. aro. ton.
Exotic.
fommunis, (myrtle, w. Ju. ^.) flowers solitary: involucre 2-leaved: leaves ovate.

N.

Nabalis, Prenanthes.

19—1. Na'jas. 7. Fluv. ton.

canadensis, Mx. (water nymph.) small, filiform: leaves narrow-linear. W. N.
Canada.

Napaca, Sida.

6 — 1. Narcis'sus. 17. Narc. r. ton. erne — .
Exotic.

pseudo-narcissvs, (daffodil. M. U.) spathe 1-flowered: nectary bell-form, erect, crisp-
ed, equalling the ovate petals.

iazetta, (polyanthus. M. 2X-) spathe many-flowered: nectary bell-form, plicate, trun-
cate, thrice as short as the petals; petals alternately broader: leaves flat.j

jonquilla, (jonquil. M. If.) spathe many -flowered: nectary bell-form, short: leaves
subulate.

poeticus, (poet's narcissus. If.) spathe 1-flowered: nectary wheel-form, very short,
scarious, (red) crenulate: leaves inflexed at the margin.

17 — 2. Nardos'mia. 55. Eupa. dem— . bit-car. r. ton. sec-sti.
A sub-genus of Tussilago, which see.

3 — 1. Nar'dus. 10. Cype. ton—, fod — .
Southern,
stricta, (mat grass. W. 2i.) spike setaceous, straight: flowers 1-sided. '

6 — 1. Narthe'cium. 13. Junct. fod — .

americanum, Ker. (2) (false asphodel. E. y. Ju. 21.) racemes sometimes interruptedly
spiked, lax: one cauline bract clasping the pedicel, another chafF-bristle-forrn be-
low: filaments with short wool. Y.

Myrtus. Gr. murtos, the myrtle, said to be from myrrha, a nymph, changed into
this tree; or from Gr. muron, perfume.

Najas. Gr. nais, a water nymph, because it is found floating on clear water.

Narcissus. Gr. narkissos, a youth, who was, according to Mythology, changed into
this flower.

Nardosmia. Gr. nardos, spikenard, osme, odor; it smells like spikenard.

Nardus. Gr. nardos, spikenard; a term applied to aromatic grasses, though the pre-
sent species have no such virtues.

Narthecium. Gr. narthcx, fennel; from the appearance of the stalk. See Ferula.
(1) procumbens, Bw. (2) Phalangium ossifragum, M.

.326 NESTURTIUM, NECTHIS.

i4 — 2. Nastur'tjum. 63. Cruc. stim. dia.

natans, Dc. (IS.-) leaves above water, lanceolate, entire, serrate; immersfed leaves
bi-tri pinnatifid: segments capillary: silicles obovate-globose: style long. Canada.

officinale, R. Br. (w. ) leaves pinnately divided; segmenis ovate, sub-cordate, repand:
petals white, longer than the calyx. S. Oregon, N. W. Coast, New England.
Erysimum Nasturtium, 7th edition.

lyratum, N. (y. ) leaves pinnatifid or lyrate; segments oblong-lanceolate, incisely
serrate or angularly toothed: silique linear, compressed, more than twice the length
of the pedicel, somewhat spreading, abrupt at the apex: style very short: common
peduncle flexuous. Banks of the Oregon.

sinualiim, N. (y ) decumbent: leaves pinnatifid; segments lanceolate, sub-serrate or
toothed on the lower margin: pedicels spreading or recurved, longer than the
oblong, acute silique: style nearly one-third the length of the siliqu?. iS. Oregon.

curvisiliqua, N. (0. y.) erect, branching: leaves lanceolate, pinnalifid, acute, some-
what clasping at the base; lobes linear-lanceolate and spreading, the uppermost
nearly entire: raceme in fruit elongated: siliques linear, acute, falcate, twice as
long as the pedicels. N. W. Coast, Oregon.

palustre, D. C. (J. Au. Zf. y.) leaves pinnately lobed, clasping and ciliate at the base;
lobes confluent, toothed, glabrous: root fusiform: petals as long as the sepals:
silique spreading, obtuse at each end, somewhat turgid. 1 — 2 f. S. Arctic
America, Oregon. Erysimum palustre of 7th edition.

amphibium, R. Br. (y.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or serrate: root fibrous:
petals longer than the calyja silique ellipsoid, spreading, mucronate with the style.
<Si. Canada. Erysimum anjphibium of 7th edition.

j)oly7norphum, N. (<&-or^.y.) leaves deeply pinnatifid or almost 'entire; segments
entire: petals scarcely longer than the calyx: silique oblong-linear, compressed:
stigma minute, nearly sessile. Oregon.

hispidum, D. C. (Zf?) stem tomentose-villose: leaves somewhat villose, runcinate-
pinnatifid; lobes rather obtusely toothed: siliques ovate, tumid, pointed with the
distinct style, scarcely more than half as long as the somewhat spreading pedicels:
petals scarcely as long as the calyx. Middle and Northern States.

syheslre, R. Br. (y. ) leaves pinnately divided; segmenis lanceolate, serrate, or incised:
petals longer than the calyx: siliques oblong, somewhat torulose: style very short.
Philadelphia. Introduced.

cernuum, N. (w.) racemes panicled: leaves pinnatifid or laciniate; the segments irre-
gularly and distantly toothed: silique short, obovate, nodding: stigma sessile.
Oregon.

Southern.

tanaceiifuUum, H. & Arn. (March. M. $. y.) leaves pinnately divided: segments
sinuate-pinnatifid or toothed: siliques oblong-linear, nearly erect, acute: style short.
S — C. to Arkansas. Erysimum Walteri of 7th edition.

sessiliforum, N. (y.) leaves cuneate-obovate, obtuse, repandly toothed or nearlj
entire: siliques sub-sessile, linear-oblong, obtuse, tipped with the nearly sessile
stigma. Banks of the Mississippi.

ohtusum, N. (0. y.) leaves pinnately divided, decurrent; segments irregularly oval,
angularly toothed, obtuse: siliques linear, sub-terete, twice the length of the pedi-
cels: style short. Banks of the Mississippi.

limosum, N. {$. y. ) leaves lanceolate, laciniately-pinnalifid toward the base, nearly
entire above or merely angularly toothed; lacinise decurrent, sub-serrate or entire:
pedicels much shorter than the abbreviated siliques: stigma neaily sessile. New
Orleans.

Nasturtium, Erysimum.

6 — 2. Nec'tris. 61. Ranu. f. poi. r. exp. asp. ast. cat. asm. rhe.
Southern,
aquatica, (g-y. M. 7X.) submersed leaves opposite, many-parted, capillary; floating
ones alternate, elliptic, peltate, entire: raceme terminal.

Nasturtium. Lat. nasus, nose, tortus, twisting; from its convulsing the nose on be-
ing snuffed.
Nectris. From Gr. nekton, swimming or floating.

NEC UNDO, NEMOPHILA, 327

Ncctris, Floerkea.

Negundiian, Acer.

20 — 5.* Negunbo. 66. Aceri. sug. ton.

[See note at the bottom of p. 112, on this as an old species of Acer.]

Calyx minute, nnequally 4 to 5-toothed: petals 0: anthers 4 to 5, linear, sessile:

pedicels of the stainiiiate flowers capillary, fascicled, from lateral aggregated buds;

fertile flowers in racemes: samaras in pairs, winged, diverging, 1-seeded: leaves

compound, pinnatel}' 3 to 5 foliolale.
uccroides, Moench. (ash-maple, box-eider. M. T:'.) leaves pinnate or ternate, unequally

serrate. Flowers dioecious. Large tree. 40 f. S. P. K. Acer negundo of 7th

edition. Mch.

Soulhcrn.
califomicum, ( ) young leaves villose, 3-foliolate; leafets 3-Iobed; lobes incised or

toothed. California.

12 — 12. Nelum'biom. 61. Nelu. r. amy-sug.

Utteum, W. (1) (sacred bean. W. y. Ju. If.) leaves peltate, orbicular, entire: corol
polypetalous: anthers linear above. The largest native flower in the Northern
States. S. D. P. C. Lake Ontario, Sodus Bay.

Southern,
pentapetalum, W. (w. Ju. Zf.) leaves peltate, orbicular, entire: calyx 5-sepalled:

petals 5.
reniforme, W. (21.) leaves reniform: corol polypetalous. These two southern species

rest on the authority of Walter and Dc.
codophyllum, ( y. 2i.) leaves downy beneath. Lakes of Louisiana. Leaves two

feet wide?

4 — 4. Nemopan'thes. (3) 95. Ilici. b. ton. f. ton — . eme.

canadensis, (wild holly, mountain holly. A. g-y. M. T^.) leaves deciduous, ovate,
entire, (or a little serrate at tlie apex,) glabrous: peduncles sub-solitary, long, 1-
flowered: fruit somewhat 4-sided. 3 — 5 f. S. Common in high dry woods in
New England. B. C. N. F. D. T. Mch.

5 — 1. Nemoph'ila. 43. Hydr. ton. honey-pti.

paniculata, Spreng. (water-leaf. b. M. 21-) very hirsute: radical leaves sub-pinnatifid;
cauline ones lobe-angled: sinuses of the calyx appendaged: the fascicles of flowers
sub-panicled: calyx very hispid. S. P. C. Hydrophyllum appendiculatumof 7th
edition.

Southern.

pharelioides, N. (W. M. b. $.) succulent: stem 3-sided: leaves alternate, pinnatifid:
peduncles very long, l-flowered, opposite the leaves and terminal, somewhat
dacemed; racemes incurved: fruit deflexed. Resembles Hydrophyllum.

Nelumbium. In Ceylon called Nelumbo, meaning sacred bean. See Rees. art.

Cyamus.
Nemopanthes. Gr. nemos, grove, and pantos, (of pas) all, in all groves common.
Nemophila. Gr. nemos, a grove, and phileo, to love, from its habitation.

(1) iVymphea nelumbo, L. Cyamus flavicomus, Sy. luteus, E. (2) Acer.

(3) Ilex. The separation of this species from the genus Ilex was suggested by
Professor Dewey, of Williams College, in 1818; and he wrote a generic description.
I proposed publishing it in my 3d edition, under the name Deweya canadensis; but
M. Rafinesque was before me.

*The genus Acer, from which Negundo was taken by Moench. was placed among
the diclinous plants by Linneus. But it was removed on account of many species
varying from the character of the class. As the Negundo is constantly dioecious, it
may be returned.

328 NEOTTIA, NIGELLA,

18—1. Neot'tia. (1) 21. Orch. r. amy. vis. aro— . salep.

tortilis, W. (2) (suniiner ladies' tresses. O. w. J. 2i-) radical leaves linear: scape
sheathed: flowers spirally secund; lip somewhat 3-lobed; middle lobe larger, ere*
nulate. 12 i. <S'.

gracilis, Bw. (O. w. Ju.) leaves radical, ovate: scape sheathed: flowers in a spiral
row; lip obovate, curled. Var. secunda, spike unilateral, hardly spiral: flowers
more slender. 8 — 12 i. Mch.

■ccrnua, (3) (nodding ladies' tresses. O. w. Au. ![.) leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved rstem
sheathed: spike oblong, dense-flowered; flowers recurve-nodding; lip oblong, en-
tire, acute. Var. major, stem tall, somewhat leafy: flowers very large. Var. lati-
folia, stem short: leaves lance-oblong, sub- radical, flat. 8 — J8 i. /S'. Mch.

Southern,

odorata, W. (w. ) stem leafy, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, acuminate; radical

ones very long: spike somewhat lax: flowers recurved; lip ovate, entire; mar-
gin undulate, sub-fimbriate. Newbern, N — C.

Neottia, Goodyera.

13 — 1. Nep'eta. 42. Labi. beV. sud. cold.

cataria, (catmint, catnip. O. b-w. Zf.) hoary-pubescent: flowers in whorled spikes:
leaves petioled, cordate, tooth-serrate. Introduced?

Neurosperma, Momordica.
Nicandria, Atropa.

5—1. Nicotia'na. 38. Sola s. poi+. nar+. h. poi. nau.*
Exotic,

tabacum, (virglnian tobacco. W. w-r. Ju. 0.) leaves lance-ovate, sessile, decurrent:

flowers acute. Naturahzed.
rustica, (common tobacco. W. Au. #.) leaves petioled, ovate, entire: flowers obtuse.

Naturalized.
paniculata, (small-flowered tobacco. Au. %.) leaves petioled, cordate, entire: flowers

panicled, obtuse, clavate.

Souilicrn,

qmdrivahis, Ph. (W. b-w. Ju. 0.) leaves oblong-ovate, petioled: flowers scattered,
solitary, near the summit of the branches: corol funnel-form; divisions oblong,
acutish: capsule sub-globose, 4-valved.

12 — 4. Nigel'la. 61. Ranu. s. nau. poi. dra-eme.
Exotic.

damascena, (fennel-flower. M. #.) flower surrounded with a leafy involucre.
sativa, (nutmeg flower.) pistils 5: capsules muricate, roundish: leaves sub-pilose,
pinnatifid. 9 — 15 i.

Neottia. Gr. neottios, a bird's nest, from a fancied resemblance in its fibrous roots.
Nepela. Lat. neptta, supposed to be from nepa, a scorpion, it being used to cure their

bites: or from Nepete, a town in Italy.
Nicotiana. In honor of John Nicot. of Nismes, who introduced it into Europe.
Nigella. Lat. niger, black, in allusion to the color of the seeds.

(1) Spiranthes. (2) Ophrys aestivalis, Mx. Satyrium spirale, Sw. Limo-

dorum praecox, Wr. (3) Ophrys, L. Liinodonim autumnale, Wr.

*A deadly poison, sent upon man with other ciirspi-'. It is also death to the creep-
ing tempter of Eve. Lindley says (p. 513), one drop of the oil, exhaled from the
mouth in smoking, if put on a snake's tongue, produces instant death.

NOLINA, NYSSA. 329

6 — 3. Nou'na. 13. Melan. poi. if nau. asc.

Southern.

georgiana, Mx. (w. M. Zf.) l^^^^s long-linear, coriaceous, dry: scape with small
subulate scales near the base: panicle spreading, racemose. 2—3 f.

12 — 1. jSu'phar. (1) 62. Nymp. r. nar. sed. ast — . slip.

advena, (2) (yellow water lily. O. y. Ju. Zf.) leaves cordate: lobes divaricate: calyx
5 — 6 sepalled, stigma crenate: capsule furrowed. Leaves always floating in deep
water and erect in shallow. Petioles semi-cylindricai. Bw. S. Mch.

kalmiana, A. (3) (Jn. 21.) leaves cordate, lobes near each other: calyx 5-sepalled:
stigma gashed, with 8 to 12 radiated lines. Flowers small. Water. O. F. C. T.
Y. B. N. Canada. Mch.

Southern.

sagittaefolia, Wt. (4.) (y. Ju. Zf.) leaves long cordate-sagittate, obtuse: calyx 6-
sepalled: petals 0: anthers sub-sessile: stigma entire. Water.

Nuttallia, Malva.

12 — 1. Nymphae'a. 62. Nymp. r. nar. sed. ast — . stip.

odorata, A. (white pond-lily. O. w. Ju. Zf-) leaves round-cordate, entire, sub-
emarginate; lobes' spreading asunder, acuminate, obtuse: petals equalling the 4-
sepalled calyx. Var. rosea, petioles, peduncles and leaves purplish beneath; lobes
divaricate, acute. iS. Mch.

minor, Dc. ( w. 21-) leaves cordate, entire; nerves and veins prominent beneath;
peduncles and petioles somewhat hairy: stigma 16 to 20-rayed. Var. of odorata?
S.

Neuroloma, Parrya, Hesperis.

20—5. Nys'sa. 24. Elae. sed. ton.

mulliflora, Wr. (.5) (pepperidge, tupelo, swamp hornbeam. O. j-^. M. ^.) leaves
obovate, oblong, entire, acute at both ends; the petioles, midribs and margins vil-
lose: pistillate peduncles sub-3-flowered: nut short-obovate, obtuse, striate. S.
Mch

aquutica, (6) (sour gum. W. M. ^.) leaves ovate-oblong, entire, acute at both ends,
glabrous: pistillate peduncles 2-flowered: drupe short, obovate: nut obtusely striate.
;Sf. Y. C. S— C. M.

Southern.

capitata, Wr. (7) (M. \ .) leaves short petioled, lance-oblong and oval, nearly entire,

pubescent and somewhat hoary beneath: staminate flowers capitate: pistillate ones

solitary.
tomentosa, Mx. (W . M. >■.) leaves long-petioled, oblong, acuminate, remotely serrate,

tomentose beneath: pistillate flowers solitary: drupe oblong.
uniflora, Wr. (8) (Ap. Zf.) leaves long petioled, oblong, acuminate, remotely serrate,

glabrous on both sides: pistillate peduncles one-flowered: drupe oblong. S c!

La.

Nolina. In honor of P. C Nolin, a cultivator of American plants.

Nuphar. Gr. nouphnr, the water lily; from the Arabic noufur.

Nymphaea. Gr. numphaia, belonging to nymphs, who were supposed to inhabit pure

and running water.
Nyssa. A name of a nymph. Linneus says that he so named it because it grows in

the water.

(1) Nymphea, L. (2) lutea, W. (3) minima, M. (4) Nymphaea, Wr.

longifolia, Mx. (5) villosa, and sylvatica, Mx. (6) biflora, Wr. inlegrifolia A.
(7) candicane, Mx. (8) denticulata, A. angulisans, Mx. '

42

)30 OBOLARIA, tKNOTHERA.

O.

13—2. Obola'ria. 46. Gent. r. bit. ton. ath.

Tirs'mica, (penny-wort. r. Ap. 71.) stem simple: leaves oblong, truncate, fleshy, •
purple beneath: flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. 3 — 4 i. S. P» M. S — C.

13 — 1. O'cYMUM. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton.
Exotic.
basU'icum, (basil. ©.) leaves ovate, glabrous: calyx ciliate. 6— 12i.

5 — 2. Q^nan'the. 60. Umbe. if oolo. sto. if nau. poi.

sarmetitosa, Dc. ( ) stem branching, weak, somewhat climbing: leaves gash-

bipinnate; segments ovate, dentate, terminal one somewhat 3-lobed: umbels oppo-
site the leaves, many-rayed: involucre 0: fruit oblong: style very long. A.

fdiformis, Wr. (1) (w. Au. 0?) leaves simple, terete, jointed, acute: nut winged.
Harper's Ferry.

phdlavdrium. Lk. (2) (W. Ju. H.) ramifications of the leaves divaricate. In water.

(Enoplia, Rhamnus.

8 — 1. CEnothe'ra. 88. Onag. emo.

1. Capsides elongated, sessile.

iiennis, (scabish, tree-primrose. O. y. J. $.) stem villose, scabrous: leaves lance-
ovate flat, toothed: flowers sub-spiked, sessile: stamens shorter than the corol.
3—5 f. -S. Mch.
muricata (W. y. Ju. ^.) stem purple, muricate: leaves lanceolate, flat: stamens of

the length of the corol. 1-2 f S. T. P. O. Mch.
parviflora, (y. Ju. $ .) stem smooth, sub-viUose: leaves lance-ovate, flat: stamens

longer than the corol. S. Y. T. H.
rrrandifiora, A. (W. y. Ju. $ .) stem glabrous, branching: leaves lance-ovate, gla-
brous: stamens declined. Flowers very large. A variety of CE. biennis? T.
2—3 f -S. P. F.
(dbicaulis N. ( W. w. Ju. 21.) stem simple, erect, white, glabrous, branching above:
leaves ' lance-linear, rarely sub-serrulate, sub-villose beneath: flowers axillary;
petals entire: capsules pritimatic. 3 f. ^

pallida, Lmd. ( y. ) root creeping: stem ascending, branching: leaves lance-

linear, acuminate, very entire, or toothed, glabrous: petals retuse, crenulate, ex-
ceeding the stamens: capsule cylindric, contorted. R.
leucocurpa, Couiein. ( y- ) stem branching: leaves rigid, serrulate; lower ones

lance-spatulale; upper ones lanceolate; younger ones somewhat silky: petals
slightly emarginate. apex crenulate, exceeding the tube of the calyx by one half;
almost twice as long as the stamens and pistils; capsules cylindric, becoming hoary-
silky. R.
viminm, Doug. ( ) stem erect, branching: leaves lanceolate, sub-enlire, glaucous,

glabrous: tube of the calyx equalling the divisions: petals entire, denticulate,
twice as long as the stamens and pistils: stigma purple: capsules cylindric, apex
attenuated, sulcate, pubescent. 2 — 3 f. North California. H.
lindlcyi, Doug. ( ) stem ascending diffusely branched: leaves lance-linear, very
entire, glabrous: tube of the calyx one third as long as the divisions: petals entire,

Obolaria. Gr. ohnlos, a small ancient Athenian coin, that bears a considerable re-
semblance to the rounded leaves of this plant.

Ocymum. Gr. ohus, quick, in allusion toils rapid growth: or from Gr. ozo, to smell,
on account of its powerful scent.

Oenanthe. Gr. oine, the vine, and anthos, flower, because it smells like the vine,
and flowers at the same time.

Oenothera. Gr. uiiios, wine, and thero, to seek, because the roots are said to excite
a desire for wine.
(1 ) caroliniensis, Ph. teretifolium M. (2) Phellandrium aquaticum. Ph.

CKNOTHERA. 331

denticulate, twice as long as the stamens and pistils: stigma yellow: capsules
cylindric, elongated and attenuated, finely pubescent. 1 — 2 f. North California.
R.

decumbms, Doug, (p.) stem ascending: leaves glaucous, very entire, pubescent; lower
ones broad-ovate; upper ones lance-ovate: petals emarginate, crenulate; stigma
purple, divisions retlexed: capsules obtuse, 4-angled, tapering from a thick base to
the apex, villose. North California. R.

purpureM, { p. ) becoming glaucous: leaves lanceolate, tapering to both ends, ob-
tusish: lube of the calyx short: petals broad-ovate, crenulate: stamens and pistil
exsert; stigmas thick, short, dark purple; anthers yellow: capsules ovate-3-sided;
sessile, hairy.

rovinnzoioii, ( p. ) somewhat silky-glaucous: stem decumbent below: leaves lance-
oblong, slightly mucronate, tapering into the petiole: tube of the calyx very short;
limb half as long as the corol; petals broad-obovate, crenulate, violet color: stamens
much shorter than the corol: anthers green: stigmas almost sessile, inclosed, dark
purple: capsule oblong, hairy, somewhat 4-sided.

heicrantha, N. (y. J. H) steniless: leaves lance-oblong, entire: petals obovate-sub-
rotund, retuse: stamei'.s 4 shorter than the olher 4: capsules smooth. R.

sinuala, W. (W. y. J. 0.) stem diffused, soft-pubescent: leaves oval-oblong, tooth-
sinuate: flowers axillary, villose; capsules prismatic. Vslt. minima, (1) stem low,
simple, 1- flowered: loaves entire. &'. P.

canadensis, Goldie. ( ) stem sub-glabrous: leaves narrow-lanceolate, sessile, spread-
toothed, obscurely ciliate at the margin: capsules oblong-clavate, acute-angled,
sessile. Canada.

2. Capsules tentricosc, angular; mostly pedicellate.

fntticosa,'W. (sundrops. W. y. Ju. 2i.) pubescent: stem branched from the base
leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate, acute: capsules pedicelled, oblong-clavate, ano-led
raceme naked below. Var. ambigua, is somewhat hairy: stem simple: leaves lance
olate or lance-ovale, acute, sub-denticulate: petals obcordate; width exceeding the

length: capsule sub-sessile, smooth, oblong. 4-winged: raceme naked below. 12

18 i. S. P. Y. C. T. D. Mch.

incnna, N. (y. ) stem slender, erect: leaves flat, hoary and tomentose, very entire,
oval-ovate, acute: raceme few-flowered, naked: capsules sub-sessile, oblong, 4-
sided. Probably a variety of the last. 6 — 8 i.

kijbrida, Mx. (y. Au. ) stem erect, villous: leaves pubescent on both sides, lanceo-
late, remotely toothed, undulate: capsules somewhat spiked, short-pedicelled, ovate-
4-angled. 1—3 f. S. P. M. Owego.

pumila, (y. Ju. 2{.) glabrous: stem ascending: leaves lanceolate, very entire, obtuse:
capsules sub-sessile, elliptic-obovate, angular. 8 — 12 i. S. T. B. C. N. Mch.

chrysantlia, Mx. (dwarf scabish. y. J. 2i-) stem slender, pubescent: leaves lanceolate,
obtusish, flat, entire: tube of the calyx but half as long as the divisions: capsule
clavate, acute-angled, mostly sessile. A variety of the last? 10 i. iS. T. C. F.

pusilla, Mx. (A.y. Ju. 2X.) sub-pubescent: stem small, sub-simple: leaves lance-ob-
long, obtusish, entire: flowers axillary at the top: capsules clavate, turbinate,
about equally 8-sided. 4—6 i. & P. C. Canada.

riparia, N. (y. ^.) smoothish: stem erect, virgate- branched: leaves lance-linear,
acute, distinctly sub-denticulate, flat: capsules spiked, pedicelled, obovate, 8-
grooved: valves with dorsal ridges. 2 f.

quadrivulnera, Doug. ( ) stem ascending, sub-ramose, weak: leaves lance-linear,

sub-denticulate, finely pubescent: petals entire, margin crenulate: capsules 4-
angled, apex attenuated, villose. 1 — 2 f. R.

hootldi, Dong. ( w.) stem ramose: leaves ovate, dentate, glabrous above, rough be-
neath; lower ones petioled; upper ones sessile: flowers secund, sub-spiked; petals
small, obovate, entire, equalling the stamens: style long-exsert: capsules cylindric,
sulcate, twisted. R.

pygmaea, Doug. ( ) stem ascending, ramose: lower leaves petioled, rhomboid;
upper ones sessile, lanceolate, all dentate, pubescent: capsules suh-secund, cviin-
dric, tapering to the apex, torulose. R. A.

(1) CE. minima, Ph.

332 (KNOTHFRA.

spiralis, H. ( ) stem sub-simple, decumbent, lioary: leaves lanceolate, obtuse,

very entire, strigose-pilose, hoary, attenuate below: spikes leafy: petals twice as
long as the stamens: capsules acutely 4-angled, acuminate, hoary, sub-spirally
twisted. A.

viridescens. H. ( ) dense hoary-tomentose: stem erect, simple: leaves ovate,

acute, sessile, coarsely tootlied: spikes leafy: petals twice as long as the stamens:
capsules acutely 4-angled, sub-hirsute, twisted. Petals, when dry, are dark green.
A.

contorla, Doug. ( ) glabrous: stem weak, branching: leaves linear, very entire:

flowers very small: capsules cylindric, contorted-curved, elongated, torulose. R.

tetragona. Roth. (VV. TX-) leaves oval, obtuse, entire: flowers somewhat level-topped:
capsules pedicelled, truncate, 4-valved.

Exotic.

longifoUa, (y. Au. ^.) leaves toothletted, lance-ovate: stem simple, very hairy:
petals not in contact at the base, and 2-lobed.

SoiUhern.

glauca, Mx. (O. y. 7S-) very glabrous: leaves broad-oval, repand-denticulate, smooth
glaucous: capsule ovale-4-angled, pedicelled.

linearis, Mx. (y. Ju. 21.) wholly pubescent, slender: leaves linear, entire: capsules
long-peduncled, loundish, 4-angled, villose.

caespilosa, Ph. (W. w. &. r. Ju. 21.) steniless: leaves lanceolate, gash-toothed: cap-
sules oblong, sessile: tube of the calyx very long: petals 2-lobed, distant.

pinnatijida, N. (1) (\V. w. J. ^.) minutely pubescent: stem decumbent: radical
leaves nearly entire; cauline oneS pinnatifid; segments linear, acute: capsules
prismatic, grooved. 6 — 24 i. -
frastri, Ph. Ju. 2i-) nearly glabrous: stem simple below, branching above: leaves
ovate, petioled, glandular-denticulate: racemes leafy: capsules pedicelled, obovate,
4-angled. K. M.

macrocurpa, Ph. (2) (W. y. Au. $.) nearly glabrous: stem branching: leaves lance-
olate, petioled, distantly glandular-denticulate, white-silky on the margin and
nerves; petals obcordate, with a point: capsules elliptic, 4-winged, very short
pedicelled.

triloba, N. (W. y. M. 0. «& If.) stemless: leaves interruptedly pinnatifid, toothed,
glabrous: petals 3 lobed at the apex: capsules 4-winged, large.

speciusa, N. (W. w. J. 2Z-) finely pubescent: leaves lance-oblong, toothed, sub-pin-
natifid: raceme naked, at first nodding: capsules obovate, angled: stem suffru-
ticose.

linifolia, N. (W. y. J. $ .) leaves entire; radical ones lanceolate; cauline ones linear,
crowded: raceme naked, terminal: capsule obovate, angled, pubescent: petals ob-
cordate, longer than the stamens: stigma 4-lobed.

serrulata, N. (VV. y. J.) leaves linear, somewhat spinose-serrate, acute: flowers axil-
lary: sepals keeled: stigma 4-lobed: capsules cylindric, erect: stem suffruticose.
D.

humifusn, N. ( w. ) stem prostrate, branching, villous: leaves lance-linear, sub-
dentate or entire, silky-villose: flowers axillary: calyx villose; tube a little longer
than the germ: capsule prismatic.

suaveolms, D. ( y. ) stem, calyx and capsule, sub-pilose: leaves lance-ovate, obso-
letely toothed: petals large, emarginate: capsules elongated, furrowed, nearly uni-
form in thickness. Cultivated.

lamarckiana, ( y. ) stem ramose; leaves entire, lance-ovate: petals entire, large;
capsules glabrous, short, somewhat 4-sided.

media, { y. 21.) stem erect, haiiy: leaves broad lance-linear, acute, toothed, soft
pubescent: tube of the calyx long, hairy: petals margined, yellow.

viscosa, R. ( ) stem brarjching, decumbent, terete, viscous, downy: leaves ses-

sile, lanceolate, nerved, tooth-sinuate: flowers axillary, sessile; petals obcordate;
stigma 4-lobed: capsule cylindric, channelled. Louisiana.

Oldenlandia, Hedvotis.
(1) albicaulis. Ph. (?) alata, N.

Or.EA, OPHIORHIZA. 333

2 — 1. O'i.EA. 34. Olea. f. ole. b. bit. ast. emo. lax.
Southern,
americana, W. (american olive, devil's wood. L. w. M. ^.) lanceolate, elliptic, entire:
racemes compressed: bracts all persistent, connate, small. Florida, S — C.

17 — 2. Omalan'thus. 55. Anth. r. aro. f. res. sto.

camphoratus, Lep. ( y- ) leaves cut-bipinnate, alternate: heads solitary or in
corymbs: involucre campanulate, with the leafets in few series: receptacle convex.
Resembles Tanacetum vulgare, but is much more robust. R. A.

21 — 1. Onocle'a. 5. Fill, sec-stim.

sensibills, (sensitive fern. W. J. 21.) barren frond pinnate; fertile one doubly-pinnate:
stem glabrous. The leafets slowly approach each other, on squeezing the stem in
the hand. 6'. B. C. O. V. Y. Mch.

ohtusiloba, Sh. barren frond pinnate; fertile one doubly-pinnate: stem scaly. P.

Onoclea, Struthiopteris.

17 — 1. Onopor'don. 54. Card. r. erne. 1. ton.

Exotic.

acanthium, (cotton thistle, p. J. $.) scales of the involucre spreading every way,

acuminate: leaves ovate-oblong, toothed-spinose, woolly. Naturalized. N. B.

5 — 1. Onosmo'dum. 43. Bora, ton — .

hispidum, Mx. (1) (false gromwell. y-vv. J. 21-) very hispid: leaves lance-oval, acute,
papillose-punctate: divisions of the corol subulate. 1 — 2 f. jS'. C. Y. T. D. O.
N. M. S— C. Mch.

molle, Mx. (2) (w. Ju. ![•) whitish-villose: leaves oblong-oval, somewhat 3-nerved:
divisions of the corol sub-oval. iS.

21 — 1. Ophioglos'sum. 5. Fili. sec-stim.

Tulgatum, (adder-tongue fern. W. M. 21.) frond ovate, simple, obtuse, closely reticu-
late: spikes about an inch long, cauline. 8 i. Y. P. C. F.

bulhosum, W. (3) (VV. M. Zf.) root bulbous: frond heart-ovate, obtuse: spike cauline.
6 i. S. Y.

Southern.

pusillum, N. ( ) spike cauline: frond cordate, acute. 1 i.

5—1. Ophiorhi'za. 46. Gent, bit-f. ton-f .
Soutliern.

mitreola, W. (4) (w. Ju. ^.) leaves ovate, sessile, with the margin scarious.

12—18 i. Charleston, S— C. La.
lanceolata, E. (5) (w. «fc p. Au. 0.) leaves long-lanceolate, finely serrulate, tapering

at the base. 18 i. Charleston, S — C.

Ophrys, Epipactis.

Olea. Gr. elaia, the olive, (from leios, smooth;) on account of the qualities of the oil.

Onialanthus. Gr. omalos, equal, anthos, flower; as the flowers prove.

Onoclea. Gr. onos, a kind of vessel, and kido, to shut up; alluding to the capsule.

Onopordon. Gr. onos, an ass, and perdo, same origin us the last syllable of puff-
ball, (Lycoperdon.)

Onosmodium. So named by Michaux, because it had some resemblance to Onosma,
(a kind of borage. )

Opiiioglossum. Gr. ophis, serpent, and glossa, tongue, from the shape of the spike.

Ophiorhiza. Gr. ophis, serpent, and riza, loot, because the root is used as a specific
against the bite of the viper in India.
(1) Lithospermum virginianum, L. Purshia hispida, SI. (2) Lithospermum

carolinianum, Lk. (3) crotalopharoides, Wr. (4) ovalifolia, M. (5) mitreola, M.

334 OPLOTHECA, OREAS.

15 — 5. Oplothe'ca. 30. Amar. cata. r. ton.
Southern.
Jloridana, N. (O. w. Ju. HI) stem erect, sparingly branched above, pubescent, with
tumid joints: leaves sessile, lance-linear, scabrous above, lanuginous beneath.
3—4 f.

18—1. Or'chis.* (1) 21. Orch. r. amy-bit.

1. Roots oval or palmate.

spectabilis, W. (2) (gay orchis. O. r. M. Zf.) lip obovate, undivided, crenate, retuse;

petals straight; lateral ones longest; spur clavale, shorter than the germ: bracts

longer than the flowers: stem leafless. Leaves radical, oval, glabrous. 3 — 6 i.

S. Mch.
Jlava, (y. Ju. It.) lip 3-cleft, entire; middle division larger, (ovate, entire, crenulate,

N.) spur filiform, of the length of the germ: spike compact: bracts longer than the

flower. 1— 2f. S. P.
vbsoleta, W. (3) {J. TJ.) lip lance-oblong, undivided: bracts short: germ pedicelled:

scape naked: spur obtuse, sub-inflated, as long as the germ; petals erect. P.

2. Roots fascicled.

virescens, W. (g. Ju. ![.) lip lanceolate, crenate; petals connivent: bracts longer than

the flowers: spur sub-inflated, obtuse. 12 — 18 i. P.
Jiyperborea, W. (g-y. Ju. 21-) lip lanceolate, as large as the spreading petals; spur

subulate, shorter than the germ: spike ovate: bracts as long as the flowers.
■ohtusata, Ph. (21.) lip linear, very entire, longer than the spur; spur as long as the

^erm: leaf solitary, radical, sub- wedge-form, obtuse.
rotundifolia, Ph. (Zf.) lip 3-clefl; middle division 2-cleft; spur shorter than the germ:

leaves roundish-oval. P. N.

Southern.

nivea, N. (w.) lip linear, oblong, entire; petals spreading; spur filiform, longer than

the germ: lower leaves linear, very long; upper ones subulate.
viridis, (A. g-w. Ju.) lip linear, 3-toothed at the ape.x; petals connivent; spur obtuse,

5uh-inflated: bracts much longer than the flowers. 3 i.
bidmtata, E. ( ) lip oval-oblong, 2-toothed at the base; petals ovate, spreading;

spur shorter than the thickened germ; leaves narrow-lanceolate: stem nearly naked.

12—18 i.

Orchis, Habenaria, Tipularia.

14 — 1. O'reas. 63. Cruc. asc. dia.

involucrata, Cham. (w. p. 21.) small: leaves radical, petioled, glabrous: bracts crowd-
ed under the pedicels, resembling an involucre: flowers in short racemes, bracted,
pedicelled. A.

Oplotheca. Gr. oplon, armor, and theca, sheath, referring to the armed covering of

the seeds.
Orchis. The Greek name of this plant.
Oreas. Gr. oros. oicos, of a mountain; on account of its habitation.

(1) Some of the species here described may belong to the genus Habenaria.
(2) humilis, Mx. (3) Salyrium, P.

* The havoc made in the Orchis family by forcibly dismembering it, requires this
notice. Many common species are taken from Orchis and placed under Habe-
naria— one under Tipularia, which was once the Limodorum unifolium. From
Neottia, the jmbesceiis is taken and put under Goodykra. From Epipactis, 3 species
are put under Listera. From Arethusa, 3 species are placed under Pogonia, and
one under Triphora. The hyemale, (putty root, adam and eve) was taken from
Cymbidium and placed under Corallorhiza, and lastly is placed under Aplectrum.
From Malaxis, I species is removed to Microstvlis. Students may look for Orchises
under Platan anthera, Cranichis, Bletia, Calypso, and PJpidendrdm.

ORIGANUM, ORTHOCARPUS. 335

13 — 1. Orig'anum. 42. Labi. aro. coo. e-ole.

vulgare, (wild marjoram, r. Ju. ![•) spikes round-panicled, heaped: bracts ovate,
longer than the calyx. 1—2 f. S. T. C. F.

Exotic.
marjorana, (sweet marjoram. ^.^ spikes roundish, ternate, compact, peduncled: leaves
pelioled, oval, obtuse, smoothish. 6 — 12 i.

6—1. Or'nithoga'lum. 16. Asph. stim. g-r. exp.

in-acteatum, T. & J. (W. p. 21- ) scape bracted, one-flowered, terete: petals lance-
oblong, obtusish: filaments linear: leaves filiform, channelled. 4 i.

Exotic.
umbellatum, (star of bethlehem. M. 2X.) flowers corymbed, peduncles larger than the
bracts: filaments subulate: leaves linear, entire, emarginate. Naturalized. 6 — 8 i.

Ornithogalum, Phalangium.
2—1. Or'nus. 34. Olea. b, bit-ast.
mnericana, Ph. (M. f^.) leafets broad-ovate, serrate; terminal one obcordate.
13—2. Oroban'che. 36. Orob. bit-ast. det.

unijlora, (1) (squaw-root, broom rape, cancer-root. O. p-w. J. 2X.) scapes in pairs,

naked, 1-flowered: corol-recurved. About 3 inches high, of a yellowish white

color. S. Mch.
amcricana, (p-y. Ju. 21-) stem simple, covered with imbricate lance-oval scales:

spikes terminal, glabrous: corol recurved: stamens exsert. Hardly a span high:

brownish yellow. «. P. W. Y. H. N. Canada. Mch.

Southern,
ludovidana, N. (W. p.) pulverulent-pubescent: stem low, simple: flowers and ovate
acute scales sub-imbricate: calyx 2-bracted: corol recurved: stamens inclosed,
smooth. 3 — 4 i.
fasciculdln, N. (W. p. Ju.) stem short, simple: peduncles numerous, naked, nearly
terminal about the length of the stem: scales i'ew, ovate, concave, pubescent.
4-5 i.

Orobancke, Epiphegus.

Orohus, Homalobus, Psoralea.
6 — 1. Oron'tium. 7. Aroi. g-r. acr-sti.

aqiMticum, (golden club. y. M. 21.) leaves lance-ovate: spike cylindric, on a scape.
12— 20i. ,S. P. Y. C. F. M.

13 — 2. OR'THOcAR'prs. 36. Rhin. nar — . ast.

Southeryi.

luteus, N. (W. y. Ju.) stem simple, terete, hirsute-pilose: leaves alternate, sessile.

Origanum. Gr. oron, a mountain, and ganos, joy, in allusion to its habitation and

agreeable fragrance.
Ornithogalum. Gr. ornis, (ornithos,) a bird, and ^aZa, milk; this is said to be the

plant called dove's dung, in 2d Kings, vi. 25.
Ornus. Lat. ornus, the mountain ash, perhaps of orns, to adorn; or Gr. oreinos,

from uros, a mountain.
Orobanclie. Gr. urobos, the vetch, and agchein, to strangle, because it was thought

to destroy whatever it grew on.
Orontium. Gr. ornnHon, said to be from the river Orontes in Asia Minor, where-

from came the original plant.
Orthocaipus. Gr. ortlios, straight, and karpos, fruit, by which it is distinguished

from Melampyrum.

(1) biflora, N.

336 ORTHOCARPUS, OXALIS. '

lance-linear, acute, entire; upper ones gradually larger: calyx, bracts and leaves
viscid-pubescent. 12 — 14 i.

3 — 2. Or'thopo'gon. 10. Gram, far-ton.
Southern.
hirtdlum, (1) (Au. Zf.) spike compound; spikelets appressed, alternate: glumes all
awned, outer awn very long. Procumbent.

6—2. Ory'za. 10. Gram. far. ton. s. lax — . nut.
Erotic,
satica, (rice. ^.) culm jointed: leaves clasping: panicle terminal.

3 — 2. Oryzop'sis. 10. Gram. far. ton.

asperifolia, Mx. (mountain rice. M. 2X0 culm nakedish: leaves rigid, erect, pungent
at the point: flowers in a racemose panicle. 18 i. C. M. T. N.

5 — 2. OsMORHizA. Umb. g-h. odo. sto. r. aro. sto. exp.

longistylis, Dc. (sweet cicily. O. J. 21.) leaves compound, hairy; leafets gash-toothed:

umbels axillary and terminal, about 5-rayed: style as long as the villose germ;

filiform, erect, deflected. 2 f. S. Uraspermum Claytoni of 7lh edition.
brevistylis, Dc. (W. J. If.) hirsute: leaves decompound; leafets gash-pinnatifid: styles

of the fruit pyramidal, approximate. T. B. C. O. F. Uraspermum hirsutum of

7th edition.

Osinprhiza, Uraspermum.

21 — 1. Osmun'da. .5. Fili. sec-stim.

cinnamomea, Mx. (flowering fern. O. y. J. 21.) barren frond doubly pinnatifid; seg-
ments oval, entire: fertile fronds with opposite racemes, woolly. 3 — 6 f. S. M.
Mch.

interrvpta, Mx. (O. g-y. J. 21.) barren leafets on the frond, with the fertile ones above
and below and sometimes among them. Damp. M. Mch.

regalis, Mx. (2) (O. r-y. J. 21.) frond bipinnate, terminal in several racemes, very
branching, without hairs. Wet. M. Mch.

claytoniana, W. (Zf.) fronds pinnate, bearing fruit at the summit, pinnate-pinnatifid,
having small dense masses of fulvous down at their origin. 20 — 30 i. Found in
Cambridge, N. Y., by Dr. M. Stevenson. Stillwater, N. Y., Dr. Fitch.

19—12. Os'trya. 99. Betu. ton.

virginica, A. (3) (iron-wood, hop hornbeam, lever wood. O. g. M. fp.) leaves ovate-
oblong, sub-cordate, acuminate, unequally serrate: strobiles oblong-ovate, pendu-
lous; (erect, Ph.) buds acute. 20— 40f. -S. Mch.

10—5. Ox'alis. 73. Oxal. asc-f . ref. feb.

acetosella, (wood-sorrel, m'. r. M. 21.) stemless: scape 1-flowered, longer than the
leaves: leaves ternate, broad obcordate, with rounded lobes: styles as long as the
inner stamens: root dentate. T. Y. C. O. N. Mch.

Orthopogon. Gr. orthos, straight, ?LnApdgdn, beard, referring to the straight beards

of the flowers.
Oryza. Gr. oruza, rice, from the Arabac eruz.

Oryzopis. Gr. oruza, rice, and opsis, lesemblance. The plant resembles rice.
Osmorhiza. Gr. osme, perfume, riza, root.

Osmunda. A word of northern origin, relating to medical powers.
Ostrya. Gr. ostrus, or osirua, said to be from ostreon, a shell, from the resemblance

found in its capsules.
Oxalis. Gr. oxiis, sour, referring to its acid leaves.

(I) Panicum, L. (2) spectabilis, W. (3) Carpinus, Lk.

OXALIS, OXYTROPIS. 337

violacea, (violet wood-sorrel. W. p. 3. It..) stemless: scape uttibelliferous: pedicels
sub-pubescent; flowers nodding; leaves ternate, obcordale, glabrous; divisions of
the calyx callous at the apex: styles shorter than tlie outer stamens. Damp. S.
T. Y. C. P. F. M. N.

stricia, (1) (yellow wood-sorrel. O. y. J. ^.) hirsute: stem erect, branching: pedun-
cles unibelliterous: leaves ternate, obcordate: petals obovate: s-yles of the length of
the inner stamens. 6 — 12 i. S. R.

corniculula, (2) (lady's wood-sorrel. W. y. M. s^.) pubescent: st^m branching, dif-
fused, or procumbent: umbels as long as the petioles: leaves ternate, obcordate:
petals wedge-iorm. erose at the apex: styles of the length of the inner stamens.
S. P. D. Y. F. II. Florida.

iriUiifolui, Hk. (VV.) stemless: peduncles umbelliferous, eqiiallingthe petiole: leaves
ternate; leafets obcorduie, glabrous: styles of the length of the inner stamens. R.

oregana, N. (w-p. y. H-) rhizoma creepmg, thick and scaly: leafets very broadly
obcordate, ciliate: scapes 1-tlovveied, sliorter than the leaves, 2bracteolate above
the middle: petals obloiig-obovate, emarginate: stamens and styles shorter than, or
scarcely exceeding, the sepals. Oregon.

Oxybaphus, Allioxia.

8 — 1. OxYcoc'cus. 51. Vacc. ton. ref. diu. f. gel. feb.

macrocarpus, P. (3) (craneberry. O. r. J. >:.) creeping: stem ascending: leaves oblong,
flattish, obtuse, becoming vvliite beneath: pedicels elongated: divisions of the corol
lance-linear. Wet. iS'. M. Mch.

vuls^aris, Ph. (4) (low craneberry. r. J. Tp .) creeping: leaves oval, entire; margin
revolnte, sub-acute, becoming wliite beneath: peduncles elongated, divisions of ihi
corol oval. Wet, Probably a variety of the hrst. T. C. D. F. M.

Soulheni,
erythrocarpvs, Mx. (5) (A. J. ^.) erect: leaves oval, acuminate, serrulate: ciliate:
pedicels axillary: corol long, at length revolule.

Oxycoccus, Gaultheria.
3 — 2. Oxyde'kia. 10. Gram. far. ton.
Sontliern.
attenuata, N. (6) (W. An. ^.) panicle simple: spikes very long, numerous, atten-
uated, somewiiat sub-divided near the base: spikelels about 3- flowered: leaves iiat,
subulate at the point, and with the sheaths scattered with glandulous hairs.
2—3 f. K.

6—2. Oxy'ria. 28, Poly. ton. lax.

reniformis, Br. (7) (A. J. ![■) outer sepals oblong, half the length of the inner ob-
ovate valves: radical leaves reniform, long-petioled: stamens 2: styles 2. 2 — 3 i.

16 — 10. Ox'ytro'pis. 93. Leg. r. emo. sug.

vralensis, Do. (r-w.) stemless: villose or silky: leafets lance-oblong: scapes longer
than the leaves, scape and calyx hirsute-woolly, little heads maiiy-iloweied, ovale;
fiuwers spreading: lower brads longer than the calyx. R. A.

arctica, iir. ( r-w. ) scarcely slemless, silky: stipules petioled: leafets opposite and
alternate, oval-oblong: little heads sub-umbelled, few-flowered: legumes erect,
ob.oiig, acuminate: calyx and leg mie with black pubescence. R. A.

campealrm, Hk. ( VV y.) stemless: leafets many paired, lanceolate, silky: scape often
decumbent, sub-equal to the leaves: spikes capitate or elongated: bracts a Utile
shoiter than the calyx: flowers erect: legumes erect, ovate, inflated, pubescent. R.

Oxycoccus. Gr. OXMS, sour, and Zio/t/cMs, berry, on account of its acidity.
Oxydenia. Gr. oaus, sour, and aden, gland, from an acid which comes from the

glandulose pubescence.
Oxyria. From Gr. oxus, acid, in allusion to the qualities of its leaves.
Oxylropis. From Gr. oxus, pointed, and tropis, a keel.

(1) diUenii reourved. (2) lyoni, furcata. (3) Vacciniufn macrocarpon, A. Var.
obiongifolius, Mx. (4) palustris, 2d ed. P. Vaccinium oxycoccus, Mx. (5)erec-
tuB, Ph. Vaccinium, Mx-. (6) Eleusine mucronata, Mx? (7) Kumex digynus. L.

43

338 OXYTROPIS, PACHYPODIUM.

splendens, Hk. (W.) stemless: leafets 3 or 4, whorled, lanceolate, very acute, eilk-
hairy: scape longer than the leaves; scape and petioles with spreading hairs: spikes
elongated: flowers longer than the bracts. Red River. R.

lamberti, Ph. (VV. p. Ju. 2i.) stemless, silky-pilose: leafets numerous, lance-oblong,
acute at each end: scape about equal to the leaves: spikes oblong-capitate: bracts
lance-linear, about equal lo the calyx. R. Red Rivei.

lagopus, N. (b. Z{.) low, somewhat stemless, silk- woolly: leafets oblong-elliptic,
somewhat 4-paired: little head sub-umbelled: calyx canescent, dense-woolly, longer
than the ovate bracts: germs glabrous. R.

horeatis, Dc. ( ) somewhat stemless: hairs of the scape and stipules setose,

spreading, those of the petioles few: leafets lance-oval, glabrous below, hairy above:
scapes of the length of the leaves: flowers in heads: bracts of the length of the
darkly very hispid calyx. A.

foUolosa, ill-) stemless: hoary villose: leaves numerous; leafets approximate, ovate
or oblong-ovate, sub-acute: scapes pilose, longer than the leaves: little heads broad-
ovate (small:) flowers crowded, spreading, lower ones reflexed: bracts lance-linear,
shorter than the dark hirsute calyx: legumes remotish, deflexed, cylindrical, acute,
dark hirsute. R. A.

nigrescens, Dc. ( ) subacaulis, many-edged: leafets (7 — 11) oval, acutish. villose:
stipules and calyx dark-villose: peduncles 2-flowered, of the length of the leaves:
legumes oblong, inflated, pubescent, 1-celled. A

sericea, N. ( ) stemless, somewhat cespitose, shining and whitish, with appressed

silky hairs: leafets linear-oblong or lanceolate: scapes longer than the leaves:
spikes short, elongated in fruit: bracts lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the
calyx: teeth of the calyx short and subulate: legumes somewhat cylindrical, acu-
minate, 2-celled, canescently pubescent. Rocky Mts.

platteiisis, N. ( ) stemless, and somewhat cespitose, canescently villous: leafets

oblong-elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, more or less acute: scape longer than the
leaves: flowers in interrupted spikes: bracts subulate, shorter than the calyx: teeth
of the calyx nearly half the length of the tube; wings dilated and emarginate.
Plains of the Platte.

hookeriana, N. (M. J. p.) stemless, somewhat cespitose, pilose: leafets linear-lance-
olate, acute at each end: scapes longer than the leaves: flowers in somewhat inter
rupted spikes: bracts foliaceous, lanceolate-linear, nearly the length of the calyx:
teeth of the calyx subulate, nearly as long as the tube: wings dilated and emargi-
nate. Plains of the Platte.

nana, N. ( p. ) stemless, cespitose, dwarf, canescently pilose: leafets about three
pairs, elliptical-oblong, somewhat acute: scapes longer than the leaves: head few-
flowered: bracts ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the very woolly calyx: teeth of the
calyx short: wings dilated and emarginate. Plains of the Platte.

viscida, N. ( ) stemless, cespitose, hairy and viscid: leafets numerous, oblong-

lanceolate, somewhat acute: peduncles longer than the leaves: stipules pilose,
membranaceous, with a long acumination: spikes sub-cylindrical: bracts as long
as the calyx; teeth of the calyx subulate, about the length of the tube: legumes
short, terete, pubescent, acuminate. Rocky Mts.

multiceps, N. ( ) nearly stemless, cespitose, canescently silky: caudex divided above
into numerous heads: leafets 3 — 4 pairs, elliptical-lanceolate: stipules adnate to the
petiole, ovate, acute, membranaceous: scapes longer than the leaves, 2 — 3-flower-
ed: bracts ovate: legumes ovate, acuminate, wholly included in the inflated calyx,
half-2-celled. Rocky Mts.

dejkxa, Dc. ( p-w. )stem ascending, somewhat hairy: leafets ovate-lanceolate, pubes-
cent: peduncles much longer than the leaves: legumes pendulous, hairy, 1-celled,
opening widely at the summit. Rocky Mts.

Oxyiropis, Astraqalus.

P.
14—2. Pachypo'dium. 63. Cruc. asc. dia.

laciniatum, N. (w. ^.) leaves all petioled, laciniate-pinnatifid: flowers pedicelled;
petals narrow-linear. R. Macropodium laciniatum, 7th edition.

Pifellypodium. Gr. paeh»3, thit'k, podos, {of po^s,) fbot.

PACHYPODIUM, PANCRATIUM. 839

integrifolium, N. (^. r.) leaves entire; radical ones petioled, oblong-elliptical; cau-
line lanceolate-oblong, sessile; uppermost nearly linear: stem fastigiately branched:
flowers almost corymbose, crowded; petals spatulate-obovate: pedicels twice as
long as the calyx: stipe short, but distinct: silique abruptly pointed. Rocky
Mountains.

sagitlatum, N. (r-vv. $.) leaves entire; the cauline ones lanceolate, sagittate, clasp-
ing: stipe almost wanting: petals obovate, the limb as long as the claw: silique
abruptly pointed, nearly erect: raceme elongated in fruit. Rocky Mts.

19 — 4. Pachysan'dra. 96. Euph. r. ast. deob. sto. jan.
Southern,
procumbens, Mx. (W. A. g-w. J. Zf-) stem procumbent: leaves short, oval, crenate-
toothed above: calyx minute-ciliate: capsule finely pubescent.

12 — 3. P.«;o'nia. 61. Ranu. ton. stom.

brownii, Dougl. (r-p. J. Ju.) carpels 5, oblong, very glabrous, erect: leaves smooth
on both sides, somewhat glaucous, biternate; leafets ternately divided or pinnatifid,
laciniate; laciniae oblong; those of the lower leaves obtuse. N. W. America.

Exotic.

officinalis, (peony, r. J. 2X-) leaves decompound; leafets lobed, lobes broad-lanceolate:
capsules downy.

Southern.

califomica, N. (March. A. r.) carpels 3, glabrous: leaves smooth on both sides, ter-
nate; leafets broadly cuneate, nearly twice 3-cleft; lacinia oblong-lanceolate, acute.
Upper California.

5 — 2. Pa'nax. 59. Aral. r. sia. ton. aro. cau.

trifolia, (dwarf ground-nut. W. w. If.) leaves in threes,, ternate, or quinate; leafets

serrate, lance-oblong, sub-sessile: root tuberous, roundish. Styles generally three.

Root round-tuberous, and very deeo in the earth in proportion to the size of the

plant. 6—9 i. .ST. B. P. C. D. F. O. N. T. V. K. Mch.
quinqvrfulia, (ginseng. W. A. w. M. 71) root fusiform: leaves ternate, quinate;

leafets oval, acuminate, petioled, serrate. Larger than the last. 1 — 2 f. S. T.

N. F. D. B. C. O. V. Mch.
horridum, S. ( ) fruticose, somewhat creeping, all over aculeate: leaves palmate

lobed, gash-serrate: umbels capitate, racemed: styles and seeds two. 10 — 12 f.

R. A.

6 — 1. Pancra'tidm. 17. Amar. r. eme-f-.
Southern.

mexicanum, W. (w. M. 21.) spathe about 2-flowered: leaves lance-oblong: 6 teeth of
the nectary slaminiferous; 6 intermediate, simple. 18 — 24 i. S — C.

maritimum, W. (1) (w. Ju. 21.) spathe many-flowered: leaves lance-linear: nectary
with 12 teeth, not slaminiferous. 12 — 18 i.

rotatum, Ker. (W. w. Ju. If.) spathe many-flowered: leaves lance-linear: nectary
salver-form, tubular below, with 6 stamen-bearing teeth; intermediate one gash-
toothed: stamens twice as long as the nectary.

Pachysandra. Gt. pachus, thick, clumsy, and aner, Candros, ) stamen; from their
size.

Paeonia. Said to be named from Pason; who, according to Mythology, cured Pluto
with it.

Panax. Gr. panax, or panakes, from pan, all, and akos, medicine, being supposed an
universal panacea by the Chinese.

Pancratium. Gr. pan, all, and Urates, to overcome; in allusion to its powerful medi-
cal effects.
(1) carolinianum, L.

340

3 — 2. Pan'icum. 10. Gram. fiir. ton.

crus-galU, (1) (barn grass. O. Au. 0.) racemes alternate and in pairs, compound:
racliis 5-angled: glumes terminating in hispid bristles: slieath glabrous. 2—4 f.
S. Mel).

Idspidum, M. (") (L. S. #.) panicle compound, nodding: racemes alternate: glumes
terminating in hispid bnslles: sheath liipid. 3 — 4 f. .S. Y. O.

clandcsti'ninn, (3) (VV. Au. 2_C.) culm with .<;hort axillary branches: leaves broad-
lancpolate, cordate at the base: sheaths hispid, enclosing the short panicles: abor-
tive floret neutral. 2- valved; upper vulve obtuse. 2 — 3 f. O. N. T.

pedvvctdatuin, '1. (Ju. 21.) culm dichotomous: leaves broad lanceolate, sub-pilose
ab'jve, utlcmiate: sheaths hispid and papillose: [)anipi.e long, p^dnncled. compound,
smooth: spikelets ovaie, smooth; abortive floret 2-Vitlved: upper valve hall' tiie
length of the lower one. 3 — 4. f.

tatifoliiim, (\^. Ju. 21.) culm generally simple, bt-arded at the joints: leaves lance-
oblong, smooth, or with the sheaths somewhat pubescent: panicle terminal, a little
exsert, simple, pubescent; spikelets oblong-ovate: abortive floret anthenferous, 2
valved: upper valve sub-herbaceous, nearly as long as tlie lower, acute. 1 f. S.
B. P. C. C. N.

scopaiium, Lk. (Zf-) softly villose: leaves lanceolate: panicle erect, compound setace-
ous, much branched: si^ikelets turgid, ovate, pubescent. 2 f. S. P. Y.

nervosum, M. (Ju. 2^.) culm simple: nodes smooth: leaves broad-lanceolate, smooth,
sub-ciliate on the margin: panicle much branched, smooth, many-flowered; spike-
lets oblong: abortive floret antiieriferoiis, witli the upper valve sub-herbaceous,
shorter than the lower one. 3—4 f. .S'. Y. B. P. N. Alch. T.

macrocarpun, T. (21- ) culm erect, simple: leaves lance-linear, erect, a little hairy
beneath: joints naked: sheaths hispid: panicle lather compound, smooth: spikelets
ovate-globose: abortive floret neutral. 3 f. Y'. N.

puhar'rctis, Lk. (J. 2iO erect, muck branched, leafy, soft pubescent: leaves lanceolate,
ciliate: panicle small, few-flowered, free; spikelets sub-globose-obovate, pubescent.
18 i. K P. Y. O.

involuluin., T. (21.) culm cespitose, simple, or a little branched at the base: leaves
erect, somewhat rigid, very narrow, at length involute: panicle simple, lew-flower-
ed; florets acuminate: upper valve of the neutral floret very small. 1 f. i\'.

depaiipcrattim., M. (J. 7S-) culm cespitose, hairy at tiie joints: leaves lance-linear,
smooth or hairy: sheaths pubescent: panicle few-flowered; branches in pairs; one
of tiiem 2-llowered, t!ie other ! -flowered. 1 f P. V. N.

dichutumum, (W. Au. 2i-) culm much branched, dichotomous above: branches fas-
cicled: leaves numerous, smootii, lanceolate: panicle simple, capillary, lax: abor-
tive floret neutral; upper valve minute, 2-cleft. Var. curcalum, culm very tall,
rather rigid: branches few, somewhat curved. Va.r. fast iodalma, culm low, erect,
or decuuil^.^nt: branches and leaves dense-fascicled: panicles very small, concea'ed
among the leaves. Var. (^rnii/e. culm tall, slender, leaves membranaceous. 8 —
16 i. S. P. Y. B. C;. O. H. N. Mch.

nitidum, L'-<. (panic grass. VV. Ju. If.) culm slender, simple, lerecf, smooth: sheath
bearded at the throat: leaves few, remote, broad-linear: panicle cai'illary, rather
crowded, compound, smooth: spi 'elets minute, obtu.se, ovale, siib-pubesceiit: lower
glume very small. Var. tilintuin, culm hairy, leaves lance-linear, (lower ones
broader) s[)aringly hirsute, ciliate on the margin: panicle with the branches and
flowers pubescent. Var. ramtdosum, culm more branched: panicle contracted;
branches smooth. Var. graci/e, cului very slender, smooth, leaves very narrow,
smooth: sheaths smooth: panicle sub-simple, few-flowered, smooth: upper valve
of the abortive floret minute, entire? V a.r. pi/.osuin, culm simple, very hairy: lower
leaves appro.ximate and broad-lanceolate: up[)er ones linear, rather rigid, sub-pilose
above, ciliate at the base: sheaths villose, minutely papillose: panicle sub-contrac-
ted; branciies virgate. w'ith the flowers pubescent. \ ai. gluOnim, (A) smooth all
over except the base of the leaves, nearly simple: lower leaves short, appro.xi-
mate, sub-cartilaginous- panicle branched, almost verticillaite; spikelets large:
upper valve of the abortive floret entire. Var. barbatum. (5) culm simple, smooth;

Panicum. Lat, pnnicum, from paniculus, in allusion to the great number of panicles;

or from Lat. pnnis, bread.

(1) Echinochloa crus-galli, Rs. (2) waiter), Ph. crusgalli, V. hispidum, E.
(3) latifolium. Var. clande^tinum, Ph. (4) nitidum, Sz. (5) discolor, M.

PANICUM. 341

nodes hairy: leaves lance-linear: sheaths smooth, except on the margin: panicle
sub-simple, smooth.: (lowers minute, pubescent. 1 — 2 f. P. Y. T. B. C. O. H.
M. N. Mch.

agrostoiilcs, i\l. (1) (W. Au. 2i-) culm compressod, smooth, erect: leaves very long:
panicles lateral and terminal, pyramidal, spreading; brandies racemiforous: spike-
lets appress-d: valves of the abortive floret neutral, valves nearly equal. 2 — 3 f.
P. Y. M. N. K. Y.

viriftitiiiii, (W. Au. 2i-) all over very smooth: panicle diffuse, very large: flowers
acuminate: abortive floret nearly equal. 3—4 f. '.S'. B. O. C N Mch. T.

ancf.jis, .M.x. (2) (Au. 2i-) culm compressed; sheaths ancipitous, pilose: panicle
with nearly simph' brunches: spikelets sub-racemose, much acuminate: abortive
floret neutral; upper valve 2-cleiL 3 f. <S'. P.

rectum, R, & S. (3) (Ju ) panicle solitary, shorter than the terminal leaf: branches
simple, flexuous: spikelets alternate, peduncled, obovate, turbid: glumes stiiate,
acute: leaves linear, straight, tapi^ring to a sharp point, striate and scabrous above,
haiiy beneath: sheaths with very long hairs. P. M.

verruru'siim, M. (4) (Au. 2Z-)culm slender, decumbeniand geniculate, branched be-
low, smooth: leaves smootli: panicle veiy spreading, few-flowered; flowers verru-
cose; abortive floret 1-valved. 18 i. i*!?. Y.

protifeium, Lk. (5) (W. S. 0-) culm assnrgent, geniculate at the base, very smooth:
panicles terminal, and axillary, smooth: spikelets racemose: abortive floret 1-
valved. 2—4 f. & P. Y. C. K.

cdpiUa're, (W. S. ^.) culm nearly simple: sheaths very hairy: panicle large, capil-
lary, expanding, loose: spikelets long-peduncled, acuminate, smooth; abortive
tioret 1-valved. Var. sijlvtiticum, culm branched at the base, very slender: leaves
linear. 1-2 f. S. T. N. Mch.

longifoliuvi, T. (S. H-) very smoolh: culm compressed, erect, simple, slender: leaves
very long, narrow: panicle simple, elongated, racemose: spikelets acuminate: abor-
tive floret neuter, 2-valved. 2 f.

nodiflnruin, Lk. (Ju. ) panicles very small, lateral and terminal: glumes ovate, pubes-
cent: IpavPs narrow, short, bearded at the throat. B.

ciliutum, E. (J. 21- ) stem decumbent: panicle few-flowered, expanding: leaves short,
lanceolate, and with the sliealhs glabrous and finely ciliate. 8 — 15 i. iS. P.

paucifinrvm, E. (J. Zf.) panicle expanding, few-flowered: flowers very large: leaves
narrow-lanceolate, ciliute at the base: sheaths hairy. 12 — 18 i. 8. P.

Southern.

fus'co-ru'hcns, Lk. (Au.) racemes linear, virgate: glumes clavate, colored, hairy
under the divisions of the panicle.

striiiliiiii, Lk. ( ) panicle oblong: glumes large, glabrous, green, handsomely
striate.

diffusuifi, Sw. (Ju.) panicle simple, capillary, expanding: florets remote, acute: stem
simple: leaves long-linear, vviih the throat and sheaths villose.

gibhuiii, E. (Ju. ^!^'l) racemes many-flowered" appressed, resembling a columnar
spike: glumes strongly nerved, the exterior gibbous at the base: flowers caducous.

muUc, Mx. (Au. 7S-) spikes panicled, alternate, expanding, one-sided; spikelets ap-
proximate, pedicelled, secund, awnless. 4—6 f.

gijin'norai'/wn, E. (Au. 2I-) spikes panicled; spikelets in 2 rows, few-flowered:
glumes sub-equal, expanding, much longer than the paleas. 2 — 4 f.

hiuus, E. (All. Q'l) stem glabrous, slender, decumbent: panicle racemose: valves of
the neutral jloret long, concave, gaping. 10 — 15 i.

amurum, E. (Oc. -^!) very glabrous: leaves thick, glaucous: panicle appressed:
glumes acuminate. 2 — 3 f.

scuhi'iuscuLum, E. ( ) stem erect, large, and with the under surface of the leaves
scabrous: panicle large, pyramidal, expanding: flowers ovate, acute, glabrous.
2—3 f

mullifinum, E. (J. Zf-) stem erect, simple, glabrous: leaves broad-lanceolate, hairy
at the base: panicle very branching, spreading: flowers .small pubescent. 24 — 30 i.

ovale, E. ( ) pubescent: panicle diffused: flowers oblong, oval, hairy: leaves lance-

ovate, sub-cordate. 1 — 2 f.

^(1) elongatum, Ph. (2) rostratum, M. (3) strictum, Ph. t^) debile, E.

(5) dichotomiflorum, Mx. geniculatum, M.

342 PANICUM, PARNASSIA.

lanuginosum, E. ( 2^.) pubescent: panicle diffused, somewhat capillary: flowera
oval, small: leaves narrow lanceolate: sheaths villous at the throat. 1 — 2 f.

viscidum, E. (J. 21-) very downy, hoary, glutinous: stem beneath each joint marked
with a smooth ringf. 2—4 f.

villosum, E. (M. Zf.) villose: stem erect, somewhat branched: panicle few-flowered:
flowers obovatp: leaves erect, flat, rigid. 1 — 2 f

sphierocnrpum, E. (Ap. 21.) leaves lance-linear, very acute, base and sheath ciliate:
panicle spreading; flowers small, roundish, pubescent. 12 — 18 i.

ensifuLium, Bald. (M. 21- ) small, glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, very acute, spreading:
panicle small, few-flowered: flowers sub-ovate, pubescent. 12 — 18 i.

larbulatum, Mx. (J. 71.) panicle compound, spreading: leaves lance-ovate, sub-
acuminate, sub-divaricate: joints of the stem bearded.

melicarium, Mx. ( ) stem weak: leaves narrow: panicle contracted: glumes mem-

branaceous, lanceolate, nearly equal: rudiments of a floret on a short footstalk.

angustifolium, E. (M.?) panicle few-flowered, spreading: leaves scattered, lance-
linear, glabrous beneath, sparingly ciliate. 1 — 3 f

divergens, E. (Au. ZT-) stem assurgent, fragile: panicle diffuse: flowers small, soli-
tary, very long peduncled. 1 f.

laxiflonun, Lk. (W. ^.) panicle spreading, lax, pilose: glumes scattered, obtuse,
pubescent.

microcarpum, M. ( ) panicle capillary, very branching, expanding: flowers oval,
minute, glabrous: leaves lance-linear, very glabrous.

Panimm., Pennisetum.
12 — 1. Papa'ver. 62. Papa. e. off. ana-opi. s. ole.

nudicaule, W. (yellow poppy, y. ^.) capsule hispid: scape 1-flowered, naked, hispid:
leaves sub-pinnate; leafets lanceolate; lower ones somewhat gashed. R. Labrador.

Exotic,
rheas, (wild poppy, r. J. #.) capsules glabrous, sub-globose: stem many-flowered,

pilose, with the hairs spreading: leaves gash-pinnatitid. Naturalized.
somniferum, (opium poppy. J. 0.) calyx and capsule glabrous: leaves clasping,

gashed, glaucous.
bracteata, Lmd. ( r. J.) capsules smooth: stem 1-flowered, rough: leaves scabrous,

pinnate-serrate: flowers subtended by leafy bracts. 3 f.
dubium, L. (0. r. ) caulescent: stem hispid with spreading hairs: leaves pinnately

parted; segments incised: peduncles clothed with appressed bristly hairs: capsules

hispid, obovate-oblong. Naturalized in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

' 19—4. Parieta'ria. 98. Urt. ast.

pennsylvanica, (pellitory. W. J. 0.) leaves lance-oblong, veiny, with opake punc-
tures: involucre 3-leaved, longer than the flower. 12 — 15 i. jS. N. D. Abun-
dant at Benaft Mt., near Hudson.

Southern.
Jloridana, N. (J.) leaves ovate, roundish, obtuse, opake, dotted: flowers clustered, as
long as the involucre: stem assurgent. 12 — 18 i.

5 — 4. Parnas'sia. 84. Saxi. ton.

americana, M. (1) (flowering plantain, parnassus grass, w. y. p. Ju. 21.) leaves
radical (often a leaf on the scape) heart orbicular, 5 to 9-nprved: nectaries five,
each divided into 3 filaments terminated by little spherical heads. Damp or wet.
6—18 i. S. T. W. V. Y. P. C. D. N. F. O. Mch.

Papaver. Lat. papaver, from Celtic papa, pap, because it was given to infants to

induce sleep.
Parietaria. Lat. paries (tis) a wall, in allusion to the place of its growth, which is

on old walls and ruins.
Parnassia. From the famous Mt. Parnassus, its place of growth.

(1) caroliniana? Mx.

PARNASSIA, PARTHENIUM. 343

palustris, (w-y. Ju.) scales numerous, slender bristles: leaves all cordate; cauline
ones sessile. Canada, Labrador.

parvifinra, Dc. (W.) very sh-nder, with slender bristly scales, about 5: radical leaves
ovate, tapering into the petiole; cauline ones lineur-ohlong, sessile. R.

kotzdmii, Hk. (VV.) scales three, slender bristles: radical and cauline leaves heart-
ovate: petals sotnevvhat 3- nerved, shorter tiian the calyx.

fimbriata, Hk. (W.) scales broad, vvedge-forni, fleshy, crenate in the middle, within
keeled, naked: radical leaves long-petioled, ear kidney-ibrni; cauline ones cordate,
sessile, inserted much above the middle: petals fringed at the base. R.

Southern.
asarifolia, Vent. (A. Au. 2X-) radical leaves reniform: petals clawed; nectaries
3-clefu

5—1. Parony'chia. 23. Ille. ast — .

jamesil, T. & G. ( ) minutely scabrous-pubescent, cespitose, much branched from the
base: leaves linear-subulate, obtuse: cymes dichotoinous, few-flowered, crowded,
with a central sub-sessile flower in eacii division: sepals minutely hairy at the base,
linear-oblong, obscurely 3-ribbed or even, with a very short cusp, arched at the
summit within: setae as long as the filaments. Rocky Mis. Oregon.

ramosissima, Dc. ( ) diffusely branched, prostrate; stems sub-frutescent at the

base, woolly: leaves subulate, pungent, crowded, at length reflexed: stipules iin
bricated, shorter than tlip leaves: flowers axillary, sessile: sepals hairy, the two in-
ner pungent: stigmas sub-sessile. California and Oregon.

Soulhcrn.

drummondii, T. & G. ( ) minutely pubescent: stem erect, branching above into nu-
merous cymes: leaves linear-oblong, siiort; the uppermost mncronate: calyx turbi-
nate at the base, with a ring of hooked hairs: sepals broadly scarious and dilated
above, the back produced into a short, somewhat recurved horn: sterile setae very
minute. Texas.

setacca, T. & G. ( ) nearly glabrous: stem erect, branching into the many times dicho-
tomous, diffuse cyme: leaves subulate-setaceous, erect: bracts similar, cuspidate:
sepals hairy at the base, minutely scarious on the margin, ihe back produced into a
slender, diverging awn: sterile setae as long as the filaments. Texa«.

herniarioides, N. (Ju. 71.) prostrate, clustered, all over pubescent: leaves oblong-
oval, ciliate, mncronate: divisions of the calyx subulate, spreading and setaceous
at the point. Q/ieria /lerniariiiides, 7th edition.

argyrocoma, N. (W. J. 21.) cespitose, procumbent: stem pubescent: leaves Linear,
very acute, sub-pilose: the little heads fascicled, terminal, silvery: calyx pilose,
with the tips bearded and long-acuminate. Qaeria argtjrocoma, 7th edition.

sessiliflora, N. (W. Ju.) cespitose, diffusely branched, leaves glabrous, very short,
linear, reflected, acute: stipules subulate, irregularly lacerate, nearly equal to the
leaves: flowers terminal, sessile: outer points of the calyx capillary, attenuated.
Queria sessiliflora, 7lh edition.

Paronychia, Queria.
14—2. Pakrya. 63. Leg. r. con. asc.

macrocarpa, Br. ( ) siliques broad-linear: anthers linear: leaves broad-lanceo-
late, gash-toothed. Var. aspera, pilose glandulous. Var. glabra, whole plant gla-
brous. A.

arctica, Br. ( ) siliques linear-oblong: anthers oval: leaves very entire: pedun-
cles very-glabrous. A. Melville Island.

Parrya, Hesperis.
17 — 4. Parthe'nium. 55. Ambr. 1. aro-bit. deo. stim.

integrifolium, (W. A. w. S. 21.) leaves oblong, unequally toothed, rough; upperones
clasping. 1—2 f. H. K. M.

Paronychia. Gr. para, near, nucha, by night. A Grecian salve for sore fingers.
Parrya. In honor of a celebrated voyager in the Arctic seas.
Pfitheniam. Gr. partkenos, a virgin; frotn its efficacy in some diseases.

344 PASPALUM, PASTINACA.

3—2. Pas'palum. 10. Gram. far. ton.

ciliatifolium, Mx. (1) (W. S. Zf.) onlm decuinbent: leaves hairy, ciliate: sheaths
hairy: spikes 1 — 2, rallier lax, indistinctly 3 rowed. 18 i. .S'. F. Y. H. M.

setacmrn, Ms. (2) (paspalon grass. 21.) culm erect: leaves and sheaths villous:
spikes sub-solitary : (lowers in 2 rows; 1 — 2 f. S. P. C. N.

laeve, Mx. (W. S. 2[.) erect, very smooth: leaves short: spikes numerous, (3 — 6)
alternate: flowers 2-rowed, smooth. 2 f. .S'. P. K.

stolonifeium, Bosc. ( Au. ) spikes in elongated racemes, somewhat whorled, spread-
ing: flowers serrulate-ciliate, transversely rugose: leaves short, sub-cordate: culm
procumbent at the base. 2 f. Y.

South

em.

debile, Mx. ( ) stem weak: leaves and stem hairy: spike generally one, slender:

flowers alternate. 1-rowed.
Jloridamim, Mx. (Au. ) stem erect: lower leaves very villose; upper ones scabrous,

pilose: sheaths very long: spikes few: flowers in 2-rows, glabrous, large. Var.

glabnim, up[>er leaves glabrous. 3 — 4 f. S — C.
pliciihiliim, Mx. ( ) glabrous: stem erect: leaves long, narrow: spikes numerous,

alternate, erect: flowers in Brows; the flat, valve transversely plaited near the

margins.
prnexox, Wr. (.Ju. ) stem erect: leaves lance-linear, glabrous: spikes numerous, al-
ternate: rachis narrow, hairy at the base: flowers in 3 rows.
purpurascens, E. (Au. ) stem erect ish: leaves long, purplish, hairy at the the

throat: spikes numerous, villose at the base: flowers in 4 rows.
disticlium, Wr. (Ju. ZX-) stem creeping, leaves short, sub-glaucous, shining: spikes

2; one sessile: glumes lanceolate.
vagiimhim, E. (Ju. ) very glabrous: stem creeping, branching: leaves linear: spikes

generally 2, terminal, sheathed»by a terminal leaf. 12 — 18 i.

15 — 5. E'assiflo'ua. 97. Pass. r. erne. pec.

bitea, (yellow passion flower. W. y. S. 2[.) leaves cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse, glabrous:

petioles glandless: peduncles axillary, in pairs: petals much narrower than the

calyx. P. M. Charleston, S— C.
incarnata,\W . (W.w. & p. Ju. Zf.) leaves 3-lobed, serrate; lobes oblong, acute; petioles

with two glands: involucre 3-leaved; leaves lanceolate, glandular-dentate: threads

of the crown longer than the corol. Florida. S — C.

Exotic,
carulea, (blue passion flower, b. Ju. >>.) leaves palmate, .'S-parted, entire; petioles

glandular: involucre 3-leaved, entire: threads of the crovvn shorter than the corol.
ala'ta, (winged passion flower. Oc. ]: .) leaves oblong-ovate, sub-cordate, entire,

veiny; petioles with 4 glands: stipules lance-faicale, sub-serrate: involucre 3-

leaved: stem 4-cornered, membranaceous.

Southern.

peltata, W. (^.) leaves peltate, deeply .3-lobed, glabrous; lobes lance-linear; petioles

with 2 gland^: peduncles solitary, axillary: petals 0.
tcarei, N. (Z£.) lower leaves 3-lobed, acute; upper ones undivided, ovate; petioles

with 2 glands: peduncles somewhat in pairs. 4 — 6 i.

5 — 2. Pastina'ca. 60. Umbe. h. <fe r. odo. arc. car. stim.

saliva, (parsnip, y. Au. $.) leaves simply pinnate; leafets glabrous. Var. arvensis,
leafets sub-pubescent. This variety is often found in situations which almost prove
it to be indigenous. Found native among the Rocky Mts. Mch.

Pastinaca, CEnanthe.

Paspalum. Gr. paspalos, millet, which this plant resembles in its seeds.
Pas«iflora. Altered by Linneus, from flos passionis, or passion flower.
Pastinaca. Lat. pastinum, a forked tool; which the roofs resemble.
(I) ciliatum, Ph. dasyphyllum, E. (2) pubescens, M.

I'ATRINIA, PEDICULARIS. 345

3 — 1. Patrin'ia. 56. Vale. r. ner-|-. sed-f-

ceratophylla, H. ( w. ) stem very glabrous: leaves all somewhat fleshy, pubescent,
petioled; radical ones lance-linear, entire or pinnate, or parted-bipinnate, lobes
divaricate; cauline leaves deeply pinnalifid; divisions linear: panicle elongated:
peduncles ternate-verticillate. R.

loiiu-ifolia , iMcNab.* ( w. ) stem very glabrous: leaves ciliate, lanceolate, entire
or remotely pinnatifid, somewhat parallel nerved: radical ones very longly atten-
uated below; cauline ones very few, narrow: panicle crowded (when immature. )
4 i. On the banks of the Maitland river, near Goderich, Upper Canada.

Pavia, iAesculhs.

17 — 2. Pec'tis. 55. Cory. r. exp. ton. sec-stim.

an^stifulivs,T. (A. y. ^.) stem branching at the base, diffuse: leaves narrow-
linear, mucronate, denticulate at the base; teeth terminating in hairs: flowers ter-
minal, solitary, short peduncled: involucre 8-leaved: chaff short, 5-toothed.
1—2 i.

13 — 2. Pedicula'ris. 36. Rhin. nar. ast.

canadensis, (louse-vcort. O. y-p. p-w. M. 21.) stem simple: leaves pinnatifid, gash-
toothed: heads leafy at the base, hirsute: corol with a setaceous, 2-toothed upper

lip; calyx obliquely truncate. 6 — 12 i. S. Mch.
pallida, P. (1) (y. Ju. 21.) stem branching, tall: leaves sub-opposite, lanceolate,

crenate, toothed: spikes leaHess, glabrous, upper lip of the corol obtuse: calyx 2-

cleft, roundish. 2—3 f S. T. C. Y. P. Niagara. Mch.
resupinata, W. (p. Ju. 2i.) stem simple, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, toothed, crenate:

calyx bifid-truncate: uppei lip of the corol acute. P. Canada.
hirsvta, (r. 21-) stem simple; leaves pinnate; leafets lanceolate, obtusely toothed:

calyx hirsute, 5-cleft: upper lip of the corol very obtuse.
euphrus'iindes, W. (y. ZX-) stem branching, pubescent: leaves pinnatifid, toothed:

calyx tubular, 2-parted, truncate: upper lip of the corol 2-toothed. Labrador.

6—8 i.
recud'ta, W. (W. p. Ju. If-) stem simple: leaves deeply pinnatifid; divisions lanceo-
late, pinnatifid-toothed: spike compact, leafy: calyx glabrous, 5-loothed: upper

lip of the corol very obtuse.
elata, W. (W. p. Ju. Zf.) stem simple: leaves deeply pinnatifid; divisions lance-linear,

cienate: spike lax, somewhat leafy: calyx glabrous, 5-toothed: upper lip of the

corol obtuse, truncate. 2 f.
lapponica, W. (y. Ju. 2i-) stem simple: leaves pinnatifid; divisions serrate: calyx 2-

clefl, oblong: upper lip of the corol uncinate, truncate. Labrador.
groenlandka, W. (W. p. Ju. Ti-) stem simple: leaves deeply pinnatifid; divisions

laiiceolate, acuminate, serrate: calyx glabrous, 5-toothed: corol closed; upper lip

uncinate-subulale.
verticella'la, Ph. (W. b. 21-) stem simple: cauline leaves deeply pinnatifid in fours;

divisions linear, acutely toothed: spike capitate, involucred: calyx villose, 5-cleft:

upper lip of the corol very obtuse. 2 i.
jlam'inea, W. (y. &. r. 21.) stem simple: leaves pinnate; leafets imbricate, ovate,

obtuse, doubly toothed: calyx 5-toothed: upper lip of the corol obtuse. Labrador.

3f

Patrinia. In honor of M. Patrin, a French botanist.

Pedis. From pecten, a comb, to which the teeth of the pappus or the fringed bases

of the leaves of P. ciiiaris may be compared.
Pediculaiis. Lat. pediculus, a louse, because it is said to destroy lice.

♦ A very intelligent Scotck botanist, who collected plants in our Lake country, in
1834.

(l)serotina, M. lanceolata, Mx.

44

346 PELARGONIUM, PENNISETUM.

15—7. Pelargo'nium. 73. Gera. aro. ton. asL

Exotic.

1. Nearly stemless: root tuberous.

triste, (mourning geranium.) umbel simple: leaves rougli-haired, pinnate; leafets bi-

pinnalifid; divisions oblong, acute. Flowers dark-green.
dauofulium, (carrot geranium. 2i-) scape very simple: leaves thrice pinnate, hirsute;

leafets lance-linear.

2. Leaves simple^ not angled.

odoratissimum, (sweet-scented geranium. >>.) peduncles sub-5-flowered: leaves round-
cordate, very soft.

3. Leaves simple, more or less angled or lohcd.

zonale, (horse-shoe geranium. T^.) umbels many-flowered: leaves heart-orbicular, ob.

soletely lobed, toothed, with a colored zone or band around near the margin.
in'quinans, (scarlet geranium. \ .) umbels many-flowered: leaves round-reniform,

hardly divided, crenate, viscid-downy.
acerifulium, (lemon or maple-leaf geranium. ^.) umbels about 5-flowered: leaves 5-

lobe-palmale, serrate; below wedge-form, undivided.
capitatum, (rose-scented geranium. ^.) flowers capitate: leaves cordate, lobed,

waved, soft: stem diffuse.
quercifolium, (oak-leaf geranium. \ .) umbels sub-many-flowered: leaves cordate,

pinnatifid, crenate; sinuses rounded: filaments ascending at the apex.
grave'olens, (sweet-rose geraniun>»- ^.) umbels many-flowered, sub-capitate: leaves

palmate-7-lobed; divisions oblong, obtuse; margins revolute.

3 — 2. Penn'ise'tum. (1) 10. Gram. far. ton.

viride, (Ju. 0.) spike cylindrical: involucre of 4 — 10 fasciculate bristles, scabrous
upwards: spikelets in pairs: perfect floret smooth: sheaths pubescent. Introduced?
18—24 i.

glaucum, (fox-tail panic. O. J. 0.) spike cylindrical: involucre of many fascicled
bristles, scabrous upwards: perfect floret transversely rugose. Var. pvrjjurascens,
sheaths hairy: glumes and bristles of the involucre hairv. Introduced? 2 f, S.
Mch.

verticillatum, (2) (W. Ju. 0.) spike somewhat whorled: bristles of the involucre 2,
scabrous backwards: spikelets solitary: paleas of the perfect floret smoothish.
Introduced? 18 i. V. Y. P.

italicvm, (3) (Ju. 0.) spike compound, interrupted at the base, nodding: spikelets
conglomerate: involucres much longer than the flowers: rachis tomenlose. Intro-
duced? 4 f. S. P. Y.

germanicum, W. (4) (bengal grass. Ju. 0.) spike compound, compact: spikelets
glomerate; rachis hirsute: bristles short. Introduced? 2 — 4 f.

Southern.

pungens, N. (5) (21?) spike terete, strict: involucre many-parted, 1-flowered; seg-
ments terete, subulate, rigid, scabrous, a little longer than the florets.

laevigatam, M. (6) (Ju. 21?) very smooth: stem compressed: spike columnar; spike-
lets 1-flowered: involucels lO-awned. 1 — 2 f.

corrugaium, E. (7) ( ) spike terete, compound, bristly; spikelets many-flowered,
(7_10): paleas transversely rugose. 2—3 f.

Pelargonium. Gr. pelargos. a stork, because the fruit resembles the bill of that bird.
Penniselum. Lat. penna, a feather, and seta, bristle, from the feathery appearance

of the biistly involucre.

(1) Panicum, L. Setaria, Ph. (2) Panicum alopecuroideum, Wr. (31 Scta-
ria, Ph. (4) Panicum, W. (5) Panicum cenchroides, E. (6) Panicum, M.
(7) Panicum, E.

PEXTHORUM, PENTSTEMON. 347

10 — 5. Pentho'rum. 83. Cras. muc. ooo. lax.

sedoides, (virginian orpine. O. g-y. Ju. ZT-) stem branching, angled: leaves lance-
olate, sub-sessile, unequally and densely serrate: spikes secund, terminal, panicled,
alternate and cymed: seeds pitted. 12 — 18 i. <S. Mch.

13 — 2. Pentste'mon. 37. Scro. cat. eme.

pvbescens, W. (1) (beard-tongue. O. w-p. J. Zf.) stem hairy: leaves serrulate, lance-
oblong, sessile: flowers panicled: the barren filament bearded from the apex to
below the middle. Var. latlfoLia, has broad smooth leaves. Var. angustifolia, has
narrow, hairy, obscurely denticulate leaves. 1 — 2 f. )S'. Mch.

lacitrata, VV. (2) (W, w-p. Ju. 2i-) stem glabrous: leaves smooth, oblong-ovate,
clasping at the base, slenderly toothed, lower ones entire: flowers panicled: barren
filaments bearded above. 2 f. -S. P. T. M.

fnitesccns, Lb. (W. p. h.) stem fruticose: branches angled, pubescent above: leaves
lanceolate, obsoletely denticulate, sessile, nearly glabrous: raceme terminal, sub-
corymbed: sterile filament bearded. 12 — 18 i.

alpinum, T. (W. b. ) very glabrous: corol somewhat bell-form; limb nearly equal,
5-lobed: leaves lance-oblong, crenulate-denticulate on the margin: divisions of the
calyx lanceolate, acute: antliers hirsute: sterile filament shorter than the two
longest stamens, bearded below the retuse apex. 6 i.

amhiguum, T. (VV. p.) stem fruticose, very branching: leaves linear, shining,
concave, nmcronate, scabrous on the margin: panicle simple: divisions of the calyx
ovate, acuminate: sterile filament glabrous. 8 — 10 i.

cristaium, N. (3) (W. p. 21.) stem low, pubescent: leaves oblong, acute, obsoletely
denticulate, sub-hirsute: pedicels axillary and terminal, 1 to 3-flowered, very short:
sterile filaments exseit, revolute at the apex, bearded: divisions of the calyx lance-
linear, acuminate, hirsute. G—S i.

grandifiorum, N. (4) (W.) very glabrous: leaves half-clasping, ovate-oblong, entire;
upper ones roundish: flowers solitary and axillary': sterile filament partly pubes-
cent at the summit: divisions of the calyx oblong, acute. D.

£rracile, N. (W. p. J ) stem smooth, slender: leaves smooth, linear, acute, half clasp-
ing, sharp-serrulate: sterile filament bearded longitudinally: divisions of the calyx
linear oblong. 12 — 24 i. 1).

campanulaliim, W. (p. Ju. If.) stem glabrous, barren filament bearded above; leaves
lanceolate, acuminate; all sharply serrate. R.

micrunthum. N. (p. Ju. 21-) smooth: leaves lance-linear, acute, somewhat clasping,
very entire: flowers small, glomerate, interruptedly spike-panicled: corol sub-
tubulous, bearded within: sterile filament minute, scarcely bearded: divisions of the
calyx lanceolate, acute. 12 — 14 i. R.

pumiluin, S. ( i- It-) finely pubescent; sub-cespitose: leaves lance-linear, acute,
entire: stem very short, few flowered: flowers largish, glabrous: sterile filament
bearded above: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate. 3 — 4 i. R.

Soutlterji.

coeiu'leum, N. (5) (W. b. 2X-) smooth: radical leaves linear, entire; cauline ones

lance-linear, entire; all sessile: sterile filament short, bearded above: divisions of

the calyx lanceolate, acute, glabrous.
erianUierii , N. (6) (W. p. J. Z{.) stem and leaves glabrous: leaves sessile, lance-ovate,

entire, sub-undulate at the margin: peduncles many-flowered, secund: divisions of

the calyx round-oval, acuminate: sterile filament slightly bearded under the retuse

point: anthers pubescent.
alliidvm, N. (W. w.) low: leaves lance-ovate, sub-serrulate, smooth, sessile: flowers

sub-fiiscicled, axillary and terminal: sterile filament slenderly and interruptedly

bearded: divisions of the calyx lance-linear, pubescent. 6 — 8 i.

Penthorum. Gr. penfe, five, and oros, a mark, in allusion to the 5-marked angles of

the capsules, more or less perfect.
Pentstemon. Gr. pcnte, five, and sterna, stamen, because this genus has a fifth

imperfect stamen.

(I) Chelone pentstemon, Mant. (2) Chelone, Miller. (3) erianthera, Ph.

(4) Bradburii, Ph. (5) angustifolia, Ph. (6) glabra. Ph.

348 PENTSTEMON, PETALOSTEMON.

disserJum., E. (p.) leaves opposite, sessile, compoundly divided; segments linear and

genprally obtuse: flowers panicled. 2 f.
nvtliillu, Bli. (W.) verj' glabrous: leaves coriaceous, lance-ovate, denticulate, half

clasping: flowers panicled: sepals ovale, acuminate: sterile filament bearded at the

aprx: anthers glabrous. 2 — 3 f.
hirsuta, W. ( w-p. ) stem and leaves hirsute.

Pentsfcmon, Chelone.

Peplys, Crypta.

5 — 2. Periplo'ca. 47. Ascl. dia. exp. ton.

grmca, (milk-vine. W, p. M. fp ,) flowers hirsute within; terminal, stigma with 10
crenatures. P.

Peritoma, Cleome.

16 — 5. Pe'taloste'mon. (1) 93. Leg. f. nut. g-f. asc.

candidum, W. (2) (W, w. Ju. 2i.) spike cylindric, peduncled: bracts longer than the
flower: calyx glabrous: leaves lanceolate, in 3 pairs. S. D. Red Kiver. Chi-
cago.

violaneum. W. (W. r-p. Au. 21.) spike cylindric, peduncled: bracts about equal to the
calyx: little bracts spatulate, caducous: calyx silky: leaves linear, in 2 pairs. D.
Red River. Chicago.

villusvm, N. (W. r. Au. 21-) villous: stem decumbent: spike large, cylindric, sub-
sessile: bracts shorter than the woolly, 5-tootlied calyx: leafets linear-oblong,
about 7-pairs.

macrosUichywn., T. (W. w. If.) *pike cylindric, compact, very long: bracts lanceo-
late, and with the calyx silky-villuse: lealets about in 3 pairs, lance-oblong,
glabrous. 2 f.

Southern.

carneum, Mx. (w. .In. 21.) spike cylindric, peduncled: bracts subulate, as long as the
glabrous calyx: leafets lanceolate. 2 — 3 f.

cunjmhosiim, Mx. (3) (w. S. 2J[.) peduncles in panicled corymbs: calyx plumose:
leafets linear, unawned. 2 f

muUiflnrum, N. (W. w. 2i.) stem erect; branchlets fastigiate, sub-coiymbed; little
heads short, oblong: calyx pulverulent, longer than the bracts: leafels (9) linear-
oblong, abbreviated. 1 f Red River.

gracUe, N. ( vj. H.) very glabrous, decumbent: spike cylindric, short: bracts acute,
of the length of the calyx, deciduous: calyx-teeth short, glabrous: leafets 3 paired,
linear-elliptic, Alabama, Florida.

decumhens, N. (W. p. J. 2i.) scarcely pubescent: stem decumbent, branching from the
base: spikes cylindric, thick: bracts acuminate, longer than the pubescent calyx:
leafets broadish, (7—9) cuneate-oblong, apiculate. Red River.

phleiiides, 'V. &, G. (^. w.) stem pubescent: leafets and petioles liairy; leafets 6-8 pairs,
linear-oblong, conspicuously dotted beneath: spikes cylindrical, on long peduncles:
bracts awiied, longer than the calyx, hairy: calyx glabrous, hairy on the margin,
naked with large glamis, cleft or obliquely truncated at the upper side; the teeth
very short, approximated to the lower side: petals lanceolate- linear; vexilluni
broadly cordate. Arkansas, Texas.

ohovnlvm, T. & G. ( ) very tomentose: stem erect or ascending: leafets 4 pairs,

obovate. obtuse, silky-lanuginous beneath: spike sub-sessile, ovate, very thick:
bracts ovate, acuminate, larger than the calyx, both densely villous: teeth of the
calyx subulate, as long as the tube: vexilluin ovate, sub-cordate. Texas.

eviargmaium, T. «& G. ( C?-) glabrous: leafets 7—8 pairs, cuneifirm, emarginate,
doited beneath: spikes cylindrical, on very long peduncles: bracts broadly obovate,

Periploca. Gr. peri, about, and ploke, a binding or twining; from the branches

twining about each other.
Petalostemon. Gt. petalon, a petal, and sterna, stamen; from the union of those two

organs in a tube.

(1) Dalea, W. (2) Dalea, Ju. (3) Kuhnistera, W. Kuhnistera, carolinen-
sis, Lk.

PETALO9TEM0N, PHACA. 349

acuminate, longer than the flowers: caljx very villous, deeply 5-clefl; segments
lanceolate: petals oblong, rather obtuse at the base; vexillum oblong, emarginate.
Texas.
griseum, T. &G. (w-r. ) grayish pubescent: stem nearly erect: leafets5-6 pairs, lanceo-
late-oblong and linear-oblong, acute, mucronate, thickly and conspicuously dotted
beneath: spikes cylindrical, on shortish peduncles: culyx densely silky-villous,
somewhat glandular, rather shorter than the bracts; the teeth semi-ovate, shorter
than the tube: petals ovate; vexillum cordate. Texas.

Pelalostcmon, Dalea.

5 — 2. Peuckd'anom. 60. Umb. g-r. odo. exp. r. aro.
Southern.
tcrnatim,'S. (sulpher wort. 2X.) leaves ternate, long-petioled; leafets entire, long-
linear, acute, alternated below: involucre nearly wanting; mvolucel very short,
5 — 6-ieaved: fruit oblong-oval. .3 f.
verticiUittuiii, Raf. ( ) leaves decompound, segments filiform; lower ones sub-

verticillate. Louisiana.

16— 10. Pha'ca. 93. Leg. f. nut. g-h. asc.

frigida, (W. y-w. ) erect, a little glabrous, somewhat branching: leafets in 4 or
5 pairs, oblong-ovate, hairy beneath and at the margin: stipules ovate-oblong,
ciliate, foliaceous, large: mouth of the calyx hairy: legumes sliped, oblong, inflated,
membranaceous. Rocky Mts. N. W. Lakes.

aboriuiiwrum, Hk. ( r-w. ) wh'ns pubescent: stem erect, sparingly ramose,

striate: leafets somewhat 5-paired, lance-oblong, obtusish: stipules ovate, acute,
lower ones connate, lirgish: legumes slender stiped, obliquely oval, acute, mem-
branaceous, glabrous. Rocky Mts.

glabnnscidii, Hk. ( ) glabrous, or sprinkled with minute scattered hairs: stem

erect, sub-simple, striate: leafets in .5 or 6 pairs, lance-linear, sub-acute: stipule
ovate, acute, lower ones connate, largish: legumes long stiped, lance-falcate, com-
pressed, membranaceous, glabrous. Rocky Alts, and valleys.

elegans, Hk. ( ) sub-glabrous: stem sub-ramose, erect or ascending, angled:

leafets 5 — 7-paired, oblong, obtuse, wedge-forni at the base, glabrous above and with
minute close-pressed hairs beneath: stipules ovate, acute, sub-connate at the base:
racemes long-peduncled. Rocky Mts.

paunflora, N. ( ) nearly glabrous: stem slender, even: leaves on long petioles;

leafets 8 — 10 pairs, lanceolate-linear, acute; the rachis grooved; stipules partly
united, acute: peduncles few-flowered, shorter than the leaves: legumes very small,
roundish-ovate, acuminate. Rocky Mts.

parcifolia, N. { p. ) small, canescent, somewhat cespitose: stem very short: leaves on
'ong petioles; leafets 5 — 8 pairs, lanceolate-linear, mostly acute; the rachis flattened
and slightly winged: peduncles slender, longer than the leaves: racemes short,
few-flowered: calyx short, pubescent with blackish hairs; the teeth acute, a little
shorter than the tube: legumes pubescent, sessile, terete and somewhat boat-
shaped, acute. Rocky Mts.

Usulcaia, Hk. ( p. ) minutely pubescent: stem stout, striate, ascending or erect:
leaves nearly sessile; leafets II — 13 pairs, elliptical, somewhat petiolulate, clothed
beneath with minute, appressed hairs; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, distinct:
racemes pedunculate, spicate, closely flowered, much elongated, the flowers nod-
ding: legumes linear, nearly cylindrical, slipitate, at length glabrous, nodding, with
a deep furrow on each side of the superior suture. Oregon.

lulifliira, Hk. ( ) canescently hairy: steins numerous from one root, very short,

diflfuse: leaves on rather long petioles; leafets 4 — 6 pairs, rather distant, oblong,
obtuse, sessile, at length almost glabrous above; stipules ovate, acuminate: raceme
capitate, 3 — 9-flo\vered, on peduncles shorter, or sotnetiaies longer than the leaves:
teeth of the calyx subulate, longer than the tube, and somewhat shorter than the
petals: legumes cancscent, sessile, semi-ovate, pointed. Oregon. Rocky Mts.

Peucedanum. Gr. peuke, fir, which its leaves resemble, and daiios, dry or burning,

from the acrid qualities of the root.
Pliaca. Gr. j)liakt, lentil, which it only resembles in being leguminous.

350 PHACA.

pygmaea, N. ( ) silvery canescent. nearly stemless: leaves on rather long petioles;
leafets 3—5 pairs, broadly oval or obovate, sessile: peduncles about the length of
the leaves, few-flowered: calyx tubular, clothed with appressed white and black
hairs intermixed, the teeth very short and acute: legumes puberulent, sessile, ovate-
oblong, terete, somewhat acute pointed: seeds rugosely punctate. 2 — 3 i. Rocky
Mountains.

muUisima, N. (M. y-w. p.) very woolly, cespitose, nearly stemless: caudex thick,
branching above: leaves peliolate; leafets 4 — 6 pairs, acute-oblong, obtuse or
acutish, sessile: stipules oblong, membranaceous, distinct: peduncles shorter than
the leaves, tevv-flowered: calyx tubular, the subulate teeth much shorter than the
tube: legumes extremely woolly, sessile, ovate, pointed, incurved. Rocky Mts.

simplici/uliii, N. (y-w. p.) c:ilyx ver}' densely cespituse, silvery-canescent, stemless,
caudex much branched above: leaves crowded in dense tufts, simple, linear or lance-
olate, usually involute, acute; scapes 1 — 2-flowered, scarcely exserted: calyx some-
what tubular; the teeth acute, sijor'ier than the tube: legumes glabrous, coriaceous,
sessile, somewhat triquetrous, pointed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Rocky Mt.

pedinata, Hk. ( w. ) canescenlly puberulent, or nearly glabrous: stems thick,
branching, ascending, striate: leaves sub-sessile, rigid; leafets 6 — 10 pairs, very
narrowly linear, rather acute, persistent; stipules triangular-acuminate, partly
united opposite the petioles: racemes about 1.3-Howered, longer than the leaves,
on thick peduncles: flowers large, at length recurved: legumes sessile, ovoid,
pointed, turgid, thick and cartilaginous, transversely rugose; the upper suture
much thickened. Rocky Mts.

coUina, Hk. (w. p. J. Ju.) erect or diffuse hairy: leafets 9 — 11 pairs, narrowly
linear, obtuse, attenuate at the base into a short partial petiole; stipules very small,
oblong, acuminate: peduncles twice the length of the leaves: racemes oblong,
dense, with the flowers retracte^: calyx tubular, densely hirsute: vexillum about
the length of the wings: legumes linear, pubescent, stipitate, deflexed. Blue Mts.

poducarpa, Hk. (J. Au. w.) canescent, nmcli branched, diffuse: stem and branches stri-
ate: leafets 6 — 9 pairs, broadly linear, obtuse; stipules ovate, acuminate, very small,
peduncles longer than tlie leaves: ricemes loose: legumes oblong, coriaceous, com-
pressed, hirsute with appressed hairs, acuminate, attenuate at liie base into a long
stipe: the sutures much thickened; the upper one straight; the lower arcuate.
Oregon. Rare.

eloiisriita, Hk. (y-w. p.) stem erect, angled, pubescent, slightly branched: leafets
8 — 10 pairs, oblong-cuneiform, retuse, canescent beneath: stipules very small, acu-
minate from a broad base; the lowers ones united: peduncles much longer than the
leaves: racemes elongated, loose: calyx silky: legumes sessile, coriaceous, cylin-
draceous curved, acute. Oregon.

Jlexuosa, Hk. ( p. ) stem decumbent, flexuous, sparing!}' branched: leafets 6 — 9
pairs, linear- oblong, obtuse, glabrous above, clothed willi appressed hairs beneath;
stipules very small, acuminate from a broad base; the lower ones united: peduncles
longer than the leaves: racemes elongated, loose: calyx somewhat silky: legumes
sessile, coriaceous, cylindraceous, straight, acute. Red River, 50° north.

parvijora, N. ( p. ) canescently pubescent, at length nearly glabrous: stem erect:
leafets 5-7 pairs, linear-oblong, obtuse, peliolulate; stipules oblong, obtuse, distinct;
the upper ones almost linear: peduncles much longer th:in the leaves: the spike
oblong: calyx hirsute with black hairs: wings about the length of the keel: legumes
on a short stipe, at first hirsute. Rocky Mts.

argnpliyUa, N. ( y-w. ) stemless. cespitose, densely silVy-villose and silvery:
leafets short, cuneate, oblong-lanceolale, rather obtuse; stipules scarious, bifid and
acute: flowers densely aggregated and sessile at the base of the leaves: teeth of
the calyx subulate, nearly as long as the tube: legumes short and roundish, densely
villose. Mountains far west.

sericca, N. (p.) dwarf depressed, densely and canescently silky villose: caudex
diffusely branched; flowering branches very short, thickly clothed with the imbri-
cated scarious lacerated and very liairy stipules: leaves small, on rather slender
petioles: leafets cuneate-ovul or ol)long-lancpolate: peduncles filiform, a little
longer than the leaves, 2 to 6 flowered: segments of the calyx subulate, about the
length of the tube: legumes small, acuminate, many-seeded, villose. High hills of
the Platte.

megacarpa, N. (y-w.) almost stemless, at length nearly glabrous: leaves on long
petioles; leafets 4 to 6 pairs, roundish, slightly petiolulate, rather distant and ofleii

PHACA. 351

somewhat alternate: racemes few-flowered, much shorter than the leaves: flowers
very large: calyx tubular, the lanoeolate-subulate teeth rather shorter than the
tube: legumes very large and much inflated, ovate, acuminate, glabrous, nearly
sessile. Rocky iVlts.

neglecta, T. &, G.*(J. Ju. w.) nearly glabrous: stem erect, branching: leafets 5 — 8 pairs,
elliptical, petiolulale, minutely pubcfult-nt willi ajipressed hairs beneath: stipules
triangular-ovate, minuie: peduncles about the length of the leaves: racemes oblong,
many-flowered, at length rather loose; the flowers reflexed: calyx tubular-campa-
nulate, pubescent with black hairs; the subulate teeth much shorter than the tube:
legume sessile, glabrous, coriaceo-membranaceous, globose-ovate, pointed, very
turgid, flattened on the upper side and deeply grooved by the introflexion of the
placental suture. Western part of New York and Wisconsin.

AStragaLina, Dc. (v. ) minutely hairy or somewhai glabrous; stem short, ascending:
leafets 8 to 10 pairs, oval, sligiitly petiolulate, minutely hirsute, with appressed
hairs beneath: stipules ovate, foliaceous, nearly free, the lower ones scarious:
pedimcles at length longer than the leaves: flowers in a somewhat capitate raceme,
spreading: the teeth of the calyx rather acute, almost as long as the tube: legumes
pendulous, elliptical, inilated, raised on a short stipe, minutely hirsute with
blackish hairs. Arctic America.

debilis, N. (w-p.) somewhat pubescent: stem slender, nearly simple, decumbent:
leaves on rather long petioles; leafets 8 to 11 pairs, cuneate-oblong, somewhat
truncate or emarginate at the apex, petiolulate, minutely hirsute with appressed
hairs beneath; stipules triangular-oblong, acuminate, slightly adnate to the base of
the petiole: peduncles longer than the leaves: flowers somewhat capitate: calyx
pubescent with grayish hairs: the subulate teeth about the length of the tube:
vexillum deeply emarginate. Rocky Mts.

Sojitherru

villosa, Mx. (1) (W. y. Ju. Zf.) nearly stemle-ss, very villose: leafets oval, glabrous:
peduncles as long as the leaves: legumes hoary, v-ery villose. assurgent, oblong.

iripliyUa, Ph. (2) (W. 2X-) stemless, assurgent: leaves ternate; leafets lanceolate,
sessile: scape none: legumes sessile, oblong. Leaves of silvery hue.

nuttalli.i, T. (Ap. y-vv. ) stem decumbent, low, sparingly branched, pubescent or
nearly glabrous: leaves on short petioles, canescenlly pubescent when young;
leafets approximated, 15 to 19 pairs, Imear-oblong, somewhat narrowed at the base,
obtuse, often emarginati^, villose-tomenlose, on the inidrib beneath; stipules mem-
branaceous, trianiruliir, acuminate: peduncles longer than the leaves: raceme
spicate: calyx nearly glabrous; the teeth subulate, about half the length of the tube:
legume large, inflated, at first pubescent, ventricosely carinate, acuminated with a
pointed style, sessile: flowers ochroleucous, the keel tipped with a pale purple spot.
California.

canesctns, N. ( ) tomentose-canescent: leafets 10 to 15 pairs, small, oval or
oblong, obtuse, scarcely petiolulate: stipules membranaceous, very small, trian-
gular, subulate: raceme many-flowered, rather loose, on jieduncles twice the length
of the leaves; flowers nodding: teeth of the calyx subulate, rather shorter than the
tube: vexiilum elongated: legumes large, inflated, obtuse, slightly puberulent, raised
on a slender stipe. California.

densifolia, Smith, (r.) stern decumbent, branching, glabrous: leafets 14 to 16 pairs,
oblong-oval, emarginate, villose-tomentose beneath: peduncles and calyx villose:
raceme compact, many-flowered: legume membranaceous, ovate, very large,
inflated, nearly glabrous, reticulated. California.

douglassii, T. & G. ( ) very slightly hairy: stem flexuous, angled and striate: leafets
10 to 13 pairs, narrowly elliptical or linear-oblong, obtuse, slightly petiolulate,
beneath minutely hairy: stipules very small, triangular: peduncles about as long as
the leaves: racemes few and loosely-flowered: calyx campanulale, the teeth acute
and shorter than the tube: legumes sessile, ovate, pointed, membranaceous, inflated,
the upper suture a little introflexed. California.

trichnpoiLn, N. (y-w. Ap. ) slightly pubescent: stem stout and erect, branching: leaves
sub-sessile; leafets 16 to 20 pairs approximated, linear-oblong, obtuse, slightly
petiolulate: stipules minute, triangular: racetnes oblong, spicate, many-flowered:
peduncles much longer than the leaves: calyx pubescent with blackish hairs, with

;i) Astragalus, Mx. (2) caespitosa, N. Astragalus, Ph.

352 PHACA, PHASEOLUS.

very short subulate teeth, at length withering: legumes elliptical-ovoid, obtuse at
each end, not flattened, glabrous, raised on a long filiform stipe. California.

5—1. Phace'lia. 43. Hydr. asp. ton—.

Upinnaiifida, Mx. (phacelia. W. b. M.) erect: leaves pinnatifid: divisions gash-lobed:
racemes mostly bifid, oblong, many-flowered: divisions of the corol entire. 1 f.
S. P. K.

Jimbriala, Mx. (W. b. M. 0.) ascending, hairy: leaves sessile, pinnatifid; divisions
lanceolate, acute, entire, hispid-pilose above, glabrous beneath: racemes solitary ;
pedicels elongated: divisions of the corol ciliate-fringed. I f. S. P. K.

parvifiora, P. (1) (b. JVl. gS.) diffused, pubescent: leaves sub-sessile, pinnatifid; divi-
sions oblong, entire: racemes solitary; pedicels short: divisions of the corol round,
entire. 6-8 i. P. M.

integrifolia, T. (W.) erect, pubescent: leaves petioled, ovate, crenate-serrate: racemes
numerous, dense-flowered.

Southern.

keterophjlla, Th. (W.h. J \i. $ .) erect, hispid: leaves petioled, pinnatifid; divisions
lanceolate, entire, nerved, terminal one elongated; floral leaves simple, lanceolate,
petioled: racemes 2-cleft, dense-flowered: divisions of the corol entire.

Phaclhusa, Siegesbf.ckia.

6 — 1. Phalan'gium. 16. Asph. exp. nar — .

esculen'tum, N. (2) (W. b. M. 2X. ) root bulbous: scape longer than the linear carinate
leaves: spike racemed: stigma nTinutely 3-cleft. J 2 — 18 i. <S'. K.

crocemn, Mx. (3) (y. 2X0 ^^°^ bulbous: scape much shorter than the grass-like leaves:
spike pyramidal: bracts short: seed sub-globose, smooth.

3 — 2. Phal'akis. 10. Gram. far. nut. for birds.

amrrirana, E. (4) (ribbon grass, wild canary grass. O. Ju. Zf.) panicle oblong, spiked:

glumes of the calyx boat-shaped, serrulate: paleas unequal; rudiments hairy. V'ar.

pictii, leaves variously striped. This variety is the ribbon grass of the gardens.

2—5 t. S. W. P. 'B. F. O. N. C. Mch.
canariensis, (canary grass. O. Ju. 0.) panicle sub-spiked, ovate: glumes boat-form,

entire at the apex; rudiments smooth. Introduced. 18 i. S. edi. for canary birds.

Phalaris, Aulaxanthus.

16 — 10. Phase'olcs. 93. Leg. r. nar. h. con. sed. ton. f. nut.
1. S. G. Phase'olus, /proper, (Eu'phase'olus.)

pcrennis,{W. r. p. Zf.) twjuing, hairy: leafets ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved:
racemes 1 to 3, axillary: panicles longer than the leaf: bracts small; legumes pen-
dulous, broad, falcate, mucronate. Illinois, Georgia. M.

sinvfiivs, N. (If.) nearly glabrous, prostrate: leafets reticulated, 2 to 3-lobed; the
lobes obtuse: peduncles longer than the leaves, mostly solitary, simple: legumes
pendulous. 4 — 6 f. Florida.

Phacelia. Gr. phakclos, bundle, in allusion to the fascicled spilces.
Phalangium. Gr. pltalagx, Tarantula, whose bite it was supposed to cure.
Phalaris. Gr. phalaris, of Dioscorides, from plialus, shining, from its shining seeds.
Phaseolus. Lat. phuselus, a little ship, from the resemblance of the seed vessel to

the keel of a ship.
Euphaseolus. Gr. eu, beautiful.

(1) Polemonium dubinum, W. (2) quamash, Ph. (3) Ornithogalum? E.

(4) arundinacen, Mx. Calamagrostis colorata, N.

PHASEOLUS. 353

Exotic.

ruZo'aris, (common pole-bean. b. W. Ju. Q.) twining, somewhat glabrous: leafets
ovate, acuminate: racemes peduncled, shorter tlian the leaves; peduncles in pairs:
legumes pendulous, long-mucronate: seed ovate, sub-compound. East Indies.
Cultivated; by which it often becomes a bush bean, with variegated seeds. Var.
nnsns^ (bush-bean, six-week's bean) stem erect, not twining or partly twining:
bracts large: legumes compressed.

multifloriis, (scarlet runner, r. w. Ju. 0.) twining, sub-glabrous: leafets ovate, acu-
minate: racemes peduncled, longer than the leaves: peduncles in pairs: bracts
close- pressed, a little shorter than the calyx: legumes sub-scabrous. From South
Anierica.

lunatus, (lima bean. g-w. Ju. 0.) twining: leaves ovate-acuminate: racemes shorter
than the leaves: peduncles in pairs: legumes scymitar-fbrm, subulate: seed com-
pressed, purplish white.

2. S. G. Stro'phosty'les. (1)

hdvolus, (W. p. An. 21.) stem twining: leafets oblong-deltoid, sub-pinnate: peduncles
longer than the leaves, 3-flovvered at the apex: banner short; wings expanded,
large: legume erect. iSf. Cultivated. Seed of last 4 spec. nut.

Southern.

dwersifolius, (W. p. An. 21.) stem prostrate, scabrous: leafets angled, 2 or 3-lobed:
peduncles longer than the leaf and many-flowered: flowers in heads: legumes
pubescent. Phaseolus trilobus, Mx. 2 — 4 f Mch.

leiospcrmiis, {If-) stem slender, retrorsely hirsute: leafets linear-oblong, rather obtuse,
entire, somewhat coriaceous, as long as the petioles, reticulated and hirsute on
both suifaces: stipules subulate: peduncles slender, much longer than tiie leaves:
heads few-flowered: teeth of the calyx lanceolate, as lon^ as the tube: legume
broadly linear, compressed very hirsute, about 5-seeded: seeds oval, glabrous. La.
Arkansas.

3. S. G. Am'phicarpa. (1)

monoica, Ell. (O. b. & w. Ju. 0.) racemes pendulous, of a corol-like appearance:
stem viilnse backwards: radical flowers without petals: leaves ternate; leafets ovate
nearly smooth: stipules ovale, striate. Var. comosa, (2f.) has hirsute leaves!
Cultivated. Probably a distinct species. 4 f Mch.

pUcheri, T. &, G. ( ) raceuies of the petaliferous flowers mostly branching: teeth of
the calyx lanceo!ate-?ubulate, nearly as long as the tube: bracts very broad, silky-
canescent, rather longer than the pedicels. Arkansas.

4. S. G. Rhtncho'sca. (1)

Southern.

reniformis, ( y. 2i.) stem erect, low, hirsute: stipules lance-oblong: leaves roundish:
racemes sessile, many-flowered, conglomerate: divisions of the calyx lanceolate
acuminate. Dry. Carolina.

menispermnirlea, Dc. ( ) stem twining or prostrate, retrorsely pubescent; stipules

ovate: leafet solitary, reniform, canescent beneath: peduncles very shoit, 1 3-

flnwered: segments of the calyx lanceolate. Texas.

lalifiilift, N. ( y. ) softly hirsute: stem angular, twining: stipules subulate-lanceo-
late: leaves trifoliolate; leafets somewhat rhomboidal, dilated, usually obtuse: ra-
cemes longer than the leaves, many- flowered; flowers rather distant, on very short
pedicels: segments of the calyx at length oblong-lanceolate, acuminate: vexillum
obovate: legume oval-oblong. 3 — 4 f Arkansas. La.

caribaea, ( ) stem twining, pubescent: leafets rhomb-ovate, acute, resin-

Strophostyles. Gr. strophos, twisted, and stiilos, style.

Amphicarpa. Gr. amplii, around, and kurpos, fruit; in allusion to the germ being

surrounded at the base by a sheath.
Rhynchosia. Gr. rugchos, a beak; the germ being beaked.

(1) Glycine, L. See Glycine.

45

354 PHASEOLUS, PHLOX.

punctate beneath: racemes longer than the leaf: legumes sabre-form, hispid. West
Florida. La.

5. S. G. Wistar'ia. (I)

Southern,
f rutescens, (W.h-p. ip.) wings 2-eared: germ glabrous: stem climbing: racemes
terminal. Carolina, Illinois, Florida.

6. S. G. A'pios. (2)

tuberosa, (ground-nut. O. b-p. Ju. 21.) stem twining: leaves pinnate, with 7 lance-
ovate leafets: racemes shorter than the leaves, axillary: root tuberous. Root very
nutritious. Ought to be generally cultivated. 2—6 f. iS'. Mch.

Phellandrium, CEkanthe.
11 — 1. Philadel'phus. 89. Phil. fl. aio. ton — .
E.totic.
coionarius, (mock orange, false syringa. w. J. ^.) styles distinct: leaves ovate, sub-
dentate.

Southern.

inodo'rus, W. (scentless syringa. w. J. >^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, entire: divisions
of the calyx acute: style undivided, longer than the stamens; stigmas 4, oblong.
Flowers large. Cultivated.

grandiflorus, W. (3) (flowery syringa. w. J. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, denticulate;
axils of the veins with fascicles of hairs beneath: divisions of the calyx acuminate:
style undivided, longer than the stamens; stigmas 4, linear. Cultivated. S — C.

lewisii. Ph. (W. Ju. h .) leaves o\;ate, acute, sub-entire, ciliate on the margin: divi-
sions of the calyx acute: style rj-cleft, as long as the stamens; stigmas 3.

hirsutus, N. (W. w. \ .) leaves oblong-ovate, acute, sharply angular-denticulate, hir-
sute above, whitish-villose beneath: style and stigma undivided: peduncles 2-brac-
led near the summit.

15 — 5. Philox'eros. 30. Amar. r. ton.

Southern.

vermicularis, (4) (J. Zt.) glabrous: stem creeping: leaves sub-terete, fleshy: flowers
in terminal, solilary, oblong heads.

3 — 2. Phle'um. 10. Gram. far. ton.

pralense, (timothy grass, herd's grass, cats-tail grass. O. J. TJ.. and $.) spike cylin-
dric: glumes mucronate-awned: keel ciliate: awn shorter than the glumes: culm
erect. Introduced? 2 — 3 f. &'.

alpi'nnm, L. ( A. ) spike ovate or cylindric-ovate, hirsute or villose. Spike often
blackish or dark purple.

5 — 1. Phlox. 45. Pole. ton.

paniculata, (smooth-stem lichnidia. W. r. w. Ju. Zf.) glabrous, erect: leaves lanceo-
late, narrowing gradually, flat; margin rough: corymbs panicled: divisions of the
corol rounded: calyx awned. Cultivated. 2— 3 f. S. P. M. H. Mch.

pyramidalis, S. (b) {W. A. p. J. Z[.) erect, glabrous: stem scabrous: leaves heart-
Wistaria. In honor of Dr. Caspar Wistar, of Philadelphia.

Apios. Gr. name for a wild pear, which the roots resemble in form.

Philadelphus. Gr. pk'dos, love, and addplws, a brother: because it is a pleasant com-
panion, for its beauty and fragrance.

Philoxerus. Gr. phiLos, love, and zeros, dry or burnt; a plant delighting in dry, warm
soil.

Phleum. Gr. phleon, the ancient genus, supposed to be our cat-tail grass.

Phlox. Gr. phlox, a flame, from the red color of the petals; probably applied first to
an Agroslemma.
(1) Thyrsanthus, Glycine. (2) Glycine, L. See Glycine. (3) inodorus, Mx.

(4) illecebrum, L. (5) Carolina, W. Jatifolia, Mx.

PHLOX. 855

ovate, acute: panicle fastigiate, pyramidal: divisions of the corol wedge-truncate:
teeth of the cah'x sub-erect, lanceolate, acute. 2 — 3 f. S. P.

maculata, (spotted liclinidia. W. r. w. Ju. 21.) erect: stem spotted, scabrous: leaves
lance-oblong, glabrous; margins rough: panicle oblong: flowers crowded: divisions
of the corol rounded: teeth of the calyx acute, recurved. Var. suaoeolens, (1)
stem not spotted: corol while. 2 f. /S'. P. Y. Rlcli.

aristuta,* Mx. (2) (r. w. J. 2_[.) weak, erect, viscid-pubescent: leaves-lance-linear:
panicle lax, fastigiate: pedicels somewJiat in pairs: divisions of the corol somewhat
obovate; tube curved, pubescent: leeth of liie calyx long, subulate. Var. virens,
corol reddish-purple. Var. caiicscens, corol whitish rose-color. 18 i. S. D. P.
Y. O. F. M. K. Mch.

pilosa, (3) (creeping lichnidia. p. w. J. If-) small, decumbent, pubescent: leaves
lance-linear, short, roughish: corymbs sub-fastigiale: divisions of the corol round-
obtuse; tube straightish, glabrous: teeth of the calyx subulate-acuminate. 12 —
18 i. S. Y. P. Mch.

divaricnta, (W. p-b. M. If.) pubescent, (low, decumbent, Ph.) leaves lance-oval,
upper ones alternate: branches divaricate, lax, few-flowered: divisions of the corol
sub-obcordate: teeth of the calyx linear-subulate. 1--2 f. S. P. Y. F. M. O.
K. Mch.

reptans, Mx. (4) (W. b-p. J. Zf.) stoloniferous creeping, pubescent: radical leaves
obovate-spatulate, cauline ones lance-oval: corymb spreading, few-flowered: divi-
sions of the corol obovate: teeth of the calyx linear, reflexed. 8 — 18 i. ^S?. P.
Mch.

suluUita, (mountain pink. W. r. M. Zf.) cespitose, while pubescent: leaves linear,
pungent, ciliate: corymbs few-flowered: pedicels 3-clefl: divisions of the corol
wedge-form, emarginate: teeth of the calyx subulate, scarcely shorter than the
tube of the corol. Cultivated. 3—6 i. '.S'. Y. P. O. S— C.

setaceu, (W. r. J. 2i.) cespitose, pubescent: leaves fascicled, subulate, pungent, cili-
ate: pedicels few, terminal, sub-umbelled: divisions of the corol wedge-foim,
emarginate: teeth of the calyx subulate, much shorter than the tube of the corol.
S. Y. D.

cespiiosa, N. (w. Ap. ![•) diff'use, procumbent: leaves subulate, ciliate, short; mar-
gin refle.xed: flowers solitary, short pedicelled: divisions of the calyx spinulose:
divisions of the corol, cuneate, entire. R.

longifolia, N. (vy. Ju. Zf.) subcespitose, many-stemmed: leaves subulate, very long
and narrow, glabrous: little stems few-flowered, verv short, finely pubescent, iire-
gularly trichotomous: peduncles filiform, elongated: calyx divisions acuminate:
divisions of the corol oblong-cuneale, entire. 9 i. R.

muscoides, N. (w. Ju. Zf.) dense cespitose, very small: leaves closely imbricate, lance-
oblong, copiously ciliate, very short: flowers sessile, scarcely exsert: divisions of
the corol cuneate, entire. R.

revoluta, Aikin (w-p. J. 21-) glabrous: stems erect, sub-simple, slightly scabrous at
the top: leaves coriaceous, paler beneath, scabrous and revolute on the margin,
sub-sessile; lower ones lance-linear, acute at each end; upper ones lanceolate,
rounded at the base: corymb sub-fastigiale, few-flowered: pedicels sub-scabrous:
divisions of the corol obovate, slightly crenulate: calyx glabrous; divisions lanceo-
late, acute, unawned, half as long as the corol. 12 — 18 i. Damp woods. Mary-
land.

Southern.

undulata, W. (.5) (A. b. Au. Z|.) erect, glabrous: leaves lance-oblong, sub-undu-
late, scabrous on the margin: corymbs panicled: divisions of the corol sub-retuse:
calyx awned. 2 f.

Carolina, W. (6) (p. Au. Zj".) erect: stem pubescent: leaves lance-ovate, smooth:
corymb sub-fastigiale; branchlels about 3-llowered: divisions of the corol round:
teeth of the calyx glabrous, lanceolate, erect.

glaberriina, (VV. p. Ju. Z[.) cespitose: stem erec: leaves lance-linear, glabrous:
corymbs small, terminal, sub-fasligiate: divisions of the corol roundish: teeih of
the calyx lance-Unear, acute. K. S— C.

(1) suaveolens. Ph. (2) pilosa, C. (3) amoena, C. (4) stolonifera, C. and Ph.
(5) paniculala, Mx. (6) trifolia, Mx?

*Dr. Aikin says, after axamining this very variable plant from Lake Ontario to
Virginia, he is confirmed in the opinion, that it is synonymous with P. divaricata.

356 PHLOX, PHYSALIS.

speciosa, Ph. (W. w. &. p. J. 1^.) erect, glabrous, frutescent, very branching: leaves
linear; upper ones alternate, dilated at the base: racemes panicle-corymbed: divi-
sions of the corol wedge-oblong, emajginate: teeth of the calyx subulate, equalling
the tube.

ovata, W. (r-p. J. ^.) erect, glabrous: radical leaves ovate, acute, somewhat fleshy;
cauline ones lanceolate: corymbs sub-fastigiate, divisions of the corol undulate,
retuse: teeth of the calyx linear, acute.

acumina'/i, Ph. (A. p. Au. 21.) lower leaves spatulate-ovate, acuminate, slightly
scabrous; upper ones lanceolate: corymbs terminal. 3 — 5 i. K.

nili'da, Ph. (1) (W. p. J. 21.) erect, glabrous: stem scabrous: leaves oyate-oblong,
sub-coriaceous: corymb fastigiate: divisions of the corol obovate, sub-retase: leeth
of the calyx lanceolate, mucrunate. 18 — 24 i. S — C.

cordata, E. (VV. Au.) leaves oblong-cordate, sub-acuminate; margin scabroup: corymbs
panicled: teeth of the calyx long-awned. 1 — 2 f.

bifida, Bk. (W. p Ap.) stem erect, branching, minute-pubescent: leaves lance-ovate
and lance-linear, somewhat clasping, opposite and alternate; margin revolute; mid-
rib ciliate: teeth of the calyx linear, acute, pilose: divisions of the corol wedge-
form, deeply cleft. 4—6 i.

14 — 2. Phoenicajjlis. 63. Cruc. r. con. asc.

cheiranthoides, N. (p. Zf. ) scape slender: leaves entire, densely and stellately tomen-
tose: flowers in simple corymbose racemes: siliques diverging horizontally: scape
4^6 i. with a few small, sessile and partly clasping leaves. Oregon.

13 — 1. Phry'ma. 42. Labi. car. ton.

'chya, (lopseed. O. J. y-w.^2X.) leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, petioled: spikes
terminal, slender: flowers opposite. As the fruit approaches maturity, it lops
down against the rachis. Dry woods. 2 — 3 f. S. Mch. S — C.

3 — 1. Phyllac'tis. 56. Vale. r. ner-f . sed+. />ai.
Southerri.
ohovaia, N. (2) (W. Oc.) stemless: root fusiform: leaves radiating, linear-spatulate,
obtuse, hirsute-pilose.

19 — 15. Phyllan'thus. 96. Euph. r. ast. deob. h. diu. nar. Jan.

obovatus, (3) (S. ^.) leaves alternate, oval, obtuse, glabrous, somewhat distichous:
flowers few, (2 — 4,) axillary, pedicelled, nodding: stem erect; branches distichous.
12 i. S. P. S— C. K.

5—1. Physalis. 38. Sola. f. «fc 1. nar.

visco'?a,'' (yellow henbane, ground cherry. O. Ju. If.) leaves in pairs, heart-oval, re-
pand, obtuse sub-tomentose: stem panicled above: fruit bearing calyx pubescent.
1-3 f S.

Phoenicaulis. Gr. phoinikos, purple, Phoenician purple. Bad etymology.
Pliryma. Gr. phrvgama, dried; the fruit appears dry and lops down before ripening.
Phyllaclis. Gr. pliuUon, leaf, and ago, to bring, carry, because it is stemless.
Phyllanthus. Gr. jjImUon, leaf, a.nd antlios, flower; the flowers of the original species

grow on the edges of tlie leaves.
Physalis. Gr. phusu, a bladder, from the inflatpl calyx.

(1) Carolina, Wr. (2) Valeriana, Dc. (3) carolinensis, Wr.

*Dr. Aikin has very particularly compared the P. viscosa, obscura, Mx. and pubes-
cens VV. and is confirmed 'in the opinion that they are the same species. And he
is also inclined to the opinion that even pcnnsylcunica and philndelpliica, are mere varie-
ties oi viscosa, and not even sufficiently characterized varieties. He says, the follow-
inff description includes the whole five species, and applies to each of them in all its
parts.

P. viscosui pubescent: stem decumbent, herbaceous, divaricate-branched, sub-
panicled above; branches sub-angular: leaves solitary or in pairs, heart-ovate, re-
pand-toothed, generally acute, often acuminate or obtuse: flowers solitary, axillary.

PHYSALIS, PINCKNEYA. 357

obscura, Mx. (1) (ground cherry, y. p. Ju.) leaves sub-cordate, orbicular, acuminate,
unequally dentate: stem herbaceous, divaricate, much branched; branches angled:
inflated calyx large. Var. glabra, (2) sumiiiil and petioles scarcely pubescent.
Var. pvliesccHs, viscid-pubescent. T. Y. T. C. F. N. Mcli.

pennsijlca' nica, (y. J. 2X-) leaves ovate, sub-repand, obtuse, nakedish: stem branch-
ing: peduncles solitary, a little longer than the petioles. 1 f. S. P. Y. N. C.
S-C.

phihulel'fihica, Lk. (y. p. Ju. 0-) leaves ovate, repand-toothed, glabrous: stem very
branching: peduncles solitary, much shorter than the petioles. Piobably a variety
of the uhiciira. S. M.

lanccolata, Mx. (y. J. ZI-) leaves in pairs, lance-oval, sub entire, gradually narrowing-
into the petiole, pubescent: stem dichotomous: calyx villose. S. P. D. K.

lobata, T. (W. g.) leaves oblong, somewhat fleshy, lyrate-lobed, narrowed into
the petiole at the base, glabrous, revolute at the margin: stem herbaceous, branch-
ing: peduncles solitary.

Exotic.

alkekengi, (common winter cherr)'. \ .) leaves in pairs, entire, acute: stem sub-ra-
mose below. Calyx of the fruit red, or redish.

Southern,

pubcscens, W. (O. y. Ju. 0.) leaves villose, viscous, sub-cordate: stem very branch-
ing: flowers solitary, pendulous: fruit-bearing calyx round-globose, angled. M.

somnif'eia, W. (y. Ju. Zf.) tomentose: leaves ovate, very entire; flowers crowded,
short-pedicelled: corol bell-form.

iDulleri, N. (3) ( 2i.) pulverulent-sub-tomentose, very branching, dichotomous:
leaves twinned, broad-ovate, obtuse, long-petioled, entire: peduncles solitary, nod-
ding: calyx fructiferous, somewhat glabrous. South Carolina.

ftngustifolia, N. ( 21-) very glabrous, prostrate, dwarfish: leaves very long, linear,
fleshy, solitary: peduncles nodding, filiform, solitary. West Florida.

Pliyzostegia, Dracocephalcm.

10 — 10. Phytolac'ca. 29. Phyt. erne. nar.

decand) a, (pokeweed, pigeon berry. O. w. Ju. H-) leaves ovate, acute at both ends:
flowers racemed: berries tialtened at the ends. 3 — 6 f. 5f. Mch.

5 — 1. Pickerin'ga.* 51. Eric. f. aro. asp.
Southern,
paniculata, N. (4) ( ^. ) evergreen: leaves entire, alternate, wedge-oblong, ob-
tuse: flowers panicled.

5 — 1. Pixckne'ya. 57. Cine. ton. feb
Southern,
pu'bens, Mx. (p. J. ^.) leaves opposite, lanceolate, entire, thinly pilose and shining
above; tomentose below, sub-acuminate: calyx superior, persistent, colored. 15 —
20 f.

Phytolacca. Gr. phutnn, plant, and lachanon, pot-herb; the young sprouts being one

of the best substitutes for asparagus.
Pickeringa. In honor of Dr. Charles Pickering, a Curator of Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.
Pinckneya. Tn honor of Gen. C. \V. Pinckney, of South Carolina, a munificent

patron of Science.

(1) pruinosa, E. (2) angulata, Wr. (3) lanceolata, E. (4) Cyrilla

paniculata, N. in Jour. Sci. vol. 5, p. 200.

* Mr. Nuttall spells this name Pickeringia; changing the sound of the letter G
unnecessarily.

pendulous: fruit bearing calyx large, inflated, angled, pubescent: berry glabrous,
piany-seeded. Flowers yellow, spotted at the base: leaves long-petioled, and when
in pairs, one is always much larger than the other: fruit yellow when ripe, slightly
acid, edible: root fusiform, white, bitter.

S58 PINGUICULA, PINUS.

2 — 1. PiNGUic'uLA. 35. Lent ton — .

elatior, Mx. (butterwort. W. M. 21.) nectary subulate, obtuse, shorter than the corol;
tube ventricose above: scape villose beneath. 4 — 12 i. S.

Southern,

lutca, Wr. (p. Ap. Zf-) border of the corol .5f-cleft; divisions 2-lobed; lobes 2-toothed;
spur subulate, a little shorter than liie tube. 6 — 8 i. Charleston, S — C. Florida.

pum'da, Mx. (b. Ap. 2i-) border of the corol 5-cIeft; divisions emarginate; lobes en-
tire; spur subulate, obtusish, as long as the tube. 3—5 i.

acutifotia, Mx. ( VV. Ju. 2X-) very glabrous: leaves erect, oval, very acute.

australis, N. (W. r.) glabrous: nectary very short, incurved: flowers largish. West
Florida.

19—15. Pi'nus. 100. Coni. b. exp. e. hea. bal. w. tim-f .

1. Leaves solitary, tcith separate bases. Abies.

balsamea, (1) (fir tree, balsam tree. O. M. ^.) leaves flat, emarginate or entire,
glaucous beneath; sub-erect above, recurve-spreading: cones cylindric, erect: bracts
abbreviated, obovate, long-mucronate, sub-serrulate. ^'. Mch.
fraseri, Ph. (double spruce. A. J. fp.) leaves solitary, flat, emarginate, glaucous be-
neath, somewhat 1-sided, thick above, erect: cones ovate-oblong, erect: bracts
elongated, reHexed, wedge-oblong, emarginate, short-mucronate, gush-toothed. )S'.

taxifolia, Lb. (W. \.) leaves solitary, flat, sub-distichous: cones oblong: anthers
didymous. S.

canadensis, (2) (hemlock tree. O. M. T^.) leaves flat, denticulate, 2-ranked: stro-
biles ovate, terminal, scarcely l«nger than the leaves. The bark is used in tanning
leather, though inferior to oak. 30—100 f. <§. Mch.

nigra. Lb. (3) (black spruce. W. A. M. \ .) leaves 4-sided, scattered on all sides
of the branchlets, erect, straight: strobiles ovate; scales oval, with undulate mar-
gins, erose-toothed at the apex. 30—60 f. S. T. D. F. N. Mch.

rubra. Lb. (4) (red spruce, spruce fir. M. Tj.) leaves solitary, subulate: strobiles
oblong, obtuse; scales rounded, sub-21obed; margin entire. Canada.

alba. Lb. (5) (white spruce. W. M. \.) leaves 4-sided, incurved: strobiles sub-cylin-
dric, lax; scales obovate, entire. Mch.

2. Leaves many, sheathed at the base. Pikus.

( Leaves in pairs. )

resinosa, Lb- (6) (yellow pine, norway pine, red pine. M. f'.) leaves and sheaths
elongated: strobiles ovate-conic, rounded at the base, sub-solitary, about half as
long as the leaves; scales dilated in the middle, unarmed. Bark of a reddish color,
and much smoother than the rigida and strobus. Often grows very tall and straight
S. T. W. N. D. Catskill. Mch.

inops, Lb. (7) (jersey pine. W. M. \>.) leaves short: strobiles oblong-conic, recurved,
of the length of the leaves; prickles of the scales subulate, straight. iS. Y.

banksiana, Lb. (8) (scrub pine, grey pine. VV. M. ^.) leaves short, rigid, divaricate,
oblique: strobiles recurved, twisted; scales without prickles. Maine. D. Mch.

(Leaves in threes. )

variabilis, Lb. (9) (three-leaved yellow pine. M. ^.) part of the leaves in pairs, the
others in threes, slender, channelled: strobiles ovate-conic, sub-solitary; prickles
of the scales incurved. <S. K. S — C.

rigida, (pitch pine. O. M. ^.) leaves with abbreviated sheaths: staminate aments

Pinguicula. A dirainitive of /^irao'uis, fat, from the greasy appearance of the leaves.
Pinus. Gr. pinaz, a wooden tablet made of pine — hence the Gr. pitas, pine tree,

and pilch.

(1) Abies balsamifera, Mx. (2) americana, Du Roi. Abies canadensis, Mx.
(3) mariana, Du Roi. Abies denticulata, Mx. (4) Abies pectinata, Lk. (5) laxa,
Eh. canadensis, Du Roi. Abies alba, Mx. (6) rubra, Mx. (7) virginiana,
Du Roi. (8) rupestris, Mx. hudsonia, Lk. sylvestris, A. (9) mitis, Mx.

PINUS, PISTIA. 359

erect-incumbent: strobiles ovate, scattered or aggregated; spines of the scales
reflexed. Though very common, it grows the most plentifully on barren, sandy
plams. iS>.
serotina, Mx, (pond pine. M. fp.) leaves elongated: prickles of the scales straight
and very slender. Probably a variety of the last. S. P. New Jersey.

( Leaves in fices. )

slrobus, (white pine. O. M. ^.) leaves slender: sheaths short: strobiles pendant,
cylindric, longer than the leaves; scales somewhat lax. This is called Weymouth
pine by the English. Perhaps nine-tenths of the boards used in America are of
this species. S. Mch.

Leaves many, in a fascicle. Larix.

pendula, A (black larch, tamarack, hack-matack. W; M. ^.) leaves deciduous: stro-
biles oblong; margins of the scales intlexed: bracts guitar-form, witji a slender
point. O. D. N. Mch. M.

microcarpa, Lb. (1) (red larch, hack-matack. M. ^.) leaves deciduous: strobiles
roundish, few-Howered: scales reflexed: bracts oval, obtuse, acuminate. These
two last species were considered as varieties of the same; but Mr. Lambert proved
their specific dilTerence by raising them from the seed. P. T. V. C. N. Canada.

flezxlii, T. (W.) leaves in fives, short, and rather rigid: sheaths short and lace-
rate: strobile erect; scales large, unarmed. Branches very flexible.

Exotic,
larix, (common larch. >^.) leaves deciduous: strobiles ovate-oblong; margins of the
scales reflexed, torn: bracts guitar-form.

Southern,
pungens, Lb. (table mountain pine. A. ^.) leaves in pairs, short, acute: strobiles

ovate-conic; prickles of the scales elongated, subulate, incurved; lower ones

reflexed.
taeda, Lb. (loblolly pine, old field pine. M. Tj .) leaves in threes, elongated: sheaths

elongated: strobiles oblong-conic, deflexed, shorter than the leaves; spines inflexed.

Var. heterophylla, E. (smooth-bark loblolly pine,) leaves in twos and threes: bark

smooth.
palustris, Lb. (long-leaved, yellow pitch, or broom pine. M. Tp.) leaves in threes,

very long: stipules pinnatifid, ramentaceous, persistent: strobiles sub-cylindric,

muricate. S — C.

2—2. Pi'pER. 98. Pipe. d. f. con. sti-f . sto+.
Southern,
leposta'chyon, N. (florida pepper. 0.) herbaceous, small: leaves obovate, obtuse, sub-3-
nerved, pubescent: spikes axillary, filiform, erect, much longer than the leaves.
6—12 i.

3 — 2. Pip'tathe'rum. 10. Gram. far. ton.

racemosum, S. (2) (clustered millet-grass, black seed millet-grass. A. Au. 2i.) panicle
simple: flowers racemose, lance-ovate: paleas black, hairy; awn twice as long as
the glumes. N. Mch.

5—8. Pisti'a. 93. Pisti. ton.
Southern.
spathulata, Mx. (w. Ju.) leaves abruptly narrowed into the petiole, dilated, round and
towards the summit. La.

Piper. A name probably of Indian origin, but very an,cient.

Piptatherum. From Gr. pipto, to fall, and theros, harvest, summer.

Pistia. Gr. pistes, (ofpino) to drink, in allusion to its loving water or wet places.

(1) pendula, VV. laicina, Du Roi. Larix americana, i\ix. who considered the
pendula and microcarpa as the same species. (2) nigrum, T. Milium, S. Ory-
zopsis melanocarpa, M.

3&0 PISUM, PLANTAGO.

16—10. Pi'suM. 93. Legu. f. nut. g-f. asc.
Exotic,
sativum, (pea. p. w. J. 0.) petioles terete: stipules round and crenate at thft base:
peduncles many- flowered. Var. umlipJlatinn, (bouquet pea) has the stipules 4-cleft,
acute. Vai. fjiiadriiiinn, (quadrate pea,) fruit ash-color, 4-sided. Var. humile,
(dwarf pea,) stem erect, not climbing: leafels roundish.

Pisum, Lathyrus.

10—8 to 12. PiTAviA. Xanth? aro. sto.

dumosa, N. (^.) leaves opposite or fascicled, on short branches, linear, attenuate at
the base, obtuse, about an inch long, rather thick, unnerved, marked with glan-
dular, pellucid dots, the margin with a row of glandular dots, entire: seed globose.
A low branching shrub. California.

16 — 10. Pitche'ria. 93. Legu. r. exp. sug.
Southern,
galacioidcs, N. (W. r. If.) stem erect, rigid branched, smooth: leaves trifoliate, oval,
obtuse, glandular-dotted beneath. Alabama, Florida.

5 — 2. Plane'ra. 99. Ulmu. ton — .
Southern,
aquatica, Wr. (1) (W. M. T?.) leaves ovate, acute, serrate, equal at the base, slightly
scabrous, short petioled. 25 — 30 f.

4 — J. Planta'go. 31. Plan. 1. emo. s. muc.

major (plantain. O. w. J. 21.) leaves ovate, sub-dentate, sub-glabrous: scape terete:
spike oblong, imbricate. Mch.

lanceolata, (rib- wort, snake plantain, ripple grass. W. J. 2i.) leaves lanceolate,
villose: spikes short, terete-cylindric: bracts ovale, acuminate: scape angled, with
close-pressed hairs. 1— 2 f S. T. B. C. F. O. N. V. Mch.

mrgiiiica, (dwarf plantain. W. r-y. J. 0.) whitish pubescence on all parts: leaves
lance-ovate, sub-denticulate: flowers remotish: scape angled, (or a little striate?)
The corol adheres to the germ so closely that at first it appears to be superior.
3—8 i. .S. C. Y. P. M.

cordaia, Lk. (2) (w. J. 2S-) leaves heart-ovate, broad, sub-dentate, glabrous: spike
very long; flowers sub-imbricate, lower ones scattered: bracts ovate, obtuse.
12—18 i. S. P. Y. C. T. D. Mch

media, (w. J. 21.) leaves lance-ovate, pubescent: spike cylindric: scape terete. In
one variety the leaves are hirsute and the spikes branching. T.

maritima, (3) (sea planlain. L. Au. 21.) leaves linear, grooved, fleshy, hairy near
the base: scape terete: spike cylindrical: bracts rather acute. 6 — 10 i. S.
Y. B. C. F.

pusilia, N. (4) (Au. 0.) minutely pubescent: leaves linear-subulate, flat, entire,
acute: scape terete, longer than the leaves: spike cylindrical, loose; lower flowers
distant: bracts ovate, acute, as long as the calyx. New Orleans.

cucuUa'ta, Lk. (5) (Ju. Z(.) leaves ovate, concave-cowled, 9-nerved, pubescent be-
neath: spike cylindric, imbricate; scape tall, terete. Maine.

eriopoda, T. (W. 21.) stemless: petioles covered with very long wool at the
base: leaves broad-lanceolate, attenuate at each end, long-petioled, glabrous, entire,

Pisum. Gr. pison, a pea. The Celtic word pis, denotes also a pea.

Pitavia. Unknown.

Pitcheria. In honor of Dr. Zina Pitcher, of the U. S. Army, an excellent naturalist

and amiable man.
Planera. In honor of James Planer, Professor of Botany at Erfurt.
Plantugo. Lat. jilanta, the sole of the loot, from its supposed resemblance.

(1) ulmifolia, Mx. (2) kentuckiensis, Mx. (3) pauciflora, Ph. (4) hybrida, D.
linearifolia, M.? aristata, Mx. elongata, Ph (5) maxima, Jn.

PLAXTAGO, PLATVSPERMUM. 361

5-nerved: scape terete, very glabrous: spike cylindric, exceeding the leaves: flowers

remote: stamens and styles very long: bracts broad-ovate, obtusish: capsules

2-seeded. 9—12 i.

SouUiem.
caroliniana, Wr. (Ju. ^.) all over glabrous: leaves lanceolate, very entire, long:

flowers remote: stem terete. Elliott unites this species with the next.
interrupla. Lk. (Ju. If-) leaves lanceolate, (lance-ovate, Ph.) entire, somewhat pilose:

spikes slender, long, interrupted: flowers glabrous. Sometimes nearly glabrous,

Elliott.
glafira, N. (W. ) leaves ovate, denticulate, smooth: scape slender, sub-compressed,

nearly equal to the leaves: flowers scattered:, bracts ovate, acuminate.
gnnphaloides N. (I) (W. Ju. 0.) silky-villose: leaves lance-linear, very entire,

nakedish above: scape terete, scarcely longer than the leaves: spike cylindric,

imbricate: bracts linear, with long, villose ciliae.

18 — 1. Platan'thera. 21. Orch. r. amy. nut. emo.

orbiculaia, Lind. (W.g-w. J. 2X.) lip linear, entire; obtusish; 3 upper petals converging,
with the uppermost one deltoid, obtuse, and the 2 lateral ones spreading, oblique at
the base; spur longerthan the germ, clavate, flaltish, curved, leaves 2, radical, orbicu-
lar, prostrate, glabrous, very shining. 12—18 i. S. C. O. F. B. N. Habenaria
orbiculiila, 7th edition. Mch.

dilatiila. Lind. (giant orchis. O. w. or g. J. 2_C.) spur shorter than the germ; lip en-
tire, linear, with the base dilated, of the length of the spur: bracts of the length
of the flower: stem leafy. In the mountain woods,, the flowers are green; in the
open meadows white. 1 — 4 f. S. Habenaria dilatata, 7th edition. Mch.

19—12. Plat'anus. 99. Plat. aro. ton.

ocd(ie7Jte//s, (button wood, american plane-tree, false sycamore. O. J-^.) leaves quin-
quanguiar, obsoletely lobed, toothed, pubescent beneath: stem and branches be-
coming white. Grows to a greater size than any other tree in America. iVlch.

12 — 12. Platts'temon. 62. Papa, nar — . ano. sed.

caUfomicum, Benth. (0. y-w.) plant sparsely covered with shaggy, spreading hairs:
leaves half-clasping, oblong, linear, obtuse, entire, alternate, often crowded so as
to appear opposite, or whorled at the origin of the branches and peduncles, 3 — 5-
neived: peduncles axillary, elongated, 1-flowered, California.

12 — 2 to 5. Platttig'ma. 62. Papa, nar — . ano. sed.

lineare, Benth. (y. 0.) cespitose: stem abbreviated, or almost none: leaves mostly
radical, crowded, linear, entire, glabrous, or slightly hairy: peduncles radical or
nearly so, numerous, slender, 1-flowered, clothed with spreading hairs. California.

14 — 1. Platyspet'aldm. 63. Cruc. h. & f. con. sal.

purpurascens, Rr. ( ) stigma 2-lobed, spreading; style manifest: scape naked,

1 -leaved, and pubescent: silicles sub-glabrous. A.
dubium, Br. ( ) stigma undivided, sub-sessile: silicles and scapes pubescent. A.

14 — 1. Plattper'mum. 63. Cruc. h. & f. con. sal.
scapigerum, H. (w. Mar. Ap. 0.) root sub-fusiform, scarcely fibrous: leaves all radi-

Platanthera. Gr. platus, broad, anfhos, flower, or anther.

Platanus. Gr. platanos. from Gr. platus, broad; regarding the wide-spread foliage.

Platystemon. Gr. platus broad, stemoii, strand or filament.

Platystigma. Gr. platus, broad, stigma, point; top of the style.

Platypetalum. Gr. platiis, broad, petalon, leaf or plate; on account of the broad

petals.
Platyspermum. Gr. platus, broad, sperma, seed; on account of the broad margins of

the seeds.

(1) lagopus, Ph.

46

>362 PLATYSPERMUM, POA.

cal, spreading, sub-runcinate-pinnatifid; lobes mostly acute; lower ones gradually
smaller, attenuated into a petiole, somewhat fleshy, glabrous: scapes many from
the same root, digitate, erect, simple, very glabrous, always l-tlowered: flowers
small, erect. R.

3—1. Plectri'tis. 56. Vale. r. ner^-. sed+.

congesta, Dc. (r. 0.) glabrous: flowers in a dense whorl, bracts many-cleft, in subu-
late divisions. Var. minor, leaves very narrow. R.

9—2. Plee'a. 13. June. fod.

Southern.
tenvifoUa, Mx. (y.r. 71.) very glabrous: leaves very narrow-ensiform: sheaths of the
spike 1-flowered. 1 — 2 f.

3 — 2. Pleura'phis. 10. Gram. far. ton.

So2ithern.
jamesii, T. (W. Ju. 1[.) culm terete, smooth, slender: spike terminal, erect; spikelets
sessile, in an ovate congeries at each joint of the rachis: involucre white-woolly,
one-tiiird the length of the flcTwers. Discovered on the river Canadian, by Dr.
Edwin James. 1 f.

3—2. Po'a. 10. Gram. far. ton.

Remarks. The word poa, is. pure Greek, and signifies pasture or fodder. Linneus
applied the name to tliis genus, t)ecause it includes the most common pasture grass
and me'iduiD grus!!. The Poa pratensis, aided by the A grostis vulgaris, constitutes
most of those beautiful carpets which cover our fields, lawns, and road-sides.

annua, (W. Ap. Q.) panicle sub secund, divaricate; spikelets ovate-oblong, 5-flower-
ed; 'florets free: culm oblique, compressed: root fibrous. 6— 8 i. S. B. N. P.
C. f. Mch.
fasciculata. T. (L. Au. 2[.) panicle spreading; brandies straight, fascicled, crowded;
spikelets oblong, S-dowered; florets free: glumes minute, unequal: culm oblique-
terete: root fascicled. 1 — 2 f.

denluta, T. ( 21.) panicle loose, somewhat spreading; branches capillary, virgate;
spikelets lanceolate, .5-flowered; florets free; glumes unequal; lower glume obtuse,
3-nerved: lower palea Snerved, 5-toolhed at the apex when old. 3 t: N.

aquatica, Var. am.triaina, T. (1) (Au. 2i-) panicle erect, halfwhorled, diff"use;
branches flexuous, smooth; spikelets linear, 6— H-flowered; florets ovale, obtuse,
free: leaves broad-linear, with the sheaths smooth. 4—5 f. P. N. B. Canada.

muritima Huds. (J. 21.) panicle branched, somewhat crowded; spikelets about 5-

flowered terete; florets rather obtuse, indistinctly 5-nerved: root creeping. 1 f.

B. N. '
brecifolia, M. (2) (A. P. 21.) panicle loose; brandies in pairs, horizontal: glumes

3 4.fl'owered: paleas pubescent: leaves very short: stipule acuminate. 2 f. P. Y.

W.
punirens, T. (.3) (W. Ap. If.) culm compressed: leaves very short, cuspidate: panicle

sub-simple, spreading; spikelets ovate, 3 — 4-flowered; florets webbed, obtusish,

obscurely 5-nerved. IS i. S. P. K.
pratensis, (english grass, meadow grass, spear grass. O. J. If.) panicle diff"use: upper

leaves'much shorter than the smooth sheaths: florets acute, 5-nerved, webbed at

the base: stipule short, truncate: root creeping. 2— 3 f. S. Mch.

Plectritis. Gr. plcktron, a spur, from the form of the corol.
Pleea. Gr. pleion, abundance; from the superabundance of stamens.
Pleuraphis. From Gr. pleura, the rib, aphe, the touch, or junction.
Poa. Gr. poa, the name for grass.

(1) aquatica. Ph. (2) alpina, Ph. (3) auturanalis, E. flexucea, M. cus-

pidata, B.

POA. 363

trivialis, (1) (pasture grass. W. Ju.) panicle equal, diffuse; epikelets oblong-ovate,
about 3-flowered; florets webbed at the base, 5-nerved: culin and sheath roughish:
stipule oblong; root creeping. 2—3 f. P. Y. C. M. N. Mch.

comprcssa, (blue grass. W. Ju. If.) panicle contracted, somewhat 1-sided; spiWelets
oblong, 3 — G-llowered; florets webbed: glumes sub-equal: culm oblique, compress-
ed: root creeping. Var. sylvesfris, T. panicle loose spreading; spikelets 2 — 3-
flowered: culm slender, nearly erect. 12 — 18 i. <S. B. P. C. i\. O. Mch.

serotinii, Eh. (2) (VV. J. If.) panicle elongated, diffuse, at length somewhat 1 -sided;
spikelets lance-ovate, 2 — 3-flovvered; florets a little webbed at the base, 3'ellow at
the lip, obscurely 5-nerved: root creeping. 2 — 3 f. W. Y.

nertioralit, ( 2i-) panicle attenuated, weak; branches flexuous; spikelets ovate,
about 3-flowered; llorets loose, slightly webbed, acute, obsoletely nerved: stipule
almost wanting. 2 f. P. C. N. Mch.

nervata, W. (3) (W. J. 2i.) panicle equal, diff'use; branches weak, and at length
pendulous; spikelets 5-flowered; florets free, conspicuously 7-nerved, obtuse.
3—4 f. B. P. C. O. M. iN. Mch.

ebnguta, T. (If.) panicle elongated, racemose; branches solitary, appressed; spikelets
ovate, obtuse, tuuiid, 3-fluwered; florets free: stipule almost wanting 3 f N.

obtusa, M. (W. Au. Zf.) panicle ovate, contracted; spikelets ovate, tumid, 5 to 7-
flowered; florets free: glumes scarious: paleas ovate, smooth, obtuse; lower valve
indistinctly 7-nerved: leaves as long as the culm, and with the sheaths smooth.
2— 3f. P. Y. B.

canadensis, Mx. (4) (meadow rattlesnake grass. O. Ju. 21 ■) panicle large-eff'use;
branches half-whorled, flexuous, at length pendulous; spikelets ovate, tumid, 6 to
8-flowered; florets free: lower valve acutish, 7-nerved; upper valve very obtuse;
stamens 2. 3 — 4 f.

capillaris, (W. Au. 0.) panicle very large, loose, spreading, capillary; spikelets
3-flowered, ovate, acute; florets free: culm branched at the base: leaves hairy,
12 i. 5f. P. Y. B. C. M. N. Canada. Mch.

hirsuta, Mx. (Ju. 21-) culm erect, compressed, simple; sheaths hairy: panicle very
large, capillary; branches spreading, at length reflected, bearded in the axils; spike-
lets oblong, about 5-flowered: paleas ciliate on the margin. Var. spcctabills, (5)
spikelets linear, 10 to 1. 5-flowered. 18 i. &'. P. Y. B. C. N. Mch.

per.tinaceii, Mx. (6) ( VV. Ju. 0.) culm cespitose, oblique: leaves hairy at the base:
panicle capillary, expanding, pyramidal, hairy in the axils: spikelets lit^ear, 5 to 9-
flowered; florets free, acute: upper palea persistent, ti — 12 i. S. Y. V. P. C.
N. K. M. Mch.

reptans. Mx. (O. Au. 0?) dioecious: culm branched, creeping: panicle fascicled;
spikelets lance-linear, 12 to 20- (lowered; florets acuminate. Var. caespitosa, T.
culm very short, cespitose: spikelets much crowded, oblong. 8 i. R M. Mch.

eragrostis, (7) (W. Ju. 0.) panicle equal, spreading; lower branches hairy in the
axils; spikelets lance-linear, 9 to 15-flowered; florets obtuse: root fibrous. 12 — 18 i.
&. B. C. M. N.

Southern.

tenuis, E. (Au. 21?) panicle branching, spreading, capillary: spikes 3-flowered,

glabrous, Icng-peduncled: leaves linear, very long. 12 — 18 i. S — C.
pareifloTa, Ph. ( W. J. 21.) panicle diff'use, capillary; spikelets small, about 3-flowered;

flowers obtusish, striate, caducous: leaves distichous, flat. Probably a variety of

the nervata, T. 12—18 i. P. Y. K. S— C.
covferta, E. ( ) panicles terminal and axillary, erect, compressed, with clustered

flowers; spikelets 8-flowered, glabrous. 2 — 3 f. S — C.
angustifulia, E. (M. 2f-) leaves linear, involute: panicle somewhat crowded; spikes

lanceolate, acute, 4-flower>d; flowers villose at the base. 1 — 2 f S— C.
nitida, E. (Ju. 2i?) stem erect, very glabrous: panicle laige, diff'use, capillary, sub-

verticillate: peduncles long: spikelets lanceolate, 8-flowered. 1 f.
rigida, E. (hard meadow grass. M. ) panicle lanceolate, a little branched, one-sided;

branches alternate, one-sided. 2 — 4 i. K.
airoidea, N. (VV.) panicle attenuated, erect; branches capillary, loose, halfwhorled:

(1) stolonifera, M. (2) palustris, M. crocata, Mx. (3) Briza canadensis, N.
(4) Briza, Mx. (5) refracla, M. spectabilis, Ph. (6) tenella, Ph. pilosa, M.
(7) obtusa, N. Briza, M.

364 POA, POLANISfA.

leaves with very long sheaths, short and acute: epikelets oblong, obtuse, iub-
Bessile, 4 to 6-flowered: glumes unequal, shorter than the paiea. 4—5 f.

Poa, Glyceria, Windsoria.

Podalyria, Baptisia.

12 — 1. Podophyl'lum. 62. Podo. r. cat+. h. nar.

peltatum, (wild mandrake, may-apple. O. w. M. Zf.) stem terminated with 2 peltate
palmate leaves: flower single, inserted in the fork, formed by the petioles of the
leaves. Sometimes the plant is 3-leaved, and sometimes the flower is inserted on
the side of one of the petioles. 1— 2 f. S. Mch.

19 — 2. Podoste'mom. 7. Fluv. ton — .

ceratophyllum, (thread-foot. W. Ju. If.) stem filiform, floating: leaves pinnate: flowers
axillary. Attached to rocks and large stones in shallow waters, ^f. P.

Southern,
abrotanoides, N. ( ) frond very branching; divisions next to the terminal ones
capillary, dichotomous, many-cleft: floral spatite elongated. Destitute of roots as
distinct from the stem.

18 — 5. Pouostig'ma. 47. Apoc. exp. dia, ton. c«^ pncw.

Southern,
puhescens, E. (1) (y-g. M. TJ..) stem erect; leaves linear: umbels terminal and axillary:

petals erect, longer than the calyx: corpuscle pedicelled. 12 — 18 i.
viridis, Wr. (2) (g. & p. M. If.) stem erect: leaves petioled, oblong, obtuse, smooth:

umbels few, terminal: petals erect, much longer than the calyx; nectaries entire,

spreading, short.

18—1. Pogo'nia. (3) 21. Orch, gr. vis-past.

ophioglossoides, (snake mouth arethusa. O. r. Ju. ![■) root fibrous: scape with two
distant leaves, 1 or 2-flowered: leaves lance-oval: lip fringed. 8 — 12 i. S. Mch.

zerticiUata, (W. y-r. J. 2i-) leaves 5, in whorls, lance-oblong: stem generally 1-
flowered: three outer petals long-linear, inner ones lanceolate; lip 3-lobed; middle
division undulated. Var. medeol.oides, (4) inner petals short, obtuse: leaves more
acuminate. 6—12 i. S. P. N. C. D. Mch.

Souther7i.
divancaia, (p. J. 2_f.) root fibrous: scape 1-flowered, with two distant, lance-oblong
leaves: outer petals long-linear, expanding; lip sub-3-lobed, crenulate. 18 — 24 i.

12 — 1 Polanisia. 64. Capp. erne. poi. sti. ver.

graveolens, Raf (false-mustard. O. r. w. Ju. ^.) viscid-pubescent: leaves ternate;
leafets elliptical-oblong: flowers generally dodecandrous. 1 f S. Cleome dode-
candria, 7th edition.

Podophyllum. Gr. pons, foot, and phullon, leaf, the leave's reseujbling the webbed

feet of aquatic birds; or in allusion to the long, firm stalk on which the leaves are

placed.
Podoslemum. Gr. pons, foot, and stemon, stamen, from the stamens being situated

on a base or foot.
Podostigma. Gr. pons, foot, and stigma, stigma, from its shape.
Pogonia. Gr. pngon, a beard, from the bearded lip of the nectary.
Polanisia. Unknown.

(I) Asclepias pedicellata, Wr. Stylandra "pumila, N. (2) Asclepias, Wr.

Anantherix, N. (3) Arethusa, L. (4) Arethusa, Ph.

POLANISIA, POLYGALA. 366

Southern.

tenuifolia, T. & G. ( ) viscid-glandular: leaves 3-foliate, nearly glabrous; leafets fili-
form-linear, longer than tlie petiole: petals very unequal, sub-orbicular, entire, on
short claws: stamens 9 — 11: style longer than the ovary: pods linear, terete,
minutely reticulated, glabrous. Georgia.

5 — 1. Polemo'nium. 45.

reptans, (greek valerian. W. b. M. 2i.) leaves pinnate, (leafets 5— 13:) flowers ter-
minal, nodding. P. K.

6—1. Polvan'thes. 14. Lili. diu — . enio.

Exotic.

tuberosum (tuberose. 11.) flowers alternate, in pairs: rootlets tuberous: scape scaly:
leaves linear, long. Sweet scented.

3 — 3. Polycar'pon. 30. Ille. ast.
Sojiihern.

tetraphjllvm, (w. J. i^l) stem branching, glabrous, striate, knotted: leaves opposite

and in fours, obovate, obtuse, entire; glabrous, narrowed at the base. 3 — 6 i.

Charleston, S— C.
depressum, N. ( ) very small, depressed, much branched: leaves opposite, spatu-

iate, the petiole as long as the limb: flowers in clustered cymes, sepals not mu

cronate: petals al.-nost filiform; stamens 3, — 5. California.

Pob/carpon, Stipulicida.

3 — 1. Polycne'mum. 29. Chen. nut. lax.

Suuihern.

americanum, N. (W. 21.) ce^pitose: leaves connate, crowded, subulate, 3-angled,
rather pungent: flowers terminal, triandrous?

IG — 6. Polyg'ala. 93. Leg. r. acr. sud. exp. ast. rlieu.

incarnata, W. (milkwort. W. r. J. 0.) stem somewhat simple, erect: leaves scattered,
subulate: spikes oval-oblong: corol with a slender elongated tube: flowers crested.
S. Y. R. D. Florida, S-C.

polyga'ma, Wr. (1 ) (ground-flower, bitter polygala. W. r. J. 21.) stem sub-simple,
(often several fiom the same root,) r-reclish: leaves oblanceolate or linear, mucron-.
ate: terminal racemes with perfect flowers; radical ones apetalous, prostrate, (run-
ning under ground when in loose sandy soil;) bracts small, subulate, caducous:
calycine wings roundish, longer than the capsule. 6 — 12 i. P. Y. C. D. Peeks-
kill. Mch, S— C.

paucifulia, (2) W. (flowering wintergreen. W. r. M. 2i.) small, large- flowered: stem
simple, erect, naked below; leaves ovate, acute, glabrous, near the top ofthe stem:
flowers crested, terminal, about in threes; radical ones apterous, often subterrane-
ous. Var. puhescens, leaves pubescent on the margin and midrib. Van alba, flow-
ers solitary or few, smaller, white, stem somewhat leafy at the base. 3—4 i. iS.
T. B. C. O. N. V. Mch.

Polemonium. Gr. po/emns, war, because two kings are said to have contended for

the honor of having discovered its virtues.-
Polyanthes. Gr. /?o/m-;, many, and aiithos, flower, because it has many flowers.
Polycarpon. Gr. palus. many, and karpos, seed, or fruit.
Polycnernutn. Gr. poltis, m^ny, kntiiie, a leg or knee, from the number of jointed

branches, or joints of the stem.
Polygala. Gr. polus, many, and gala, milk, from its milky juice.

(1) rubella, W. vulgaris, W.? (2) Chamajbuxus Section; probably a natural genus.

S66 POLYGALA.

ten'ega, W. (seneca enake root, mountain flax. W. r. or w. J. If.) stem erect, sim-
ple, leafy: leaves alternate, lanceolate: spike terminal, filiform: flowers alternate,
not crested. Var. ulhida, leaves lanceolate or oval: spike somewhat crowded;
flowers white, sub-sessile. 8—14 i. .§. O. T. Y. P. D. Peesksill. Rich.

lutea, W. (yellow milkwort. W. y. Ju. #. or ^.) stem simple or branching; radical
and lower caiiline leaves spatulate, the others lanceolate: spike head cylindric,
crowded, peduncled. Var. elatior. Ph. stem sub-virgate, taller. 4 — 16 i. S. Y.

san^in'fiu, (W. r. Ju. 0.) stem erect, corymb-branched at the top: leaves alternate,
linear: flowers not crested, in a head-form sjiike: peduncles squarrose: calycine
wings obovate about as long as the capsule. Damp. 8 — 16 i. S. B. F. N. C.

purpurea, N. (J u. r. -0.) stem fasligiate-branched: leaves alternate, oblong linear;
flowers beardless: spikes cylindric, obtuse, imbricated on a squarrose rachis: caly-
cine wings cordate-ovate, twice as long as the capsule. P. C. H. Mcli.

rerit«7/a^/, (dwarf snake-root. O. w. J. 0.) stem erect, branching: leaves whorled
and scattered: spike filiform, peduncled: flowers distinctly alternate, approximate,
crested: calycine wings shorter than the fi-uit. 6 — 8 i. S. Rich.

amUguu, N. (VV. p. 0.) first leaves whorled, the others alternate: stem with wand-
like branches: spikes acute, long peduncled: flowers crested; calycine wings round
and veined, equal and close piessed to the fruit: bracts caducous. Y. F. K.

cruciata, (r. g. Ju. Q.) stem erect, ramose, wing-angled: leaves in fours, lance-linear:
flowers in spiked sessile heads. 8— 12 i. S. P. C. N. B. Rich. K.

corymljo'sa, RIx. (1) (g-y. Ju. 2f-) stem erect, terete, nearly naked: lower leaves
long, lance-linear; cauline orjes subulate, minute near the summit: racemes
corymbed: rachis squarrose. 2 — 4 f 8.

nutkana, Moc. ( ) racemes loose, 4 — 5-flowered: wings orbicular: capsule ernar-
ginate: stem somewhat shrubby at the base: leaves oval, petioled, acuminate at
each end. N. W, America.

Southern.

setacea, Mx. (W. Ju. 0.) stem simple, setaceous, nearly leafless, sparingly branched
near the summit: leaves small, setaceous, scattered: flowers minute, in a compact
spike.

viridescens, W. (2) (g-j'. Ju.) stem simple: leaves wedge-obovate, obtuse: head
cylindric, squarrose: calycine witigs distinctly acuminate. 1 — 4 i.

balduin'a, N. (y-vv. Ju.) stem erect, branching near the summit: lower leaves spatu-
late-obtuse; cauline ones lanceolate: heads squarrose, corymbed: calycine wings
setaceous-acuminate. 2 — 3 f.

alba, N. (W. w. 2i.) stem simple: leaves alternate, linear, revolute at the margin:
spike racemed, long-peduncled: corol bearded: bracts caducous: calycine wings
roundish. 6 i.

hoyJdnia, N. (g-w. ) flowers crested: stem simple: leaves 4 — 5, verticillate, oblong-
oval, lanceolate or acute; upper ones scattered: spike solitary, long peduncled, lax
flowered. Georgia. Florida.

acutifulia, T. «}c G. (M. O.) cyme compound: spikes ovate, rather loose: wings oblong,
rather obtuse, mucronate: exterior sepals ovate-triangular, acute; crest conspicu-
ous: seed sub-globose, glabrous, without a caruncle: stem simple, attenuated up-
ward: radical leaves lanceolate-linear, very acute; cauline ones linear, subulate.
Florida.

cymosa, Wr. (J. Au. y.) cyme simple: spikelets ovate: wings elliptiral-oblong,
rather obtuse, mucronate; superior sepal half as large as the wings, rather obtuse:
lateral petals distinct nearly to the base; crest minute: seed sub-globose, glabrous,
without a caruncle: stem simple, terete, attenuated upward: radical leaves linear-
spatulate; cauline ones linear-subulate, minute. 2 — 5 f. North Carolina to Florida.

bicolor, Kunih. ( ) spikes cylindrical, densely flowered: exterior sepals with two

thick parallel nerves: leaves pellucid-punctate; the lower ones leinately or qui-
nately verticillate; upper ones linear-lanceolate. La.

leptocavlis, T. & G. ( 0. ) spike racemose, much elongated, very slender, loose: wings
elliptical-obovate, about as long as the corol; exterior sepals somewhat equal, acute;
crest conspicuous: capsule oblong; seed oblong: lobes of the caruncle very minute:
stem filiform, nearly snnple, or wjth a few long, erect branches; leaves linear, very
narrow. 1 — 2 f. Texas.

(1) attenuata, N. cymosa, Wr. (2) lutea, var. nana, Mk.

POLYGALA. POLYGONUM. 367

beyrichii, T. & G. (w. 21.) spike dense, acute: flowers on very short pedicels; vvinga
orbicular-obovate, concave, rather longer tiian the broadly obovate, lateral petals:
capsule oblong: seed very villous Willi appressed hairs: lobes of the caruncle dis-
tant, about half as long as the seed: stems numerous, somewhat branched: leaves
linear or linear-spatulale. 1 f. Texas.

chopmanii,T. & G. {Q. r.) spike oblong, acute, loose: wings obovate, wi,lh a short claw;
exterior sepals unequal; the posterior one broadly ovate, obtuse: lateral petals
obovate, distinct from the keel; crest almost none; seed obovate, clothed with
spreading hairs: lobes of the caruncle minute, diverging: stems filiform, somewhat
branching: leaves linear-subulate, nun)erous. 1 f. Florida.

grandiflora, VVr. (M. Au. Z{ r. ) pubescent: raceme elongated, the flowers distant:
pedicels recurved after flowering: wings roundish, covering the corol and fruit;
keel large, cucullate, connected with lateral petals and filaments only at the
base: stem ascending: leaves ovate-lanceolate, ciliolate. 1 f. S — C. to Florida
and La.

atlemiata, Hk. (0. g.) racemes loose, attenuated at the apex; pedicels as long as the
flowers: wings ovate, acute, concave, scarcely longer than the bearded keel:
stem slender, elongated, angular, branched: leaves linear, opposite, rarely quater-
nate; upper ones alternate. La.

Pobjgonatum, Convallaria.

8 — 3. Pol'ygo'kum. 28. Poly. epis. acr. s. nut. amy.
\. FloiDcrs axillary.

aviculare, (knot-grass. O. w. M. 21.) stamens 8, styles 3: leaves lanceolate, scabrous
at the margin; stipules short, lacerate: stem-procuinbent: flowers sub-sessile, axil-
lary, minute. 6 — 12 i. iS'. Mch.
ereclum, (1) (O. w. J. 2S-) stem erect, branched: leaves oval, acutish: stamens

mostly five. 1—3 f. .S. Mch.
murilimum, W. (2) (L. w-r. Au. h .) stamens 8: leaves lanceolate, thick and glaucous,
revolute on the margin: stipules lacerate: stem diffuse, prostrate, suflTruticose. 1
—2 f. .S?. Y. C.
tenue, Mx. (3) (slender knot-grass. O. w. Ju. 0.) leaves long-linear, straight, acu-
minate: stipules tubular, apex villose: stem slender, erect, branched, acute-angled;
flowers alternate, sub-solitary. 9 — 18 i. &'. Mch.

2. Floicers in slender spikes.

lapathifolium, (4) (W. r-w. Au. 0.) stamens 6: styles 2: stipules awnless: pedun

cles scabrous: nuts concave on all sides: spikes rather crowded: leaves lance-ovate,

short-petioled, pubescent above. 2 — 4 f. iS. P. Mch.
punclaium, E. (5.) (water pepper, biting knotweed. O. w. Au. 0.) stamens 8: styles

3: leaves lanceolate, glabrous: stipules lax, glabrous, ciliate at the apex, spotted:

spike filiform, weak, somewiiat nodding: bracts remotely alternate. 1 — 2 f. <S'. Mch.
mite, P. (6) (tasteless knotweed. W. J. Q.) stamens 8: styles 3: leaves narrow,

lanceolate, sub-hirsute: stipules hirsute, long-ciliate: spikes linear: bracts ciliate,

sub-imbricate. 12—18 i. ^•. T. Y. P. B. C. N. Mch.
virginianum, (W w. Ju. Zf.) stamens5: styles 2, unequal: leaves broad-oval: spikes

wand like: flowers remote. 2—4 f. S. P. Y. C. V. T. N. Mch.
bistortuides, Ph. (w-r. J. 21.) stem simple, 1-spiked: leaves oval, flat, petioled: bracts

1-flowexed, 2— 3-valved. C.

3. Floicers in thick crowded spikes.

viviparitm, (A. r. Au. If.) stem simple: leaves lance-linear, glabrous; margin revo-
lute: spike single, linear: biacts ovate, acuminate. 6i. S. Whitehills.

Polygonum. Gr. polus, many, and gone, corner, in allusion to the 3-cornered seed,

or from the knee-jointed stein.

(1) aviculare, var. latifolium. Ph. (2) marinum, Ph. glaucum. N, (3) linifo-
lium, M. barbatum, Wr. (4) inearnatum, E. (5) hydropiper, Mx. hydropi-
peroides, Ph. (6) hydropiperoides, Mx.

368 POLYGONUM.

barbatum, W. (W. r-w. Ju.) stamens 6: styles 3: spike wand-like, truncate; bristle
ciliate: leaves oblon<r, acute, smooihisli. 18—24 i.

persicaria, (ladies' thumb, heart-spot knotweed, heart's ease. O. r. Ju. 0.) stamens
6: styles 2: spikes ovate-oblong, erect: peduncles smooth: leaves lanceolate:
stipules smoothish, ciliate. 1 — 2 f. M.

pennsijlvanicum, (knee knotweed. O. Ju. p.) stamens 8: styles 2 or 1: spikes oblong:
peduncles hispid: leaves lanceolate: stipules glabrous, not ciliate: stem with swel-
ling knee-joints. 2 — 4 f. S. Alch.

amphib'ium, L. (I) (mud knotweed. O. r. Au. 2i.) stamens 5: styles 2, half-united:
upper leaves sub-sessile, and tapering to the base; middle ones short petioled and
abrupt at the base, lance-oblong and ovate-oblong, gradually tapering to a long-
acuminate apex, rough at the edge: spike cylindrical: stem thick, erect, sub-de-
cumbent at the base. Flowers large, red, in a thick spike 2 to 3 inches long. In
mud and moist ground. Mch.

coccineum, W. (2) (creeping knotweed, lake knotweed. W. r. Au. H.) stamens 5:
styles 2, half-united: leaves long-petioled, oblong, abrupt and sub-cordate at the
base, acute at the apex, glabrous and lucid: spike cylindrical: stem thick and
strong, decumbent and rooting. Flowers red, in spikes not so long or thick as the
last. Stem creeps along the muddy banks of an island in the Hudson, above
Troy, from 6 to 12 f B. C. O. D.

Jluitfins, Ea. (3) (swimming knotweed. r. Au. 2S-) stamens 5: styles 2, half-united:
leaves long-petioled, oblong-oval, tapering to the base, obtuse and acute at the
apex, glabrous and lucid: stem filiform, wiry, floating, sometimes rooting: spike
cylindric. Flowers red, in spikes less than half as long as the last, and not a
fourth as large as the preceding. Stem 10 to 15 feet long, often dark-brown and
sending off rootlets in clear water. Grows in Whiting's Pond, Columbia county,
and in Botany Pond, three miles easl of Albany. I have watched this and the
two preceding species several years, and am satisfied that they are distinct. Find-
ing this to be a new one, not var. nutans, of iVlx. I give it a new name.

4. Flowers in spiked-panicled racemes.

articulntum, (joint-weed. W. r. w. Ju. H^.) stamens 8: styles 3: racemed spikes in a
panicle, filiform: peduncles filiform, solitary, proceeding from above the imbricate
truncate bracts: leaves linear: stipules sheathing, truncate. Very abundant on the
sandy plains west of Albany. 8—15 i. S. D. T. Y. N. P. B. C. Granby,
Con. xMch.

5. Floicers sith-racemcd; haves cordate sagittate or hastate.

sagitta'tum, (prickly knotweed, scratch grass. O. w. J. Q.) stamens 8: styles 3 orl:
flowers in heads: leaves sagittate: stem with prickles reversed, or curved towards
its base, climbing. »S. Mch.

arifoLium, (halbert knotweed. O. r-w. Ju. 0.) stamens 6: styles 2 or 1: flowers dis-
tinct; spikes few-fiowered: leaves hastate: stem with prickles reversed, sub-erect.
Wet. 2—4 f 6'. Mch.

convol.'vidus. (bind knotweed. O. w. r. Ju. 0.) stamens 8: styles 3: leaves oblong
heart-hastate: stem twining, angled, roughish: divisions of the calyx obtusely
keeled. S. Mch.

scandens, (climbing buckwheat. O. w. r. Au. 21.) stamens 8: styles 3: leaves broad-
cordate: stipules truncate, naked: stem twining, glabrous: calyx bearing the fiuit
3-vvinged. -S. Mch.

ciiino'de, Mx. (Ju. 0.) stamens 8: styles 3: leaves cordate: stipules sub-acute, sur-
rounded at the base with an outer ciliate series: stem angled, prostrate or climbing,
roughish: divisions of the calyx obtusely keeled. P. C. N. D. Canada.

Exotic,
fagop'yrum, (buck-wheat. W. r-w. Ju. ^.) stamens 8: styles 3: racemes panicled:
leaves heart-sagittate; stem erectish, unarmed: angles of the nuts equal. 1 — 2 f.
Naturalized.
orien'tale, (prince's feather, r. Au. -0.) stamens 7: styles 2: leaves ovate: stem erect,
tall: stipules rough haired, somewhat salver-form. Naturalized. 3 — 6 f.

(1) Var. terrestre, T. (2) amphibium, Var. natans, Mx. (3) amphibium,

Var. natans, 3rd ed. Manual, and Var. aquaticum, T,

POLYGONUM, POLYPREMUM. 369

Southern,
hirsutum., Wr. (W. w. Ju. ^.) stamens 7: styles 3-cleft: spikfis filiform: stem and

stipules very hirsute: leaves lanceolate, hirsute punctate. 2 f.
polyuaimiin. Vent. (1) (w. An. 21'') stamens 8: styles 3: spike pariicled: flowers

solitary: divisions of the calyx obovate: leaves spatulate: stipules entire, obliquely

truncate. A variety of the arlicuiatum? Ph. 6 — 8 i.
fimbriatum, E. (w. Aii. !['') spike.* panicled; flowers solitary, fimbriate: stipule trun-
cate, fringed: leaves linear, acute at each end. 2 f
setaceum, Bald. (w. Ju.) stamens 8: styles 3-cleft: peduncles long, 2-spiked: spikes

interrupted, hirsute: leaves broad-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute: stipules hirsute,

ciiiate: stem erect, glabrous. ] — 2 f
gracUe, N. (g-w. ^.) dioecious, glaucous: racemes slender, filiform: flowers deflected,

longer tiian the peduncles: peduncle articulated to the calyx: leaves spatulate-

linear, obtuse: fruit longer than the calyx. 1 — 4 f.

17 — 4. Polym'nia. 55. Heli. s. sto.

canadensis, (white leaf-cup. W. vv. or y- J. 21.) viscid-villose: leaves denticulate,

acuminate; lower ones pinnatifid? upper ones 3-lobed or entire. 2 — 3 f. <S'.

P. C. D. O. Canada. Harper's Ferry. Mch.
uveda'lia, (2) (yellow leaf-cup. W. A. y. Ju. K-) leaves opposite, 3-lobed, acute,

decurrent into the petiole; lobes sinuate-angled: rays elongated. 3 — 5 f. S.

P. H. O. Mch. S— C.

21 — 1. Folypo'dium. 5. Fill. r. deo. sud. feb.

tulgare, (polypod. O. Ju. 21-) frond deeply pinnatifid; divisions lance-linear, obtuse,
creniilate, approximate, upper ones gradually smaller: fruit dots solitary: root
chaffy. Var. virginianuin, has a naked root. 8 — 12 i. S. i\]ch.

hexagonop'terum, W. (VV. Ju. 21.) frond doubly pinnatifid, smoothish; two lower
divisions deflexed; subdivisions lanceolate, obtuse, ciiiate, those of the under leafets
gash-crenate, and of the upper ones entire; the lowest ones adnate-decurrent: fruit
dots minute, solitary. The whole frond together presents a triangular form. 12 u
S. O. T. M.

connec'tile, Mx. (W. Ju. 2i.) frond doubly-pinnatifid, ciiiate; divisions opposite, con-
tiguous, adnate; subdivisions somewhat oval: stipe chaffy: fruit dots mmute. 12 i.
W. V. C. Canada. Maine. M.

dryopteris, (3) (W. Ju. 2i-) frond ternate, doubly pinnate, straight, sub-rigid; divi-
sions obtusish, sub-entire: fruit dots marginal, confluent. 8 — 12 i. W. P. K.

Southern.

virginianum, W. (Ju. Zf-) fronds deeply pinnatifid; divisions lanceolate, obtuse, very
entire, approximate; upper ones gradually smaller: fruit dots solitary: root solitary.

incanum, W. (4) (O. Ju. 21-) fronds deeply pinnatifid; divisions alternate, linear,
very entire, obtuse; upper ones gradually smaller, scaly beneath: stipe scaly, fruit-
bearing at the apex: fruit-dots solitary.

3 — 2. Polypo'gon. 10. Gram. far. ton.

racemosus, Mx. (5) (Au. 21.) panicle dense, conglomerate, interrupted: bristle ofthe
glume scabrous: paleas unarmed, hairy at the base: culm branched. B. N. Mch.

4—1. Polypre'mum. 46. Gent. bit. ton. dia.

Southern.

procumbens. (O. w. Ju. ^.) stem furrowed, with the margin of the furrows sharp-

Polymnia. Said to be named after Polymnia; one of the Muses.

Polypodium. Gr. polus, many, and pous, foot, because the multitude of roots appear

to serve the office of feet.
Polypogon. Gr. polus, many, andpogon, beard, from the unusual number of awns.
Polypremum. Gr. polus, many, and premnon, a stalk or shoot.

(1) parvifolia, Mx. (2) macnlata, Cavanilles. (3) calcarem, W. Nephro-

dium, Mx. (4) ceteraccinum, Mx. Acrostichum polypodoides, L. (5) glome-
ratus, W. Agrostis, Mx.

47

370 POLYPREMUM, POPULUS.

serrulate, dicHotomous above: leaves opposite, linear, sessile, finely serrulate, sub-
decurrent. 6 — 12 i.

17 — 1. Polyp'tekis. 55. Eupa. h. bit-ton. sec-stim. erne. feb.
Sojiihcrn.
intcgrifolia, N. (21-) stem erect, sub-scabrous, brandling above: leaves alternate, en-
tire, lance-linear, scabrous. 3 — 4 f.

5 — 2. Polyt.'e'nia. go. Umb. sto. arc. ton.

nuttallii, Dc. {V^ .) leaves three-parted at the top; segments 3-cleft, Tjj[edge-form at
the base, leafets lanceolate, toothed at the apex. Arkansas. Mch.

10—1. Pojia'kia. 93. Lc
Southern.

glandulusa, Cavau. (W. y. \- .) branching, glandular punctate: branches slender, sub-
pubescent: leaves abruptly bipinnate; leafets ovate, oblique at the base, entire,
sessile, sub-pilose, smooth and i)ale,-greeu above. '

0—1. Pontede'kia. 17. Pont. ton.

cunlutiiy (pickerel weed. O. b. TJu. Z(.) leaves heart-oblong, obtuse; spike many-
flowered, compact: divisions of the corol oblong. Var. angustifolm, Ph. (I) leaves
elon<rated-triaiigular, truncate and sub-cordate at the base. 1 — 2 f. S. Mch.

Southern,
lancifolia, M. (b. J. Zf-) leaves lance-oblong: flowers spiked. Probably a variety of
the last. Elliott.

20 — 8. Pop'uLus. 09. Sail. emo. ton.

treiimloidcs, Mx. (2) (white poplar, american aspen. W. Ap. T-.) leaves heart-round-
ish, abruptly acuminate, tooth-serrulate, glabrous, a little pubescent at the margin,
with two o-lands at the base on the upper side; petioles compressed, in the young
state silky. 20-30 f. T. B. P. C. D. F. O. iN. V. Mch.

<rran' didmta' ta, (3) Mx. (tree poplar. W. Ap. ^ .) leaves round-ovate, acute, unequal-

" ly and coarsely sinuate-toothed, glabrous; in the young state villose; petioles com-
pressed. Var. pendula, branches pendulous. 40—50 f. -S'. T. F. B. C. N. P.
Mch.

betuUfolia, V\\. (3) (birch-leaf poplar. Ap. \.) leaves rhomboidal, long acuminate,
dentate, glabrous: young branches pilose. 30— 40 f. T. Y. V. C. N.

ann-ulata, C4) (balm of gilead; water poplar, cotton wood. O. Ap. h.) leaves ovaie-
deltoid, acuminate, obtusely hook-toothed, glabrous; younger ones broad-cordate:
branches wing-angled. 80 f.

balsamiferu, VV. (balsam poplar. Ap. ^.) leaves ovate-acuminate, with close-pressed
serratures, white and net-veined beneath: buds resinous. 70 — 80 f. T. N. V. C.
W. Canada.

candkans, A. (6) (W. Ap. ^.') leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, obtusely and un-
equally serrate, whitish beneath, sub-3-nerved, net-veined; petioles hirsute: buds
resinous: branches terete. 40 — .50 f. Y. C. D. Mch.

lotvimiiii, ^y. (7) (cotton tree. W. Ap. ^ .) leaves round-ovate, deltoid, acuminate,
sub-cordate, unequally serrate, glabrous, glandular at the base; petioles compres-
sed: younger branches angled. 70— 80 f. S. T. P. F. D. Mch.

Polypteris. Gr. polus, many, and pteris, wing, in allusion to the many-valved (or

win^d) egret.
Poly taenia. Gr. polus, many, and tuirtia, fillet, from the fillets between the seeds.
Pomruia. LaL potnum, an apple, or pear, analagous to Pyralea.
Pontederia. In honor of Julius Ponle<lera, Prof, of Botany at Padua, in Italy.
Popuhis. Lat. popuLus, ihe people; tiie walks at Rome having been shaded with the

P. dilatata. hence it was called the people's tree.

(1) Species of Ph. mucronata, Rs. (2) trepida, W. (3) trepida M. (4) hud-
sonica, Mx. younger, nigra, Mx. elder. (5) heterophylla, DuRoi. (6) lalifolia, Mn.
(7) canadensis, Mx.

POPULUS, POTAMOGETON. 371

hetcrophylla, Mx. (various leaved poplar. W. M. ^ . ) leaves round-ovate, cordate,
with a small sinus, sub-auricled, obtuse, hook-tootlied; younffer ones downy. 70
-SOf. .S. P.C.N.

monoliftra. W. (W. Ap. T?.) leaves sub-coi date-deltoid, glabrous, glandular at the
base, with cartilaginous, sub-pilose, hooked serratures; nerves spreading; petioles
compressed above: older branches terete. 60 — 70 f. Troy, Albany.

Exotic.

dilalata, W. (lombardy poplar. Italian poplar. Ap. T-.) leaves glabrous both sides,
acuminate, serrate, deltoid, the breadth equal to, or exceeding the length: branches
erect, cloM to the stem. It is said no pistillate plant of this species has been
brought WAmerica. Consequently no seeds are obtained from it, and it has not
been reproduced liere from seed. 40 — 80 f.

gracca, W. (athenian poplar. Ap. T^.) leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, obsoletely
serrate: petioles compressed^ 20 — 40 f.

12 — 12. Porcel'ia. (1) 76. Anno. f. aro. b. bit. ton.

triloba, W. (custard apple, paw-paw. p. Ap. ^.) leaves smoothish, oblong-wedge-

obovate: outer petals orbicular: fruit large, fleshy. 30 — 40 f. S. M. K. S — C.

Mch.

Southern,
parviflora, Mx (g-p. M. >■ .) leaves wedge-obovate, rnucronate, under surface and

branches rufous pubescent: outer petals scarcely twice as long as the calyx. 2 f.

S— C.
pygmaea, Mx. (Ap. ^.) leaves long-linear, wedge-form, obtuse, coriaceous, with

the branches glabrous:* outer petals obovate-oblong, much larger than the calyx.

6— IS i. Florida.
grandijlora, Mx. (y-w. Ap. T^.) leaves wedge-obovate, obtuse, under surface and

branches rufous pubescent: outer petals obovate, much larger than the calyx.

18 — 24 i.

12 — 1. Portula'ca. 86. Port, muc-nut. lax.
oleracea, (purslane. O. y. J. 0.) leaves wedge-form: flowers sessile. S Mch.

Southerii.
pilosa, (VV. 0.) leaves subulate, alternate: axils pilose, flowers sessile, terminal.

4 — 4. Pot'amoge'ton. 7. Fluv. ton — .

natans, (pond-weed. O. g. J. 1[.) leaves long-petioled, floating, lance-oval; at first
some of them are sub-cordate. On water. S. Mch.

fiuitans, (W. g. .Tu. 21.) lower leaves long, linear; upper ones lanceolate, nerved,
coriaceous; all petioled. In water. S. B. C. F. N.

hetcrophyllum, Sr. (2) (variegated pond-weed. W. g. Ju. If.) upper leaves petioled,
oval, tapering to both ends; lower oneiS crowded, sessile, linear. iS'. T. P. Y.
C. N. F. Mch.

diversifoUum, B. (3) (O. g. Ju. TJ.) floating leaves opposite, lanceolate, 5-nerved,
short-petioled; sub-mersed ones sessile, alternate, filiform: spikes dense, axillary,
alternate, shorter than the leaves. Water. S.

perfoliatum , (W. g. Ju. 21.) leaves heart-ovate, clasping, all immersed: spilies termi-
nal, above water: flowers alternate. In water. P. Y. T. B. C. N. F. V. Mch.

lucens, Mx. (O. g. J. 21.) leaves very largo, lanceolate, sub-sessile, middle rib thick:
spike long, cylindric. The substance of the leaf i.^j composed of translucent
cellules; so that to the naked eye it appears to be a thin, pellucid membrane.

Porcelia. In honor of Porcel, a distinguished Spanish botanist.

Portulaca. Lat. porta, to carry, and lac, milk, because it increases the milk of

animals.
Potamogeton. Gr. potamos, river, and geiton, neighbor; because it is always found

in water.

(1) Orchidocarpum, Mx. Annona, W. Asimina, Ad. (2) hybridum, Mx.

(3) setaceum. Ph.

872 POTAMOGETON, POTENTILLA.

Spike from I to 2 inches long, with a peduncle thrice as long. The stipule above
each leaf is about an inch in length; its substance resembling the leaf. Water.
S. Mch.

prispum, (r-g. J. 2J..) leaves alternate, or opposite, lance-oval, undulate, serrate:
spikes few-riovvered. 6'. T. P. Canada.

jiectinuium, S. (1) (W. g. J. 21.) leaves long-bristle-form, approximate, two-ranked,
sheathed at the base: spikes terminal, interrupted, whorled: fruit ovate, turgid.
All immersed in water but the spike. T. V. P. C. Pittsfield, Mass. Mch.

gramin' euni, Mx. (2) (grass pond-weed. O. g. in. Zf.) leaves linear, grass-like, alter-
nate, sessile: stipules broad: stem terete, sub-dichoiomous. In Julj', some of
these plants begin to raise their spikes of unopened flower-buds to the surface of
the water. As soon as the stigmas are fertilized by the pollen, the spiiTes are agajn>
withdrawn, to ripen the fruit under water. Oliier individuals succeed them, and
the process goes on for several weeks. /S. ,.

coinpressum, (W. g. Ju. =$. or 7S-) leaves linear, obtuse: stem compressed: epike
short,, 4 to 6-flowered. Water. P. Y. T. K. Mch.

zosterifulium, Trin. (g-y. Au. 2X-) leaves alternate, linear, closely sessile: stem flexu-
ous, compressed, sub-alate, branches axillary: stipules lance-linear, acute: spike
many (20 — 40) flowered. 2 — 3 f. Hudson and Susquehanna rivers. Streamy in
Virginia. Aikin. Mch.

]1— 12. Fotentil'la. 92. Rosa. ton.
1. Leaves ternate.

tridentata, A. (mountain cinquefoil. A. w. Ju. Zf.) ascen4ing, smoothish: stipules
subulate: leaves wedge-oblong, 3-toothed, at tiie end a few close-pressed hairs:
flowers in a terminal forked corymb; petals qblongovate, longer than the calyx,
5— lOi. <Sf. D. White Mountains, Massachusets. Mch.

pmarginata, Ph. ( If.) assurgent, hirsute: stipules ovate, entire: leaves ternate;
leatets sessile, approximate, gash-toothed, hirsute on both sides: pedicels few, ter-
minal, elongated, 1-flowered: petals wedge-oblong, emarginate, twice the length
of the calyx. Labrador.

nivea, W. (y. Ju. 21.) assurgent. wooUy-tomentose: stipules ovate, entire: leafets
sessile, approximate, gash-toothed, hirsute above, white tomentose below: pe-
duncles few, terminal, 1-flovvered: petals broad-obcordate, scarcely longer than the
calyx. Labrador.

fillosa, Ph. (hairy five-finger. W. 2i.) assurgent, silky-villose: stipules broad, mem-
branaceous, entire: leafets sessile, appro.\imate, with shining, close-pressed hairs
above, hoary-tomentose beneath: peduncles short, aggregate: petals obcordate,
longer than the calyx.

hirsuia, Mx. (W. w. Ju. y.) erect, simple, very hirsute: stipules lanceolate, entire:
leaves obovate, gash-laciniate: panicle few-flowered; pedicels short: petals smaller
than the calyx. Canada. Western part of IVew York.

nonoegica, (cinquefoil. O. y. J. ^.) erect, branching, hairy: stipules like an ovate leaf,
halved longitudinally; toothed: leafets lance-rhombic, gash-toothed: branches

dichotomous; peduncles axillary, solitary: petals shorter than the calyx. 8 18 i

S. Mch.

nana, Lehm. ( ) stem erect, 1 flowered: leaves ternate; leafets round-obovate,
obtusely dentate, both sides pilose, becoming white beneath: petals obcordate, 3
times as long as the calyx. R. A.
fragiformis, W. ( ) stem erect, few-flowered: leaves ternate; leafets round-obo-
vate, obtusely dentate, both sides spreading, pilose, villose at the margin: petals
obcordate, a little longer than the calyx.

vahUana. ( ) stem erect, somewhat 1-flowered: leaves ternate; lateral leafeta

cuneiform, trifid; terminal one rhomboid, very hirsute, beneath shining, whitish,
or becoming yellow-tomentose: petals reniform, twice as long as the calyx. R.

bifiorn, Lehm. ( ) stem erect, somewhat 2-flowered at the apex: leaves ternate,

very slenderly pilose; lateral leafets deeply 2-parted; terminal one 2-parted; seg^
ments linear, very entire, ciliate at the margin. R. A. "

JPotentilla. Lat. potentia, power; from its imaginary medical virtues.
(1) marinum, Mx. (2) pauciflorum, Ph.

POTENTILLA, 373^

2. Leaves digitate, in fives, rarely in sevens.

Canadensis, (1) (common five-finger. O. y. M. 21.) procumbent, sub-ramose, whitish-
silky: stipules ovate, gashed: leaves wedge-obovate, gash-toothed: stern ascending
and creeping, hirsute: peduncles solitary, elongated; divisions of the calyx lance-
linear: petals orbicular, sub-entire, of the lenglli of the calyx. This plant is so
long in flower, and assumes so many forms and sizes, that students in botany
often make several species of it. Persoon's diagnosis of reptans can be found in
this plant: but we have no such species. 2 — 18 i. 5'. Mch.

simplex, IMx. (W. y. M. li.) erect, simple, hirsute: stipules gashed: leaves oblong-
oval, CQVsely toothed, upper ones sessilec peduncles axillary, solitary, elongated,
l-flowe|JM: divisions of tlie calyx lance-linear: petals rouud-obcordate, longer than
'the calyx. T. Y. V. P. B. C. D. F.

sarmu^' sa, M. (y. M. 21-) stem sarmentose: leaves quinate; leafets obovate, obtuse,
seftate, glabrous above, hirsute beneath: petals roundish, longer than the calyx.

opaca, W. (y. Ju. Zf.) decumbent, filiform, hirsute: stipules linear-oblong, entire;
radical leave* in 7"s and .5's, wedge-linear, dentate: peduncles axillary, solitary,
l.-flowered:'petals retuse, as long as the calyx. Labrador.

dissecta, Ph. (If.) erect, branching, nearly glabrous: leaves quinate; leafets pinnatifid;
divisions entire, acute: flowers terminal, sub-corymbed. Hudson's Bay.

argentea, (silvery five-finger. O. w-y. Ju. 7i-) stem prostrate and ascending, rarely
sub-eiect, branching, white-downy: stipules ovate, acute: leaves wedge-form, gash-
toothed, silvery- white down beneath: petals retuse, scarcely longer than the calyx.
4—10 i. S.

recta, P. (y. J. 2X.) stem erect: leaves in fives and sevens; leafets lanceolate, coarsely
toothed: petals ob-cordate, larger than the calyx: corol large, pale. P.

gracilis, Doug. ( ) stem erect, high, corymb- panicled above, softly hirsute: leaves

long-petioled, growing in fives; upper ones in some manner sessile; leafets lanceo-
late, deeply pinnatifid serrate; beneath white-tomentose; stipules large, lanceolate,
very entire: petals obcordate, longer than the silky calyx. R.

jlabelliformis, Lehm. (y. ) stem erect, slender: leaves in sevens or nines; leafets

deeply pinnatifid, above close-pressed-pilose, beneath white-tomestose; divisions
linear, distant, revolute at the margin: flowers corymbed: petals obcordate, exceed-
ing the calyx.

chrysantha, Trevir. ( ) stem ascending: leaves in fives or sevens; leafets elliptic,
coarsely serrate, pubescent: uppei stipules somewhat gashed: petals obcordate,
twice as long as the calyx. R.

poncinna, Rich. ( y. ) stem abbreviated, few-flowered: radical leaves in fives or
sevens; leafets cuneate, obovate, serrate at the apex, beneath very densely white-
tomentose: petals obcordate, exceeding the calyx. A.

3. Leaves more or less pinnate.

fruiicosa, (2) (shrubby cinquefoil. W. y. J. h.) fruticose, hirsute: stipules ovate,
entire: leaves quinate-pinnate; leafets lirjear-oblong, entire: petals longer than the
calyx. 1—5 f. S. V. W. Y. P. B. D. O. N. Canada. Mch.

anserina, (tansey cinquefoil, silver- weed. O. y. J. l[-) creeping: leaves interruptedly
pinnate; leafets numerous, gash-serrate, silky, white-downy beneath: peduncles
solitary, 1-flowered. Var. graenlandica, nearly glabrous, very small: leaves much
smaller, in few pairs; leafets obovate, reddish-green, whitish beneath. Mch.

pennsylvanica, (W. y. Ju. 2^-) erect, very soft, and somewhat vvhitish-villose; leaves
pinnate; leafets oblong, obtuse, sub-pinnalifid. woolly: panicle straight, many-
flowered: divisions of the calyx semi-oval. It is doubtful whether this is an
American species. Torrey. P. Y. T. W. V. C. D.

supina, (VV. y. J. ^.) procumbent, dichotomous: leaves pinnate; leafets oblong,
deeply toothed: peduncles lateral, solitary, 1-flowered, spreading. S. P. D.
Canada.

leneoplnjlla, T. (W. ) erect: leaves pinnately divided; lobes oblong, deeply and
sharply serrate, whitish silky on both sides: stipules lanceolate, acute, very entire
or 1-toothed: flowers lax corymbed: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, very entire,
narrower than the bracts: receptacle pilose: pericarp smooth. 15 i,

H) pumila, Lk. (2) floribunda, Ph.

374 POTENTILLA, PRENANTHES.

arguta, Ph. (1) (O. w. J. Zf.) stem erect, pubescent, viscous above; leaves unequally
pinnate; Icafets somewhat round-ovate, oblique at the base, doubly gash-toothed:
stipules sub-entire: calyx acute, somewhat shorter than the corol. 1 — 3 f. C. T.
R. A. N. Mch.

effusa, Doug. (y. ) hoary-tomentose: stem ascending, weak; leaves interruptedly

pinnate; leafels oblong, gash-serrate: flowers dichotomous-panicled: stipules lance-
olate, acuminate, very entire: petals obcordate, equalling the acuminate calyx. R.

lipinnatifidn, Doug. ( ) stem erect: leaves pinnate; leafets obovate, pectinate-
pinnatifid; above silky-silvery; beneath white-tomentose: stipules rhomboid, gashed:
flowers corymbose-crowded. R. A, |^k _^^

sericea, L. ( ) stem ascending, few-flowered: li!^.'; pinnate; leafets ovate, pinna-
tifid; both sides tomentose; beneath hoary: stipules lanceolate, very entire. Var.
glahrala, younger and older leafets silky only at tlie apex. R..

drummondu, l^e\\m. {y . ) stem herbaceous, sub-erect, lax; latlical leavea||fcegu-
larly sub-verticillately pinnate; cauline orw|ifcwo-paired; kalets obovate, tHKate,
cuneate at the base, deeply gash-serrate, wpte, a little glabrou.:: stipules ovate,
very entire: petals obcordate, veiny, twice as long as the calyx. 11.

4. Leaves pinnate-digitate.

diversifoUa, Lehm. ( y- ) stem ascending: radical leaves pinnate, somewhat 3-
paired and quinate; cauline ones two-paired, digitate, ternate; leafets cuneiform,
above coarsely-gash-serrate, sil^y pilose at the apex: stipules lance-ovate, very
entire: petals obcordate, longer than tlie calyx. R. ^

pnlchcrrlma, Lehm. (y. ) stem ascending, villose: leys? pinnate M'ith an odd
terminal leafet; leafets densely crowded, elliptic, equa^ serrate, close pressed-
pilose above, white-tomentose beneath: stipules ovate, alute, very entire, woolly:
petals obcordate, longer than the calyx. R. '

ruhricaulis, Liohm. { y. ) stem ascending: jttdital leavek- pinnate, two-paired;
cauline ones ternate; leafets approximate, «felong, pinnatifid-serrate, glabrous
above, tomentose beneath: stipules very entire: petals obcordate, somewhat exceed-
ing the calyx: receptacle sub-glabrous. A.

pulcheUa, Br. ( y. ) stem procumbent, somewhat 1 -flowered: leaves pinnate,
somewhat two-paired, silky-tomentose beneath; leafets twice 3-lobed or linear,
very entire; margin revolute; unequally pinnatifld: stipules sheathing: style glan-
dulous dilated at the base. A.

Soiilhem.
humifasa, N. (W. y. M.) leaves digitate, quinate; leafets wedge-oblong, obtuse, gash-
toothed, white-tomentose beneath; peduncles short, filiform, procumbent. 4 — 5 i.

Potentilla, Comarum.

19—12. Pote'iuum. 92. Sang. ton.

annuuvi, N. (W. 00 herbaceous; glabrous: stem erect, dichotomous: leafets 4 to
.^-paired, ovate, deeply pectinate-pinnatifid; divisions linear, very narrow: little
heads oval. Red river.

sanguisor'ba, (burnet. .1. Zf.) stem somewhat angled, unarmed: leaves pinnate; leafets
serrate: flowers in heads. Lake Huron.

PotllOS, ICTODES.

17 — 1. Prenan'thes.* 53. Cich. sal. asc.

alba, (white lettuce. O. w. p. Au. Zf.) radical leaves angled, hastate, toothed, some-
what lobed; cauline ones round-ovate, toothed, petioled; uppermost ones lanceolate:

Poterium. Gr. poterion, a cup, a beverage, from its being used as a cooling drink.
Prenanthes. Gr. prtnes, drooping, and anthos, flower, from the pendulous flowers.

(1) Bootia sylvestris, Bw. See page 200. (2) scrpentaria, cordata.

* My friend and pupil Mr. Riddell, has announced four new species of Prenanthes,
which he names, inuinuaisis, ovata, parviflora, and proteoplajUa. As several other
botanists have proposed to me new species in tiiis deceptive genus, I defer their pub-
lication for the present, to avoid interference, and the increase of doubtful species.

PRENANTHES, PRIMULA. 375

panicle lax; the terminal fascicle nodding: involucre 8-cleft, 9 or lO-flowered. Var.
nana, (Bw. ) low. leaves 3-partetl, hastate, ovate and lanceolate, sometimes all
simple: racemes panicled or simple. J — 3 f. S. Mch.

altissima, (W. p-y. Au. 21.) stem branching: leaves petioled, 3-lobed, angled, denti-
culate; margin scabrous: racemes axillary: flowois nodding: 'involucre about 5-
flowered. probably a variety o? alba. 4—8 f. -5'. P. C. D. 'o. N.

virgata, Mx.i^) (O. w-p. Au. 21-) glabrous: stem very simple: leaves all lyrate-
sinuate: branchlets somewhat 1-sided: flowers-pendant: involucre glabrous, 8-cleft,
10-flowered. 3— (i £ .V. P. Y. Pittsfield, Mass.

crcpidinea, Mx. (W.J|^ leave|^fcad-lanceolate, attenuated at the base, unequally
tooth-augled: par^^fascicllBPerminal, few-tlowered, nodding: involucre hirsute,
10 to 12-cleft, abofPb-ilowered. 4—6 f. S. D.

ruhicunda, W. (S. 2i-) leaves ciliate; radical ones hastate-angled, sub-entire; lower

3a^hie ones obovate, tapering at^lie base, sub-angled; upper ones lanceolate;
;n^ft: racemes jgl^l

18 i. C. ^ ^P

v.sTst

en'^ft: racemesj||fcBle, iflowers JBUing. This was considered a variety of the
itbu, by Linne^^Hd is made l|Ponymous with the virgata, by Mr. Nuttall.

racemosa, Mi^/BV. iS.) stem simple: leaves all undivided, smooth; radical ones lance-
oval; caulinyones half clasping: racemes oblong, very hirsute; fascicles nodding;
involucre 8 to 9-parted, 9 to l*^-flowered. 14 i. Goderich, U. C. Mch.

deltoldca, E. (W. p. S.) stem simple, glabrous: leaves deltoid, acuminate, acutely-
denticulate, sub-glaucous beneath: racemes axillary, few-flowered: involucre 5-
flowered. 2 f S. . P. O.

paucifiora, T. (W. '^igtenn branching, flexuous, panicled above: br-anchlets 1-
flowered: flowers erecw leaves lance-linear, runcinate, glabrous: involucre about
5-flowered. ^* •^' ^^ ■

tenuifolia, T. (W.) st^ branching, glabrous: leaves linear, very.entire: panicle
lax, terminal: flowe^erect: involucre about 5-flowered. This and the preceding
species were collected near the Rocky Mountains by Dr. James. They will pro-
bably hereafter be referred to a new genus. Torrey.

Southern.

simplex, Ph. (jfc Ju.) stem si(BpI^: upper leaves lance-linear, entire; radical ones
lanceolate, sinuate: raceme te'irmina!. simple: flowers nodding: involucre 8-flower-
ed. Is this distinct from the r/'/v/wirt.^ Elliott. 2 'f.

illinviensis, P. (W. ) stem simple, and with the leaves, very rough: leaves all un-
divided, lance-oval: raceme long; lascicles sub-sessile, erect, hirsute.

ap/iytla, N. (p. r. M. 2f.) stem sub-simple; branches virgate: radical leaves linear;
cauline ones small, subulate, scattered: flowers solitary: involucre 8-cleft, many-
flowered. 2 fi Is this distinct from the next? Florida.

5 — 1. Pri'mula. 35. Prim. sed. sop.

farinosa, Var: americana, (bird's eye primrose. W.r. 2{.)' leaves obovate-spatulate,
repandly crenate-dentate, jnealy beneath: umbel erect, many-flowered: peduncles
spreading: limb of the corol flat, as long as the tube; divisic«is obtuse, obcordate.
6—10 i. D. Canada. Mch.

mistasinica, Mx. (W. 2|.) small, glabrous: leaves oval-spatulate, sub-dentate; scape
elongated: umbel few-flowered: limb of the corol reilexed; the divisions wedge-
oblong, obtusely 2-cieft: capsule oblong, exsert. Canada. D. Mch.

anguslifulia, T. (W. p. ) leaves lance-oval, very entire, glabrous: scape 1-flowereii
divisions of the corol ovate, very entire. 1 — 2 i.

Exotic,
acnulis, (primrose. 21.) leaves rugose, toothed, hirsute beneath: scape l-flowered.
veria, (cowslip primrose, r-y. 21- ) leaves rugose, toothed: limb of tlie corol concave;

neck of the tube obfong: calyx inflated.
elalior, (oxlip primrose, w-y. 2[..) leaves rugose, tootlied, hirsute: limb of the corol

flat: neck of tiie tube hemispheric: flowers naked witiiin.
auric'ula, (auricula primrose. 2X.) leaves serrate, fleshy, obovate: scape many-flower-
i ed: cal3x mealy.

Primula. Lat. primus, first, it being almost the first lower in spring.
(1) autumnalis, VVr. rubicunda, W.?

S7$ . PRINOS, PRUNELLA.

6—1. Pri'nos. 95. Ilic. b. ton. f. ton-eme.

vertieillaius, L. (1) (winter berry, false alder. W. w. J. ^.) leaves deciduous, oval,
serrate, acuminate, pubescent beiieath: fascicles of staminate flowers axillary, um-
belliferous; the pistillate flowers are aggregated; both 6-parted. Var. tcnuifolivs,
leaves obovate, meuibranaceous, smooth beneath: pistillate flowers 4— 5-cIefl, sub-
eolitary. Sometimes this shrub is moncecius, and sometimes peliect-flowered.
Generally in wet places. Berries red, permanent. 4 — 8 f. S. B. P. C. D. F.
O. N. T. Mch.

glaber, (ink-berry. Ju. T^.) leaves evergreen. weddBfcnceolatejjcoriaceous, glabrous^
shining, equally sub-dentate above: pedicels axilH^, sub-aoHWry, mostl_p 3-flower-
ed. 3—4 f. S. P. Y. B. C. T. Canada. S— C.

hzvigatus, Ph. (W. Ju. ^.) leaves deciduous, lanceolate, close-pressed, serrate, acu-
minate, glabrous both sides, shining on the upper side, hardly pubescentj^ the
■nerves beneath: pistillate flowers axillary, golitary, sub-sessile; staminate flowers
scattered; all 6-cleft. 6-8 f 5.'. P. Y.

ambiiruus, Mx. (w. J. ^.) leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate, at both ends, mucro-
nate, serrulate, sub-pubescent beneath; flowers 4 or.5-cleft; staminate ones crowd-
ed togethex on the lower branches; pistillate ones solitary. Flowers perfect, 7-
clefl: stamens 7. Brunswick. Wet or damp. 3—5 f. S. T. Y. B. C.

Southern.

integrif alius., 'E. {\ .) leaves deciduous, oval, entire, mucronate, petioled, glabrous on
both sides: pistillate flowers solitary, long-peduncled. A small tree.

lanceo/atus, Ph. (W. J. K) leaves deciduous, lanceolate, finely and remotely serrulate,
acute at each end, glabrous on both sides: pistillate flowers scattered, generally in
pairs, peduncled, 6-cleft; staminate ones aggregate, triandrous. Berries small,
■scarlet.

coriaceus, Ph. (2) (M. ^.) lea.ves perennial, broad-oval, acute, serrate near the apex,
lucid above, minute-punctate beneath: pistillate flowers solitary, about 8-parted;
staminate ones aggregate, octandrous. Var. latifoUa, leaves lance-obovate, acumin-
ate. Var. angustifuiUi, leaves lanceolate, acute. &--6 f.

Prismato carpus, Campanula.

3 — 3. Pros'erpina'ca. 88. Halo. emo.

palustris, (mermaid weed. g. Ju. #.) leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate above water,
pinnatifid below water. S. N. C Y. P. T. B. F. Pittsfield.

peclinata, Lk. (g. Ju. 0.) leaves all pectinate-pinnatifid. Water. S. P. Y. Day-
ton, O. S— C.

10 — 1. Proso'pis. 93. Leg. nut. lax.

glandulosa, T. (W. \ .) spines thick, cylindric-conic: leaves conjugate-pinnate,
or pinnate in one pair; leafets distant, 6 — 7-pairs, linear, sub-falcate, obtuse, gla-
brous, sub-coriaceous; petiole between the leaves and leafets glandular: legumes
straight: spikes cylindric.

13 — I. Prunel'la. 42. Labi. sto. aro.

vulgaris, Var. pennsylvanica, (heal-all, self heal. O. J. If.) leaves petioled, oblong-
ovate, toothed at the base: lips of the calyx unequal: upper one truncate, awned:
stem ascending. 6 — 12 i. S. Mch.

Prinos. Greek name for the scarlet oak (saw-leaved oak) applied on account of its

scarlet berries in winter.
Proserpinaca. Lat. from the goddess Proserpina; being partly concealed below the

surface of the water, oi mud.
Prosopis. Gr. prosnpnn, face, from the appearance of the fructification.
Prunella. Altered from Brunella, from the German die ( Breune) a disease in the

jaws and throat, which it is said to cure.

(1) gronovii, Mx. (3) atomarius, N.

PRUNUS, PSORALEA. 37?

13 — 1. Pru'nps. 92. Amyg. b. ton. pru. feb.

americana, Marshall. (1) (meadow plum. O. w. M. ^.) somewhat thorny? pedicels
aggregated, 3 — o: stipules setaceous^ compound: leaves oblong-oval and obovate,
abruptly and strongly acuminate, doubly serrate: fruit sub-ovate, mostly solitary,
reddish-yellow, with a thick coriaceous skin. 12 — 15 f. Dn. M. S. Pluni about
the size of tlye damson; very sweet when ripe, sliplic before. tSf. Mch.

chicasa, Mx. (2) (summer plum, meadow plum? W. w. M. fp .) branches very gla-
brous, somewhat thorny: leaves oblong-oval, acute or acuminate, minutely serrate:
buds aggregated, each about 2-flovvered: pedicels very short: divisions of the gla-
brous calyx obtuse: j^it sub-gl|pose. The plums are yellow and reddish? P.

maritima, Mx. (L. w. M. ^.) peduncles sub-solitary: leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate,
doubly serrate. Pursh has copied in the P. acuminata of Mx. as a synonym, which
is — branchlets glabrous: leaves obLong-oval, long, acutely acuminate: calyx glabrous:
drups'Iong peduncled, ovate, acuminate. Y.

* Exotic,

sp jnosrt, W. (english sloe, h.) peduncles solitary: leaves lance-oval, pubescent be-
neath: fruit straight: branches thorny.

doviestica, (plum. w. M. >;.) peduncles sub-solitary: leaves lance-ovate, convolute:
branches thornless. Var.j(//jffi7j«, (damson plum) fruit oblong, blue. V?ix. claudi-
ana, (sweet plum, horse plum) fruit round, at first green, becoming yellowish. Var.
cnucleata, (stoneless plum) the putamen obsolete.

3—2. Psam'ma. (3) 10. Gram. far. ton.

arenaria, (L. Au. 2S-) panicle spiked glumes acute: oaleas thrice as long as the chaff:
leaves involute. 2—3 f. S. B.

21 — 1. Psilo'tum. 5. Feili. sec-stim.
Southern.
triquctrum, Sz. (4) (J. zr.)stem naked, dichotomous; with the branches 3-angled.

16—10* Psora. 'lea. 93. Leg. f. nut. g-f. asc.

esculenta, Ph. (bread root. W. b. J. 21.) wholly villose: leaves quinate-digitate; leafets
lanceolate, unequal, flat, very entire: spikes axillary, dense-flowered: divisions of
the calyx lanceolate, a little shorter than the corol: legume ensiform, beaked: root
fusiform. The root affords a staple article of diet to the v/estern Indians. 12 — 18 i.
S.

incana, N. (5) (W. b. Ju. 2X.) wholly silky-tomentose: leaves quinate and ternate;
leafets lance-oblong: spikes terminal, interrupted: bract ovate, acuminate: flowers
nearly opposite, sessile. 12 i. <S. Red River, Canada. D.

physodcs Doug. (W.) glabrous: leafets in 3, rarely 5 pairs, broad rhomb-ovate, acute,
mucronate, obscurely glandular, terminal one long-petioled: racemes peduncled,
lax, axillary, longer than the leaf. R.

lanceolata, Ph. (6) (VV. w-b. Au. 2i.) sub-pubescent: stem erect, sparingly branched;
leaves ternate; leafets oval, and lance-oval, obtuse, sub-mucronate: peduncles
longer than the leaves: spikes capitate, many-flowered: bracts deciduous: teeth
of the calyx small, obtuse. 1 f. R. Missouri.

Prunus. Lat. pjunus, Gr. proune, plum, said to be derived from an Asiatic word for

the wild plum.
Psamma. Gr. psammos, sand in which this grass grows abundantly on the sea coast

of Europe.
Psilotum. Gr. psilos, naked, being nearly destitute of leaves.
Psoralea. Gr. psoraleos, scabby, some parts of the plant being besprinkled with dots,

which give it a scurfy appearance.

(1) hiemalis? Mx. nigra? M. spinosa? Wr. (2) insititia, Wr. (3) Arundo, L.
(4) floridanum, Mx. Hoffmannia, aphylla, W. Bernhardia dichotoma, Ph. Lyco-
podium nudum, L. (5) argophylla, Ph, (6) elliptica, Ph. arenaria, N.
48

378 PSORALEA.

florihunda, N. ( J.) canescent, not glandular, much branched: leaves 3 — 5-foliolate;
leafets varying I'rom linear to obovate-oblong, slightly mucronate: stipules setace-
ous, minute: racemes many-flowered, oblong scarcely interrupted, twice as long as
the leaves: pedicels as long as the flowers: bracts small, ovale, acuminate: teeth
of the calyx somewhat equal, ovate, acute: vexilluin nearly orbicular. /S. Rocky
JVlts.

laxiflora, N. ( ) sparingly glandular; young shoots pubescent: stenpCdichotomous:

stipules minute: leaves 3-foliolate; leafets sessile, long and linear, or somewhat ob-
long: apiciilate peduncles longer than the leaves: spikes short, with the flowers
somewhat distant: calyx small and pubescent; the teeth obtuse. Plains of the
Platte. ^ *

bmcldata, Doug. (w. b.) stem erect, somewhat branched, nearly hispid with long
spreading hairs: leaves 5-foliolate, hirsute with appressed hairs; leafets elliptical
or obovate-oblong, rather obtuse: peduncles elongated: spikes oblong: flowers
erect, sessile: bracts as long as the flower: teeth of the calyx lanceolate, the 2 up-
per ones united above the middle. Oregon.

hypoi^aea, N. (w-b. ) stemless, hirsute with whitish appressed hairs: leaves 5 — 7-
folioiate; leafets linear-lanceolate, or linear-oblong, usually acute: spikes capitate,
on peduncles much shorter than the petioles: segments of the calyx linear, acumin-
ate, the lowest one elongated. Plains of the Platte.

suliacauUs, T. & G. (Ap. M.) nearly stemless: peduncles and petioles hirsute with
spreading hairs: leaves on very long petioles, 7-foliolate; leafets obovate-oblong,
nearly glabrous above, the midrib beneath and margins hairy: peduncles longer than
the leaves: spikps ovate, rather dense: bracts and stipules ovate, acuniinate: calyx
much shorter than the corolla; the teeth obtuse, lowest one produced, the others
very short. Tennessee.

Southern.

canescens, Mx. (W. y. J. 2i.) hoary: leaves ternate, short-petioled, broad-lanceolate:
spikes lax-flowered: flowers pedicelled: calyx pilose. 2 — 3 f.

tenuijlora, Ph. (W. b. S. 21.) pubescent, very branching: leaves ternate; leafets
oval, rugose-punctate on both sides: peduncles axillary, about 3-flowered, longer
than the leaves. 2 f.

lupinelta, Mx. (p. J. 21?) glabrous: leaves digitate, long-petioled; leafets filiform:
racemes many flowered, longer than the leaves: legumes rugose. 2 f.

loitirifoUii, Ph. (W. w? 2I-) wholly silky-villose: leaves ternate; leafets long-linear:
spikes axillary, peduncled, lax-flowered, shorter than the leaves: teeth of the calyx
and bracts subulate.

cuspiduta, Ph. (VV. 2i-) villose: leaves digitate quinate; leafets obovate, mucronate,
very entire; spikes axillary, dense-flovveied: divisions of the calyx and bracts ovate,
cuspidate, distincly punctate.

onobrychis, N. (1) (VV.) stem smooth: leaves ternate; leafets lance-ovate, sub-pubes-
cent: racemes axillary, long-peduncled: flowers one-sided: legume sub-ovate, muri-
cate, smooth. 3 — 5 f. K.

virguta, N. (b. Zf.) stem virgate. sub-pubescent: leaves simple, distant, lance-linear:
spikes axillary, shorter than the leaves. 2 f.

meliioloides, Mx. (p. J. Zi?) sub-pubescent: leaves ternate; leafets lance-oblong:
spikes oblong: bracts broad-cordate, long-acuminate: legumes round, nerved, very

rugose.

1_2 f S— C.

egltindulosa, (2) ( W. p. J. 2i.) pubescent, without glands: leaves ternate, lance-ob-
long: spikes oblong: bracts broad-lanceolate, long acuminate, and with the calyx
villose. S — C.

muUijuga, E. (p. J.) stem branching: leaves pinnate; leafets numerous, (9 — 10 pairs,)
lance-oblong, obtuse, pubescent: spikes oblong: bracts small, membranaceous,
glandless. 1 — 2 f.

oblusiloba, T. &. G. { ) canescent: branches spreading: leaves 3- rarely 5-foliolate;
leafets oblong-obovate, obtuse or slightly emarginale, finely dotted: stipules very
minute: racemes 3 times as long as the leaves, oblong, loose, 10 — 15-llowered:
bracts minute, broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, spreading: calyx very short;
the teeth ovate, nearly equal, obluie: vexiilum roundish. Texas.

campestiis, N. ( J.) densely canescently hirsute, with short white appressed hairs:
leaves 5-foliolate, the uppermost sometimes 3-foliolate; leafets linear and oblong-

(1) hebysaroides, Mt (2) Melilotus psoraloides, N.

PSORALEA, PTELKA. 879

linear, rather obtuse, nearly glabrous above: peduncles elongated: epikes interrup-
ted: bracts 3-flo\vered, broadly ovate, acuminate: lowertooth of the calyx elongated.
1 — 2 f. Arkansas, Texas.

linearifolii/, T. & G. ( ) slightly pubescent with oppressed iiairs: stem tall, slender,
divaricately branched: leaves 3-fbiiolate, on short petioles; leafets narrowly linear,
elongated, mucronate, the upper surface dotted with black glands: stipules minute,
subulate, deciduous: peduncles filiform: racemes loose, few-flowered, much longer
than the leaves: calyx glandular, the teeth lanceolate, acute, the lower one elonga-
ted. Arkansas.

scabra, N. ( ) much branched, somewhat hirsute when young: leaves 3-foliolate,
glandular; leat^ts all sessile, narrowly linear, apiculate: stipules minute, decidu-
ous: racemes few-flowered, on short peduncles: calyx glandular, the teeth obtuse.
On the VVallawallah.

digitata, N. (M. ) canescent, diffusely branched: leaves 5-foliolate; leafets cuneate-
oblong, and oblong-linear, with an abrupt rigid point, minutely-dotted, stipules
lanceolate, reflexed: spikes elongated, interrupted, the clusters 3-6 flowered: flowers
sessile: bracts obcordate or reniform: calyx villous; segments ovate, acuminate,
the lowest one produced. Arkansas.

simplex, N. (p-b. ) grayish-pubescent, obscurely glandular, erect: stem simple: leaves
3-foliolate; leafets lanceolate, acute, rugosely veined, mucronate: peduncles very
long: spikes oblong, many flowered: bracts Imear-lanceolate, acuminate: teeth of
the calyx oblong- triangular, the lowest one longest and acuminate: legumes nearly
orbicular, with strong transverse wrinkles. 1 — 3 f Arkansas, Texas.

rhombifoita, T. »&. G. ( p.) sparingly pubescent: leaves 3-foliolate; leafets rbombic-
ovale, shorter than the petioles: "peouncles longer than the leaves, at length re-
curved: spikes capitate, few-flowered: bracts ovate, acuminate: teeih of the calyx
lanceolate, the lowest one longest. Texas.

orbicularis, Lindl. (J. Ju. p. r. ) pubescent, the hairs mixed with small, clavate, trun-
cate glands: stem prostrate and creeping: leaves 3 (bliolate, on very long petioles;
leafets roundish-oval: peduncles as long as the leaves: spikes capitate: bracts and
calyx very hirsute; lowest tooth of the calyx nearly as long as the corolla. Cali-
fornia.

cryptocarpa, T. & G. ( ) stem somewhat divaricately branched, canescently hairy with
an appressed pubescence: leaves 5-foliolate; leafets elliptical-oblong, rather obtuse,
mucronate, about as long as the petiole, punctate: stipules subulate: peduncles
longer than the leaves: spikes ovate, compact: bracts lanceolate, cuspidate, shorter
than the flower: calyx conspicuously glandular, large, entirely covering the ovate
nearly glabrous scarcely pointed legume; teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate,
nearly equal, the 2 upper ones united to the middle. I — 2 f. Arkansas. Texas.

macrosluchya, Dc. (p.) whole plant pubescent: stem erect: leaves 3-foliolate: leafets
ovate, mucronate; petioles glandularly scabrous: peduncles 4 times as long as the
leaves: spikes cylindiical-oblong: the rachis, bracts and calyx very hirsute: lowest
tooth of the calyx nearly as long as the corolla. 3f. Californa.

5 — 1. Psycho'tria. 57. Cine. ton. feb.

lanceolata, N. C^-) branches and leaves reddish-hairy beneath: leaves lanceolate,
acuminate at both ends: stipules clasping, roundish, caducous: corymb terminal, 3-
forked at ihe base. Florida.

4 — 1. Pte'lea. 94. Xant. aro. sti. sto.

trifoliata, (W. g-w. J. h .) leaves temate: flowers panicled, dioecious. Vsly. pen-
taph/lla, leaves quinate. Var. pubescens, leaves pubescent. 6 — 8 f. S. Mch.
S— C.

Southern.

baldwinii, T. & G. ( ) leaves very small, glabrous: leafets sessile, oval, obtuse, the
terminal ones cuneiform at the base: flowers tetrandrous: styles none. Florida.

Psychotria. Gr. psuchos, cool, otruno, to excite, in allusion to its properties.
Ptelea. Gr. ptelea, elm, the fruit of this genus having a resemblance to that of the
elm.

380 PTERIS, PULMONARIA.

21 — 1. Pte'ris. 5. Fili. sec-stim.

aqualina, (common brake. O. Ju. Zf.) frond pinnate, 3-parted: barren branches doubly
pinnate, with leafets lance-linear, obtuse-pinnatifid, toothed; fertile branches pin-
nate, with leafets pinnatifid; divisions acutish, all ciliate. &'. Mch.

atropuqmrea, (rock break. O. Ju. 21.) frond pinnate: lower leafets lanceolate, obtuse,
ternate or pinnate; at the base obtusely truncate or sub-cordate. Var. venosa,
leafets veined beneath: stipe angled. Var. punctata, leafets punctate beneath: stipe
terete. In ripening, the marginal involucre unrolls, and the capsules on opposite
sides meet: so that it exhibits the generic character of the Acrostichum. Stipe
dark-purple. 3— 10 i. S. Mch.

gracilis, Mx. (Ju. 21.) frond pinnate: leafets lanceolate, obtuse, alternate, sessile;
lower ones pinnatifid; fertile ones entire; barren ones crenate, round-obtuse. 4 i.
Canada. Mch.

caudata, Jn. ( Au. 21.) frond 3-parted, pinnate: barren branches doubly pinnate: leafets
linear, elongated, obtuse, entire; lower ones doubly pinnatifid: fertile branches
pinnate; leafets reraotish below, at the base pinnatifid-toolhed. iS'. P.

Southern,
pedata, W. (Ju. 2i.) frond deeply 5-lobed-palmate; lobes pinnatifid; divisions lance-
linear, acute. 6 i.

17 — 2. Pterocau'lon. 55. Inul. exp. ton.
Southern,
pycnostachya, Mx. (1) (black-root. w. Au. 21.) stem winged: leaves lanceolate, to-
mentose beneath, nearly entire: spike cyUndric, dens^e.

10 — 1. Pterospo'ra. 51. Pyro. h. bit.-ton. diu. sto.

andromcda, N. (2) (albany beech drops, r-y. Ju. #.) scape purple, very tall, bearing
a many-flowered raceme: flowers lateral and terminal, nodding, bracted: peduncles
filiform, longer than the flowers: lanceolate scales below, none above. 1 — 3 f.
T. Near Kingston, U. C. Mch.

5 — 1. Pclmona'ria. 43. Bora. ton. exp.

viro-inica, (W. b. M. 21.) smooth: stem erect: calyx much shorter than the tube of
the corol: radical leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse; cauline ones narrower. /S'. P.
T. C.

paniculuta, A. (b-w. J.) sub-hirsute, erect: leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate: flowers
j)anicled: calyx short, 5-parted. Hudson's Bay.

alpina, T. (W. b. 2[-) nearly glabrous: stem simple, assurgent: leaves spatu-
late-ovate; lower ones acute; upper ones acuminate, sub-pilose above, minutely
ciliate on the margin: flowers in terminal fascicles, sub-sessile: divisions of the
calyx oblong, obtusish, ciliate, about half the length of the corol. 6 i.

oblongifoiia, N. (b. Zf.) sub-glabrous: stem simple, erect: leaves lance-oblong, ob-
tusish; upper ones acute: flowers tubular-campanulate, panicled, pedicelled: calyx
abbreviated; divisions linear, acute, ciliate. R.

Exotic,
officinalis, (lungwort, b. M. 2i.) radical leaves heart-ovate, hirsute: flowers racemed.

Pteris. Gr. pteron, or pterux, a wing, from the appearance of the frond resembling a

wing.
Pterocaulon. Gr. pteron, a wing, and haulos, a stem.
Pterospora. Gr. pteron, a wing, and spora, a seed.
Pulmonaria. Lat. pulmones, the lungs, from its supposed medical qualities.

(1) Conyza, Mx. Gnaphalium, undulatum, Wr. (2) Monotropa procera, 2d ed.
This plant was discovered near Albany, in the summer of 1817, by Ur. Edwin James.
He considered it a Monotropa, and I published it as described by Dr. Torrey, in the
second edition of this work, under the name M. procera. Certainly the Monotropa,
Hypopithys and Pterospora, ought to be united in one genus, with some extension of
the generic description.

PULMONARIA, PYCNANTHEMUM. 381

Southerti.
lavceolata, Ph. (1) (W. b. w. 2X-) glabrous, erect: radical leaves very long-petioled,

lanceolate; cauline ones linear-oblong: flowers sub-panicled: calyx sliort.
ciliuta, J. (VV. b. ) glabrous, erect:? leaves lancc-ovale, attenuate at each end. ciliate

on the margin: flowers fascicle-panicled, pedicelled: corol tubular-bellforin: calyx

short. 5-parted; divisions ovate, obtuse. 1 f.

Pulmonaria, Lithospermum.

11— 1. Pd'kica. 92. Rosa. ton. aro.
Exotic,
grana'lum, (pomegranate. T^.) leaves lanceolate: stem woody.

11 — 1. Porsh'ia. 92. Rosa. h. ton-f . aro.

tridentnta, Dc. (2) C ^O branches erect; branchlets numerous, short: leaves in
fascicles, simple, 3-toothed, white beneath: flowers terminal, or solitary. R.

Purshia, Onosmodiom.

13 — 1. Fycjjan'themtjm. 42. Labi. car. ton. aro. con.
1. Stainetis ezsert.

inca'num, (3) (wild basil, mountain mint. O. w. r. Ju. 2X-) leaves oblong-ovate,

acute, sub-serrate, white downy: flowers in compound heads, lateral onespeduncled:

bracts setaceous. 1 — 5 f. iSi.
aristatum, Mx. (4) (VV. w. Au. 2iO leaves lance-ovate, sub-serrate, short-petioled,

somewhat hoary: heads sessile, terminal: bracts awned. 1 — 3 f. S. T. B. C.

N.
linifoUum, Ph. (5) (virginian thyme. W. w. Ju. If.) glabrous: leaves linear, 3-nerved,

entire, punctate, acute: heads terminal, sub-corymbed: bracts short awned. 1 — 2 f.

S. P. C. N. T.
mrginicum, (6) (narrow-leaf virginian thyme. O. w. J. 21-) pubescent: leaves sessile,

lance-linear, entire, punctate: heads terminal, corymbed: bracts acuminate.

12—18 i. ;Sf. T. P. Mch.

2. Stamens inclosed,

muticum, Mx. (W. w. Ju. If.) leaves lance-ovate, sub-dentate, ribbed, sub-gla-
brous: heads terminal: bracts lanceolate, acutish. 18 — 24 i. jS. P. Y. C. K.
M.

Southern.

tnnntanum, Mx. (Ap. p. 21.) leaves lance-oval, serrate, sub-sessile: heads sessile:
bracts ciliate, acuminate: calj-x erect with short teeth. 1 f.

monardellum, Mx. (A. w-r. Ju. H.) pubescent: leaves abruptly petioled, sub-cordate
oval, serrate: bracts large, colored, ciliate: calyx bearded at the summit. 2 — 3 f.

nudum, N. (A.) very glabrous: stem simple: leaves oblong-ovate, entire, sessile:
heads pedicelled, few-flowered, naked: stamens exsert. 2 f.

pUosum, N. (W. J.) leaves sessile, lanceolate, tomentose beneath, obsoletely toothed:
heads large, terminal: lance-ovate bracts and calyx, hoary-tomentose. 18 — 24 i.

loomisii, N. (r-w. Z[-) flowers cymed, many-bracted: bracts lanceolate, acuminate,
hoary: leaves petioled ovate, sub-serrate, acute, short, glabrous above; teeth of the
calyx abbreviated, acuminate, apex pilose; flowers maculate.

Punica. Lat. punicus, Carthaginian; because it first came from the north of Africa.
Purshia. In honor of Frederick Pursh, who wrote the North American Flora.
Pycanthemum. Gr. puknos, dense, and anthos, flower; to express the dense inflo-
rescence.

(1) marginata, N. (2) Tigarea tridentata, PIi. (3) Clinopodium, L.

(4) Nepeta virginica, L. (.5) virginicum, P. Brachystemum virginicum, Mx.

linifolium, W. Thymus virginicus, L. Origanum flexuosum, W. (6) Brachys-
temum, Mx. Origanum clinopodioides, Wr.

382 PYCNANTHEMUM, PYRUS.

setosum, N. (1) ( Zf.) slightly pubescent: leaves ovate, acute, snb-serrale, scarcely
petioled: branches fastigiate: little lieads terminal, many bracled: bracts subulate-
setaceous: teeth of the calyx acuminate.

17 — 2. Pyre'thrum. 55. Heli. s. ole+.

inodorum, H. ( ) stem diffuse, branching: leaves pinnate, glabrous; leafets linear-
filiform, 2 to 3-parted: little crown of the achenium very entire. A. Lake Huron.

Pyrethrum, Chrysanthemum.

10 — 1. Py'rola. 51. Pyro. h. bit-ton. diu. sto scro.

rotundifoUa, (shin-leaf, pear-leaf wintergreen. O. w. J. 21.) style declined: leaves

rounded or broad-oval, obsoletely serrulate, sub-coriaceous, shining; petiole about

as long as the lamina: scape many-flowered; flowers bracled. 6 — 12 i. S. Mch.
elliptica, N. (white winter-green. W. w. J. ZC.) style declined: leaves membranaceous,

oblong-oval or ovate, plaited-serrate, abruptly acute; lamina much longer than the

petiole: scape naked, or having a single scale: bracts subulate: calyx 5-loolhed.

6—10 i. P. F. N. Mch.
asarifoUa, Mx. (2) (g-w. Ju. Z(.) style declined; leaves sub-reniform, generally emar-

ginate, coriaceous; lamina shorter than the petiole: .scape sometimes convolute.

6—8 i. T. P. B. N. Canada.
dentata, S. ( W.) style declined: leaves obovate or oval, veined, remotely and obtusely

toothed: scape straight, obscurely angular, nearly naked. 6 i.
picta, S. (W.) style declined: leaves ovale, sub-serrate, rather fleshy, with large

branching veins and whitish spots: flowers secund?
aphylla, S. (W.) style declined: scape and stalk leafless, scaly; scales lanceolate,

membranaceous: scape angular. P. W. Plainfield, Mass.
minor, (W. w-r. Ju. 21-) style straight: leaves round-oval, serrulate: scape sub-naked:

spike with flowers reversed. C. D. N.
seainda, (one-sided shin-leaf O. g-w. Ju. 2X.) style straight: leaves round-ovate,

acute, serrate: raceme with 1 -sided flowers. 6 — 8 i. Mch.
tirtijlora, (J. 21.) style straight: leaves sub-orbicular, crenate-serrate: scape 1-flowered.

T. B. N. D. Canada. Mch.
occidentalis, Don. ( ) leaves sub-rotund, membranaceous, obsoletely denticulate,

twice as long as the simple petiole: raceme few-flowered: divisions of the calyx

oblong, obtuse: stigma with a 5-lobed disk. A.
bracteala, H. ( ) leaves broad-ovate, acute, very entire or very smoothly crenate,

coriaceous, acute, shining: scape somewhat two-scaled: raceme bracted: bracts

lanceolate, acuminate longer than the flower: segments of the calyx attenuate

longer than the lower bud. A.

17 — 1. Pyrroco'ivta. 51. Eric. f. sed. nar.

carthnmoides, Doug. ( ) stem simple, erect, striate, pubescent: leaves lanceolate,
acute, punctate; lower ones long-petioled; upper ones sessile: flowers terminal;
florets numerous, small. 1 f. A.

Pyrola, Chimaphila,

11—5. Py'rus. 92. Poma. b. r. h. ton. f. ref. lax.

eorovaria, (3) (crab apple. O. w-r. M. ^.) leaves broad-oval, at the base rounded,
sub-angled or sub-lobed, serrated, smooth: peduncles corymbed. Flowers sweet
scented. S. Mch.

angvstifolia, A. (M. ^.) leaves lance-oblong, at the base acute, slightly crenate-
toothed, shining: peduncles corymbed. Fruit very small. S. P. Y. Florida.

Pyrethrum. Gr. purethron, pur (fine); from its burning quality.

Pyrola. Lat. pyrus, a pear, from its pear-shaped leaf

Pyrrocoma. Gr. purros, red, or reddish-yellow, kome, hairs, from the color of the

egret.
Pyrus. Lat. pyrus, pear, from the Celtic neren.

(1) aristatum, Ph. (2) chlorantha, N. (3) Malus, Mx.

PYRUS, QUERCUS. 38S

rwularis, Doug. ( ) leaves ovate, entire, somewhat 3-lobed-angled, sub-acuminate,

acutely serrate, pubescent beneath: corymb terminal, simple: calyx hirsute very

densely tomentose within; styles (3 — 4) attached at the base. R. A.
americ'inii, Dc. (mountain ash. A. w. M. ^.) leaves pinnate; leafets acute, somewhat

equally serrate, glabrous; general petiole gliibrons. Berrif s purple. 10 — 20 f.

W. N. D. Wachusett .Mt. Sorbns canadensis of 7lh edition. Mch.
microair/ju, Dc. (A. J. h .) leaves pinnate; leafets acuminate, unequally gash-serrate,

glabrous; serratures setaceous-mucronate; common petiole glabrous. Berries

scarlet. S. Sorbus microcarpa of 7lh edition.
rnelanocarpa, W. (black choak-berry. O. w. M. ^.) leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate,

mucronate, serrate, glabrous beneath; midrib glandular above: flowers corymbed:

calyx glabrous. Damp. Aronia rnelanocarpa of 7th edition.
arbutifulia, L. (red choak-berry. O. w-r. M. h .) leaves lance-obovate, crenate-toothed,

downy beneath, with the midrib glandular above: flowers corymbed: calyx downy.

Damp. 2 — 4 f. Leaves sometimes glabrous. Aronia arbutifolia of 7th edition.

Exotic.

communis, (pear. w-r. M. Tp.) leaves ovate, serrate, (rarely entire:) peduncles
corymbed. \ a.r. ptfrnster, (dwarf ) fruit very small and acid. \ ar. falema, {har-
gamot) fruit orbicular, apple-form. V ar. pompeiniia, (good chiistian.) Var. /«-
vonia, (musk pear.) Y a.r. liqticscms, (butter pear. ) \ar. rcftisans, (russet pear.)
YaiT. pjjriuHidalis, (leg pear. ) These five last varieties are distinguished more by
their flavor than by any external marks.

malus, (apple, w-r. M. \<.) flowers in sessile umbels: leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate,
serrate, glabrous: claws of llie petals shorter than the calyx: styles glabrous. Var.
sylcestris, (wild apple) leaves ovate, serrate: fruit small, austere. Var. prasomilu,
(pippin.) Var. castanea, (chesnut apple.) Var. apiosa, (ape apple) fruit small,
round, red, pleasant tasted. Var. cavillae, (cornered apple) leaves broad-ovate,
downy beneath: fruit angled.

cydonia, (quince, w. J. >^.) flowers solitary' : fruit tomentose: leaves ovate, entire.
Var. lusitnnica, leaves very broad.

prunifolia, (Siberian crab. w. r. M. ^.) umbels sessile: pedicels pubescent: styles
woolly at the base: leaves ovate, acuminate. 12 — 15 f.

Remark. The varieties into which the above species have been extended by cul-
ture, are very numerous. I have given those only which are set down by Persoon,
as the most distinct.

Pyrus, Aronia.
Pyzidanthera, Diapensia.

Q.

19 — 12. Quer'cus. 99. Cupu. f. ole. w. tim. b. tan.

1. Fruit sub-sessile: leaves mucronate, with a bristle-form awn, entire.

Fructification biennial.

phellos, (willow oak. W. M. T^.) leaves lance-linear, tapering to both ends, entire,

glabrous, mucronate: cupule saucer-form; acorn roundish. V ai. humilis, low and

stragghng: leaves shorter. 30—60 f. 5r. P. Y. S— C.
imbricaria, Mx. (shingle oak, laurel oak. W. M. ^.) leaves oblong, acute at both

ends, mucronate, entire, shining, pubescent beneath: cupule saucer- form; scales

broad-ovate; acorn sub-globose. 40 — 50 f. S. P. Mch.

2. Fruit sub-sessile: leaves mucronate, icitli a bristle-form awn, toothed or lobed.

Fructification biennial.

heterophylla, Mx. (barrier's oak. M. ^.) leaves long petioled, lance-ovate or oblong,

Quercus. Celtic quer, excellent, and cuez, tree; both on account of its beauty and
because it bore the holy misletoe.

384 QUERCUS.

entire or unequally coarse-toothed: cupule hemispheric; acorn sub-globose. Pursh
says there is but one individual of this species known in the world, which is now
growing on the Bartram plantation, near Philadelphia.

agrifolia, W. (W. ^ .) leaves roundish-ovate, sub-cordate, glabrous on both sides,
remotely spinose- toothed: cupule hemispheric, scales lax; acorn ovate-acute.

triloba, W. (1) (downy black oak. W. M. fp .) leaves wedge-ob'.ong, acute at the
base, sub-3-lobed at tiie apex; lobes equal in breadtii, mucronate; middle lobe
longest, downy beneath: cupule saucer-form; acorn compressed, globose. 20 — 40 f.
&'. P. Y. S— C.

aqiaiica, W. (2) (water oak. M. T^.) leaves wedge-ovate, glabrous, very entire; apex
obscurely 3-Iobed, with the intermediate lobe longest: cupule hemispheric; acorn
sub-globose. Leaves very variable. 30 — 40 f. <S'. P. Y. S — C.

nigra, (3) (barren oak, black-jack. W. M. ^.) leaves coriaceous, wedge-form, sub-
cordate at the base, spread and retuse-3-lobed at the apex; in the young state it is
mucronate, glabrous above, mealy-rust beneath: cupule turbinate; scales obtuse,
scarious; acorn short-ovate. Small. S. P. New Jersey. Florida.

tincioria, Bart. (4) (quercitron oak, black oak. O. M. ^.) leaves obovate, oblong, a
little sinuate, pubescent beneath; lobes oblong, obtuse, obtusely denticulate, seta-
ceous-mucronate: cupule saucer-form; acorn depressed-globose. GO — 70 f. <S.
Mch.

discolor, A. (5) (false red oak. O. M. Tp.) leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, pubes-
cent beneath and on both sides when young; lobes oblong, toothed, setaceous-
mucronate: cupule turbinate; arcorn ovate. CO — 70 f <S. S — C.

coccin'ea, Wm. (scarlet oak, ink-ball oak. O. M. fp.) leaves long-petioled, oblong,
deeply sinuate, glabrous; lobes divaricate, toothed, acute, setaceous-mucronate:
cupule turbinate, marked with scales; acorn short, ovate. This, the last species, and
the rubra, are usually called the red oak by farmers; and it requires some attention
for the botanist to distinguish them. The leaves of this species become reddish,
and even scarlet, in autumn. Produces brownish-purple nut-galls. 70 — 80 f. S.

ambigua, Mx. (gray oak. M. h.) leaves sinuate, glabrous, acute at the base; lobes
sub-acute: cupule nearly saucer-form; acorn turgid, ovate. Intermediate between
the preceding and the following one; and probably only a hybrid. Ph. N.

rubra, (red oak. O. M. ^.) leaves long-pelioled, oblong, glabrous, obtusely sinuate;
lobes acutish, toothed, setaceous-mucronate: cupule saucer-form, smoothish; acorn
sub-ovate, turgid. 70—80 f. .S'. Mch.

catesbaei, Mx. (barren scrub oak. M. ^.) leaves short-petioled, wedge-form at the
base, oblong, coriaceous, glabrous, deeply sinuate; lobes divaricate-acute, mucro-
nate: cupule turbinate, large; scales obtuse; marginal ones inflexed; acorn ovate.
15— 30f .S'. S— C.

falcata, Mx. (6) (spanish oak. W. M. '^.) leaves long-petioled at the base, obtuse,
downy beneath, 3-lobed or sinuate; lobes sub-falcate, setaceous-mucronate, termi-
nal one elongated: cupule bowl-form; acorn globose. 70 — 80 f. S. P. Y.
Florida. S — C.

palustris, W. (pin oak. O. M. >>.) leaves long-petioled, oblong, deeply sinuate, gla-
brous; axils of the veins villose beneath; lobes divaricate, toothed, acute, seta-
ceous-mucronate: cupule saucer-form, smooth; acorn sub-globose. Generally
grows in wet places. The small limbs along the body of the tree die as the tree
advances, which gives it the appearance of having pins or trenails driven into it.
40—60 f. .S. Mch.

ilicifolia, W. (7) (shrub-oak. O. M. Tr.) leaves long-petioled, wedge-obovate, 4 or 5-
lobed, margin entire, whitish-downy beneath; lobes setaceous-mucronate: cupules
sub-turbinate; acorn sub-globose, striate: nucleus yellow. 2 — 8 f. iS.

3. Fruit peduncled: leaves without awns, lobcd. Fructification annual.

obtiisiloba, Mx. (8) (iron oak, post oak. W. M. >>.) leaves oblong, sinuate, wedge-
form at the base, pubescent beneath; lobes obtuse, upper one dilated, 2-lobed.
(often the lobes are so arranged in the young plants as to form a cross-form or
stellate leaf;) cupule hemispheric; acorn oval. 30 — 50 f. S. T. C. P. F. D.
S— C.

(I) cuneata, Wm. (2) nigra, L. not W. uliginosa, Wm. (3) ferruginea, Mx.
(4) tinctoria-angulosa, Mx. (5) tinctoria-sinuosa, Mx. (6) elongata, W.

(7) banisteri, Mx. (8) stellata, W.

QUERCUS. 385

macrocarpa, Mx. (over-cup oak. W. M. T; .) leaves downy beneath, deeply lyrate-
sinuate lohed; lobes obtuse repand. upper ones dilated: cupule bowl-form, upper
scales setose; acorn lurgid, ovate, large. A large tree. iS'. P^ Mch.

oUi-ufiir mis ^ Mx. (mossy-cup oak. W. M. h.) leaves oblong, glabrous, glaucous
beneath, deeply and unequally sinuate-pinnatifid: cupule deeply bowl-form, fringed
above; acorn oval-ovate. Large tree. S. P. Y.

alba, (white oak. O. JM. T^.) leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, pubescent beneath;
lobes obtuse, entire, narrowed at their bases, particularly on full-grown trees: fruit
peduncled; cupule somewhat bowl-form, tuburcled flattened at the base; acorn
ovate. The most useful timber-tree in America. 70 — 80 f. S. Mch. tiin-f .

4. Fruit peduncled: leaves icithout awns, toothed, not lobed. Fructification annual.

prmos, W. (!) (swamp oak, swamp chesnut oak. M. ^.) leaves long-petioled, ob-
ovate, acute, pubescent beneath, coarsely toothed; teeth about equal, spread,
callous at the apex: cupule bowl-form, tapering at the base; acorn ovate, large,
sweet tasted. Laige tree. 70— dO f. .S'. P.

chin'qutipin, Mx. (2) (dwarf chesnut oak, chinquapin. O. M. ^.) leaves short-petioled,
obovate, at the base acute, coarsely toothed, glaucous beneatli; teeth nearly equal,
spread callous at the apex: cupule hemispherical; acorn ovate. A low shrub.
3—4 f. S. P. N.

montana, W. (3) (rock oak, chesnut oak, mountain oak. W. A. M. h .) leaves mode-
rately petioled, broad obovate, oblong, white-downy beneath, shining above;
coarsely toothed, at the base obtuse, oblique; teeth sub-equal very obtuse, short:
fruit in pairs, short-peduncled; cupule hemispheric; scales rugose, tubercled;
acorn ovate. 30—40 f. -S'. P. C. T. F. N.

castanca, W. (4) (yellow oak. W. M. 71-) leaves long petioled. lance-oblong, obtuse
at the base, acuminate, downy beneath, coarsely toothed; teeth sub-equal, spread,
acute, callous at the apex: cupule hemispheric; acorn globular-ovate. Large tree.
The bark is used for dyeing yellow. 60—70 f. S. P. T. Calskill.

bicotor, (5) (swamp white oak. M. ^.) leaves short-petioled, oblong- obovate, white-
downy beneath, coarsely toothed, entire at the base; teeth unequal, spread, acutish,
callous at the apex: fruit in pairs, long peduncled: the peduncle terminating in a
bristle: cupule hemispheric; acorn oblong-ovate. Var. ?nolUs, N. leaves toothed,
sub- ferruginous and soft-pubescent beneath. 60 — 70 f. S. T. B. P. C. F. N.
Mch.

Southern.

maritimn, W. (L. Ap. >?.) leaves perennial, coriaceous, lanceolate, entire, glabrous,

tapering at the base, acute at the apex, mucronate: cupule peduncled; acorn oval,

mucronate. 4 — 10 f.
pu'mila, VVr. (6) ( VV. L. Ap. h .) leaves lance-oblong, sub-undulate, obtuse at the

base, acute, mucronate at the apex, glabrous above, tomentose beneath; acorn

sub-globose. 2 f.
myrtifulia, VV. (>>.) leaves perennial, coriaceous, small, oblong-ovate, unawned,

acute at each end, glabrous, shining and reticulate above, revolute at the margin.
virens, VV. (7) (live oak. O. M. T^.) leaves perennial, coriaceous, oblong-oval, entire,

revolute at the margin, at the base obtuse, at the apex acute, awnless, stellate-
pubescent beneath: fruit pedicelled; cupule turbinate; scales abbreviated; acorn

oblong. 40—60 f. Florida. S— C.
cinerea, Mx. (VV. Ap. ^.) leaves perenial, coriaceous, lance-oblong, entire, sub-

revolute at the margin, mucronate at the summit, stellate, tomentose beneath: fruit

sessile; acorn sul)-globose. 20 f. S — C.
luurifulia, Mx. (Ap. >}.) leaves nearly perennial, sessile, lance-oblong, sub-acute,

tapering at the base, entire, glabrous on both sides: acorn sub-ovate. Var. obtusa,

leaves obtuse at the apex. 40 — 50 f S — C.
hemisplierica, VV. (M. h .) leaves perennial, lance-oblong, undivided, 3-lobed and

sinuate; lobes mucronate; glabrous on both sides. Probably a variety of the aqua-

tica. Ph.

(1) prinus-palustris, Mx. (2) prinoides, W. (3) prinus monticola, Mx.

(4) prinus acuminata, Mi. (5) prinus tomentosa and discolor, Mx. (6) sericea,W.
(7) sempervirens, Wr.

49

386 QUERCUS, RANUNCULUS.

nana, W. (M. h.) leaves wedge-form, glabrous, S-lobed at the summit, sub-sinuate
at the base; lobes divaricate, mucronate; middle one largest; axils of the veins
beneath pubescent: acorn ovate, sub-globose.

lyrata, VVr. (Ap. \ .) leaves oblong, sinuale, glabrous; lobes oblong, sub-acute; upper
ones broad, angled: cupule as long as the globose nut; acorn nearly covered.
60—70 f.

michauxii, N. (Ap. >>.) leaves petioled, obovate, obtuse at the base, unequally
toothed, sinuate, tornentose beneath: fruit generally in pairs; acorn very large,
ovate. 50—60 f.

uiidulula, T. (W. \.) fruticose, very branching: leaves short-petioled, oblong,
obtusish, coriaceous, repand-toothed, undulate, equal at the base, pulverulent-
tomentose bequeath, shining above: fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile, depressed
hemispheric; cupule scales appressed. A small straggling shrub.

Queria, Amjchia, Paronychia.

R.

12 — 12. Randncc'lcs. 61. Ranu. g-r. acr-poi. h. epis.

1. Leaves simple.

limrualis, W. (great spear-wort. i^. Ju. 21- ) hairs close-pressed: leaves lanceolate, sub-
denliculate, acuminate, sub-sessiie: stem erect, many-flowered. S. P. T.

flaininulus, (spear-wort. W. y. Ju. 2X.) glabrous steui declined: leaves narrow lanceo-
late, acute, entire and denticulate: lower ones petioled: peduncles terminal, axillary,
1-llowered: calyx sub-reflexed. Flowers small. Damp. 1 — 3 f. S. T. Y. C.
P. B. H. F. N.

pusiMus, Ph. (1) (W. y. Ju. 2_[.) glabrous: leaves petioled; lower ones ovate, tooth-
ed; upper ones lance-linear, toothed at the apex; the very uppermost ones linear,
bract-like: pedunclps alternate, solitary, 1-flowered. 6 — J2 i. S. Y. N. D.
PeeKskill. New Orleans.

reptiins L. (W. w-y. J. 2X.) glabrous, small: s-tem filiform, creeping, geniculate,
with the joints l-llowered: flowers axillary, peduncled: leaves linear-subulate, ob-
tuse. Var. oval.is, Bw. leaves oval and lanceolate: petals 5 — 8. P. V. T. B. C.
N. D. Mch.

cymbal/iriiis, (w-y. J. 2i.) glabrous, very small, filiform, creeping, rooting at the joints:
leaves heart-reniform, crenate-dentate: radical peduncles solitary, mostly 2-flowered:
petals spatulate: fruit oblong. N. B. R. Hudson's Bay. Onondaga.

glaberriinus, Hk. ( W. ) leaves all petioled; radical ones roundish, entire or

coarsely toothed; cauline ones somewhat wedge-form, 3-cleft: calyx spreading,
half as long as the petal; fruit globose. Rocky Mountains in the highest parts.

2. Leaves divided.

abortivus, (2) (O. y. M. H.) glabrous: stem striate, naked below: radical leaves
heart-renit'orm, obtusely crenate; cauline ones petioled, ternate, angled; upper
ones sessile: branches about 3-flowered. Var. sessitis, (3) has sessile, cauline
leaves and glabrous shining carpels. 9 — 15 i. &'. Mch.

sccleratus, (celerv crowfoot. O. y. J. Zf.) glabrous: lower leaves palmate; upper ones
sessile, digitate: fruit oblong. Wet. 12-18 i. S. Mch.

auricomus, W. (y. M. Z{-) pubescent: radical leaves renifortn, 3-parted, gash-cre-
nate; cauline ones sessile, digitate, hnear: stem many- flowered: calyx colored,
spreading.

pijgmae'us, Ph. (y. J. 71-) small, glabrous: radical leaves sub-cordate-reniform, gash-
toothed; cauline ones sessile, digitate; divisions linear, very entire: stem few-
flowered: petals oblong, equal to the calyx. R. Labrador.

pennsylvanicus, (W. y. Ju. 21.) stem pilose, erect, branching, leaves ternate, 3-cleft,
gashed, hairy beneath: peduncles terete: calyx reflexed: petals about equalling the
calyx: styles of the fruit straight. 1—2 f &. C. Y. P. N. Canada. Mch.

Ranunculus. Diminutive of rana, a frog, from some of the species of growing in

fenny places.

(1) flamrnula, Wr. (2) nitidus, Pt. (3) nitidus of Ph., but he says it may
be a, variety of the abortivua.

RANUNCULUS. 387

fascicularis, M. (O. y. M. 11.) pubescent: upper leaves sub-linear; radical ones
ternate or sub-pinnate; leafets 3-lobed, tlie terminal one deeply 3-cleft: calyx spread-
ing, hairy underneath: petals longer liian the calyx: root fascicled. 6 — 10 i. S.
Is this distinct from the reiiens? Mch. y

bulbostis, (W. y. ;V1. 2f.) very hirsute: leaves ternate, 3-cleft, gashed and toothed:
stem erect, many-flowered; peduncles sulcate; calyx reflexed: root bulbous: car-
pels smooth. I— -if. T. P. Y. B. C. N. Canada, PeeksMll.

hirsulus, C. (1) (pale butter cup. y. Ju. If-) ''•'■'^'J'^e: leaves ternate: stem erect,
many-flowered: peduncles sulcate: calyx reflexed, acuminate: fruit globose; car-
pels labercled: root fibrous. Damp. W. T. P^ V. Peekskill.

rep'tns, (W. y. M. 71-) sub-pubescent: leaves ternate; leafets wedge-form, gash-
toothed, 3-l()bed: main stem prostrate; flowering ones erect: peduncles furrowed:
calyx spreading. Damp. W. C. P. F. B. O. T. Y. N. Mch.

clinlonii, L. C. Beck. (y. M. 2i.) leaves ternate, 3-cleft, hairy, hairs close-pressed;
extreme upper leafets lanceolate: stem entirely prostrate, creeping, zigzag: petals
obovate, sub-retuse: calyx caducous: carpels compressed, margined: beak hook-
ed. Flowers large, resembling those of the rcpens. In Oneida county, between
Rome and Oriskany, near the Erie canal, patches of ground, several yards in ex-
tent, are often covered with this species. The flowers are rarely elevated more
than 8 or 10 inches above the ground; though the stem creeps more than a yard
from the root, sending up leafy flower-bearing shoots. (2)

acris, (crowfoot, butter-cup. O. y. M. 71.) hairs close-pressed: leaves 3-parted,
many-cleft; upper ones linear: peduncles terete: calyx spreading. 1 — 2 f. Mch.

lanus'uiosus, W. ( VV. y. J. If.) hirsute: leaves 3-cleft, lobed, toothed, all over silky:
peduncles elongated, terete, calyx spreading. S. P. C.

ovaiis, R. (W. ) pubescent: radical leaves cordate, truncate at the base, oval,

entire, rarely split, crenate; cauline ones sub-sessile, digitate, lobes of all linear:
stem erect, many-flowered: calyx pubescent, equalling the corol: fruit globose.

affinis, Ilk. (W. ) radical leaves mostly pedate-many-cleft, petioled; cauline ones
sub-sessile, digitate; lobes of all linear: stem erect, 1 — ^2-flowered (or more) with
the calyx and germ mostly hairy: fruit oblong-cylindric, with the beak recurved.
Canada. R. Hudson's Bay.

rhoinhuidcus, Goldie. ( W.) hirsute: radical leaves rhomboid, undivided, serrate;
cauline one palmate; floral ones deeply divided: calyx spreading, hairy. N. W.
Lakes. Canada.

•marylandicus, Lk. (w-y. M. Z{.) pubescent: stem simple, sub-naked: radical leaves
ternate; leafets 3-lobed; lobes acute, gashed: calyx reflexed. iS. P.

recurvaliis, Lk. ( W. y-w. J. ^X-) pubescent: leaves 3-lobed, wedge-form at the base,
gashed at the apex, acute: stem many-flowered: calyx and corol recurved; petals
linear. Flowers small. 1-2 f. S. Y. W. T. R. C. N. O. F.

hispidns, Mx. (W. w-y. J. 21.) very hirsute, erect, somewhat branching: leaves ter-
nate; leafets acutely lobed: stem few-flowered: calyx close-pressed. 1 f. S. P.
O. Canada.

aquat'ills, W. (3) (water crowfoot, w. Ju. ZT-) stem floating: submersed leaves fili-
formly dissected; immersed ones 3-parted, with cuneiform, dentate lobes: petals
obovate, exceeding the calyx. Var. hdcroplnjllus, emersetl leaves 3-parled. Var.
capillticetts, leaves petioled, all emersed, and filiformly dissected, K. fiunhitilis, W.
Var. cespitosus, leaves petioled, all inmiersed, with a nearly orbicular circumscrip-
tion, filiformly dissected; the segments rigidly divergent; base of the petiole broad,
sheathing and auricled. Var. stagnalis, leaves sessile, all immersed, filifqfmly dis-
sected, circinate; segments short: sheaths obscurely auricled: carpels rather
acute, nearly smooth. Beck's lacustris, is a variety?

(1) philonitis, W.

(2) I discovered this plant in the summer of 1824, and published it as Lk's pros-
trains. 1 furnished Dr. L. C. Beck, and numerous other botanists, with specimens.
Dr. Beck dedicated it to my friend, G. W. Clinton. I acquiesce cheerfully; but
adopt my own description. I am now ( !840) convinced that it was undescribed when
I discovered it. It is always lohoUij prostrate, and exceedingly uniform.

N. B. Dr. Wright being very sick when this genus went to press, it is not reformed
as it should have been, by Dr. Torry's Flora. A. E.

(3) heterophyllus, Roth.

BUS RANUNCULUS.

mitltifid'us, Ph. (1) (W. y. 2^.) leaves 3-parted, many-clefl; divisions gashed, ap-
proximate: stem swimming: leafets of the calyx roundish, a little shorter than the
petab. Upper Louisiana. S. B. R. O. Mch.

nivalis, W. (A. ) leaves 5-lobed, very entire; cauline ones sessile, digitate; stem
1 -flowered. R.

lapponicus, (A. ) leaves 3-parted, lobed, obtuse; stem nearly naked, l-flowered,
R.

hyperbo'rms, Roth. (A. ) leaves deeply 3-lobed; lobes oblong, divaricate: stem
filiform, creeping. R.

brevicmdis, Ilk. (W. ) pubescent; radical leaves all heart-oval, entire; cauline
ones crenate, many-cleft, palmate; stem erect, many-flowered, with leaves much
shorter: fruit globose: petals 6. N. W. Lakes.

cardiophylius, Hk. (W. ) hirsute: radical leaves round-cordate, deeply emargi-
nate at the base; cauline ones many-cleft, palmate; divisions linear, gash-crenale:
calyx spreading, half as long as the corol; fruit oblong. Canada. N. W. Lakes.

eschscholfzii, Hk. (VV. ) leaves ciliate; radical ones petioled; partitions lobed; stem
somewhat 2flovvered: calyx hirsute, shorter than the petals: fruit oblique, ovate,
terminating in a short style. R.

pedatifidus, Hk. (W. ) leaves fine-hairy; radical ones petioled, palmate or pedate,
divided into entire linear lobes: scape nearly naked, exscrt, l-flowered: calyx
spreading, sub-villose. Rocky Mis. and east.

artliorlnjn'chus, Hk. (W. ) cltjse-pressed, hairy: stem erect, slender, ramose and
sub-foliaceous above: radical Teaves petioled, ternate; leafets linear, many-cleft,
white callous at the apex: calyx reflexed: style stiffly straight, longer than the
fruit. R.

nutans, Dc. ( ) stem procumbent, floating; leaves heart- reniform; lobes approxi-
mating, obsoletely crenate behind, and toothed before; divisions of the calyx ovalj
carpels witii straight beaks. Creeping in swamps in Canada.

gludalis, L. ( w. ) radical leaves petioled, palmately 3-parted or 3-cleft; lobes
rather obtuse and thick; stem about l-flowered: calyx very hiisute: carpels com-
pressed, margined. Greenland.

pallassii, Schlecht. ( 3'. ) stem creeping, fistulous: leaves oval or obovate, cunei-
form, 3-parted: petals 3: sepals 8: head of carpels spherical; carpels thick, ovate,
glabrous, beaked. Arctic America.

limosus, N. ( y. ) sub-aquatic, procumbent, somewhat hairy: leaves reniform,
palmately 5-cleft; the segments 2 — 3-toolhed, or somewhat lobed; the divisions
blunt, short and shallow: stem 1 — 2-flowered: sepals shorter than the rounded pe-
tals: carpels scarcely keeled, with a short, nearly straight beak. Rocky Mts.

^abinii, R. Br. ( y. ) radical leaves on long petioles, 3-parted; lobes elliptical, the
lateral ones 2-cleft; cauline ones sessile, 3 parted; the divisions linear: calyx liir-
sute, nearly equal to the retiise petals. Arctic America.

pccidentidis, N. ( y. ) hirsute with shining, spreading hairs: leaves trifid or 3-
parted; segments cuneate and trifid, or incisely toothed; lateral ones often sub^
divided; the uppermost leaves trifid, with linear, acute spginents: stem divaricate,
many-flowered; sepals reflexed, half as long as the elliptical-oblong petals; carpels
smooth, much compressed, with the revolute style nearly their own length.
Oregon-

tenellus, N. ( y. ) leaves somewhat hairy on the upper side; the radical ones on
long petioles, cordate, 3 — 5-clefl; the divisions 2— 3-cleft, acute; those of the stem
3-parted or entire; stem slender and somewhat spreading, smooth: flowers minute;
carpels much compressed, smooth, with a minute curved style. Oregon.

^chlexhtendaia, Hk. ( y. ) pilose with spreading hairs; stem somewhat branching,
short; leaves on long petioles, renifonn-cordale, 3-parted; lobes obovate, 3-cleft,
or laciniately divided: sepals pilose, spreading, at length reflexed, shorter than the
petals: style as long as the ovary. Piocky Mountains, latitude 52° — 5.^)0.

Southern.

hederacevs, (W. Ju. 7S-) stem creeping: leaves sub-reniform, about 3— 5-lobed; lobes
broad, entire, very obtuse; petals oblong, scarcely longer than the calyx: stamens
5—12; carpels glabrous. Probably introduced.

nitidus, M. (2) (y. Ap. H-) leaves 3-parted; segments unequally 3-cleft, lanceolate,

(l)purshii, Hk. (2) not Wr.

RAWUNCULUS, RHAMNUS. 889

gashed, toothed, glabrous: calyx reflexed: petals oval, twice as long as the calyx:
carpels with a hooked bealc. Procumbent and erect. 1 — 2 t".

caroLiiuanus, Do. (y. ) stem erect, branclied, and with the petioles appressed pubes-
cent; leaves glabrous, oclefl or5-lobed; lobes ovale, somewhat gashed, toothed:
calyx glabrous, reflected, a little shorter than the petals.

trachyspcr'inus, E. (y. M.) stem, petiole and leaves villous, with the hair spreading:
leaves 3-cleft; lobes acutely gashed: peduncles short, opposite the leaves: carpels
tubercled, with the point hooked. 12 — 15 i. S — C.

muriaitus, Dc. (y. Ap. 0.) leaves glabrous, petioled, roundish, 3-lobed, coarsely
toothed: stem erect or diffuse, peduncles opposite the leaves: calyx spreading:
carpels rough-tubercled on both sides, with a straight acuminate point. 12 — 18 i.

tomcnlosus, Lk. (y. 2X.) stem ascending, 1 to 2-tlowered, very villose, hairs spread-
ing: leaves petioled, toinentose, 3-cleft; upper ones sessile, ovate, entire: calyx
very villose, sub-reflexed.

septentrionulis, Lk. (y. 21-) nearly glabrous: leaves membranaceous, glabrous, ternate;
leafets somewhat 3-lobed, gashed, acute: stem and petioles hirsute at the base:
peduncles about 2-flovvered: calyx reflexed.

echinattis, Vent. (y. ) a little glabrous, simple: leaves simple roundish, 3-lobed: petals
twice as long as the calyx.

colliiius, Br. (1) (VV. Ap.) leaves all radical, pubescent, petiole, 3 to 5-cleft: scape
villose, 1-flowered, longer than the leaves; calyx persistent: petals oblong-ovate.
1—2 i.

14 — 2. Raph'anus. 63. Cruc. r. nut. asc.
Exotic,
raphanistrum, (wild radish, charlock, y. Au.) leaves lyrate: siliques terete, jointed,
smooth, 1-celled. Before the silique is mature, it is generally 2-celled and not
jointed. Naturalized. B. Pittsfield.
?atwus, (garden radish, w. J. 0.) leaves lyrate: silique terete, torose, 2-celled.
There are several varieties of this species — one has a fusiform, another a globose,
another a black root.

19—12. Reksselae'ria. (2) 7. Aroi. g-r. acr. d-r. amy.

tirginica, Beck, ( O. g. J. 21-) scapes several from the same root: leaves long-
petioled. heart-hastate, lobes obtuse: spalhe elongated, incurved. [See note, page
89.] Mch.

12.— 3. Piese'da. 64. Rese. asc. ope.
Exotic.

odorata, (mignonette, w-y. Ju. 0.) leaves entire and 3-lobed: calyx equalling the
corol.

micrantkus, N. (y.) hairy, dwarf: leaves petiolate, somewhat rhombic-ovate, crenate,
some of them 3-parted or .3-cleft; cauline ones sub-sessile, with 3 to 5 linear-oblong
divisions: sepals with a broad membranaceous border, as long as the corol. Mis-
souri, Arkansas.

luteo'ia, (dyei's weed, y. Au. 0.) leaves lanceolate, undulate, entire; a tooth on
each side of the base: calyx 4-cleft: flowers spiked. Naturalized.

5—1. Rham'nus. (3) 95. Rham. ast. dye. f. cat.

franmdoideus, Mx. (4) (dwarf alder. O. w-g. M. \.) unarmed: leaves oval, acumi-
nate, serrulate, pubescent at the nerves beneath: peduncles aggregate, l-flowered:

Raphanus. Gr. ra, quickly, and phuinomai, to appear, because it grows so quickly.
Rensselaeria. In honor of Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer of Albany, N. Y.
Reseda. Lat. rescih, to appease, from its supposed qualities of allaying inflammation

in external bruises.
Rhamnus. Gr. rtimiws, white thorn; or from Celtic ram, a head or tuft of branches.

(1) This is a description given by Prof L. C. Beck, of a plant found by him in
wet prairies in Illinois; but he does not decide whether it is the co/Zm?/s or not.
(2) Lecontia, Cooper. Arum, L. (3) Berchemia. (4) alnifolius, W.

390 RHAMNUS, RHEXIA.

calyx acute; fruit turbinate. Berries black. Pursh calls this the franguloides
after Mx. and gives alnifolius to a species found up the Missouri. S.

catharticus, (buckthorn. T^.) thorns terminal: flowers 4-clefl, dioecious: leaves ovate
serrate. First found in the Highlands by Dr. Barrnlt. N.

alnifilins, Pii. (1) (\V. M. ^.) unarmed: leaves oval, denticulate, short-acuminate
with a sinus at the base, slightly cordat?, pubescent at the nerves beneatli: pedun^
cles twice 2-cleft: berries depressed-globose. Berries purple, edible. O. Hudson's
Bay.

caroliniunus, W. (w. J. Tp.) unarmed: leaves alternate, oval-oblong, sub-entire, ribbed
glabrous: umbels neduncled; (lowers all fertile. Berry black, globose. 4 — 6 f.

lanceolatus, Ph. (VV. ^.) unarmed, shrubby: leaves lanceolate, serrulate, acute at
each end, pubescent beneath. Betries black.

minutifii)rus, Mx. (L. Oc. Tj.) unarmed: leaves nearly opposite, oval, serrulate:
flowers very minute, divisions spiked, alternately sessile on the rachis: style 3-cleft;
berries 3-seeded.

Southern.

oleifoUus, Hk. ( ) unarmed, erect: leaves coriaceous, evergreen, elliptical-oblong,
entire, revolute on the margin, glabrous: flowers pentandrous, in small axillary
crowded panicles: petals very minute, stigma obscurely 2-lobed: fruit 2-seeded.
N. W. Coast. California.

laurifoliiis, N. ( ) unarmed, erect: leaves coriaceous, evergreen, elliptical-oblong
or oblong, somewhat serrate, the veins approximated; flowers axillary, 2 or 4
together, on pedicels shorter than the calyx, tetrandrous: petals very minute.
California.

croceus, N. ( ) low and branching, the branches spinescent at the extremity:
leaves coriaceous, evergreen, roundish obovate, nearly glabrous, glandularly denti-
culate: flowers in axillary clusters, dioecious, tetrandrous, apetalous: styles ex-
serled, distinct above: fruit obovate, 1 to 2-seeded. California.
parvifolius, T. & G. ( ) unarmed: leaves ovate, serrulate, pubescent (when young),
acute or emarginate: flowers solitary or 2 to 3 together, axillary, on very short
pedicels, tetrandrous: petals minute, 2-lobed, partly surrounding the very short
stamens: styles 2, united below, very short and conical. Virginia.

californica, Eschs. (y-g-) branches angular, grayish-tomentose: leaves oval, serrulate,
mostly acute, retiouiateiy veined, glabrous on both sides; flowers fasciculute-
umbelled; pedicels toinentose, as long as the petioles: calyx 5-cleft: petals 5, scale-
like: style .5-cleft: fruit 2-seeded. California.

iexensis, T. & G. ( ) much branched and straggling; branches pubescent: leaves ovate
01 oblong-ovate, somewhat acute, villous pubescent on botli sides, denticulate-
serrulate; the veins prominent and very oblique: fruit broadly turbinate, 2 to 3-
seeded; seeds tumid without a furrow. Texas.
ferrugineus, N. ( ) leaves alteinate, oblong-oval, acute, entire; younger ones and

calyx ferruglnous-tomentose: little umbels from the base of the petiole, sessile:
flowers androgynous: stigmas trifid. Florida.

9—3. Rhe'uji. 28. Poly. ton. cat. lax.

Exotic.

palmatum, (rhubarb. J. Zf.) leaves palmate, acuminate. Fi-om China.

rhuponticum, (2) (pie rhubarb. W. J. 2/.) leaves heart-ovate, obtuse and acute,

smooth; veins sub-pilose beneath, the sinus at the base dilated; petioles furrowed

on the upper side, rounded at the edge. Radical leaves very large. 2 — 4 f. edi.

8—1. Rhex'ia. 90. Mela. ton.

virginica, (meadow beauty, deer-grass. W. p. Ju. If.) stem wing-angled: leaves ses-
sile, lance-ovate, ciliate-serrate: corymbs dichotomous. 1 — 2f. S. B. O. P. T
C. Y. H. F. N. M. S— C.

Rheum. Gr. red, to flow, from its purgative qualities; or from Rha, the Wolga,

whence it was first brought.
Rhexia. Gr. rer.is, a rupture, from its being used in curing wounds.

(1) purshianus, Hk. (2) taitaricum of former editions, but Darlington has
shewn that it is this species.

RHEXIA, RHODODENDRON. 391

mariana, Mx. (W. w-r. Ju. 2X-) stem and leaves very hirsute; leaves sub-petioled,
lance-oval, or lance-linear: calyx smoothish, tubular, long. Var. purpurea, leaves
narrow-iaucpolate or oblong: flowers deep purple. Var. ruhella, leaves lance-oval
or oldono;: flowers pale, reddish. 1—2 f. &. Y. C. M. S— C.

ciliosa, Mx. p. Ju. Z[.) stem sub-quadrangular, glabrous: leaves sub-petioled, lance-
ovate, serrulate, ciliale, glabrous beneath, somewhat hispid above: flowers invo-
lucred. 18 i. S. S— C.

Southern.

serrulala, N. (p. If.) stem sub-quadrangular, smooth: leaves small, sub-petioled,
roundish-oval, acute, smooth on both sides, margin serrulate, base sub-ciliate:
flowers peduncled, about in threes: calyx glandular-hirsute. 6 — 10 i.

glahelia, (Mx. (1) (p.) glabrous: stem lerele: leaves lanceolate and ovate, 3-nerved,
denticulate, slightly glaucous: calyx glutinous. 2 — 3 f. N — C.

itricta, Ph. (p. J. 2i.)stem straight, erect, winged, glabrous, bearded at the joints:
leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, glabrous on both sides:
corymbs dichotomous.

lutea, Wr. (y. Ju. 0.) hirsute: leaves lance-linear, sometimes wedge-form at the
base, 3-nerved: panicle pyramidal: anthers erect. 13 i. N — C.

lineurifolia, Lk. ( y.) stem terete, sub-pubescenl: leaves alternate, linear, oblong,
obtuse, sessile, pubescent on both sides: floweis sub-solitary.

angustifuUa, E. (2) (w. Ju. 2_f.) hirsute: leaves linear and lance-linear, somewhat
clustered: root creeping? S — C.

13 — 2. Rhinan'thcs. 3G. Rhin. nar. ast.

crista galli, W. (yellow rattle, yellow coxcomb, y. J. 0.) upper lip of the corol vault-
ed: calyx smooth: leaves lanceolate, serrate. 1 f. B. Canada.

12—1. Rhizopho'ra. 91. Rhiz. ast.

mangle, (mangrove tree. ^.) leaves acute, ovate, opposite-ribbed: peduncles

axillary: fruit clavate-subulate. This tree roots by pendant appendages, and thus
becomes greatly multiplied. Louisiana.

10 — 1. Rhododen'dro.v. .50. Rliod. f. edi. ton. b. ast-f . feb. w. cab.

maximum, (wild rosebay. W. r. Ju. >-.) leaves oblong, glabrous, paler beneath: urn-
bels terminal, dense: corols somewhat bell-form. Var. roseiim, corol pale rose
color, divisions roundish: leaves obtuse at the base. Var. album, coral smaller,
•white, divisions oblong: leaves acute at the base. Var. purpurevm, corol purple,
divisions oblotig: leaves obtuse at the base, green on both sides. 4 — 20 f. iS.
P. Y. B. Banks of Delaware river, Plainfield, Mass. Dr. J. Porter.

lappovirum, (3) (Ap. Ju. h.) leaves elliptical, roughened with excavated punctures.
8-10 i.

alliiflorum, H. (w. \>.) erect: leaves deciduous, lance-oval, very entire, membra-

naceous, glabrous, fasciculate in the apex of the branches: peduncles fasciculate,
lateral and terminal: calyx subfoliaceous, hispid: corol rotate-campanulate: sta-
mens 10, erect, equal. 2 — 3 f R.

kamschalicum, Pallas. ( ) low, procumbent: leaves persistent, obovate, cihate,

veiny, shining: calyx large, foliaceous: corol rotate: stamens longer. A.

Exotic,
ponticvm, (rose bay. p. T>.) leaves oblong, glabrous, both sides colored alike: corymbs
terminal: corol bell wheel-form: petals lanceolate.

Soidhern.
punclatum, (r. Ju. ^.) leaves lance-oval, glabrous, with resinous dots beneath: um-
bels termiual: corol funnel-form: capsules long. 4 — 6f

Rhinanthus. Gr. rin, nose, and anthos, flower; its ringent corol resembling the snout

of an animal.
Rhizophora. Gr. riza, root, ^inAphero, to carry, from its numerous roots.
Rhododendron. Gr. rodon, rose, and dtndron, tree, because its flowers resemble

roses.

(1) alifanus, Wr. (2) mariana, var. exalbida, Mx. (1) Azalea, L.

392 RHODODExMDRON, RHUS.

catawliense, Mx. (r. J. fp.) leaves short-oval, roundish-obtuse at each end: umbels
terminal: segments of the calyx narrow-oblong: corol bell-form. 3 — 4 f.

Rhododendron, Azalea.

10 — 1. Rho'dora. 50. Rhod. ast. ton.

canadensis, (false honeysuckle, rhodoia. b. r. M. \.) leaves oval, entire, glaucous-
pubescent beneath: flowers in terminal umbels. 2 f. B. Y. C. N.

5 — 3. Rhus. 94. Anac. f. h. poi. ast. ton. tan.

typhi'na, (stag's horn sumach. O. y. g. Ju. ><.) branches and petioles very villose:
leaves pinnate, many-paired; leafets lance-oblong, serrate, somewhat downy be-
neath, Var. glabra, leafets glabrous beneath. Berries red and very sour. 8 — 15 f.
S. Mch.

glabra, (sleek sumach. O. g. r. Ju. Tp.) branches, petioles and leaves glabrous: leaves
pinnate, many-paired; leafets lance-oblong, serrate, whitish beneath: fruit silky.
Var. elegans, flowers dioecious. The leaves of both tlie species are used for tan-
ning morocco leather. Berries red and sour. 6 — 12 f <S. Mch.

copaUina, (wing-rib sumach, mountain sumach. W. y-g. Ju. ^.) leaves pinnate, with
the main petiole joint-winged; Irafets lunce-oval, entire: flowers dioecious. Berries
red. 3— I2f «. P. T. F. W. N. Mch.

venenata, {I) (poison sumach, poison elder. W. y-g. Ju. fp.) very glabrous: leaves
pinnate, many-paired; leafets oval, abruptly acuminate, entire; petioles not winged,
panicle lax, dioecious: fruit glabrous. Berries green, at length whitish. Panicle
few-flowered compared with the preceding species. Very poisonous. 8 — 15 f. ^.
F. P. N. C. B. Florida. Mch.

toxicodendron, (poison vine, poison ash. W. g. Ju. ^.) rooting: leaves ternate; leafets
oval, entire or sinuate-crenate; racemes on the brandies and axillary, sessile,
dioecious. Var. radicans, (2) (poison ivy, climbing sumach) stem climbing and
rooting: leafets broad, entire, or with scattered teeth. Var. quercifui'a, (3) (poison
oak) erect, low: leafets variously sinuate-lobed. Var. niicrocar/ia, leafets oblong-
oval, long-acuminate, sub-rliombic: fruit very small. The sap of this species is an
excellent marking ink for linen. O. W. F. V. N. T. B. Florida. Mch.

aromatica, A. (W. y. M. h.) leaves trifoliate; leafets sessile, gash-crenate, pubescent
beneath, middle one rhombic, lateral ones ihomb-ovate: flowers deposited in com-
pact aments. Small shrub. S. P. W. O. H. N. Canada.

dicersiloba, T. & G. ( ) nearly glabrous: stem scarcely climbmg, with short leafy

branches: leaves 3 to 5-foliolate; leafets very obtuse, in the pistillate plant slightly,
in the staminate rather deeply pinnately lobed; lobes very obtuse, the incisions
acute: panicles axillary, racemose: drupes sub-globose. Oregon.

trilobata, N. ( ) leaves glabrous, small; lateral leafets obovate, obtuse, 3-lobed at
the apex or nearly entire; terminal leafet cuneiform, 3-lobed at the summit, the
middle lobe sometimes 3-toothed. Rocky Mts.

Exotic.

coZi'nws, (false fringe tree, aaron's beard, p-g. Ju. T^.) leaves simple, obovate and
ovate: panicle racemes plumose. A small tree with very minute flowers supported
on capillary, downy, or hairy peduncles. Indigenous to Siberia, Austria, and
Lombardy.

Southern.

pumila, Mx. (Ju. \>.) low: branches and petioles pubescent: leafets oval, gash-
toothed, tomentose beneath: fruit silky and downy. Poisonous. If.
laurina, N. ( ) very glabrous: leaves elliptical or elliptic-ovate, obtuse or emargi-

Rhodora. Gr. rodon, a rose, from the resemblance of the flowers.
Rhus. Gr. rous, sumach, from Celtic rhudd or rud, red, from the color of the fruit.
(1) venenata, Dc. (2) Made a distinct species by L. also by Dc. ; but this
species is too variable to be divided hastily. (3) lobata, Dc.

kHUS, RHYNCHOSPORA. 393

tiate, often mucronate, on rather long petioles: panicles crowded: stamens 5:
filaments very short. California.

RInjnchosia, Phaseolus.

3 — 1. Rhynchos'pora.* (1) 9. Cype. fod. ton — .

alba, {W. Ju. 2i.) spike corymb-fascicled; culm triangular above: leaves setaceous:
pericarp somewhat lenticular: bristles about 10. 12 — 18 i. fif. B. C. O. N.
Mch.

fusca, M. (2) ( ) culm 3-angled: leaves linear, carinate: fascicles of spikes alter-
nate, peduncled: spikes ovate: glumes ovate, brown: pericarp ovate with an acute
black tubercle. 2 f.

glomerata, (3) (fal?e bog-rush. W. J. 2X.) spikes corymb-fascicled, remote, in pairs?
culm obtusely triangular: leaves flat: peiicarp obovate-vvedgp-form very smooth,
as long as the tubercle. 12—18 i. .S?. P. C. H. N. K. Mch. S— C.

capillaceii, T. (Ju. ) spikes 3 — .5, nearly terminal: cul.^l 3-angled, somewhat leafy:
leaves setaceous: pericarp stipetl, sub-rugose.

sparsiij Mx. (Ju. ) culm 3-angled, leafy: corymbs axillary and terminal!, compound,-
lax: peduncles capillary: pericarp obovate, rugose, much longer than the tubercle.
18 i. S. P. Y. S— C.

cymosa, W. (4) (Ju. ) culm 3-angled, leafy: cymes terminal and axillary: terminal
one largest: pericarp round-ovate, compressed, transversely rugose: tubercle coni-
cal. 12-18 i. &'.

laxa^ Valil. (5) (W. ) culm 3-angled: corymbs leafy, decompound, loose: spike
subulate: pericarp obovate, pointed with the long, persistent style.- 3^6 f. S.
S — C.

torrcyana, Gray. ( ) culm slender, sub-terete: leaves setaceous: panicle corym-

bose, somew-hat few-flowered; spikelets ovate, mostly pedicellate: nut elliptic-oba
vate, compressed, transversely rugose: bristles hispid upward, shorter than the nut:
tubercle compressed-conic; base as broad as the nut. New Jersey.

macTnstachya. T. ( ) axillary corymbs sub-simple; Ihe terminal ones compound;

upper spikelets densely fascicled: nut obovate, sn>ooth: bristles hispid upwards,-
twice as long as the nut: style persistent, nearly four times the length of the nut-
Massachusetts.

gracilentii, Gray. ( ) culm and leaves very slender: corymbs small, somewhat

crowded; terminal ones sub-sesile; lateral ones exsertly peduncled: nut smooth,
ovate, or orbicular ovate, lens-form: bristles hispid upward, longer than the nutJ
tubercle subulate, dilated at the base, nearly equalling the nut. iVew Jersev New
York, N-C. ^'

cephnlant/ia, Gray. ( ) small heads axillary and terminal, sub-globose, many-flower-
ed, often in pairs; spikelets oblong-lanceolate: nut smooth, orbicular-obovate, len-
ticular, somewhat margined, attenuate at the base, equalling the subulate tuberclei
bristles hispid upward or backwards, twice as long as ihe nut. S. New Jersey.

Sout/iern.

veriflora, Mx. (6) (M. Zf.) culm and leaves setaceous: panicle loose, few-flowered:
pericarp obovate, rugose: bristles as long as the seed. 1 f.

inexpnnsa, Mx. (Ju. ) culm obscurely 3-angled: panicles remote, pendulous: peri-
carp oblong, rugose: bristles scabrous, twice as long as the seed. 2 f. S C.

fascicularis, Mx. ( ) flowers fascisled, lateral and terminal: bracts short: spikelets

oblong: scales mucronate; bristles twice as long as the smooth pericarp,

distans, Mx. (Ju. ) culm 3-angled: fascicles of flowers distant: pericarp lenticular
slightly furrowed: bristles setaceous. 12 — 20 i. S — C.

ciliata, Vahl. ( 2i.) spike corymb-fascicled, terminal: bracts, and leaves obtusish,
ciliate.

plumoso., E. (Ju. ) culm slender, 3-angled: leaves linear: flowers terminal, crowded:
bracts awned: bristles feathered. 8 — 12 i.

Rhynchospora. Gr. runchos, the beak of a bird, and spora, seed, the permanent style

forming a beak to the seed.

(1) Schoenus, L. Mx. W. M. (2) alba, van fusca, Ph. (3) capitellata, E.

(4) Scirpus polyphyllus, Ph. (5) longirostis, E. (6) raicrantha, Vahl.

* Dr. Asa Gray has greatly improved this genus.
50

394 RHVNCHOSPORA, RIBES.

punctata, E. ( ) fascicles lateral and terminal, approximate at the summit of the
culm: pericarp rugose, dotted. 1 — 2 f.

caduca, E. (Ju. ) culm S-angled: panicles axillary, erect: spikelets clustered, ses-
sile: pericarp lenticular, rugose: bristles twice as long as the seed.

teres. E. (1) (Ju. ) culm terete; leaves linear: panicles cyme-like: floweres crowd-
ed: pericarp glabrous: bristles setaceous. 1 — 3 f.

patula, Gray. ( ) culm triquetrous, slender above: corymbs axillary and terminal,
patulous, lax-flowered; spikelets ovate: nut orbicular or orbicular-obovate, com-
pressed, transversely rugose: bristles hispid upwards, as long as the nut. Florida.

microcarpa. Bald. ( ) culm slender, sub-triangular: corymb loose-flowered, ex-

sert peduncled, upper ones approximate: bristles fragile, hispid upwards, scarcely as
long as the nut: nut ovate, compressed, rugose. Florida, N — C.

dodecandra, Bald. ( ) panicle corymbose, loose-flowered; spikelets ovate-lanceo-
late: stamens 10 — 12: nut-oblong, smooth: tubercle short, sub-hemispheric: bristles
hispid upwards, equalling the nut. Florida.

megalocarpa, Gray. ( ) hexandrous: corymbs loosely flowered: nut ovate, lens-
form, smooth, at length black: tubercle obtuse, conic, confluent with the nut:
bristles caducous, hispid upwards, equalling the nut. East Florida.

pycnocarpa, G. ( ) corymbs sparse-flowered: spikelets turgid-ovate: nut smooth,

ovate, tumid; apex thickened, larger than the short conic tubercle: bristles 10,
caducous, hispid upwards, nearly equalling the nut. N — C. West Florida.

baldioinii, Gray. ( ) leaves acute, glaucous: spikelets ovate: corymb crowded,

terminal: nut smooth, ovate, (Tr sub-orbicular-ovate, lenticular: bristles 12, hispid
upwards, equalling the nut. Georgia.

paniculata, Gray. ( ) culm triquetrous: panicles numerous, approximate, often

geminate; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, crowded on the ultimate divisions of the
panicles: nut smooth, obovate, lenticular: tubercle subulate, equalling the nut:
bristles retrorse-hispid, more than twice the length of the nut. La. Florida.

oligantka, Gray. ( ) culm nearly lealless, filiform: spikelets very few, ovate-ob-

long: bristles hispid upwards, plumose below the middle: nut obovate-oblong, very
minutely roughened, a little shorter than the bristles: tubercle very short, conic.
N— C.

semi-plumosa, Gray. ( ) culm subiterete: leaves and bracts setaceous: spikes ap-
proximate at the summit of the culm: bristles hispid upwards, plumose below the
middle: nut ovate, smooth shorter than the bristles: tubercle compressed-conic,
nearly equalling the nut. New Orleans.

5—1. Ri'bes. 85. Gros. f ref. gel.
1 . Currant-like. Flowers racemed.

flo'ridum W. (2) (wild black currant. O. M. \.) unarmed: leaves punctate both
sides: racemes pendant: calyx cylindric: bracts longer than the pedicels. 3—4 f.
S. Mch.

albinervium. Mx. (W. A. g-y. M. Tp.) unarmed: leaves abbreviated, acutely lobed,
smoothish: nerves white: racemes recurved: berries glabrous, red. D. Mch.

tri'fidum, Mx. (A. y-g. M. ^.) unarmed: leaves moderately lobed, glabrous above,
pubescent beneath: racemes lax, pubescent: flowers flattish: divisions of the calyx
about 3-cleft: petals spatulate, obtuse: berries hirsute, red. P. Canada. iVlch.

rigens, Mx. (mountain currant. A. M.^.) unarmed: branches straight: leaves acute-
ly lobed and toothed, reticulate-rugose, pubescent beneath: racemes lax; becoming
stiffly erect: berries sub-hispid, red, erect. P. W. Canada, Wachuset, Monad-
nok. White Mts.

elandiilosum A. (3) (r-y. M. '^.) unarmed: branches reclined-prostrate: leaves
lobed smoothish; younger ones pubescent: racemes sub-erect; petals deltoid:
bracts minute: berry hispid. Most of the plant, particularly the calyx, covered
with glandular hairs. 2—3 f.

Ribes. An ancient Arabian name, of uncertain etymology.

(1 ) cymosa, E. As Elliott's plant differs essentially from the cymosa of M., it be-
comes necessary to give it another name. (2) pennsylvanicum, Lk. recurva-
turn, Mx. (3) prostratum, Hr.

RIBES. S95

sanguineum, Ph. (W. r-p. Mar. ^.) unarmed; leaves cordate. 3 lobed, serrate, witli
vein-like lines, glabrous above, sparingly vvinte-tonientose beneath: racemes lax,
pubescent, twice as long as the leaves: calyx tubular; petals oblong, of the length
of the calyx: bracts obovate-spatulate, as long as the pedicels: germs liirsute.

au'rcum, Ph. (VV. y. Ap. ^.) unarmed, very glabrous: leaves 3-lobed; lobes divari-
cate, with a few gash-teeth, shorter than the petiole; petiole ciliate at the base:
raceme's lax, dense-tlowered: calyx tubular, longer than the pedicels; tube slender;
divisions oblong, obtuse: petals linear, half as long as tlie divisions of the calyx:
bracts linear, as long as the pedicels: berries glabrous.

laxiflorum, Ph. (1) (W. _y. ^.) unarnied: leaves cordate, 5-lobed, gash-toothed, trla-
brous; petioles slender: racemes lax, erect, as long as the leaves: bracts subulate:
pedicels elongated: calyx bell-tubular; berries globose, hispid.

prostriitiim, he Herit. ( ) unarmed: leaves deeply cordate, .5 — 7-lobed, glabrous;
lobes acute, doubly cut-serrate, naked and glabrous both sides: racemes slender,
erect, lax: bracts small, obtuse, many times shorter than the glandular-setose
pedicel: calyx wheel-form: germ and berry glandular-setose. Berries red. Cana-
da. R. A. P.

hracteosum, Doug. ( p-y. ) unarmed, leaves longly petioled, cordate, deeply 5 — 7-
lobed; lobes acuminate, doubly gash-serrate, finely hispid above, resinous-punc-
tate beneath: racemes often terminal, at length deHexed; pedicels erect-spreading,
pubescent, exceeding the spatulate bracts: calyx rotate, glabrous: petals minute,
roundish: germs and berries resinous-punctate. 5 — 8 f A. R.

hudsunianum, Rich. ( ) unarmed; branches erect: leaves three-lobed, very gla-

brous above, resinous-punctate beneath; leaves and petioles villose: racemes erect,
pubescent: bracts shoit; divisions of the campanulate calyx spreading, villose:
germs punctate: berries globose, glabrous, black. A var. has the racemes longer:
calyx somewhat glabrous. R. A.

cereum, Doug. ( ) unarmed: leaves small, cordate, lobed, serrate, glandulous-

pubescent, glabrous, glaucous, white-glandulous above: racemes pendulous, sub-
capitate, 3 — .5-flowered: biacls ovate, appressed to tlie glabrous germ: flowers sub-
sessile, angular-cylindric: divisions of the calyx small, reflexed. R.

viscosissimum, Ph. (W. y. J.T>.) unarmed, wholly viscid-pilose: leaves cordate, obtuse-
ly 3-lobed, serrate; racemes erect, short: calyx tubular: petals oblong: bracts
linear-spatulate, half as long as tlie pedicel: germ hirsute.

teniiijiomm, Lindl. ( ) unarmed; leaves sub-rotund, three-lobed, mealy; lobes

obtusely dentate at the apex: racemes pendulous, many-flowered: calyx tubular,
glabrous, colored, longer than the pedicel: petals very entire, half as long as the
linear, obtuse divisions of the calyx: berry glabrous. R.

2. Gooseberry-like. Peduncles mostly few-flowered, rarely sub-racemed.

hirtellum, Mx. (W. A. g. M. ^.) spines small, sub-axillary: branches sub-hispid:
leaves small, semi-trifid; lobes sub-dentate; peduncles 1-flovvered: berries glabrous,
red. 5f. W. T. P. Canada.

gracile, Mx. (2) (M. >?.) spines small, sub-axillary: leaves petioled, slender, pubes-
cent both sides; lobes acute, gash-toothed; peduncles capillary, (filiform?) about
2-flowered; calyx bell-tubular: berries glabrous, bluish, purple. 2 — 3 f <S. P.
W. T. N.

triflorum, W. (wild gooseberry. A. g. M. ^.) spine Sub-axillary: leaves glabrous,
3 — .j-lobed, gash-toothed; peduncles sub-3-floweied, with the pedicels elongated:
bracts very short; petals spatulate, undulate: style hirsute, half 2 or 3-cleft, ex-
sert: berries glabrous, pale-red. 3 — 4 f. &'. B. N. F. V.

02:?/fflC"n«/toif/es, (smooth gooseberry. W. M. ^.) the large sub-solitary prickles near
the buds, the smaller ones scattered: leaves glabrous, with toothed lobes: pedun-
cles short, about 2-flowered; berries glabrous. 3f P. C. Canada.

laciisiris. P. (3) (swamp gooseberry, g-y. M. >!.) sub-axillary spines few; stem every
where aculeate hispid; leaves lobed beyond the middle; petioles villose: berriea
somewhat racemed, hispid. 3—4 f &. C. W. N. P. V. B. O. Canada.

cynos'biUi, Mx. (prickly gooseberry. W. g. M. h .) sub-axillary spines about in pairs:
leaves short-lobed, gash-toothed, with soft pubescence: racemes nodding, few-

(1) prostratum' Le Herit. (2) Synonymous with lacustrie, Aikin. (3) oxy-
canthoides, Mx.

396 RIBES, RIVINA.

flpwered: calyx erect, bell-form: berries prickly, dark browrj. T. W. P. C. Cats^
kill Mts.

spedosum, (Ph. W. p. >?.) under the buds 3-plaited prickly: leaves wedge-roundish,
gash-crenate, glabrous, nerved, paler beneath, siiort-petioled: peduncles about 3-
flowered, longer than the leaves: pedicels and germs glandular-pilose: calyx tubular,
longer t^an the pedicels; stamens very long, exsert.

rnenziesii, Ph. (W. r. p. ^ .) under the buds 3-plaited-prickly: branches very hispid:
leaves truncate at the base, sub-5-lobed, gash-toothed; lateral lobes shortest, to-
mentose beneath: peduncles about 2-flowered equal to the leaves: calyx tubular;
limb spreading: stamens as long as the calyx: style exsert: berry globose, prickly.

setosum, Lindl. (g. ) branches densely setose: piickles unequal, subulate: leaves sub-
rotund, cordate at the base, pubescent, 3 — 5-lobed, deeply crenate: peduncles two-
flowered, somewhat bracted: calyx tubular-campanulate; divisions linear, obtuse,
spreading, twice as long as the very entire petals. Berries hispid. R.

divaricaium, Doug, (g, ) branches divaricate, setose, at length naked: spines! — 3,
axillary, deflexed, coarse: leaves sub-rotund, 3-lobed, gash-toothed, nerved, glar
brous:'peduncles 3-flowered, nodding: calyx funnel-form; divisions at length spread-
ing, twice as long as the Ipbe: style and stamens exsert: berries glabrous. A- R?

j,rrigunm., Doug. ( g- ) prickles axillary, in tlirees: leaves cordate, somewhat 5-
lobed, dentate, ciliiite, both sides pilose, nerved: peduncles 3-flowered, glandulous-
pilose: calyx campanulate; divisions linear, equalling the tube: berries glabrous.
A.

saxosum, H. (I) ( g. ) stem unarmed, rarely aculeate: spines none, solitary or in
pairs: leave? cordate, 5-lobed, serrate, sub-glabrous: peduncles very short, deflexed,
1 — 2-rtowered: tube of the glabrous calyx campanulate; divisions spreading, at
length reflexed, twice ^.s long as the cqrol, about equalling the stamens: germ
naked. R. A.

fubrum, (currant, g. M. ^'.) unarmed: racemes glabrous, nodding: corol flat; petals
obcordate: leaves obtusely 5-Jobed: stem ej-ect. Berries red. 2 — 4 f. R.

Exotic.

nigrum, (blackcurrant, g. M. Tj.) unarmed: leaves punctate beneath: racemes lax:
flowerg bell-form: bracts shorter than the pedicels. Berries black. 3 — 5 f.

grossula' ria, (english gooseberry, g. M. p.) branches prickly: petioles hairy: bracts
2-leayed: berry glabrous or hirsute. 2 — 4 f.

uva'crispa, (smooth gooseberry, g. M. fp.) branches prickly: berry glabrous: pedi»
eels with 1 -leaved bracts. Perhaps a variety of the grossularia.

Southern.

resinosum. Ph. (A. g. Ap. >>.) unarmed, wholly covered with resinous, glandular
hairs: leaves 3 — 5-lobed, roundish; racemes erect: calyx flattish: petals obtuse-
rhomboid: bracts linear, longer than the pedicels: berries hirsute.

TOtuiLilifvLaim, Mx. (A. >;.) spines sub-axillary; leaves roundish, sub-pubescent;
lobes obtuse: peduncles 1-flowered: limb of the calyx tubular: berries glabrous.

19 — 15. Ri'ciNDs. 96. Euph. cat. ast. depb. diu. nar — . jau.
Exotic.
communis, (castor-oil plant, palma christi. ^.) leaves peltate, palmate; lobes lanceo--
late, serrate: stem with hoary mealiness. 4 — 6 f.

4 — 1. Rivi'na 29. Phyt. eme. nar.

laevis, ( ) racemes simple: leaves ovate, acuminate, glabrous, flat: stem terete,

Resenibles Phytolacca decandra. <S.

Southern,
humilis, P. ( 1^.) racemes simple: flowers tetrandrous: leaves pubescent.

Ricinus. Lat. ricinvs, a tick; its seed resembling that insect.
|livina. In honor of the great German botanist, Rivinus.
(1) R. triflorum, Bw.

ROBINIA, ROSA. S97

16—10. Robin'ia. 93. Legu. b. bit-ton—.

pseudo-acacia, (locust tree, false acacia. A. w. M. ^.) leaves pinnate, with a termi-
nal leafet: stipules thorny, or a thorn, racemes pendant: teelh of the calyx un-
awned: legumes smooth. Cultivated. 30—40 f. -S. N. B. F. P. T. C. O.
Canada.

S(Mthern.

viscnsa, (1) (clammy locust. A. Ju. ^.) racemes witli 1-flowered pedicels: leaves
pinnate, with a terminal leafet: branches and legumes will) viscous glands: calyx
acuminate. Racemes axillary, dense-ilowered, erect: tiowers approaching from
wliite to red. Cultivated. M. S— C.

hispida, (2) (rose locust, rose acacia. A. Ap. r. 2(.) racemes sub-axillary, sub-erect:
calyx acuminate: stem mostly unarmed; most of the plant hispid: leaves pinnate,
with a terminal leafel: leafets round-oval, mucronate, sometimes alternate. Var.
rosea, branchlets nearly glabrous. Cultivated. 3 — 6 f. M. S — C.

5 — 1. Rochel'ia. (3) 43. Bora. ton. exp.

virginiana, (W. w-b. J. <^.) pilose: leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, scabrous above:

racemes divaricate: fruit densely covered with hooked bristles. 2 f. S. P. C.

T. O. F. Mch. M.
lapjmlu, (b. Ju. ^.) hispid: fruit prickly, bearded: leaves linear-oblong: stem

branched above: corollonger than the calyx. 12 — 18 i. O. T. M. Mch.
glomerata, N. (4) (W. w. J. $ .) hirsute: fruit rugose: leaves linear-spatulate:

spikes peduncled, axillary, conglomerate, bifid; upper ones sessile: divisions of the

corol entire. 6 — 12 i. R.
patens, N. (r. J. 21-) strigose-pilose: leaves oblong-linear, obtusish: stem simple,

nakedish: flower-bearing branches spreading: flowers peduncled, lax. R.

11—12. Ro'sA. 92. Rosa, f aro. h. ton.

hlanda, W. (W. Ju. ^.) tube of the calyx globose, and with the peduncles hispid:
leafets (7) oblong, sub-equally serrate, glabrous; petioles glabrous, somewhat
prickly: branches very hispid-aculeate.

parviflora, W. (5) (wild rose. O. r. w. ^.) tube of the calyx depressed-globose, and
with the peduncles hispid: petioles pubescent, sub-aculeate: stem glabrous: prickles
stipular, straight: leafets lance-oval, simply serrate, glabrous: flowers somewhat
in pairs. Very variable. 1 — 3 f. S. Mch.

nitida, W. (r. Ju. \ .) tube of the calyx globose: peduncles and branches hispid:
petioles sub-pilose, unarmed; leafets (7) lance-oblong, both sides very glabrous and
shining. S.

lucida, Eh. (W. r. Ju. T?.) tube of tjie calyx depressed-globose, and with the pe-
duncles sub-hispid: petioles glabrous, sub-aculeate: stem glabrous: prickles stipu-
lar, straight: leafets lance-ovate, obtusish, coarsely serrate, glabrous, shining:
flowers somewhat in pairs: divisions of the calyx entire. 4 — G f.

S. P. Y. W. :

gemella, VV. (r. Ju. T:.) tube of the calyx depressed-globose, and with the pedun-
cles glabrous: flowers somewhat in pairs: leaves oblong, acute, opake; petioles
and veins pubescent beneath: prickles uncinate, the cauline ones in pairs below
the axils. P. Y. D. K.

Carolina. (6) (swamp rose. O. r-w. Ju. Tj.) germs globose: germs and peduncles a
little hispid, or glabrous: petioles hairy and a little prickly; stem glabrous: prickles
stipular, sub-uncinale: leafets 5 or 7, oblong-oval or elliptic-lanceolate, acute,
sharply serrate, glaucous beneath: flowers solitary or corymbed. 3 — 6 f Mch.

sahifolia, Br. (climbing rose. W. r. Ju. >>.) tube of the calyx sub-globose: and with

Robinia. In honor of John Robin, botanist to Louis XIV.

Rochelia. In honor of Danl. De la Roche.

Rosa. Lat. rose. From Celtic, rhos, or rliudd, red; slluding to the prevailing color

of the flower.

(1) glutinosa, C. (2) montana, Bartram. rosea, Du Hamel. (3) Myosotis, L.
(4) Cynoglossum, Ph. Myosotis, N. (5) Carolina, Mx. (6) pennsylvanica, Mx.
corymbosa, Eh. In G. Britain there are 16 native species, 43 exotic, 45 peimament
varieties, and 325 gardener's varieties of the rose.

398 ROSA.

the peduncles glandular-hispid: stem smooth; prickles short, solitary, unci-
nate: leaves petioled, ternate; leafets ovate, acute, serrate, glabrous above, white-
downy beneath: divisions of the calyx viscid-pilose: flowers corymbed. 6 — 8 f.
S. K. Mch.

rubiginosa, (1) (sweet-briar, eglantine. W. r. J. ^.) tube of the calyx ovate: pedun-
cles and petioles glandular-hispid: peti#les somewhat prickly: stem glabrous:
prickles scattered, hooked, slender: leafets (5 or 7) ovate, serrate, sub-glandular
beneath. 3— 10 f. S. T. Y. C. P. N. B. O. F.

micrantfia, S. (r-w. J. Tp .) tube of the calyx ovate, and v.ith the peduncles somewhat
hispid: prickles hooked: leafets ovate, acute, with reddish glands beneath. Re-
sembles the last in the odor of its leaves. 4 — 8 f. B.

sayi, Sz. (VV. h.) tube of the calyx oblong-ovate, smooth; divisions of the calj'x
persistent, erect, spreading at the summit, villous, longer than the tube: peduncles
rigid, smooth or sub-glandular-hispid; petioles villous and prick'y underneath:
leafets (7) ovate, sessile, deeply serrate, smooth above, glaucous-villose beneath:
stipules clasping glandular-villose: younger branches aculeate hispid.

looodsii, Lindl. ( ) stipules and sepals connivent: leafets oblong, obtuse, glabrous.

A var. has the leaves downy beneath. A.
fraxinfiolia, Lindl. (, ) higher, unarmed: branches stiffly erect, becoming glau-
cous; leafets opake, undulate, not hairy. R.

mujalis, Lindl. ( ) lower, grayish: branches stiffly-erect, colored; prickles scat-
tered, somewhat equal: stipulee linear: leafets oblongs flat, beneath glaucous,
tomentose. A.

stricta, Lindl. ( ) very branching; branchlets unarmed: fruit elongated, pendulous.
A var. has the leaves pubescent beneath. R. A.

Exotic.

canina, (dog rose. Tp.) tube of the calyx ovate, and with the peduncles glabrous: stem
and petioles piickly: leaves ovate, glabrous.

gallica, (french rose, common rose. r. J. \ .) tube of the calyx ovate, and with the
peduncles hispid: stem and petioles hispid-prickly. Sometimes the colors are
variegated.

damascma, (damask rose. w. r. J. T:.) calyx half-pinnate: tube ovate, turgid, (thick-
ened near its top,) bristly: stem and petioles prickly: leafets ovate, pointed, downy
beneath.

musco'sa, (moss rose. r. Au. ^.) tube of the calyx ovate: calyx, peduncles, petioles
and branches hispid, glandular-viscid, (mossy-like:) spines of the branches scat-
tered, straight.

woschaia, (mask rose, fp .) tube of the calyx ovate, and with the peduncles villose:
stem and petioles prickly: leafets oblong, acuminate, glabrous: panicle many-
flowered.

burgundiaca, (burgundy rose. ^.) tube of the calyx sub-globose, and with the pedun-
cles hispid: leafets ovate, pubescent beneath: corol small, full, fleshy-white: disk
obscure. Var. provinciulis, has scattered reflexed prickles on the branches, and
glandular serratures.

semperflorens, (monthly rose. ^.) tube of the calyx ovate-oblong, tapering to both
ends, and with the peduncles hispid: stem prickly: flowers in erect corymbs.
Resembles dam/iscciui.

alba, (white rose. w. J. fp .) tube of the calyx ovate, glabrous or hispid: stem and
petioles prickly: leafets ovate, villose beneath.

pimpinellifulm, (burnet rose. r. ^.) tube of the calyx globose, and with the peduncles
glabrous: stem with scattered straight prickles; leaves obtuse, petioles scabrous.
Very small.

centifolia, (hundred-leaved rose. r. ^.) tube of the calyx ovate, and with the pedun-
cles hispid: stem hispid, prickly: leaves pubescent beneath; petioles unarmed.

cinnamo'mea, (cinnamon rose. ^.) tube of the calyx globose, and with the peduncles
glabrous; stem with stipular prickles: petioles somewhat unarmed; leafets oblong.
R. majalis. Stem brown-cinnamon color.

muUiflora, (japan rose. ^.) tube of the calyx ovate, and with the peduncles unarmed,
villose: stem and petioles prickly. Branches generally purple: leafets ovate: flowers
small, panicled.

(1) suaveolens, Ph.

ROSA, RUBUS. 399

spinosissima, (scotch rose. ^.) lube of the calyx globose, glabrous: peduncles hispid:
stem and petioles very Jiispid. Var. scolici, is smaller.

/)ar?'j/b/(V/,, (sniall-ieaf rose. \ .) small: tube of the calyx ovate, sub-glabrous: pedun-
cles glandular: stem and petioles with slender prickles; leafets rugose, a little
viUose beneath, ovate, glandular-serrate.

Suvthern.

setigc'i-d, Mx. (.J. ^.) tube of the calyx globose: petioles and veins prickly: branches
glabrous: prickles in pairs and scattered: divisions 3 to 5, acuminate, glabrous:
leafets of the calyx fringed with bristles. 5 — S f

lutcscens. Ph. (y-w. J. f^.) tube of the calyx globose, and with the peduncles glab-
rous: branches hispid-spiny: leafets (7) glabrous, oval, acuminate-serrate; petioles
unarmed: flowers solitary: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, cuspidate: petals oval,
very obtuse.

lacrigata, Mx. (cherokee rose. w. Ap. \ .) tube of the calyx oblong, hispid: leaves
perennial, ternate; leafets lanceolate, serrate, coriaceous, lucid: tiowers solitary,
terminal. 5—20 f.

hjonii. Ph. (W. r. Ju. h.) tube of the calyx sub-globose, nearly glabrous: peduncles
hispid: petioles somewhat prickly: stem glabrous: prickles scattered, straight:
leafets (3 to 5), ovate-oblong, acute, serrate, sub-glabrous above, tomentose be-
neath: upper ones simple: flowers somewhat in threes: stipules linear; divisions of
the calyx tomentose, linear, scarcely gashed.

pendulina, W. (thornless rose. r. .1. Tj .) unarmed: tube of the calyx oblong: peduncles
and petioles hispid: stem and bianches glabrous: fruit pendant. Cultivated.

2 — 1. Rosmari'nus. 42. Labi. aro. e-ole. sto.
Exotic,
officinalis, (rosemary, fp .) leaves, some green both sides; others whitish beneath,
linear; margins revolute.

3 — 2. Rottbol'lia. 10. Gram. far. ton.

Souiheni.

dimidiata, Mx.? (hard grass. L. If.) spike compressed, linear: flowers secund: glumes

2-flowered: outer floret staminate; inner one perfect. Charleston, S — C.
ciliata, N. (L. ) culm erect, tall: spikes terete, long-peduncled: flowers pedicelled,
secund: pedicels and margins of the rachis villose: glumes and paleas each 2.
3— 4f.
rugosa, N. (L. ) culm erect: spikes cylindric, solitary, axillary, approximate: joints
of the rachis smooth, nearly semi-cylindric, tumid: outer valve of the perfect
flower transversely rugose; accessory flowers mostly barren, with an ernarginate
pedicel.

4—1. Ru'bia. 57. Stel. dye. ton. diu.

Exotic. ^ ■

tincto'ria, (madder.) leaves lanceolate, about in sixes: stem prickly, climbing. Var.
sylvestris, lower leaves in sixes; upper ones in fours or in pairs.

Southern,
brorcnii, Mx. {y. 21.) hispid; leaves in fours, oval: peduncles solitary, 1-flowered:
stem decumbent. Berries purple, smooth, Ph. Carolina.

11—12. Ru'bus. 92. Rosa. ton. f ref lax.

ide'us, (garden raspberry. W. w. M. h.) leaves quinate-pinnate and ternate; leafets
rhomb-ovate, acuminate; downy beneath; petioles channelled: stem prickly, hispid:

Rosmarinus. Lat. ros, dew and mannus ^.-heloaging to the sea shore; from its appear-
ance and habitation. - '
RotlboUia. In hotior of Dr. Christian Rottboll, "professor of botany at Copenhagen. ,
Rubia. Lat. ruber, red, from the dye obtained from its roots.
Rubus. Lat. ruber, red, from Celtic rub; the plant presenting a red hue.

400 RUEUS.

flowers sub-panicled. Var. americanus, bianchlets nearly glabrousi stem afid pef->
tioles tprete; leaves a}l ternate: pedicels somewhat prickly. 4 — 6 f. S. F.
villasus, (high blackberry. O. w. J. h.) pubescent, hispid and prickly: leaves digi-
tate, in threes or fives; leafets ovate, acuminate, serrate, hairy both sides: stem
and petioles prickly; calyx short, acuminate: racemes naked: petals lance-ovate.
4— (if. S. Mcii.

frondusus, Bw. (1) (leafy raspberry. J. Zf.) stem prickly, erect: leaves ternate or
quinate, pubescent, simple: racemes leafy: petals orbicular. 3 — 6 f. B. C. Mch.

strigosus, Ms. (2) (red raspberry. O. w. J. h.) unarmed, rigidly hispid: leafets 3, or
pinnate-quinate, oval, at the base obtuse, acuminate, marked with lines, and white-
downy beneath; terminal one often sub-cordate. Fruit red, sweet. Mch.

setosus, Bw. (bristly raspberry, w-r J. 2/.) stem erect, reclining, rigidly hispid: leaves
ternate or quinate, smooth and green on both sides. B.

cuncifoliiis, Ph. (w. J. ^.) brandies, petioles and peduncles, downy, with recurved
prickles: leaves digitate, in tiirees or fives; leafets wedge-obovate, unequally
toothed above, plaited, downy beneath: racemes terminal, panicled: pedicels 1-
flowered. S. P. Y. T.

canadensis, (3) (J. h.) a little glabrous: leaves digitate, in tens, fives and threes;
leafets lanceolate, naked both sides, sharply serrate: stem unarmed; bracts lanceo-
late. Stem purple. C. N. Canada.

occidental'is, (black raspberry, thimble berry. 0. w. g- ^O branches and petioles
glaucous and prickly; leaves ternate, oval, acuminate, sub-lobate and doubly ser-
rate, white-downy beneath; petioles terete: prickles recurved. 4 — 8 f. iS. Mch.

hispidus, (w. J. h.) sarmentose-procuinbent: stem, petioles and peduncles very his-
pid, with rigid bristles: leaves ternate, gash-serrate, naked, middle one peduncled.
P. O. D. Canada. Mch.

trimal'ls, A. (4) (creeping blackberry, dew-beriy. O. w. J. >■.) sar.mentose-procum-
bent: petioles and peduncles aculeate-hispid, with the prickles recurved: stipules
subulate: leaves ternate or quinate, oblong-oval, acute, unequally serrate, sub-
pubescent: pedicels solitary elongated. Y a.r. Jlagdlaris, has orbicular petals, and
small smooth leaves. S. Mcii.

inermis, W. ( ^.)stem, petioles and peduncles unarmed: leaves ternate, ovate, acute,
unequally serrate, tomentose beneath; lateral leafets somewhat gashed: stipules
setaceous-subulate.

spectabUis, Ph. ( VV. M. ^.) unarmed, glabrous: leaves ternate, ovate, acute, unequal-
ly and doubly serrate, pubescent beneath: peduncles terminal, 1-flowered, solitary:
petals ovate.

odora'tiis, M.t. (flowering raspberry, wild mulberry. Wr. J. Tp.) unarmed, erect,
viscid hispid: leaves simple, acutely 3 or 5-lobed: corymbs terminal, spreading.
Flowers large; berries rather dry and thin. 3— .5 f. S. T. C. O. i\. V. Mch.

nutkanus, Lindl. ( w. ) stem fruticose, erect, flexuous, stoloniferous, glandulous

pilose at the apex, nakedish at the base: leaves .5-lobed, unequally dentate: corymb
simple: calyx somewhat unarmed cuspidate: divisions of the corol equal: stipules
connate, persistent. Fruit red, insipid. 4 — 10 f. A. R.

saxat'iL'is, (5) (brier herb, rock blackberry, w. J. 2X-) herbaceous, pubescent: stem
creeping: leaves ternate, rhombic, acute, gash-toothed, naked; terminal one pe-
tioled: Howers somewhat in threes; peduncles elongated. S. O. D. Mch.

obovalis, }Ax.. (M. 21- ) stem becoming a little woody, hispid, with stiff" hairs; leaves
ternate, round-obovate, serrate, naked: stipules setaceous: racemes sub-corymbed,
few-flowered: bracts ovate: pedicels elongated. 2 — 4 f. S. Y. N. P.

sempervi'reiis, Bw. (w. J. ^.) stem procumbent, covered with minute prickles: leaves
ternate, obovate, serrate, shining, evergreen. B. T.

arcticus, W. (r. J. 2i-) herbaceous, small: stem unarmed, about 1-flowered: leaves ter-
nate, glabrous, obtusely serrate: petals roundish, emarginate. Labrador.

acavlis, Mx. (6) (W. Ju. 1{.) herbaceous, small: stem unarmed, 1-flowered: leaves
ternate, glabrous, sharply serrate: petals oblong, entire: styles approximate.
Canada.

(1) Var. of villosus? Aikin. (2) pennsylvanlcus, Lk. (3) triflorus. Rich.
(4) procumbens, M. flagellaris, W.

(5) Synonymous with canadensis, Aikin. triflorus, Pich. thus described — unarm-
ed: stem erect, herbaceous with fiuticose runners, cauliferous: leaves ternate, rarely
5-pedate, acutely serrate: stipules obovate: panicle about 5-flowered, glandulous.
Canada. Lake Huron. R. A. (6) pistillatus, S.

RUBUS, rudbeckU. 401

stellatus, W. (W. p; 2i-) herbaceous, small: stem unarmed, erect, 1-flowered: leaves
simple, cordate, 3-lobed, rugose-veined: petals lanceolate.

pedatus, S. (W. w? 2S-) lierbaoeous, small, creeping: leaves pedate-quinate, gashed:
peduncles filiforin, bracled in the middle: calyx nearly glabrous, reflexed.

chainxinoriis, (cloud-berry. A. w. J. Zf.) herbaceous, small: stem unarmed, 1-flower-
ed, erect: leaves simple, sub-reniforrn, round-lobed: petals oblong. Canada.

parvijiorus, N. (W. w. Tp .) shrubby, unarmed: leave.s simple, palmate-lobed: peduri-
cles 2 or 3-flowered: flowers small: segments of the calyx villose, ovate, abruptly
acuminate: petals oblong-ovate. D. JVlch.

ddiciosvs, T. ( VV. p. h .) stem fruticose, very branching, unarmed branches and
petioles pubescent: leaves simple, round-cordate, shortly 3— 5-lobed, villose-pu-
bescent, rugose: bracts lanceolate, 1-tootlied: flowers sub-corymbed, terminal;
divisions of the calyx ovate-oblong, acuminate, leafy at the apex, shorter tlian the
petals.

macropetalus, Doug. ( w. ) hirsute: Stem high, fruticose; branches angled,

slender, elongated: petioles ribbed, peduncles and calyx aculeate-setaceous beneath:
leaves trifoliate; leafets ovate, gash-lobed, serrate, membranaceous; terminal one;
larger, longly petioledj lateral ones shorter-petioled: stipules lanceolate: peduncles
2- (lowered: segments of the calyx longly acuminate, somewhat equalling the ob-
long petals. A. R.

menzicsii, H. ( r. ) stem procumbent, terete, aculeate, glabrous; branches short,
pube.scent-tomentOse, aculeate: leaves trifoliate; leafets broad-ovate, sub-lobed, un-
equally serrate, short-petioled, hirsute above, pale and very hiisute beneath: pani-
cles terminal, few flowered: pedicels and calyx aculeate: segments of the calyx
ovate, acute, mucronate, tomentose, shorter than the corol. A.

subcrect.iis, And. ( ) somewhat glabrous, stem sub-erect, angled, aculeate: prickles

scattered, uniform: leaves with 3 — 5-leafets: panicle lax, tew-flowered: segments
of the' calyx ovate, very acuminate, margin chiefly pubescent; D. A. JNewfound-
land.

nivalis, Doug. ( r?) small, becoming fruticose: leaves cordate-3-lobed, sharply
dentate, glabrous, nerves and petioles recurveaculeate: stipules ovate, acute:
peduncles short, 2-flowered; divisions lanceolate, pilose. Fruit red. 6 i. On R;
Mts.

itiucronafus, Ser. ( ) stem herbaceous, pilose, unarmed: leaves ternate-palmate,

unitbrin colored, pilose; leafets rhomboid, acute, serrate: stipules lance-ovate,
acuminate: flowers terminal, in pairs: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute'j
slightly pubescent, shorter than the coTol. Newfoundland.

17 — 3. Rcdbeck'ia. 55. Heli. s. ole. sto.

purpurea^ W. (W< A. p. Ju. If.) rough: lower leaves broad-ovate, tapering to the
base, remotely toothed; cauline leaves lance-ovate acuminate at both ends, sub-
entire: rays long, pendant, 2-cleft. 3— 5 f S. P. Mch. S— C.

discolor, Ph. (W. y. & p. Au. Z[.) branches corymbed, 1-flowered: peduncles naked,
elongated: leaves lanceolate, strigose-pilose: scales of the involucre ovate, acute:
petals lanceolate, entire, two-colored, as long as the involucre. 2 f .Si. D.
fulguLa, (W. A. p. Au. 11.) stent hispid: branches wand-like, elongated, 1-flowered;
leaves lance-oblong, denticplate, hispid, narrow at the base, sub-cordate: involucre
leafy, about equalling the ray: disk hemispheric, with lanceolate chaff". 2 — 3 fl-
S. P.

hirta, (W. y. & p. Ju. 21.) very hirsute: stem wand-like, sub-ramose, l-flowered:
peduncles naked: leaves ovate-spatulate, 3-nerved, serrate, rough-haired: scales
of the involucre imbricate in a triple series, shorter than the ray: chaff" ob-
long, acute. 2—3 f. -S. P. C. M. D. Charleston, S— C. Florida. Toronto.
Mch.

triloba, (W. A. y. & p. Au. 2X.) pilose-hispid: stem panicled; branches divaricate,
many-flowered, leafy: leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, serrate; lower
ones 3-lobed: leafets of the involucre linear, deflexed. 4 — 5 f. S. P.

laciniata, (cone-flower, cone-disk sunflower. O. y. Au. 21.) lower leaves pinnate:
leafets 3-lobed; upper ones ovate, erectj crenate: stem glabrous. Damp. 5 — 10 fl
S. M. Mch.

Rudbeckia. In honor of the Rudbecks, father and son, predecessors of Linneus.
51

402 RUDBECKIA.

digitaUi, (W. y. Au. 21.) lower leaves pinnate; leafets pinnatifid; upper ones simply

pinnate; top ones o-cleft: egret crenate: stem smooth. 4 — 8 f. S. P. D.
pinnata, .Mx. (1) (W. y. &p. Ju. 21.) leaves all pinnate; one or more of the lower

leafets 2-parted, the rest undivided; egret entire; stem furrowed, hispid. P.

Mch. '

glubosa, N. ( }-. 2{.) scabrous; small; ramose; leaves sub-sessile, trifid; cauline

ones quinate-pinnatifid; divisions very narrow, very entire: flowers sub-sessile,

roundish; rays very short, reflexed. 9 i. R.

Southern.

umplezifolui, W. (W. y. Au. #.) glabrous: leaves lance-oblong, cordate, clasping;
lower ones serrate: disk cylindric- conical.

laemsa.ta, Ph. (y. ZX.) very glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate at each end, 2-
nerved, sparingly toqthed: scales of the, involucre lanceolate, as long as the
ray. ' '' ■

spatulatUfV/. (A. Au. $.) slender, pubescent: stem 1-flowered: leaves obovate spatu-
late, entire: involucre spreading, imbjicate: ray tlorets 3-toothed.

ariituia. Ph. (y. ) stem hispid; branches long', corymbed,, l-flowered: leaves lance-
oblong, serrate, hispid: disk sub-iiemispheric: chaiF of the egret subulate, awned.
Does this belong to this genus.? Elliott.

radula, Ph. (2) {$.) stem hispid below, nakedish and glabrous above: peduncles very
long, 1-flowered: leaves ovat^ attenuate, tuberculate-hispid; involucre imbricate;
scales ovate, acuminate, ciliate. •

subtonieniosa, Pli. (A. Au. 2|.) short pubescent, sub-tomentose: branches erect, many
flowered: leaves lance-oblong, acute, sub-serrate; lower ones 3-lobed: scales of the
involucre incumbent, shorter than the rays.-

columnaris. Ph. (W. r. .Tu. 21.) leaves pinnatifid; leafets lanceolate, outer ones gene-
rally largest: receptacles elongated, cylindrical, if. :

gracilis, N. ( ) slender, pubescent: stem 1 to 3-flowered: peduncles elongated:

leaves spatulate-ovale, remotely denticulate: involucre spreading: disk conic.

tomentosa, E. (y. Au. 21.) short-pubescent, sub-tonientose: branches erect, virgate:
leaves lanceolate, acute, dee])ly toothed and entire, scabrous; lower ones ternate:
scales of the involucre lance-linear, deflected, much shorter than the ray florets.
" I am uncertain whether this is the sub-tomentosa of Ph." Elliott. 3 — 4 f

mollis, E. (p. S. 21.) stem hispid, villous, branching: leaves sessile, lance-ovate,
dentate, soft-tomentose: florets of the ray numerous, thrice as long as the invo-
lucre. 2—3 f.

pollida, N. (p-r. 2X.) rough: leaves lance-linear, very longly petioled, sub-entire;
upper ones sessile: rays very long, hanging down, two-toothed; stem elongated,
1-flowered. Arkansas.

apetala,Y. ( 21.) scabrous: stem elongated, 1-flowered, very pilose at the base:
rays for the most part wanting: leaves radical, sub-sessile,^ very broadly ovate,
sub-rotund. Alabama. Georgia.

nitida, N. ( 21.) very glabrous: stem nakedish, somewhat one-flowered: leaves
coriaceous, spatulate, oblong, sub-entire; cauline ones few, oblong, sessile: invo-
lucre foiiaceous; scales oblong, retuse, reflexed at the apex. Georgia. Florida.

odorata, N. (y. 21.) stem leafy, few-flonered: leaves petioled. trifid, hirsute,

pubescent beneath; divisions lanceolate, serrate, acuminate; lower ones somewhat
gashed: involucre squarrose: receptacle hemispheric. Arkansas.

alrorubciis, N. (r. 21-) glabrous: stem elongated, terete, one-flowered: leaves narrow-
lanceolate, sub-linear, entire, attenuated at the base, longly petioled, scabrous at
the margm: rays two-toothed: chaffs exsert, lanceolate, acute. Arkansas,
Georgia.

serotina, N. (3*. p. 21-) hirsute, scabrous: stem somewhat one-flowered: leaves spatu-
late-oblong, sub-serrate, somewhat half-clasping; lower ones petioled, 3-nerved,
ovate: divisions of the involucre lanceolate; scales oblong-lanceolate, pubescent,
short; rays largish. Arkansas, Georgia.

hicolor, N. (y. b-r. ^i.) pilose, sub-scabrous: stem somewhat one-flowered: leaves
oblong, sessile, ra/ely sub-serrate, oblusish; lower ones sub-ovate, petioled: divi-
sions of the involucre oblong; scales lanceolate, hirsute: rays short, bi-colored.
18 i. Arkansas.

(1) digitata, W. odorata, S. (2) aspera, P?

RUELLIA, RUMEX. 403

.13—2. Ruel'lia. 39. Acan. sto— . diu.

strepens, (1) (ruel. W. w. p. Ju. Z[.) erect: leaves ovate, Jance-ovate or wedge-form,
sliort-petioled, entire or repand, undulate, sub-crliate at the base, smooth or sub-
pilose on both sides: peduncles axillary, very short, about 3- flowered: divisions of
tiie calyx linear, rather shorter than the tube of ihe corol, scarcely pilose: corol
sub-equal. Very variable. . 6—24 i. S. P. M. Florida. Mch. S— C.

Soii.thern.

ciliosa, Ph. (2) (W. w. p. J. 2i.) erect, branching, more or less hirsute; leaves pe-
tioled, oval, oblong or lance-oblong, acute or obtusish, sometimes cuneatc or
attenuated into the petiole, undulate, entire or repand, sub-ciliate: peduncles axil-
lary, short or wanting, 1 to 3-flo\vered: divisions of the calyx half as long as the
tube of the corpl, linear, hispid, ciliate with whitish hairs: corol sub-equal.
3—24 i. ...

tuhifloru, Le Conte. (w. 21- ) erect, somewhat branching, smoothish or hirsute: leaves
sub-sessile, oblong, repand or entire, undulate: peduncles axillary, short, one-
flowered: divisions of the calyx lance-linear, (1 inch.J one third the length of the
tube of the corol: corol sub-equal, pubescent.

obloHgifulia, Mx. (VV. b. & p. Ju. 21.) erect, pubescent: leaves sub-entire, oval and
obovate, sub-sessile, sub-undulatu: peduncles axillary, very short, 1 to 3-flowered:
divisions of the calyx linear-subulate, longer than the tube of the corol, united at
the base in a short tube: corol sub-ringeut: stamens didynamous. This species
difiers from the preceding sufficiently lo make us wonder how it has escaped our
new genera manufacturers. Le Conte.

G— 3. Ru'mex. 28. Poly. nut—. lax.

sansruineus, (bloody dock, olcott root. W. J. 2X-) valves entire, oblong, one princi-
pally bearing the grain-like appendage: leaves heart-lanceolate. 2 — 3-f. /S'. P. C.

cri.«/>«s,( dock.'^O. Ju. ZI-) viilves of the calyx ovate, entire, all beaiing grain-like
appendages on their backs: leaves lanceolate, undulate, acute. 2—3 f. lis'. Mch.

verticillutus, W. (W. J. 21-) valves entire, all bearing grain-like appendages: spikes
leafless, with the flowers half-whorled: leaves lanceolate, sheathing: stipules cylin-
dric. 2f. S. T. V. P. C. F. N.

britannkus, (W. J. 21.) valves entire, all bearing grain-like appendages: spikes of the
panicle leafless: sheathing stipules obsolete, torn: leaves broad-lanceolate, flat,
smooth. 2—3 f. S. P. Y. T. C. B. D. O. Peekskili. Mch.

pallidus, Bw. (white dock. J. 2i.) valves ovale, entire, harflly larger than the grain:
spikes slender: leaves lance-linear, acute. B.

ohtusifuiius, (O. J. 21.) valves toothed, one principally bearing a grain like appendage:
radical leaves heart-oblong, obtuse: stem a little scabrous. Perhaps introduceQ.
2—4 f. Mch.

aquatiais, (water dock. Ju. 21.) valves ovate, entire, bearing obsolete grains: leaves
heart-lanceolate, acute. 3 — 4 f &.

aciitiis, (W. M. 1[.) valves oblong, somewhat toothed, all graniferous: leaves heart-
oblong, acuminate, whorls leafy. Introduced, 2 — 3 f. N.

aceetosUtis, (3) (field sorrel, sheep sorrel. O. g. p. M. If.) valves without grains:
leaves lance-hastate: flowers dioecious. 6 — 12 i. S. Mch.

alpi'nus, ( ) polygamous: valves veined, very entire, naked: leaves cordate,, ob-

tuse, wrinkled, large, rhubarb-like. New Haven, Ct.

paucifoUus, N. (J. K.) flowers dioecious: stem simple: leaves lance-oblong, obtuse,
tapering to the base, petioled: flowers panicled. 14 i. R.

Exotic.

pulcher, (Ju. 2lC.) valves toothed; one conspicuously graniferous: radical leaves pan-
duriform. Naturalized.

patientia, (garden dock, patience. 2i.) valves entire; one of them bearing u grain-
like appendage: leaves lance-ovate. Naturalized.

Ruellia. In honor of John Ruelle, a French physician and botanist.
Rumex. Lat. rumcx, sorrel or dock, the ancient Roman name.

(1) humislrata, Mx. hirsuta, E. {2) hybrida, Ph. (3) Lapathruni, 2a

edition; but the acetosus and patientia seem to unite the two genera.

404 RUMEX, SABBATIA.

pcetosus, (garden sorrel. Zf.) stem elongated: leaves oblong, sagittate, acute, clasp-
ing.

Southern. /

persicarioides, (W. J. 0.) vaWes toothed, each bearing a grain: leaves lanceolate,

undulate, entire, petioled. 6 — 12 i. S — C.
crispatulus, Mx. ( W. ) valves obtusely cordate, all crestfd, 3-toothed; one naked; two

unequally graniferous: spikes leafless: lower leaves oval; upper ones lanceolate; all

undulate.
penosus. Ph. (W. Ap. 21-) yalves large, heart-reniform, entire, net-veined: leaves

small, lance-oval, entire, veined. 12 f.
divarkatus? (Ju. 21.) valves toothed, each bearing a grain: leaves cordate-oblong,

obtuse, pubescent. 1 — 2 f.
hastaiuius, Bald. (Ap. Zf.) yalyes round-cordate, entire, graniferous: leaves petioled,

hastate-oblong; auricles entire, obtuse. Dioecious. 1 — 3 f.

Rvmex, Oxyria.
4—4. Rup'piA. 7. Fluv. ton—.

■pmritima, (sea teasel- grass. J. Z[.) floating: leaves pectinate, obtuse: flowers
spiked. P. Y. JB. C.

10—1. Ri/ta. 81. Rula. acr. stim-f .
Exotic,
graveolens, (rue. ^.) leaves more than decompound; leafets oblong; terminal one»
oboyate: petals entire.

s.

6—3. S A 'bail. 11. Palm. nut. ole.

Soiifhern.

pumila, Wr. (1) {J'l. ^.) leaves fan-form: scape panicled: flowers sub-sessile, small.

Berry bluish-black. 4 — 6 f.
minima, N. ( ) root creeping: stipe somewhat prickly, rough: fronds palmate,

plicate, sub-7-cleft? Fruit brownish, hirsute. 8 i.

Sabal, Chamaerops.

.5 — 1. Sabba'tia. 46. Gent. bit. ton.

gra'cilis, Sy. (2) (W. r. Ju. $.) slender: branches lax, elongated, 1-flowered: leaves
oval-linear: divisions of the calyx linear, about equalling the corol: divisions of the
corol obovate: stem angular. 1 f. 8. P. S — C.

stellaris, Ph. (3) (r. Au. $ .) erect: branches dichotomous, elongated, 1-flowered:
leaves lanceolate, acute: divisions of the calyx subulate, half as long as the corol:
divisions of the corol obovate: stem terete. 12 — 18 i. -S'. Y. F.

annularis, (american centaury. W. p. Au. ^ .) erect; leaves heart-ovate, clasping:
flowers with long peduncles, corymbed: divisions of the calyx lance-linear: stem
with 4-margined angles. 1—2 f. R P. H. M. xMch. S— C.

pubjcosa, Mx. (r. Au. $.) erect, few-flowered: leaves oblong, obtusish, sessile:
flowers solitary, about 7-parted: calyx leafy, exceeding the corol; divisions lanceci
late. 1 f. S. P. Y.

phloroides, Mx. (4) (r. Au. ^.) weak: leaves lanqeolate, erect: branches few, 1-
flowered: flowers 7 to 13-parted: divisions of the calyx linear, shorter than the

Ruppia. In honor of Henry Bernard Ruppius, of Gottingen, an ardent student in
the study of botany.

Ruta. Probably from the Gr. rud, to preserve, or protect; on account of its medi-
cal qualities.

Sabal. A name of barbarous origin; applied by Adanson.

Sabbatia. In honor of Liberatus Sabbati, an Italian botanist.

(1) adansoni, P. Corypha, Wr. minor, Jn. Raphis acaulis, W. Chamaerops,

Mx. (2) campanulata, L. (3) gracilis, E. (4) Chlora dodecandra, L,

SABBATIA, SAGITTARIA. 40&

divisions of the corol. Var. erccta, E. stem rigid, erect: leaves linear: corol 10-
parted; segments lanceolate. Var. coriacea, E. stem erect, sparingly branched:
lower leaves sub-oval: corol thick, coriaceous, 8-parted. Var. fleruosa, E. stem
flexuous: leaves lance-linear: corol I'i-parted; segments long, lanceolate: stigmas
revohite? 2—3 f. -S'. P. Y. B.

corymbosti, Bald. (1) )w. Au. 2i-) leaves ovate, acute, closely sessile: stem some-
what angled: flowers corymbed: divisions of the cai/yx subulate, shorter than the
corol. Var. anoiislifolia, leaves linear or lance-linear: calyx nearly as long as the
corol. 1 f. S. Charleston, S— C.

panicHitita, Mx. (2) (w. Au. ZT-) very branching: panicle diffuse: leaves lance-
linear: stem sub-terete; brandies alternate. 1. — 2 f. Y.

Southern.

brachiata, E. (r. Ju. ) leaves lanceolate: panicle long; brandies brachiate, about

3-tlowered: corol twice as long as the calyx.
gentianoidcs, E. (r. Au.) leaves long, linear: flowers axillary, sessile; upper ones

crowded: corolabout 10-parted. S^C.

3—^2. Sac'charum. 10. Gram. lax. nut-sug-(-.

Ex^otic.

offi-cinarum, (sugarcane.) flowers panicled, in pairs,, one sessile and one pedicelled:
paleas awnless. From the East Indies.

Saccharum, Erianthus,

4 — 4. Sagi'na. 82. Gary. dem.

procumhens, (pearl-wort. w. g. J. 21-) stem procumbent, glabrous; petals very short.
At New Haven it grows mostly in running water, or very wet shady places, form-
ing a kind of water mat: but it grows along dry road-sides in other places. 3 — 4 i.
S. T. Y. C. R. F. PI. N.

ppetala, (annual pearl-wort. J. ^.) stem erectish, pubescent: flowers sub-apetalous.
Both species have linear, glabrous, connate leaves, and axillary flowers. P.

fontinulis, Short and Peter. (,Ap. 0.) apetalous: stem procumbent, branchmg, dicho-
tomous above: leaves opposite, linear-spatulale, entire: pedicels solitary, alternate,
longer than the leaves. 8 — 15 i. K.

erecta, L. ( -0. } glabrous: stem about 1-flowered: leaves linear, acute: peduncles
strict: sepals, petals and stamens 4. 2 i. Introduced.

19 — 12. Sagitta'ria. 13. Alis. r. amy. sago-like.

sarrittifolia, (3) (narrow-head. O. w. Ju. 21.) leaves lanceolate-acute, sagittate; lobes
TanceolatAacute, straight. Var. latifoLia, leaves ovate, sub-acute, sagittate; lobes
ovate, slightly acuminate, straight. Var. major, leaves large, abruptly acute: scape
sub-ramose. Var. hasliila, T. leaves oblong-lunceolate, acute; lobes spreading,
lanceolate, long, acuminate: flowers mostly dioecious. S. Iiustnla, 7th edition.
Var. ffr/icilis, T. leaves linear; lobes nmch spreading, linear, very long, acute, S.
gracilis, former editions. Var. puhcsceiis, T. leaves and stem pubescent: bracts and
calyx very pubescent. S. piibescens, 7lh edition. 1^2 f &'. Mch.

obttisa, W. ("vV.w. J. 21-) leaves hroadrovate, round-obtuse, mucronate-sagittate;
lobes approximate, oblong, obliquely acuminate, straight, scape simple: bracts
ovate, acute. Dioecious. S. P. C. K.

JietcropkijlLa, Ph. (O. w. Au. 2i.) leaves simple, linear and lanceolate, acute at both
ends, or oval, acute, at the base obtuse, sagiitate; lobes spreading, linear: scape
simple, few-flowered: pistillate flower sub-sessile: bracts broad-ovate, acuminate.
8—12 i. Mch.

Saccharum. Lat. sarcJiarum, from the Arabic soukar, from which in most languages

the name for sugar has been derived.
Sagina. Lat. sagiao, to cram or fatten, birds feeding upon plants of -this order.
Sagittaria. Lat. sagitta, an arrow, the leaves presenting an evident analogy.

(1) paniculata. Var. angustifolia, Ph. (2) Svvertia difformis, L. (3) latifolia, W.

406 / SAGITTARIA, SALIX.

rigida, Ph. (w. Ju. H.) leaves narrow-lanceolate, keeled below, rigid, verj^ acute at
both ends: sc.ipe ramose. Grpws in deep water. C. Oswego, N. Y.

gramiucH, Mx. (1) (w. Ju. Zf.) leaves linear, lung, 3-nerved: scape simple, few-flow-
ered: bracts oblong, obtuse. P. Y. C. Canada.

simplex, Ph. (w. Ju. if.) leaves lance-lincar, acute, narrow below: scape simple,
many-flowered: bracts and sepals round, obtuse. Perhaps a variety of the last.
8. Y.

acutifolia, Ph. (w. Ju. Z[.) leaves subulate, sheathed at the base,, convex on the back:
scape simple, few-flowered: bracts dilated, acuminate. P. Y. N. C. B. F.

pttsiUa, N. (Au. 0.) leaves linear, obtuse, short; summits foliaceous: scape simple,
shorter than the leaves: flowers few; pistillate ones solitary,deflected: stamens
about 7. Leaves rarely subulate, about the twelfth of an inch wide. In mud.
1—3 i. T. Y. P. C.

natans, Mx. (w. Ju. 2X0 leaves floating, lance-oval, obtuse, 3-nerved, tapering to the
base; lower ones sub-cordate: scape simple, few-flowered: lower peduncles elonga-
ted. S. P. Charleston, S— C. Florida.

lancifoUa, (2) (w. J. Zf-) leaves broad-lanceolate, acute at each end,-glabrous, coriace-
ous, somewhat perennial: scape simple: seed compressed, sub-falcate. 2 — 3 f.
C. N.

1 — 1. Salicor'nia. 29. Chen. asc. calh — .

herbacca, (samphire, glasswort. JL^Au. 0.) herbaceous, spreading: joints compressed
at the apex, emarginate-bifid. Var. virginica, has the branches undivided, and the
jointed spikes very long. The fructification is very obscure, but it may be known
by its leafless nearly cylindric jointed branches. It giows in salt marshes along
the seaboard. 12 — 18 i. -S. B. C. Onondaga salt springs. Salina.

tnucronata,Bw. (dwarf samphire. L. Au. C^.) low, herbaceous: joints quadrangular
at the bottom, compressed, and truncate at the top: spikes oblong, with mucronate
scales. B. ■ '

amligua, Mx. (L. Ju. 2X. ^?) perennial, procumbent, branching: joint crescent-
shaped, small: spikes alternate and opposite; calyx truncate. Y.

20—1. Sa'lix. 99. Salic, b. ton. feb.
1. Leaves entire, or ohsolctehj serrate.

viminalis, Hn. (basket willow, y. Ap. T^.) leaves lance-linear, very long, acuminate,
entire, sub-undulated, white-silky beneath; glands scattered near tlie margin:
stipules small: aments precede the leafing: scales almost round, very hairy: germs
sessile, ovate; style filiform; stigmas acute, undivided. Introduced. S. B.

cari'dida, W. (white willow. Ap. \ .) leaves lance-linear, very long, obsoletely den-
ticulate at the apex, pubescent .above, white downy beneath; margins revolute:
stipules lanceolate, about equalling the petioles: aments precede the leafing, cylin.
dric: scales lance-obovate, down very long. 3 — 4f P.' Catskill Mt.

muh'lenhergia'nti, W. (3) (speckled v.illow. W. Ap. ^.) leaves lanceo^te, acutish,
sub-entire, wh.ite-hairy, rugose-veiny beneath; margin revolute: stipules lanceolate,
caducous: aments precede the leafing: scales oblong, with villose margins: germs
lance-ovate, silk-villose, long-pedicelled; styles short; stigmas 2-cleft. Scales of
the ament tipped with led. 3— .5 f S*. P. N. T. C. D. Mch.

tristis, A. (mourning willow. W. Ap. T^.) leaves lance-linear, acute at both ends,
entire; margin revolute, smoothish above, rugose-veined and downy beneath: sti-
pules none: aments precede tlie leafing, oblong. Resembles the last species.
3—4 f. S. P. Y. C. T. O. W.

recuTvatn, Ph. (shrub willow. W. A. Ap. ^.) leaves lance-obovate, acute, entire;
margin glandular, glabrous, glaucous beneath; in the young state silky: stipules
none: aments precede leafing, recurved: scales black at the apex; hairs of the
length of the germs: germs ovate, short-pedicelled, silky; styles short; stigma
2-cleft. Probably a variety of S. rosviarinifoiia. 2—3 f. P. T.

Salicornia. Lat. sal (salis) salt, from the taste, and co?-«?i, a horn, alluding to the

shape of the branches.
Salix. Lat. salio, to rise or spring up, from their rapid growth, or from the Celtic sa^,

near, and lis, water, where many of the species grow.

(1) graminifolia, M. ' (2) falcata, Ph. (3) incana, Mx. tristis, M. alpina, W.

SALIX. 407

rcpens, W. (I) (creeping willow. J. ^.) creeping: leaves lance-oval, entire, acute,
glabrous, somewhat silky beneath: stipules none: aments proceiie the leafing,
ovate; scales obovale. oaluse', hairy, sooty-yellow at the apex: germs ovate-oblong,
pedicelleti, pubescent; style short; stigma ^-lobed: capsules glabrous. Very small.
Found on tiie Wliite hills, by.Bigelovv and Booit.

reticulata, W. (J. h.) creeping: leaves round-oval,, obtuse, very entire, glabrous,
net-veined, glaucous beneath: stipules none: aments flower after leafing, pe-
duncled, diandrous; scales obovate, obtuse, pubescent: germs ovate, sessile, villose;
stigma sub-sessile, 2-parted. From Labrador, with the next five species.

vcstita, Ph. (J. T . 1 creeping: leaves rojandish, entire, glabrous above, net-veined,
covered beneath with very long, appressed, silky hairs: stipules none: aments
flower after leafing, peduncled, linear, silky: germs ovate, sessile, villose; style
deeply 2-parted; stigmas 2-cleft.

uva-ursi, Ph. (M. h.') depressed: leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse, very entire; mar-
gin sparingly glandular belqvv, glabrous, shining above; stipules none: oments
flower after leafing, lax; scales oblong, ciliate: germs ovate, pedicelled, glabrous;
style 2-parted; stigma 2-lobed. Resembles Arbutus 7iL-a-2irsi.

cordifulia, Ph. ( ^.) depressed: leaves oval, sub-acute, cordate at the base, very
entire, net-veined, gkbrous above, pale beneath; nerves and margin pilose beneath:
stipules semi-cordate.

ohoviitd, Ph. (M. ^.) diffuse: leaves obovate, obtuse, very entire, glabrous above,
silkj'-villose beneath: stipules none: aments flower at leafing time, sessile, oblong,
diandrous; scales obovate; apex black, pilose. T. C.

planifulia, Ph. ( >-.) erectish, divaricate: branchlets smooth: leaves lance-oblong,
acute at each end, serrulate m the middle, very glabrous, spreading^ flat, discolored;
stipules none.

proslrnta, S. ( \ .) leaves without stipules, obtusely dentate, oval-acute, glaucous-
silky beneath: stem prostrate.

pediccUnris, Ph. (stem-berried willow. Ap. Tp.) branchlets smooth: leaves lance-obo-
vate, acute, entire, both sides glabrous, and colored alike: stipules none: aments
flower at leafing-time, peduncled, glabrous; scales oblong, scarcely pilose, but
half as long as tlie ;)edicels: germs ovate-.oblong, glabrous, with very long pedicels;
stigma- sessile, 2-cleft. N. T. Catskill iMt.

lamberiiana, W. (Ap. ^.) leaves nearly opposite, lance-obovate, acute, glabrous,
sub-serrate at the apex, discolored: stipules none: aments precede the leafing; scales
round, black: filament one; anthers two: germs sessile, oval-ovate, silky; style short;
stigmas ovate, emarginate. Introduced? T.

rosmarinifolia, (rosemary willow. W. Ap. \ .) leaves straight, lance-linear, acute at
both ends, entire, sub-glandular at the margin, caducous pubescent above, silky
beneath: stipules narrow-lanceolate, erect: aments precede the leafing, ovate,
recurved; scales oblong, obtuse ciliate: germs pedicelled, lanceolate, villose; stigma
■sub-sessile, 2-cleft. 3 f. .S'. P. D. T. Mch.

fuscatu, Ph. (sooty willovv. Ap. '^.) leaves lance-obovate, acute, glabrous, sub-ser-
rate, glaucous beneath, in the young state pubescent: stipules very narrow: aments
precede the leafing, nodding; scales obtuse, scarcely liairy witiiin: germs short
pedicelled, ovate, silky; stigma sessile, 2 lobed. P.

2^ Leaves remotely and ohtvsely serrate.

conifera, VV. (2) (rose willow, cone-gall willow. W. Ap. T-.) leaves lance-oblong,
remotely serrate, acute, glabrous above, flat and downy beneath, the first year's
growth glabrous: stijjules lunulate, sub-dentate: aments precede the leafing; scales
lanceolate, obtuse, villose: germs pedicelled, lanceolate, silk}-; style 2-cleft; stigma
2-lobed. The scaly cones are mere excrescences or galls. Caused by the stings of
insects. 4—8 f. .S'. T. B. F. D. N. Mch.

vujricoides, W. (gale leaf willow. W. Ap. ^.) leaves lance-oblong, acute, 2 glands
at the base, glabrous, glaucous beneaih: stipules ovate, acuminate, glandular-ser-
rate: aments flower at leafing time, villose, leafy at the base; scales lanceolate,
obtuse, villose. dark-colored: germs long-pedicelled, lanceolate, glabrous; style 2-
cleft; stigma 2-cleft. -S'. C. D. N.

prinoides, Ph. (Ap. ^).) leaves oval-oblong, acute, remotely wave-serrate, glabrous,

(1) depressa, Iln. polymorpha. Eh. (2) eriocephala, Mx. longirostris, Mx.

the elder.

408 SALIX.

glaucous beneath: stipules half-cordate, gash-toothed: aments precede the leafing,
villose: germs pedicelled, ovate, acuminate, silky; style long; stigma 2-cleft. 6 — 8 f.
S. P. Y. W. T. F. N. D. . ■

discolor, W. (bog-willow, red-root willow, basket willow. Ap. ^.) leaves oblong,
obtusish, glabrous, reriiotely serratf, entire at the apex, glaucous beneath: stipules
caducous, lanceolate, serrate: aments flower near leafing time, oblong, downy;
scales obluiig, acute, dark-colored, hairy: germs sub-sessile, lanceolate, downy;
stigma 2-pai ted. >S'.

ungustata, Ph. (VV. Ap. y.) leaves lanceolate, acute, very long, gradually tapering
to the base, serrulate, glabrous, both sides colored nearly alike: stipules half-cor-
date: aments precede the leafing, erect, smoothish: germs pedicelled, ovate, gla-
brous; style •2-cleft: stigma 3-lobed. Resembles /^rmoirfes. P. T.

longifolia, (W. long-leaf willow. W. M. ^.) leaves linear, acuminate at both ends,
elongated, remotely denticulate, glabrous, both sides colored alike: stipules narrovr
lanceolate, denticulate: aments flower after leafing, peduncled, downy; scales flat,
retuse: filaments bearded at the base, twice as long as the scales. 2 f. S. P. T. D.

3. Leaves closehj and acutchj serrate.
Remark. The first six of the following species have about 3 stamens to each flower.

bahylo'nica, (weeping willow. W.' M. ^.) branchlets pendant: leaves lanceolate,
acuminate, serrate, glabrous, upper and lower sides of different colors: stipules
roundish, contracted: atnenls flower at leafing time: germs sessile, ovate, glabrous.
Supposed to be the willow on which the Israelites hung their harps, when captive
in Babylon. Introduced. <S'. T. P. C.

purshiana, Ph. (I) (W. ^>.) leaves long, lance-linear, gradually tapering above, sub-
falcate, acute at the base, close serrate, glabrous both sides, in the young state
silky: stipules lunulate, toothed, deflected. Branches very slender and brownish.
S. P. C. N.

ni<rra, VV. (2) (brittle-joint willow, black willow. W. M. \ .) leaves lanceolate, acute
at both ends, serrulate, same color both sides, glabrous; petioles and midribs downy
above: stipules contracted, toothed: aments flower at leafing time, erect, cylindric,
villose; scales oblong, very villose: filaments 3 to 5, bearded at the base: germs
pedicelled, ovate, .glabrous; styles very shoit; stigma 2-cleft. 20 f. <S. T. P. C.
D. N. V. Florida. Mch.

lucida,W. (shining willow. VV. M. fp .) leaves ovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate,
rounded at the base, serrate, glandular, glabrous both sides, shining: stipules ob-
long, glandular-serrate: aments flower in leafing time; scales lanceolate, obtuse,
hairy at the base, serrate at the apex, glabrous: germs lance-subulate, glabrous;
style 2-cleft; stigma obtuse. Size between shrub and tree. S. C. F. D. N.
Mch.

rigida, W. (3) (stiff- leaf willow. Ap. ^.) leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, sub-cordate
at the base, rigid, glabrous, sharply serrate; lower serralures elongated; petioles
villose: stipules broad-cordate, obtuse, glandular-serrate: aments flower ai leafing
time; scales lanceolate, dark-colored, woolly: germs long-pedicell^d, lanceolate,
glabrous; style very short; stigma 2-paited. Branches red towards the end, in the
young state pubescent. Used also in basket-making. S. P. Y. T. VV. N.

Mrdala, \V. (heart-leaf willow. Ap. \ .) leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, cordate at
the base, sharply serrate, glabrous, paler beneath: stipules broad, round-ovate,
cartilaginous-serrate: aments flower at leafing time; scales lanceolate, dark-colored,
woolly: germs pedicelled, lanceolate, glabrous; style very short; stigma 2-cleft.
6—8 f ^. P. T. W. F. N. V.

grisea, W. (4) (grey willow. W. Ap. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate,
glabrous above, downy on the midrib, silky or naked beneath: stipules linear, de-
flected, caducous: ament precedes the leafing; scales oblong, hairy, dark-colored
at the apex: germ oblong, pedicelled. silky; stigma sessile, obtuse. Joints brittle
at the base. 8 f S. P. W. C. N.

alba. (M. ^ .) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, silky on both sides; lower serra-
tures glandular: stipules obsolete: aments elongated, flowering at leafing-time;

(1) falcata, Ph. (2).caroliniana, Mx. pentandra, Wr. vulgaris, Clayton.

(3) cordata, Mx. cordifolia, Banks. (4) sericea, M.

SALIX, SALVIA. 409

scales lance-oval, one-colored, pubescent: germs sub-sessile, ovate-oblong, at length
glabrous; style short; stigma 2-parted, thick. Introduced. /S. C.

vileLLi'na, (yellow willow. M. \ .) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, thickly serrate,
glabrous above, whitish-silky beneath: stipules none: aments flower in leafing time,
cylindric: scales lance-ovate, botli sides colored alike, pubescent without: germs
sessile, lance-ovate, glabious; stigma sub-sessile, 2-lobed. Middle size tree. Var.
alba, has the leaves white-silky both sides, and very long aments. This variety is
usually the tallest. S. T. P. C. F. N. B. V.

ambigiia', Ph. (W. Ap. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, both sides of the
same color, glandular-serrate: aments flower in leafing times the pair of nectaries
large, with lanceolate, deformed lobes, toothed at the apex, glabrous: the terminal
florets have 3 stamens. Resembles the viteUina. Y. F.

decip'iens, Hn. (Ap. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate at each end, very gla-
brous, both sides colored alike; petioles glandular-toothed: stipules round: aments
flower at leafing time; scales obovate, villose: staminate nectaries paired: germs
sub-sessile, lanceolate, glabrous; stigmas sessile, 2-partedi Branches very brittle.
Introduced. ^. T.

peliolaris, W. (Ap. h .) leaves lanceolate, wholly serrate, smooth, glaucous-silky be-
neath, generally unequal at the base: stipules lunulate, toothed, small: aments
precede the leafing, loose; scales obovate, obtuse, having black hairs: germs long-
peduncled, ovate silky; stigmas sessile, 2-lobed. Y.

russcUana, \V.{^.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous: aments flower
in leafing time: florets generally with 3 stamens: germs pedicelled, subulate,
smooth; styles elongated. Tall tree. Introduced.

myrsini'les, W. (M. ^.) leaves oval-ovate, wholly serrulate, both sides glabrous,
shining and colored alike; stipules lanceolate-serrate: branches rough: aments
flower a little before leafing time, erect, cylindric; scales lance-oblong, jlong-villous:
germs lance-ovate, sessile, silky: stigmas sub-sessile, 2-cleft. Labrador. 1 f.

hcrbacca, W. (A. Ju. \ .) leaves round, sub-retuse, serrate, glabrous and shining on
both sides: stipules none: aments flower after leafing, few-flowered; scales obovate,
obtuse, villose: germs oblong-ovate, sub-sessile, glabrous; stigmas very short, sub-
sessile. On the north-west coast. Smallest of all the species. 1 i.

eriocephala, Mx. (rose willow. Ap. ^.) leaves oblong-oval, somewhat retuse at the
base, serrulate: twigs downy: aments oval, very villose. Probably a variety of
coni/era. Diandrous. C.

Southern,
houstoniana, Ph. ( >:.) leaves lance-linear, acute, finely serrate, glabrous, shining,
one-colored: stipules none: aments flower at leafing time, cylindric, villose; scales
ovate, acute: filaments 3 — 5, bearded to the middle.

5 — 2. Salso'la. 29. Chen. ase. lax.

kali, (salt-wort. L. Ju. 0.) herbaceous, decumbent: leaves channelled, spinose:
calyx margined, axillary. Var. caroliniana, leaves dilated, shorter, terete, nerve-
less, spinose: stem smooth or hairy: calyx with a broader margin. Seed cochleate.
S. B. C.

tragus, (L. Ju. ^.) herbaceous, spreading, smooth: leaves subulate, fleshy, mucro-
nate-spinous: flowers sub-solitary: calyx sub-ovate, margin flattened, discolored^

soda, (L. 3^.) herbaceous, smooth: branches ascending: leaves semi-terete, acutish?
fruit-bearing calyx transversely carinate in the middle, sub-membranaceous. Y.

Salsola, Chenopodicm.
2 — 1. Sal' VIA. 42. Labi. con. sto. aro. dysp.

urticifolia, (nettle sage. A. b. J. 21-) villose-viscous: leaves ovate-oblong, toothed,
decurrent along the petiole: calyx 3-toothed; upper segment .3-tootheri. 8. Y. S-C-

lyrata, (wild sage, cancer weed. W. b. JVI. 2i.) radical leaves lyrale, toothed: upper
lip of the corol very short: stem nearly leafless, reverse-hairy. Var. obovata, has?
the leaves obovate, repand. 1—3 f 5f. P. Y. Canada, Florida. S— -C.

Salsola. From Lat. salsus, salt.

Salvia. Lat. salvo, to save, from its medical properties.

52

410 SALVIA, SAAfGUISORBA.

claytoni, E. (1) (vervain sage. W. b-p. J. 2i-) leaves heart-ovate, sinuate, tootiiecl,
rugose: teetk of the upper lip of the calyx connivent. 1. f. iS'. K.

Exotic,
officinalis, sage. b. J. Zf. or Tp.) leaves lauce-ovate, crenulate: whorls few-flowered:

calyx mucronate.
sclara, (clarry. $.) leaves rugose, cordate below; above oblong, villose, serrate:

floral bracts longer than the calyx, concave, acuminate.
spleadens, (scarlet sage. r. 2i-) leaves ovate and lance-ovate, flat, smooth beneath:

flower long; calyx and corol scarlet, downy: style exsert.

Southern.

azurea, Lk. (2) (b. w. Au. H.) leaves lance-linear; lower ones serrate: stem and
leaves smooth: calyx pubescent, short-3-cleft. 4 — 6 f. S — C.

coccinea, (r. Ju. 21.) leaves cordate, acute, tomentose, serrate: corol twice as long as
the calyx and narrower. 1 — 2 f. S — C.

trichosteinmnidcs, Ph. (W. b. =2.) leaves lanceolate, serrate: racemes terminal: flow-
ers opposite: corol equal to the 3-clel't calyx: stem brachiate-branched.

obovata, E. (Ju.) leaves large, obovate, toothed, pubescent; whorls 6-flowered. 181.

21—1. Salvi'nia. 5. Fili. sec-stim — .

nutans, (3) (W. ^.) leaves oval, obtuse, with fascicled bristles above; petioles pilose:
fruit sub-sessile, aggregate.

5 — 3. Sambu'cus. 58. Capr. diu. b. cat.

canadensis, (black-berried elder. O. w. J. h .) branchlets and petioles glabrous; leafets
about in 4 pairs, oblong-oval, glabrous, shining, acuminate: cyme lax, divided in-
to about .5 parts. 8— 15 f. S. Mch.

pul/esccTis. Ph. (4) (red-berried elder. W. A. w. M. Tp.) bark warty: leafets in 2 pairs,
lance-oval, pubescent beneath: flowers laceme-panicled, or in a crowded bunch. 6
—12 f. S. T. N. C. O. F. V. JNlch.

5 — 1. Samo'lus. 35. Prim. sop.

valeran'di, (brookweed, water pimpernell. w. Ju. 21-) leaves obovate: racemes elon-
gated; pedicels bracted near the middle. Damp. 8 — 12 i. S. O. P. Y. C. N. T.
F. B. M. Mch. S— C.

Sou til em.

ebracteatus, Kunth. (W. w. 2i.) stem short, robust, smooth, divided at the base:
leaves obovate, obtuse, somewhat fleshy, attenuate at the base; racemes elongated,
sub-pubescent; pedicels filiform, without bracts.

12 — 1. Sanguina'kia. 62. Papa. r. acr-nar. sed. cat. feb.

canadensis, (blood-root. O. w. Ap. 7i-) leaves sub-reniform, sinuate-lobed: scape 1-
flowered. A variety, stenopetala, has linear petals. 6 — 10 i. S. Mch.

4 — I. Sancuisor'ba. 92. Sang. ton.

canadensis (burnet saxifrage, vv. Ju. 7S-) flowers in a. long cylindric spike: stamens
several times longer than the corol. The leaves resemble the burnet. 3—5 f. S.
T. Y. P. N. B. C. O. Mch.

Salvinia. In honor of Salvini, Professor of Greek at Florence.

Sambucus. Gr. sambuke, Heb. sahncca, an instrument of music, supposed to have

been made of the hollow stem of this plant.
Samolus. From Samoa, an island in the Archipelago, whence first obtained; or from

the Celtic words san, salutary, and rnos, pig, having been used as a general remedy

in diseases of swine.
Sanguinaria. Lat. sanguis, inis. blood, from the color of its juice.
Sanguisorba. Lat. sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb, from its having been used

as vulnerary.

(1) verbenaca, M. (2) acuminata, M. anguslifolia, Mx. mexicana. Wr.

.(3) Marsilea, L. (4) pubens, Mx.

SANGUISORBA, SARRACENIA. 411

viedi/i, (great burnet, A. r-\v. Ju. 2j;.) spikes cylindric: stamens a little longer than
the corol: spikes shorter, tinged with red. Ph. A doubtful species. T. S. P.
Canada.

5 — 2. Sanic'dla. 60. Umbe. r. stim. deob.

marylfindka, (sanicle. O. w. J. If.) leaves digitate; leafets oblong, gashed: part of
the flowers are fertile, sessile and sub-ternale; the others are barren, pedicelled, and
the most numerous. Van canadensis, leaves sub-ternate; leafets ovate, coarsely
toothed. 2— 3f. S. Mch.

canadensis, L. ( ZfO '^'i^es all cut-palmate; segments petioled; divisions gash-

serrate: lateral ones two-parted: flowers polygamous; slaminale ones shortly pedi-
celled: lobes of the calyx entire. Canada.

menziesii, H. ( ) caulescent: leaves longly petioled, cordate, deeply trifid; seg-

ments broad-ovate, cuneate, variously lobed, gasli-serrale, serratures very acute,
mucronate-ciliate: umbels sub-compound; leafets of the involucels lanceolate, acute,
equalling the umbel. 1 — 2 f A.

arctopioides H. ( ) somewhat stemless: leaves longly petioled, deeply 3-parted;

divisions elongated-cuneate; lateral ones bifid, intermediate trifid; all sub-ciliate-
pinnatifid: peduncles scarcely longer than the leaves: leafets of the involucre
foliaceous, lanceolate, very entire, longer than the simple, compact umbel. A.

bipinnatifida, Doug. ( ) caulescent: lower leaves bipinnatifid, longly petioled;

segmeuts remote, obovate, or lance-obovate, acute, gash serrate; serratures very
acute: rachis very acutely dentate: peduncles elongated: umbels compound, sub-
proliferous; umbellets globose. R.

Southern.

tridinvm, Dc. ( g. 21-) leaves longly petioled, glabrous, cut-3-parted; segments ob-
long, unequally dentate, lobed at the apex; radical ones sub-palmate; lateral ones
two-parted: flowers all perfect. Louisiana.

17 — 1. Santoli'na. 5.5. Anth. h. bit. odo.
Southern,
suaveofens, Ph. (lavender cotton. W. y. J. 0-) glabrous: stem corymb-branrhed:
leaves sub-bipinnatifid; divisions acute, linear: peduncles terminal, 1-flowered.
Sweet scented.

8 — 3. Sapin'dus. 65. Sapi. sap. acr.
SuiUhern.
marginatus, ( f-.) unarmed: rachis narrow; margined above: leafets lanceolate,

6-paired: fruit sub-conical. Georgia.

10—2. Sapona'ria. 82. Cary. dem. cata.
Exotic,
officinalis, (soapwort, bouncing bet. w. J. If.) calyx cylindric: leaves lance-ovate,
opposite, sub-connate, entire. Probably introduced, and naturalized. 10 — 18 i.
Mch.
vaccaria, (field soapwort. r. Au. ^.) calyx 5-cornered, cone-ovate: leaves ovate, acu-
minate, sessile. Naturalized. 6—18 i. W. M.

12—1. Sar'racen'ia. 62. Sarr. cat—.
purpurea, (side-saddle. O. p. J. Zf.) leaves radical, short, gibbose-inflated or cup-

Sanicula. Lat. sano, to heal, having been formerly celebrated for its healing quali-
ties.

Santolina. Supposed from santalum, saunders; it smelling like the saunders wood;
or to be the diminutive of sancta, a holy little herb; in allusion to some reputed
virtues. i r • l • j

Sapindus. From Lat. sopo Indus, Indian soap, the rind of the fruit bemg used as
soap.

Saponaria. Lat. sapo, soap, its bruised leaves being said to produce a lather.

Sarracenia. In honor of Dr. Sarrazin, an ingenious Frenchman, who introduced
many rare plants into France.

412 SARRACENIA, SAXIFRAGA.

form, contracted at the mouth, having a broad arched lateral wing; the contracted
part of tlie base hardly as long as the inflated part. Scape with a single, large
nodding flower. In marshes. 1—2 f. S. Mch.

heteropliyUu, Ea. (y. J. 21.) leaves radical; outer ones long-funnel-form, not contract-
ed at the mouth, having a narrow, straight, lateral wing; the contracted part at
the base about twice as long as the inflated part; the inner leaves short, gibbose-
inflated, contracted at the mouth, liaving an arched lateral wing, the contracted
part at the base hardly as long as the inflated part: style longer than the filaments.
The whole plant palish yellow, and very slender. Intermediate between purpurea
and flava. In swamps at Northampton, Mass. 12 — 30 i. A remarkably distinct
species, but very rare.

Southern.

rubra, Wr. (r-p. Zf.) leaves slender; lateral wing linear; appendage ovate, erect,
obtuse, mucronate, contracted at the base. C — 10 i. S— C.

flava, Mx. (y. J. 2i.) leaves large, funnel-form; tiiroat expanding; lateral wing near-
ly warning; appendage erect, contracted at the base, reflesed at the sides. 18 —
24 i. S-C.

variotaris, Mx. (1) (y. J. 2X.) leaves slightly ventricose, with the tube near the sum-
mit spotted on tlie back; appendage arched, incurved; lateral wing slightly dilated.
12 — 18 i. Charleston, S — C.

drummondii, Croom. (p. A.) leaves very long, erect; tube dilated above, with very
narrow wing; the upper portiotT, as well as the orbicular erect lamina, whitish and
strongly reticulated with purplish veins: flowers purple. Florida.

psittacina, JMx. (p. March. A. ) leaves short, reclined, marked with white spots; tube
inflated, with a very broad, semi-obovate wing; lamina ventricose, recurved so as
nearly to close the tube; flower purple. Georgia, Florida and La.

13 — 1. Sature'ja. 42. Labi. aro. slo. con.

Exotic.

hortensis, (summer savory, b-w. Ju. 0.) peduncles axillary, somewhat in a cyme:

leaves lanceolate, entire: stem brachiate.
montana, (winter savory, ^.) peduncles somewhat 1-sided: segments of tlie calyx
acuminate, mucronate: leaves nmcronate.

Satyrium, Neottia, Goodyeka.
7 — 4. Sauru'rus. 98. Saur. ton — .

cemvus, (lizard's tail, breast weed. W. Au. If-) stem angular, sulcate: leaves alter-
nate, heart-oblong, acuminate. Rare in New York, east of Cayuga Lake — abun-
dant west of it. 1—2 f. O. P. H. F. Y. C. D. Canada. Mch. S— C.

17 — 1. Sahsso'rea. 51. Eric. diu. ast.

aJpiJift, Dc. ( ) leaves lanceolate, dentate woolly beneath; radical ones

lance-ovate, petioled: flowers corymbed, crowded: scales of the involucie oblong,
villose above. Var. dtasa, stem sub-decumbent: leaves sub-glabrous, dense, almost
all narrow-lanceolate, corymb glomerate. Var. remotifoliu, stem erect, striate:
leaves glabrous, rigid, narrow-lanceolate; upper ones minute. R.

montic.ola, Rich. ( ) sparingly woolly: leaves linear, very entire: leafets

of the involucre oblong-cylindric, villose, lanceolate, acute. A.

10—2. Sax'ifra'ga. 84. Saxi. ton—, emo.

1. Leaves radical, unditidcd: stem nearly naked.

aizo'on, W. (W. H.) leaves aggiegate, spatulate, acutish glabrous, with cartilaginr
ous teeth: stem simple, leafy, pilose: caly^ glabrous. 3i.

Satureja. From Arabic, ss'alar, the name given to labiate, aromatic plants.
iSaururus. Gr. suura, lizard, and oura, tail, from the shape and scaly appearance of

the long spike of flowers.
Saxifraga. Lat. saxum, rock, and frnngo, to break, from their supposed quality of

breaking stone in the bladder. See Parkinson's herbal.

(1) minor, Wr. adunca, S.

1

SAXIFRAGA. 413

stellaris, W. (w. Ju. 2i-) leaves wedge-form, serrate, pilose at the margin: stem sim-
ple, naked: petals acute: capsules superior. Labrador.

scr/njUiJ'uliu, Pli. (W. 21-) erect: leaves small, oval, glabrous: stem 1-flowered, few-
leaved: petals obovale.

androsa' ceil, Vh. (\V. w. 2|;.) pubescent: leaves petioled, linear-spatulate: stem leafy,
1 — 2-riowered.

hronclduUs, W..(W. Zf.) stoloniferous: leaves imbricate, subulate, flat, mucronate,
spinose, ciliate: stem nearly naked, panicied. <S'.

nivalis, (alpine saxifrage. W. w. J. Z{.) leaves roundish-wedge-form, crenate-before,
decurrent into the petiole: stem naked, simple, racemes crowded. 2 i.

virginicnsis, Mx. (1) (rock saxifrage. O. w. i\J. If.) minutely pubescent: leaves oval,
obtuse, crenate, decurrent into tlie petiole: flowers sub-sessile on the dichotomous
branches of an almost leafless scape. 1 — 15 i. S'.

geum, W. (W. 2X.) leaves reniform, toothed, veinless and pilose on both sides: stem
naked, panicied.

pennsyhunica, (water saxifrage. O. g-w. J. 1(.) pubescent: leaves lance-oblong,
acute, tapering lo the base, obsoletely denticulate: scape leafless: panicle oblong,
witi) fascicled branches at the top. 1 — 4 f. <S'. Mch.

laurentiana, Dc. (Zf.) radical leaves long petioled reniform, 5 — 7-lobe-crenate, gla-
brous: stems and peduncles with strong hairs: flowers few, sub-capitate: bracts 3
— 5-lobed: cal^-x shorter than the corol. Canada.

Imcan' ihcmifo' Liu , Mx, (A. w. r. y. Ju. Zf-) very hirsute: stem somewhat naked: leaves
elongated-spatulate, acutely toothed: stems divaricate dichotomous: panicle capil-
lary, lax: calyx reflexed: petals unequal. 18 — 24 i.

erosa, Ph. (A. y-g. Ju. 2i.) nearly glabrous: stem naked: leaves lance-oblong, acute,
erose-dentale: panicle oblong; branches divaricate, very branching, lax-llowered;
pedicels filiform.

jamesii, T. ( W. p.) leaves reniform, crenate-toothed, papillose-punctate on both sides,
nearly glabrous: stem short, few-flowered: divisions of the calyx triangular-ovate,
acute, glandular-pubescent: petals orbicular with long claws. 1 — 2 i.

Jinibriata, Don. (2) ( 21) canescent: floral heads very crowded, spherical:

peduncles solitary, one-flowered, naked, an inch long: sepals ovate, obtuse, ciliate
at the margin: leaves appressed-imbricate, orbiculate-obovate, with membranace-
ous and ciliate margins, long-fimbriate. 1 i. A.

sciiii'pubcscens, Sweet, (y. 2i.) root furnished with long, thick fibres: leaves

not petioled, oblong-oval obtuse, very glabrous, denticulate: flowers pedicelled, dis-
posed in dense corymbs: ^calyx pilose-glandulous; sepals triangular-ovate, acute:
petals ovate, obscurely three-nerved, somewhat equalling the calyx. Maryland.
Cultivated.

arguta, Don. ( li-) scape glabrous: panicle very simple: leaves reniform-rotund,
gash-serrate, glabrous; petioles filiform: sepals oblong, acute: petals ovate, many-
nerved: pistils very short.

neboniutia, Don. ( w. Zf.) sub-cespitose: scape very simple, covered on all sides
with long soft hairs: thyrse ovate: leaves orbiculate-cordate, sub-peltate, gash-'
eerrate, hirsute beneath; petioles very long, filiform: sepals triangular-ovate, acute:
petals oval, small. A.
nutans, Dc. ( ) cespitose: stem one-leaved: raceme nodding, few-flowered:

leaves radical, reniform, longly petioled, coarsely gash-toothed, bearing short, rigid
close-piessed hairs: short pedicels and calyx pilose-glandulous: (Pbes of the calyx
lanceolate acute, o-nerved: petals obovate, 3-nerved, nerves llexuose, very branch-
ing. A.
rcflexa, H. ( ) hoary-pubescent: leaves ovate, sub-coriaceous, opake, gash-

serrate, attenuated into the petiole: scape naked: panicle very glabrous, compact,
corymbose: petals obovate, bimaculale, scarcely twice as long as the reflexed, ob-
tuse calyx: filaments many, abortive, dilated, petaloid: ovarium free. A.
integrifoLia, H. ( ) whole plant very viscid-pubescent: leaves radical, ovate,

sub-membranaceous, very obtuse, very entire or very smoothly sinuate-crenate,
copiously reticulate-veined: scape elongated, naked, panicied at the apex: panicle
lax, broad or contracted, bracled: petals obovale, twice as long as the spreading,
very glabrous, at length sub-reflexed calyx: ttamens short: ovarium entirely free:
styles diverging. 8 — 10 i. R.

(I) nivalis, M. vernalis, Bw. virginica, N. (2) eschscholtzia, Sternb.

414 SAXIFRAGA.

hieracifulia, Dc. ( r. ) scape stiffly erect, sub-pilose: leaves petioled, obo-

vate-spatulate, repand-toothecl, ciliate, coriaceous: flowers spiked, subsessile:
lobes of tlie calyx ovate, broad, of llie length of the tube: petals ovale, reddish,
withering, scarcely equalling the calyx: filaments purple: capsule prominent, pur-
ple: carpels divaricate at the apex; siyles very sliort; stigmas sub-hemispheric.
A.

daliwica, Pall. ( ) very glabrous: leaves wedge-fanform, decgrrent into the

petiole, deeply gash-toothed above: scape leafless, lax-paniclad, bracted: bracts
linear, very entire: petals bi-punctate, obovate, somewhat twice as long as the re-
flexed calyx: filaments often pelaloid. 1\. A.

folivLosa, Br. ( ) leaves radical, cuneate sub-dentate: scape divided, branches

one-tlowered at the apex, beneath covered with dwarf fasciculate leafets: calyx be-
low obovate: divisions of the petals cordate-lanceolate. A.

punctata, L. ( ) leaves radical, longly petioled, reniform-cordate, rotund,

membranaceous, pilose, reticulate, deeply, coarsely and equally dentate, not mar-
gined; teetli entire, parted, often acute: scape naked: flowers small, panicled: pa-
nicle glandulous, bracted: bracts minute, linear: filaments very often abortive, pe-
laloid: calyx reflexed. A. R.

hetaranl/ia, H. ( Zf.) sub-pubescent: leaves radical, longly petioled, reni-

form-cordate, membranaceous, veiny, many lobed; lobes shortish, somewhat 3-
toothed: teeth acute, beardless: scape naked: flowers panicled, often abortive:
some filaments clavate, others jretal-form: ovarium free: calyx reflexed: branches
often bulbiferous below. 9 i. R.

2. Leaves undivided: stem lenfy.

oppositifolia, W. (p. M. 21-) cespitose: leaves cauline, opposite, imbricate, ovate, ob-
tuse; upper ones ciliate: flowers terminal, solitary, sessile. Labrador.

aizoides, W. (y. U.) decumbent, cespitose: leaves canline, linear, alternate, tooth-ci-
liate: panicle few-flowered: petals as long as the calyx.

setig'era, Ph. (1) (VV. w. U-) pubescent: leaves radical, aggregate, spatulate, acute,
spinose-ciliate: stem leafy, about 2-flowered: calyx hispid: very long setaceous
twigs in the axils of the leaves.

hirculus, ( ) leaves canline, alternate, lanceolate, naked, unarmed: stem erect.

North Somerset.

exarala, V. (2) ( ) cespitose: leaves 3— .5-cleft; upper ones linear, entire,

glandulous-pubescent; segments linear, acutish: flower-bearing stem slender,
scarcely leafy, 3— 5 (lowered: flowers corymb-racemed: ovarium adhering to the
tube of the pubescent calyx: petals obovate, 3-nerved, scarcely twice as long as the
calyx. R.

sHeniflora, Cham. ( ) stem cespitose, stoloniferous, short: leaves rigid, in

dense bunches of 3's, 5's and 7's, very shining, as if varnished, many-nerved, hir-
sute-pubescent; segments linpar, acutish: stem floriferous, elongated, pubescent-
glandulous, panicled above: flowers largish: ovarium adhering to the lube of the
glandular-pubescent calyx; segments obtuse: petals obovate, 3-nerved, twice as
long as the calyx. A. •

petraa, Lin. ( -^.) glandulous-pilose: leaves fleshy 3-lobed; radical ones

cordate; lobes gashed, somewhat longly-petioled; cauline ones sub-cuneate; upper
ones undivided: peduncles and ovaria glandulous-hispid below: divisions of the ca-
lyx oblong, erect: petals obovate, retuse. R.

ranunadifolia H. ( w. ) sub glandulous-pubescent, slender: lower leaves very
longly petioled, reniform, three-parted; segments broad-cuneate, gash-lobed; cau-
lineones few: flowers corymbed, pentandrous: petals obovate, twice as long as
the acute- glandulous calyx. R-

richardsoidi, H. ( ) stem glandulous, leafy, pubescent above: leaves longly

petioled, orbicular-cordate, crenate-lobed, veiny; margin and veins glandulous be-
neath: glands pedicelled: raceme compound, somewhat spike-form: lanceolate
bracts and pedicels glandulous: petals obovate-elliptic, short-unguiculate, very
acute nerved; about twice as long as the acuminate segments of the calyx: sta-
mens 5. A.

(1) flagellaris, Sternb. (9) nervosa, Lapeyr.

SAXIFRAGR, SCHIZANDRA. 415

3. Leaves lohcd.

ritiilaris, S. (w. J. ZIO frpct: leaves petio'ed, palmate, upper ones spatulate: stem
fevv-Howered: looi fiL'roiis; germ iialf inleiior. La!)ra(lor. A. R.

sibcriai, \V. (w. 21-) ascendin<(: leaves renirorin, palmate, pilose; cauline ones ses-
sile; petioles hirsute: pedicels very long, fjlitbrm, 2-ciet't, naked. Labrador.

pectiiuilii, Ph. (W. 2_f,) cespitose: stems numerous, leat'v: leaves 3-lobed; lobes 3-
cleft, linear, acute, glabrous; midrib furrowed: flowers racomed.

caspitoio., VV. (\V. y. J. ZI-) leaves radical, aggregate, fleshy, linear, obtuse, eritire
or 3-cleft, nerved beneath: stem erect, nearly naked, ("ew-flowered: petals twice as
long as the calyx. Var. grcenlandica, leaves cauline, palmate, many cleft; divi-
sions acute.

tricufpiiliita, W. (w. J. 2i.) leaves radical, aggregate, wedge-form, ciliate, acutely
3-toolhed: stem ascending, racemed; petals lanceolate, thrice as long as the calyx.
Hudson's Bay.

cernua, (A.) leaves cauline, palmate, petioled: stem very simple, l-flowered, bulbif-
erous.

mixta, P. (A.) leaves digitate, (3 cleft.) minutely nerved, sub-hirsute: anthers sagit-
tate: stigma hooded, reflexed; stem sub-viscous, 2 — 3-floweied. Is this a variety
of ccEspitosa?

nudiaiuLis. Don ( w. If.) scape erect, naked, terete: leaves reniform, palmate,
glabrous; lobes ovate, mucronale: flowers panicled: lobes of the calyx triangular-
ovate, acute: petals obovate, a little longer than the calyx. A.

Exotic.

sarrncntosa, (beef-steak, creeping saxifrage, w. Au.ZT.) leaves roundish, toothed, hairy,
sending off creeping shoots: 2 petals in each flower elongated.

4 — 1. ScABio'sA. 56. Scab. ton.
Exotic.

stdiala, (star scabious, cats eye. y-w. <0.) corol 5-cleft, radiate: leaves cut and jag-
ged: outer crown of the nut orbicular, large, spreading, membranaceous, many-
nerved.

atropurpurea, (sweet scabious, r. TJ..) corol 5-c.left, radiating: leaves pinnatifid and
cut: receptacle cylindric: outer ciown of the nut short, lobed and crenate.

Scundix, Uraspermum.

C — 3. Scheuchze'ria. 7. June. ton. fod.

palustris, (less flowering rush. g-y. M. 2i. ) stem glabrous: leaves semi-cylindric,
sheathing at the base; each having a lateral pore on the inner side, immediately
below the cartilaginous tip. In ponds and marshes. 1 f. P. T. V. Mch.

21 — 1. Schiz>5:'a. 5. Fill, sec-stim.

pusiUa, Ph. (one sided fern. Ju. ZT.) frond simple, linear-compressed: spikes con-
glomerate, indexed one way. Tiie only known locality of this interesting little
fern is near Quaker-bridge, New-Jersey, in a swamp. 3 — 6 i. Y.

19 — 5. Schizan'dra. 77. Meni. r. ton. diu. dijsu.

Suuthern.

coccinea, Mx. (r. & y. M. T^.) glabrous: leaves alternate, lanceolate, sub-denticulate,
petioled, sometimes sub-cordate. Climbing. 10 — 15 f.

Scabiosa. Lat. scabies, itch, from its sudorific qualities and supposed efBcacy in
cutaneous diseases.

Scheuchzeria. In honor of two brothers, Scheuchzer, distinguished botanists.

Schizsea. Gr. scltezo, to cleave asunder, in allusion to the cloven appearance of the
spikes.

Schizandra. Gr. schizo, to split, and aner, a stamen, because the stamens are near-
ly separated by fissures in the receptacle.

416 SCHOENUS, SCIRPUS.

3—1. Schoe'nus. 9. Cype. fod— .

mariscoides, IM. (water bog rush. Ju. 21.) culm terete or sub-sulcate, leafy; leaves
channeled, semi-terete: umbel terminal: fascicles of spikes three on each peduncle:
pericarp rounded at the base. 2f. P. Y. Mch.

Southern,
hispid'ulus, Vahl. ( ) peduncles axillary and terminal, 3-spiked: spikes globose,

pedicelled: leaves filiform, hispid.
effusus, Sw. (saw grass. Au.) culm leafy, obtusely 3-angled: leaves prickly forwards:
panicle terminal, very long, diffuse: pericarp ovale, longitudinally wrinkled. 6 —
10 f.

Schoerms, Rhynchospora.

3 — 1. Schol'lera. 17. Pont, ton — .

graminifolia, W. (1) (yellow-eyed water grass. O. y. Ju. 21.) leaves all linear, grass-
hke: stem slender, fioaiing. 6 — 18 i. Mch.

15 — 10. Schrank'ia. 93. Legu. asc.
Exotic.
sensUiva, (2) (sensitive plant.) ptickly: leaves pinnate; leafets in pairs, inmost ones
minute.

Southern,
uncinata, (3) (sensitive briar, p. Ju. 2iO stem prostrate angled, prickly: leaves alter-
nate, abruptly bipinnate; leafets small, sub-oval, gibbous at the base, thinly pilose,
irritable. 2—3 f. S— C.

Schubertia, Cupressus.
13—2. Schwal'bea. 40. 37. Sciop. cath. eme. scro.

■americana, W. (chaff seed. p-y. J. 2^.) simple, pubescent: leaves lanceolate: racemes
terminal: flowers alternate. 2 f. S. Y.

Schiceiniizia, Monotropsis.

6 — 1. Soil LA. 16. Asph. exp. nar. stim.

Exotic.

maritima, (squill, w.) scape long, naked, many-flowered: bracts bent back. Root

bulbous.

Scilla^ Phalangium.

3—1. Scir'pus. 9. Cype. fod—.

1 . Pericarp surrounded icith bristles at the base.

( Style articulated to the seed, base dilated and persistent. Seed of ten lenticular.

Eleocha'eis. Br.)

tenuis, W. (4) (club rush. O. Ju. 21.) culm very slender, quadrangular: spike ovaL

Schoenus. Gr. schoinos, a cord, given as a name to a rush, of which cords were
made.

Schollera. In honor of Frederick Adam Scholler, a teacher at the Moravian College
in Germany.

Schrankia. In honor of Francis Schrank, Prof, of Botany, at Ingolstadt, and Land-
sheet.

Schwalbea. In honor Christian Schwalbe, a German botanist.

Scilla. Gr. skullo, to injure, its root being as well a poison as a medicine; or from
asgil, the Arabic name of the root.

Scirpus. Lat. scirpus, a rush. De Theis derives it from Celt, cirs, a reed or rush.
(1) Leptanthus gramineus, Mx. Heteranthera, Ph. (2) Mimosa, 4th edition.

•(3) Mimosa horridula, Mx. intsia, Wr. (4) marginatus, M. E.

sciRPus. 417

acute at each end: glumes ovate, obtuse: stamens 3: sljles 3-cleft: pericarp rugose.

8— 12i. S. Mch.
glauctis, T. {L. 3u. U.) cu\m maiiy-angled, glaucous: spike ovate, acute: glumes

ovate, obtuse or emarginale: stamens 3: styles 2-cleft. 1 f.
;7a/MS<Ws, (marsh club rush. W. J. 2+'.) culm round, inflated; spike lance-oblotig:

glumes somewhat obtuse: poricarp roundish, punctate, rugose: bristles scabrous.

18-24 i. S. P. Y. B. C. N. D. Mch.
aipitdtus, (W. Ju. 1[.) culm leriete or sub-compressed: spike ovate, obtuse: pericarp

oval, compressed, smooth. 6'. B. P. O. F. N. Mch.
acicvlaris, (1) (W. Ju.) culm setaceous, quadrangular: spike ovate, acute, 3—6 flow-
ered: glumes somewhat obtuse: stamens 3: styles bifid: pericarp obovate. 3 — 6 i.

S. B. P. C. O. F. N. Mch.
fnisillus, Vahl. (L. Au.) culm compressed and sub-angular: spike ovate, compressed:

pericarp obovate: stamens 3: style 2 — 3 cleft. 1 i. &'. C. N.
intcrmcdius, M. (W. S. ) culms cespitose, quadrangular sulcate: spikes ovate, oblong;

glumes acutish: stamens 3: style 2 cleft: pericarp broad-obovate, compressed: tu-
bercle distinct. 3—4 i. W. Y. P. N.
pUinifulius, M. (J.) culm triangular: radical leaves linear, flatj nearly equalling the

culm: spike terminal, oblong, compressed, shorter than the cuspidate bracts at the

base. 8 i. P. W. N. V. B. Mch.
subtcrminalis, T. {Au.) cu\m floating, sulcate, inflated, leafy below: spike solitary,

somewhat terminal, lanceolate: style 2-cleft: pericarp 3-angled. 3 f. N. Mch.
ctEk-pitosus, (scaly rush, Ju.) culms cespitose, terete: spikes ovate, few-flowered: lower

glumes bract-like as long as the spike: sheaths with rudiments of leaves. Var.

cnlLosvs, glumes thickened and cartilaginous at the tips. 8 i. N.

( Slyle filiform^ not bearded, caducovs. Scirpus. L.Br.)

americamts, P. (2) (W. Au.) culm nearly naked, 3-angled, sides concave, spikes lat-
eral, 1 — 5j ovate, conglomerate, sei^sile: glumes round-ovate, mucronate: pericarp
3-angIed, acuminate. One variety has 3—5 spikes nearly terminal: another has
generally a solitary spike remote from the extremity of the culm. 3 — 5 f. <S. B*
C. F. N. K. Mch.

delilis, M. (Au.) culm cespitose, deeply striate: spikes about 3, lateral, ovate, sessile:
glumes ovate, obtuse, mucronate. 8 — 12 i. S. P. Y. B. C. N. Mch.

lacustris, {3) {W. J.) cu\m terete, attenuated above, naked: panicle sub-terminal:
spikes peduncled, ovate. 4—8 f. 6\ P. C. O. F. N. T. K. Mch.

aattuf, iVI. (Ju.) culm terete, (not attenuated.) spotted: peduncles numerous, sub-lat-
eral: spikes oblong; glumes pubescent, mucronate. 4 f. P. Y. T. B. C. Mch.

atrovircns, M. (W. Ju.) culm triangular, leafy: cyme terminal, compound, prolifer-
ous; involucre 3-leaved: spikes conglomerate, ovate, acute: glumes ovate, raucro-
nate, pubescent. 2 f. P.M.

bninneus, M. (4) (Au.) culm leafy, obtusely triangular: cyme decompound: involucre
3 — 4-leaved: spikes round-ovate, clustered in heads of about sixes: glumes ovate,
obtuse. 2—3 f. S'. P. Y. C. N. Mch.

macro stachijus, M. (5) (VV. L. Au.) culm triangular, leafy: corymb clustered; invo-
lucre about 3-leaved, very lon^: spikes oblong: glumes ovate, 3-cleft: middle seg-
ment subulate and reflexed: style 3-cleft. 3—4 f. S. B. C. T. Peekskill.
Mch.

pendulus, M. (6) (J.) culm triangular, leafy: leaves striate, margin scabrous: spikes
oblong-cylindrical, solitary: glumes 1-valved, imbricate, acuminate, ovate, white!
pericarp 3-sided; pistil 3-cleft. 3 f.

{ Style filiform, caducous. Bristles much longer than the seed. Trichophorum. P.)

eriophorum, Mx. (7) (red cotton grass, O. Au. If.) culm obtusely triangular, leafy:
panicle decompound, proliferous, nodding: spikes all peduncled: bristles surround-
ing the pericarp, exsert. 4 — 5 f. S. J\lch.

linmtus, Mx. (W. Au.) culm 3-angled, leafy; panicles terminal and lateral, decom-
pound, at length nodding: involucre 1 — 2 leaved: spikes ovate: glumes lanceolate,
somewhat carinate: bristles longer than the pericarp. 2 — 3 f. S. M. N. Mch.

(I) trichodes, M. E. capillaceus, Mx. pusillus. Ph. (2) triqueter, Mx.

(3) validus, Vahl. Ph. (4) exaltatus, Ph. (5) robustus. Ph. maritimus, Bw. E.
(6) brizoides, W. (7) Eiiophorum cyperinum, L. Trichophorum cyperinum P

53

418 SCLERIA, SCLERIA.

2. Seed nuked at the base.
( Style simple at the base, Jiot articulated to Uie seed, caducous. Isolepsis. Br. )

SMJsywarrosMs, M. (1) (Au. ZC?) culm triangular, nearly naked, incurved; spikes 3,
nearly terminal, ovate: glumes somewhat squarrose at the top: involucre 2-leaved,
very lonor, unequal. 2 i. .S. P. C. N. Mch.

capiUaris. (2) (W. Au. Q.) culm nearly naked, 3-angled, capillary: spikes ovate. 2 — 3
of them peduncled, with an intermediate sessile one. S i. S. P. C. N. Mch.

autumnaUs, (W. Au. 71.) culm couipressed, ancipitous: umbel compound: involucre
2 leaved: spikes lanceolate, acute, somewhat 4-sided. 8 — 12 i. S. N. Peeks-
kill. Mch.

Southern.

simplex, E. (W. J. If.) culm terete: spike somewhat ovate: glumes obtuse: pericarp
obovate, 3-angled. 8—13 i.

filiformis, Vahl, (Au.) spike cylindric, oblong, obtuse: scales roundish: pericarp nak-
ed at the summit: culm filiform.

geniculntus, Vahl. (Ju.) spike ovate-oblong: scales round-ovate: cuhn terete, growing
in distinct clusters.

iuberculatus, Mx. {Au.) culm terete, striate: glumes very obtuse, loose, appressed:
pericarp somewhat 3-angled: tubercles sagittate, larger than the seed. 12 i. N.

quadrungulatus, Mx. (M. 2£. ) culm acutely 4-angled; 3 sides concave; one wider,
flat: spike cylindric: glumes very obtuse. 1 — 2 f.

equisetoides, E. (J.) spike cylindric, terminal; scales very obtuse: culms terete, doubly
jointed. Resembles Equisetum hyemale. 18 — 24 i. Mch.

mucronatus, Vahl. (Au. ) leafless: spikes oblong: scales entire, acuminate: culm 3-
angled. Mch.

stenophyilus, E. (Au. %.) culm filiform, obtusely 3-angled: leaves setaceous: involu-
cre 4-leaved, very long: spike clustered: glumes mucronate. 3 — 5 i. La.

coarclatus, E. (3) (Oct.) umbel compound, crowded: spikes small, lance-linear: in-
volucre, setaceous, with one of its leaves longer than the umbel: leaves filiform,
concave on one side. 1 f. La.

castaneus, Mx. (4) (Ju.) spikes ovate-oblong, obtuse: involucre 2-leaved, rigid, as
long as the compound umbel.

sulcatus, E. (Au.) spikes lance-ovate, sometimes acuminate: umbel compound, as
long as the involucre: pericarp longitudinally furrowed. 1 f

nitens, Vahl. (Ju.) spikes ovate, pedicelled: corymbs generally compound, axillary
and terminal: culm terete.

divaricatus, E. (J.) culm obtuse-3-angled: umbels decompound, divaricate: spikes
oval, pendulous. 3 — 4 f.

schoenoides, E. ( ) culm 3-angled: panicles decompound, axillary and terminal,

pendulous: spikelets clustered, pericarp obovate, rugose, surrounded by bristles.
2—3 f.

sylr.aticus, Mx. (wood rush. 2/.) spikes oblong, crowded: corymb leafy, more than
decompound: scales oblong, obtusish, green: culm leafy, 3-angled.

ovatus. Vahl. (Ju. 2X.) spike ovate: scales oblong: flowers somewhat diandrous:
culm' sub-compressed: sheaths unarmed.

Scirpus, FiMBBisTVLis, Rhynchospoka.
10—2. Scleran'thi-s. 30. Scle. ton.

annuus, (knawel, gravel chickweed. O. w-g. J. 0.) calyx of the fruit spreading,
acute: stem spreading, sub-prostrate.

19—3. Scle'ria. 9. Cype. fod.
triglomerata, Mx? E. (5) whip grass. J. U.) culm acutely triangular^ scabrous:

Scleranthus. Gr. sideros, hard, and anthos, flower, on account of its dry calyx.
Scleria. Gr. skleros, hard, on account of the hard and polished fruit.

(1) minimus. Ph. (2)ciliatifolius, E. (3) castaneus, M. (4) Fimbristylis, Vahl.

(.5) Elliott says, this is not the triglomerata of Pursh, but may be of Mx. Pursh's
description is as follows: trislomerata, (J. 21.) culm erect, simple, 3-sided, scabrous:
leaves scabrous at the marg'in: fascicles few-flowered, terminal: glumes ovate, mu-
cronate, scabrous: nuts globose, acute, rugose.

SCLERIA, SCUTELLARIA. 419

leaves lance-linear, channelled, a little scabrous, sparingly pilose: spikes fascicled,
lateral and terminal: glumes ciliate: nut smooth. 2 f. S. P.Y.N. Rich.

paucijiora, M. (1) (Au. 21.) culm 3-angled, glabrous: leaves linear, glabrous: spikes
lateral and terminal, few-flowered; lateral ones pendulous: terminal ones clustered:
glumes glabrous: nut rugose. 1~ — 18 i. S. P. Y.

verticillata, M. (Au. U.) culm simple, 3-sided; culm and leaves glabrous: spike naked,
with alternate distant glomerules: glumes glabrous; nut globose, mucronate, trans-
versely rugose-warty. 1 f S. P.

reticvlata, Mx. (Ju. ) culm and leaves glabrous: sheatlis winged: spikes scattered,
axillary and terminal: glumes and bracts glabrous: imt reticulate, dotted. 1 — 2 f.

Southern.

cligantlia, E. (M. ) culm slender, 3-angled, glabrous: leaves narrow, nerved, slight-
ly scabrous: spikes 2 — 3, sub-terminal, sessile; one lateral, one remote, iong-
peduncled: not very smooth, shining. 12 — 18 i.

gracilis, E. ( ) culm filiform, 3-angled: culm and leaves glabrous: spikes few-

flowered, fascicled, sub-terminal: glumes glabrous: nut smooth, shining. If.

ciliata, Mx. (J.) culm erect, glabrous, nearly naked: leaves linear, channelled, pubes-
cent above: spikes terminal, clustered: bracts and glumes ciliate: nut rugose. 1
— 2f.

Jiirtelln, Mx. (Ju.) culm erect, slender: culm, leaves and bracts a little hirsute:
spikes terminal and axillary: glumes pubescent: imt transversely-rugose. Var.
strigosa, angles of the stem, margins and inid-ribs of llje leaves more hirsute:
glumes ciliate; nut tuberculate-rugose. Perhaps a distinct species. Elliott.

inltrriipta, Ms. ( ) culm simple, 3-angled: culm and leaves pubescent: spike glo-

meiate, naked; clusters alternate, distant: glumes bristly: nut globose, mucronate,
transversely warty-rugose.

21 — 1. ScoLOPEN'DKiiJM. 5. Fill, sec-sti.

qfficinaruin, W. (2) (caterpillar fern. W. Ju. 2X-) frond broad-lanceolate, cordate at
the base: stipe chafiy. 8 — 10 i. Onondaga, N. Y.

Scorzonera, Borkausia.
13 — 2. Scrophula'ria. 37. Scro. cat. erne.

marylandicfi , (3) (fig-wort. O. g-p. J. 21.) leaves cordate, serrate, acute, roundish at
the base; petioles ciliate below: fascicles of the panicle lax, few-flowered. 3 — 7 f.
.ST. Mch.

nceolala. Ph. fg-y. Au. 2i.) leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, acuminate, acute
at the base: petioles naked: fascicles of the panicle corymbed. 3 — 5 f. &'. P.

T. Peekskill. Mch.

13 — 1. Scctella'ria. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car. ton. hyd.

iaferiflora, (mad-dog scull cap, hood-wort. O. ,b. Ju. 2X. ) branching, glabrous: leaves
long-petioled, ovate, toothed; cauline ones sub-cordate: racemes lateral, leafy.
Damp. 1— 2f. .S. Mch.

galerimla'ta, (scull-cap. O. b. J. 21.) branching: leaves sub-sessile, lance-ovate, sub-
cordate at the base, crenate, a little white-downy beneath: flowers axillary, soli-
tary or in pairs. Flowers large. Damp. 12 — 18 i. Mch.

Scolopendrium. Gr. skolopendra, the centipede, so called from the number of its roots
and blanches, or from little marks on the front resembling this insect.

Scrophularia. Lat. scrop/iu/a, the king's evil, because it )s used in this complaint.

Scutellaria. Lat. scutellum, a little shield, from the shape of the lid of the calyx; or
from sciitiUa, a small vessel, on account of the figure of the calyx.

(1) Torrey, in a letter to Dr. Darlington, says, this is not the pauciflora of Pursh.
Pursh's description is as follows: paucijloiu, {Au. 2i.) culm erect, simple, 3-angled,
scabrous: leaves narrow-linear, channelled, scabrous at the margin: tascicles few-
flowered, in pairs, terminal; one very remote, axillary; nut globose, acutish, trans-
versely rugose.

(2) Asplenium scolopendrium, L. (3) nodosa. Var. americana, Mx.

420 SCUTELLARIA, SEDUM.

gracilis, N. (W. b. J. Zf.) stem sub-simple: leaves remote, broad-ovate, toothed,
smooth, sessile, scabrous on the margin; upper ones smaller, entire: tlowers axil-
lary. Resembles th6 last. 12— 18 i. P. C.

parvu/M, Ms. ( VV. b. J. 21-) minutely pubescent, simple, or branching from the base:
leaves entire, obtuse, sessile, revolute at tlie margin, veined beneath; lower ones
short-petioled, sub orbicular, sub-cordate at the base; upper ones oblong-ovate,
gradually smaller: flowers axillary, solitarj', opposite: root (or subterraneous stem)
with tuberous internodea and rootlets from each joint. Probably synonymous with
S. ambigua, Ni 3 — 6 j. 8. M. P. This improved description is given by Dr.
Aikin. Mch.

lavigata, Aikin, (W. b. M. 21.) simple, smooth: leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, coarse-
serrate, entire at the base and extreme apex, acute, or sub-acuminate, sub-ciliate,
tapering to the base, veined, glabrous, paler berjeath: raceme simple, terminal,
flowers opposite, bracted, sub-pubescent, erect; upper bracts smaller, entire:
flowers large. Iv!— 18 i. M.

integrifolia, ( W. b. Ju. 2i-) somewhat simple, densely pubescent: lower leaves ovate,
crenate, tapering to the base; upper ones lance-linear, obtuse, entire, sessile: ra-
cemes lax-flowered, leafv. Var. %sso/)//u/(a, has the leaves all linear. 1 — 2f. S.
P. C. H. N. S— C. k.

pilosa, Mx (1) (b. J. If.) nearly simple, pubescent: leaves remote, rhomb-ovate, ob-
tuse, round-crenate, rugose, petioled; lower ones sub-cordate: racemes panicled:
flowers crowded: bracts lanceoiaie, entire. 18 — 24 i. iS. H. S — C. K.

canescfins, N. (W. b. Zf.) branching: leaves ovate, acute, acutely toothed, petioled,
hoary-villose beneath: lower ones siib-cordate: racemes axillary and terminal, pedi-
celled, sub-panicled: bracts lance-ovate, longer than the calyx: bracts and flowers
hoary villose. 2 — 3 f S. Harper's Ferry.

cortbfoLia, M. (2) (W. b. w. Au. 2i.) leaves broad-cordate,-acute, obtusely toothed;
petioles long: racemes opposite and terminal: bracts ovate, acuminate: stem
branching. 2—3 f. -S. P. K. Mch.

resinosa, T. (W. b.) minutely glandular-pubescent, very branching: leaves ovate,
very obtuse, abruptly narrowed at the base, very entire, sprinkled on each side with
resinous dots: flowers axillary, villose.

Southern.

nervosa, Ph. (b. Au. Zf.) nearly simple, glabrous: leaves sessile, ovate, toothed,
nerved: raceme terminal, lax, leafy.

angustifolia, Ph. (W.J. 21-) simple, finely pubescent: leaves linear: flowers axil-
lary, opposite: stamens sub-exsert.

serratu, Ph. (b. Ju. Zf.) branching, pubescent: leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, short-
petioled: racemes terminal, lax, often panicled: bracts lanceolate, short. S — C.
K.

viUosa, E. (J.) stem erect, branching, villose: leaves large, lanceolate, acute at each
end, coarse-toothed, villose beneath, hispid above: racemes panicled: flowers
crowded. 2^3 f.

fiirsuta, ( ) stem erect, simple, sparingly branched hirsute: leaves petioled broadr
ovate, crenate, obtuse, hirsute: bracts ovate, ciliale: caXyx hairy. 1 — 2 f. Dis-
covered by H. A. Griswold, on the borders of marshes around Louisville, Ky.

3—2. Seca'le. 10. Gram. far. ton.

Exotic.

cereale, (rye. J. ,3'.) glumes and bristles scabrous-ciliate: paleas smooth. Introduced.

10—5. Se'dum. 86. Port. ton.

ternatum, Mx. (false ice-plant. W. w. J. 21.) small, creeping: leaves flat, round-
spatulate, ternate: flowers somevvhat 3-spiked. Varies into the eighth class. Cul-
tivated. S. P. H. M. K. S-C.

Secale. Lat. secale, rye: from Celtic scgal, of sega, a sickle, by which name were
known all plants cut with a sickle.

Sedum. Lat. .ser/o, to sit, because it grows on the face of rocks, ant} looks as jf sit-
ting upon them.
(1) caroliniana, Wr. (2) versicolor, N.?

SEDUM, SENECIO. 421

■elephioides, Mx. (p. Ju,) leaves broad-lanceolate, acute at each end, dentate: corymbs

niany-tlowered. 1 f. S. F. Harper's Ferry. M.
nntlaUii, T. (W. ) leaves roundish, flat, entire, scattered: cymes terminal, tricho-

toinoiis.
lanceoldtum, T. (VV. w.?) leaves flat, sub-aUernate; lower ones crowded, lance-oblong,

aciitish, glabrous, with the margin glandular-serrulate: stem branching, assurgent:

flowers cyme-corymbed; petals lanceolate, spreading.

Ei:otic.

tclcpliiiim, (orpine, live-forever, r. w. Ju. 2+.) leaves flattish, tooth-serrate, thickly
scattered: corymb leafy: stem erect.

anucavipscros, (stone-crop. 21-) leaves wedge-form, entire, sub-sessile; stem decum-
bent: flowers corymbed.

Southern,

pulchdlum, Mx. (W. p. ) glabrous: stems assurgent: leaves scattered, linear, ob-
tuse: cyme many-spiked: flowers sessile, octaiidrous.

pvsiUian, Mx. (1) (w. Ju. ZZ.) erect, glabrous: leaves alternate, nearly terete, ob-
long: flowers sub-terminal, few, alternate, sub-pedicelled. 2 — 4 i. S — C

stenopetaluni, Ph. (W. y. Ju. 21.) glabrous, stems ascending: leaves scattered and
crowded, adnate-sessile, compressed-subulate, acute: cyme terminal, thrice-dicho-
tomous: spikes recurved: flowers sessile, decandrous: petals linear, much longer
than the calyx.

rhoduila, Dc. ('2) (VV. g. y. 2i.) erect, simple: leaves imbricate, sessile, obovate,
acute, fleshy, glaucous, toothed above: cymes terminal, branching. 8 i.

14 — 1. Sele'nia. G3. Cruc. asc. dia.
Southern,
avren, N. (W. y. 0.) stem glabrous, sub-divided at the base, acute-triangular: leaves
smooth, somewhat succulent; radical ones sub-bipinnalifid, sessile: peduncles ax-
illary, angular. 4 — 6 i.

Selinum, Cnidium.

12 — 12. Sempervi'vusi. 83. Cras. h. coo. muc. lax.
Exotic.

tedorum, (houseleek. Au. Zf.) leaves ciliate: bulbs spreading: nectaries wedge-form,
crenulate.

arhorevm, (tree houseleek.) stem woody, smooth, branching: leaves wedge-form, gla-
brous, with soft spreading hairs.

Senebiera, Lepidium.

17 — 2. Sene'cio. 55, Eupa. sec-stim.

1. Florets tubular: rays none.

Remark. The three first species vary from the character of the section under
which the genus is placed; being destitute of rays.

vulgaris, (groundsel. W. y. J. 21-) leaves mostly clasping, sinuate-pinnatifid, tooth-
ed: flowers panicled: stem erect, branched. Perhaps introduced. 12 — 20 i. T.
P. B. Mch.

kierac if alius, (fire-weed, O. w. J. Q.) stem wand-panicled: leaves clasping, oblong,
acute, deeply, acutely and unequally toothed: involucre smooth, bristly at the
base. This plant springs up wherever land has been recently cleared of timber,
and more particularly if it has been burned over. 4 — 8 f. <S. Mch. •

Selenia. From Gr. selcne, the moon.

Sempervivurn. Lat. semper, always, and vicens, living, being on account of its suc-
culent habit remarkably tenacious of life.

Senecio. Lat. sencx, an old man, from the grey-downy seed heads, or because it be-
comes old in the beginning of the season, the name meaning the same as Erigeron.
(1) Diamorpha, N. and Tillaea cymosa of the same. (2) Rhodiola rosea, L.

422 SEN'ECIO.

elongatus, Ph. (long stem groundsel. W. Ju. 21- ) glabrous: radical leaves spatulate,
serrate, tapering into the petiole: cauline leaves pinnatifid, toothed, very remote:
peduncles elongated, coryrnb-umbelleH. P.

paucijiurus, Ph. (21.) glabrous: radical leaves long-petioled, roundish-ovate, sub-cor-
dale, toothed; cauline ones 2, remote, pinnatifid, toothed: peduncles short, some-
what in 3's, umbelled. Labrador. 8 i.

2. Flowers icitk ray florets.

pavpermlus, Ms. (21.) stem very simple, rigidly erect, nearly naked: leaves lanceo-
late; radical ones sub-entire and gash-toothed: corymb few-flowered: involucre
smooth: ra3's small.

gracilis, Ph. ( W. M. 21.) radical leaves very long petioled. orbicular, sub-cordate,
crenate; cauline ones few, very remote, linear-oblong, dilated at the base, gash-
toothed: peduncles very short, hirsute, sub-umbelled: involucre smooth: rays ievf,
very short. 1 f P. N.

ohovalvs, (W. y. M. IS-) radical leaves obovate, crenate-serrate, petioled; cauline
ones pinnatifid, toothed: flowers sub-umbelled, long-peduncled, bracted, with a
cavity under the receptacle like. some other pf the genus: stem somewhat glabrous.
S. B. P. N.

halsamita, (balsam groundsel. W. y. J. 21-) radical leaves oblong, serrate, petioled;
cauline ones lyrate or pinnatifid: flowers sub-umbelled: stem and peduncles villose
at the base, i— 2 f. 6'. V. Y. P. B. C. M. N. D. Mch.

aureus, VV. (rag- wort, false- valerian. AV. y. J. Zf.) radical leaves ovate, cordate, ser-
rate, petioled: cauline ones pinnatifid, toothed, terminal division lanceolate: pe-
duncles sub-umbelled. incrassate. JS--24 i. 6'. B. C. O. P. N. T. V. Mch.

ajmhalaria, Ph. (W.) radical leaves roundish, petioled, truncate at the base, toothed:
petioles appendaged, sub-lyrate; cauline ones sessile, linear gash-toothed: stem
about 1-flowered. Perhaps a variety of the last.

canadensis, (W.) { ) leaves doubly pinnate, linear, glabrous; uppermost ones

simply pinnate: flowers in compound, fasligiate corymbs. Canada.

lugcns. Rich. ( ) deciduous-tomentose or naked, simple: leaves entire, glandu-

lous-dentate; radical ones oblong spatulate; cauline ones lanceolate, acute, some-
what clasping: corymb dense: leafets of the involucre remarkably sphacelate. P..
A.

triangularis, K. ( ) high, simple, leafy, very glabrous: leaves almost all petiol-

ed, deltoid-acuminate, coarsely and unequally dentate-serrate: flowers largish, co-
rymbed: divisions of the involucre somewhat lax, sphacelate at the apex. K.

se7T(/, H. ( • ) high, ramose, verj' glabrous: leaves numerous, lance-linear, deeply
and unequally dentate-serrate: panicle very branching, densely sub-corymbed:
leafets of the involucre somewhat lax, scarcely sphacelale. R.

canus, H. ( ) hoary-tomentose: radical leaves spatulate, very entire; cauline

ones lance-linear, pinnatifid: leafets of the involucre scarcely sphacelate. A var.
with the leaves somewhat glabrous above. D.

resedifulius, Lessing. ( ) dwarfish; very glabrous: stem scarcely leafy; radical

leaves longly petioled; outer ones rotund, crenate-sinuate; middle ones lyrate-pin-
natifid; segments entire or 2 — 3-lobed; cauline ones oblong-pinnatifid at the base:
axils woolly: stem 1 — 3 flowered. A.

eremophilus. Rich. ( ) rays spreading: stem liigli, branching: leaves all very

glabrous, pinnatifid; divisions sub-linear, distant, semi-pinnatifid : flowers corymb-

ed: bracts lax, long, conforming to the cylindric involucre. A.

frigidus, Lessing. ( ) deciduous-ton>entose: stem simple, somewhat low: leaves

oblong, very entire; lower ones obovate, petioled: stem ascending, J-floweied. A.

pseudo-arnica, Lessing. ( ; deciduous-tomentose: stem thick, erect, leafy; leaves

oblong, dentate, attenuate below; upper ones sub-cordate at the -base, somewhat
clasping; 'lower ones attenuated into a petiole: flower solitary, large. A. New-
foundland.

paluslris, Hk. (1) ( ) simple or ramose; woolly: stem fistulous: leaves broad-

lanceolate; cauline ones lance-linear, sinuate-dentate, almost pinnatifid: flowers
corymbed. Var. congesta, (2) stem very simple, flowers capitate. A.

(I) Cineraria palustris, Lin. (2) Cineraria congesta, Br.

SENECIO, SESELI. 423

Southern.

■c'diatus, Wr. (w.) stem pilose: leaves lance-linear, ciliate.

tomcnlosus, Mx. (M. If-) lioary and woolly: stem simple: leaves petioled, lance-
oval, serrulate: corymb sub-umbelled. 2 f.
Jastlsriatas, Sz. (y.) radical leaves oblong, heart-ovate, crenate-toothed, glabrous;
cauline ones pinnalifid, divisions gash-tootlied: flowers sub-uinbelled: peduncles
and involucre glabrous. 2 — 3 f.

lobutus, P. (y. JVl. ^i.) glabrous: leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; lobes"round, sub-repand:
corymb-compound: upper peduncles sub-umbelled. 1 — 3 f. Florida.

integerrimus, N. (VV. y. J.) smooth: stem simple, slender; leaves very entire; radi-
cal ones long-petioled, lanceolate, acute; cauline ones sessile, acummate; highest
•ones minute: corymb simple: peduncles l-liowered: rays shorter than the hemis-
pheric, bracted involucre. Damp. ]2 — 18 i.

ScHccio, Cacalia, Cineraria.

20—9. Seupic'ula. 22. Hydr. ton.

•canadensis, Mx. (1) (ditch moss, little snake weed. O. w. Ju. 21.) perfect flowers
triandrous: stigmas strap-like, rellexed, 2-cleft: leaves linear, acute, somewhat
whorled, glabrous, denticulate. The pistillate corols are tubular. S.

Serrulala, Liatris.

13—2. Sesa'mum. 40. Peda. h. s. muc. lax.

Exotic.

indicum, (bene-benni, oily grain, r-w. Au. Q.) leaves lance- ovate; lower ones 3-lobed;
upper ones undivided, serrate. 2 — 4 f*.

16 — 10. Sesba'ma. 93. Legu. f. nut. asc.

Southern.

resicaria, Jn. (2) (y. Au.) leaves equally pinnate: leafets (10-20 pairs,) oblong, ob-
tuse, glabrous: racemes few-flowered, shorter than the leaves: loment lanceolate,
long stiped. about 2-seeded. 3 — 7 f.

marrocarpa, M. (O. y. & p. S. Q.) leaves equally pinnate; leafets (10— 25 pairs)
oval, glabrous, sub-glaucous beneath: racemes axillary, fevv-fiowered; legumes
elongated, nearly terete. 4 — 12 f

5—2. Ses'eli. go. Umbel, sto. war — .

triternatum. Ph. )W. M. y. U.) leaves triternate; leafets long-linear: umbels hemis-
pheric; involucres many leaved, with linear leafets of the length of the umbels.

divaricatum, Ph. (y. M. If.) stem very branching, divaricate: leaves bipinnatifid,
with gashed lanceolate divisions: general involucre none: involucel Jinear. 6—9 i.
Louisiana. L. ■ ■ ^ r- .

leiocarpum, H. ( ) leaves longly sheathed; triternate or tnternate-pmnate: leafets
petioled, oblong, very entire, entire or trifid, glaucous: stem nakedish: umbellets
compound; rays universal, very unequal: umbels capitate; flowers dicecious or
polygamous? fruit (when immature) very smooth, oblong-cylmdnc: involucres
and involucels none. 9 i. A. R.

Serpicula. Lat. ser-po, to creep, in allusion to its creeping habit and small size.
Sesamum. Gr. sesarnon, of Arabic, semsen, which was the ancient name for this

plant. , T •

Sesbania. (The Arabic name of the plant) Sesbnn, with a Lalin termination.
Seseli. Lat. seselis, Gr. sculis, words probably of Arabic origin.

(1) occidentalis, Ph. verticillala. M. Elodea, Mx. Udora, N. (2) platy-

carpa, P. disperma. Ph. Robinia, Jn. Aeschynomene platycaipa. Mx. Glotti-
dium floridanum.

424 SESLERIA, SIDA. .,

3—2. Sesle'ria. 10. Gram. far. ton.
Southern,
daetyloides, N. (moor grass. W. g.) culm setaceous, leafy: leaves short, flat, subu-
late, sub-pilose; stipules bearded: spikes 2 — 3, few-flowered: corol and 2-flowered:
calyx acuminate, entire. 4 — 5 i.

11 — 5. Sesu'viom. 87. Ficoi. f. nut.
sessile, Dc. (L. r. Ju.) flowers sessile: leaves linear-oblong, flat.

Southern.
.pentandrum, E. (L. An.) leaves lance-linear, obtuse, succulent: flowers solitary, close-
ly sessile, pentandrous. The descriptions of Ihe sessile are too short to enable me
to determine whether this is the same. tlHott.
pedunculatiim, Dc. (L. w. Au.) leaves lance-linear, obtuse, succulent: flowers solitary,
axillary peduncled, polyandrous.

Setaria, Pennisetum.
13 — 2. Setme'ria. 37. Scro. cat. erne.

Southern.

tenuifolia, Ph. (1) (y. & p. Au.'^?) glabrous, very branching: leaves compound ■
pinnatifid; segments filiform, opposite and alternate: corol sub-rotate; capsule gla-
brous. 3—4 f Charleston, S— C

pectinata, Ph. (y. S. 07) viscid-pubescent, very branching: leaves pectinate-pin-
natifid: divisions undivided acute, linear: corol sub-rotate: capsule pubescent.
2-4 f.

macrophylla, N. (W. y. Ju.) branching: leaves smoolhish: lower ones sub-pinnatifid
or deeply toothed; upper ones lanceolate, entire: orifice and tube of the corol
densely lanuginous: stamens scarcely exserted. 4 — 5 f.

Shepherdia, Hippophae.
5 — 5. Siebal'dia. 92. Rosa. r. b. ton.

procumbens, (A. y. A p. If-) leaves ternate; leafets M'edge-form, 3-toothed, smooth
above, hairy beneath.

Southern.

erecta, Var. parviflora, (W. r-yr. Ju. $.) erect, branching: radical leaves about twice
3-cleft; segments sub-divided; cauline leaves alternate,* sessile, sub-bipinnatifid.
4—6 i.

19 — 15. Si'cYos. 97. Cucu. sop.

angulata, (single-seed cucumber. O. w^ Ju. Q.) leaves cordate, with obtuse hind
lobes, 5-angled, scabrous, denticulate: fruit capitate, hispid. Cultivated. River
alluvion. <§■.

15 — 12. Si'da. 74. Malv. emo. muc.

spinosa, (W. y. Ju. =^.) stem spreading: axils sub-spinose: leaves long-pftioled,
lance-ovate, obsoletely cordate, toothed: peduncles solitaiy, axillary: stipules setace-
ous, longer than the peduncle: carpels 2-beaked. 1 — 2 f. S. P. Y. H. M. N

C.

Sesleria. In honor of Dr. Leonard Sesler, a Venetian cultivator of plants.

Sesuvium. Gr. se/cos, a bird's nest, which each half of the capsule resembles.

Seymeria. In honor of the patron of b(jtany of the name of Sevmer.

Sibbaldia. In honor of Sir Robert Sibbald, author of Scotia illustralica.

Sicyos. Gr. sikuos, cucumber, which belongs to the same family as this.

Sida. Gr. side, a name given by Theophraslus, either to a malvaceous plant, or to

our Nymphsea.

(1) Gerardia cassioides, Ph. afzelia, Mx.

siDA. 425

iiapaai, (1) (fiilse inullows. w. Ju. Jf.) leaves lieart-a-lobecl, glabrous; lobes ohlon^,
acUrniiiale, toothed: peduncles many-flowered: carpels awnless, acuminate. 2 — 4f.
R P.

divim, (2) (W. vv..Dc. 2X0 leaves 7-lobe-palmate, scabrous; lobes lanceolate, gash-
loolhed: corymbs bracted: flowers dioecious. P.

crispii, (L. w. Au. 0.) leaves oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate; npper ones ses-
sile: peduncles- solitary, longer tlian the petioles, deflected when in fruit: carpels
inflated, awnless-, crisp-undiilale. P.

inalriirfloni, Do. .( p. ) radical leaves roundish, 9-lobed, truncate at the base; those
of tiie stem' 5-parled; segments linear, somewhat toothed; petioles of the lower
leaves hispid; Tiyceme terminal: segments of the calyx lanceolate, with a long
acumination! carpels 7, pointless. J— 2 f. N. W. Coast.

oretriina, N. ( r-p. •'.) stem nearly glabrous: radical leaves 7-lobed; the lobes incisely
."i-toothed; those of the stem palmately 7-parted; the segments 3-lobed and incised,
linear-lanceolate: segments of the calyx broadly ovate: raceme terminal: styles 8i
18 i. West of Rocky Mts.

, Smitlirrn.

hisphln, Ph. (y. Au. 21.) hispid-pilose: leaves lanceolate, serrate: peduncles solitary,
axillary, as long as the petioles: outer calyx filiform. 1 — 2 F.

rhombij'iiliu, (y. Au. ![.) leaves lance-oblong, toothed, wedge-form and entire at the
base: peduncles much longer than the petioles: carpels 2-horned. 1 — 2 f N C.

alcacoides, Mx. (VV. Ju. TJ.-) lower leaves triangular-cordate, gashed; upper ones pal-
mate-man3'-cleft: corymb terminal: calyx hispid.

grncilig, E. (y. Au. Z[. ) steni slender, glabrous: leaves linear-serrate: peduncles soli-
tary, axillary, as long as the petioles: carpels (10) 2-hoined, glabrous. 2 — '.i f.

glahr(i, N. (y. ^?) small, ramose, very glabrous: leaves linear oblong, sub-lanceo-
late, gashed, unequally serrate; short-petioled, smallish: flowers axillary, aggre-
gated: carpellae sub ](), bi-dentate. 9 i. Florida.

dissccta, N. (21. r.) steilately pubescent and hoary: leaves 5-parted to the base;
lateral segments 3-cleft, the middle one multifid; ultimate divisions narrowly
linear: racemes terminal, leafy: styles 11. Near the Rocky Mts.

dijdoscijpha, T. & G. (w. p.) hispid with spreading hairs: stem prostrate: leaves digi-
tately .')-parted; segments narrowly 2 — 3-lobpd; petiole twice as long as the lamina:
flowers aggregated at the summit of the branches: bracts 3, long, filiform at the
base of the pedicels: calyx deeply 5.parted: stamineal column cyathiform, double;

the exterior deeply 5-lobed; the lobes antheriferous at the summit: styles 7 dt

California.

ddphinifolia, N. (2{. p.) hispidly hirsute: leaves all pedately 7-parted: segments
divided into linear, rather obtuse lobes: flowers in a long, leafy raceme: lobes of*
the calyx lanceolate: styles 7. 8 — 12 i. California.

coccinea, Dc. (Zf. r.) steilately pubescent and hoary: leaves on longjpetioles, deeply
3-parted; lateral segments 2-parted, the intermediate one 3-cleft: racemes termi-
nal: styles 12. Plains of the Upper Missouri.
fascicidntii, T. & G- "• HI) stems somewhat hairy: leaves linear, denticulate-serrate
above, cordate at the base; those at the summit of the stem crowded; flowers ses-
sile, terminal: carpels 5 — 7, scarcely rostrate, strongly reticulated and muricate.
Texas.
jilicuulis, T. & G. (C?)stemsvery slender, hispid: leaves ovate-oblong, cordateatthe
base, serrate; petioles as long as the lamina: flowers axillary, solitary: carpels 5.
2-beaked. 2 f. Te.xas. ^ *

hulsc'iiui, T. & G. (p. ) stem hispidly pilose: leaves orbicular-ovate, abruptly acumi^
nate, tomentose beneath with a whitish velvety pubescence, roughishly tomentose
above, crenate-dentate: peduncles axillary in the upper leaves, several-flowered:
styles about 12. Florida.

califnrnka. N. (21 p.) velvety-tomentose: leaves orbicular-cordate, laciniately toothed;
the radical and lower cauline ones on very long petioles: flowers in a terminal ra-
ceme: stamineal column short, double; the exterior .5-lobed, antheriferous at the
summit: styles about 7; stigmas long, simple. California.

obliqua, N. ( 1{.) leaves reniform, very oblique at the base, rounded at the summit,
scabrous-tomentose, strongly reticulately veined beneath, crenulate-dentate: pe-

(1) iVapaea leavis, 4th ed. (2) Napaea scabra, 4th ed.
54

426 SIDA, SILENE.

duncles axillar}?, solitary, 1-flowered, recurved after flowering: bracteoles 2, seta-
ceous: petals oblong, stellately hairy externally: carpels 7, pointless. On the
Wallawallali river.

17 — 2. Siegesbec'kia. 55 Heli. s. sto.

flosculosa, W. (W. y. Au. 0.) leaves sessile, ovate, tootlied: florets of the disk
3-tootlied, triandrous. '

Southern.

ladniata, Lk. ( ) leaves gash-pinnaiifid; upper ones lanceola:tt, entire, tubercu-

late: outer involucre short: florets of the ray very large. '^^a^\''^-

11—12. Siever'sia. 92. Rosa. f. aro. to|^^^

anemonoides, Dc. (1) ( w. ) stem 1-flowered, stoloniferous,ci;eMiing: leaves pin-
nate, glabrous; pinnae ensiform, dentate at the apex: stipCffes filiform: petals
longer than the calyx: style bearded. -'A.

rossii, Br. (2) ( ) awns naked: leaves radical, interruptedly pinnate, glabrous;

pinnae 3-lobed; lowest and accessory ones small and undivided: stem 1-tlowered,
somewhat 2-leaved: veins of the petals all distinct. A.

glacialis, Br. (3) ( ) covered all over with dense, yellow hair: leaves pinnate;

divisions ovate-oblong; upper and lower ones smallest; middle ones larger, some-
what 1-toothed: flower large, single, terminal: awns of the carpellae very villose.
A.

triflora, Br. (4) ( r. ) hirsute; stem nakedish, erect, simple, 3-flowered: leaves
ladical, interruptedly pinnate; pinnae cuneale, gash-dentate, sometimes pinnatifid;
lower ones gradually smaller: petals equalling the calyx; avVns very long, silky-
villose. R. A. Newfoundland.

radiata, Mx. (5) ( y- ) hirsute, simple: radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; lateral
leafets few, very minute; terminal one largest, rotund-cordate, sinus narrow, very
deep, radiate-nerved, sub-lobed, crenate-serrate; caulineones3 — 5, sessile, cordate,
gash-lobed: flowers few, (2 — 3) erect: corol lower than the calyx; awns sub-pilose.
A.

10 — 3. SiLEKE. 82. Gary. dem. cata.

pcnnslyvanica, Mx. (6) (pink catch-fly. W. r. J. 2^.) viscid pubescent: lower leaves
wedge-form; upper leaves lanceolate: stems few-flowered at the summit: about 3
petals obtuse, slightly emarginate, sub-crenate. 6 — 10 i. & T. C. P. B. K.
Y. N. D. S— C.

vivgmica-, Mx. (7) (W. r. J. IS.-) decumbent, wholly viscid-pubescent: leaves ob-
long, a little rough at the margin: panicle dichotomoua: petals 2-cleft: stamens
and pistils exsert. Var. ereda, has the stem erect: flowers sub-fascicled. 12 —
18 i. 6'. P. T. D. M. K. Sandusky bay. Mch.

aiiUrrhitia, (sleepy catch-fly. O. w-p. J. O.) leaves lanceolate, sub-ciliate: pedun-
cles 3-parted: petals emarginate: calyx ovate. Flbwers small. 1 — 3 f. iS. T.
Mch. M. K.

noclurna, (w.J. C?-) flowers alternate sessile, on a one-sided spike: petals 2-cleft.
S. P.

acmdis, (W. r. Ju. 2_f.) stemless, depressed: leaves linear, keeled: peduncles termin-
al, sohtary, erect, 1-flowered: petals emarginate. S. R. Labrador.

sleliata, A. (J. Au. Zf. w.) stem erect, branching, minutely pubescent: leaves whorl-
ed in fours, ovate-lanceolate, gradually acuminate: cymes panicled: petals lacer-
ate-fimbriate, not crowded: stamens about the length of the petals. 2 f. Cana-
da to Carolina, and west. Cucubalus, steUalus, 7th edition.

Siegesbeckia. In honor of Dr. J. G. Siegesbe'ck, an opposer of Linneus.

Sieversia. Named by Willdenow, in honor of M. Seivers, a well known Russian bo-
tanical collector.

Silene. Gr. sialon, saliva, in allusion to the visci matter covering the plant; or
after the god, Silenus, who is represented as always drunk, and covered with
slaver.
(1) Geum, W. Ph. Dryas pentapetala, Lin. (2) Geum, Dc. (3) Geum,

Adams, Dc. (4) Geum, Ph. Potentilia nivalis, T. (5) Geum calthifolium, S.

(6) virginica, Wr. caroliniana, Wr. (7) catesbaei, W.

SlfcEN'E. 427

nivca, Dc. (J. Ju. 21. w.) minutely pubescent: stem simple or dicliotomous above:
leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, the floral ones lanceolate-ovate and
much smaller: flowers sub-solitary: calyx tubular-campanulate, the teeth very
sborl and obtuset limb of the petals cuneiform, 2-cleft, with a minute 2-parled
crown; stii>aiongpr than the ovary. 1 — 3 f. Pennsylvania, Illinois. Cucubalus,
iiiiLU^. 7th eijition.

,) glabrous and glaucous: stem branching: leaves oblong, acute:
iFJite: petals bifid, naked, with cuneiform-claws: styles very long,
i^^"|ntro(luced. Ciiriibidiis, LeJicn, 7tli edition.

w-r.) minutely pubescent: stem erect, veiy slender: leaves
i,^iled and narrow, attenuated at each end: flowers few, on
ulyx obovate, at lengtii inflated and membranaceous, abrupt at
limb of the petals bifid. 2—3 i. Rocky Mts. Cucubalus,

,) fomewhat viscid-pubescent: stem simple, erect, remotely
krt-'Bodes: leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, plane: spike
long: flowers erect: calyx oblong-clavatfe, 10-striate: petals bifid. 1 — 2 f. Ore-
gon, N. W. Coast.

drinnmondii, H. (Zf. w.) glandular-pub^s'cent and viscid: stems erect, strict, simple:
leaves remote, linear-lanceolate: raceme loose, few-flowered, with the pedicels
elongated and usually alternate: cal3-x oblong-cylindrical, erect. 1 — 2 f. .S\ Ore-
gon.

multicmik. N. (r.Zf.) minutely pubescent: stems numerous, erect, rigid: leaves linear-
oblanceolate, rather acute: flowers few, on shortish peduncles: calyx ovate-cylin-
drical, slightly inflated, 10-striate, with obtuse teeth: petals bifid. 1 f. West of
Rocky Mts.

/iooken,''S. (ZT-w.) sub decumbent, softly pubescent: leaves lanceolate, acute, attenu-
ate below: stems dichotomal; branches about two, with 3 large flowers on long-
peduncles: calyx cylindric-sub-campanulate, with acute teeth: petals divaricately
4-cleft. Oregon.

menzicsii, H. ( ) minutely glandular-pubescent: stem erect, dichotomously

branched: leaves crowded, ovate-lanceolate, the lowermost oblong-ovate, acuminate
at both ends: flowers numerous: peduncles about the length of the leaves: limb
of the 2-parted petals with the segments linear, much longer than the obovate
deeply 5- toothed calyx: styles thickened above, conspicuously bearded within. 6
— 12 i. N. W. America.

stcUarioides, N. ( w-.) minutely pubescent: stem erect, scarcely branched: flowers
few: leaves lanceolate-oblong, acuminate: peduncles longer tlian the leaves: petals
bifid, longer than the obovate deeply 5-toothed calyx: styles slender and smooth.
3 — 6 i. Oregon.

Exotic.

armcria, (garden catch-fl}\ w. r. Au. ^..) flowers fascicled fastigiate: upper leaves
cordate, glabrous: petals entire.

conica, (cone-fruit catch-tly. r. Cf-') calyx of the frui* conic, striate (about 30 stri-
ate:) leaves soft, lanceolate: petals bifid. Flowers small.

dicJiotoma, (forked catch-fly. w. Au. ,5.) calyx ovate, viscid hairy, erect: petals 2-
cleft: racemes in'' pairs, terminal, one-sided: flowers intermediate, peduncled:
leaves petioied, lance-ovate, ciliale at the base.

jioctijiorn, (night-flowered catch-fly. w-r. Ju. 0.) calyx lO-angled, veiny: teeth of
the tube equal: stem dicliotomous: petals bifid.

^ojilliem.
^uinqueridn'era, (r. Ju. 0.) hirsute: leaves wedge-oblong; upper ones linear: petals

roundish, entire: fruit erect, alternate. 8 — 12 i.
ovala, Ph. (r-w. J. 21.) leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, smoothish: raceme terminal,

compound: calyx ovate: stamens and styles exserl: stem simple.
regia, (VV. r. J. 2i.) pulverulent-viscid-pubescent: leaves broad-ovate, opposite,

somewhat scabrous: calyx long-cylindric: petals oblanceolatCj generally entire:

style and stamens exsert. 2 — 3 f
rotundifolia, N. (W. r. Ju.) decumbent: stem, calyx and margin of the leaves very

pilose: leaves broad-oval, acuminate at each end: flowers few, trichotomal: petals

gashed, sub-4-cleft, lateral segments shorter. K.

428 SILENF., SILPHIUM.

baldwinii, (J)N. (M. r.) eub-piloso, not viscid: fitem Rub-ercct, witli brown distant
joints: leaves small, oblong below, obovale acute above. Flowers very large. 0
—18 i. On barren soil. Common near Charleston, S— C. Name by Nuttall,—
description and locality by S. Drayton. '■..

axillaris, (2) (p, Au.) viscid-pubescent: stem branching: leaves ov^te and oval, peti-
oled, sub-dentate: flowers sessile, axillary, solitary, 8 i. .' ' ■.

17 — 4. Sil'phium. 55. Heli. s. ole. sto. • ■

pcrfoliaium, (ragged cup. W. A. y. Au. 21-) stem 4-sided, smootlj: leaves opposite,
connate, ovate, serrate. Var. conjunctum, four outer scales ojC;Mg^Mi,yolucre longer
than the inner scales. 4—6 f. S. P. Mcii. ^ 'FC;',j;('

inte'gri folium, Mx. (A. y. Au. 2_C.) stem 4-sid'ed, rough: leaves]«mttj^tG, sessile, ob-
long, entire, scabrous: flowers ^e\\, siiort-peduncled. 4 f. •.•i^^4^C;.'

trifoliutum, (3) (y. S. 21.) stem 6 angled, smooth: leaves whpyiii^m threes, lance-
ovate, unequally tooth-serrate, scabrous above; upper ones sessile: panicle tricho-
lomons. 4 — G f. »S'.

ternatum, (W. y. Ju. 21) stem terete, shiDoth: leaves whorled, in threes, petioled,
lanceolate, sub-denticulate, a little scabrous, ciliate at the base; the upper ones
scattered, sessile: panicle dichotomous: involiicre ciliatev 4 — Gf. .V. V. Niag-
ara.

terebinihinaceum, (W. y. ,Tu, 2i.)^'!tcm smooth: radical leaves large, round or reni-
form-cordate, slightly lobed and toothed; cauline leaves alternate, ovate, serrate,
scabrous: panicle compound, many-flowered. 4 — 5 f . D, Rich.

guminiferuiii, E. (W. y. Ju. 2|'.') stem erect, hispid, gumniferous: leaves sinuate-pin-
natifid, sub-hispid benealht flowers large, axillary, sub-sessile: scales of the invo-
lucre ovate, acuminate, hispid on the margin. 2—" i'. D. Mch.

Southern.

laciniaimn, (O. y. Au. 7i-) stem hispid above: radical and cauline leaves pinnatifid;
divisions tooth-sinuate: flowers panicled: scales of the involucre eub-cordate, acu-
minate. 8— 12f. K.

pinixitijiihuu, E. (W. y. Au.) stem nearly glabrous: leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, sub-
scabrous, a little hairv beneath: scales of the involucre ova!; outer ones roundish.
4-6 f.

compositum, (y. Ju. 21.) stem smooth: cauline leaves pinnatifid-sinuate; radical ones
leinate, sinuate nuiny-cleft: flowers small, panicled. 2 — 4 f S — C.

counatum, (A. y. Au. 21.) stem terete, hispid: leaves opposite, connate, remotely
serrate, scabrous. 6 f.

lacvigatum. Ph. (y. Au. 2X-) stem simple, 4-angled, furrowed, glabrous: leaves op-
posite, sessile, ovate-acuminate, slightly serrate, sub-cordate at the base, glabrous
on both sides. 2 f.

scahcrrimmn, E. (y. Au. ) stem sub-angled; angles rough above: leaves ovate, sub-
acuminate, serrate, rigid, scabrous on both sides, short petioled: flowers corymbed:
scales of the involucie ovale, ciliate. 3—4 f Cliarleston, S — C,

atropiirpiireuin, Retz. (W. y. Au. 21.) stem terete, smooth: leaves whorled, in fours,
lanceolate, scabrous, sub-entire, sub-sessile, ciliate at the base; upper ones scatter-
ed: panicle dichotomous. 4 f

dcntaluiii, E. (y. Au. ) stem erect, somewhat glabrous: lower leaves opposite; up-
per ones alternate; all lanceolate, sinuate toothed, pilose, scabrous: flowers
corymbed. scales of the involucre broad-ovate, ciliate. 2 — 3f

asttiriscum, (y. Ju. 2i.) stem simple, terete, hispid: lpa%'es opposite or alternate, ob-
long, acute, serrate, scabrous: flowers few, generally solitary. Var. scabnim,
leaves lance-oblong, sub-crenate, sessile, scabrous: involucre sub-ciliate. 2 — 3 f.
S— C.

pvviiium, Mx. (4) (y. Au. 2_[.) stem and petioles tomenlose; branches 1-flowered:

Silphium. Gr. silphion, the name of a plant of the umbelliferous kind, which Lin-

neus transferred to this genus.

(1) Dr. Drayton's description. Marcescent petals torn; 2 liguiate nectaries adher-
ing to tiie inside of each petal, and free at the rounded entire apex: anthers cordate-
lobed: capsule 4-toothed at the apex? (2) of M. C. Leavenworth. (3) terni-

folium, M-T. (4) tomentosus, Ph,

SILPHIUM. SISYMBRIUM. 429

leavos nlternal.p, heart-ovate, serrate, petioled, white-tomentose benealli: akenes
iinawned. 2 — 3 f. Florida.

datum, IMi. (y. H-) leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, sinuate: scales of the invo-
lucre obtuse.

retii.iiliiliiiii, Vh. (y. 2f.) leaves alternate, lance-ovate, cordate, serrate, obtusish, a
little villose.

svbacaulb, N. ( }'. ) somewhat senbrons: stem very short: peduncles very long:
leaves oblong, sub-sinuate-pinnatifid, toothed: divisions of the involucre dilated,
rhomboid.

14^2. Sina'pis. 63. Cruc. s. con. war. sti. epis.

Exotic.

nigra, (common mustard, y. J. ^.) silique glabrous, 4-angled, close-pressed to the

.stem; leaves at tiie top lance-linear, entire, smooth. Natuialized.
alba, (yellow-seed mustard, y. 0.) silique bristly, rugged, shorter than the 2-edged

beak: leaves pinnatifid; upper ones sub-lyrate, all irregularly toothed. Seeds

large, pale-yellow, and sometimes become blackish.
arvcnsis, L. {f^. y. J. Au.) siliques glabrous, many-angled, torose, about three times

the length of the slender, somewhat ancipital style: stem and leaves more or less

hairy. 2 — 3 f. New York and Lower Canada. Introduced.

5 — 1. Siphony'chia. 00. Illcc. ast — .

amcricana, T. »fc G. ( 0?) leaves oblanceolate, much shorter than the internodes,
slightly hairy below, ciliate, rather obtuse: stem much branched, minutely and
relrosely pubescent: flowers in small glomerate cymes at the ends of the branches.
Florida, Georgia, S — C.

.5 — 2. Si'soN.* 60, umbel, r. det. sti. rheu.

majus, Dc. ( ) stem glabrous: leaves cut-pinnate; lobes of all with cartilagin-

ous n)argins, sharply serrulate; those of the lower ones lanceolate; those of the
upper ones many-cleft and linear.

rvfiricaule, Dc. ( ) leaves half-whorled, cut-tri-pinnate; segments capillaceous:

partial involucres compound, longer than the umbellets. Near Baltimore.

Sison, QiIhanthe, Zizia, Uraspermum, Discopleura.

J 4 — 2. Sisym'brium. (1) 63. Cruc. ast. s. stim.

ojjicinnle, (hedge mustard. O. y- J- C--) siliques close-pressed to the rachis of the
spike: leaves runcinate. 1 — 3 f. <S.

caiiescens, N. (2) (\V. y. Ap. 0.) leaves bi-pinnatifid, hoary; divisions toothed, ob-
tuse, sometimes oboyate: petals as long as the calyx: siliques sub-angled, ascend-
ing, shorter than the peduncles. 1 — 2 f. S. R. K.

cheiruntkoides, (3) (O. y. J. Q.) siliques erect: fruit-bearing pedicels spreading;
leaves lanceolate, sub-entire. »S'. D. Canada.

juuceuiii, Dc. ( ) leaves glabrous, glaucous; lower ones petioled, runcinate-pin-

nalifid; upper ones lance-linear, entire. R.

sophioules, Fischer, (y. 0.) leaves bipinnatifid; lobes ovate or lanceolate, gashed:
pedicels and petals somewhat shorter than the calyx: flowers and siliques linear-
flliform. falcate, umbel-corymbed. 1-^2 f. A.

huinilc, Ledebour. (w. p. r. Zf.) hoary-pubescent: stem diff"use: leaves entire or
sinuate-dentate; radical ones spatulate; cauline ones lanceolate, attenuated at the

Sinapis. Lat. shiapis, which De Tlieis conjectures came from Celtic nap; plants
allied lo the radish.

Siphonychia. Gr. siphon, tube, funnel, nuchios, night, dark.

Sison. Gr. sison, a ])lant of the umbelliferous kind; from Arabic si, zan, which sig-
nifies a running stream.

Sisymbrium. Gr. sisuinbrion, the water rocket, from sisubos, fringe; from its fringed
roots.

(1) Erysimum of Authors. (2) sophia, Ph. not L. (3) parviflora, P.

* Tiiese species should have been described under Annni. See Discopleura.

430 SISYMBRIUM, SIUM.

base: eiliques linear, fire times longer than the pedicel, lerete-torulose, pubescent,
Var. 1. leaves sub-entire. Var. 2. leaves sinuate-dentate, sub-pinnatifid. A. R.

hjrala, (1) (w. Ap. $ .) radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, sub-hirsute; cauline ones-
linear, very entire: stem and upper leaves glabrous, glaucous: branches erect:
siliqae erect, straight, linear, twice as long as the pedicels. F. Y. T. R. C.

linifolium, N. (M. 21.) glabrous: stem slender, sinjple: leaves linear, undivided; the
lower ones somewhat laciniately cleft: petals nearly twice as long as the calyx:
siliques linear and narrov/. Rocljy Mts. .

pygmaemn, N. ( Zf.) dwarf, nearljr smooth: stem somewhat simple: lower leaves
somewhat lyrately pinnalilid, oblong; upper ones entire, hnear: petals longer than
tlie cal3'x: silique long and narrow. Oregon.

Sophia, L. (O- Ju.) leaves bipinnatifidly divided; lobes oblong-linear, incised: pedi-
cels four times the lengh of the calyx: petals smaller than the sepals. Lower
Canada, Virginia..

thaliana, Gay. (0. M.) stems often many from one root, rather naked, branching
above, erect: leaves hairy, sparingly toothed; radical ones ovate-oblong or spatu-
late-oblong, somewhat petioled: siliques erect, spreadinor, .twice as long as the
pedicels. S. Massachusetts. Arahis thaliana, 7tli edition.

glaucum, N. (0. p.) glaucous, much branched: leaves entire; radical ones small,
spatulate; cauline ovate, sagittate and clasping, rather acute: siliques nearly
straight, erecr., compressed, with convex valves, four times the length of the pedi-

• eels. Oregon.

virgatum, N. (o'-PO canescently hirsute with simple and stellate hairs: stem vir-
gately branched from the base: leaves lanQeolate-linear, clasping, lower ones denti-
culate or entire: siliques somewhat terete, erect, 4 — 5 times the length of the pedi-
cels: seeds in a double series. Oregon.

paiiciflnrum, N. (^. w. ) hirsute with forked hairs: leaves entire; radical ones nar-
rowly oblong-spatulate; cauline lanceolate-linear, sessile: stem rather slender,
branching from the base: siliques long, pendulous; seeds in a double series.
Oregon.

Sisymbrium, Erysimum.

15 — 3. Sisyrin'chiom. 18. Irid. fod. odo.

anceps, Gay. (2) (blue-eyed grass. O. b. J. 21.) scape (or culm) simple, 2-edged or
2-winged: glume-like spathe of two nearly equal valves, nearly as long as the
flower: petals mucronale. Sisyrinchium bermudianum, is a synonjme. 6 — 12 i.
S. Mch.

mucronatum, Mx. (W. b. J. Zf.) leaves and scape simple, sub-setaceous: spathe color-
ed, with one valve terminating in a long mucronate point. 9 — 12 i. S. P. M. Mch.

5 — 2. Si'uM. 60. Umbe. r. poi — .

latifuliuvi, (3) (water parsnip. W. w. Ju. 21-) leaves pinnate; leafets oblong-lanceo-
late, acutely serrate: stem erect, angular, hollow, smooth. Whenever any of the
leaves grow under water they are sub-divided. I — 3 f. S. B. N. O. P. F. C.
T. Mch.

lineare, Mx. (w. Ju. 2i.) leaves pinnate; leafets linear, sub-lanceolate, acutely and
finely serrate: involucres many-leaved, linear: umbels terminal. Probably a variety
of the last. Torrey. P. Y. "C. F. N.

douglasii, Dc. (w. 2i-) stem terete: leaves gash-pinnate; lower segments gash-3-
cfeft, these and theiest petioled ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate: umbels opposite the
leaves and terminal, peduncled without involucres, many-rayed. 2 f. R.

Sium, CEnanthe, Helosciadium.

Smilacina, Convallakia.

Sisyrinchium. Gr. sus, a hog, rughos, snout, hogs being supposed fond of rooting it

Sium. Gr. sinn, which De Theis takes from Celt, sin, water, from its habitation.

(1) arabidoides, Hk. see p. 164, where Hooker misled me. A. hjmta must be
struck out under the species petrea, as this is the true A. lynila. (2) bermu-

dianum, Mx. gramineum, Lk. (3) denticulatum, E.?

^SMILAX. 431

20— C. S-mi'las. 12. Smila. dia. rat—.
1. Stems icoody.

•q'.ui(b-nu<rulai-is, M. (Ju. ^.) stem prickly, 4-angled; leaves unarmed, ovate, acute,

sab-cordate, 5-nerved. .S.
sursapariUa, (1) (J. \ .) prickly, leaves unarmed, lance-ovate, cuspidate, sub-5-ner-

ved, becoming glaucous beneath: the general peduncles longer than the petioles.

6' P. Y. S— C.
rotundifolia, (2) (horse briar, green briar. W. w-g. J. fp.) prickles scattered: leaves

(when in maturity) ronnd-ovate, acuminate, slightly cordate, 5-nerved: berry spheri-
cal. S. B. T. D. N. Mch.
cuduca, (W. J. ^.) prickly: leaves ovate, mucronate, 5-nerved, membranaceous;

general peduncles scarcely longer than the petioles. S. P. Y. S — C.
pstudo-diuia, (W. j\I. ^.) unarmed in all parts: cauline leaves cordate: ramose ones

oblong-ovate, 5-nerved: peduncles very lon£^. 8. Y. S — C.
iaurifolia, (Ju. ^ ,) prickly: branches unarmed: leaves oval or lance-oval, leathery,

recurve-prickly, 3-nerved, perennial: umbels short-peduncled. iS'. Y. S — C.

La.
panduratus, Ph. (Ju. ^.) prickly: leaves ova'te-panduriform, acuminate, 3-nerved:

peduncle twice as long as the common petiole. N. Jersey.

2. Stems herlaccoits,

iamnoi'des, (Ju. ^.) stem prickly, terete: leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sub-panduri-
form, obsoletely cordate, 5-nerved: common peduncle longer than the petiole.

pedimndaris, (Jacob's ladder, W. w-g. M. 21-) stem terete, climbing or arching over:
leaves round-ovate, cordate, acuminate, about 9-nerved; (sometimes but 7) umbels
long-peduncled. Damp. 2—3 f. .S'. T. B. C. O. F. N. V. Mch.

hcrbacca, (bohea tea. W. g. J. 2i.) stem angled, erect, simple: leaves long-petioled,
oval, about 7-nerved: umbels with long compressed peduncles: berries depressed,
globose. Damp. 2—3 f. S. P. C. O. JM. F. ftlch.

SoUtllCTTl.

ha'stata,yV. (W. Ju. ^.) stem angled, prickly: branches unarmed: leaves lanceolate,
acuminate, hastate-auricled at the base, .3-herved, prickly-ciliate on the margin.
Var. lanceolata, leaves long, narrow, lanceolate. S — C

bona-nox, (W. Ju. h.) stem unarmed, angled: leaves heart-ovate, acute, 7-nerved
prickly-ciliate.

walteri, Ph. (W. Ju. n.) prickly: leaves heart-ovate, smooth, 3-nerved: berries acu-
minate.

ovata, Ph. (Ju. 'ip .) generally unarmed: leaves unarmed, ovate, acute, cuspidate, 3-
nerved, both sides colored alike: common peduncle shorter than the petiole.

lanceolata, (J. n.) unarmed: leaves lanceolate and ovate, acute or acuminate, 3 — 5-
nerved, very glabrous, perennial: umbels many-flowered; peduncles short. S— C.

alkt, Ph. (J. n.) generally! unarmed: stem obsoletely angled: leaves lance-elongated,
coriaceous, glabrous, very entire, 3-nerved: umbels few-flowered, very short-pedun-
cled. ,

pumila, Wr. (3)(S. p.) unarmed: leaves heart-ovate, entire, somewhat 5-nerved,
soft-pubescent beneath: umbels short-peduncled; pedicels very short: berries ob-
long, acute: stem procumbent. Charleston, S — C.

cincidifolia, Ph. (VV. n.) prickly: leaves unarmed, round-cordate, acuminate, 5-
nerved, glabrous on both sides, net-veined, short-petioled.

Siiujrtiiuin, Sison, Cxidiom, Zizia.*

Smilax. Gr.smilax, of smile, a scraper, in allusion to its prickly, stem. .

* De Candolle lias made this genus for our three common species of Smyrnium; to
wit, aureuiii, integerriiuum, and cordulum.

(1) glauca, Mx. (2) quadrangularis, W. (3) pubera, Mx.

432 SOLANUM, SOLIDAGO.

5—1. Sola'«um. 38. Sola. f. & b. poi. r. amy. nut.

dulcama'ra, (bittersweet, woody nightshade. W. b-p. Ju. ^.). stem unarmed, woody,
cliiiihing: lower loaves rnoslly cordate, glabrous; upper ones mostly guitar-hastate,
few-tlowered: corymbs opposite to leaves. This is the true bittersweet: but the
Celastrus scandens is wrongly called so by some. Damp. T. B. C. F. N.

nigrum, (deadly nightshade. 6. w. p. b. J. 0.) stem unarmed, erectish or erect;
branches angled, dentate: leaves ovate, repand, glabrous: racemes 2-ranked, nod-
ding. 1—2 f. S. Mch.

mrolinensc, (horse nettle. VV. b. J. 0.) stem prickly: leaves oblong, tomentose,
sinuate-angled, sub-hastate, prickly: racemes lax. 1— 2 f. /S. P. H. F. M.

fiavidum, T. & G. (W. ) sufFruticose, densely tomentose: branchlets and calyx prickly:
leaves solitary, oblong, obtusish.; lower ones repand-sinuate; upper ones obsoletely
sinuate: racemes opposite the leaves, about 3-flowered.

Exotic,
tuberosum, (potato, b. w. Ju. 0.) stem wing-angled, unarmed: leaves interruptedly

pinnate; leafets entire: flowers sub-corymbed: roots knobbed-tuberous. Cultivated.
hjcoper'sicuiH, (love apple, tomatoes, y. S. -0.) stem unarmed: leaves pinnatitid,

gashed: racemes 2.parted, leafless: fruit glabrous, torulose.
vieLongc'na, (egg-plant. J. 0.) stem unarmed: leaves ovate, tomentose: peduncles

pendant, incrassate: calyx unarmed.
pseudo-capsicum, (Jerusalem cherry. \ .) stem woody: leaves lanceolate, repand:

umbels sessile.

Southern,
viamviosum, (y. Ju. 0.) stem prickly, herbaceous: leaves cordate, lobe-angled, vil-

lose on both sides, prickly.
virginianum, (b. Ju. 0.) stem erect, prickly: leaves pinnatifid, prickly on both sides;

divisions sinuate, obtuse; margin ciliate: calyx prickly.
iriJlorum.i N. ( W. w. Ju. ) stem unarmed, herbaceous, procumbent: leaves tooth-

pinnatifid, smooth; divisions acute, sub-undulate; margin sub-revolute: peduncles

opposite the leaves, 2— 3-flowered. 1 f.
jamcs'ii T. & G. (W. w? 0.) herbaceous, somewhat pilose: stem unarmed, erect: leaves

unequally pinnate; leatets lance-ovate, abruptly narrowed at the base, obsoletely

sinuate: racemes tevv-flowered, a little out of the axils.
verbascifolium, W. ( ^.) stem unarmed, fruticose: leaves ovate, tomentose, very

entire: corymbs 2-clefl, terminal.
hirsuium, N. (p. 2_f.) small, pilose, hirsute: leaves broad-obovate, very obtuse, sub-
entire, attenuated at the base; ribs aculeolate, raceme somewhat 3-flowered: pe-
duncles filiform. Georgia.

Solm, loNIDlUM.

17 — 2. Solida'go. (I) 5.3. Aster, ast. sec-sti — .
1. Flov:ers one-sided. Leaves icith three combined nerves.

canadensis, (Canadian golden-rod. O. y. Ju. 71.) stem downy: leaves lanceolate, ser-
rate, rough: racemes copious, panicled, recurved: ri^s hardly longer than the
disk: stem angular: leaves sessile, three inches long, sometimes nearly entire.
2—5 f. &'. Mch. 0

pro'cera, A. (great golden-rod. O. y. Ju. 21-) stem villose, erect: leaves lanceolate,
serrate, rough, villose beneath: racemes spike-form, erect, drooping before flower-
ing: rays short. 4 — 7 f. <S'.

seroti'na, W. (smooth golden-rod. O. y. S. 2i.) stem erect, terete, smooth: leaves
lance-linear, glabrous, serrate, rough-edged: racemes panicled: peduncles downy.
The young leaves are edged with many little slifl* white hairs. Mch.

Solanum. Uncertain. Some derive it from Lat. sol, sun, and Greek aneu, without,

having reference to the nightshade species.
Solidago. ho.t. solido, to make firm; from its consolidating or astringent qualities

(I) In this trouble.-ome genus, most of the extensive and accurate descriptions of
President J. E. Smilii are given. He took a review of Pursh, and of all preceding
writers, and then wrote, with specimeny of almost every species before him.

>^

SOLIDACO. 433

gigantm, (giant golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2|.) ''tern erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate,
smooth, serrate, rough-edged, obscurely 3-nerved- racemes panicled: peduncles
rough-haired: rays short. 4 — 7 f. <S.

ciliaris, W. (fringed golden-rod. O. y; 21-) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lance-
olate, somewhat 3-nerved, glabrous, rough-edged, slightly serrate; racemes pani-
cled; peduncle glabrous: bracts ciiiate: rays short. Tlie stem is angular: radical
leaves petioled, oval, pointed, veiny, serrate, rough, near a foot long: branches of
the panicle spreading: bracts minute.

reflexa, W. (hang-leaf golden rod. y. Au. Zf.) stem erect, villose: leaves lanceolate,
sub- serrate, scabrous, reflexed: racemes panicled, very little ] -sided, reflexed. S.

P. y.

lateriflora, (side-flowered golden-rod. y. Au. If.) stem erect, a little hairy: leaves
lanceolate, slightly 3-nerved, glabrous, rough-edged; lower ones sub-serrate: ra-
cemes panicled, a little recurved, sub-secund: flowers large, the rays being much
longer than the involucre: stem striated, often purplish, pmnatifid, with numerous
lateral flowering branches. 12 — 3 f. jS. P. Canada. JNI.

2. Racemes or floicers one-sided. Leaves veiny.

as'pera, A. (rough golden-rod. y. Au. 21.) stem erect, terete, hairy: leaves ovate,
somewhat oval, very rough, rugose, serrate: racemes panicled: leaves one to two
inches long, acute: racemes dense, somewhat conic: ray florets twice as long as
the involucre. 3-4 f. -S. P. Y. C. F.

aliissima, W. (variable golden rod. O. y. Au. TS.) stem erect, rough-haired: leaves
lanceolate; lower ones deeply serrate, scabrous, rugose. The panicled racemes are
very numerous and spread every way, so as to bring the one-sided flowers upwards:
rays half as long again as the involucre. But this species is so variable, that stu-
dents generally endeavor to make several species of it. The serratures of the leaves
are equal and unequal; it is hairy or villose, and sometimes racemes diverge but
little. 3—6 f. S.

rugosa, W. (wrinkled golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2j;.) stem erect, rough-haired: leaves
lanceolate, scabrous, rugose; lower ones with close-pressed serratures: racemes
panicled, very spreading. Leaves shorter and broader than the last, and the flowers
a little smaller; like it very variable, and perhaps only one of its numerous varieties.
3-6 f. S.

scahra, W. (harsh golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2j:.) stem erect, rough-haired, furrowed:
leaves oblong,*' tapering to both ends, acuminate, glabrous above, rugose and sca-
brous beneath, along the middle close-pressed-serrate. 2 — 5 f. S.

nemoralis, A. (woolly golden-rod. W. y. Au. If.) stem erect, downy: cauline leaves
lanceolate, hispid, entire; radical ones somewhat wedge-form, serrate: racemes
panicled. Of a gr^ aspect. 1—3 f. -S. T. B. P. F. V. Canada. Mch.

j)at'ula, M. (spread golden-rod. O. y. S. If.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves oval, serrate,
glabrous; radical ones obloiig-spatulate: racemes panicled, spreading: peduncles
pubescent. Stem wand-like, angular and striate: stem-leaves sessile, about an
inch long, pointed; the radical ones resemble those ol the os-eyed daisy: racemes
about an inch long: flowers rather large. 2 f. .S'.

ulmifolia, M. (elm golden-rod. O. y. Au. ZfO stem, i leet, glabrous, striate: leaves
oval, deeply serrate, acuminate, villose beneath: radical ones obovate: racemes
panicled: peduncles villose: rays short. Radical eaves resemble those of the last
species, and are hairy both sides, some of the r. rt are oblong-ovate, and only vil*
lose near the vtfins beneath: the petioles are britted. 3 — 4 f. /S'.

argiila, A. (sharp-notched golden-rod. O. y. S. 7i-) stem erect, glabrous: leaves
glabrous, sliarply and unequally serrate; cauline ones oval; radical ones oblong-
ovate: racemes panicled: rays elongijted. 2 — 3 f. 5>'. K.

juncea, (rush-stalk golden-rod. y. Au. If.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate,
glabrous, rough-edged; lower ones serrate: racemes i)anicled. Stem brownish,
somewhat angular and striate, leafy: racemes a finger's length, dense, recurved-
spreading: compound pedicels roughish, bracted: rays twice as long as the invo-
lucre. 2-3 f S. P. C.

elliptica, W. (1) (oval-leaf golden-iod. y. Au. 21.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves oval,
smooth, serrate: racemes panicled: rays of middling length. 2 — 4 f. S. P. Y.
F. K.

(1) latisshnifolia, Miller.

55

434 SOLIDAGO.

asperata, Ph. ( 21) atern corymb-panic'.ed: racemes eroctisli: llowers ascending:

leaves lanceolate, serrate, scabrous. Described by Pursh t'roni dried specimens.

recurva'ta, W. (curved golden-rod. W. y. S. 2f.) stem erect, pubescent: leaves lance-
olate, serrate, ro'jgli-edged: racemes elongateil, recuived-])anicled. iS'. P. C Mch.

senipervircns, (narrow-leaf golden-rod. y. S. ZX-) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lance-
olate, somewhat fleshv, smooth, entire, rough-edged: racemes panicled: peduncles
hairy: stem tall, purplish, a little glaucous: leaves many, narrow, long: ray florets
long, narrow, rather numerous. 3 — 5 f. iS*. P. Y. C. Canada.

odara, W. (sweet-scented golden-rod. O. y. An. 21.) stem erect, pubescent: leaves
lance-linear, entire, glabrous, rough-edged: racemes panicled. The upper part of
the stem is furrovved: racemes 2 or 3 inches long, spreading horizontally, each
generally accompanied by a leaf: bracts oblong, smooth: stalk angular and rough.
This is the true golden-root tea-plant. 3 f. iS. Sto. sti.

mllosu, Ph. (y. S. 2|.) stem erect, villous: leaves lanceolate, rather soft, serrate,
nerveless: racemes panicled, one-sided. Stem robust: branches recurved, expand-
ing. 2— 3f.

uUginosa, N. ( ) very glabrous: racemes erectish, short-panicled, sub-fastigiate:

stem simple, attenuate: leaves unequal; cauline ones entire, lance-linear, sessile;
inferior and radical ones appressed-serrulate, lance-oblong, irregularly attenuated,
petioled. Sphagnous swamps, Mass.

^ Racemes erect.

spccio'sa, N. (y. S. 2J!-) stem tall, smooth; branches virgatc: leaves lanceolate, sub-
coriaceous, scabrous on the margin; lower ones sparingly serratej racemes erect,
compound: peduncles pubescent: florets of the ray five, long: akenes glabrous.
3-6 f. S.

virgata, Mx. (y. Au. If.) stem simple, smooth: leaves lanceolate, somewhat wedge-
shape, obtuse, entire, glabrous, close-pressed; upper ones gradually smaller:
branches of the panicle elongated, with terminal clusters: peduncles smooth, one-
sided. Slender. 2 f. S. C.

li'culor, (while golden-rod. O. w. Au. 2[.) stem hairy: leaves oval, hairy; lower
ones serrate; tliose on the flower branches entire, numerous and small: scales of
the involucre obtuse. Racemes are sliort and compact: rays white, somewhat nu-
merous and shortish; disk-florets rather numerous. 2 — 4 f -S'. M.

pctiolaris, W. (late golden-rod. y. Oc. H-) stem erect, villose: leaves oval, roughish,
petioled: rays twice as long as the involucre. Stem branching, terete, hoary:
leaves hoary about the ribs, over an inch in length; those covering the flower-
branches sub-entire: racemes numerous, short, with i'ew and rather large flowers.
2— 3f. S. P. Y.

slricta, (willow-leaf golden-rod. W. y. Au. 21.) stem erect, glJibrous: cauline leaves
lanceolate, entire, glabrous, rough-edged; ra<lical leaves serrate: racemes panicled,
erect: peduncles glabrous. The branches of the panicle are erect, simple, close.
2 f -S. P. Y. C. N.

conferdflora, N. (y. 2i.) robust: stem erect, branching, pubescent: leaves smoothish;
lower ones very broad, spatulateoval, serrate, acute; margin scabrous; the upper
ones sessile, lance-oval, entire: racemes compound, erect: involucre squarrose,
many flowered: ray-florets long, (10 or 12.) 2 — 5 f. <?. P. Y. N.

graminifolia, (1) (grass-leaf golden-rod. O. y. S. 'U.) stem (rough-haired, Willd.)
very furrovved, smoothish: leaves almost linear, (lance-linear, Willd.) entire,
roughish, nearly erect, with 3 or 5 rough nerves: corymbs terminal, level-topped:
flowers in heads; rays not longer than the disk. Stem leafy; leaves sessile, grass-
green, about two inches long, and a quarter of an inch wide: flowers smallish:
involucre ovate, smooth, shining, with tumid green-tipped scales. 4 — 5 f. S.
Mch.

tcnuifoUa, Ph. (2) (pigmy golden-rod. W. y. S. Zf.) stem rough, angular, branched,
corymbed: leaves s]»reading, linear, very narrow, slightly 3nerved, scabrous, with
axillary tufis of smaller ones: corymbs terminal, level topped; llowers in heads:
rays scarcely exceeding the disk. Leaves very small and narrow. 1 — 2 f. S.
Y. P.

(1) lanceolata, A. Chrysocoma, L. Euthamia, N. (2) lanceolata, Var. mi-

nor, Mx.

SOLIDAGO. 435

cac'siu, W. (blue-stem golden-rod. W. y. Au. Z(.) stem nearly erect, very smooth
and even: leaves lanceolate, glabrous, acuminate, with the margin and nerves
rough iisli: rays rather longer than the disk. Stem upright, somewhat zigzag,
branclied, leafy: leaves about two inches long, sub-entire, sub-glaucous, paler
beneath: racemes numerous, short, rough-pedicelled: bracts small, smooth, subu-
late. 2—3 f. ^^

lie'uhi, W. (purple stem golden rod. y. S. If.) stem glabrous, panicled: leaves lance-
olate, serrate, glabrous, rougli-edged: branches racemed at the extremity: rays
elongated. Stem branched, dark purple: leaves tapering to both ends. »S'. P. N.

hi^/uda, \V. (O. y. Oc. 21-) stem erect, hispid, scabrous: leaves lanceolate, rough,
entire; radical ones serrate: rays of middling length. Resembles the casta. S.

LltliospermifoLia, W. (y. S. Zf.) stem branching, pubescent: leaves lanceolate, Bca-
brous on both sides, tapering, 3-nerved, entire: ray-florets elongated. S.

■puhirulii, N. (y. Zf.) stem simple, terete, sub-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, entire,
slightly pubescent both sides, tapering to both ends; radical ones sub-terete: ra-
cemes spiked, axillary, erect and condensed: peduncles pubescent: scales of the
involucre lance-linear, acute:iray florets about 10, elongated. Stem brownish, sim-
ple pubescent. 1 — 2 f. iS. Y. Mch.

Ucvigula, A. (flesh-leaf golden rod. y. S. 2|.) stem erect, smooth: leaves lanceolate,
fleshj', entire, smooth in every part: racemes panicled: peduncles scaly, villose.
rays twice as long as the involucre. Tall, strong. Probably a variety oi' mczicaiia.
Grows in salt marshes. 4— (i i. S. P. Y. B. C. M.

Umonifulia, P. (1) (y. S. 1[.) stem oblique, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, somewhat
fleshy, entire, smooth on both sides: racemes panicled, erect: peduncles scaly, gla-
brous or sub-pubescent: ray-florets elongated. Stem generally purple: leaves
somewhat clasping; lower ones a foot long. Wet. 3 — 5 f. S.

vimin'ca, W. (2) (twig golden-rod. y. Au. Zf.) stem erect, sub-pubescent: leaves
lance-linear, membranaceous, tapering to the base, glabrous, rough-edged; the
lower ones sub-serrate: rays elongated. Peduncles and branches angular, and very
rough: bracts lanceolate, recurved, smooth: flowers nuiiierous. >S'. P. Canada.

macroplu/tla, Ph. (y. Au. 21.) lower leaves ovate, acuminate tapering, unequally and
sharply serrate, glabrous; cauline leaves tapering to both ends, lanceolate, sub-
sessile, serrate: racemes axillary, peduncled, leafy, of the length of the leaves:
involucre oblong, turgid, many-flowered: rays somewhat elongated. Intermedi-
ate between this genus and the aster. 2 — 3 f. T. B. Canada.

jhxlcovlis. Ph. (zigzag golden rod. \V. y. Au. Z[.) stem zigzag, glabrous, angled:
leaves lanceolate-acuminate, serrate, glabrous: racemes axillary: rays half as long
again as the involucre. Stem slender, purplish, partly terete and partly angular:
leaves numerous on short broad petioles, hardly 2 inches long, and half an inch wide,
paler beneath; the upper less serrate: racemes much shorter than the leaves, the
upper ones sub-capitate. 2 — 3 f ,!>)'. Mch. M.

lati/olia, M. (3) (broad-leaf golden-rod. AV. y. Au. Zf.) stem somewhat zigzag, an-
gular, smootji: leaves ovate-acuminate, strongly serrate, smooth, contracted into
winged petioles: racemes axillary. Leaves often 2 inches broad, and sometimes
hairy on the under side of the midrib. W. T. Y. P. C. O. N.

miilarli. Ph. (4) (axil golden-rod. W. Au. ?[.) stem glabrous, terete, straight: leaves
lanceolate, si.'rrate, glabrous: racemes axillary, sub-globose, erect: ligulate florets
elongated. T. Mch.

virgdii'rui, (european golden-rod. y. 71-) stem flexuous, angular, pubescent: leaves
serrate, roughish, attenuated at the base: racemes erect, panicled, close: rays elon-
gated. Flowers large; rays .5 — 10: upper leaves nearly entire. 1 — 3 f. V'ar. ul-
pina, leaves obovate or lanceolate, mostly entire: flowers kw. 3 — 6 i. This
species is the only one common to the two continents. Bw. White Mts. D.

muUiradiata, W. (y. S Zf.) stem somewhat villose: leaves sessile, lanceolate, gla-
brous, ciliate: lower ones serrate at the apex: raceme terminal, erect: rays elonga-
ted, numerous. Labrador.

rigida, (hand-leaf golderi-rod. W. y. Au. 2[.) stem corymbed, hairy, scabrous: leaves
ovale-oblung, rough, with minute, rigid hairs; lower ones serrate, upper ones en-
tire: racemes compact: rays twice the length of the obtuse involucre. Stem terete,
striate, leafy: leaves a little hoary; radical ones petioled, 12 inches long, broad,

(1 ) mexicana, L. (2) integerrima, Miller. (3) flexicaulis, Mx. 1st variety.
Var. latifoha, P. (4) flexicaulis, Mx. 3d variety.

436 SOLIDAGO.

acuminate, nerved; the rest 1 to 4 inches long: scales of the iuvoluore ronnd-ob-
tuse, nerved, membranaceous at the edges. 3 — 5 f. >S. P. Y. C. Mcli. K.
noveboraccnsis, (star golden-rod. y. Oc. 2f-) radical leaves oval-oblong, long-petioled,
rough: stem almost leafless, branched, furrowed, level top corymbed: rays twice as
long as the tapering calyx. Stem strong, rough, furrowed, liaving leaves only at
the origin of the flowering branches: radical leaves with shallow serratures: flowers
large, resembling in form some asters: involucre scales narrow, purplish. 2 — 3 f.
Y. N.

Southern.

1. Racemes onesided.

cineras'cens, Sz. (y. S. U.) stem erect, slender pubescent: leaves elongated, lance-
linear, attenuate at the base, serrate, sub-scabrous on both sides: racemes recurved:
peduncles and ray-florets elongated. Upper leaves small, distant. 3 f

retrorsa, Mx. (y. S. 2i.) stem erect, terete, glabrous, (rough, S.) leaves closely ses-
sile, linear, tapering above, glabrous, pellucid-punctate, reflexed, rough on the
margin: branches of the panicle recurved. Stem pubescent above: leaves some-
what clasping, slightly mucronate. 3 — 4 f S — C.

iortifolia, E. (1) (y. S. ![•) stem erect, pubescent: leaves lance-linear, sub-serrate,
spreading, twisted; midrib and upper surface scabrous, nearly glabrous beneeth:
panicle pyramidal: racemes reourved. Stem very pubescent above: leaves some-
times pubescent beneath, obscurely 3-nerved: panicle very compact. Aif.

pyramidata, Ph. (y. S. Zf.) stem erect, terete, hispid: leaves oblong, acute, some-
what clasping, sessile, glabrous, scabrous on the margin, rarely and obsoletely
toothed: panicle naked, secund, pyramidal: branches reflexed: peduncles glabrous.
4— Gf. ' ' ' ,

conjmhosa, E. (y. S. 2i.) stem erect, glabrous, branches hispid: lower leaves
lance-oblong; upper ones ovate; all fleshy, glabrous, rigid, scabrous and ciliate on
the margin: racemes corymbed; lower ones recurved: ray-florets elongated. Stem
robust: leaves close-sessile; lower ones sub-dentate; upper ones generally entire.
4— 6f.

pitclieri, N. ( ) racemes secund, glabrous: leaves conformable, smooth, thickly

set, lance-oblong, acuminate at both ends, sharply serrate: panicle pyrmidal, short-
ish, few-flowered: pedicels pubescent: liguli abbreviated. Arkansas.

radula, N. ( ) racemes ereclish, finely pubescent, scabrous: leaves oblong,

sessile, entire, sub-reticulate, thick below: panicle contracted, sub-racemed: scales
of the involucre oblong: liguli very short. Arkansas.

lanata, H. ( ) wholly arachnoid-woolly: leaves lance-spatulate, appressed-

serrate; lower ones petioled; upper ones small, very entire: racemes erect, ter-
minal, sub-simple: leafets of the involucre obtuse, sub-glabrous. R.

2. Racemes erect.

pubescens, E. (y. Oct. 2X.)stem erect, branching, pubescent: leaves long, lanceolate,
tapering at the base, pubescent; lower ones serrate: racemes erect, panicled: ray-
florets middle size. Stem slightly scabrous, generally colored: branches rigidly
erect: up])er leaves generally entire; lower ones almost s[)atulate. 3 — 4 f.

pavciflosculosa, Mx. (y. S. 2i-) glabrous, sutfruticose: leaves lanceolate, obtuse,
nerveless: panicle compound, many- flowered; fascicles erect: involucre oblong, 5-
flowered: ray-floret one.

pulverulenln, N. (y. Zf.) stem simple: stem and leaves pulverulent-pubescent: leaves
sessile; lower ones oval, serrate; upper ones obovate, entire, scabrous on the mar-
gin: racemes erect, spike-form: ray-florets (10.) elongated. The lower leaves
somewhat resemble those of the tlie Spiraea salicifolia, E. 3 — 4 f.

erecta, Ph. (y. S. If.) stem simple: stern and peduncles pubescent: leaves lanceolate,
acute at each end. glabrous, veiny, scabrous on the margin: racemes short, erect,
axillary and terminal. Three is great uncertainty about this species. E. 2f

hirla, W. (y. Zf.) stem panicled, rough: leaves lanceolate, scabrous on both sides;
cauline ones serrate; branch ones very entire: racemes erect: rays elongated.

(l)odora, Mx.

SOLIDAOO, SONCHUS. 437

glomerata, Mx. (A. y. If.) stem low, simple: leaves glabrous, lance-oblong, senate:
racemes simple, composed of axillary glomerules; upper ones clustered: involucre
turgid, many-flowered. Lower leaves broad-oval, acuminate, serrate. Nearly al-
lied to Aster. N. K.

m'lidlis, Vh. (y. 2{.) stem simple, erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, serrate, glabrous,
attenuate at tlie base, elongated: racemes erect.

elata. Ph. (y. S. ![.•) stem terete, pilose, tomentose above: leaves lance-oval, acute,,
sub-entire, veiny, tomentose beneath: racemes erect, panicled rays elongated.
Leaves sessile, rather small, with elevated veins. 2 — 3 f,

salicina, E. (y. S. 2i.) stem tall, slender, pubescent above, a little scabious: branches
virgate, elongated, erect: leaves lanceolate, very scabrous above, glabrous beneath;
lower ones serrate: racemes sub-secund: branches short, sometimes recurved.
Stem when old nearly glabrous, generally colored: leaves sessile, diminishing up-
wards; lower ones paler beneath. 4 — 5 f.

angustifolia, E. (y. S. 2|.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves subulate-linear, veiy entire,
glabrous: racemes erect panicled: ray-florets middle size. Stem slender: branches
numerous: leaves sessile, sometimes lance-linear, slightly scabrous on the margin.
2— 3f.

7)iissovricnsis, N. ( ) small, glabrous, racemes erect: leaves lance-linear, acute,

gash-sub-serrulate; upper ones entire: panicle short, lax: flowers largish. 1 f.
Arkansas.

cordata, Short & Peter, (y. Au. Zf.) stem striated, pubescent: lower leaves petioled,
cordate, sharply and irregularly serrate, acute; upper ones ovate, gradually becom-
ing sessile and entire; radical leaves broad-cordate and serrate: spikes axillary and
terminal, densely flowered: leafets of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse, appressed.
2—4 f. K.

ohlocnsis, Riddell. ( y. Oc. l_l-) stem simple: radical leaves (when they precede
the stem) on long equitant petioles, oblong, retuse, acute and entire at the base,
serrate towards tlie summit; margins scabrous; cauline leaves entire, half clasping,
lanceolate, acute: corymb fastigiale. Wet grassy prairies, Oiiio.

riddcllii, Frank. ( y. Sept. 21.) leaves very entire, glabrous, scabrous at the margin;
lower and radical leaves very long-petioled, sub-falcate-lanceolate, sub-acute, dis-
tinctly .5-nerved; upper ones sheatiiing, lance oblong, acutish, obsoletely nerved;
petioles carinate, equitant: stem glabrous, striate, corymb-panicled: racemes or
fascicles 3-flowered: scalesof the involucre obtusely ovate, half as long as the ligulir
pedicels bracted, sub-villose. 2 f O.

squarrosa, N. (y. ) pulverulent, finely pubescent: racemes lax, few-flowered,

axillary, panicled, flowers largish: liguli elongated: leafets of the involucre reflex-
ed: leaves oblong ovate, entire, sub-sessile; lovver ones obovate, sub-serrate.

hirsuta, N. ( ) sub-pilose: racemes erect: stem simple: flowers sub-racemose-

glomerate: leaves scattered, elliptic-ovate; radical ones spatulate, crenulate. K.

17 — 1. Son'chus. 53. Cich. sal. sec-sti. /t«em.

arnensis, (corn sow-thistle. W. y. Au. 2i-) involucre and peduncles hispid, sub-um-

belled: leaves runcinate, denticulate, cordate at the base: root creeping. P. Y.

C. F.
oleraccus, (common sow-thistle. O. y. Ju. 0.) peduncles sub-tomentose, umbelled:

involucre glabrous: leaves lance-oblong, clasping, denticulate, sub-sinuate. Var.

aspera, prickly. Perhaps introduced. 2 — 5 f <S'. Mch.
viacrophyUus, W. (W. b. Au. Zf.) peduncles hirsute, naked: flowers panicled: leaves

large, lyrate, cordate at the base, hirsute beneath. 4 — 7 f.
sjnnvlosus, Bw. (W. L. y. Au. 0.) peduncles smooth, somewhat umbelled: leaves

cordate at the base, oblong clasping, waved, spinose. 2 f. T. B.
alpinus, W. (1) (mountain sow-thistle, b-w. Au. 21-) peduncles hirsute, naked:

flowers raceraed, bracted: leaves runcinate, sagittate at the base, glabrous, glau-
cous beneath. Canada.
leucnphoi'us, W. (2) (sow-thistle. W. b-w. Ju. $.) peduncles scaly: flowers racemed:

leaves runcinate, acuminate: stem wand-panicled. 3 — 5 f >S'. P. N. F. K.
floridanns, W. (W. b. Ju. $.) peduncles somewhat scaly: flowers panicled: leaves

runcinate-lyrate, petioled, denticulate. Pursh says this is called the gall of the

Sonchus. Gr. sogchos, the ancient name of this plant.
(1) montanus, Lk. cocruleus, S. canadensis, L. (2) spicatus, Lk.

438 SONGHUS, SPARGANIUM.

earth, and is used for curing the bite of the rattlesnake; but Mr. Elliot applies that

name to the Prenanthes alba; the root of which he says is very bitter. 3—6 f. jS.

P. Y.
acuminatus, VV. (W. b. Au. $ .) peduncles soniewliat scaly: flowers panicled: radical

leaves sub-runcinale; cauline ones ovate, acuminate, petioled, denticulate in the

middle. 3—4 f. 8. P. Y. B.
pallidus, W. (1) W. y. Ju. 2i.) flowers in a compound terminal raceme or panicle:

leaves lance-ensiform, clasping, toothed. F.

Southern.

ludovirianus, N.'CVV. y. J.) leaves all runcinate, retrorsely and sharply toothed: pe-
duncles and involucre naked: panicle divaricate. Chaft' conspicuously stiped. N.
3—5 f.

caroimianus, Wr. (y. Au. #.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, acute, undu-
late, sub-spinose-toothed, auricled at the base, [half-clasping: flowers somewhat
umbelled. 1 — 3 f.

sihericvs, Lin. ( b. 0.) leaves lanceolate, sessile, glabrous, very entire, dentate, or
runcinate-pinnatitid: peduncles squamulose, panicled, and with the involucre glan-
dulous-hispid. D. A. R.

Sonchus, Lactuca.

10—1. Sopito'ra. 93. Legu. f. nut. asc.

Southern.

sericea, N. (W. w. 21- ) leaves pinnate; leafets wedge-oval, smooth above, silky-vil-

lose beneath: spikes many-flowered, tub-sessile. 1 f.

Sophora, Baptisia.
Sorhus, Pykus,

3 — 2. Sorg'huji. 10. Gram. far. ton. sug. —
Exotic,
saccharatum, (broom corn. y-g. Au. 0.) panicle somewhat whorled, spreading: fruit
oval: glumes covered with penuanent softish hairs: leaves linear. From the East
Indies. 6—8 f.
vulgarc, (Indian millet, coflee corn. 2i.) panicle compact, oval, nodding when ma-
ture: fruit naked, sub-compressed. Var. hicolor, glumes glabrous, black: seed
globose. 5 — 7 f.

J 9— 3. Sparga'kium. 8. Tyi)h. ton—.

ramosum, Sw. (2) (bur-reed. O. w. Ju. 0.) the 3-sided bases of the leaves concave
on the two outsides: the general fruit stem branclied: stiijmas linear. In water
o-enerally. Flowers in round heads; the staminate heads above the pistillate ones,
and considerably the smallest. l—2f.'S.^ Mch.

aincrlainum, N. (3) (lake bur-reed. W. w.) lower leaves about equally the length of
the stem; floral leaves concave at the base, erect: stigma simple, ovate-oblong,
oblique, about half as long as the style. Tlie stem is erect, nearly simple. Grows
plentifully in a small swamp in Troy, about a mile east of Rensselaer School. 1 f.
S. T. C. P. F. Mch. S— C.

angiistifolium, Mx. (4) (floating bur-reed. W. ^. Au. 2L-) leaves flat, long linear.

Sophora. An alteration of the Arabic name aojihcra; the name of a beautiful tree.

Sorgliuiii. Surghi is the Indian name, according to Baubin.

Sparganium. Gr. spariranon, a band or fillet; alluding to the long, linear form, and

pliant texture of the leaves.

(1) Lactuca canadensis, L. (2) ereclum, L. (3) simplex. Ph.? (4) na-
tans, Var. a. Ph.

* Mr. Elliott describes a plant under ameriranum? which does not agree with that
plant in the vicinity of Troy. I have bctore me all the three sjiecies here described,
and have often seen them growing. The plant of E. cannot possibly be eitlier of
them, unless it is the ramosum. I do not believe that the simplex is an American
plant.

SPARC ANIUAI, SPERMACOCE. 439

very narrow, fiinch longer than the stem, weak; the part above water rioating on
its surface. Grows in great abundance in the little lake on Gatskill mountain', 12
miles west of the village, near the Mountain House. P. 15. N.

17 — J. Sparganoph'orus. fi"). Antli. ton. rat.

ticr/killalns, M.v. (water crown-cnp. p. Au. 2l. ) leaves linear, wliorled: heads few,
torniinal: egret campanulate, 5-tootlied. Floating in water. 1 f. <S'. Y.

Sjjartina, Luinetis.

16—10. Si'ar'tium. 93. Legu. b. bit-ton.
Exotic.

junceum, (spanish broom. J. T-.) branches opposite, wand-like, bearing flowers at the

end: leaves lanceolate, glabrous.
sciipnrluin, (scotch broom. J. ^.) leaves ternate and solitary, oblong: tlowers axil

iary: legumes pilose at the margin: branches angular.

5 — 1. Specula'ria. 52. Camp. ton.
Eiotic,
amplexicuidls, sjicadum, described under Campanula.

10 — 5. Sper'gula. S3. Gary, demo — .

arvensis, (corn spurry. W. w. J. 2S.) leaves filiform, whorled: panicle dichotomous:
peduncles become reflexed as the fruit advances to maturity: seed reniform. 8
—1-2 i. S. R. T. -vv. C. F. N. Mch.

saginoidcs, (1) (pearl spurry. w. J. ZC- or 0.) glabrous: leaves opposite, subulate,
naked: peduncles solitary, very long. Persoon asks whether this is not a variety
of the Sagina procumbens. 2 — 3 i. S. C. F. New Jersey.

nodosa, Hk. (W.) leaves subualate, opposite, glabrous, connate; lower ones sheath-
ing, upper ones proliferous in the axils: petals twice as long as the calyx. Canada.
N. W. Lake<=.

snbulnta, Hk. (W.) glabrous or sub-pubescent: leaves narrowly linear-subulate, mu-
cronate: peduncles long, solitary: petals equalling the calyx and capsule. R.

rnbra, T. vt G. (red sand-wort. i'. J. 0.) glabrous, humifusje: leaves filiform, fleshy,
longer than the joints: stipules cuneute-membranaceous, sheathing: stamens 5:
capsule angular or globose, 8 i. P. Y. C. T. II. Arcnaria, rubra, 7th edition.

4 — I. Spermaco'ce. 57. Cine. ton. ast. feb.

Southern.

tcnu'ior, (w. Ju. 0.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate", scabrous above, nearlv

glabrous beneath: flowers whorled: seeds rough. Stem sometimes pubescent and

flowers nearly solitary. Swartz.
glabra Mx (VV. w. J. Q..) stem procuuibent, glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, glabrous

on both sides: flowers whorled: seeds glabrous.
involucrota, Ph. ( w. ) stem very hispid: branches alternate: leaves lance-ovate,

acuminate, hiisute on both sides: stipules inany-brislled: heads terminal, involu-

cred: stamens exsert. 1 f.
lasiantha, Raf. ( ) stem weak; branches diffuse: leaves sessile, oblong, acute;

nerves scabrous: flowers verticillate: corol woolly within. Louisiana.

Sparganojjhorus. Gr. spargaaon, a fillet, a.n6i jjlicro, io bear: because the seed is

crowned with a membranous band.
Spartium. Gr. spartlnu, a rope: because of the use made of its branches incordage.
Specularia. Lat. speculum, a mirror; the old name of the leading species in the genus.
Spergula. Lat. spergo, to scatter, from the dispersion of its seeds.
Spermacoce. Gr. sperma, seed, and akokc, a sharp point; the seeds pointed.

(1) decunibens, E.

440 SPHAERALCEA, SPIR.^IA.

15—12. Sphaeralcea. Mali. emo. muc.

^ellata, T. ( p) densely clothed with a grayish stellate pubescence: leaves oblong-
lanceolate, acute, petioled, erosely serrate, rugose: peduncles axillary, 3— 5-flower-
ed: flowers aggregated: carpels 12— 14, bimucronate, 2-seeded. Oregon.

lacerifolia, N. ( p.) minutely roughish-tomentose with a stellate pubescence: leaves
5-lobed, somewhat cordate; the lobes acute, toothed, unequally serrate: peduncles
aggregated, terminal: carpels 12—14, pointless. Oregon. Globe mallows.

5—1. Spige'lia. 46. Spi. g-h. ath^-. oath—, nar— .

manjlandica, (pink-root. W. p. J. 2{) stem 4-sided: leaves all opposite, sessile, lance-
ovate, entire. A celebrated vermifuge. 9 — Id i. >S'. P. Florida. S — C.

20—5. Spina 'ciA. 29. Chen. nut. lax.

Ezoilc.
</lera'cea, (spinach- J. 0.) fruit sessile, prickly or unarmed: leaves hastate-sagittate:
stem branched. In habit resembles the Chenopodium album. 1—2 f.

11—5. Spir^'a. 92. Res. h. ton-f. aro— .
1. Stem more or less woody.

salicifoiia, A. (1) (meadow-sweet, willow hard-hack. O. r. w. J. ■^.) leaves lance-
ovate or obovate, serrate, glabrous: flowers in panicled spreading racemes. Var.
alba, has white petals, and generally the twigs are reddish. The small branches
are generally killed by frost in the winter, as also of the next species. 2 — 4 f. S.
Mch.

iomentosa, (steeple bush, purple hard-hack, meadow-sweet. O. r. Ju. 'h.) leaves
lanceolate, unequally serrate, downy beneath: racemes in a crowded, sub-panicled
spike. 2— 3f. .S'. Mch.

hypericifoUa, ( John' s-wort hardback, w. M. ^ .) leaves obovate, entire or toothed at
the apex: umbels sessile. Cultivated. 3 f. P. Canada.

ckamaedrifolia, Lui. { ) leaves ovate or oval, unequally serrate, rarely sub-lobed,
sub-glabrous: corymbs hemispheric, peduncled: pedicels and reflexed lobes of the
calyx pubescent. Var. leaves elliptic, obtuse, glabrous or sub-pubescent. A.
Canada.

douglassii, H. ( r. ) branches and peduncles pubescent: leaves elliptic, coarsely
and unequally serrate above, hoary-tomentose beneath: panicle crowded, oblong,
obtuse: flowers small: stamens twice as long as tiie corol: lobes of the calyx tri-
angulai, reflexed: carpellae 5, very glabrous, sliining. A.

menziesii, H. { r. ) branched above: peduncles and calyx triangular, reflexed,
smoothly pubescent: leaves elliptic, coarsely and unequally serrate above, similar-
colored and glabrous beneath: panicle crowded, oblong, obtuse; flowers small: sta-
mens twice as long as the corol. A.

coryinbosa, R. (A. r-w. \ .) leaves oblong-obovate, gash-toothed, pubescent beneath:
corymb terminal, peduncled, compound, fastigiate, somewhat leafy. This may be
the cluimaedrifolia of Pursh, but probably not of L. Torrey.

creiiata, ( fp .) leaves obovate, acute, looth-crenate at tlie apex: corymbs peduncled,
crowded. Y. H.

opulifuUa, (nine-bark, snowball hard-hack. W. w. J. ]^.) leaves sub-oval \ lobed,
doubly-toothed or crenate, glabrous: corymbs teiminal, crowded: carp 'Is inflated:
flowers trigynous. Wet. 3—5 f. S. T. C. P. D. Mch.

capitata, Ph. (W. J. ^.) leaves ovate, somewhat lobed, doubly toothed, reticulate

Sphaeralcea. Gr. sphaira, globe, athuihos, mallows. Fruit in globular heads, and

of the mallows family.
Spigelia. ]n honor of Adam Spigelius, an old botanist of considerable note.
Spinacia. Lat. spina, a thorn, from the processes of the seed.
Spiraea. Gr. speiron, spiral coil; in allusion to the spire-like inflorescence of some

species.

(1) alba, M.

•'^

SPIR^A, STACHYS. 441

beneath, tonientose: corymbs terminal, crowded, sub-capitate, very long-peduncled:
calyx toiDcntose.

sorbiJoUa, Ph. (W. w. Au. ^.) leaves pinnate; leafets uniform, serrate: flowers
panicled.

ino'iiogij'na, T. (W. fp.) leaves broad-ovate, sub-3-lobed, gash-serrate, glabrous:
corymbs umbelled: style one; pedicels glabrous: divisionsof the calyx erect, spread-
ing: germs villose. S,

2. Stem herhaceous.

aruncus, W. (steeple-weed. W. A. w. J. If.) leaves 2— 3-pinnate: flowers in a

panicled spike; styles 3 to 5. Var. americana, has very long slender spikes. 4 — 6 f.

S. P. M. Catskill.
lobata, (W. r. Ju. 21.) leaves pinnate, glabrous: the odd leafet large, 7-lobed: lateral

ones 3-ldbed: corymbs iiroliferous. P.
dis'color, Ph. (W. Ju. >^.) leaves ovate, snb-lobed, toothed, obtuse, white-tomentose

beneath, smooth above, short-petioled: panicle terminal, very branching; branches

white-pubescent: calyx and germs villose.
betulifulia, Pall. (W. A. r. J, >>.) leaves broad-ovate, gash-toothed, glabrous; corymbs

terminal, compound, fastigiute, leafy. 1 f

Exotic.

ulmaria, (queen of the meadow, w. r. Au. 21.) leaves pinnate, downy beneath; the
terminal leafet larger, 3-lobed; the lateral ones undivided: flowers in a proliferous
corymb. Stem herbaceous.

Spiraea, Gillenia.

Spiranthes, Neottiaj

13—1. Sta'chys. 42. Labi, ton,

hyssopifolia, Mx. (Ju. ) slender, erect, somewhat glabrous: leaves sessile, linear and
lance-linear, rarely toothed: whorls about 4-flowered. 12 — 15 i. S. Mch.

as'pera, Mx. (hedge nettle, clown-heal. O. w-p. Ju. 2X-) stem erect, with branches
opposite, hispid backwards: leaves sub-petioled, lance-ovate, truncate-serrate, gla-
brous, with ciliate margins and under veins: whorls 4 — r2-flovvered, but mostly 6:
calyx with spreading spines. Var. lenvifolia, leaves very thin, slender, lanceolate.
1 — 2 f. This is an exact description of all my specimens, collected iu various situ-
ations. Perhaps it should constitue a new species. Mch.

sylvalica, W. (W. p. Au. TJ.) leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acuminate; whorls 6-flowef-
ed: stem prickly backwards. 1— 2 f. S. N. K. Mch.

velutina, Sz. (W. b.) stem simple, 4-angled, villose, or sub-hispid; leaves lance-ovate,
crenate-serrate, close-sessile, clasping, opposite and pointing 4 ways; nerves silky-
tomentose on both sides: whorls about 6-flowered: corol sub-pilose. 1 f.

pilosa,]^. (r. 21.) hirsutely pilose: leaves sub-sessile, oblong-ovate, acute, serrate:
calyx very pilose; teeth long: whoils somewhat 6-flowered. R.

Exotic.

latifolia, W. (p. Ju. 2i-) whorls many-flowered, spiked: upper lip bifid with acute
divisions: leaves broad, cordate, rugose, hairy.

Southern.

hispida, Ph. (y-p. Ju. If.) stem and leaves hispid: leaves petioled, ovate, oblong,
acute, obtusely serrate: whorls about 4-flowered: calyx glabrous. 2 f. S — C.

tcnu'folia, ( ) stem erect, angled, smoothish: leaves petioled, lance-oval, serrate,
acuminate: whorls 6-liowered: calyx very pubescent. S — C.

intermedia, A. (W. 2i.) whorls many-flowered; calyx sub-pungent: leaves oblong,
sub-cordate, crenate; stem somewhat woolly.

Stachys, Hyssopus.

Stachys. Gr. stachus, spike; the flowers of all the species grovV in spikes.

56

442 SXANLEVA, STELLAifilA.

IS — 2. Stan'leya. 63. Cru. asc.

heteropkylla, N. ( ) stem erectr lower leaves lyrately pinnate, soinewliat pubes-

cent beneath; terminal segment much larger, ovate-lanceolate, somewhat serrate;
upper loaves lanceolate, entire: lanj'ina of the petals longer than the claws.
Rocky Mts.

virldiflura, N. (Ju. Au. ) erect, glabrous:, leaves cuneate-obovate, entire; the radical
ones with a few luncinate teeth towards the base: petals linear, and, as well as the
calyx, herbaceous. Rocky Mts.

Southern.

jiinnatifida, N. (W. y. 21.) glaucous, smooth: leaves somewhat succulent, undulated,
interruptedly pinnatifid; divisions sub-lanceolate, remotely "toothed; racemes ter-
minal, many-tlowered: peduncles long. ' Mr. JNuttall thinks the Cleome pinnata of
Ph. and tills plant are the same. 3 f.

integrifulia, J. (VV. y. ) stem simple, angular: leav'es entire, ovate, oblong, taper-
ing to both ends: raceme terminal: silique of the length of the pedicel.

5 — 3. Staphyle'a. 95. Staph^ ast — .

trifolia, (bladder nut. W. y-w. M. ^.) leaves in threes: racemes pendant: petals
ciliate below. When in flower, if the genn be cut transversely and examined, it
will appear 2 or 3-celled, and wsill contain the rudiments of 15 or 20 seeds. But
when the fiuit is ripe, it consists of 2 or three inflated, adnate, sub-inembranous
caipels each containing 1 to 3 hatd small seeds. 6^-18 fi iS'. 13. P. C. T. M.
F. N. Moil.

17 — 2. Stark'ea. 55. Heli. ast. sec-sti.

Southern,
spinulosns, Ph. (1) (W. y. Au. Tl-) caulescent: leaves bipinnatifid, gash-toothed;
divisions linear, rigidly mucronate: flowers lateral and terniinal, crowded: rays 2-
toothed: chaff setaceous. 1 — 2 f.

5 — 5. Stat'ice. 33. Plum. r. ast. ajn. diar.

limo'niuni, L. (2) marsh rosemary, sea lavender. L. b. Au. 21.) scape terete: panicle
much branched: leaves lance-obovate, obtuse, mucronate, glabrous. The root is a
valuable astringent. 12—18 1. S. B. C. T.

armeria. (thrift. L. r. ![■) scape simple, terete, capitate: leaves linear, flat. 1 f. S'.

10—3. Stella'ria. 62. ' Gary. dem. lax— .

media, S. (3) (chick weed. O. w. M. Zf.) leaves ovate, and heart-ovate, glabrous:
stem mostly procumbent, having alternate lines of hairs on opposite sides. Num-
ber of stamens variable. 9—15 i.

pu'bera, Mx. (W. w. M. 21.) pubescent: stem decumbent: leaves ovate-oblong, ses-
sile, acute, sub-ciliate, somewhat undulate: pedicels dichotomous, recurved: petals
longer than the calyx. C— 10 i. P. C, M. K.

horealis, Bw. (w. Ju.) leaves lance-oval: peduncles axillary, elongated, 1-flowered:
petals and calyx about equal. , R. White Mts.

vliginosa, Sr. (4) (bog starwort. W. w. J.) stem diffuse, procumbent, much-branched:
leaves lanceolate, ciliate, and narrow at the base: peduncles somewhat in pairs,
single or many-flowered: petals shorter tlian the calyx. P. R. W.

humi/ti^a, Sw. (#.) leaves ovate, sub-secund, sessile: s|em procumbent, 4-cornered:
peduncles solitary, short.

Stanleya. In honor of Lord Stanley, a distinguished patron of science.
Staphylea. Gr. staphula, a bunch; in which form its fructification is disposed.
Starkea. In honor of the Rev. M. Starke, a Cryptogamist of some note.
Statice. CJr. statin, to arrest; because it stops diarrhoea, according to Pliny.
Stellaria. Lat. sldla, star, from the figure of its flower.

(1) Amellus, Ph. (2) carolinian:i. Ph. (3) Alsine media, L. Uolnsteuvt

succulenturn. (4) alsine, Hn.

STELLAUIA', STEVIA. 44S

lotiifipcs, Goldic. (W.) sub-flaccid, very glabfous, glaucous: learv'cs linear-subulate,
spreading: peduncles terminal, fork-branched: bracts membranaceous; pedicels
niucli elongated: petals broad-obovate, deeply bifid, a little longer than the obtuse
obscurely 3-nerved calyx. Woods. Lake Ontario, N. W. Lakes.

lacta, Hk. (W.) stifliy erect. Very glaucous: leaves erect, lanceolate, broader at the
base, acute, crcnate, smooth: peduncles sometimes in pairs, 1-Hovvered, sometimes
in i'ew-tlowered terminal panicles: petals two-parted, a little longer than the ob-
scurely 3-nerved cal^'x. N. W. Lak^s. R.

cernstoidcs, L. ( ) stems cespitose and decumbent, somewhat dichotomous: leaves
oblong, pubescent: peduncles in pairs, 1 -flowered, deflexed in fruit: petals exceed-
ing the obtuse sepals: capsule oblong, almost twice the length of the calyx. Green-
land.

gracilis, Richardson. ( )'glabrous': stgm weak: sterile branches gemmiferous:

leaves lanceolate -somewhat succulent:, peduncle solitary, axillary or terminal,
elongated, l-flowered: petals 2-parted, longer than the glabrous acute nerveless
sepals. Hudson's Bay.

nitens, N. (0.) sub-cespifose,, smooth and shining: stems erect, sparsely hairy below,
filiform, naked above: leaves- lanceolate-subulate, short acute: petals 2-lobed and
much shorter than the lanceolate very acute 3-nerved sepals. Oregon.

crispa, Cham. & Schlecht. (2X-) glabrous: stems diifase, decumbent: leaves veiny,
ovale, abruptly acute or acuminate at each end. the margin undulate: flowers axil-
lary, solitary on short peduncles hardly longer than tlie leaves: petals mostly
wanting, or 2-parted and very much shorter than the lanceolate 3-nerved sepals.
Oregon.

calijcaiUha, Bongard. ( ) cespitose: stems decumbent, flaccid: leaves ovate-lance-
olate, connate, the margin minutely ciliate with white hairs, much siiorter than the
internodes: cyme dicholomous: peduncles filiform: petals none: sepals ovate-lance-
olate, 3-nerved, a little siiorter than the obtuse- sub-globose capsule. Sitclia.

hrachypctala, Bongard. ( ) .stem simple, erect: leaves linear-lanceolate, rather thick:
petals and capsule half the length of the sepals. Sitclia.

Southern.

proslrata. Bald. (1) (Ap. 0.) leaves ovate, acute, smooth: petioles very long: stem
prostrate, terete, hollow, dichotomous, sub-pubescent: peduncles solitary, long:
flowers heptandrous: calyx erect. Flowers small. 1^4 f

jarnes'ia'na, T. & G. (VV.) viscid-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, sub-falcate, closely
sessile, acute: stem somewhat branclied, flaccid: panicles lax, divaricate: petals
2-lobed, about twice the length of the oblong, acute divisions of the calyx.

nntlallii, T. & G. (0. March. Ap.) minutely glandular, branched from the base, erect
orascending: leaves linear, obtuse, rather flesliy: cyme few-flowered: petals ob-cor-
date, twice the length of the ovate, obtuse, nearly nerveless sepals. 4 — G i. Ar-
kansas. La. Texas.

macropetiila, T. ^ G. (0) glabrous, branching from the base: stems erect, slender:
leaves linear and very narrow, somewhat fleshy, acute: cyme few-flowered: petals
obovate spatulate, 2-lobed, more than twice the length of the ovate lanceolate
3-rlbbed sepals. Akansas.

uniflora, Wr. ( M.) glabrous, branching from' the base: stems erect, very slender:
leaves subulate-linear, acute: peduncles axillary, filiform, l-flowered: petals ob-
cordate, with a shallow sinus, twice the length of the oblong-acutish nearly nerve
less sepals. N — C. to Georgia.

Slellaria, Micropetalon.
17 — 1. Stk'via. 55. Eupa. bit. ton.

Southern,
callosa, N. (VV. r. S. Q.) leaves linear, crowded, somewhat succulent, callous at the
apex; upper ones alternate: flowers divaricate, sub-corymbed: egret about 8-leaved,
erose, short.

Slewartia, Stuartia.

Stevia. In honor of James Steve, or Esteve, an eminent Spanish botanist.
(1) elongata, N."?

444 STILLINGIA, STREPTANTHUS.

19 — 15. Stillin'gia. 96. Euph. 1. esc. dis. eme,
Sovthern.
salvatica, (y. J. 21.) herbaceous: leaves sessile, lance-oblonjr, tapering at the base,
serrulate: staminate florets scaicely longer than the bracteal scale. 2 — 3 f. S — C.
sebifera, (I) Ju. T?.) leaves petioled, rhomboid, acuminate, entire, with a gland below

the base on the petiole: staminate florets pedicelled. Introduced. 20 — 40 f.
ligus'trina, Mx. (J.) fruticose: leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, very entire
petioled: staminate florets short-pedicelled. G — 12 f.

3—2. Stip'a. 10. Gram. far. fod.

avmacea, (2) (feathergrass. J. 2l{-) leaves striate, glabrous: panicle spreading, sub-
unilateral: branches whorled with branchlets: glumes acute, membranaceous, equal-
ling the glabrous fruit; awn naked, twisting. Var. bkolor, (3) fruit obovate,
bearded at the base. P. Y. B. O. Florida. Mch.

juncea, Ph. (W. An. 2i-) leaves convolute-filiform: panicle lax: glumes somewhat
awned, longer than the fruit, awn long, scarcely pubescent. D. Mch.

canadensis, Lk. (4) ( ) leaves setaceous: panicle small: glumes glabrous, obtuse-

pvate, equalling the pubescent fruit: awn thick, short. N.

SoiUhern.

expansa, Lk. ( ) leaves striate, glabrous, somewhat glaucous: spikes alternate,

panicled, spreading: flowers sessile, remote: glumes longer than the paleas: awn
short, naked.

striata, Lk. ( ) panicle long, narrow: peduncles jointed, very straight: awns naked,
somewhat flexuous. Has the aspect of an Andropogon. Lk.

farviftora, Dc. (W. Zf.) leaves radical, sub-rigid, filiform: panicle appressed and dif-
fuse, many-flowered: awns becoming capillary towards the extrerpity. 1 — 2 f.

Stipa, Trichochloa, Eriocoma.

3—1. Sti'pulici'da. 30. Ule. ast.

Southern.

setacea, Mx. (5) (w. M. 0?) stem erect, smooth, 2 — 3-chotomous: lower leaves
small, opposite, spatulate; branch-leaves none: stipules (2 at each fork,) fimbriate.
6-10 i. C.

17 — I. Stoke'sia. 55. Inul. f. h. ton. dia. feb.
Southern,
cyanea, Hr. (b. H.) stem leafy: leaves lanceolq,te: peduncles axillary, 1-flowered,

14—2. Streptan'thus. 63. Cruc. asc. edi.

gagittatiis, N. (r. ^.) leaves stigittate, acute, clasping, very entire; petals oblong-
oval, immaculate. R.

p»ff?j/btos, Hk. (Arkansas cabbage.) I have received no description of this species
other than what is implied by the name — leaves oval. Grows in Arkansas.

ansvstifolius,'^^. (S't.) radical leaves lanceolate-linear, sparingly hirsute: cauline
oblong-lanceolate, sagittate and clasping, smooth, erect: petals oblong-oval, the
limb exserted. Rocky Mts.

Stillingia. In honor of Mr. Benjamin Stillingfleet, a man of some distinction, and a
collector of plants.

Stipa. Gr. stupe, a feathery substance; a beautifully feathered beard is peculiar to
S. pendata.

Stipulicida. Lat. stipulcc, the stipule, and caedo, to cut, the stipule being divided in-
to many segments.

Stokesia. In honor of John Stokes, eminent in botany and organic relics.

Streptanthus. Gr. str^tos, twisted, and anthos, flower.

(l)Croton, L. (2) virginica, P. (3) barbata, Mx. (4) juncea, Mx.

(5) Polycarpon stipplifidum, Ph.

STREPTANTHUS, STUARTIA. 445

cordatiis, N. (g-y.) glabrous: lower leaves spatulate-oblong, repandly denticulate;
oauline ones cordate, clasping, all obtuse: flowers on short pedicels: siliques de-
fiexed. Rocky Mts. . . ■ .

virgalus, N. ( ) radical leaves more or less villous with stellate hairs, lanceolate-
linear; Cauline ones oblong-linear, sagittate, clasping: petals exserted, linear-oblong:
calyx pubescent. Rocky Mts.

Southern. •

maculatus, N. (W. p. M. 0.) glaucous: stem erect, terete; leaves clasping, heart-
ovate, acute, entire: raceme terminal, corymbed. 1 — 2 f.

obtusijulms, H. (r. p. 0.) leaves elliptical, obtuse, deeply 2-lobed and clasping at the
base: petals broadly obovate: siliques broadly linear. Arkansas.

hyncinthoidcs, H. (J. 0. b-p.) glabrous: leaves oblong-linear, acuminate: petals spa-
thulate-linear, longer than the filaments. Texas, Arkansas.

arcuatus, N. (r-p.) hirsutely villous with branching hairs: leaves lanceolate-linear,
remotely serrulate; cauline ones sagittate and clasping, very acute: siliques flat and
curved downward: petals obovate, exserted. California.

glandidosus, H. ((J. p.) hirsute below: leaves linear-oblong, repandly toothed, the
teeth glandular: radical ones petiolate, cauline deeply sagittate and clasping:
flowers erect, spreading, secund: siliques very narrow, somewhat spreading, curved;
valves reticulated: petals linear-lanceolate, undulate. California.

flavescms, H. {Q. y.) hirsute with simple hairs: leaves linear-oblong, the lowest ones
sinuate-pinnatifid, or obtusely dentate with glandular teeth; upper ones entire:
flowers erect; petals linear, acute: siliques erect, hirsute. California.

repandus, N. (w. ) hirsute, particularly the lower part: leaves oblong-lanceolate,
elongated, clasping: angularly toothed or repand above: petals about as long as the
calyx. California.

heteropltyUus, N. (p-w.) hirsute below with simple hairs: leaves laciniate-pinnatifid;
cauline ones sagittate at the base and clasping: flowers pendulous; sepals long-
connivent: petals linear: siliques very long and narrow, pendulous. California.

6—1. Strepto'pus. (1) 12. Smil. dia. nar.

rosctts, Mx. (rose bell wort. r-w. M. 2X.) glabrous, shining: leaves clasping, serrate-

ciliate: anthers short, 2-horned. Woods. 12—18 i. <S. C. B. H. D. Mch.
distortus, Mx. (2) (y.M.li-) glabrous: leaves clasping: pedicels solitary, twisted-

geniculateia the middle. Woods. 2 f. P.N.
lanuginosus, Mx. (W. A. g-y. J. H ) whitish-woolly: leaves sessile, sub-cordate at

the base, acuminate: pedicels in pairs on a short stipe. Flowers large. Berries

red. S. Near Rochester. Stevenson. P.

StrophosUjles, Phaseolus.
21 — 1. Struthiop'teris. 5. Fili. sec-stim.

pennsylvanicn,V7. (3) (ostrich fern. U-) barren frond bipinnatifid; divisions entire,
obtuse; lower ones elongated, acute. O. D.

1.5-12. Stuart'ia. 70. Tern, storn. ton.

Southern.

rirginica, Mx. (4) (w. M. fp .) leaves ovate, acuminate: flowers axillary, generally

in pairs: calyx ovate, obtuse: petals entire: styles united. 6 — 12 f. Florida.
pentiisp/na, L. Her. (M. Ju. y-w.) leaves oval or ovate, acuminate, entire or mucro-
nat^ely serrulate, somewhat pubescent beneath: sepals lanceolate: styles distinct;
capsule 5-angled. N — C. to Georgia.

Sluarlia, Malachodesdron.

Streptopus. Gr. strepios, twisted, and pous, foot, because of a peculiar twist of each

flower stalk.
Struthiopteris. Gr. stroulhos, an ostrich, znApterux, a feather; from the resemblance

of its frond to the ostrich featiier.
Stuartia. In honor of John Stuart, Earl of Bute, a distinguished naturalist.

(1) Uvularia, L. (2) Uvularia amplexifolia, VV. (3) Onoclea nodulosa, Sh.
<4) Malachodendron, L.

446 STVLO?ANTHES, SWERTIA.

Shjlandra, Convallaria.

^/yluphorum, Meconopsis.

10 — 10. Stylosan'thes. 93. Legu. f. nut. asc.

datior, (1) (pencil flower, W. y. Au. 11.) stem pubescent on one side: leaves lanceo-
late, glabrous: bracts lanceolate^ ciliate:. heads 2 or o-flowered. Var. procumbens,
stem procumbent. 9—15 i. /S'. P. M. S— C.

11—12. Sty'lypus. 92. Rosa. ton. ''

vema, (y. J. Z[.) sparingfly pubescent; stem procumbent at the base, branching above:
radical leaves interruptedly pinnate; cauline ones pinnate and pinnatifid; leafets
gash-toothed: stipules large, roundish, gash-toothed. Petals longer than the calyx:
awns naked: flowers small. M. K. ,

5 — 1. Styphonia. 94. Anac. f. «& h. poi. sti.

integrifolia, N. (r.) leaves oval, very obtuse at both ends, entire, on short petioles.

California.
serrata, N. ( ) leaves oval or ovate, on very short petioles, sharply repand-serrate.

California.

15 — 12. Sty'r'^x. 71. Styr. aro. acrid — . car.
Southern.

grandifolium, (2) (w. Ap. fp.) leaves broad-obovate, acuminate, tomentose beneath:
racemes simple, axillary, leafy near the base. 4 — 12 i.

pulverulentum, Mx. (w. Ap. >?.) leaves oval, acute, tomentose beneath: racemes
lateral, few-flowered, leafy. 18 i.

lae'vc, Wr. (3) (w. Ap. ^. ) leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, serrate, gla-
brous: racemes lateral, leafy: corol tomentose. 4 — 6 f.

glabrum, (4) (w. Ap. ^.) leaves lance oval, acute at each end, finely serrulate,
membranaceous, glabrous: racemes lateral, leafy. 6 — 8 f. Florida. S — C.

14 — 1. ScBULA'iiiA. 63. Crue. r. nut. asc.
aquatica, W. (awl wort. w. Ju. 0.) stemless: leaves subulate. Wet. 1 — 2 i.

Southern. ,

alpi'na, W. (A. 7S-) stem branching: leaves obovate.

4 — 1. Swer'tia. 46. Gent. r. bit. ton. asth.

■defleza, S. (5) (W. g-y. Ju. i^.) corol bell-form, with a deflected horn: leaves ovate:

branches short. In swamps. 18 — 24 i. D. Canada.
pusilla, Ph. (false gentian. A. b. J. Cf-) corol wheel-form, twice as long as the calyx:

stem simple, 1 -flowered: leaves oblong. 1 i. White hills.

Southern.

/astiffiata, Ph. {\W. Ju. Zf.) corol bell-wheel-form, as long as the calyx: flowers fasti-
giate-clustered, axillary and terminal: pedicels in pairs: leaves spatulate-obovate,
nerved: stem branching.

Stylosanthes. Gr. stulos, a column, and anthos, flower, the corol being supported

on a pillar in the calyx.
Stylypus. Gr. stulos, column, upo, under, on account of its receptacle being

columnar.
Styphonia. Stuphos, stuffed; from the dense herbage.
Styrax. Gr. sturax, the ancient name for the gum benzoin, wliicli this genus

furnishes.
Subularia. Lat. subula, an awl, from' its awl-shaped leaves.
Swertia. In honor of Emanuel Sweert, gardener to the Emperor Rudolphus II.

(1) hispida, Mx. Trifolium biflorum, L. (2) grandiflorum, Mx. (3) glab-

rum, Mx. (4) Botan. Mag. No. 921. (5) corniculata, Ph. not L.

SWIETENIA, SYRINGA. 447

• 10—1. Swiete'nia. 71. Cedr. feb. ton.
Southern,
maliagonii, (maliogony. T.) leaves somewhat 4-paired; leafets lance-ovate, unequal
at the base, acuminate: racemes axillary, jjanicled.

^ 3—1. Sye'na. 17. Pont. ton.

Southern.

Jluviatills, (J. ir?) leaves crowded, subulate: flowers axillary, solitary, long-peduncled:
peduncle recurved after tiowering. 2 — 3 i. S — C.

5 — 1. Sympho'ria. (1) 58 Capr. f. ref. exp.

racemosa, Mx. (2) (peter's wort. W. r. Au. h.) raceme terminal: corol bearded

within. 2— 3f. «. O. D. Rochester.
glomerata, Ph. (3) ( W. g-r. Au. ^.) racemes axillary, capitate, cono;lomerate.

3—4 f. S-C.

5 — 1. Svmfhokicar'pus. 53. Capi. r. cats, cath-h. lax.

racemosa, Mx. (4) ( ) flowers in sub-terminal, lax, interrupted, often leafy,

racemes: corol densely bearded within: style and stamens included. Canada.
R. A.

occidentalis, Rich. ( ) spikes dense, terminal and axillary, nodding: corol and

divisions densely bearded within: style and stamens sub-exsert. R. A.

5 — 1. Sym'pkvtum. 43. Bora. r. dem. muc.
r\Exotic.
ojfiicinale, (corafrey. y-<v. J. TJ..) leaves ovate-sub-lanceolate, decurrent. ruo-ose.
Naturalized. 2—4 f.

Sijmpho carpus, Ictoues.
Sijmplocos, HopEA.

13 — 1. Synan'dra. 42. Labi. car. ton. aro.

Southern.

giandiflora, N. (W. y-w. J. Zf?) stem irregularly sulcate: leaves sub-hirsute above,
lieart-ovate, acuminate, obtusely dentate; lower ones sub-petioled; upper ones
sessile, clasping: flowers solitary, sessile. 1 f. K.

2—1. Syrin'ga. 34. Olea. bit. ast.
Exotic,
fculgaris, (lilac, b-p. w. M. \,) leaves cordate: flowers in a thyrse.
persica, (persian lilac, b. M. fp .) leaves lanceolate, entire or pinnatitid.
chlnensis, (Chinese lilac, b. M. \.) leaves lanceolate: branches stiff, mottled.

Swietenia. In honor of the celebrated Austrian, Van Swieten.
Syena. In honor of Arnold Syen, superintendent of the garden at Leyden.
Symphoria. Gr. sumplioreo, to cluster together; alluding to the inflorescence.
Symphoricarpus. Gr. sumphoro, to cluster or unite, karpos, fruit; on account of the

gerins being adnate.
Symijhytum. Gr. sumphotum, of sun, and phuo, to grow together, having been

fiinious for its healing wounds.
Synandra. Gr. S2m, together, and aner, stamens; in allusion to the adherance of the

two long stamen.s.
Syringa. Gr. suriax, a pipe, because pipes were made of its branches.

(1) Loniccra. _ (2) Symphoricarpus, Mx. (3) vulgaris, Mx. (4) Xylos-
tcuHi cilialum, Var. ulbuiu, Ph.

448 TAGETES, TEPHROSIA,

T.

17 — 2. Tage'tes. 55. Inul. aro. sto.

Exotic.

erecta., (african marygold. y. Ju. 0.) leaves pinnate; leafets lanceolate, ciliate-ser-

rate: peduncles 1 -flowered, incrassate, sub-inflated: involucre angled.
palulu^ (trench marygold. y. Ju. 0.) leaves pinnate; leafets lanceolate, ciliate-ser-
rate: peduncles 1-flovvered, sub-incrassate: involucre smooth: stem spreading.

11 — 1. Taij'num. 86. Fort. muc. nut. lax. res.

ieretifolium,* Ph. (taliny. W. p. Ju. H.) leaves cylindric, fleshy, subulate: peduncles
elongated, naked, cymose, 4 — 10 i. Darlington says the seed is not arilled, ac-
cording to the generic descriptions of W. &. N. S. P. D.

Southern. '

parvijiorum, N. ( ) small: leaves slender: stamens 5 — 10. Arkansas.

17 — 2. Tanace'tum. 55. Anth. h. bit-odo. ton — cor. ast

huronensis, N. (W. )'. Zf.) leaves pseudo-'bipinnate, gash-serrate, sub-tomentose be-
neath: pedicels thickened: ray-fldiets irregular, 4— 5-cleft. Flowers large, corymbed.
D. Mch.

paucifionnn, Rich. ( ) stem simple, longer than the leaves, somewhat 1-flowered:
leaves bi-pinnate, villose, sessile: florets all perfect. A.

Exotic,
vulgare, (tansey. W. y. Ju. 2X-) leaves doubly pinnate, gash-serrate. Naturalized.
Var. crispum, (double tansey,) leaves crisped and dense.

20—15. Taxus. 100. ConSl^b. h. & f. abs. sed. ren.

canadensis, W. (1) (dwarf yew, shin-wood. O. Ap. '^.) leaves linear, 2-ranked, mar-
gin revolute: receptacles of the staniinate flowers globose. Appears like a small
spreading hemlock bush. 2 — 6 f. IVlch.

baccata, W. (W. h .) leaves linear, 2-ranked, flat: receptacles of the staminate
flowers globose.

10—2. Tellima. 84. Saxi. ton—.

grandiflora, Doug. (W. w. 2i.) leaves cordate, lobed, dentate-serrate: racemes elonga-
ted: petals oblong-linear, laciniate-pinnatifid: styles 2. A. R.

parviflora, H. ( ) hirsute-scabrous: leaves ternate; leafets gash-pinnatifid: raceme
short, petals unguiculate, tiifid: styles 3. 1 f. R. North California.

TcUitna, Mitella.
16 — 10. Tephro'sia. 93. Legu. f. nut. g. asc.

virginiana, (goat's rue. O. r. Ju. Zf-) crect.'with whitish down: leafets (17 — 21) lance-
oblong, acuminate: raceme terminal, short, sub-sessile: legumes falcate, villose:
calyx woolly. 1 f. iS'. Mch.

Tagetes. Said to be named from Tages, a Tuscan divinity, grandson of Jupiter.
Talinum. Gr. thallo, to be green, from the verdant habit of the genus.
Tanacetum. Corrupted from Atlianasia, the ancient name for tansey, of a, without,

and thanatos, death, from the durability of its flowers.
Taxus. Lat. taxus, the ancient name for the yew tree.
Tephrosia. Gr. tcpliros, ash colored, from the color of the foliage.

(1) bactata minor, Mx.

* This most elegant little annual is remarkably tenaceous of life. I received the
dry root in a letter from Mr. D. Townsend, collected in Dr. Darlington's locality in
Pennsylvania, which I set in a box of earth in the spring of 1827, and it produced
numerous flowers that season. The next summer a sufiicient number of plants were
produced by self-sown seeds, to supply numerous specimens for students.

-<*.•

TEPHROSIA, TIIALICTRUM. 449

Southern.

chn/sopIr/Uii. Vh. (I) (M. ) prostratp, pubescent: leaves pinnate, in fives, sub-

sessile; leafeis c-une;ite, obovatp. very obtuse, glabrous above, silky beneatb: pedun-
cIhs opposite the leaves, loriij, about IMlowered: legumes nearly straight.

hispidiilii. Mx. (2) (r. JNI. 21-) stem erect, slender, pubescent, dichotoinous: leaves
pinnate; leafets (11 — 15) oval, sub-retuse, mucronate, hairy beneath: racemes as
long as the leaves, few-tlowered: legumes mucronate. slightly hispicJ. 2 f.

paucifolia, N. (3) (r. M. 21-) stem decumbent, very villose: leaves distant, pinnate;
leafets oval, wedge-form at th.e base, villose beneath: peduncles much longer than
the leaves, few-tlowered. S — C.

onohnjihoules, N. ( r. ) erect, ferruginous-pilose: leaves sub-sessile; leafets
numerous, (16 — 24) cnneate-oblong, obtuse, mucronulate: racemes very long, ter-
minal, many-flowered: leeth of the calyx unequal, short. Arkansas.

clcirtnis. N. (r-p. 2S.) decumbent, sparingly pubescent: loaves sub-sessile; leafets
(15 — 17) oblong-elliptic, icutish: peduncles filiform, few-flowered, longer than the
leaves: divisions of the calyx acuminate. Alabama.

17 — 2. Tkt'kaconothe'ca. 55; Heli. s. sto.

Soulheriii

hdianthoides, W. (y. J. 21- ) scabrous: leaves opposite, sessile^ lance-spatulate, toothed,
pilosCj glandular-punctate: involucre 4-angied. 2 — 3 f. Florida.

13 — 1. Tku'crium. 42. Labi. fra. sto. car., ton.

canadense, (wood-sage, germander. O. r. Ju. 2X.) pubescent: leaves lanceolate, ser-
rate, petioled: stem erect: spikes whorled, crowded: bracts longer than the calyx.
V4r. virgiakum. upper leaves sub-sessile: bracts about the length of the calyx.
1—3 f. -S. Mch. ^

tiiciniutum, T. (VV. ) somevvhatipiticose: leaves pinnately 5-parted; upper ones

3-parted; divisions linear: flowers axillary, solitary, pedicelled: pedicels much
shorter than the leaves.

1—1. Tha'lia. 21. Orch. aro.
Sout/ierrii
dealbarta, Roscoe. (p. Au. 2S-) panicle while-pulveiulent: spatheS-flowered: leaves
ovate, revolute at the sunmiit.

12 — 12. Thalic'trum. G1. Ranu. acr. poi — .

dioicum, (4) (meadow rue. O. w-r. M. If.) very glabrous, dioecious or polygamous:
filaments filiform; anthers linear, elongated, mucronate: leaves on short {)etioles,
ternately deconi[)ound; leafets rounded, crenately and obtusely lobed, glaucous
beneath: peduncles as long as the leaves: carpels oblong, sessile, strongly ribbed,
twice the length of the slender curved style. T. purpurascens, of 7th edition is a
synonym. IVlch.

corniiti, (VV. g y. Ju. 21.) dioecious or polygamous: filaments sub-clavate; anthers
oblong, obtuse: leaves sessile, ternately decompound; leafets roundish-obovate or
elliptical, 3-lobed, with the lobes ratlier acute, glaucous or pubescent beneath:
peduncles longer than the leaves: carpels sub-sessile, ribbed, twice as long as the
style: stigma linear. Mch. T. revolutum, carolinianum, rugosum, corynellum,
of 7lh edition, are synonyms for tliis species.

ancmonoides, Mx. (rue anemone. O. w. M. 2_f.) umbels involucred; radical leaves
twice ternate; leafets sub-cordate, 3-toothed; involucre 6-leaved; leafets petioled,

Telragonotheca. Gr. tetragon, quadrangular, and thcka, case, in allusion to the four

angles of the grains.
Teucriun). Said to be named after Teucer, the founder Troy.
Thalia. \n honor of John Thalius, a German botanist.
Thalictrum. Gr. thalLo, to be green, alluding to its verdant habit.

(1) prostrata, N. (2) gra(»le, N. (3) villosa, Mx. spicata, Wr. (4) laevi-
gatum, Mx.

57

450 THALICTRUM, THLASPI.

uniform: umbel few-flowered: carpels striate: root tuberous. 6 — 10 i. (S. Mch.

Anemone thalictroides, 7th edition.
filipes, T. & G. ( ) polygamous? carpels .semi-obovale, compressed, striate, each on

a slender stipe, nearly its osvn length, acute: style none; leaves biternale, petiolate:

leafets roundisli, obtusely 3 to 5-lobed, glaucous beneath. N — C.
aipiniiiii, L. ( ) flowers perfect, in a simple raceme, nodding: filaments filiform;

anthers oblong-linear: stem simple, nearly naked: leaves biternate; leafets glabrous:

stigma linear: carpels ovate, sessile. Canada to Greenland.

Southern. ■
clavatum, ( Zf.) monoecious: filaments club-form: pericarp compressed, scarcely
beaked, with a very short style: leaves glabrous, without stipes.

5 — 2. Thas'pium. CO. Umbe. poi— . sto — .

aclacifolium, Dc. (Ju. 2_I.) leaves gash-bilernate; segments oval, equally dentate:
umbels sub-verticillate; lateral ones sterile. 3 f. Canada. Banks of St. Lawrence
river. Virginia. K.

barbinode, Dc. (W. y. 21-) lower leaves somewhat gash-3-ternate; vipper ones gash-
biternate, segments cuneate-ovate, acute, unequally gash-serrate, entire at the base.
3f P. Banks of Schuylkill. Mch.

atroptirjmrmm, Dc. (p. J. Zf.) radical leaves petioled, cordate undivided: cauline ones
gash-pinnate: segments 3 to 7, short-petioled, ovate oblong, all cartilaginous-
dentate. 2— 3f. S. C. H. M. P.

Thaspium, Cnidium, Sison, Thapsia.

12—1. The'a. 70. Tern. ton—, nar. bev.

Exotic.

hohea, (bohea lea. M. T^.) flowers 6-petalled: leaves oblong-oval, rugose. From China

and Japan. Flowered the last of Sepiember*J*1838, in Albert P. Heartt's garden.

virid'is, (green tea. \ .) flowers 9-petalied: leaves very long-oval. J. C. Leltson says

this is only a variety of the bohea.

10 — 1. Ther'mia. 93. Legu. f nut. g. asc.
Southern.
rhomhifolia, N. (1) (W. y. Zf.) leafets rhomb-ovate, somewhat wedge-form, silky-
pubescent beneath, obtusish: stipule leaf like, round-ovate, oblique, shorter than the
petiole: raceme interrupted.

Thermopsis, Thermia.
5 — 1. The'sium. 25. Sant. sed. ton.

umbellatum, (2) (false toad flax. O. w-g. J. ZX-) erect: leaves oblong: umbels axillary,
(sometimes at a distance above the axil:) 3 to 5-flowered, flowers bracled: pedun-
cles longer than the^eaves. 9—15 i. ;S. Mch.

14 — 1. Thlas'pi. 63. Cruc. asc. dia.

arvensc, (penny-cress. W. J. 0.) silicles sub-orbicular, compressed, smooth: leaves

oblong, toothed, glabrous. P. Y. D.
alliaceum, (W. ©.) silicle sub-ovate, ventricose: leaves oblong, obtuse, toothed,

glabrous. Introduced.

Thaspium. From the isle of Thaspia, which gave name to the Thapsia of the

ancients, in allusion to its affinity with that genus.
Thea. Gr. thea, originating in the Chinese Tcha or Tsja, their name for tea.
Thermia. Gr. thermos, a lupine, to whicli its flowers bear resemblance.
Thesium. Gr. theseion, because it formed part of the garland presented by Theseus

to Ariadne.
Thlaspi. Gr. thlao, to break or press, because its seeds appear as if bruised or

pressed.

(1) CytissuB, Ph. (2) Comandra, N. Hamiltonia, S.

THLASPI, THYSANOCARPUS. 451

tuberosjim, (r. M.) silicle eub- orbicular, Bhort, compiessed: leaves rhomb-ovate, obso-
letely toothed, smooth, sessile: radical ones long-petioled: stem pubescent, very
short and simple: root tuberous and fibrous. 4 — 5 i. P.

alpesire, Dc. ( ) loaves entire or obscurely toothed; radical ones ovate, petioled;

cauline ones oblon<r, clasping: petals about equalling the calyx: silicle obcordate,
8 to 12 seeds: style fililonn. Canada.

montnnuin, Dc. ( ) leaves somewh^it fleshy, entire; radical ones obovate, petioled:
cauline ones oblong, sagittate-clasping: petals larger than the calyx: silicles obcor-
date, 4-seeded: style filiform. A. Canada.

corhlr/iriforme, Dc. ( ) leaves somewhat fleshy; radical ones petioled, ovate, sub-

dentate: cauline ones cordate-clasping: petals larger than the calyx: silicles oblong,
sub-emarginate, 8-seeded: style short, filiform. R.

Tldaspi, Lepidium.

19 — 15. Thu'ja. 100. Coni. b. h. ton. exp. con.

occidentnlis, (arbor vitre, false white cedar. M. fp .) branchlets 2-edged: leaves imbri-
cated 4-\vays, rhomb-ovate, close pressed, naked, tubercled: strobiles obovate;
inner scalestruncate, gibbous below the apes. Vast quantities along the Erie canal
from Rome to Montezuma. V. T. Peekskill. Mch. S— C
giganlea, N. ( ) strobiles lax; scales oboval. retuse: leaves imbricate 4-ways,

ovate, obtusish, closely incumbent, sub-equal. 200 feet high and 12 feet diameier.
R.

13 — 1. Thy'mus. 42. Labi. arc. sto. con.
Exotic.

serpyllus, (mother of thyme, b-p. J. ^.') flowers in heads: stem creeping: leaves

flat, obtuse, ciliate at the base. Naturalized.
vulgaris, (thyme, b-p. J. 21. ^.) e^te,, procumbent at the base: leaves ovate and

linear, revolute, flowers in a whoi^ spike.
lanus'inosus. (lemon thyme. H. \.) flrowers in heads: stem creeping, hirsute: leaves

obtuse, villose.

Thyrsunthvs, Wistaria. •

Tiedmannia, Oenanthe.
14 — 1. Thv'sanocar'pus. 63. Cruc. asc.

curvipes, Hk. (W. ) flowers racemed, small: silicle pendulous: stem solitary, erect:
leaves mostly radical, pinnatifid. West of Rocky Mts.

oblov gif alius, N. ( ) petals about twice as long as the calyx: silicles nearly orbic-
ular, wingless, hispid with uncinate hairs: leaves oblong, toothed, and densely
and stellately hirsute. Oregon.

Soulhern.

pusiilus, H. (Ap. ) flowers apetalous: silicles nearly orbicular, wingless, hispid with

uncinate hairs: leaves oblong, toothed, and stellately hirsute. California.
eleguns, Fiscli. and Meyer. ( ) petals nearly twice as long as the calyx: silicles

orbicular-ovate, membranaceously winged; the wing perforated with holes, emar-

ginate at the apex. 12 — 18 i. California.
pulilidlus, Fisch. and Meyer. ( w. ) petals longer than the calyx: silicles glabrous;

the wing not perforated, truncated at the apex: style much exserted. California.
crenatus, iV. (March. Ap. ) j)etals about as long as the calyx: silicles orbicular-obo-

vate, crenate, glabrous, slightly emarginate, membranaceously winged; the wing

perforated: style not exserted: leaves linear-lanceolate, runcinately and remotely

denticulate. California.

Thuja. Gr. thuion, a kind of cedar used for making images in Greece,- or thija, from
thyo, to sacrifice, because its wood was used as a perfume in sacrifices.

Thymus. Gr. thumos, courage, in allusion to its cordial qualities.

Thysanocarpus. Gr. thusanos, fringe, and karpos, fruit; the pods being edged with
fringes.

452 THYSANOCARPUS, TILIA.

lacinatus, N. ( ) petals as long as the calyx: silicles elliptical, glabrous, winged;

the wing entire or crenate, not perforated, entire at tlie apex, and acuminate with
the conspicuous style: leaves linear, remotely and incisely toothed. California.

10—2. TiARtL'LA. 84. Saxi. ast-j-.

cordifolia, (initre-woit, gem-fruit, w. ]M. 7i-) leaves cordate, acute-lobctl, toothed:
teeth mucrnnate: scape racemed. llesembles the Mildlu diplnjUa. 10 i. C. T.
O. N. V. Mch.

vienziesii, Fh. ( VV. 2X-) leaves ovate, cordate, acute, short-Iobed, toothed; cauline
ones alternate, distant: raceme filitbrm, somewhat spiked: calyx tubular. 1 f.

trifoLiata, VV. (W. Zf.) leaves ternate; leafets sub-rhomboid, serrate, pilose: racemes
terminal: little corymbs of flowers alternate: calyx bell-form.

hractciita, T. & G. (W. 21-) leaves round-cordate, gash-serrate; serratures niucronate:
scape racemed: flowers pentandrous, bracted; pelals very narrow: stamens not
exsert. This species differs from TiarelLn in its pentandrous, bracted flowers; and
from Heiiihcra in its distinct styles and habit. It should perhaps form a distinct
genu.s. Torrey.

finifoliiifa, Hk. ( ) sub-glabrous: stem one leaved: leaves all petioled, triangular-

cordate, obtusely toothed; teeth short-mucronate: panicle lax: flowers nodding:
calyx canipanulate: petals abortive (?) 1 f. R.

laciniutu, Hk. ( ) rough, hitsnte: stem sub-trifoliate: leaves trifoliate; middle

leafet trifid: lateral ones bifid: all broadrlanceolale, lacinate-pinnatifid: panicle lax;
flowers nodding: calyx short-campaimlate: petals 0? 9 — I'Z i. N. W. Coast.

Smttlicrii.

biternata, Vent. (A. y-w. J. ZC-) leaves biternate; leaft^s heart-ovate, oblique, gash-
lobed, toothed: stem leafy: panicle terminal, divaricate, witli the flowers some-
what spiked. There is some obscurity about tlijs plant; it cannot belong to this
genus. Elliott. Resembles Spiraea arunct^fj^h.

15 — 3. Tigri'dia. is. Lid. acr — . cath — .

Exotic.

pavonia, (tiger flower, r-y. M. to S. 21.) root bulbous: stem simple, wavy: leaves
ensiform, nerved: petals flat, spotted; inner ones small, guitar-lorni. Var. leoiia,
one-colored.

12—1. Til'ia. 79. Fili. b. ast. muc. cata. diu. con.

gl/ihra, V. (1) bass-wood, lime-tree. O. y-w. Jn. ^>.) leaves round-cordate, abruptly
acuminate, sharply serrate, .sub-coriaceous, glabrous: petals truncate at the apex,
crenate: style about equalling the petals: nut ovate. Large tree: wood soft and
white. Leaves often truncate at the base. .S'. Mch.

pnhcscens, V. (2) crop-ear bass-wood. y-w. Ju. t •) leaves truncate at the base, (one
lobe cropped,) oblique, acuminate, tooth-serrate, pube.-^cent beneath: panicle dense-
flowered, petals eniarginate, about equal to the style: nut globose, smooth. Var.
Uptojihylla, leaves lax, serrate, verv thin, somewhat papyraceous. <S'. p, D. C.
O. N.

alha, Mx. ( ) leaves glabrous above, whitish-pubescent beneath; the veins pale;

serratures mucronately acuminate: petals emarginate: starninodia-spatulate, entire:
style nearly glabrous at the base. I'ennsylvania to Maryland and Western States.

Southern.

heteropJuillo, Vent. (W. J. >^.) leaves ovate , oblique at the base or equally truncate and
cordate, sharply serrate, white tomentose beneath: nut globose, somewhat ribbed.

Tiarella. A diminutive of tiaras, an ancient ornament for the head, in allusi^ to

the shape of the seed vessels.
Tilia. Lat. tilia, the linden, perhaps of Gr. j^tdea,.the elm tree.
Tigridia. From the tiger-like spots on some of the flower.s.

(l) americana, W. canadensis, IVlx. (2) americana, Wr.

TILL.EA, TIPULARIA. 453

4—4. TiLL.c'A. 8G. Port. muc.

ascmdcns, Ea. (pigmy-weed, w.) stem ascendinij, rooting at the lower joints: leaves
connate, subulate, tlesliy: flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. Very minute. A new
species; discovered on the llousatonic by Prof. Ives, in the summer of 1816. C
Peekskill.

6 — 1. Tilland'sia. 15. Broni. sug. aro. edi. ref.
Soulhera.

ulriculata, (wild pine, w.) leaves somewhat glaucous and pruinose, concave, broad, sub^
ulate. setaceous at tli« apex, acumiAate, recurved and very dilated at the base: panicle
branching; flowers sessile: bracts somewhat 2-ranked, shorter tha'n tlie calyx:
petals twice as long as tlie calyx, erect, equal below, distinct at the apex, often
gaping on the side; stamens longer than tlie corol. Leaves pale green, retaining
water in tlieir dilated bases. 3 /. *

JH7iC(;rt, Le Conte. ( b.)sleni leafy: leaves longer than the stem, gradually shorter
towards the top, somewhat pruinose, cliannelied, subulate-setaceous, rigid, recurved
at the apex, dilated at the base: spilies compound, many-flowered, distichous; bracts
imbricate, longer than the calyx: petals equitant, thereby forming a tube, dilated
in the middle, thrice as long as the bracts, margin and apex recurved: stamens
longer tiian the corol: stigma roundcapilate, hispid. Leaves pale-green: stem
reddish: bracts red: stamens blue; anthers j^ellow. 1 f.

prinifolia, Le Conte. ( b.) stein leafy: leaves equalling the stem, gradually shorter
towards the top, at lengtli scale-like, sub-gubescent, not pruinose, subulate-setace-
ous, semi-terete, erect, concave at the base: spikes simple, few-flowered: bracts
short, imbricate: petals equitant, th.er^j foruiing a tube, longer than the bracts:
dilated in tiie middle, recurved nt the apex and margin: stamens longer than the
corol. Leaves pale green: stem, and Hiacls red: stamens blue: anthers yellow.
5 i. ^

lartia'mi, E. ( b.) stem leafy: leaves longer than the stem, gradually shorter to-
wards tlie top, hoary-pnbescent, subulate setaceous, seini-terete, erect, concave
and dilated at the base: spike nearly simple, 6 — S-flowered, 2-ranked, bracts imbri-
cate: petals equitant, thereby forming a tube, dilated in the middle, longer than the
bracts, recurved at the apex and margin. Leaves greenish: stem and bracts red:
stamens blue; anthers yellow. JO i.

paespilosa, Le Conte. ( b.) stem scaly by the diminution of the leaves: leaves longer
tlun the stem, hoary-pubescent, subulate-setaceous, semi-terete, erect, somewliat
concave at the base: spikes 3 — 4-flowcred: bracts imbricate: petals equitant, there-
by forming a t^be, dilated in the middle, longer tlian the bracts, recurved at the
apex and margin. Leaves reddish grey: stem and bracts red: stamens blue; anthers
yellow. 4 i.

recvrrdla, ( ) leaves shorter than the stem, terete, curved, subulate-setaceous,
pruinose, whitish pubescent, with narrow grooves, 2-ranked: stem naked above,
1 — 2-flowered: flowers sessi'e: corol longer than the calyx. 6 i.

nsneoides, { g.) grayish, pruinose, whitish pubescent: stein diffuse, filiform, pendu-
lous, branching, dichotomous, flexuous, or even spirally twisted: leaves subulate-
filiform, semi-terete, twisted: flowers terminal, solitary, sessile: calyx glabrous,
rusty, 3-parted; divisionssubulate, very acute, erect; petals 3, broad-linear, rounded
fit the apex, equitant below, thereby forming a tube equal to the calyx; lamina
spreading, flat: stamens sJiorter than the tube. La. S— C.

IS — I. TiPULARtA. 2L Orch. r. amy. vis. aro — .

fUsrolor, N. (1) (w. Au ) leaf solitary, plaited and longitudinally nerved: flowers
raceiued, nodding, bractless. Resembles the Corallorhiza. Y.

. . •■ "♦

Tilhsa. In Iionor cf Tilli, and Italian botanist.
Tillandsia. In Iionor of Tillands. a Swedish botanist of Abo.
Tipularia. So called from a fancied resemblance in the flower to insects of the genus

iipula, or crane fly.

(1) Limodorum unifolium, M. Orchis discolor, Ph.

454 TOiriELDIA, TRADESCANTIA.

6 — 3. Tofielb'ia. 13. Mela, poi — . asc — .

puhens, Mx. (1) (g-w. Au. If.) scape scabrous: spike oblong, interrupted: capsules

sub-globose, scarcely longer than the calyx. Vi — 18 i. <S'. D. S — C.
glntinosa, Mx. (VV. 21-) scape and pedicels glutinous-scabrous: spike with a few

alternate fascicles: capsule egg-form, twice as long as the calyx. Canada. Mch.
pusilla, Mx. (scotch asphodel, g-w. J. 2i.) glabrous: leaves short: scape filiform:

spike few-flowered, globular: little calyxes adnate to the racliis: capsule globose.

Mountain swamps. Canada.

^'outhern.

glabra, N. ( g-w. ) scape terete, smooth: leaves linear, ensiform: spike short,
dense, oblong: bracts acute, very small: peduncles solitary, angular, as long as the
flowers: styles 0: capsules distinct, membranaceous, equalling the corol. 8 — 10 i.

glaherrima, Macbride. (w. Oc. 7i-) very glabrous: flowers racemed: buds approxi-
mate, nearly whorled, I -flowered. 2—3 f S— C.

Toltnia, Pyrola.

20 — 15. ToRREYA. 100. Coni. h &h. abs. ner. w & b. pun-odo.

Southern.

taxifolia, Arnot. (Florida yew-tree. \ .) branches spreading; branchlets 2-ranked,

forked: leaves 2-ranked, linear, keeled, rigid, mucronate. 20 — 40 f.

My specimen consists of a transverse segment, C^ inches diameter. The wood
resembles spruce spars. It must be of slow growth; as the most thrifty growth pre-
sents from fifteen to twenty concentric rings to the inch. Leaves one inch long, one
tenth of an inch wide. Fruit an inch and 3 tenths long, and 9 tenths in diameter.
Outside coat (primine) very rugose, brittle; shell (secundine) thin; leaving the seed
large. Aspalaga River, Florida.

11— 1. Toute'rea. (2) 88. Turn. emo.

ornata, N. (W. y-w. A. 2i?) leaves lanceolate, interruptedly pinnatifid; segments
sub-acute: base of the capsule foliose, 5 to 7-valved; seeds almost without margins.
2 to 4 feet high. Flowers very large, solitary and terminal, sessile, odorous.
Found on the banks of the Missouri.

nuda, N. (W. y-w. 21-) leaves sub-lanceolate, interruptedly pinnatifid; segments ob-
tuse: capsule naked, 3-valved; seeds margined: outer stamens petaloid, often
sterile. Flowers smaller than the preceding species. Near the Great Bend on the
Missouri.

17 — 2. Towksend'ia. 55. Aste. ast. ton.

sericea, Hk. ( ) florets of the ray involute, narrow, scarcely expanded: leaves

radical, numerous, erect-spreading, sub-spatulate, entire, ciliate: flowers solitary:
involucre ovate, with silky leafets. A. R.

G — 1. Tradescak'tia. 13. Comm. ton — .

mrffinica, (spider-wort. b. p. M. If-) erect, branching: leaves lanceolate, elongated,
glabrous: flowers sessile; at length the peduncles become elongated; umbel com-
pact, pubescent. Cultivated. 1 — 2 f jS'. P. M. Florida. Mch.

rosea, Mx. (r. M. 2L.) erect, simple: leaves lance-linear: peduncles elongated: calyx
smooth. 8—12 i. S.

Tofieldia. In honor of Mr. Tofield, an English botanist.

Torreya. In honor of Prof John Torrey of New York — the American Linneus.

Touterea. Gr. touteron, another. A temporary name, given from its having been
published as Bartonia and Torreya: and been driven from both l)y other appplica-
tions of both names. The word " Another," may stand as a name for this edition.

Townsendia. In honor of David Tovvnsend, Esq. of West Chester, Pa.

Trarlescantia. In honor of two Tradescants, father and son, Frencli botanists.
(1) pubescens, Ph. Narthecium, Mx. (2) See note to p. 63, and write this

name in the blank at the * This is the Torreya of 7th ed.

TRAGIA, TRICHODIUM. 455

19—3. Tra'gia. 9G. Euph. ton. stim.
ramosa, T. & J. (W.) stem herbaceous, pilose, very branching: leaves petioled,
lance-ovate, sharply serrate, hirsute beneath, sub-cordate at the base: racemes
axilary, lilifbrm, t'ew-tlowered. 8 i.

Southern.
urens, (Ju. 21-) erect: leaves lanceolate, sessile, obtuse, sub-dentate at the apex: stem
and branches pubescent. Var. sul/ovalis, leaves oblong-oval, sometimes wedge-
form. Var. Id.nccolala, leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate and entire. Var. linearis,
(1) leaves linear, nearly all entire. 12 — IS i. S — C.
'urticifulia, Mx. (Ju. 0.) leaves cordate, o\'ate, serrate: stem erect, very hirsute.

12—18 i. S— C.
macrocarpa, W. (W. Ju. ^$.) climbing, hispid: leaves deeply cordate, ovate, acutely
toothed. K.

17 — 1. Tragopo'gon. 53. Cich. asc. sal.
Exotic,
jjorrifolius, (vegetable oyster, goat beard, salsafy. p. Ju. q.) involucre longer than
therays of thecorol; the corroUets very narrow, truncate; peduncles incrassate. C.

12 — 12. Tkautvetteria.* 61. Ranu. acr. r. poi — .

pabnata, Fisch. «& Meyer. (Ju. Au.) leaves slightly coriaceous, with conspicuous
reticulated veins: cyme mostly compound. 2 — 3 f. N — C. K. Tennessee. Cimi-
cifuga palmata, and tludictnim ranunculinum, 7th edition.

■grandis, N. ( ) leaves membranaceous, the veins scarcely prominent: cyme nearly
simple. Oregon.

5 — 2. Tre'pocar'pus. 60. Umbe. aro — . stim.

Southern.

aethiisae, N. (w.) umbels 5-rayed: fruit four times as long as broad: leaves many-cleft,

with linear lobes. Arkansas.
Irachijcfirptis, (W.) umbels 2 and 3-rayed: fruit three times as long as broad. Perhaps
a variety of the last. Louisiana.

10—1. Trib'clus. 81. Zygo. ton. ver.

Southern.

maximus, (y. Ju.) leaves pinnate; leafets about 4-pairs, outer ones largest: pericarps

10-seeded. not spiny. 1 — 2 f.
irijugatus, N. (y. 0.) leafets in 3 pairs; terminal ones largest, pubescent beneath:
capsules 5, 1-seeded, muricate, spineless.

3 — 2. Tri'chochlo'a. 10. Gram. far. fod.

capiUaris, Lk. (2) (W. S. 2X-) leaves convolute-filiform, smooth: panicle diffuse,
capillary, very slender: pedicels longer than the awns: awns 3 to 4 times as long
as the tiower. 2 f. S. N.

3 — 2. Tricho'dicm. 10. Gram. far. ton.

laxiflorum, Mx. (W. M. 2X-) culm erect: leaves setaceous and with the sheaths some-
what scabrous: panicle diffuse, capillary, with trichotomous branches: glumes
unequal. 18 i. S. JB. C. T. N. Mch.

Tragia. In honor of Hieronymus Tragus, a famous old German herbalist.
Tragopogon. Gr. tragus, a goat, and pogon, beard, so called from its downy seeds

wiiile m the capsule.
Trautvefteria. Gr. trauta, tender branch? uetos. rain, tereo, to preserve.
Trepocarpus. Gr. Irepo, to turn, and karpos, fruit; from that appearance.
Tribuius. Gr. triboLvs, name of the thistle, from Gr. treis bolai, tree.
Triciiochloa. Gr. thrix (trirhos) hair, and chloa, green herbage.
Trichodium. Gr. thrix (trichosj hair, on account of its capillary inflorescence.

(1) linearifolia, £.? (2) Stipa, Lk. sericea, Mx. Agrostis sericea, M.

* See generic description in Addenda.

leaves
filiform,

45G TRICHODIUM, TRIFOLIUJl.

scahrum, M. (1) (Ju. 21-) culm p^enicnlate at the base, assurgent, branched: leaves
lance-linear, flat, striate, scabrous; sheaths pfeneraliy smooth: panicle whorled and
divarical'": glumes unequal: paleas ovate, acute, 3-uerved. 12 — 18 i. S. T. Y.
P. VV N. Mch.

elalMtn, Ph. (Au. 2{.) culm erect, firm: leaves narrow linear, flat, scabrous; sheaths
smooth: pnnicle whorled, a little spreading: glumes nearly equal. 3 f. <5<'.

montuiivm, T. (A. Ju. If.) culm cespitose, erect: leaves involute-filiform, and with
the .«heaths scabrous: panicle ca[)il!ary, lax, a little spreading. 9 — 12 i.

perenncuin. VVr. (2) (S. Zl-) culm decuffljbent: panicle somewhat diffuse; branches
whorled and trichotomous: flowers racemed. 1 — 2 f S.

Trichophorum, Scirpl's.

17 — 2. Tri'ciiophyl'lum. N. {?>) 5.5. Hell. ton. sto.

lanaturii, Ph. (W. y. Jn. 2i.) woolly on all parts: leaves linear, pinnatifid abovei
peduncles elongated, 1 -flowered: rays 2 toothed: akenes glabrous, .')-angled.

Inlc^r'tfoiium, Hk. ( ) lower leaves obovate-spatulate, upper ones linear-spatulate,
entire and very entire or very rarely sub-trifid at the apex, both sides white-woolly.
R.

vmliijinriun, N. (y. Ju. 0?) many-stemmed, canescent tomentose: leaves opposite;
lower ones entire; uppei ones trifid or sub-bifid at the apex; branching ones entire,
linear: involucre 8-leaved; divisions ovate-oblong, obtuse. 9 i. R.

Scvihcrn.
oppositifoUum, N. (W. Ju. 2{^) decumbent, branching, short hoary-pubescent: 1
opposite, palmate 3-cleft, segments ligulate, simple or divided: peduncle ^'•
mostly dichotomous, scarcely longer than the leaves. 6 — 12 i.

13 — 1. Trichoste'iha. 42. Labi. car. ton.

dlcholoma, (blue curls. W. b. Au. 0.) leaves lance-ovate: branches flower-bearing,
2-forked: stamens very long, blue, curved. Var. linenris, somewhat pubescent:
leaves linear. 6-1 2 i. S. T. Y. V. C. N. P. B. H. M. F.

Tricuspis, Windsoria.

7 — 1. Trienta'lis. 35. Prim. sed. sop.

amcricana. Ph. (4) (chick winter green. O. w. M. 2X.) leaves lanceolate, serrulate,
acuminate: petals acuminate. 3 — ti i. Mch.

16 — 10. Tkifo'lium. 93. Legu. f. nut. g. asc.

reficrum, (W. r. J. Zf.) procumbent, pubescent: leaves obovate: stipules oblique,
cordate: heads many-tloweied; flowers pedicelled, at length all reflexed: legumes
about 3-seeded. Near the great Lakes. 12—18 1. S. P. C. Genesee F. Dew.

repcus, (white clover. O. w. ,M. Z[.) creeping: leafets cvate-oi.long, emarginate, ser-
rulate: flowers in umbelled heads: teeth of the calyx sub-equal: legumes 4-seeded.
S.

pralense, (red clover. O. r. M. Zf.) ascending, smoothish: leafets ovate, sub-entire:
stipules awned: spikes dense-ovate: lower tooth of the calyx shorter than the tube
of the corol, and longer than the other teeth. 2—3 f. S.

arvense, (rabbit foot, field clover. O. w. Ju. ©.) erect, branching, villose, leaves
hnear-oblanceolate: spikes villose, oval-cylindric: teeth of the calyx setaceous,
longer than the corol. Grows in dry pastures or barren fields. 6 — 10 i. /S.

agrarium, (5) (y. J. -^.) erect, sub-pubescent: leafets lance-wedge-form, obtuse,

Trichophyllum. Gr. thrix (Irichos) hair, and phvllon, a leaf, an apt name.

Trichostema. Gr. tlirix (trichos ) hair, and siema, stamen, alluding to the long capil-
lary filaments.

Trienlalis. Lat. trieiis, the third of any thing, it being about a third of a foot high.

Trifolium. Lat. tres, three, a.nd folium, leaf, that being its usual number.

(I) Agroslis scabra, W. (2) decumbens, Mx. Cornucopia, Wr. (3) Acti

nella, Ph. (4) europaea. Mx. not L. (5) aureum, Pollich.

TRIFOLIUM. 457

middle one sessile: stipules lanceolate, acute: spikes oval, imbricate: banner de-
flexed, permanent: teeth of the calyx subulate, glabrous, unequal. S. P. O. T.
On the islands. G— 14 i. M.

procumljcns, VV. (hop clover, yellow clover. W. y. J. 0.) procumbent: stem hairy:
leaiets obovate, sub-niarginate, glabrous: stipules short, lanceolate, acute: spikes
oval, imbricate: banner deHexed, furrowed, permanent. 'A — 6 i. ;S. B. P. M. C.

aimpcstrc, Sr. (]) (y. 0.) spike ovate, imbricate: banner deflected, permanent: leafets
lance-ovate, middle one petioled: stem sub-dift'use: branches decumbent. P.

stoloni/'erum. M. (buffalo clover. W. w. J. 2i-) stoioniferous, smooth: lower leaves
on long petioles! leafets obovate or wedge-form, serrulate, retuse or emarginate at
the apex: stipules membranaceous, broad-lanceolate: flowers in globose heads,
pedicelled. erect, at length retlexed: segments of the calyx nearly equal, narrow,
smooth, longer than the tube. N. Y. Penn. West to Mississippi.

altissimurn, Doug. (W.) very glabrous: stem erect, tall: leafets lance-linear, tooth-
leted; petioles very long; upper leafets sub-sessile: stipules lance-acuminate, adnate
to both sides of the petiole: little heads oblong: calyx glabrous: teeth 4 above,
twisted. R.

spinulo'sum, Hk. ( W. ) prostrate, glabrous: leafets oblong, acute at both ends, spine-
toothed: stipules ovate acuminate, spine serrate: involucre 1-leaved: little lieads
sub-globose, short: calyx a little shorter than the corol. N. W. Lakes. R.

ajal/iiferum, Hk. (W.) piostrate, ramose, glabrous: leafets oblong or obovate- wedge-
form, mucronate, spine-tootlied: involucre large, 1-leaved, cap-form: little heads
hemispheric many-flowered. West of Rocky Mts.

involucrutum, W. (0.) little heads roundish, peduncled; surrounded by an orbicular,
toothed receptacle: stipules oblong, awned, toothed: stem erect, branched. R.

nanum, T. (W. p. 2X-) little heads few-flowered, umbelled: legumes 4 to 5-seeded:
calj'x glabrous: teeth nearly equal: leafets obovate-oblong, acuminate: setm ces-
pitose, erect. 1 — 2 i.

plumosum, Doug. (![. w. J. Ju.) silky pubescent: stem erect, tall: leafets linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, on very long petioles, the uppermost sub-sessile:
stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, adnate above the middle to the petiole: heads
of flowers conical-oblong, pedunculate, ebracteate: calyx very hairy: the teeth
(linear, straight, silky-plumose, longer than the tube of the corol: ovary 4-ovuled.
Oregon.

fimbridtum, Lindl. (p.) prostrate, glabrous: leafets oblong or slightly cuneate, spinu-
lose-denticulate: stipules ovate, acuminate, laciniate-spinulose: involucre lacini-
ately many-cleft, shorter than the sub-globose heads: teeth of the calyx broadly
subulate, straight, half the length of the corol. N. W. Coast.

gymnocarpon, N. (M. J. 21- y-w.) cespitose, minutely pubescent: caudex short and
thick: leaves mostly radical; leafets oval-oblong or elliptical, obtuse, serrate, nearly
glabrous above: stipules scarious, oval: flowering stems very short, a little 1 afy at
the summit: peduncles about the length of the petioles: heads 5 to G- flowered:
segments of tlie calyx subulate, as long as the tube: legume hairy, reticulate-
rugose, 1 to 2-seeded; th^stipe about the length of tiie calyx tube. 2 — 3 i. Rocky
Mts.

varicgatiim, N. {$. p. w.) glabrous, decumbent, branchiirg: leafets obovate-oblong or
somewhat obcordate, minutely spinulose-serrate: upper stipules roundish, lacini-
ately dentate with subulate-setaceous teeth: peduncles axillary, longer than the
leaves; involucre laciniately many-cleft, shorter than the sub-globose head: teeth
of the glabrous calyx equal, lanceolate-subulate, with setaceous points, much
longer than the tube, shorter than the corol: legume dehiscent, 1 to 2-seeded. S.
Oregon.

pauciflorum, N. (Ap. M. O. p. w.) glabrous, nearly erect, slender, much branched
from the base: lower leafets cuneate-oblong: upper ones lanceolate linear, acumi-
nate, distantly and minutely spinulose serrulate: stipules laciniate, acuminate:
involucre many-cleft, much shorter than the small few-flowered head: teeth of the
calyx simple, broadly subulate, pungent, scarcely longer than the tube, and shorter
than the corol: legume 2-8eeded. Oregon.

erio cap h Ilium, N. (2i. M. y-w.) softly pilose or villous: stem erect: leaves all on long
petioles; leafets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutely and minutely serrate:
stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate: heads sub-globose, pedunculate, the flowers

(1) procumbens, S. agrarium, C.

58

458 TRiroLiuM.

at length reflexed: caljx very hairy, divided nearly to the base; the teeth filiform,
two-thirds the length of the corol, plumose. Oregon.
medium, L. (ZI- p-) almost glabrous: stem nearly erect, flexuous, branching; leafets
oblong or elliptical, nearly entire: stipules lanceolate, acuminate: heads of flowers
sub-globose, rather loose, soiitaiy, more or less ped inculate, sometimes bracteate:
teeth of the calyx setaceous, somewhat hairy; the lower one longest, shoiler tliaii
the tube of the corol. Mass. Introduced.
lonsipci, N. (M. Ju. Z[. y-w.) somewhat pubescent: stem erect or ascending, simple:
leaves on slender petioles; leafets linear-lanceolate, serrulate, silky-pubescent be-
neath: stipules semi-lanceolate, acuminate, foliaceous: heads roundish-ovate, ebrac-
teate, on very long pedunc.les: segments of the calyx setaceous, nnich longer than
the tube, somewhat equal: petals lanceolate: ovary 5-ovuled. Rocky Mountains.
2—3 i.
andinum, N. (M. J. H- y-w.) cespitose, silky-canescent: caudex short and thick,
branched above: leaves mostly radical: leafets cuneate-oblong, apiculate: stijjules
broadly ovate, membranaceous: heads of flowers hemisplierical, solitary, on short
scapes, bracteate at the base, with two sessile sheathing leaves: calyx densely
villous; teeth subulate, shorter than the tube: ovary 3 to 4-ovuled: legume 1 -seeded.
Rocky Mts.
dasyphylium., T. &, G. (21. p.) densely cespitose: caudex rfhort and thick, branchmg
above: leaves, peduncles and calyx canescently silky, with brownish hairs: leafets 3,
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolatej'acute or acuminate, entire: stipules membrana-
ceous, lanceolate, subulate-acuminate: head globose, many-flowered, on a long
radical peduncle: teeth of the calyx subulate-setaceous, nearly equal, longer than
the tube, and half as long as the corol: legume 3 to 4 seeded. 3 — 4 i. Summit of
Rocky Mts.

Southern,
carolinianum, Mx. (p-w. Ap. U-) small, procumbent: leafets obcordate, (upper one
only emarginate) hairy toothed: stipules 2-cleft: umbels capitate, peduncled, re-
flected, few-flowered: corol scarcely exserted: legumes 3 to 4-seeded. 3 — 10 i.
microcephaltim, Pii. (VV. w-p. Ju. If.) ascending, pubescent: leafets obovate, emar-
ginate, denticulate: stipules ovate, acuminate: heads very small, peduncled, few-
flowered: flowers sessile: involucre ovate, awned: calyx awned, as long as the corol.
California.
albopurjiureum, T. & G. (0. w. p.) decumbent or assurgent, viHous-pubescent: leaves
all on long i)etioles; leafets narrowly cuneiform, ti uncate or emarginate, denticulate:
stipules ovate-lanceolate, subulate-acuminate: spikes ovale, very villous, at length
on slender peduncles: teeth of the calyx setaceous, somewhat spreading, ratlier
longer than the corol: petals scarcely connected. California.
fucatum, Lindl.'(0. w. r ) glabrous, ascending: leaiets roundish-cuneiform, sharply
denticulate, rather thick: stipules scarious, ovate, entire, mucronate with a long
point: peduncles mostly longer than the leaves: involucre scarcely half the length
of the somewhat hemispherical, few-flowered heads, 9-cleft; the segments ovate,
acuminate, entire: calyx many times shorter than the'corol; the teetli tiiangular,
acute, unequal, about the length of the tube: wings as long as the vexillum: legume
stipitate, 5 to 8-seeded. California.
amjjlectens, T. »Jt G. ( ) glabrous, erect, brandling: leafets obovate-cuneiform, mucro-
nately dentidlate: stipules ovate, scarious, entiie, arisiale-mucronate: peduncles
shorter than the leaves; involucre about half the length of the .^ lo 6-flowered head,
4 to 5-parted; the segments somewhat lobed, obtuse: calyx much shorter than the
corol, cleft almost to the base; the teeth subulate, very unequal: vexillum free,
covering the wings: legume sessile, 6-seeded. 4 — 6 i. California.
grncilentum, T. & G. (0. p.) nearly glabrous, slender, erect or ascending: middle leaves
on very long filiform petioles; leafets cuneate-obcordate, spinulose-serruhite: sti-
pules rather tblinc^ous; the lower ones linear-lanceolate and setaceously acuminate:
the uppermost ovate-lanceolate and shorter: heads loose, 15 to 2ri-fiowere(i: calyx
glabrous; the teeUi lanceolate-subulate, setaceously acuminate, thrice the length
of the lube and about one-third shorter than the corol; legume Iseeded. Cali-
fornia. 8 — 10 i.
amvhuinthum. T. &,G. (21.) small: steins creeping, a little puberulent: leafets broadly
obcordate, creimlute: stipules scarious, ovate, obtuse, or with a short abrupt point:
heads rather few-flowered, on long filiform peduncles: teeth of the calyx lanceolate
subulate, as long as the tube: legume 3 to 4-seeded: the stoloniferous branches also

TRIFOLIUM, TRILLIUM. 459

bearincr solitary fertile flowers in tiie axils of the leaves, on short recurved pedun-
cles. Texasfc

aciculurc, N. (March. Ap. 0. r.) erect, branching from the base: leafets narrowly
lanceolate-linear, acule, spinulosely and closely serrulate: lower stipules entire,
acuminate: upper ones laciniate: involucre niany-clett, somewhat siiorter than the
globose head: llowers redexed: teetli of tiie calyx simple, subulate, as long as
tiie tube, rather siiorter than the corol: legumes linear-oblong, 2-seeded. Cali-
fornia.

poli/phyllum, N. (Ap. Q.) somewhat erect, glabrous: leafets 3 to 5, lanceolate-linear,
spinulosely serrulate: stipules acuminate, laciniate and spinnlose: involucre many-
cleft, somewhat shorter than the sub-globose head: teeth of the calyx rather broadly
subulate, pungent, about the length of the tube, and rather shorter than the abbre-
viated corol: legume 2-seeded. California.

Trifolimn, Melilotus.
6 — 3. Triglo'chin. 7. June, ton — .

mn.rUimum, (I) (arrow-grass. W. g. Ju. Zf.) fruit ovate-oblong, of six united carpels.

The carpels vary in number from 3 to 6. Sphagnous swamps. 9—15 i. C. O.

D. Mch.
paluslre, (marsh arrow grass. W. g. Ju. Zf.) flowers triandrous: fruit of three united

carpels nearly linear, attenuated at the base. 6 — 12 i. O. Onondaga. Mch.
triandrum, Alx. (Ju.) triandrous: flowers 3-cleft, short-pedicelled: carpels roundish

triangular: leaves sub-setaceous, almost as tall as the spike or scape. G — 9 i. P.

Canada. Mch.

16 — 10. Tuigonel'la. 93. Legu. s. emo. lax.
E.cotic.
fccnum-grcBcum, (fenugreek. 0.) legumes sessile, solitary, straight, erectish, sub-fal-
cate, acuminate: stem erect: leaves wedge-oblong.

Southern,
sericea^ Ph. (2) (y. Ju. 0.) leaves ternate, sessile, oblong, acute, silky-villose: pedun-
cles axillary, 1-flowered, longer than the leaf: flower 1-bracted: divisions of the
calyx linear: legume glabrous, very long.

fj— 3. Tril'lium. 12. Smil. r. erne.

ses'sile, (3) (W. p. M. 2i.) flower sessile, erect: petals lanceolate, erect, twice as
long as the calyx: leaves sessile, broad-ovate, acute. 8 — 10 i. S. P. Charles-
ton, S — C. Floiida.

peti'diitinn, Ph. (W. p. J. Zf • ) flower sessile, erect: petals lance-linear, erect, a little
longer than the calyx: leaves very long-petioled, lance-oval, acute.

erytkroau-puin, Mx. (4) (smiling wake-robin= A. w. »Ss r. M. Zf.) peduncle erectish:
petals lance-ovate, acuminate, recurved, almost twice as long as the nairow sepals:
leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, abruptly petioled. 8 i. S. T. F.
N. V. White Mts. Mch.

piislL'/.um, Mx. (5) (dwarf wake-robin, r. M. Zf.) peduncle erect: petals scarcely longer
than the calyx: leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, sessile. S. P.

pen'diihnn, \V. (6) (nodding wake robin. W. w. M. Zf.) peduncle inclined; flower
pendulous: petals flat, ovate, shortly acuminate, nearly equal witli the calyx: sepals
ovate-acuminate: leaves roundish-rhomboidal, acuminate, sub-sessile. F. T. B.
Mch.

purpu'reuin, Kin. (A. p.) leaves spatulate-ovate, acuminate, net-veined: flowers
pedunoled, nodding: petals larger than the calyx. Nearly allied to, but distinct
from the preceding. E.

Triglochin. Gr. treis, three, and glocldn, an angle, corner or point, alluding to the

three- pointed capsule.
Trigonella. A diminutive of Lat. trigona, alluding to its little triangular flower.
Trillium, hut. trilix, triple, from the prevalence of the number three.

(1) elatum, N. (2) americana, N. Lotus, Ph. (3) recurvatum, Bk? (4) pictum.
Ph. undulatum, W. (5) pumilum. Ph. (6) cernum, Ph. Bw. E. 4th ed. not L.

460 TRILLIUM, TRIPOLIUM.

eredum, (1) (false wake-robin. W. p. w-}'. M. 21.) peduncle eiect or erectish, with
the flower a little nodding: petals ovate, acuminate, spreading, equalling the sepals:
leaves rhomboid, acuminate, sessile. Yvlt. atropiirpurcum, petals large, dark purple.
Var. album, petals smaller, white; germ red. Xar-fiirum, petals 3'ellow: both petals
and calyx leaves longer and narrower. H. H. E. 12 to 13 inches high. Leaves
often 3 to 4 inches broad. Peduncle about 3 inches long. 9 — 16 i. jS'. T. C. F.
N. V. Mch.

ohovatum. Ph. (r-w. IS.) peduncles erect: petals obovate, obtusish, flat, spreading,
scarcely longer or broader than the sepals: leaves rhomb-ovate, acuminate, close-
sessile.

grandiflorum, (2) (W. w. M. 71-) peduncle a little curved, and the flower a little nod-
ding: petals lance-spatulate, connivent at the base, much larger than the calyx:
leaves broad-rhomb-ovate. Berries dark purple. 1 f. iS*. P. V. O. Johnstown,
Cambridge, and Utica, N. Y. Lake Erie. Mch. Genesee Falls. Dew.

nicalc, Riddell. (W. w. Mar. 21.) stem glabrous: leaves short petioled, oval, obtuse,
glabrous. 5-nerved: peduncle erect: sepals lance-ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved: petals
spatulate-obovate, obtuse, nerved, one third longer than the calyx. 2 — 3 i. Banks
of the Scioto River.

Sojitliern.

cer'nmim, {o) (W. r-w. M. 21.) peduncles recurved: petals lanceolate, acuminate,
larger than the calyx; leaves obovate and oval, tapering to the base, acuminate.
12—18 i.

stijlosmn, {4) (A. w-r. ) slender: peduncle much shorter than the flower, recurved:
petals undulate, spreading, oblong, obtuse, larger than the calyx: germ styliferous:
style 1, as long as the stigma: leaves sub-petioled, lance-oval, acute at both ends.
8—10 i.

nertusum, E. (r-w. Ap.) peduncle recurved: petals lance-oblong, larger than the calyx:
leaves lanceolate and ovate, acute at each end, membranaceous, nerved C — 8 1.

ovatum, Ph. (W. p. Ap. 2i.) peduncle erect: petals oblpng, acute, spreading, a little
longer than the linear sepals: leaves ovate, gradually aciite, closely sessile.

5 — 1. Trios'tedm. 58. Capr. r. erne. cath.

peifoliatum, (5) (fever root, horse-ginseng, wild coffee. O. p. J. 2i.) leaves oval,
acuminate, connate, sub-pubescent beneath: flowers sessile, whorled. Berries
purple or yellow. 2 — 4 f. jS'. Mch.

Southern.

angustifolium, W. (6) (W. A. y. Ju. 21.) leaves lance-oval, sub-connate: peduncles
opposite, 1-flovvered: stem hispid. 2 — 3 f. K.

18_1. Tripho'ra,* N. (7) 21. Orch. g-r. vis-pasty.

pendula, M. (8) (three-bird orchis. "\V. w-p. Au. 21-) root tuberous: stem leafy,
about 3- flowered at the top: leaves clasping, ovate, alternate: lip entire. 4— 6 i.
.S'. P. Y. V. O. N. AVestfield, Mass. Mch.

17 — 2. Tripolium. 5.5. Aster, ast. kaem.

paucijbrum, Nees. Described under Aster.

an^stum, Lindl. ( ) leaves linear, serrulate-scabious, glabrous: stem narrow,

very stiffly erect; branches straight, racemose: leafets of the imbricate, hemis-
pheric involucre linear, acute: rays inconspicuous. A variety has one-flowered
branches. Another variety has many-flowered branches.

Triosteum. Gr. ireis, three, and osteon, bone, from the three hard seeds.

Triphora. Contracted from Plukenet's name, triiiiithopltorvs, bearing three flowers.

Tripolium. Gr. treis, three, polco, to plough o. to furrow; on account of the leaves

being three-furrowed.

(1) rhomboideum, Mx. (2) rhomboideum, Var. grandiflorum, Mx. (3) cates-
bsei, E. (4) cernuum, Mx. (5) majns, Mx. (6) minus, Mx. (7) Arethuaa, L.
(8) trianthophorus, Sw. parviflcra, Mx. nutans, Le Conte.

'^ See note to Orchis.

TRIPSACUM, TRITICUM. 461

19—3. Teip'sacum. 10. Gram. far. fod— .

dacfyloiiles, (sesame grass. J. Zf.) spikes numerous, (3 — 4) aggregate: florets stami-
nate, near tli'e summit; pistillate below. Var. mortoitoc/tyo/t, spike solitary. 3 — 5 f.
)S. Y. C

Southern.

ajlindricum, Mx. ( ) spike solitary, cylindrical, separating into short joints:

flowers all perfect. Perhaps a RottboUia. ' E. S— C. M.

3 — I. Tripterel'la. 13. Xyri. fod — . ton — .
Soutltern.

capitata, Wr. (1) (w. J. 0.) flowers in a terminal head: angles of the germ scarcely

winged. 6 — 8 i. S — C.
coerulea, M. (2) (b. S. 0?) flowers few, in a terminal raceme: angles of the germ

distinctly winged. 2 — 4 i.

3—2. Trise'tum. 10. Gram. far—, fod.

palustre. Mx. (3) (J. ZT-) panicle contracted, nodding, somewhat wlioiled: glumes
2 — 3-flowered; florets smooth, acuminate: lower one awnless: lower valve of the
upper floret bicuspidate, awned below the tip. 1 — 2 f. S. O. jV.

puipurascens, T. & G. ( 21.) panicle very simple, somewhat racemed, few-flowered:
glumes few-flowered, very unequal, entire: culm and leaves smooth: stipules very
short, truncate. 2 f. S. Mch.

subspicatum, (4) ( If.) panicle somewhat spiked: awn at length reflexed, exceed
ing the glumes.

3 — 2. Trit'icum. 10. Gram. s. nut. far. gel.

pauciflorum, Sz. (W. ) spike simple, erect; spikelets about 2-flowered: culm simple,
leafy, terete, deeply striate, smooth: leaves somewhat glaucous, scabrous on the
ribs and margin. 2 f.

repens, L. (couch-grass, quack-grass. O. J. 2i.) spikelets oblong, 4 — 5-flowered:
glumes subulate, many-nerved; florets acuminate: leaves flat: root and base of the
stem creeping. 2 f Troublesome to farmers in rich soils; veiy useful for binding
the banks of canals, and sandy soils. 5?. Mch. Airropyron, repens, 7th edition.

caninum, L. (E. Zf.) spikelets 3 — 5-flowered, compressed: glumes 3 — 5-nerved,
bristled at the tip: florets bristled at the tip: roots fibrous. 2f S. Seneca Lake.
Mch. Agropyron caninum, 7th edition. Gen. Agiop. expunged.

Exotic.

hyhernum, (winter wheat. J. § .) glume 4-flowered, tumid, even, imbricate, abrupt,
with a short, compressed point: stipule jagged: paleas of the upper florets some-
what bearded. There are several varieties of this species, which are induced by
culture.

(Estivum, (summer wheat. J. 0.) glumes 4-flowered, tumid, smootii, imbricated,
awned. Smith says this may be a variety of the last.

composi'tum, (egyptian wheat.) spike compound; spikelets crowded, awned.

Varieties of wheat numerous — species few.

Tripsacum. Gr. tripsis, a rubbing or grinding; alluding either to the use of the grain,

or to the polislied aspect of the glumes.
Tripterella. A diminutive of Gr. treis, three, and /J^erwr, wing; alluding to the three

littl*^ wjngs proceeding from the corol.
Trisetum. Lat. tres, three, and seta, bristle; on account of the three beards or awns

of the flower.
Triticum. Lat. tritum, ground or rubbed; from the manner in which its grains were

prepared.

(1) Anonymous, Wr. (2) Burmannia biflora, L. (3) Avena, Mx. Aira

palleus, M. (4) airoides, Pb. Aira, L.

462 TROLLIUS, TURNERA.

J 2 — 12. Trol'lius. 61. Ranu. r. poi — . cath.

laxus, Sy. (J) (globe flower, y. M. 2I.)^eta]s 5, oblong, spreading; nectaries shorter
than the stamens. Petals always, or mostly five, obovate: capsule short, abrupt,
crowded with the elongated style. P. R. Genesee Falls. Dewey.

8 — 1. Trop^o'lcm. 73. Tropae. asc. f. lax. con.
Exotic.
viajus, (nasturtion, Indian cress, y. & r. Ju. 0. & Zf.) leaves peltate, sub-repand:
petals obtuse, some of them fringed.

14 — 2. Tropidocar'pum- 63. Cruel, asc. dia.
Southern,
gracile, II. ( ) nearly glabrous: leaves pinnatifid: silique linear. California.
scabriusculum, H. ( ) somewhat roughly hirsute: leaves bipinnatifid: silique

lanceolate. California.

17 — 1. Trox'imon. 53. Cich. sal. asc.
' Southern,
glaucum, Ph. (W. y. Ju. $ .) scape 1-flowered, glabrous: leaves lance-linear, flat,
very entire, glaucous on both sides: divisions of the involucre imbricate, acute,
pubescent.
cuspidiituiii, Ph. (2) (W. y. M.) scape 1-flowered, sub-pubescent: leaves linear, un-
dulate and tomentose on the margin: divisions of the involucre imbricate, cuspi-
date, glabrous.

Troximon, Krigia.

6 — ]. Tu'lipa. 14. Lili. diu — . emo.
Exotic.

suave'olens, (sweet tulip. M. H-) small: stem 1-flowered, pubescent: flower erect:

petals obtuse, glabrous: leaves lance-ovate.
gesneriana, (common tulip. M. 21- ) stem 1-flowered, glabrous: flower various-colored,

erect: petals obtuse, glabrous: leaves lance-ovate.

13—1. Tul'lia. 42. Labi. car. ton—.

Southern.

pycnan'thcmoides, (3) (false mountain-mint. W. r-p. Au. 21-) leaves ovate, acuminate,
tapering to the base, remotely toothed, hoary-above, and glaucous beneath: bracts
subulate, of the length of the striate calyx. 2 — 3 f. Tennessee.

5 — 3. Tur'nera. 80. Cisti. ano. ton — .

dstoides, (y. Ju. #.) peduncles axillary, leafless: leaves serrate near the summit.
Flowers resemble those of Cistus carolinianus.

Trollius. A barbarous word from the obsolete German trol, expressing any thing

round.
Tropffiolum. Gr. tropaion, a trophy, from a fancied resemblance in the leaves and

flower to a spear and helmet.
Troximon. Gr. troximon, eatable; a just name for the original species.
Tulipa. From a Persian word, synonymous with turban, which is not unlike the

swelling flosver.
Tullia. [n honor of Prof Tully, of New Haven, Conn.
Turnera. In honor of Dr. Win. Turner, one of the fathers of English botany.

(1) americanus, Donn. (2) marginatum, N.

(3) Discovered and named by M. C. Leavenworth. Dr. Tulley, Dr. Leavenworth,
and Dr. Solon Smith, were the earhest of Prof Ives' pupils in New Haven, Conn.

TURRITIS, TYPHA. 463

14 — 2. Turri'tis. G3. Cruc. asc. diu.

glabra, {W.) erect: radical leaves pelioled, tooUied. having branching hairs; upper
ones broad-laiicpolate, s;igitlate, glabrous, half clasping, glaucous: pod narrow
linear, sliffly erect: petals scarcely longer than the calyx. R. Naturalized about
N. Haven. Hudson's 15ay.

strictu, Hk. (W.) erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate; radical ones petioled, toothed;
cauline ones sagittate, halt'clasping, suH-dentate: flowers and siliques linear,
elongated, stiflly erect. Rocky Mt. and West.

rctriifrac'ta, Hk. (VV.) erect, white-pubescent or glabrous: leaves lanceolate; radical
ones pelioled, toothed; cauline ones sagittate, half-clasping, glabrous, sub-dentate:
llowers nodding: pods linear, elongated, pedicelled, and bent back. R. Hudson's
Bay.

mollis, Hk. ( w. 0.) erect: lower leaves spatulate, sinuate-dentate; upper ones
lance-sagittate, very entire; all, with the erect branching stems and pedicels with
numerous spreading hairs; softly hirsute: siliques linear-elongated, erect, straight.
A.

patula, Graham, (r-b. ) erect: leaves lanceolate; radical ones petioled, dentate;
cauline ones sagittate, half-clasping, glabrous, sub-dentate: flowers and siliques
linear, elongated, very spreading. A var. has the radical leaves scarcely pubes-
cent. Another var. has the radical leaves hoary- pubescent, sub-entire. A. R.
Canada.

»n«croco7)fi, N. (y-w.) radical leaves runcinate-dentate, or simply toothed, hairy;
cauline ones lanceolate, sagittate, crowded, glabrous: siliques stricly erect, very
long, narrow. 3 — 4 f. Oregon

spatliidalii, N. ( ) radical leaves broadly spatulate-oval, repandly toothed, hirsute;

cauline oblong-lanceolate, clasping: siliques very long, erect. 12 — 18 i. Oregon.

brachycfirpa, T. & G. (p. ^.) glabrous and glaucous: radical leaves spatulate, toothed;
cauline ones linear-lanceolate, acute, sagittate and somewhat clasping: siliques
short, rather broadly linear: pedicels of the flowers pendulous, of the fruit spreading
or ascending. Mch.

17—2. Tussila'go. .55. Eupa. dem. bit. r. ton.

far'fara, (colt's foot. y. Ap. 2i-) scape single-flowered, scaly: leaves cordate, angular
toothed, downy beneath. The flower appears long before the leaves. 4 — 6 i. W.
T. P. N. C. O. F. V.

Sub-Gknus Nakdosmia.

frisrifia, W. (mountain colt's foot. y. M. Zf.) thyise fastigiate: flowers with rays:
Feaves roundish-cordate, unequally toothed, tomentose beneath. V.

sa<riUat(i, Ph. (VV. 2i-) thyrse ovate, fastigiate: flowers with rays: leaves radical,
oblong, acute, sagittate, very entire; lobes obtuse.

palmala, W. (VV. Ap. 2i.) thyrse ftstigiate: flowers with obsolete rays: leaves round-
ish-cordate, half 7-lobed, gash-toothed, tomentose beneath. N. D.

corymbosa, Hk. ( ) leaves cordate deeply sinuate-lobed, angular-dentate, tomen-

tose beneath. A.

19—3. Ty'pha. 8. Typh. ton—.

Itilifolia, (cat-tail, reed-mace. O. Ju. 2J.) leaves linear, flat, slightly convex beneath:
staminate and pistillate ainents close together. Wet. 4 — (if. S. Mch.

aniruslifolia, (W. Ju. 21- ) leaves linear, channelled, semi cylindric below, and flattisli
above: staminate and pistillate aments a little separated. Not so large as the last
species. Wet. 3 — 5 f. S. P. F.

Turritis. Lat turris, a tower or turret, the leaves and flowers giving the stem a
pyramidal form.

Tussilago. Lat. lussis, a cough, and ago, lo drive or act upon, from its reputed effi-
cacy.

Typha. Gr. tiphos, a bog or inarsh; from its residence.

464 ULEX, URALEPSI5,

Udora, Serpicula.

16—10. U'lf.s. 93. Legu. r. lax.

Exotic.

curopa'us, (furze. M. ^.) leaves lance-linear, villose: bracts ovate, lax: branchlets
erect.

5 — 2. Ul'mus. 99. Ulmas. ton. muc. dem.

■americana, Mx. (elm, white elm. O. g-p. Ap. fp.) branches smooth: leaves oblique
at the base, having acuminate serratures a little hooking: flowers pedicelled; fruit
fringed with dense down. Var. pendula, has hanging branches and smoothish
leaves. Rafinesque says this is a distinct species. 40 — 70 f .S?. Mch.
Jidza. Mx. (1) (slippery-elm, red-elm. O. Ap. ';.) branches scabrous, whitish: leaves
ovate-oblong, acuminate, nearly equal at the base, unequally serrate, pubescent both
sides, very scabrous: buds tomentose, with very dense yellowish wool: flowers ses-
sile. The bark is very mucilaginous. 20 — 40 f. iS'. Mch.

neinornUs. (river elm. Ap. >?.) leaves oblong, smoothish, equally serrate, nearly
equal at the base: flowers sessile.^ 5'.

racemnsa, Thomas. ( fp .) flowers in racemes; pedicels in distinct fascicles, united
at their bases: leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, glabrous above, pubescent
beneath: stigmas recurved. A large tree.

Southern.

alaia, Mx. (2) (whahoo. March. >-.) branches on each side winged with a cork-like
bark: leaves oblong-oval, acute, nearly equal at the base: fruit pubescent, ciliate.
30 f.

3—2. Uki'ola. 10. Gram. far. ton. fod— .

laiifoUa. Mx. (W. A. Ap. 1[-) leaves broad, flat: panicle loose, nodding: spikelets
long-peduncled: florets sub-falcate, monandrous; lowest ones abortive. 4 f. <S. P.

gra'cilis, Mx. (W. Au. If.) panicle elongated, racemose, appressed: spikelets 3-
flowered: florets spreading, straight, monandrous: lowest ones abortive. 3 — 4 f.
-S. Y. K.

spica'ta, (3) (W. L. Au. 71-) panicle spiked, straight: leaves involute, distichous,
spreading: spikelets 5 to 9-flowered: florets triandrous. 18 i. S. Y. E. C.

■strkta, T. (W. 21-) very smooth: leaves narrow, erect: panicle erect, contracted:
spikelets linear-oblonff, many-flowered: flowers straight, awnless. Intermediate
between Festuca and Uniola; 'perhaps a Ceratochloa. Torrey. 1 f.

Southern.

paniculata, (4) (sea-side oats. L. Ju. 21.) panicle large, compressed: spikes sub-
sessile: glume 4 to 5-valved: flowers triandrous. 4 — 6 f.

ni'tida, Bald. (Ju.) leaves flat, narrow: panicle scattered, spreading: spikes few, sub-
sessile: glume 3-valved: flowers monandrous. 2 — 5 f.

3 — 2. Uralep SIS. 10. Gram. far. ton. fod—.

aristulata, N. (5) (Au. §-.) lateral panicles concealed in the sheaths of the leaves:
terminal ones partly exsert: glumes 3-flowered: bristle of the paleas as long as the
lateral cusps. Whole plant covered with a viscid acid secretion. T. 1 f.

Ulex. Celt, ec or ac, a point; which is applicable enough to its appearance.
Ulmus. Lat. ulmus, which is from Celt, elm, having remained unchanged in English.
Uniola. Lat. unns, one, so named from the aggregation of many glumes in one calyx.
Uralepsis. Gr. onra, a tail, and Irpis, a scale or glume, intended to indicate the

singularly caudate appearance of the outer corol valve.

(I) aspera, M. rubra, Mx. younger. (2) puraila, Wr. (3) distichophylla, Rs.
Festuca distichophylla, Mx. (4) maritima, Mx. (5) Aira purpurea, M.

not Wr.

URALEPSIS, UTRICULARIA. ■• 465

Southern.

piiipurea, Wr. (1) (S. ^?) leaves subulate: panicle small, racerned: paleas villose;

outei valve tnoie than twice the lenj^th of the glume, when mature deeply 3-parted,

3-nerved and reflected; middle division with an awn as long as the valve. Whole

plant has a strong saline tasle. E. 2 f!
Cbrnuta, E. ( ) culm and leaves very narrow, pilose: panicle slenderi middle awn

bf the paleas longer than the valve, finely recurved. 2 f.

19_4. Urti'ca. 98. Urti. a^t. diu. h. irr.

pumila, (2) (stingless nettle, rich-weed, clear-weed. O. Ju. O.) leaves opposite,
ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate,; lower petioles as long as the leaves: flowers
monoecious, triandrous, in corymbed heads, shorter than the petioles. Stem
smooth and sliining; when in deep shades, the stem is pellucid. 8 — 12 i. S.
Mch.

urcns, (dwarf stinger. J. ^.) leaves opposite, oval, about 5-nerved, sharply serrate:
spikes glomerate, in pairs. 9—14 i. S. N. P. T. Y. B. C.

dioica, (common nettle. O. J. 2X.) leaves opposite, cordate, lance-bvate, coarsely ser-
rate: flowers difficious: spikes panicled, glomerate, in pairs, longer than the
petioles. 2—3 f. S. Mch.

prucera, W. (great nettle. O. Ju. 21-) leaves opposite, cordate, lance-ovate, serrate:
petioles ciliale: flowers dioscious- spikes somewhat branched, glomerate, in pairs,
equalling the petiole. Var. gracilis, slender: leaves lance-ovate; leaves and petioles
hispid. Not so common as the last, which, if examined before full maturity, may
be mistaken for this. 3 — 4 f. S.

capituta, (J. If-) leaves alternate, heart-ovate, acuminate, serrate; 3-nerved, twice as
long as the petiole: glomeriiles spiked: the. spikes are solilaiy, shorter than the
lenves, leafy above: stem naked. 3—5 f. S. P. Canada. Mch.

canadf.nsis, (3) (canada nettle, albany hemp. Ju. Zi!.) leaves alternate, heart-ovate,
acuminate, serrate, hispid both sides: panicles axillary, mostly in pairs, spread-
branched; the lower staminate ones longer than the petioles; upper pistillate one
elongated: stem covered with stings, .5—6 feet high. Var. divaricata, has smoolhish
leaves, and sometimes very- spreading, solitary panicles. 4 — 6 f. S^. T. P. B.
C. O. F. N. Mch.

Southern.

chamoedroides, (Ph. March 0.) leaves opposite, sub-sessile, ovate, serrate, strigose
beneath: clusters of flowers axillary, sessile, sub-globose, reflexed. Prickles white,
conspituous, stimulant. 4 — G i.

2 — 1. Utricula'kia. 35. Lent. ton—.

ceratophylla, Mx. (4) (hooded millfoil. W. y. Ju. $ .) leaves inflated, 6-whorled, with
branching, capillary filaments on the sides: flowers sub-corymbed: upper lip of the
corol somewhat 3-lobed; lower lip deeply 3-lobed; spur short, flattened-conoid, ob-
tuse, deeply emarginate, appressed to the lower lip of the corol: fruit nodding:
root very long, branching. 8 i. S. P. Y. B.

macrorhiza, (5) (bladderwort. W. y. J. 7X-) leafless, floating: scape many-flow-
ered, furnished with large scales; flowers racemed: upper lip of the corol sub-
3-Iobed; lower lip entire, with the sides deflected; palate large, with brown stripes;
spur elongated, approacliing the lower lip of the corol, obtuse, emarginate, conic at
the base; linear at the tip: fruit nodding: root very long, very branching. 6 — 8 i.
S. T. B. P. C. O. F. N. Mch.

striata, Le Conte. (6) (y. J. Q.) leafless, floating: scape with 1—2 scales, 5—6-
flowered: upper lip of the corol broad, expanded, 3-lobed; intermediate lobe striate;
lower lip sub-3-lobed, sides reflected; palate with brown spots; spur nearly linear,

Urtica. Lat. uro, to burn; from its stinging properties.

Utricularia. Lat. utriculus. a little bladder, tVom the little bladders which serve to

float the plant, in some species.

(1) Aha, Wr. (2) Adesia trinerva, R. (3) whitlowi, M. (4) inflata,

Wr. (5) vulgaris, Ph. not L. (6) cornuta. Ph. not Mx. fibrosa, E. not Wr.

biflora, Vahl.?

59

466 UTRICULARIA, UVULARIA.

elongated, obtuse, emarginate, appressed to the lip of the corol, &nd nearly as
long. S. Y. P. N. •

gibba, (y. Ju. 71.) leafless, floating: scape naked: upper Iip/)f the corol emarginate;
lower lip sub-3-lobed; middle lobe sub-revolute, tienat^ spur gibbous, incurved,
obtuse, entire. 1—3 1. 8. T. Y. Pilisfield. Mch.

fornictUa, Le Conle. (1) (y. Au. 0.) leafless, floating: scape naked, 1— 2-flowered:
upper lip of the corol :;5-lobed; middle lobe arclied over the palate; lateral ones ap-
pressed; lower lip entire; spur incurved, conoid, obtuse, entire, appressed to the
lower lip of the corol. S.

purpurea, VVr. (2) (W. p. Au. Zf.) leafless, floating: scape 2 — 3-flowered: upper lip
of the corol truncate, emarginate; lower lip 3-lobed; lateral lobes saccate; palate
small; spur flattened-conoid, entire, appressnd to the lower lip of the corol: root
branching: branches 4— 5-whorIed. .S. P. Y. 13. D. Mch. S— C.

persunatii, Le Conte. (y. CJ-) leafless, rooting: scape with scales, many-flowered:
flowers racemed: upper lip of the corol emarginate, reclined; loiver lip small, en-
tire, obtuse or abruptly acute; palate large, prominent; spur linear-subulate, acutish,
somewhat pendulous: root small, naked. 4 — 8 i. S. S — C.

sdncca, (3) (y. .1. 0.) leafless, rooting: scape with scales, setaceous, distantly
many-flowered: upper lip of the corol short, entire; the sides revolute at the tip;
lower lip deeply 3-lobed; spur subulate, entire, as long as the lower lip: root small,
naked. .S'. C. F. S— C.

cormita, Mx. (leafless bladder-wort. ^V. y. Ju. Zf.) spur-nectary subulate, lengthened
out longer than the corol. nearly vertical, acute; lower lip of the corol broad, 3-
lobed: scape with two nearly sessile flowers at the top; no leaves at the base, but
having dense alternate tufts of radical leaves. T. B. N. D. Mch.

minor, VV. (Ju. y. ) nectary carinate; upper lip emarginate, equal to the palate:

leaves dichotomously 3-parted: corol with throat open. Mob.

Southern.

loiigirustris, (y. Q.) leafless, floating: scape with scales, 1 — 2 flowered: upperlip of
the corol sub-3-lobed; lateral lobes appressed; lower lip rather entire; si)ur linear-
subulate, ascending, sub-incurved, emarginate longer than the lower lip of the
corol.

inlegra, (4) (y. 0.) leafless, floating: scape with scales 1— 2-flowered: upper lip of
the corol sub-3-lobed; lateral lobes sub-involute; lower lip entire; spur flattened-
conoid, obtuse, entire, nearly eqiialling the lower lip.

fibrosa, Wr. (y. ) scape 2-flowered: flowers large: sjjur obtu.se: leaves root-shaped,
fibrous. This and the next species are not satisfactorily defined. Le Conte.

b'iflora, Lk. (y. Ju. ) nectary subulate, straight, nearly equalling the upperlip: scape
about 2-flowered: leaves setaceous.

G — 1. Uvula'kia. 12. Smil. dem.-ton — .

peifoliata, (bellwort. O. y. M. If.) leaves perfoliate, oval, ol)tuse, (lance-linear or

oval-oblong in the youirg state:) corol bell liliaceous, scabrous or granular vvitiiin:

anthers cuspidate. 8 — 12 i. S. Mch.
graiidiflora, S. (.5) (W. y. M. 2i.) leaves perfoliate, oblong, acute: petals smooth

within: anthers obtusish; nectaries roundish. Flowers laro-e. 9 1.5 i S T

V. O. Mch. "

sessilifolia. (O. y. M. Zf.) leaves sessile, lance-oval, becoming glaucous beneath;

petals flat, smooth within: capsule stiped, (laised above the receptacle on a little

stem:) stem glabrous. 8 — 12 i. iS. Mch.

Southern.

puberu'la, Mx. (A. ) leaves oval, rounded at the base, somewhat clasping, both

sides colored alike: capsule sessile, ovate.

Uvularia. So named from the throat of the flowers being similar to the uvula of the

throat.

(1) gibba, E. not L. minor, Ph. not L. pumila, Wr.7 (2) saccata, 4th ed.

(3) subulata, Gron.? (4) bipartita, E, (5) lanceolata. W. perfoliata

major, Mx.

VACOINIUM. 467

10—1. Vaccin'ium. 51. Vacc. f. res. ton. lax.
1 . Leaves deciduous.

stamin.*'eum, (squaw whortleberry, deer berry. O. w. M. ^.) leaves oval, acute, entire,
glaucous beneath: pedicel.s solitary, axillar}', filiform: corol spreading, bell-form;
divisions oblong, acute: anthers essert, awned on tlie back: berry pear-fonu. Var.
aUiiim, has tiie nerves and veins of the leaves hairy, and the berry globose. Pursh
makes this variety a distinct species; but Smith says it can iiaidly be called a
variety. Berries of this species are large, green, and mealy glaucous when ripe.
2-3 f. &.

dumo'sum, C. (1) (bush whortleberry. O. w. J. h.) brancjilets, leaves and racemes a
little hispid, bedewed with resinous specks: llie leaves oblong-obovate, acute at the
base, mucronate, entire, both sides colored alike: racemes bracted: pedicis short,
axillary, sub-soiitary, 2-bracted near the middle: corol bell-form; divisions round-
ish, including tlie anthers. Var. IditcUum, (2) racemes and calyx pilose: berries
hispid. 12—18 1. ^'.
Jrondosum. (3) (blue whortleberry. O. w. M. ^.) leaves oblong-ovate, obtusish,
entire, glabrous, glaucous beneath, bedewed '.vith many resinous dots: racemes lax,
bracted: pedicels long, tiliform, bracted: bracts linear: corol ovate-bell-form, with
acute divisions and enclosing the anthers. Var. laiiceoiaUun, having lanceolate
leaves acute at both ends. Kerries large and blue. 3 f. »S.

rcsiiiosum, (4) (black whortleberry. O. p. M. h .) leaves slender, petioled, oblong-
oval, Tnoslly obtuse, entire, bedewed with resinous specks beneath: racemes lateral,
1-sided: pedicels short, somewhat bracted: corol ovate-conic, 5-cornered. Berries
black. One variety has a yellowish-green, and another has a reddish-yellow corol.
1—4 f. S. Mch.

con/m/josvm, (5) (giant whortleberry, blue bilberry. O. w. M. fp .) flower-bearing
branchlets almost leafless; leaves oblong oval, acute at both ends, mucronate, sub-
entire, subtomentose beneath, and hairy both sides when young, but glabrous above,
and a little hairy at the veins beneath when mature: racemes short, sessile, with
scaly bracts: corols cylindric-ovate: calyx erect: style somewhat exsert. Var.
amaauia, has the style not exsert, and the racemes are crowded: corol cylindric,
and the calyx retlexed. The twigs are reddish, flowers large, with a reddi.sh tinge.
Yar.fiiscdiiim., has the leaves a little serrulate, glabrous: corymbed racemes terminal:
pedicels long and nodding: corol cylindric. with short direct divisions: style hardly
exsert. Flowers striped with red; calyx brown. Berries black. In wet ground this
species grows very large. 4 — 12 f. /S. Mch.

penusylcdiucum, Mx. (6) (black-blue whortleberry. O. r. g. M. h.) branches angled
above: dark green: leaves sub-sessile, lance-oval, mucronate, serrulate, both sides
shining: fascicles of flowers crowded, sub-te-rminal: corol ovate, 5-toollied. Very
branching, leaves flat, m^mbiauaceou.-: calyx green. 12 — 18 i. iS. Mch.

ligusl.ri'num, Mx. (p. r. J. ^f^.) branches angular: leaves sub-sessile, erect, lanceolate,
mucronate, serrulate: fa.scicles gemmaceous, sesi^ile; flowers nearly sessile: corol
oblong-ovate.

tencUuin, A. (dwarf whortleberry. A. r-w. M. >?.) racemes bracted, sessile: coiol cylin-
dric-ovate: leaves oblong-oval, somewhat wedge-form, serrulate, nearly smooth.
W. ?. B. White hills.

uliginosniH, (r-w. Ap. h.) leaves obovate, obtuse, very entire, glabrous above, pubes-
cent and glaucous beneath: flowers sub-solitary, octandrous: corol short-ovate, 4-
cleft. Var.« a//jiiium, Bw. (7) (winter-green whortleberry. A.) leaves obovate,
entire: flowers sub-solitary: berries oblong, crowned with the style. 1 — 2 f . White
hills. Mt. Marcy, (McComb's.) Dewey.

myrlilul'des, Mx. (Ap. ^.) leaves narrow, lanceolate, membranaceous, very entire,
pubescent on the margin beneath, and near the nerves: flowers scattered, sub-
solitary, very short-pedicelled. Labrador.

Vaccinium. Lat. vaccinium, the bilberry, which some say is altered from baccinium

a berry.

(1) frondosum, Mx. ('^"i Jiirtellum, A. (3) glaucum, Mx. (4) Andromeda
baccata, Wm. (5 dismorphum, Mx. album, Lk. amocnnm, W. (6) virgatum
W. tenellum. Ph. not Alton, Bw. (7) gaultheroides, Bw.

468 VAGCfNIUM, VALERIANA.

caspitosum, Mjc- ( ^0 small, cespitose, very glabrous: leaves wedge-obovate, round-
obtuse, distinctly serrate, membranaceous: flowers on the branches solitary, sub-
sessile: corol short-pedicelled. 3 i. Labrador.

2. Leaves evergreen.

m'tis-i'dcm, (bilberry, cowberry, w-r. M. Tj.) low: stem creeping, branchlets erect:
leaves obovate, emarginate, reyolute, sub-serrulate: shining above, punctate beneaths
racemes terminal, nodding: corol bell-cylindric. Sometimes tetrandrous. B.
Monadnok. Canada.

ovatum. Ph. (W. M. ^.) leaves petioled, ovate, acute, revolute, serrate, glabrous,
coriaceous; racemes axilary and terminal, bracted, short: corol cylindric: calyx
acute.

ohtusum, Ph. (W. \-.) creeping: leaves small, oval, roundish-obtuse at each end,
piucronate, very entire, glabrous, coriaceous: peduncles axillary, solitary, 1 -flowered.

Southern.

arho'reum, Marshall, (farkleberry. w. M. fp.) leaves petioled, obovate, acute at each
end, mucronate, glandular-serrate, shiningabove, net-veined, sub-pubescent beneath:
racemes bracted, nodding: pedicels axiliarj', solitary, filiform: corol cylindric-bell-
form: divisions acute: anthers inclosed, awned on the back. 8 — 20 f. Charleston,
S— C. Florida.

pal'lidum, A. (M. ^.) leaves ovat-e, acute, serrulate, glabrous: racemes bracted:
corol cylindric-bell-form. A doubtful species. Ph.

galezans, Mx. (y-w. M. \ .) leaves sessile, wedge-lanceolate, sub-serrulate, veined,
pubescent: fascicles sessile: pedicels very short: calyx acuminate: corol ovate;
throat very compressed: style exsert.

myrtifolinm, Mjc. ( h .) creeping, very glabrous: leaves petioled, oval, lucid, revolute,
sparingly denticulate: fasciples axillary, sub-sessile, few-flowered: corol sub-glo-
bose-bell-form, with 5 small short teeth: anthers awned on the back. Leaves pe-
rennial: berries black.

crassifolmm, Ph. (r. J. Tp .) diftuse: branches ascending, lax: leaves lance-oblong,
acute at each end, serrate, rigid, glabrous: racemes terminal, corymbed, bracted,
few-flowered; flowers nodding: calyx appressed: corol bell-form, spreading, deeply
and acutely 5-toothed. Leaves perennial.

nitidum, Ph. (r. M. ^.) r>rect, very branching; branches 2-ranked: leaves shining,
oval-obovate, acute at each end, glabrous, serrate: racemes terminal, corymbed,
bracted, nodding: corol cylindric. Leaves evergreen.

myrsini'tis, Mx. (p. M. ^.j erect, very branching, small-leavedi leaves sessije, oval,
mucronate, sub-serrulate, smooth and lucid above, sub hirsute and scabrous punc-
tate beneath: fascicles gemmaceous. terminal and lateral: corol oblong-ovate. Var.
lanceoLaluin, leaves lanceolate, acute at each end. Var. oitoswm, leaves roundish-
obovate. Leaves evergreen.

I'UX'folium, Ph. (I) (W. w. J. f>.} low: leaves obovate, crenate-toothed, glabrous:
fascicles crowded, sub-sessile, axillary and terminal: corol shoit-ovate: filaments
glandular: stigma capitate. Leaves evergreen.

Vaccinium, OxYcoccus.

3 — L Yagina'ria. 9. Cype. fod — .

Sovtliern.

Scirpoides, Mx. (2) (21-) culm leafless, sheathed: spike ovate, sub-solitary; scales

lance-spatulate. 12 — 18 i.

3 — 1. Valeria'na. 56. Vale. r. ner-|-. sed-j-. paZ.

dioica, W. (r. J. 210 glabrous: radical leaves sub-spatulate-ovate, entire, very long
petioled; cauline ones few, pinnatifid; divisions lanceolate, very entire and sub-
dentate, obtusish. Hudson's Bay.

Vatrinaria. Lat. vagina, a sheath, from the stem being clothed with leafless sheaths.
Valeriana. Lat. valeo, to be powerful, in allusion to the many powerful virtues of

the plant.

1^1) brachycerum, Mx. (2) richardi, P. Fuirena, Mx.

VALERIANA, VERBASCUM. 469

pauciftora, Mx. (W. w. J. Zf.), lower leaves pinnate; upper ones ternate; leafets oval,

acute, serrate: panicle lax, few-flowered, o t". &'. K.
sijlcatica, Banks^. ( ) glabrous, erect: stem striate: radical leaves petioled, ovate,

or sub-spatulalc, undivided: cauiine ones parted-pinnale; divisions lance-ovate,

somelimes eiiiire: flowers perfect: lobes of tjie stig.na minute, 2 to 3: fruit ovate,

compressed, glabrous. R. Newfoundland. Mcli.
capituta, W. ( ) stem erect, glabrous, pubescent at the joints: radical leaves

petioled; sub-rotund, simple; cauiine ones sub-sessile, simple or gasli-ternale;

leafets sinuate-serrate, ovate; upper one large: panicle densely capitate: bracts very

long: tube of the corol elongated: fruit ovate, compressed, glabrous. A.

Exotic,
phu, (valerian. 21.) cauiine leaves pinnate, radical ones undivided: stem smooth.

Southern,
obovata, Dc. Described under Phyllactis.

Valeriana, Fedia.

3 — 1. Vale'rianel'la. 56. Vale. r. ner-f-- sed. pal.

coerulca, (1) (b-w. J. Q.) stem dichotomous above, ciliate-angled: radical leaves
obovate: cauiine ones spatulate-oblong, ciliate; upper ones toothed at the base:
involucre ciliate, scarious at the tip: fruit compressed, rhomboidal. A very small
species. The size of the plant and habit is the most striking difference between
this and the Fedia radiata. 4 i. Maryland.

20—2. Val'lisne'kia. 22. Hydr. ton—.

spiralis, var. americana, (tape grass. W. w. Au. If.) leaves floating, linear, obtuse,
serrulate at the summit, tapering at the base: peduncle of the pistillate flower
long; of the staminate short and erect. In the river Hudson from Stillwater to the
Highlands. S. T. C. P. B. N. H. Peekskill.

G — 1. Vancouveria. 78. Berb. b. r. ton^-. dye. f. ref-f.

hexandra, Morr. & Decaisne. (y. w.) leaves radical, 2 to 3-ternate: scape slender,
simple: flowers in a lax, slightly panicled raceme, on filiform nodding pedicels.
Oregon.

6 — 3. Vera'trum. 13. Mela. asc. esc. poi.

viride, (2) (itchweed, Indian poke, white hellebore. O. g. J. 2S-) racemes panicled:
bracts of the branches lance-oblong, the bract of tlie flowers longer than the sub-
pubescent peduncles: leaves broad-ovate, plaited, many-nerved. 3 — 5 f. S.

angustifoliuin, Ph. (W. A. g-y. J. 21.) flowers monoscious and dioecious: panicle
snnple: petals linear: leaves very long-linear, keeled. Tall. & K.

Southern.
parviflorum, Mx. (A. g. Ju.) leaves lance-oval, flat, glabrous: panicle slender: spread-
ing: petals acute at each end, starniniferous.

Veratrum, Helo.nias.

5—1. Verbas'cum. 38. Sola. 1. cata+.

thap'sus, (mullein. O. y. J. Q.) leaves decurrent, downy both sides: stem generally
simple, though sometimes branched above: flowers in a cylindric-spike. When

Valerianella.

Vallisneria. In honor of Anthony Vallisneri, a noted French botanist.

Veratrum. Some derive it from Lat. vere atrurn, truly black, from its black root.

Veibascum. Lat. As if burbuscum, from barba, a beard, from its hairy, shaggy

leaves.

(1) Fedia coerula, MSS. of Aikin. Some authors have removed all our species of
Fedia to this genus. Both genera need reviewing and comparing. (2) album, Mx.

470 VERBASCUM, VERRESINA.

botanists are bo infatuated with wild speculation, as to tell as the mullein was-
introduced, they give our youngest pupils occasion to sneer at their teachers. Var.
thapsoides, stem brandies. ;j — 6 f. jS.

llaUa'ria, (moth mullein, sleek mullein. W. p- w. w-y. J. $ .) leaves glabrous, tooth-
serrate; lower ones oblong-obovate; upper ones heart-ovate clasping: pedicels 1-
flovvered, in a teiniinal panicle-raceme. Var. alba, leaves toothed: tlowers white.
Var. Lutm, (1; leaves doubly serrate: flowers yellow. 2— 3 f. S. T. N. Y. P.
B. C. O. H. xM. F. Mch.

bjclmltis, (VV. y. J. $ .) leaves oblong-wedge-form, white-downy beneath: spikes lax,
lateral and terminal. jS. P. '

13 — 1. Vkrbe'na. 41, Verb. h. dis. cata. aro,

spuria, (W. b. Ju. 21- $■) stem decumbent, with spreading branches: leaves ia
many-eleft divisions: spikes filiform: bracts exceeding the calyx. 1 — 2 f. S.
P. Y. C.

hastatii, (vervain, simpler's joy. O. p-w. Ju. 71-) erect, tall: leaves lanceolate, acumi-
nate, gash-serratf»; lower ones sometimes gash-hastate: spikes linear, panicled,
sub-imbricate. Var. pinnatijlda, has the leaves gash-pinnatitid, coarsely toothed.
Var. oljlon<rifolifi. leaves lance-oblong, deeply-serrate, acute: spikes filiform, pani-
cled. 2— 5f. & Mch.

uriici/oUa, (nettle-leaf vervain. O. w. Ju. Zf.) erect, sub-puhescent: leaves ovate,
acute, serrate, petioled: spikes filiform, axillary and terminal: flowers remotish.
2— 4f. S. Mch.

arnrustifiilin., Mx. (2) (pigmy Vervaiu- V\'. b. J. 21-) low, erect: leaves lance-linear,
tapering to the base, lliinly serrate, with channelled veins: spikes filiform, solitary,
terminal or axillary. 1 f. ;5f. N. P. Y. M. C. H. PeekskiU. Mch.

Southern.

auhle'tia, (3) (W. p. M. 2(.) assurgent: spikes solitary, imbricate, long-p^dnncled:
divisions of the corol emarginate: leaves oval, deeply serrate and divided, petioled.

bracteosa, Mx. (4) (W. p. Ju. 2i-) small, decumbent, very hirsute: leaves laciniate:
flowers spiked, sub-iuibricate: spikes squarrose with very long-linear bracts, spread-
ing every way. D.

paniculata, Lk. (W. Ap. Ju. If.) erect, somewhat scabrous: leaves lanceolate, coarsely
serrate, undivided: spikes filiform, imbricate, corymb-panicled. 4 — 6 f.

diffusa, Lk. (p. 21- ) erect, very branching: leaves lance-ovate, serrate, sub-pubescent:
spikes very long, lax, panicled, very diffuse.

caroUniana, (.5) ( VV. p. J, 2/.) eiect, scabrous: leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse, un-
equally serrate, tapering to the base, sub-sessile: spikes very long, filiform: flowers
distinct. 2 f. Charleston, S— C.

Stricta,\ ewi. (W. b. Ju. 21.) hirsute, hoary: stem stiftly erect: leaves sessile, obovate,
serrate, suh-tomentose, very hirsute: spikes straight, imbricate, somewhat fas-
cicled. Var. wollis,T. {\N. p.) stem erect, simple, terete, villose: leaves ovate,
aculish, unequally gash-toothed, teeth acute, hirsute above, soft-villose beneath:
spikes dense-lJovveied, straight, terminal, somewhat in tiirees. Probably a distinct
species. T. D.

bipiiumtifida. N. (W. b. J. Zf.) somewhat erect, hirsute: leaves 3-cleft, bipinnatifid;
divisions linear: nuts deeply punctate.

17 — 2. Verbesi'na. 55. Anth. 1. aro. bit. deo. stim.

siegcshecliia, Mx. (0~l (crownbeard. y. Ju. 21.) stem winged: leaves opposite, lance-
ovate, acuinina'e at both ends, sharply serrate: panicle brachiate: flowers in fasci-
cles on the ends of the branches. 3— 6 f. 8. P.M. Charleston^ S—C.

virginica, (w. Ju. ![■) stem narrow-winged: leaves alternate, broad-lanceolate, sub-
serrate: corymb compound: involucre oblong, pubescent: ray-florets 3 or 4. 3 — 6 f.
S. P. S-C.

Verbena. Lat. verbena, from Cell, fetfacn, meaning to remove the stone, whence the

English vervain.
Verbesina. Altered from vcrlima, to which talata bears resemblance.

(J) claytoni, Mx. (2) rugosa, VV. (3) longiflora, Lk. 13uchnera canadensis, L.
(4) Zapania, Lk. (5) Phryma caroliniensis, \Vr. (6) Siegesbeckia occidentalis, L.

VERBtSINA, VKROMCA. 471

^nuata, E. (1) (w. Oct. 2i.) leaves altornato, sessile, sinuate, attenuate at tliebase;
flowers cor^'uibed: involucre imbricate. 1 — (3 t'.

17 — 1. Vernon'ia. 53. Innl. ton. stim.

novehnracensis, (2) (tlat-lop. p. An. 21-) tall: leaves thick-set, lanceolate, serrate,
rough: corymb tlistigiale: scales of the involucre filiform at the apex. 4 — 6 f. &.
B. P. C. J J. M. F. N, Mch.

jnani'ln, (3) (W. r. Au. .'S ) stem tall, angled, thickly pubescent: leaves thick set
lanceolate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath: corymb fastigiale: scales of the
involucre ovate, acute, avvnless. Resembles the preceding, and probably only a
variety. 4—7 f. .S". P.

■corymhusa, Sz. & Koaling. (W. r. ) stem sulcate, sub-scabrous: leaves thick-set,
sessile, sub-clasping, lanceolate, acuminate, sliarp-serrate below, entire towards
the apex, scabrous above, siuoolh and hollovved-punctale beneath: corymb terminal
fastigiate: scales of the involucre oval, obluse, ciliale. I f.

bal<l'wmi,T. {\W.) alem soft pubet^cent: leaves lance-ovate, sharp-serrate, scabrous
above, pubescent beneath: corymb diffuse, sub-fasligiate; involucre scales lanceo-
late, squarrose, reflexed, scabrous pubescent.

Southern.

•oligophylla, yix. (p. Ju. 2|.) stem simple, branching abpve: radical leaves oval;
cauline ones lanceolate; all toothed: corymb panicled: scales of the involucre
lanceolate, acuminate. Varies vvitii the flowers sub-sessile and peduncled. 2 f.
S— C. .

scaher'rimn; N. (p. Ju. 2i-) leaves lanc^-jinear, acute, close-sessile, very scabrous,
nearly entire: corymb sub-umbelled, few-rlowered: scales of the involucre lanceo-
late, naked, tilifurmly acuminate. Stem simple. 2 f.

an(rustifi>li(L, (p. Ju. If.) stem simple: leaves numerous, long-linear, nearly entire:
corymb sub-unibeiled: scales of the involucre rigidly mucronate. 3f S — C.

tomentu'sa, E. (4) (p. Au. ZI-) stem^ slender, tomentose above: leaves long, narrow,
lanceolate, very acutely serrate, slightly scabrous above, hoary-tomentose beneath:
corymb fastigiate: scales of the involucre, tiliform at the apex. 3 — .5 f.

/asciadulu, Mx. (VV, Au. 21) leaves loiiglmear, sparingly serrate: flowers corymbed,
erect, ap|)roxiinate: involucre ovoid, smooth: scales unarmed.

uitis'sima, JN. (r))(\V. p. Au. 21.) stem glabrous: leaves lanceolate, serrate, some-
what scabi;ous: involucre small hemispheric; scales ovate, acute, Ciliale, unarmed,
closely appressed. Var. murginata, T. t& J. (VV. p.) stem glabrous; leaves narow-
landeolate, glabrous, very entire: corj'mb fastigiate: involucre hemispheiic-turbin-
ate: scales ovate acute, arachnoid-ciliate, a little mucronate, close-appressed.
This may be a distinct species. T.

2 — 1. Vero.ni'ca. 37. Scrop. ton — . cat.

ojjicinulis, (speedwell. \V. b. M. 2i.) sjiikes lateral, peduncled: leaves opposite, ob-
ovate, hairy: stem procumbent, rough-haired. 9 — 12. i. 8. T. Y. C. P. M. N.

ser/itjl/ifolia, (paul's betony, smooth speedvv?ell. O. b. M. 21.) racemes terminal, sub-
spiked: leaves ovate, glabrous, crenate: caipsule about as long as the styles. 2 — 6 i.
>'. Mch.

al//i'na, L. (A.) corymb terminal: leaves opposite, lance-oblong, acute, toothed: calyx
hispid.

anagallis, (brook .pimpernel, long l^eaved brooklime. W. b. J. 2f.) racemes opposite,
long, loose: leaves lanceolate, serrate; stem erect. 12 — 13 i. S. O. T. Y. N.
P. C F. Canada. Mch.

Vernonia. In honor of Wm. Vernon, an industrious collector of American plants.
Veronica. Etymology obscure; the common one is Lat. rcnis., true, and Gr. eikon,

a figure; probably lliis plant was dedicated to St. V'eroiiica.

(1) laciniata, N.' (2) Chrysocoma gigantea, \Vr. J (3) Serratula, L. Chry-
socoma tomentosa, Wr.? (4) Chrxsocoma tonientosa, Wr.? (5) Chrysocorna
gigantea, Wr. ?

472 VERONICA, VESICARIA.

beccahun' ga, (brook-lime. b. J. 2^.) racemes opposite: leaves oval, obtuse, sub-ser-
rate, glabrous: stem procumbent, rooting at the base. Probably a variety of the-
last. 9—18 i. 5?. B. P. 0. F. N.

scutella'ta, (scull-cap speedwell. O. b. J. 2l.) racemes lateral, alternate; pedicels divari-
cate: leaves laiiceliiiear, somewhat tootiied. '9 — 12 i. Mch.

arven'sis, (wall speedwell. O. w-b. M. Q.) flowers solitary, nearly sessile: lower
leaves heart-ovate, seirate, petioled; floral leaves lanceolate, sessile, longer than'
the peduncles: divisions of the calyx unequal. Var rcniformis, leaves sessile,
reniform, entire. This variety is made a distinct species by Rafinesque. 3 — 8 i.
;S'. Mch. ,

agres'tJ.Si (field speedwell, neckweed. W. b. M. 0.) flowers solitary, leaves heart-
ovate, serrate, petioled: stem procumbent, pubescent: segments of the calyx ovate,
equal, pilose. 5— 10 i. S. P. Y. B.

peregri'na, (I) (purslane speedwell. O. w. M. 0.) flowers sessile, solitary: leaves'
glabrous, lance-linear, toothed and entire/ obtuse; lower ones opposite: stem erect.
4— 8i. S'. Mch.

hederifodii, (ivy speedwell, w-b. M. 0.) flowers solitary: leaves equalling the petioles,
round-cordate, .5-lobed; upper ones 3-lobed; segments of the calyx cordate, acute',^
ciliate: stem procumbent. Y.

Soiithern.
reniformis, Ph. (W. b. J. 21-) spikes peduncled; peduncles lateral, axillary, 1-bracted;
leaves opposite, long-petioled, heart-reniform, gash-crenate: stem creeping.

Verqp.ica, Leptndra.

14 — 1. Vesicaria. (2) 63. Cruc. asc. stim — .

didymocarpa, Hk. (W. ) white downy, down stellated: radical leaves broad-ovate-

spatulate; the rest lanceolate, sub-entire: calyx equal: silicles large, inflated, in

pairs. Rocky Mts. and west.
arctica, Hk. ( ) stellately tomentose; hoary: radical leaves spatulate: the rest

sub-linear, very entire: calyx equal; silicles globose, longer than the somewhat

thickened style. A. Canada.
luduviciuna, Dc. (Ap. J. y. H.) canescent with a stellate pTabescence: radical leaves

spatulate, entire, obtuse; cauline linear: style slender, longer than the ovary, and

nearly as long as the obovale-globose silicle. Oregon, N. W. Coast.
alpiria, N. ( 2i-) dwarf and cespilose, canescent with a dense stellate pubescence:

leaves Imear-spatulate, entire: calyx equal at the base, deciduous; silicle inflated

below, compressed at the summit, shorter than the slender style. Rocky Mts.
didymocarpa, H. ( ZI.) canescent with a stellate pubescence; radical leaves broadly

obovate-spatulate; cauline ones spatulate-lanceolate, mostly entire: silicles large,

inflated, didymous: seeds not margined. Rocky Mts.

Southern.

shortii, T. &. G. (y. #.) decumbent, somewhat pubescent with stellate hairs: leaves
elliptical, sessile, entire, or slightly repand: silicle globose with scarcely any stipe:
style more than twice as long as the silicle: seeds 2 in each cell, not margined:
petals obovate: filaments dilated at the base. Kentucky.

grandiflora, H. ( 0.) canescent with a stellate pubescence: leaves sessile, cuneate-
oblong, sinuately toothed; silicle globose, glabrous: style about two thirds the
length of the silicle: petals obcordate, twice as long as the ciilyx: stamens thickened
at the base. Texas.

repanda, N. ( ) stem minutely and sparingly pubescent, decumbent: leaves linear-
oblong or nearly linear, almost glabrous, narrowed at the base, repand, obtuse: sili-
cle obovate-globose, on a short stipe; style about two-thirds as long as the silicle:
stigma capitate: petals obovate, twice the length of the calyx; filaments subulate.
Arkansas.

angustifolia, N. (Ap. 0.) canescenlly and stellately pubescent: radical leaves lyrately
pinnatifid or repandly toothed, oblong, attenuated at the base; cauline-linear, entiie
or jepand: silicle globose, glabrous, nearly sessile: style fililorm, rather shorter than

Vesicaria. Lat. vesica, a bladder, from the inflated silicle.
(1) caroliniana. Wr. carnulosa, Lk. (2) Alyssura, L.

VESICARIA, VIBURNUM.

473

the silicle: petals obovate-oblong, twice the length of the ovate sepals: filaments
subulate, dilated at the base. Arkansas.

mdldlii, T. & G. (y. O.) somewhat pubescent, branched from the base and procum-
bent: leaves lanceolate oblon;^, obtusely repand-deiit-ile or almost entire: .silicle pyri-
form-sub-globose, somewhat stipitate, glabrous: style two-thirds as long as the
silicle: petals obovate: filaments dilated at the base. 12 — 18 i. Arkansas.

hretislijla, T. & G. (O.) densely and stellately pubescent: radical leaves lyrately pin-
naiifid or toothed; cauline ones oblong, sessile, denlate-serrate: silicle globose, ses-
sile, glabrous: style rather thick, one third the length of the silicle: seeds margin-
ed, about C in each cell: petals broadly obovate: filaments dilated at the base.
Texas.

gracilis, H? ( %.) somewhat scabrous with sparse stellate hairs: leaves oblong and
linear-oblong, entire or remotely denticulate: silicle globose, stipitate, shorter than
the style, glabrous: seeds 2 — 3 in each cell, not margined: petals obovate: filaments
subulate. Texas.

16—10. Vexilla'ria. Ea. (1) 98. Legu. f. nut. g-h. asc.

tirginiana, W. (butterfly weed. W. b. Ju. H.) leaves ternate, ovate: calyx 5-parted,
scarcely longer than the bracts: divisions subulate, diverging: legumes sub-ensi-
form. Climbing. iS'. P.

mariana, Lim. (July. Aug. b. 21.) glabrous stem somewhat twining or trailing: leaves
3-fi)liolate, ovate-oblongor ovate-lanceolate: peduncles short, 1 — 3- flowered: bracte-
oles lanceolate-subulate, much shorter than the calyx, similar to and scarcely larger
that the bracts: legumes linear-oblong, about 4-seeded, torulose glabrous. iS'. Stem
2 f. or more. JXew Jersey to Florida.

Sovtiicrn.
plumiera. P. ( ) leaves ternate, ovate-oblong, acuminate: calyx bell-form, shorter
than the ovate bracts: corol large, silky. Climbing.

5 — 3. Vibur'num. .58. Capr. ast. fra.

jminifoUum, W. (black haw, sloe. w. J. \ .) leaves round-obovato and oval, acutely
serrate, glabrous; petioles margined. 8 — 15 i. S. N. Y. 1'. Peekskill, Florida.

pyrijoliiim, Lk. (w. M. h .) glabrous: leaves ovate, acutish, sub-serrate; petioles
naked: fruit oblong-ovate: cymes sub-peduncled. Berries dark-colored. 5 — 10 f.
W. T. N. M.

laiUi'co, (sheep berry. O. w. J. \ .) glabrous: leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, hook-
serrate; petioles margined, undulate: cymes sessile: branches when full grown often
form a fastigiate top. Berries black, oval, and pleasant- tasted: somewhat mucila-
ginous. 8 — 15 f S. Mch.

nudum, (w. M. ^.) very glabrous: leaves oval, sub-entire, margin revolute; petioles
smooth: cymes peduncled, and without bracts. Berries black. 8 — 10 f .S'. P.
Y. W. B. C. Canada.

cassinoides, W. (J. f- .) glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, acute at each end, crenate, sub-
revolute at the margin; petioles keeled, without glands. S.

dmtatum, (arrow-wood. W. w. M. ^.) smoothish: leaves roundish and ovate, acute,
tooth-serrate, furrow-plaited, glabrous both sides: cyme peduncled: fruit sub-glo-
bular. Berries blue. 4— 12 f. S. T. V. N. Y. B. P. C. M.

puhescens,I'h. {2) (W. w. J. ^ .) pubescent: leaves round-ovate, acuminate, tooth-
serrate, furrow-plaited, villose beneath: stipules two, subulate: cymes peduncled:
fruit oblong. G f S. T. Y. O. M. Mch.

laiUiinoi'des, Mx. (bobble-bush, tangle-legs. W. w. M. >-.) leaves broad, round-cor-
date, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate: petioles and nerves furnished with
powdery, rusty down: cymes sessile: fruit ovate. Stem very flexible and crooked.
4—8 f. S. F. N. Ithaca, N. Y.

Vexillaria. Lat. vexillum, a banner, alluding to the size of that part of the flower.
Viburnum. Lat. viburnum, a name used by Virgil fur a pliant, tough plant: Seb.

Vaillant derives this word from Lat. vierc, to bind.

(1) A substitute for a lidiculous name. See Persoon, p. 302, genus No. 1712.
(2) dentalum pubescens, A. dentatum tomentosum, Mx. tomentosum and villo-
sum, R. rafinesquianum, Rs.

60

474 VIBURNUM, VICIA.

aeerifolium, (maple guelder-rose, dockmackie. O. w. J. T}.) leaves heait-ovate or 3-
lobed, acuminate, sharp-serrate, pubescent beneatli: cymes long-peduncled. Stem
very flexililc: leaves broad and sub-membranaceous 4 — 6 f. (S. The oldest
Dutch settlers in Columbia county, N. Y., inlbnn us that the Indians in that vicinity
considered the external application of the leaves of the dockmackie, as a sovereign
remidy in every kind of inflammatory tumour; and that they have ever since adopted
this practice with success. Mch.

oxycoccus, Fh. (J ) (higli cranberry. W. r-w. J. ^.) leaves 3-lobed, 3-nerved.; lobes long-
acuminate, with a few scattering teeth; petioles glandular, grooved above: cymes
rayed. Fruit resembles the low cranberry, red, and very acid. 5 — 8 f. S. W.
C. T. V. P. O. F. N. D. Mch.

ed'ule, Ph. (3) (w. Ju. ^.) leaves 3-lobed, obtusish at the base, 3-nerved; lobes very
short, tooth-serrate, with acuminate serratures; petioles glandular: cymes radiate.
Small and upright. Resembles the oxycocus. P. C. Canada.

ellipiicum, Ilk. ( ) leaves elliptic, obtuse, shortly petioled, parallel veined above,

chiefly coarsely, serrate; under side (nerves cliiefly) very hirsute: corymbs dense,
peduncled: ovaria very hirsute: berries oval-globose, black. A variety has the
ovaria glabrous. 2 — 4 f Pi.

Exultc.
opu'lus, (guelder rose, snowball, w. J. ^.) leaves 3-lobed, sharp-toothed; petioles

glandular, smooth: flowers in compact cymes, surrounded with radiating florets.

Var. roseum, has the whole cyme made up of radiating florets.
linus, (laurestine. r-w. \- .) leaves ovate, entire, with tufts of hair in the axils of the

veins beneath: flowers in smooti^, cymes.

Soutlicr7i.
ohovalum, Wr. (3) (M. ^..) glabrous: leaves obovate, crenate-dentate or very entire,

obtuse: cymes sessile: fruit roundish-ovate. Var. punicifoliiLvi, leaves obovate,

entire or slightly crenate at the apex, obtuse. 4 — 8 f.
laevigatum, (w. J. >>.) leaves lanceolate, smooth, remotely serrate, very entire at the

base: branchlets 2-edged.
nitidum, ( T;. .) very glabrous; leaves 'lance-linear, shining on the upper surface,

obsoletely serrate or entire: branches 4-angled.
molie, Mx. (W. J. 2_i:.) leaves roundish-cordate, furrow-plaited, toothed, pubescent

beneath; petioles sub-glandular: cymes with rays: fruit oblong-ovate. Berries red.

IG— 10. Vi'ciA. 93. Legu. f, nut. g-h. asc.

sati'va, (tare. O. b-p. Ju. 0.) flowers in pairs, sub-sessile: stipules toothed, marked
with dots: leafeis oblong-ovate, retuse, mucronate: legumes erect, linear-terete,
glabrous. Perhaps it may have been introduced. S.

amencana, (p. M. It-) sub-pubescent: peduncles many-flowered, shorter than the
leaves: 'stipules semi-sagittate, toolhed: leafets numerous, lance-oval, obtuse, mu-
cronate, veined, sub-alternate: stem angled. U. P. Y. R. Niagara. Genesee
Falls. Mch. ^ .

cracca, (tufted vetch, b. S. Zf.) spikes many-flowered, imbricate backwards, larger
than the leaves: stipules semi-sagittate, Imear-subulate, entire: leafets numerous,
lance-oblong, pubescent. .S'. M. P. B. O. N. C. Canada. Mch.

caroUniana, VVr. (4) (w. M. 2S-) peduncles many-flowered: flowers distant: stipules
lance-ovate entire: leafets 8 to 10, lance-oval, snioothish. The banner of the
flower is tipped with black. S. P. Y. D. Mch.

tridcntata Sz. & Keating. (VV. b. ) stem sulcate, sub-pubescent: leafets numerous,
narrow'-oblong, entire, obtuse, short-rnucronate, sparingly pilose above, densely
pilose beneath: lower stipules wedge-form, broadly 3-cleft, with 3 prominent nerves,
pubescent; upper ones lanceolate, long, acuminate, villose: calyx and peduncles

p'Zatitea, Hk. ( p. ) sub-pubescent: stem sulcate: leaffets 20—26, oblong, petioled,
obtuse, mucronate: stipules large, semi-sagittate, deeply dentate at the base: pe-

Vicia. Lat. vincio, to bind, because it twines round other plants, or from Celtic

(l)'opuloides, M. opulus pimina, Ms. amcricanum, A. (2) opulu sedule, Mx.
(3) cassinoides, Mx. (4) parviflora, Mx.

VICIA, VILFA. 475

Quncles much shorter than the leaves, 5— 10-flowered: flowers crowded: style
scarcely bearded: legumes broad-oblong, glabrous, obscurely reticulate. Becomes
black on drying. P,.

ezigiia, y. ( ' ) pubescent: leafets G — 8, linear-oblong, rather" obtuse: stipules nar-
row, si'iiii sagittate, entire or incisely serrate: peduncles filiform, 1-flowered,
sliorter than tiie leaves: teeth of the calyx lanceolate, broad at the base, shorter
than the tube; sinuses obtuse: legume oblong, glabrous, 4 — o-seeded. )S. Oregon.

tctrasperma, Loisel. (b. J. 0.) peduncles mostly 2'flowered: legume smooth, 4 —
5-seeded: leaves oblong, truncate. C. T. Canada. Ervum tetraspervium, 7th
edition.

orcgana, N. ( 21.) pubescent: stem weak: leafets 4— 8 pairs, elliptical-oblong

somewhat serrated at the summit, cuspidate, rarely emarginate: stipules lunate,
semi-sagittate, incisely serrate: peduncles 3 — 5-flowered, rather shorter than the
leaves: teeth of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the 2 upper nearly as long
as the lateral ones: style slightly pubescent: legume broadly sabre-shaped, gla-
brous, about 5-seeded. I — 2 f. Oregon.

truiicata, N. (J. 2X-) somewhat pubescent: leafets 5 — 6 pairs, oblong-linear, usually
truncate, serrate or trideutate at tiie apex: stipules lunate, incisely serrate: peduncles
4 — 7-liowered, rather shorter than the leaves: lower teeth of the calyx lanceolate,
acuminate; the upper ones very short: style very villous at the apex. Oregon.

sparsifolia, N. ( ) slightly pubescent: leafets o — 6 pairs, narrowly linear, nearly

acute, mucionulate: stipules bifid, entire, or sparingly toothed: peduncles 4 — 7-
flovvered, about as long as the leaves: lower teeth of the calyx acuminate; upper
ones much shorter: style very villous at the summit. Oregon.

Eiolic.

Jaba, Cgarden bean, Windsor bean. \v. sfc blk. J. 0-) st<-'ni many-flowered, erect,
strong: legumes ascending, tumid, coriaceous: leafets oval, acute, entire: stipules
sagittate, toothed at the base. From Persia.

Southern.

acutifolia, (w. Ap. 21'?) peduncles few-flowered, longer than the leaves: stipules
lanceolate, entire: leafets (6) linear, acute at each end: stem glabrous.

ludociciana, N. (Zf. b. iVI.) glabrous: leafet$ 10 — 12, elliptical or obovate, obtuse or
emarginate: stipules subulate, simple or sagittate: peduncles 2 — 6-flowered, at
length longer than the leaves: flowers closely approximated: teeth of the calyx
broad, acuminate, shorter than the tube: legume broadly sabre-shaped, glabrous,
5 — 6-seeded: seeds compressed, dark brown. Texas. La. 2 — 3 f

leaveraoortlui, T. & G. { ) pubescent: leafets 10 — 14, oblong-linear, obtuse or emargi-
nate: stipules minute, semi-sagittate, entire: peduncles shorter than the leaves,
2 — 4-flowered: teeth of the calyx subulate, somewhat equal, all longer than the
tube: style slightly pubescent at the summit: legume oblong, 6-seeded. 1 — 2 f.
Arkansas.

micrantha, N. (Ap. M.) glabrous: leafets 4 — 7, linear-obtuse or acute: stipules lance-
olate, semi-sagittate: peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 — 2-flowered: teeth of
the calyx lanceolate, shorter than tube: legume sabre-shaped, 7 — 10 seeded. Texas
Arkansas. La.

Vicia, Eevum, Lathyrus. >

3—2. Vilfa. 10. Gram. far. fod. ton.

Glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, acute, keeled, membranaceous: paleas nearly equal,
about as long as the glumes, lance-ovate, acute, pubescent: stamens mostly want-
ing in lateral panicles.
[This genus is not described in the genera; it is considered as an Agrostis by most

botanists.]

heterolepis, Gray. (21- ) leaves setaceous: panicle pyramidal, few-flowered: inferior
glume subulate; superior one ovate, cuspidate, about as long again as the inferior-
paleas sub-equal, unawned. Mch. Western New York.

Vilfa.

476 VILLARSIA, VIOLA.

5—1. Villar'sia. 4G. Gent. bit. ton.
lacunosa, V. (1) spur-stem, floating-heart, w. Ju. 21-) leaves^eart-reniform, (or short-
ish heart-form,) sub-peltate, lacunose beneath, floating; petioles bearing the flowers:
corol glabrous. <S'. T. B. C. I'lainfield, Mass. K.

Soutliern.
cordata, E. (Ju. It.) leaves cordate, very entire; petioles, bearing the flowers. S— C.

5—1. Vin'ca. 47. Ascl. dia. exp.

Ezutic.

7raino»-, (periwinkle, b. Ap. ^.) stems procumbent; leaves lance-oval, smooth at the

edges: flowers peduncled; teeth of the calyx lanceolate.
major, VV. (b. M.— S. ^.) stem nearly erect: leaves ovate, ciliate, flowers stalked:
teeth of the calyx setaceous, elongated. G f.

5-1. Vi'oLA. .%. Viol. f. ton—, cat —

[•^ According to Le Conte.]
1. Acaulesccnt, or icdii, a siiblcrranmu stem.

cucuUa'la, VV. (connnon blue violet. O. p. b. M. Zf.) glabrous: leaves cordate, some-
what acuminate, crenate-dentate; antunnial ones largest, very exactly reniform:
peduncle somewhat 4-sided. long(?I- ihan the leaves: divisions of the calyx subulate
acuminate, emarginate behind or very entire: petals (as m many American species)
oblique, veiny, very entire, white at the base, upper one generally naked, glabrous,
lateral ones bearded, and with the upper one, marked with a few blue lines. Var.
vavilionacea, Ph. (-) petioles and peduncles longer: leaves sub-lance-ovate: beards
of the lateral petals often yellow. Var. ietraguna, (L.) peduncles strong, exactly
4-sided: petals azure color, veinless. Var. viliosa, (3) leaves, petals and peduncles
villose. 4—8 i. -S. Mch.

pahiiata, L. (hand leaved violet. W. p-b. Jj;.) mostly villose: leaves heart-reniform,
palmate-5 — 7-lobed; lobes polymorphous, often narrow and gashed, middle one al-
ways larger; sometimes villose both sisie. sometimes only beneath, often glabrous,
all of them very often purple beneath; the first spring ones are ovate, entire; peti-
oles sub-emarginate: peduncles somewhat 4-sided, larger than the leaves: divisions
of the calyx lance-ovate, ciliate, very entire behind: petal.^ all very entire, veiny,
and white at the base; upper ones narrower, smaller, sometimes villose at the base,
yet often naked, glabrous; lateral ones densely bearded, and with the upper one,
marked with a few blue lines. One variety has white flowers. 3—6 i. 8. Le
Conte. P. C. W. T. V. B. F. O. N.

sororia, W. (4) (VV. b-p. M. 71.) leaves thickish, flat, appressed to ihe earth, orbicu-
lar and round-ovate, cordate, crenate; sinus at the base often closed, villose above,
with the hairs erect, beneath glabrous, and generally becoming purpl(3; petioles
short, strong, with small stipules at the base: peduncle somewhat 4-sidcd, of the
length of the leaves: divisions of the calyx short, subulate, obtuse, glabrous, very
entire behind: petals obovate, short, all very entire, veins white at the base, upper
and lateral on^ bearded, and marked with a few blue lines. Dry woods. 6'. Le
Conte. W. # P.
snnUiita A. (W. b-p. Ap. Zf.) glabrous or a little pubescent: leaves oblong, acute,
cordute-satrittate and incised at the base: stigma depressed, margined: inferior
petals glabrous, the rest bearded. Var. uvata, villous: leaves ovate, somewhat cor-
date c?cnate, often lacerately toothed at the base; petiole margined. V. allegha-

Villarsia. In honor of M. Villars, Prof of Botany at Strasburgh.

Vinca. Originally pemnca, in Anglo-Saxon, pcrtince, said to be derived from vincio,

to bind, from the branches being used to make bands.
Viola. Lat. viola, of Gr. ion, the name of this beautiful plant.

(I) tiachysperma, E. JVIenyanthes tracbysperm.i, Mx. (2) obliqua, Sz. & T.

(3) species ofPh. 4) asarifolia, Sz. Selkirkii? Goldie. (5) viilosa, N. var.

cordata, T. corditblia, Sz. and Dc.

* See diagnoses vialue in Addenda.

VIOLA. 477

niensis and V. ovata of 7th edition. Var. cmarginatn, glabrous; leaves almost
triangular, lacerately toothed near the base: petals emarginate or bidentate. V.
emarginala, 7th edition. P. Y. B. C. F. N. Hudson. JMch.

Uanda, VV. (smooth' violet. W. vv. Ap. 2i-) glabrous: leaves round, sometimes sub-
ovate, cordate, crenate, appressed to the earth, sometimes with a few scattering
hairs above; petioles pubescent: peduncles somewhat 4-sided, longer than the
leaves: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, obtuse: petals all very entire, green at the
base: upper and lateral ones rarely sub-viilose, maiked with a few blue lines.
Flowers odorous. Wet. 2—4 i. S. Le Conte. C. B. V. O. F. N. Hudson's
Bay. Mch.

primidifolia, L. (2) (VV. w. J. 71-) stoloniferous, glabrous: leaves oblong or oblong-
ovate, sub-cordate, acutish, crenate, decurrent into the petiole, nerve sometimes
sub-villose beneath: peduncle somewhat 4-sided, longer than the leaves: divisions
of the calyx lanceolale, obtuse: petals all very entire, green at the base: upper and
lateral ones sometimes a little villose, marked with a few blue lines, in the upper
one often obsolete. Var. villosa, leaves very green; and with the petioles densely
villose, becoming hoary. Flowers odorous. Wet. iS. Le Conte. B. C. N.
Georgia.

lanrcolata, L. (W. w. Ap. 7^..) glabrous: leaves (sometimes with a few scattering
hairs) lanceolate, narrow, elongated, gradually attenuated into the petioles at the
base, obtusish, crenate: peduncles somewhat 4-sided, reddish, of the length of the
leaves: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute: petals all very entire, green at the
base; lateral ones sometimes a little villose at the base, and with the upper one
marked with a few blue lines. Flowers odorous, small. Wet. 3 — 8 i. jS'. W.
Y.'C. P. B. D. F. N. Florida.

rotundifoUa, Mx. (O. w. M. 1[.) glabrous: leaves thickish, appressed to the earth,
broad ovate or orbicular, cordate, crenate; nerves pubescent beneath; sinus closed:
peduncle somewhat 4-sided, as long as the leaves: divisions of the calyx oblong,
obtuse: petals sometimes emarginate; upper one small; lateral ones somewhat
tearded, and vvith the upper one marked with a few yellowish-brown lines; spur
very short. Woods. 1 — 3 i.

pedala, L. (W. M. p-b. If.) glabrous: leaves sometimes ciliate, variously divided,
very often pedately 9- parted; divisions linear and obtusely lanceolate, generally
3 lobed at the apex, often simply lanceolate, with the apes, 5 to 7-lobed: peduncles
somewhat 4-sided: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute-ciliate, emarginate be-
hind: petals all white at the base, veinless, very entire, very glabrous, naked;
upper ^ne truncate and marked with a few very blue lines, sometimes obsolete.
Var. veluliiia, has the two lower petals of a very deep violet color, and appears like
velvet. Var. alba; has white flowers. Dry. 3—4 i. &'. T. Y. C. P. B. H N.
Florida. Mch.

palustris, L. (p.) leaves reniform-cordate: stipules broadly-ovate, acuminate: stigma
margined: sepals ovate, obtuse: capsule oblong, triangular: seeds ovate, dark green.
New Hampsliire. Oregon. Rocky Mts.

lungsdorjfii, Fischer. ( ) leaves roundish-cordate, nearly glabrous: stipules ovate,

setaceously acuminate, the lowest ones with bristly teeth: stem at length elongated,
oblique at the base: inferior petals somewhat rhomboidal: spur broadly saccate,
very obtuse. Unalaschka.

longipes, N. (b.) glabrous or slightly pubescent: stem short, somewhat decumbent:

■ leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse, more or less decurrent at the base, repandly crenate:
stipules linear-lanceolate, remotely spinulose-deiiticulate or lacerately ciliate: pe-
duncles elongated: stigma slightly rostrate, slender, papillose: spur produced,
obtuse. Oregon. Rocky Mts.

adunca, Smith, (p-b.) stem ascending, somewhat simple: leaves ovate and cordate-
ovate, coriaceous, crenate, covered with distinct brown dots: stipules lanceolate,
acuminate, dentate-ciliate: stigma somewhat reflexed, glabrous: sepals linear-
lanceolate: petals scarcely longer than the spur, two of them bearded: peduncles
much longer than the leaves. N. W. Coast.

linguaefolin, N. (y.) pubescent: stem scarcely any: leaves oblong-lanceolate, some-
what serrate, on very long petioles: bracts of the peduncles minute: stigma thick
and clavate, with scarcely any beak: sepals long and narrow, linear: petals linear-
oblong, somewhat emarginate. Oregon.

i

(1) variety of ihe lanceolata, Ph. acuta, Bw.

473 VIOLA.

praemorsa, Dougl. (y.) hirsute or very pubescent.* stems erect, si:ort: leaves ovate^
lanceolate, repandly denticulate or nearly entire; stipules lanceolate, entire: stigma
clavate-capitate, conspicuously pubescent above, minutely beaked: petals obovate,'
spur very short: peduncles longer than the leaves. On^gon.

sarmmtosa, Dougl. (j.) stems creeping, filitbnn: stolons lioriferous: leaves cordate,
with the sinus open, crenate, soriieuhat pubescent above, glabrous and punctate
beneath: style rather slender: appendages of the anthers somewhat produced:
peduncles about as long as the leaves: spur very short. Oregon. N.W. America.

glabella, N. (Ap. y.) nearly glabrous: stem erect, naked below: leaves renifonn-
cordate, with a short acumination, crenately serrulate: stipules very small, mem-
branaceous, nearly entire: sepals linear-lanceolate: spurvery short, slightly saccate.
Oregon.

2. Caulescent.

canadensis, A. (W. A. r. w. y. M. 21.) glabrous: stem sub-simple, terete: stipules
entire, membranaceous, oblong sub-ovate or lance-ovate: leaves alternate, ovate,
cordate, sub-acuminate, dentate: peduncle somewhat 4-sided: bracts small, subu-
late: Howers regular: divisions of the calyx subulate, acute, very entire behind:
petals white, all very entire, veiny, becoming yellow at the base; lower ones pale-
violet; upper one broad, expanding, glabrous, naked; lateral ones bearded, and with
the upper one marked with a few blue lines: stigma sliort, pubescent, scarcely
beaked: spur very short. Flowers odorous: stem often 2 feet long, flowering
through the summer. Moist woods. 6 i. — 2 f. S'. T. B. C. O. V. Mch.

rostrata^M. (beaked violet. O. bp. RI. 21.) glabrous: stems many, ascending, teiete:
leaves orbicular and ovate, cordate, crenale-deutale, sometimes with a few scatter-
ing hairs; younger ones cucullate; petioles much longer than the leaves: stipules
linear, acuminate, furnished with elongated linear teeth: peduncles filiform, some-
what 4-sided, slender, axillary, very long: bracts minute, subulate: divisions of the
calyx lanceolate, acute, entire behind: petals all very entire, veiniess, naked,
beardless; upper and lateral ones marked with a few blue lines; spur straight,
elongated, linear, compressed, obtuse, double the length of the petals. Root
woody, perpendicular and fibrous. Var. barbaia, lateral petals bearded. Moist
woods. G— 10 i. &'. Mch.

■muli'lenbcmia'tia, Gengin. (1) (slender violet. W. b-p. M. 2X.) glabrous: stem terete,
weak, sub-prostrate; leaves reniform, roundish, cordate; upper ones ovate, crenate,
often purplish beneath; younger ones cucullale; petioles longer than the leaves:
stipules large, lanceolate, serrate-ciliate, sub-pinnate: peduncles somewhat 4-sided,
axillary, longer than the leaves: bracts minute, subulate: divisions of the calyx
linear, acute, sub-ciliate: petals all very entire, veinlesss; upper one naked, gla-
brous; lateral ones bearded, and with the upper one, marked with a few blue lines;
spur porrected, compressed, very obtuse: stigma ciliate behind; beak ascending.
3— 6i. S. T. P. C. O. Mch.

striata, A. (2) (striped violet. W. y-w. J. TS-) glabrous: stem oblique, branching, an-
gular; leaves roundish and ovate, sub-acuminate, crenate-dentate, sometimes
sub-pubescent; petioles long: stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, dentate-ciliate:
peduncles 4-sided, longer that the leaves: bracts largish, linear: divisions of the
calyx lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, emarginale behind: petals all very entire; up-
per one marked with a fev/ blue lines, naked, glabrous, rarely a little villose; lateral
ones bearded; lower one sometimes a very little villose; spur sub-porrected; stigma
pubescent behind. 6 i. rarely 2 f. Le Conte. W. P. C. K. N. Catskill. Mch.

pubesceiis, A. (3) (yellow violet. O. y. H) villose-pubescent: stem simple, erect, terete,
leafless below: leaves broad-ovate, cordate, dentate; petioles short: stipules large,
ovate, dentate: peduncles 4-sided, shorter than the leaves: bracts subulate, minute:
divisions of the calyx lanceolate: petals all very entire, veiniess; upper one naked,
wlabrous: lateral ones bearded, and with the upper one, marked with a few blue
lines; lower ones often becoming reddish outside; spur short, gibbose, acutish:
stigma pubescent, scarcely beaked. Varies in pubescence: leaves are even found
glalirous: the capsules are also glabrous or woolly. 4 — 12 i. rarely 4 f. S.
Mch.

hastata, Mx. (halbert violet, y. M. Z{.) glabrous: stem simple, erect, terete: leaves

(1) uliginosa, variety asarifolia, M. debilis, Sz. Ph. N. &c. canina, Wr. muh-
lenbergii, T. (2) ochroleuca, Sz. T. &c. repens, Sz. (3) pennsylvanicum,

Mx. eriocarpa, Sz.

VIOLA. 479

ovate, dilated, acuminate, cordate, dentate; upper ones lance-ovate, hastate and
deltoid; petioles short: stipules ovate, dentate: peduncles somewhat 4-sided, shorter
than the leaves: bracts very small, subulate: divisions of the calyx lance-linear,
sub-dentate: petals all very entire, veinless; upper ones naked, glabrous; lateral
ones bearded, and willi the upper ones, marked with a few blue lines; lower one
often becoming reddish outside; spur short, gibbose, acutish: stigma pubescent,
scarcely beaked: capsule glabrous or pubescent on all sides. 'Wa.T. glhha, (1) has
no deltoid or liastate leaves.

selkirhii, Ph. (A. ) leaves cordate, crenate-serrate, a little pilose: petals beardless;
spur long, thick, very obtuse. Montreal.

iri' color, (2) (garden violet, heartseape, pansy. W. p. y. b-p M. 2S.-) stem angular,
diffuse, divided; leaves oblong, deeply crenale; stipules lyrate-pinnatifid. N.

tlxotic.

odorata, (sweet violet, b. M. If-) stemless: scions creeping; leaves cordate, crenale,
smoothish: calyx obtuse: two lateral petals with a bearded or hairy line.

ScutJicrn.

sept'emlo'ha, Le Conte. (3) (p. March. If.) stemless, very glabrous, sliining: leaves
sub-succulent, ovate, cordate, dentate; lower ones entire, the rest pedate, 7-lobed;
intermediate lobe larger: peduncles somewhat 4-sided, longer tlian the leaves: divi-
sions of the calyx lanceolate, very entire behind: corol large; petals all very entire,
veiny, white at the base; upper ones large, villose at the base; lateral ones densely
bearded, and with the upper ones, marked with a few blue lines. Flowers often
two inches in diameter. A variety has white flowers. Often 8 i.

villosa, Wr. (p-b. March. 21.) stemless, pubescent (not villose:) leaves flat, appressed
to the eartli, round-ovate and ovate, obtuse, cordate, denlate-crenate, livid-green;
veins darker, sometimes purplish, often purplish beneath; sinus of the roundish
ones nearly closed; petioles short: peduncle 4-sided, longer than the leaves: petals
all very entire, generally villose; (lower one sometimes glabrous:) lateral ones
bearded, and wilii the upper ones, marked with a few blue lines. After flowering
the leaves become glabrous. Florida.

nuttallii, Ph. (W. y. i\1. 71.) glabrous: stem simple, erect, terete, leafy: leaves lance-
ovate, obscurely dentate or very entire, attenuated at the base: stipules long, lance-
linear, entire: peduncles somewhat 4-sided, shorter than the leaves: bracts minute:
divisions of the calyx lance-linear, acuminate, very entire behind: petals all very
entire, veinless; lateral ones bearded and with the upper ones, marked with a few
blue lines; spur short: stigma pubescent, scarcely beaked. 4 — 6 i.

radicans, Dc. ( 2_f.) rootlets horizontal, fibrous; stigma short-beaked, margined:
leaves lance-ovate, abruptly attenuate at the base, or sub-cordate, serrate: stipules
linear, setaceous-subulate, setose-serrate: divisions of the calyx linear, acute:
scarcely spurred. Flowers minute; middle petals obovate.

dcf/ihinifotia, N. (b. March.) minutely pubescent: leaves pedately 7 — 9-parted; seg-
ments linear, 2 — 3-cleft: stigma thick, distinctly rostrate: the 2 superior petals
pubescent; the 3 inferior emarginate; spur saccate short. Missouri.

chri/sanliia, H. (p. y.) somewhat pubescent: stems cespitose, short: leaves bi-pin-
natifid; segments linear: sepals ciliate: inferior petals without a spur. California.

ocMdtii, T. & G. (p. y.) pubescent: leaves on very long petioles, cordate-triangular,
crenately toothed: stipules lanceolate, somewhat ciliate: peduncles shorter than the
leaves: sepals linear: petals oblong-obovate; spur very siiort: appendages dorsal,
winged, not produced at the base. California.

pedunculala, T. & G. (y.) somewhat pubescent: stem short: leaves rhombic-ovate, cre-
nately toothed, abruptly narrrowed at the base into a petiole: stipules linear-lanceo
late, entire: stigma somewhat triangular, emarginate: spur very short: appendages
of the inferior stamens wing-form, a little produced at the base. California.

tripartita, E. ( y.) hirsute: stem simple, leafy only at the sunnnit: leaves deeply 3-
parted; the lobes lanceolate, toothed. 1 f. Georgia. T. liuslata, Var. tripartita,
7th edition.

Viol-a, loKiDiuM.

(1) striata, Sz. gibba, R. (2) Melanium, Dc. (3) pahnata, variety vul-

garis E.?

480 VIRGILIA, VITIS.

10—1. Virgil'ia. 93. Legu. asc. emo.
Sout/iern.

lutea, Mx. (A. y. J. T;.) leaves pinnate; leafets alternate, ovate, short acuminate,
glabrous: racemes elongated, pendulous: glumes pelioled, flat. The bark affords a
yellow dye.

20 — 4. Vis'cuM. 58. Lora. ast.

»ertici^^aZMm, (1) (misletoe. W. g-w. J. ^.) branches opposite and whorled: leaves
wedge-obovate, 3-nerved: spikes axillary, a little shorter than the leaves. Berries
yellowish-white. On the branches of old trees. This, Smith says, is the golden
bough of Virgil, and the sacred plant of the Druids. 1 — 2 f. S. P.

Southern.

riibrum,\Y. ( ^. ) leaves lance-obovate, obtuse: spikes axillary whorled.
purpurcum, W. { ^.) leaves obovate, obtuse, obsoletely 3-nerved: spikes axillary:
flowers opposite.

5 — 1. Vi'tis. 72. Vite. f. ref. vin. sug.

Remark. All the North American species of grape are polj-gamous or dioscious.

Itihrusca, (2) (plum grape, w-g. J. ^r) leaves broad-cordate, lobe angled, white downy

beneath: fertile racemes small: berries (blue, flesh-color, and green) large. Var.

lahmscoides, (fox grape.) has smaller fruit, approaching a tart taste. S. T. Y

C. P. B. F. N. Catskill. Canada.
vulpina, {?>) (frost grape. O. w-g. J. ^.) leaves cordate, acuminate, gash-toothed,

glabi'ous both sides; nerves and veins pubescent: racemes lax, many-flovveied:

berries small. Leaves very variable; but the uppermost mature leaves will agree

with the description. S. Canada.
(BstivuUs, Mx. (4) (summer grape, w-g. J. \ .) leaves broad-cordate, 3 to 5-lobed;

in the young state rust-downy beneath: fertile racemes oblong: berry small. Var.

sinuata, leaves sinuate- palmate, coarsely toothed. Sf. N. P. F. Y. C. B. Mch.
rip'aria, Mx. (.')) (odorilerous grape, w-g. M. ^ .) leaves unequally gash-toothed,

shortly 3-cleft, pubescent on the petioles, nerves and margins. S. P. M. O. Y. D.

cordifoUa, Mx. (J.) leaves cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally toothed, glabrous
on both sides: racemes loose, many-flowered: berries small. 10 — 20 f Canada. Sf.

Southern.

bipinnata, T. & G. (g-w. J. Ju.) leaves bipinnate, glabrous; leafets incisely serrate!

flowers pentandrous: berry 2-ceIled: cells I to 2-s8eded. Virginia to Georgia,

west to Arkansas. Ampelopsis bipinnata of 7th edition.
incisa, N. (Ju. g. V-) leaves trifoliolate, tiiick and somewhat fleshy; leafets incisely

toothed or lobed' cuneate at the base: flowers tetrandrous and tetrapetalous: berry

globose-obovate, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Texas and Arkansas.
imlivisa, H. (W. It. J-) leaves simple, cordate or truncate at the base, somewhat 3-

nerved, pubescent on the nerves beneath: flowers pentandrous and pentapetalous:

berry l-celled, 1 — 2-seeded. Swamps, Southern States west to Louisiana and

Arkansas. Ampelopsis cordata, 7th edition.

Vitis, Ampelopsis.

Viro-ilia. In honor of the great Latin poet Virgil, who discoursed on plants in the

eclogues.
Viscum. Lat. viscuin, from the Gr. ixus, Ael. llscos, birdli me, the name for this

plant.
Vitis. The Lat. name; from the Celtic gwyd, (pronounced wyd.)

(1) flavescens, W. album, Wr. (2) taurina, VVr. (3) cordifolia, Mx.

(4) intermedia, M. labrusca, Wr.. (5) odoratissima, Donn.

VITTARIA, WOODwAftDlA. 481

21—1. ViTTARiA. 5. Fill, sec-stim.

Suuthcrn.

lineata, (1) (If-) frond linear, very long, pendulous: fruit dots solitary within the mar-
gin. The leaves are grass-like. Ph

W.

14 — 2. Ware'a. 63. Cruc. asc. dia.
Soutliern,

tuneifolia, N. ( vi^,) leaves nearly sessile, rather, thick, oblong, obtuse, attenuate at
the base: siliques with the valves somewhat convex. 1 — 2 f Georgia, Florida.

amplexifolia, N. ( p. 0.) leaves oblong-ovate, half-clasping: silique two-edged,
pendulous; 1 f.

G—G. VVenulan'dja. 77. Meni. ton. diu.

Southerns

populifolia, (w. 3. fp.) stem climbing: younger branches pubescent, striate: leaves
alternate, petioled, cordate, ovate, mucronate, entire, veined, glabrous above, pil
be^cent beneath. ^ This plant has hitherto escaped the researches of all our bota
nists. E. '

v» 3 — % VVindso'ria. 10. Gram. tar. ton.

eeskrioides, RJxV (2) (red-top. W. Au. 2i.) panicle spreading and flexuous: epikelefS
.ill peduncled, about 6-flowered, lanceolate: lower palea Ovate, 5-toothed. 3— 5 f
S. P. C. O. M.

Soulheni.

«mbig'2ia,E. (3) (S. 2|.) panicle spiked, spreading: spikes ovate, thick, sessile 5—6-
flowered: odter palea mucronate. (2 f. '

Jl'indsor.ia, Poa.

Wistaria, Phaseolus.

21—1. Wood'sia. Br. 5. Fill, sec-stim.

hjperbo'rea, (4) (flower cup fern. Ju. 7S.) frond pinnate; leafets 3- parted, or gash-
pinnatifid, wedge-form, obtu^e, toothed, rongh-haired beneath: fruit-dots solitary
at length confluent. Small, in tufts. P. Canada. T. '

. rloensis, (.5) (.Tu. 2i-) frond bipinnalifid; divisions oblong, obtuse; lower ones repand;
upper ones entire, rough-haired benealh: fruit-dots sub-marginal, at lenfrth con-
fluent: stipe viUose above. Small. B. T. Canada. Fairhaven, Vt.

21—1. Woodward'ia. 5. Fill, sec-stim.
angustifolia, S, (6) (kidney fern. Au. Zj!.) barren frond pinnatifid; divisions lanceo-

Vittaria. Lat. vilta, a fillet, alluding to the shape of the frond.

Warea. In honor of N. A. Ware, Esq.

Wendlandia. In honor of M. Wendland, royal gardener at Ileirenhausen.

Windsoria. In honor of John Windsor, an English botanist.

Woodsia. In honor of Joseph Woods, an excellent Engish botanist.

Woodwardia. In honor of Thos. J. Woodward, an excellent English botanist.

(1) angustifrons, Mx. Pteris, L. (2) poaeformis, N. Triscuspis, Ph. ' Poa

Mx. quiriquefida, Ph. flava. L. subverticillata, P. (3) Poa, E. ' (4) Polv-

podium, W. arvanicum, S. Acrostichum, Bolton. (.5) Polypodium, W. Acros-
tichum, L. (6) onocleoides, W. Onoclean oduloso, Mx. Acrostichum areola

turn, L.

61

482 WOODWARDIA, XKKOl'H YLLUM.

late, repand, slenderly serrulate; fruit-bearing frond pinnate; lealets entire, acute,
linear. About a toot high. -S. E. T.
virginica, (1) (Ju. If.) frond very glabrous, pinnate; leafets sessile, lanceolate, pin-
natifid; divisions oblong, obtuse, crenulate; fertile ones elongated: stipe glabrous,
terete. About a foot high. «. Y. B. C. O. V. Mch.

Soutbcni.
iheuplcroides, Ph. (Ju. !(.) frond pinnate; wing leafets sessile, villose at the base,
lance-linear, piniiatiSd; sterile ones oblong, dbtusish; fertile ones short-triangu-
lar, acute; all very entire: stipe pubescent, angled. 6 i.

17 — *3. Wye'thia. 55. Ileii. ole. sto.

hdianthnides, N. (y. If.) root large and somewhat tap-shaped: stem and involucre
shortly pilose: stem terminated by one large, helianthoid flower: leaves alternate,
ratlier narrow-lanceolate, entire, petioled, acute, somewhat pubescent: involucre
divisions numerous, lance-linear, acute and conspicuously ciliate: rays large. R.

X.

19 — 5. Xanthium. 55. Ambr. erne.

strumarium, (2) (clott-bur, sea burdock. W. Au. 0.) stem unarmed, branching:
leaves cordate, lobed, serrate, scabrous, 3-nerved at the base: fruit oval, pubescent,
with stiff hooked bristles. Has alittle the habit of a burdock. '2— 3f. S. T.
Y. C. N. V. B. P. O. F. Mch.

oricnta'la, (3) ( 0.) stem unarmed: leaves wedge-ovate, sub-3-lobed: fruit in stro-
biles. Y. •

syinosum, (prickly clott-bur. Ju. 0.) having spines in threes: leaves 3-lobed. Lower
leaves sinuate-lobed. 1—3 f. S. Newbmgh. M. S— C.

20 — 5. Xanthos'ylum. 94. Xant. aro — . stim-|-. stom. rlicu.

fraxineum, W. (4) (prickly ash, tooth-ache bush. O. g-w. M'. ^.) prickly; leaves

pinnate; leafets lance-oval, sub-entire, sessile, equal at the base: umbels axillary.

8—12 f S. Mcii. '. - ^

irkarpum, Mx. (L. J. >?.) leaves pinnate, very" glabrous; leafets petioled, lance-jfal-

cate, crenate-serrate; petioles unJirmed: flowers with coiois: capsules about in

threes. Both species are aromatic and purgent. 12 — 20 f. S. Canada. Carolina.

5 — 12. Xanthorhi'za. Ranu. b. Sc w. bit-ton. stom. dysp.

apiifolia, L. Her. (parsley yellow-root. Ap. h.) stem simple: leaves 3-ternate; pe-
tioles dilated and clasping at the base: racemes below tlie leaves, compound.
1— 3f. S. P. S— C.

6 — 3. Xerophyl'lum. 13. Mela. asc. r. acr.

aspliochloi'des, (5) (w. J. If-) filaments dilated towards the base and equalling the
corol: racemes oblong, crowded: bracts setaceous: scape leafy: leaves setaceous-
subulate. 3—5 f. ;S'. Y.

Soul/w/u.
tenar, Ph. (6) (W. w. J. 2_(.) scape leafy: racenie sliovvy, lax: bracts membranace-

Wyethia. In honor of Mr. Wyeth, a traveller across the Rocky Mis. and along

Columbia River, &c.
Xanthium. Gr. xanthos, yellow, because it was used to die the hair yellow.
Xanthoxylum. Gr. xantkus, yellow, and zaiun, wood; so named from its color.
Xanthorhiza. ' Gr. xanthos, yellow, rha, root; in allusion to the color.
Xerophyllum. Gr. xcros, dry, and phuUon, leaf, its leaves appear as if withered.

(1) bannisteriana, Mx. Blechnum, L. (2) americanum, Wr. (3) macula-
turn, R. (4) ramiflorum, IVlx. Clavaberculis, L. (5) selifolium, Mx. Helo-
nias, L. (C) Helonias, Ph.

XF.fTOPHYLLUM, XYRIS. 383

Oils: petals oval: filaments filiform, exceeding the corol: leaves pnbulatc-setaceous,
very long.
graminaim, (1) (A. An. 2S-) scape leafy, panicled, racemes divaricate: branchlets
ovate, longer than the pedicels: petals oblong, acnminate, thrice as long as the
stamens: leaves linear, channelled, glaucous beneath. 2 i'.

5 — 1. Xylos'teum. 58. Capr. r. cat — .

ciliutam, Ph. (2) (fly-honey-suckle, twin-berry, w-y. M. \ .) berries distinct: leaves
ovate, and sub-cordate, margin ciliate, in the young state villose beneath: corol a
little gibbous or calcarate at the base; tube ventricose above; divisions short, acute:
style exsert. 3— 4 f. T. C. O. N. V. JVlch.

solo'nis, Ea. (3) swamp twin-berry, y. M. fp.) berries united in one, biumbilicate
(never distinct:) two flowers situated on one germ: leaves oblong-ovate, villose.
Berries dark-purple. 2 f.* W. O. New Hampshire. Pttsfield, Mass.

viliosum, Mx. ( ^.) (branches villose: leaves oblong-oval, obtuse, sub-tomentose,
very villose: peduncles short: (berries distinct, Ph. sed quere.) Berries blue.
Perhaps a variety of the foreign vulgare Ph. W.N. White Mts.

oblongifulium, Goldie. (4) ( y- ) stem erect: leaves oblong or oval, beneath
chiefly velvety-pubescent: peduncles elongated, erect, also fructiferous: bracts ob-
solete: tube of the hirsute corol gibbous at the base and upwards; limb unequal,
deeply bilabiate; upper lip 4-toothed; lower lip sub-entire: berries united in one,
globose, biumbilicate. Montreal, N. York.

invoUicrata, Banks. ( ) branches acutely 4-angled: leaves ovate or oval, petioled,

sub-membranaceous, appressed pilose beneath: peduncles axillary 2 — 3-flowered:
bracts 4, 2 exterior ones ovate, interior ones broadly obcordate, at length enlarged,
pubescent-glandulous: corol pubescent without, gibbous at the base: style exsert.
A. R.

3—1. Xy'Kis. 13. Xyri. fod— . far— .

caroliniana, W. (5) (yellow-eyed grass, yellow-flowering-rush. W. y. Au. H.) leaves
linear, grass-like: stem or scape 2-edged: head-ovate-acute: scales obtuse. 9 — 18 i.
■ S. T. Y. B. N. G. P. Mch.

brerifoUa. Mx. (y. Au. Zf.) leaves sword-subulate, short: calyx longer than tlie bracts
Bomewiiat gash-toothed. J2 i. S. T. Y. P. S— C.

So7illier7i.

fimbriala, E. (J. If.) heads lax-imbricate: calyx much longer than the bracts, fimbri-
ate: leaves long ensiform. 2 f.

junr.ea, Bald. (M. 21.) leaves terete, hollow, acute: scape terete, sheathed at the
base: bracts roundish: head oval. 6 — 12 j.

indica, W.? (y. J. 21.) leaves very long, grass-like, tortuous: scape tortuous: head
globose: scales roundish, obtuse.

Xylosteum. Gr. xulon, wood, ancj osteon, bone, alluding to the hardness of the wood.
Xyris. Gr. xuros, pointed or sharp, from the termination of its leaves.

(1) Helonias, Ph. (2) tartaricum, Mx. Lonicera ciliata, M. (3) Hooker calls
this the coerulea of Europe. Sed quere? Hk. p. 283. (4) Hooker says this is
the plant from the wetern part of N. Y.; not my X solonis. (5) jupicai, Mx.

flexuosa, M.

* This plant was dicovered in New Hampshire, by Dr. Solon Smith, of New Haven,
Ct. in the year 1815. I published it in 1817. Professor Dewey found it near Wil-
liams College the same year. I found it in Pittsfield, Mass. three years afterwards.
It has smce been published under the name viliosum, by several botanists; but I know
not on what authority. No one pretends to have seen Michaux's plant; and his
description of the viliosum, if intended for this plant, is defective without a parallel
in his work. As well might a botanist claim all future discoveries in the genus Acer,
if he had once said that tlie maple tree had a woody stem. It may have been seen
by Michaux; but surely it will be in season to deny Dr. Smith's discovery, and my
name, after we receive some evidence of it.

484 yuccA, zigadenP^.

6 — 1. Yuc'cA. 14. Lili. deni — . emo.

Southern.

Jilammtosa, (silk-grass, bear-grass, w. Au. 2i.) stemless: leaves broad-lanceolafe,

entire, fiiamentfise on the margin: stigmas lecurved-spreading. 2 — 5 f. M. S — C.
an g^isti folia, Pli. (W. w. J.u. 2i..) stemless: leaves long linear, glaujous, mucronate,

somewhat filamento.se on the maigin: capsules large, oblong-obovate.
recitrvifolia , Sy. (I'-w. Ju. h.) caulescent: leaves lance-linear, recurve-deflected,

rarely filamentose on the margin: inner petals broadest. 3 f.
gloriosa, (pelre. L. w. Au. \.) caulescent, branching: leaves broad-lanceolate,

plaited, very entire: petals lanceolate. 2—4 f.
alnifolia, (1) (L. w. Au. fp.) caulescent, branching: leaves lance-linear: with callous

crenatures, rigid. 10 — 12 f.

Z.

20—12. Za'mia. 100. Cyca. amy. dem.
Smithcrti.
integrJfoUa, W. (2) (T-.) frond pinnate: leafets lanceolate, roundish-obtuse, attenuate
at the base, serrulate on the outside towards the apex: stipe glabrous, somewhat
4-cornered.

19 — 1. Zanichel LiA. 7. Fluv. ton — .

intermedia, T. (fal.se pond-weed.) anther 2-celled: stigmas dentate-crenate: carpels

smooth, entire on the back. In salt marshes.
palustris, (Ju. ^.) anthers 1-celled: stigmas entire: carpels toothed on the back. C.

Zantliorliiza, Xanthorhiza.

13—2. Zapa'nia. 40. Verb. aro. cata.

nodiflora, Mx. (3) (fog fruit. W. w. Ju.' Zf.) leaves wedge-obovate, serrate abovo:
spikes head-conic, solitary, long-peduncled: stem creeping. S. P. H. K. D.
Harper's Ferry. New Orleans.

lanceolatii, (4) (W. w. Ju. Zf.) leaves lance-linear, sharply serrate: spikes head-conic,
solitary, long peduncled: stem creeping. ;S. P.

cuneifolia, T. ( VV.) stem herbaceous, procumbent? somewhat scabrous: leaves narrow
wedge-form, thick, nearly glabrous, sharply and coarsely toothed towards the apex:
bracts wedge-obovate, dilated at the apex, mucronate: little heads solitary, globe-
ovate, long-peduncled.

19—3. Zf.'a. 10. Gram. far. ton.
Souflicrn^
mays, (Indian corn. y-g. Ju. 0.) leav£s lance-linear, entire, keeled. Var. precox',
(dwarf corn) stem low: kernel mostly 8-rowed.

5 — 3. Zigade'nus. 13. Mela. asc. ase.

glaherrimus, Mx. (zigadene. W. w. J. 11.) scape leafv: bracts ovate, acuminate:
petals acuminate: leaves long, recurved, channelled. P. Near Rochester, N. Y.
2—4 f. S.

Yucca. Yuca or yucca, the original Indian name.

Zainia. Gr. zemia, damage, or loss, referring to the staminate anients not producing

any seed.
Zanichellia. In honor of J. J. Zanichelli, an eminent botanist at Venice.
Zapania. In honor of Paul Anthony Zappa, an Italian botanist.
Zea. Gr. zea, a kind of grain, said to be from zao, to live.
Zigadenus. Gr. zugos, a yoke, and aden, a gland, alluding to the two glandular

depressions in each petal.

(1) draconis, E. (2) pumila, L. (3) Lippia, Mx. Verbena, L. (4) Lippia. M.

ZIGADENUS, ZOSTERA. • 485

Southern,
elegaits, Pli. (W. w. J. 21-) scape nearly naked: bracts linear: petals ovate, acute.
Zigadenus, Melasthium, IIelonias.

17 — 2. Zin'kia. 5o. Heli. ole. sto.

Exotic.

violacea, (blood marygold. r. Ju.) leaves ovate, acute, sessile sub-crenate: apex of the

cliuti'or scales fimbriate-serrate.
elegans, W. (p. J. 0.) heads stalked: leaves opposite, cordate, ovate, sessile, clasp-
ing: stem hairy: scaleg serrate. 2 f. Mexico.

Southern.
imiUiflora, (W. r. S. 0.) leaves opposite, lance-ovate, sub-petioled: flowers pedun-
cled. Perhaps not a native of North America.

19 — 6. Ziza'nia. 10. Gram. far. ton.

aquatka, Ph. (1) (water oats, wild rice. W. Au. Q.) panicle pyramid-form; staminate
flowers below, spreading; pistillate flowers above, spiked: pedicels clavate: flowers
long-awned: kernel long, cylindric, becoming black. Very abundant in the great
western lakes. Schoolcraft. 4—8 f. S. P. Y. T. B. N. C. Lake Erie, and
Ontario. Oswego River. Mch.

miliacea, Mx. (W. Au.) panicle eff"use, pyramidal: glumes 'short-awned: staminate
and pistillate flowers intermixed: kernel ovate, smooth: leaves glaucous: style one.
6f. «. P. C. •

Zizania, HroROCHLOA.

5-2. Zi'ziA. De. (2) 60. Umbe. poi.

aurea, (2) (meadow parsnip, alexanders. O. y. J. 2^.) leaves biternate; leafets lance-
oval: umbels with short peduncles. Some of the leaves are often quinate. 1 — 2 f.
.S. Mch.

intcgerrima, (2) (O. y. J. 21.) very glabrous: leaves sub-glaucous: lower ones thrice-
ternate; upper ones twice; leafets oblique oval, entire: umbels with elongated
peduncles. 12 — IS i. S. Mcli.

cordata, (2) (alexanders. O. y. J. 21.) radical leaves round-cordate, crenate; cauline
ones petioled, ternate; upper ones 3-parted: umbels with short peduncles. Mch.

16—10. Zor'nia. 93. Legu. f. nut. g. asc.
Southern,
tetraphtjlla, Mx. (y. Ju. 2X.') leaves digitate; leafets 4, lanceolate, glabrous: spikes
axillary, peduncled: flowers alternate, 2-braoted: bracts roundish. 2 f. California.

19 — 1. Zoste'ra. 7. Fluv. ton — .

marina, (grass-wrack, sea-eel grass. L. Au. 2X.) leaves entire, somewhat 8-nerved:
stem teretish. Leaves long: flowers minute. In bays and salt-marshes. Y. C. B.

Zinnia. In honor of M. Zinn, professor of botany at Gottingen.

Zizania. Gr. ziznnion, darnel, which has been badly applied to the present genus.

Zizia. Gr. zizanion, (a troublesome weed.)

Zornia. In honor of Joim Zorn, a German apothecary and botanist.

Zostera. Gr. zoster, a girdle, alluding to tl>e ribbon-hke appearance of its long, linear

foliage.

(1) clavulosa, Mx. (2) Smyrnium, Sison.

487

SPECIES OF THE FIVE LOWER ORDERS

CRYPTOGAMIA.

See Generic description, pages 97 — 110.

ABBREVIATIONS, NAMES, AND GENERAL PROPERTIES, TO BE REFERRED TO FROM THE
FOLLOWING DESCRIPTIONS.

ISee a description of eadi Order in an ascending series, at the end of the Natural Orders.^

2. Mus. Musci. (mosses proper.) Tonic, astringent, rarely cathartic. Mostly feeble.

3. Hep. Hepaticae. (liverworts, succulent mosses.) Tonic, often cooling in
external applications, some are amylaceous.

4. A!g. Algae, (sea- weed, frog-spittle, green-hair.) Tonics, cutliartics, antiseptics.

5. Lie. LicHENEs. (lichens, rhaptosious, [in patches,] fibrous or dendritic.) Tomc$
used in dying, rope-manUfactory.

6. Fun. Fungi, (toadstools, puff-balls, mould, smut.) Feeble tonics, if moderately
dry; acrid a.nd poison if juicy; some are edible.

Aci'nula. Lat. flcijiMS, (little berry.) Ergot. 6. Fun.
clavus, horn-form, cylindrical, powdery; purple-black outside, white inside. In glumes

of rye, and of some other grasses.

AcKEsio'Niusi. Gr. ahrenion^ (branch) capsules on branches. 6. Fun.
fuscum, filaments spreading, branched, olive-brown.. On dead sticks.

Acrosperm'um. Gr. aAros, (summit) sper?/ia, (seed.) 6. Fun.
cornutum, horn-form, smooth, when dry furiovved, rufous, becoming paler at the end.

On putrid agarics. 1 — 4 i.

Actynothy'rium. Gr. uktin, (a ray) thuroo, (to enclose.) G. Fun.
graminis, scattered or gregarious, half a line broad, dark, a little ribbed and elevated

in the ce.ntre.

Aecid'ium. The old name. Red gum, &c. 6. Fun.

1 . Cespitose: receptacles aggregated in a tvft making a crust-like spot on leaves.

cornutum, becoming yellow: receptacles very long, curved, olive-grey. Appears like

saffron colored spots, on the upper sides of leaves of mountain ash, &c. 1 — 6 i.
cunccllalum, tuberculate, chesnut-brovvn: receptacles at length splitting into divisions

cohering at the apex. Grows on the under side of withering or dying pear leaves.
rluimni, cespitose, ros^e-colored: receptacles elongated, somewhat diverging, at length

becoming pale. On the leaves of the ihamniis.
tussilaginis, spots purplish yellow, tufts flat; receptacles immersed. Occurs on the

leaves of the coil's foot, (Tussilago farfara) is hardly prominent above the surface

of the leaf.

488 AECIDIU.M, AGARICUS.

9, Simple: receptacles scattered : crust, ichich is distinct, is never covjolned.

euphorhiae, simple, crowded: receptacles cylindric, pale; mouth reflexed, yellow witb

dust. On the leaves of Eupliorbia maculata.
anemones, simple, scattered: receptacles cylindric, a little prominent, pale, mostly

toothed: wholly filled with white dust. On the leaves of Anemone neraorosa in

the spring.
punctatum, simple, scattered: receptacle sub-immersed: mouth somewhat converging;

dust compact, becoming sooty-yellow. Found sometimes on leaves of Anemone.

Agaricus. From Agaria, a city in Sarmatia. Mushroom. 6. Fun.

1. Lamellne jiiiceless or hccoming dry ; not imohc-dustij, nor sooty: stipe annulatcd.

procerus, large: pileus fleshy, bossed, scaly, redish ash-colored; lamellae very remote,
white: bulbous, stipe very long; ring moveable. Var. S(jiiatnosus, pileus convex, and
scaly above; lamellae pressed together outwardly from the stipe, and becoming yel-
low. Var. e.xcoriatus, smaller, whitish: scales obsolete. Woods and fields. 13 i.

squarrosus, cespitose: pileus fleshy; pileus and stipe scaly and scurfy, rusty yellow:
lamellae crowded, pale-olive. Often on roots and trunks of trees in autumn.- 2 i.

polymycus, cespitose, heaped together: pileus boshed, hairy-scaled, sooty-yellow;
lamellae sub-decurrent, white becoming pale: stipe annulated, conic, olive-ash-
colored, solid, elastic. Woods, on trunks or the earth, in autumn.

candidus, cespitose: pileus somewhat fleshy-glabrous, cinnamon-color; lemellae sub-
decurrent, pale rust-colored: stipe scaly, cylindric, rather slender. On trunks in
autumn. '

2. Pileus mostly fleshy ; lamellae emarginate, ifiostly one-colored, and at length cinna
m.on: stipes mostly bulbous, having a ved-lUce volva dissolved into spider-web.-Uka
filaments.

decolorans, pileus viscid, yellow; lamellae at first bluish-purple, at l&nglh cinnamon:

stipe glabrous, sub-tuberous, white: veil-like v.olva nist-color."
flavidiis, cespitose: pileus somewhat fleshy, yellow; the central part more obscure;'

lamellae distinct, ".one-colored, becoming yellow: stipe soft, thickening downward

and becoming sooty-yellow. On trunks. .

decipiens, growing in groups: pileus fleshy, acutely bossed and membranaceous near

the centre, depressed; lamellae brdadish, obscurely cinnamon-colored: stipe long;,

from white becoming reddish.

3. Pileus fleshy, entire, convex: lamellae one-colored, becoming dry : stipe central,
destilMte of a ring or curtain-like volvi(.

(Color of the pileus, brownish or browHieh-yellow.)

pratensis, tawny-red, hardish: pileus campanulate, either obtusely bossed or flattish,.
glabrous; lamellae thick, distant, decurrent: stipe short, so^mewhat slender, taper-
ing downwards. Among grass. /

reflexus, growing in groupsi, rusty yellow: pileus somewhat fleshy,. acutely bossed,
scaly, reddish-yellow; lamellae distinct, light-cinnamon: stipe long, slender, fibrous-
scaly, scales reflexed. Woods.

radicatus, pileus fleshy, bossed, viscous, rugose, sooty-purple or tawny; lamellae sub-
decurrent, white: stipe very long, having a long fusi-form root. Woods. 1 — 2 i.

velutipes, cespitose: pileus somewhat fleshy, repand, glabrous, broWn; lamellae ven-
tricose, becoming yellow: stipe tomentose becoming dark liver-bro'wn. Autumn.

(Color of the pileus shining, red or light yellowish-green.)

coccineus, growing in groups, scarlet all over: pileus sub-mernbranaceous, convex,
sub-viscous; lamellae distinct, connected by teeth; stipe hollow, sub-compressed.
Autumn in grass. 2 i.

conicus, pileus conic, acute, sub-viscous, light greenish-yellow; lamellae crowded,
ascending, becoming yellow; stipe long, yellow. Var. tristis, solitary: pileus
acutely campanulate, from yellowish-green becoming dark; lamellae free. 4. i.

ntssula, large: pileus fleshy, sub-convex, with rose-red scales: stipe rose-red, solid,
short: lamellae unequal, while. 2 i.

ACiARICUS. 489

(Color of the pileus white.)

discoideus, gub-cespitose: pileus fleshy, viscid, flattish, white; middle part yellow or
somewhat rust-color; lamellae sub decurrent: lamellae and stipe middlins; white.

pulrinatus, pileus fleshy or rather corky, cushion-like, sub-repand, glabrous, white;
middle part pale flesh-colored; lamellae crowded, decurrent, white: stipe very short,
solid, bard. Woods.

4. Small, tender ; ■pileiis mostly membranaceous, striate, pellucid, convex, permanent ;

lamellae becoming dry, one-colored : stipe mostly hollow, elongated, naked.

galericulatus, cespitose, inodorus: pileus membranaceous, bossed, tawney lead-color;
lamellae distinct, vvhite: stipe smooth, rooting, strigose-haired at the base. On
trunks in autumn.

hyp)iorum, small, very tender, rusty-yellow all over: pileus beil-form, furrowed;
, lamellae distant, broadish: stipe middling.

clavus, growing in groups, extremely minute: pileus somewhat fleshy, papillose,
orange or red; lamellae broadish: stipe and lamellae white.

lacleus, white all over: pileus campanulate, obtuse, striate; lamellae distinct, ascend-
ing: stipe ratlier long, hirsute at the base.

corticola, minute, scattered, tawny: pileus hemispherical, sub-plicate; lamellae unci-
nate, linked together, white: stipe shortish, incurved. In crevices of bark, of
wood, &c.

5. Pileus membranaceous, fagarcons or soincu-hat fleshy, at length torn ; lamellae at

Icnglli becoming a black juice or dusty smut: stipe white, naked or annulatcd.

(Membranaceous, almost wholly becoming a black juice; lamellae very thin.)

comatus, growing in groups: pileus conic, scaly, vvhite; scales yellow; lamellae

crowded or heaped together, at first white-purple: stipes very long; ring moveable.
cinereus, pileus conic, furrowed, sub-tomentose, cinerous, smooth and bluish-purple

at the apex, the margin at Ifngth torn and inflexed; lamellae linear, punctate,

somewhat zigzag: stipe long, scaly. Gardens and woods.
disseminatns, crovvded or heaped together, small, fugaceous: pileus somewhat oval,

striate plicate, at first somewhat reddish-yellow, then grey; lamellae distinct, in

some measure linked together, light sooty-yellow: stipe mostly incurved.
domcsticus, pileus campanulate, obtuse, ungulate, sulcate, sooty; scales brand-like;

lamellae crowded, linear; at first bluish-red, then brown, becoming black. On

damp walls, &.c. about houses.
narcoiicus, pileus convex, cinereous, plicate, with distinct, bifid, dense folds; vertex

entire: stipe subulate: lamellae more rare and distant, entire or halved, alternate.

It diffuses a very narcotic odor.

(Somewhat fleshy! lamellae at legth becoming black-smut or soot-like, in nebulous ot
sooty spots.)

semiglobatus, pileus fleshy, hemispherical, sub-viscous, becoming yellow; lamellae
very broad, horizontal, becoming dark-cloudy: stipe long, annulated.

papilionaceus, pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulate, sooty, becoming almost black;
lamellae all attached, dark-cinerous and various, white at the margin: stipe fur-
rowed at the apex, dark-pulverulent.

6. Pileus fleshy or sub-membranaceous, smooth, permanent; lamellae somcichat nebulous,
at length dark-stained or one-colored, sub-ramose ; finally becoming more obscure and
dark icith seminal dust : stipe annulatcd or naked.

(Pileus fleshy: stipe annulated.)

edulis, in groups, large: pileus white, smooth, or obsoletely scaly; lamellae red:
stipe long, bulbous: the ring-volva manifest. This is an eatable mushroom, but
not the most common.

campestris, pileus fleshy, flattish, having dark-yellow scales; lamellae becoming yel-
lowish-red: stipe short: the ring-volva rather incomplete. This is the common
eatable mushroom.

62

490 AGARICUS.

precox, somewhat in groups: pileus fleshy, hemispheric, tan-yelloWj at first white;
lamellae flat, thin, watery soot-yellow.: stipe solid, somewhat tenaceous: ring-vo.lva
fugaeeous.

laiericiiis, cespitose, large: pileus fleshy, sub-viscous, brick-color; margin yellow;
lamellae distinct, soinewiiat nebulose, becoming greenish-cinereous: stipe long,
sub-solid: ring fugaeeous becoming black.

fasdcularts, small, cespitose: pileus somewhat fleshy, bossed, reddish-yellow; lamel-
lae nebulose, becoming green: stipe hollow, slender: tlie curtain-like volva becum-
ing black.

(Pileus mostly fragile, membranaceous, sub-aquose: stipe naked.)

denticidatus , slender: pileus hemispheric, livid purple; lamellae toothed at the mar-
gin: stipe hollow, sooty-yellow.

gracilis, wholly fragile: [)ileus membranceous, campanulate, acute, very soft; lamellae
linear, becoming dark-cinerious: stipe very long, glabrous, Pileus varies to flesh-
cqlor, dark reddish-yellow, white, &c.

7. Pileus fleshy, mostly depressed ; lamellae becoming milky.

piperaius, pileus funnel-form, expanded at the margin, glabrous, white; lamellae

crowded, forked, white, becoming pale.
snbdulcis, pileus funnel-form, becoming reddish-yellow; lamellae pale flesh-color;

juice sweetish.

8. Pileus fleshy, mostly depressed ; tamellae of equal length, ichite, becoming dry : stipe

naked, ichite.

rosaceus, pileus conve.v, flat, smoothish, rose-colored or pale red; lamellae and stipe
white.

9. Pileus entire, membranaceous, mostly striate, funnel-form or umbilicnte; lamellae of
equal length, not becoming milky, mostly decurrent: stipe naked, central: Small.

rotula, cespitose, white: pileus deeply furrowed; lamellae united in a tube surround-
ing the stipe: stipe becoming black..

androsaccus, in groups permanent: pileus flattish, s"b-plicate, white, obsoletely boss-
ed; lamellae simple, all attached: stipe becoming dark-liver-brown.

epiphyilus, in groups, minute, white: pileys membranaceous, conve.x, at length-sub-
umbilicate; lamellae few, ramose: stipe becoming black.

campanella, in groups: pileus hemispheric, umbilicate, striate, rust-colored; lamellae
decurrent: stipe hollow, chesnut-brown.

10. Pileus fleshy, depressed, oblique, entire or halved: stipe naked, 7ioi attached to the

centre of the pileus, lateral, or none.

(Pileus entire; stipe not in the centre.)

inconstans, largish: pileus sub-tenaceous, depressed, entire or halved, lobed zigzag,
somewhat reddish-yellow; lamellae sub-ramose, crisped at the base, white and
somewhat shining.

(Pileus halved: stipe marginal: lamellae decurrent, diverging from the side of the
pileus.)

flalelllformis, sub-stiped: pileus flattish, torn in various forms, margin crenate; lamel-
lae three-cleft: stipe short or none.

spathulalus, erect, spathe-form: pileus pale tan color; the middle part spongy and
scaly: stipe perpendicular, channelled.

mollis, in groups, soft: pileus glabrous, gibbose, pale; lamellae watery-cinnamon
color.

sti/ptncus, cespitose, pileus sub-coriaceous, emarginate, tan-color, sub-farinaceous;
lamellae very thin, veiny, connected, cinnamon color: stipe compressed, ascending,
dilated at the apex.

viitis, in groups, all over white: pileus somewhat fleshy, glabrous, smooth; lamellae
simple: stipe horizontal, dilated at the apex.

AUARICUS, R.^OMYCES. 491

(Pileus halved, somewhat corky.)

alncus, coriaceous, tomentose, whitish-grey: lamallae split revolute at the margin.
Becoming purple-ciiierious.

abletinus, sub-cespitose, dark sooty-yellow: pileus glabrous, smooth; lamellae glaucous:
branching intlie young state.

coriace.us, coriaceous, marked with zones, tomentose, pale: lamellae sub-ramose, pale-
woody.

scpiarius, coriaceous, hard, flat bolli sides: pileus slrigose-tonientose, chesnut-brown;
lamallae crowded, ramose, becoming yellow.
Agy'rium. Gr. airMns, (a crowd.) 6. Fun.

caesium, in heaps, nearly separate, convex, whitish-grey. On dead pines.
Alcyonidium. Gr. idkaondon, (foam of the sea.) 4. Alg.

diaphanum, branches elongated. 6 i.

Alectoria. Gr. utector, {wiihoui a. bed.) 5. Lie.

jubuta, thallus rounded, somewhat shining, livid-brown, very much branclied; branches
filiform, compressed at the axils. Apothecia of the same color, at length, con-
vex, entire at the margin.

sarmeiitosa, thallus roundish, angular, somewhat pitted, dichotomous, pale yellowish;
the extiemilies much branched, lax and slender. Apothecia rather concave, livid,
pruinose, at length flattened.

usneuiiles, frond flat, compressed, striate longitudinally, very branching, pale-white;
branches fibrous: receptacles flat, of the same color, entire. On trees.
Anoectan'gium. Gr. anciktus, (open,) «o-«c?(;7i, (a rose. ) 2. A'lus.

Jiliformc, Mx. stem slender-filiform: leaves closely imbricate, oval, denticulate in a
similar-colored point: capsule ciliate at the apex: lid sub-conic: calyptre sub-villose.
On rocks.
Anthoce'uos. Anthos, (flower,) keras, (horn.) 3. Hep.

IcEiis, (wax liverwort) frond flat, undivided, scarcely undulated at the margin. On
the earth in damp shaded situati<ms.

punctatus, frond sinuate, undivided, crisped at the margin. On the earth where moist
and shaded. 1^ i.

caroliniunus, Mx. fronds with sharp roundish lobes, margin sub-entire, scarcely
punctured above: the horn-form capsule about half an inch in length.
Arrhenop'teruai. Gr. am;H, (strong. )7iteris, (wing. ) '2. Mus.

helerostrychum, erectish: leaves lax, imbricate, oval, obtuse, serrulate.

Arscy'ria. Gr. orAws, (a net,) the seeds fastened together by net-work. 6. Fun.

mdiins, pale-yellow, sub-stiped, cylindrical, long, weak, drooping. On rotten wood. J i.

jninica, heaped or cespitose, stiped, dull red: seed abundant, crimson red. On rot-
ten wood. 3 i.
Arthonia. Gr. arlhon, ofarico, (to kill, destroy.) 5. Lie.

swariziana, crust cartilagin. membr. white. Apoth. sess. broad, um. round, rep. irreg.
anff". with dark elev. dots.

ohscara, crust membr. somew. olive-col. Apoth. min. flat, concave, somew. membr.
oval-ellipt. and renif. wrink. dark.

lynceii, crust thin, sub-tartareous, equal, somewhat cracked, white. Apoth. cluster-
ed, flat, somewhat immersed, round, oblong and curved, black, caesious, (grey.)

punctiformis, crust somewhat determinate, membranaceous smooth, dark orange-yel-
low: receptacles minute, roundish, scattered, sub-immersed, flaltish one side and
sub-convex the other, dark colored. On the tender bark of branches of trees.

pruinosa, crust thin, of a tartar-like appearance, unequal, smooth, ramose, white: re-
ceptacles flat, immersed, roundish polygons confluent obscurely dark yellow, mealy
glaucous. On oak bark, &c.
Aspergil'lus. Lat. sprinkling brush. Mould. 6. Fun.

pencUlatus, filaments scattered, heaped, a line high, bearing long tufts of beaded seeds.
On specimens m herbaria.

glaucous, in minute tufts of white erect filaments. Blue patches.
Atracto'bolus. G(. atractos, (spindle,) IjuUo, {io ca.sU) li. Fun.

ubiquilarius, resembling scattered flower to the naked e^^e. On wood and stones.

B.
B^oMYCES. Gr. i«ios, (small,) tom/ics, (fungus.) 5. Lie.
roseus, crust unif. granulat. greenish white. Fodelia very short, cylind. Apoth.
sub-glob, wrinkl. pale flesh-color.

492 B^.OMYCES, BOLETUS.

microphyllus, leaves minute, somewhat imbricated, rounded, nearly entire, Podetia

simple, tubular, smooth.
caespititius, thallus clustered, ascendinjr, leafy, pinnatif. cut and crisped: bright green

above, white benuatli. Tubercles from tlie disk of leaves convex, reddish brown.
Tufas, Ach. crust uniform, rugose granulated and pulverulent greenish-vvhile: podetia

very short, somewhat compressed, apothecia flattish at the top, sometimes conglp-

merate, reddish-brown. ^ i.

Ban'gia. In honor of C. F. Bang, a writer on scripture Botany. 4. Alg.
laminariae, filaments tuRed, fastigiate, equal. Bands approximating in pairs, many-

dolted. 1— 12i.

Barbu'la. Lat. iari^/Zfl, (little beard.) 2. Mus.
caesptiosa, stem very short, sub-simple; leaves densely crowded together, oblong-
linear, mucronate, convolute at the apex on becoming dry: capsules cylindric, with

a straight-subulate lid of nearly its own lengtli.
acuminata, leaves ovate-acuminate, concave, twisted on becoming dry: stems erect,

simple and divided, becoming renewed: elongation^ of the renewed parts stand out

behind the capsules.
fallax, stem ramose: leaves recurve-spreading: pericheth nerveless: capsules oblong;

lid obliquely beaked. On walls and bye-lanes, .fee.
lanceolata, leaves lanceolate, sub-apiculaie, crisped when dry: fascicle of ducts strong:

capsule bottle-form, straight; lid oblique.
tortuosa, caulescent, rather high, ramose: leaves lance-linear, acute, sub-denticulate,

may become crisped: capsule straight, slender cylindric; lid subulate.

Bartram'ia. In honor of J. Bartram, an American botanist. 2. Mus.
crispa, pedicels erect: leaves subulafe, crisped, serrate at the maigin, much contorted

when dry. In tlie mountains about Williams College.
cederi, stem elongated, slender: pedicels erect: leaves lanceolate, serrulate, scarcely

twisted when dry. Among damp mountain rocks, ifec.
longiscta, stem short, lesser sterns somewhat simple: leaves not dense, subulate,

kneeled and scarcely perceptibly denticulate, erect when dry: peduncle very long.

Batrachosper'mum. Gr. hatrachos. {^vog,) sperma,(seei\.) 3. Hep.
trioniliforme, frond moniliform, much branched; branches rather acute: cauline

whorls nearly distinct, globose.

Bla'zia. Gr. blazo, (useless.) 4. Alg.
pusiUa, Sz. capsule marked, immersed in the frond, ovate-oblique, terminating in aq

open tube, permanent: frond orbicular or heaped together in abundance, beautifully

green, net veined, dichotomous or trichotomous, bearing capsules on the apex.

Bole'tus. Gr. AoZos, (a field,) touchwood. 6. Fun.

1. Pileus fleshy, cushion-like, easily separated from the elongated tubes.

annulatvs, pileus cushioned, campanulato, viscid, becoming yellow-livid; v/ith spots,

from brick-colored .streaks, becoming red; pores yellow: stipe annulated. Among

pines, &c. in autumn.
corticatus, sliped: pileus yellow, sub-viscid, orange in the centre; the fleshy part

white, firm and lidgy or crispedj tubes yellow: curtain-like volva white: stipe

thick, especially towards the base.
rvfus, pileus dilated, plano-convex, brick-red; pores white: stipe long, torn- wrinkled;

scales becoming black. In grassy woods, &c. autumn. This is a variety of the

aiirantius.
scaber, pileus sub-rugose, grey-sooty-yellow; pores becoming pale white, depressed

around the attenuated stipe; scales becoming black. In beech woods, <fec. the

beginning of autumn: at length it becomes dry, hard and dark colored. 3 by 4 i.
drcinans, in groups: pileus viscid, sub-repand, thick straw-color or livid-yellow; pores

acute, yellow: stipe somewhat slender, shortish, yellowish, rough with dark specks.

Among pines, &c. early in autumn.
sub-tomentosus, middfe-size: pileus cushioned, plano-convex, sub-tomentose, yellowish

ash-color; the fleshy part not very changeable; pores large: stipe somewhat slender

reddish in the middle or yellowish and one-colored. Grows in woods in autumn.
radicans, pileus cushioned, yellow-cinereous; margin involute, sub-tomentose; pores

citron yellow: stipe smooth, rooting, tomentose, one-colored. In oak woods, Slc.

autumri.
reticulalus, pileus cushioned, dilated, dirty yellow, mostly tessellated and chinked;

fleshy part becoming bluish; pores middle size: becoming yellow: stipe shortish,

rtOLEtus. 493

glabrous, of the same color of the pileus, red within. Pileus often 5 or 6 inches

broad.
edulis, pileus cushioned, very broad, dark yellowish purple, the fleshy part not

cliangeable; pores at first filled and wliitisli, afterwards pule yellow: stipe tuberous

sub-venlricose, reticulate, reddish-grey. In woods, &c. autumn.
luridus, large: pileus cushioned, dark olive; pores equal, at first red, at length orange:

stipe elongated red, reticulate, sub-bulbous. In July, large. 6 by 2 i.

2. Pileus Jleshij, coriaceous, Jiiostly someichat corlnj: tubes shorlii-h, connected icith the
substance vf the pikus.

(Pileus entire: stipe central, or a Utile out of the centre and perpendicular.)

hrumalis, pileus convex, sub-umbilicate, of a darkish shade becoming yellow, margin
ciliate: pores oblong, white. Late in autumn on decaying trunks, «fcc.

permnis, coriaceous, tenaceousi cinnamon color: pileus thin, with zones, mostly
connate. On the earth about decaying trunks, &.c.

(Pileus halved; stipe lateral.)

Jrondosus, very branching: pilei many, halved, sooty-grey. About roots of oaks, &c.
in autumn. The whole group or mass sometimes a foot broad.

lucidus, pileus very tough, coriaceous, chesnut-color, shining, with concentric fur-
rows; pores minute, white. Stipe variable. On trunks of trees, very large, be-
coming tawny.

ladius, sub-cespitose: pileus glabrous, tough, liver-brown, paler at the margin; pores
minute, pale: stipe lateral,- short, thick, dark cinerous. On hollow logs, &c. in
autumn.

varius, sub-solitary: pileus tough, reddish yellow, halved or entire: stipe sub-lateral,
elongated, black from the middle downward- On liunks, 1 to 2 inches broad.

(Pileus halved; without a stipe.)

citrinus, imbricate, halved, fleshy, glabrous, citron-yellow. Roots of oaks, &c. in

summer and autumn.
odoratus, halved, odoriferous, sub-deformed: pileus rugose, witli zones or parallel

bands: dark shade at the base, margin arched and cinnamon color beneath, opake.

On trunks.
marginatus, simple or sub-imbricate: pileus thick, hard tuberculate, becoming red or

reddish-yellow, margin issuing a white juice; pores pale or light citron-yellow.

Very hard and hairy; about 4 inches. When recent, acid drops of a liquid issue

from the margin.
igniarhis, dilated, smooth, cuticle in ridges: pileus hard, becoming dark at the base,

at the margin cinnamon-color, beneath yellowish- white. Grows on trunks. Ge

neral form like a horse's hoof. It is called touchwood. 6 to 18 i.
betuUnus, sub-stiped, largish: pileus flesh-corky, reniform, dirty reddish yellow, white

beneath. On roots, &;c.
fomentarius, halved, hard: pileus sub-triquetrous, with obsolete belts, dirty ash-color;

pores at first white glaucous, at length sub-ferruginous. Used for tinder.
vclidiiious, corky, simple, pileus convex, thin, hirsute, white; pores minute, dirty

white. About Ih inches broad, somewhat zoned. On dry trunks, Ac.
lutesccns. sub-cespitose, corky: pileus depressed, thin, tomentose, pale; with hirsute

zones becoming yellow. On trunks, &.c. witii the last, which it resembles, but is

rather broader.
versicolor, cespitose, coriaceous: pileus thin, with bluish many-colored zones; pores

white. On dry trunks. Autumn and winter.
cinnabarinus, in groups, uniformly of a cinnabar or vermiJlion color: pileus tiiickish,

ridgy, obsoletely zoned, sub-tomentose. One or two inches diameter.

3. Open or effuse, upside doion (that is, the pores or tubes on the upper side)
pileus mostly obsolete.

destructor, white: pileus unequal, undulated, rugose; pores roundish-obtuse. Grows
in buildings, &c. which it tends to destroy. Its substance is fibrous and becomea
dry.

radula, pale white, sub-tomentose: pores acute, unequally prominent, rough.

494 ROLETUS, BRYUM.

4. Tnles free among each other.

hepaticus, fleshy, blood-red, halved; tubes free, becoming yellow. Roots of oak, &c.

in autumn.

BoRRERA. In honor of Borrer, a British botanist. 5. Lie.
leucomda, thallus palish; segments erect, linear, niultifid, attenuated, ciliated^ be-

neatli very white, powdery and channelled. Apothecia with a flat black caesious

disk. li i.
furfurucea, thallus greenish-gray, farinaceous; segments linear, attenuated, branched,

grooved, naked, rugose and blackish beneath. Apothecia somewhat marginal, cup-
shaped with their margin ihin inflexed. Ij i.
chrysojihlhaiinu, thallus yellow, naked, and of the same color on both sides: segments

linear, flattish, pinnatifid, branched, fibrous at end. Apothecia somewhat terminal

with an orange-colored disk. 1 i.
cUiaris, thallus greenisli; segments linear, branched, attenuated, ciliated ^t end,

whitish and channelled beneath. Apotliecia somewhat terminal; disk concave,

becoming flat, with a fringed border. 1;| i.
exilis. frond pale white; divisions very branching, entangled a little, compressed,

capillary, attenuated: receptacles scattered; disk flattish, saffron color, with a thin

entire fiond-like margin.
Columbiana, jNutt. thallus cartilaginous, cespitose, sulphur-yellow, somewhat com-
pressed, sub-lacunose, divaricate, spread-branched; divisions erectish, attenuate,

slender: sculeliae sparingly aggregated, mostly terminal, fuscous; hairy rays of the

margin reflexed. Grows on pine trees, Rocky Mts.

Bo'TRYTis. Gr. io//i/s, (a bunch (Tr grapes. ) 6. Fun.
diffusa, veiy lax tufts; branches fe^v, white, lonsr, spread, having short branchlets

bearing round clusters of seeds. On decayed herbs. ^ i.
parasitica, somewhat tufted, lax, white, slightly branched: seeds roundish. On

Shepherd's purse.

Bovis'ta. Lat. ioijis (of ios, an ox) ox-buff" ball. C. Fun.
nin-resccns, white, becoming blackish-brown: plicate beneath. Largish; in pastures.

giganlna, almost sessile, very large, globular, yellowish-white; having scattered sub-
obsolete scales: in pastures, often from 6 to 12 inches in diameter.
Bry'um. Gr. bruon, (moss.) 2. Mus.

1. Staminate fioicers pedunchd , leaf ess.

androgynum, leaves lanceolate, acute, imbricate-spreading: capsule erect, oblong;
lid conic. In damp woods.

2. Staminate flowers sessile, terminal, bud-form: capsules peduncled.

carneum, stem simple: leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, reticulate, remotish: capsule
pendulous, ovate. In damp shades.

argenteum, stem ramose at the base, cespitose: leaves ovate, concave, mucronate,
imbricate, glaucous-silvery: capsule ovate-oblong, pendulous. On walls, houses,
and sandy soils.

ccespitilium, stem ramose at the base: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, imbricate; cap-
sule oblong, pendulous; lid convex. On walls, houses, &i,c.

3. Staminate floicers sessile, terminal, with a disk-like tuft of leaves.

roseum, stem erect: leaves crowded together, stellate, oblong, entire, acute: capsule
oblong; lid conic. In woods and bushes.

cuspidatum, leaves lance-ovate, serrate: capsule ovate, pendulous; lid conic, obtuse.
In moist shades.

punctatum, stem erect, sub-simple: leaves obovate, entire, punctate-reticulate: cap-
sules ovate; lid subulate, incurved. In damp shady lawns, &c.

4. Floicers perfect; germs nodding.

nutans, stem sub-simple: leaves lanceolate, acute, keeled: capsule obovate, nodding;
lid convex, short-mucronate. In dry barren situations.

BULGARIA, CENOMYCE. 495

Bulga'ri.v. Lat. hulgn, (a leather bag) false peziza. G. Fun.

inquinans, turbinate, firm, scale wrinkly outside, uniber-color: disk flattish and dark-
coloted. On dead oak.-

sarcoides, irregular, cespitose, subgelatinous, somewhat firm, reddish-purple and some-
what veiny outside: seed-bed concave. On decaying trees. J i.
Buxbau'mia. In honor of Buxbaum, a German botanist. 2. Mus.

aphijlla, destitute of apparent leaves, fungus-like. 1 i.

Cali'cium. Gr. kalukion, {a.Y\\.\.\e vwy.) 4. Alg.
stegoueUum, crust somewhat contiguous, unequal, whitish or none. Apothecia ses-
sile, sub-globose, dark smooth; disk dot-like, becoming flattish with a thin shining

margin. 3 i.
cunlliereUmn, crust thin, whitish, powdery, apothecia lentiform: disk flesh-colored,

becoming brown powdered; stalks filiform, naked, pile, becoming brownish or black.

I i.
turbinatum, puifs turbinate, nearly sessile, black rather polished: disk dark, opake,

puncticulate, within a thick contracted inargin. On trunks of trees, &c.

Calo'cera. Gr. kalos (beautiful) kcras (horn) horn-club. 6. Fun.
tuberosa, yellowish, tough, sub-simple: stem tuberous long-rooted. Under bark of

trees. 2 i.
cornea, tufled, small simple and branched, viscid, yellow, connate at the base. On

trees, i i.

Calym'peres. Gr. /cafe/Kwa, (veil,) peros, (mutilated.) 2. Mus.
kobsoni, stem elongated: leaves linear, serrate, with athick line below the margin:

calyptre smooth. 1 i.

Campylo'pus. Gr. kampulos, (curved.) 2. Mus.
pulrinatiis, stem ramose fastigiate: leaves lanceolate, hairy: capsule oval, nodding;

lid subulate. On walls.

Cantharel'lcs. Fr. cA(/?i<«7-c/ie, (string of a violin,) eatable fungi. 6. Fun.
ci6a'rJ!/s, yellow, cap fleshy irregular smooth: veins tumid: stipes solid, tapering at

the base. In fields. Hi.
cornucnpioiiles, cap tube-furm pervious scaly black-umber; wrinkles, obsolete. Pur-
plish, elastic. 2 i.
lutcscens, cap sub-men'branaceous funnel-form, waved, yellowish or brownish; veins

anastomose: stipes hollow, yellow. 2 i.

Carpobolos. Lat. carpns, (fruit, ) ioios, (sphere. ) 3. Hep.
orbicularis, fronds about half an inch in diameter, often confluent, never superincum-
bent: capsule yeJlow, semi transparent.

Cathari'naea. Gt. kaihiirizo, (to purify.) Or perhaps Catharine. 2. Mus.
unduluta, leaves lanceolate, seriate, undulated, crisped when dry: capsule cylindric;

lid subulate. Shady woods.

Cenangium. Gr. kcaos, {hoWow, ) airginti, (bag.) 6. Fun.
gucrcinum, simple, in heaps, long, zigzag, at first closed, afterwards open with a

broad pale disk. On dead plum-trees, i i. I.

Cexomyce. Gr. /icnos, (empty. ) 7/??//;es, (a small fungus.) 5. Lie.
alcicornis. thallus foliaceous. very pale, glaucous green; the segments sub-palmated,

ascending, obtuse and incurved. Podetia elongated, tuibinate all cup-bearing,

smooth, the cups regular crenate, with the margin at length leafy and prohferous.

Apothecia brown.
pyzidula, thallus foliaceous; segments crenulated ascending: podetia all turbinate,

elongate cup-shaped, glabrous, at length glanulat. warty rough, greyish-green:

cups regular; the maigin at length prolif. Apothecia brown.
fimhrintii, thallus foliaceous; the segments small, crenate: podetia elongated, cylin-
drical, cup-bearing, sometimes subulate, slightly pulverul. white: cups regular,
their margins cut and crenate, at length prolif. apoth. brown.
gonoregii, thallus floccous. Segments broadish, crenulatc, cut. Podetia longish,
smooth, somewhat warted, glaucous or whitish green. Apothecia irregular, torn
into rays, proliferous at the edge.
ecmocyna, thallus foliaceous; segments small crenate: podetia long subulate, sterile
and fertile, smooth, livid-brown, apothecia cup-shaped, toothed at the edge, occa-
sionally proliferous.

496 CENOMVCE, CLAVARIA.

lac'dlaris, tliallus foliaceoiis small; segm. inciso-lobate, crenate: podetia cylindr. sim-
ple and soniew. brancli. at the extremity, greenisli-wliite, granulated, rarely cup-
bearing: cups narr. at the radia. apolhecia minute, scarlet.

dt'formis, thallus foliaceous. minute; segments broadish, cut-crenate, naked beneath:
podetia long, thick, sub-ventricose, sulphur-colored, slightly pulverulent, cup-bear-
ing: cups narrow crenate-dentate, at length dilated and jagged, apothecia sessile
and pedunculate, scarlet.

cocci/era, thallus foliaceous minute; segm. rounded crenate naked beneath: podetia
elongated, turbinate, naked, nearly pale-yellow or greyish green, all cup-bearing,
cups with their margins spreading fertile apothecia large, at length stalked, scarlet.

spflrasa, jthallus foliac. with minute lobes and crenated: podetia elongated, branch, sub-
ventr. granulat. rough with leafy scales, cup bearing: cups irregular, pervious, den-
tato-radiate, proliferous, apothecia stalked, pale brown.

delicatn, thallus foliaceous with minute granular lobes: podetia smooth, granular,
pallid, divided at end; divisions very short: apothecia clustered, brownish
black.
/areata, podetia elongated, smooth, livid-brown, dichotomous, axils not perforated;
branches narr. subulate, curved, the extremities forked, divergent: fertile ones with
brown apothecia.

uncialis, podetia elongated, glabr. pale tiichotomous; the axils perforated open; the
extremities of the branches patent, short, acute and rigid; apothecia small, terminal,
brown.

rangiferina, podetia elongated: cylinder erect, roughish, hoary, branched; axils often
perforated; branches scattered, ^ery much divided, spreading, the ultimate ones
sub-radiate or drooping: apolhecia sub-globose, clustered, brown. Var. pungens,
podetia cinereous, dichotomously branched, rigid, forming a cushion-like tuft; axils
not bored through; end of branches mucronate, diverging, brownish.

vermimlaris, podetia subulate, nearly simple, smooth, very white, sub-fistulose, flex-
uose, prostrate.
Ckra'miom. Gt. heramasj (a small measure.) 4. Alg.

diaphanum, filam. dichotom. much branched, somewhat membranous, variegated with
purple and hyal. Joints elevated. ,5 i.

rubrum, filam. dichotom. much branched, somewhat cartilaginous, branchlets forked.
Artie, ovate, opaque. 10 i.

roseum., filam. branciied; branchlets alternate, rigid, spreading, subulate. Artie. 3
times as long as broad. Hi.

tetricum, primary filaments downy. Branches straight, decompound, pinnate. Artie.
3 times as long as broad. 6 i.
Ceea'tium. Gr. heras, (horn.) 6. Fun.

hudnoides, growing in small tufts: filaments sub-confluent, simple or branched and
fascicled. On dead wood. 1 — 12 i.
Cetra'ria. Lat. cetra, (a square buckler.) 5. Lie.

junipcrina, thallus pale-yellow, very yellow beneath; the segments plane, ascending,
erose, crenate and crisped. Apothecia elevated; their disk brown, the margin cre-
nulated. 1^ i.

glauca, thallus glaucous, somewhat shining, sinuated and lobed, brown beneath; the
segments cut and jagged, curled, ascending. Apothecia elevated, chesnut-brown;
their margin wrinkled. 2 i.

islandica, thallus olive-brown, paler beneath; the segments erect, sub-linear, multifid,
channelled, smooth, dentate-ciliated; fert. branches spreading. Apothecia ap-
pressed, plane, of the same color; margins elevated, entire. 2 i.
Chon'dria. Gr. chondros, (cartilage.) 4. Alg.

pusilla, frond compress, filif somew. contract, here and there, fructif. either min.
tuberc. or scatter, spor. in ramuli. 5 i.

articulata, frond filiform, chain-like,, in joints, tubular. Branches fastigiate, dicho-
tomous and whorled. 6 i.
Chorda'ria, Gr. cAorrfc, (a cord.) 4. Alg.

fiagelliforniis.^ frond much branched. Branchlets virgate, somewhat distichous,
spreading at the base. 24 i.
CLADOspo'niuai. Gr. hiados, (branch, bearing the fruit.) 6. Fun.

Jierbanun, tufted, minute, olive-green, becommg blackish and rigid. On dead
stems.
Clava'kia. Lat. clava, (club.) 6. Fun.

CLAVARIA, COLLEMA. 497

1. Coral-like; davate pile.us hranched.
(Stems or stipes very thick.)

coralloides, white, erect; branches elongated, irregular, mostly acute, unequal. Coral
club. On the ground. \i i.

fonnosa, very branching: stem sub-decumbent, thick, white; branches elongated,
rose orange; branclilets obtuse, becoming yellow. In groves.

fiavd, stem thick, white; branches and branchlets straight, shortish, yellow. In au-
tumn it grows in shady woods, about 3 inches long.

botnjtis, sub^defo,rmed; stem very thick, decumbent, becoming palish-white; branches
shortish, sub-iugose; branchlets obtuse, red. On fallen trees, &c. .'^ i.

(Stem slender, or not so thick as to equal all the branches taken together.)

palinutu, somewhat winged or wing-like, becoming pale: stem slender; branches
sub-compressed, palmate. About three inches long, and the breadth about the
same.

cornicvlidn, sub-ramose, yellow: stem slendei, elongated, twice ternately divided in
forks; branchlets acute. Branches mostly compressed; branchlets a httle woolly.
In woods, IJ inch long. ST..

byssisedti, various, sub ramose, small, pale reddish-yellowy rootlets bysus-like or flax-
like, wliite, sessile or sitting down. Springs up among fallen leaves, «S:c.

imidda, in groups, minute, simple and ramose, wliite; apex ochre-color, sitting down
with a tomentose base. On decaying trunks, «Sic. about the fourth of an inch long,
substance tough.

cornea, in groups, minute, viscid, becoming yellow, simple and ramose, connate at
at the bases. On trunks in autumn, scarcely the fourth of an inch long; rarely half
an inch.

2. Simple ; the davate pileus not hranched.

ligula, sub-cespitose, pale reddish-yellow, opake, various, villose and slender at the
base; terete or sub-compressed at the apex. Adhering to branches, &c. About
2 inches long.

pistiUaris, solitary, large, thick, from yellow becoming a little reddish; round at the
apex. Nearly cylindric at first, and becoming thick and .sub-iugose. Has a bitter
taste. 12 i.

fusifunnis, cespitose, heaped together, orange: clavate pileus attenuated, sub-tena-
cious, cohering at the base. In woods. 3 i.

flaripes, cespitose, fragile: clavate pileus sub-falcate, acuminate, pale; approximate
at the base; shining yellow.

ehurnca, cespitose crowded, fragile, snow white. In shady woods on the earth.
Very variable; but distinguished by being white and fragile.

herbarum, in groups, minute, lanceolate, sub-lenaceous, becoming dark-olive. Hardly
belongs to this genus. About one-sixth of an inch long, on leaves and other
herbage.

musdcula, very minute, white, sub-incrassate, curved, all glabrous; sitting down with
globose tubercles.

gyruns, on leaves, wholly white, filiform: stipe with long pubescence. In autumn.
Stipe white, weak.

TUffosa, (pond 3 miles east of Troy.) See Loudon.
Clima'cium. Gr. klimax, (stairs.) 2. Mus.

dendroides, (tree moss,) stem branching, tree-form: leaves crowded, erect, lanceolate,
sub-3-nerved, serrulate above: capsule erect.
Co'niUM. Gr. /tO//('on, (skin. ) 4. Alg.

tomentosum, frond dichotomous, fastigiate, cylindrical. 6 i.
CoLLEMA. Gr. koUe. (glue.) 5. Lie.

nienum, thallus crustaceous, roundish, brown-black; lobes of the circumference cut-
crenate; centre granular, a little branched: apothecia becoming convex, black-
edged.

crispuin, sub-orbicular; the central lobes somewhat erect, granulated; those of cir-
cumference depressed, larger, obt. crenulate: fructification scattered, rather con-
cave, reddish, with a granulated margin.

tenax, sub-orbicular, imbricated; lobes thickish, flat, incumbent, roundish, cut-lobed

63

498 COLLEMA, CORNICULARIA.

and crenulate: apothecja scattered, immersed in the lobes and concave, rufous with
an entire edge.

palmatum, thallus sub-foliaceous, green-brown-glaucous; lobes thick, close palmate,
cut; segments somewhat linear, round; apotliecia ruibus-brown.

burgessii, thallus foliaceous, somewhat imbricated, glaucous, greenish-brown, pubes-
cent and somewhat spongy benealii; lobes rounded, sinuated, crenulate and
crisped: apolhecia depressed, planish brown; their margin foliaceous crisped.

jiigrcsccns, tiiallus foliaceous, membranous, sub-monopliyllus, orbicular, depressed,
plaited, rounded and lobed, black-green: apothecia central, crowded, at length con-
vex, reddish brown; their margin entire.
furvum, thallus foliaceous, membranaceous, somewhat wrinkled, complicated, black-
ish-green, granulated on both sides; lobes round, unequal, waved and crisped,
entire: apothecia scattered, plane, dark-brown; their margin entire.

tremelloidcs, thallus foliaceous, membranaceous, thin, sub-diaphanous, lead-color, ob-
soletely rugose and dotted; lobes rounded, somewhat cut: apothecia scattered, sub-
pedicellate, plane, reddish-brown; their margin pale.

lacerum, thallus nearly erect, foliaceous, membranaceous, sub-diaphanous, sub-ru-
rugose, with obscure reticulations, glaucous; lobes small, sub-imbricate, lacinate and
somewhat fringed; apothecia scattered, rather concave, red; iheir margins pale.

pulposum, frond sub-orbicular, formed of thick, sub-imbricate, repand-crenate, plicate,
naked lobes: receptacles central, crowded, flaltish, reddish-yellow, with elevated
entire margins.

papulosum, frond orbicular; central lobes thick, entangled, irregular; those of the
periphery expanded, dilated outwardly, gash-crenate, warty blistered above.

paUescens, frond yellowish-green, "pale beneath; lobes deformed, densely entangled,
irregularly crenate, ascending: receptacles sub-marginal. A variety of the ttiiax.

viyriocccum, frond sub-orbicular, imbricate, black; lobes crowded, entangled, qrisped,
granulate: receptacles minute, globose-iurbinate, heaped together, marginal and
scattered, one-colored, marked with punctures. Among and on mosses, on rocks,
«fec.

pulchellum, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, orbicular, flat, sub-laciniate, round
lobed at the peripiiery, plicate-papulose above, dark-green, paler beneath and deeply
lacunose: receptacles scattered, crowded, elevated; disk urceolate, pale wax-color;
margin thin, contracted, entire, at length sub-rugose.
Confer'va. Lat. covfcrveo, (to knit together.) 4. Alg.

fricetorum, filaments simple, creeping, entangled in a brownish-purple layer. Joints
half as long again as broad. ^ i.

vesicata, filaments simple, fine. Articulations half as long again as broad, with glo-
bular inflations at intervals. 6 i.

rivularis, filaments simple, capillary, very long, straight, equal. Articulations grain-
bearing, 2 or 4 times as long as broad, shining when dry.

linum, filaments simple, filiform, rigid, crisped, loosely entangled, when dry variegat-
ed. Articulations turgid, dotted. | i.

riparia, filaments branched, remotely capillary, very long. Branches short, divari-
cating. Articulations twice as long as broad. 3 i.

glomerata, filaments branched, capillary. Branches alternate; those at the end clus-
tered, one-sided, erect. Articulations cylindric. 1 i.

rupestris, filaments much branched, setaceous when dry, dotted with black. Branches
erect. Joints pellucid. Articulations cylindric, .3 times as long as broad. 4 i.

catenata, filaments more than bristly, trichotomous, shining, when dry dotted with
black at joints. Articulations 3 times as long as broad. 1 i.
CoRNicuLARiA. Lat. corniciUuriii, (little horns.) 5. Lie.

trisetis, thallus deep, pitcher-brown, rounded or sub-compressed, smoothish, distich-
ously dichotomous; branches fastigiate, black above: apothecia plano-convex,
blackish-brown, somewhat inarginated, entire and toothed.

ochroleuca. thallus glabrous, pale yellowish-white, roundish, sub-erect, branched;
branches short, attenuated, blackish at the points: apothecia brownish pale in the
circumference.

puhescens, thallus decumbent, rounded, roughish: branches intricate, capillaceous;
the ultimate ones simple: apothecia of the same color; entire in the circumference.

fihrillosa, frond obscurely soot-yellow, terete, smoothish, slender, entangled, ramose,
somewhat rough-haiied; from the branchlets and fibres which are flexuose, ramoso
very thick, irregular, sub-clavate. On rocks. Variety of the pubesccns.

CRATERIUM, DICRANUM. 499

Crate RiuM. Gr. kmtej-, (a cup.) 6. Fun.
ieucocc/ihalum, cup-fonn, reddish-brown, with a very tliin, vanishing white convex

lid: filainenls white: seeds dark: wilii mosses. 1 — (J i.

CiiiimA'RiA. Lat. crihnini, (sieve) pin-head. 6. Fun.
mlona/jus, gregarious, roundish: stipes short, blackish. On pine trunks. 1 — 12 i.

Crvphae'a. Gr. A;/'///>/tttios, (concealed.) 2. Mus.
heteromuUa, stem branching, diffuse; leaves lance-ovate, acute, 1-nerved: capsules

lateral, sub-sessile. On trunks.

Cystose'ira. Gr. /ittiVts, (a bladder.) seira^ (a chain.) 4. Alg.
erlcoides, leaves densely spiny all over. Vesicles elliptic, somewhat terminal, crown-
ed solitary. Receptacle warty from inflated base of spines. 6 i.

Cytispo'ba. Gr. /cm^/s, (little chest,) s/>om, (seed.) 6. Fun.
chrijsosperiiia, cells impressed on the receptacle: disk emerging, blackish, having a

yellow tendril. On poplar bark.

Dacrymy'ces. Gr. dakru, (tear,) mukc, (fungus.) 6. Fun.

moriformis, conglobate, sinuate, dark, opaque; tleshy and purple inside. Mulberry-
like. On dead wood.

stellutus, gregarious, entire, round-depressed, pulpy, orange. J i.
Daeda'lea. Lat. duedaliis, (skillful work.) 6. Fun.

qucrclna, sessile, pale, woody: cup-suberose, rugose, glabrous: seed-bed contorted;
sinuose aiiostomosing. On rotten wood.
Delesser'ia. In honor of Delessert, of Paris. 4. Alg.

alata, frond ribbed, obsoletely nerved, linear, dichotomous, alternately pinnatifid to-
wards the end; pinnas rather lingular. 6 i.

punctata, frond very thin, veinless, roundish, irregularly split at the end. Sori on the!
disk of the frond. 4 i.
Diat'oma. Gr. diatoma^ (an incision.) 4. Alg.

floccidosum, filaments striated. Articulations nearly equal in diameter with parallel
striae. In ditches. J — 12 i.

marimim, articulations half as long again as wide, granulated transversely. Ocean*

Dichospo'rium. Gr. dicha, (double,) spora, (seed.) 4. Alg.
aggregatum, clustered dots on the bark of trees.
DicRANDM, Gr. dicranos, (forked.) 2. Mus.

I. Capsule with apophyses.

cerviculatum, monoecious: stem simple: leaves capillary, without nerves, spreading,
lax: capsule ventricose, erectish; apophysis gibbose.

virens, stems divided; branchlets erect, sub-divided: leaves clasping at the base, linear,
flat, spreading, coiled: capsules nodding, at length curved; apophysis wen-like.

fragile, stem erect, ramose, yery fragile: leaves erect, densely crowded together, some-
what whorled, lance-ovate, acuminate, sub-entire, with the margin undulated: cap-
sule nodding, elongated; apophysis wen-like, at length striate.

2. Capsules without apophyses or truncated processes on the foreside of the basd
(Leaves turned to one side.)

scoparium, stem ramose: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, keeled^ falcate: pedidels
sheathed, solitary: lid long-beaked.

condensatum, stem short simple: leaves lance-oblong, mucronate with extended fasci-
cular points: capsules nodding; lids subulate. On the earth.

heteromallum, stem sub-simple: leaves capillary, 1-nerved, dilated at the base: capsule
ovate; lid long-beaked.

othocarpon, small; stem short, simple: leaves setaceous, dilated at the base: pedun-
cle lateral, longish: capsule sub-erect, oblong-ovate; lid beaked.

varium, stem sub-simple: leaves somewhat one-sided, lower ones lanceolate, upper
ones subulate; capsules urceolate, somewhat noddmg; lid conic.

500 DICRANUM, ERINEUM.

(Leave not one-sided.)
zanthodon, minute: leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate: capsules ovate; teeth of the

peristome yellow.

poiycarpon, s.em ramose: leaves linear-subulate, twisted when dry, investing the stem
on all sides: capsule obovate, erectish, furrowed. On rocks in mountains.

glaucum, small: stem ramose, thick with a dense foliation: leaves glaucous, convex-
channelled: capsule sub-inclined, oblong-ovate; lid slenderly subulate, sub-inflexed.

3. Capsules with truncated jiroininences, on the fureside of the base.

purpureum, stem dichotomous: leaves lanceolate, twisted when dry, furnished with a

purple nerve: capsule oval; lid conic.

Dicty'deum. Gr. (^tc^w^//., (net,) eirfos, (similar.) 6. Fun.
cernuum, gregarious brown-purple, nodding, umbilicate: membrane of the pericarp

deciduous: flocculence robust. On rotten wood. 1 — 12 i.

Didy'modon. Gr. didumos, (double-,) odous, (tooth.) 2. Mus.
rigididum, lea.\Gs lanceolate, cuspidate, from the middle nerve somewhat rigid: lid

subulate.

DiPHYs'cfUM. Gr. dis, (two,) phtiskion, (little vessel, or capsule.) 2. Mus.
/o^ioswm, stemless: capsules sub-sessile: leaves lance-linear.

Diploco'mium. Gr. ^Z^/y/oos, (double,) /iome, (lock or hair. ) 2. Mus.
longisetum, caulescent: leaves gradually narrow-acute; upper ones subulate, acute,

base broad,

DiTi'oLA. Gr. r/is. (double,) ioios, (down.) 6. Fun.
radicata, disk flattish, yellow: stfpe thick villous, white, long- rooted. On pines

without bark. 1 i.

Dothide'a. Gr. dothion, (tubercle,) eidos, (similar.) 6. Fun.
typhina, long, surrounding the culms', whitish becoming dark, yellow, at length len-

dered granular by the orifices. On grass stems.

Draparnal'dia. In hoTior of Draparnaud, a French botanist. 4. Alg.
phirnosa, pencils of branches lanceolate, acute, erect. 6 i.

Ectocar'pus. Gr. cktos, {outs'\de, ) karpns, (Cnut.) 4. Alg.
siliculosus, filaments nearly separate. Brandies erect, subulate. Articulations rather

longer than broad. Pods linear subulate. 6 i.
granaUisus, filaments much branched. Branches scattering, spreading, tapering,

acute at tips hyaloid. Articulations as long as broad, finally tumid. 3 i.

Endocarpon. Gr. endou, {wiihin,) kartjos, {Cru'il.) 5. Lie.
sinopicum, thailus crustaceous, cracked into areola, figured, somewhat lobed, greenish,

rubiginous, depressed at the circumference; orifices depressed, black. 1 i.
tephruPdes, thallus cruslaceous, suh-membranaceous spreading and sub-foliaceous

contio-uous. wavy, cracked, glaucous, ash-colored, irregularly lobed and crenate at

the margin, beneath black somewhat spongy; orifices elevated-convex, black, per-
forated. 1 i.
hedwi'gii, plant sub-cartilaginous, roundish or somewhat angular-lobed, of an olive-

gree'n; beneath pale at margin; the rest blackish and fibriUqse, orifice of the fructifi-
cation sub-promioent, darl<-brown. | i.
miniatum, tliallus thick, crustaceo-cartilaginous, foliaceous orbicular, peltate, greyish,

spread at margin, somewhat lobed and waved; beneath smooth, at length rugose

and tawny, orifices minute, slightly prominent, brownish. 1 i.
weberi, thallus cartilagino-coriaceous lobed, greenish-brown, olivaceous; beneath

rather tawney or blacKisli, on both sides smooth; the lobes laciniated, waved, plaited

and crisped, crowned; orifices rather convex, black.
miMenhergd, frond thick, crusty-cartilaginous, foliaceous orbicular, peltate, -obscurely

tawny-green, thin, rugose-plicate and somewhat in chinks; dark tawney and

tubercied beneath: little mouths convex.

Eri'neum. Lat. ennaceus, (prickly, hedge-hog.) 6. Fun.
fiigineuin, depressed, broadish, lawny red: at first thick clothed and pale.
acerlnum, depressed, pale, becoming reddish-brown: fruit-covering club-form, upper

half often inclined. On under side of leaves.
pyrincim, reddish-brown: fruit-covering, compressed, lid somewhat lax, apex chib-

form, often truncate.

ERYSIBE, rUSIUIUM. 501

Ery'sibe. Gr. enisihe, (mildew.) 6. Fun.

arlemisuc, minute: filaments forming a dense whitish web. On both sides of the
artaiiiisia leaf.

trifulii., globular, black; filaments giving both sides of the leaf a farinose aspect.

arctii, filamei>ts simple granuliferous: bodies pear-form, small, thickly covering the
whole under surface of the burdock leaf
Euro'tium. Gr. eurog, (mouldiness. ) 6. Fun.

kerl/uTwrum, gregarious, puncliform, yellow: filaments whitish branched. On dried
plants.
EvERNiA. Gr. crer«c5, (tall, branched.) 5. Lie.

prunastri, thallus greenish-white; segments dicholomous. multifid, ascending, linear-
attenuate plane, pitted, grooved and white beneath, apothecia blight brown, con-
cave.
Exid'ia.- Gr. exeimi, (to go forth,) Jew's ears. 6. Fun.

auricula, sessile, concave, flexuose, blackish, plaited on each side, with veins; olive-
grey and downy beneath.. On elder trunks. 3 i.

rccisa, soft flat-truncate, sub-repand, fuscous beneath, dotted, scabrous: stipes very
short, oblique, out of centre. On dead willows. | i.
Exosfo'rium. Gr. cr, (out,) spora, (seed.) 6. Fun.

tiliae, gregarious, black, minute, convex: seeds elongated, obtuse, divided trans-
versely by 5. On basswood limbs.

Fiss'iDENs. Lat.^ss?/s, (split,) (Ze«s, (tooth.) 2. Mus.

bryoidcs, stem short: leaves facing 2-ways, lanceolate: pedicels terminal: capsules
erect. In damp shades.

laxifolius, stem short: leaves facing 2 ways, lanceolate, slenderly denticulate: cap-
sules erect. In damp shades.

adianthoidcs, stem elongated, ramose: leaves lanceolate, sheathed at the base: pedicels
lateral: capsules sub-erect. In wet woods and meadows.
Fistui-i'na. La.t. fistula, (pipe or tube,) false boletus. 6. Fun.

hepatica, liver-lii<e patches on oak trees. It is eatable, and intermediate between
Boletus and Hydnum. 6 i.
Fontin'a'lis. La.1. fans, (fountain.) 2. Mus.

caplllacia. (water moss.) leaves acute, linear-awl- form, spread, longer than the cap-
sule: sheaths and peduncles long filiform.

enlepyretica, stem branched, three-sided; leaves facing three ways lance-ovate, cari-
nate, acute; perlcheth obtuse. In water, both stagnant and flowing.
Fucus. Gr. /j/n/Ays, (a seaweed, red color. ) 4. Alg.

nodosus, stem compressed, here and there inHated with internal vescicles. Recepta-
cles lateral, distichous; stalk pynform. 36 i.

tiesiculusns, frond flat-ribbed, hnear, dichotomous, entire. Vesicles spherical innate
upon frond in pairs. Receptacle terminal, elliptical. 24 i.

loreus, cup radical, circular, plano-convex, emitting from its centre a frond terminat-
ing in a very long dichotomous receptacle. 36 i.
Fu'ligo. Lat. /«%o, (soot.) 6. Fun.>

nifa, reddish-yellow, cushioned: bark sub-rugose, fragile. On trunks of trees.

fiava, yellow, opening roundish, with a cellular fibrous bark. On fallen leaves and
trunks in autUmn.

vaporaria, cinnamon-yellow, broad-cespitose, thick, cellular-fibrous when mature.
On pulverized bark, first appearing like vapor.
Funa'ria. hdiX. funis, (a rope. ) 2. Mus.

kijgrom'Arica, (hygrometer moss.) leaves -Ovate, acute, concave, entire, inflected:
capsules swelling, drooping, pear-form: pedicels very long, twisting spirally when
dry, untwisting when damp. On dry bogs. 3 i.

Jliivkans, leaves setaceous, long-acuminate: peduncle capillary, pale.

muhlenbergii, leaves ojbovate, awned, concave, serrulate, spread: capsule obovate,
oblique.
FuRCEr.LA'RiA. Lat./rtmWffi, (a little fork. ) 4. Alg.

fasliuiala, the only species. 9 i.

Fusi'dium. La.t. fusus, (spindle.) 6. Fun.

griseum, mass thin, irregular, of a whitish or grey color. On dead beech leaves.

fiavo-virens, mass bright yellow or greenish.

502 GEASTRUM, GYROPHORA.

Geas'trum. Gr. ge, (earth,) aster, (star.) Ground star. 6. Fun.
colifornie, volva mullifid: peduncles and mouths of the fruit-covering numerous. lit

pastures. 2 j.
quudrijldum, fruit-covering globose stalked: orifice hoary: the radiating divisions

mostly in fours, arched. In pine woods. 2 i.
sieUuium, volva niultiiid spreading, divisions equal: head depressed spherical ses-
sile; orifice acuminate. Damp ground.
rufescens, volva many-cleft, reddish: fruit. covering sessile, glabrous pale. In pine

woods.
hygrometricum, volva many-cleft, inflexed, liver-brown; fruit-covering reticulate,

sessile, nearly imiform-colored." On gravelly soil.

Geoglos'sum. Gr. j^e, (the earth,) o-'/oss^, (tongue.) False club. 6. Fun.
hirsutum, stipe hirsute, black: seed-bed sub-plicate. In bogs. 2 i.
viride, green, sub-fascicled; seed-bed distinct; stipe with minute scabo. In meadows.

2-i.

Gr APHIS. Gr. grapJio, (to write.) 5. Lie.
scripla, crust membranaceous, smooth, somewhat shining, white or greyish-brown,

bordered with black: apothecia half inmiersed, naked Hexuose, simple or branched:

disk very nanow, margin formed of the thallus, raised, membranaceous.
serpentina, crust cartilaginous, membranous, unequal, rugulose of a regular figure,

white and cinerious: apothecia immersed, long, clustered, flexuose, nearly simple

and branched.
hjelli, crust membranous, polished, pale olive: apothecia. clustered, nearly simple,

curved, turgid, obtuse; disk broad, convex cinerious, pruinose, with a thick,

powdery-white margin.

Grim'mia. In honor of Grirr.m, a German botanist. 2. Mus.

1. Capsules sub-sessile, immersed.

alpicola, stem ramose: leaves lanceolate, obtusish: capsule ovate-qrceolate, smooth,

sub-sessile; calyptre torn at the base; lid obliquely beaked.
apocarpa, stem ramose: leaves ovate-acuminate, carinate, naked at the apex: capsule

oblong, striate, sub-sessile. On moist trunks.
michauzii, Torrey. slenderly caulescent: leaves lanceolate, terminating in a capillary^

white pellucid and roughish point: pedicel terminal: capsule short-ovate, smooth.

Michaux describes this species under tlie name gracilis; but this name having been

applied to another species. Dr. Torrey substituted the name of its discoverer.

Herb. Tor.
pilifera, stem erect, branching: leaves densely imbricate, lanceolate, erect spreading

and incurved; hairy pericheth large: capsules ovate, sub-sessile; lid conic, cuspi^

date.

2. Capsules peduncled, exsert, short.

ovata, stem very branching, fastigiate: leaves lanceolate, obtusish, erect, spreading^
somewhat inflexed, hairy: capsules oblong-ovate; lid convex-conic.

Remark. Many species of the genus Grimmia are referred to the genus VVeissia.
Gymnostomum. Gr. guinnos, (naked,) stoma, (mouth.) 2. Mus.

1. Stem, simple, erect.

pyri/orme, stem very short: leaves ovate, acute, flat; dioecious; capsules erect, pear-
form; lid obtusely conic; calyptre split laterally.

turbinatum, stem short, simple, leaves lanceolate, apiculate, serrulate: capsules some-
what obJong'turbinate; lid convex, obtuse, acuminate.

splachnoideum, capsule contracted in the middle: leaves deeply serrate at the margin.

2. Stem divided, prociimbcnt or flouting.

prorepens, stipe creeping; stem erect, short, obtuse; leaves closely imbricate, lance-
oval, acimilnate: capsules globose; lids subulate
Gyrophora. Gr. gurus, {a. circle,) pitero, (sjiherical.) 5. Lie.

glabra, thallus smooth, blackish-green; beneath s:nooth, black and naked: apothecia
at length conve.\ rough and plait. 2 i.

GYROPHORA, HYPNUM. 503

eyRndrica, thallus somewhat naked, dark, greenish-grey, folded and lobed, strongly
ciliated beneath, smooth, pale, with brandling fibres: apothecia elevated, nearly

P^ plane, with concentric and plaited lines. 2 i.

pustuliita, irond papulose, becoming cinereous-green; deeply pitted or lacunose be-
neath, smooth, naked, pale tawny: leccptacles distant, flat, marginated: disk sub-
equal, papillose and plicate. On locks, cVic. 2 i.

papulosa, frond rugose, papulose, obscurely cinereous; under side lacunose, pale
tawny: receptacles very thick together, minute, urceolate: disk uniform and plicate,
in some places Jieaped and conglomerate. On rocks.

pennsijlvanica, frond papulose, tawny olive; under side pitted or lacunose, rough-
granulate, dark-colored: receptacles marginated; disk tiattish, uniform and plicate.
On rocks and mountains.

vuihlcnhcrgii, frond somewhat glabrous, lacunose reticulate, tawny olive; under side
papulose, with ridges lacerated and joining ends: scales of one color: receptacles in
pits, depressed, tiattisli, round-plicale. On mountains.

viamviulata, frond smooth, pale olive, at lengtii dark tawny; under side very dark,
scabrous and fibrous: receptacles conve.x, rugose chinked, nearly destitute of any
margin: disk sometimes concave and papillose. On rocks.

vellea, frond smoothish, becoming cinereous; under side fibrous, hirsute, nearly of an
uniform color, dark tawny: receptacles sessile, flat, marginated; folds or wrinkles
concentric. On rocks in mountains.
Remark. I have localities of some of these species. But as I cannot give many

under most genera, I have preferred the general hubkatio of Lin. to a limited number

of localities.

H.

Halyme'.sia. Gr. als (sea) umeii (a membrane.) 4. Alg.
palmata, frond coriaceous, flat, palmate, entire. Segments cuneate oblong, nearly

simple. 8 i.

Helicospo'rium. Gr. cfe (a coil) 5;;om (seed.) 6. Fun.
vegetum, cloud-like. At the foot of trees.

Hel^kl'la. Lat. //c/rfiW« (a fungus, Cicero.) 6. Fun.
crispa, cap irregularly detlexed, free, often variously lobed, yellowish-white: stipe

furrowed and lacunose-white. Field borders.
esculentii, cap inflated, deformed, wavy-wrinkled, in circles, brown: margin villous

adhering to the smooth stipe. Pine woods — eatable.

Hyd'num. Gr. udiion (mushroom, puff-ball.) (5. Fun.

1. Stem perpendicular, cap distinct, round, sub-entire.

imhricatum, cap fleshy, flat, tessellated, scaly, not banded, umber: processes yellow-
ash-color: stipe short. Pine woods. 1 i.

refiandum, cap fleshy, smooth, sub-repand, yellowish; subulate processes, the seed-

. bed unequal, pale; stipes unequal thick. Woods, li i.

rufescens, cap fleshy, orbicular, sub-toinentose, flesh-brown: processes sub-equal:
stipes thin, equal. Beech wood. 3 i.

2. Cap halved, sessile, or not distinct.

gelatinosum, cap gelatinous, papillose: process 's mostly pyramidal, glaucous: stipe
short lateral. Pine woods. ^ i. \

coraUoidcs, much branched, white, becoming yellow, and branches entangled; pro-
cesses one-sided, subulate. Trunks of trees. 1 i.

ochraccum. efFuse-reflexed; cap leathery, tliin, banded, ochre; processes minute, nume-
rous, flesh-yellow. Pine woods. Has a shaggy appearance. 2 i.
Hymenel'la. Gr. mueii (a membrane.) Seeds are a membrane. 6. Fun.

vulgaris, long, various, smooth, whitish, when dry becoming brown, periphery
adhering. On nettle stems. | i.
Hyp 'num. Gr. vpnoii (moss.) 2. Mus.

1. Leaves two-ranked

rijlvaiicum, branches divided: leaves imbricate, compressed, spread at the apex, lance-
ovate, entire, nerveless; lid subulate. Woods.

504 nypNUM.

denticulatum, stem simple: leaves imbricate, compressed, spreading at the apes, lance-
ovate, entire, nerveless: lid conic. On trunks and ground in woods.

sei-nilatum, shoots creeping; branches simple, bearing fruit at the base and middle ;
lid beaked.

praloni/um, stem pinnate, creeping: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, serrate, 1-nerved,
spreading: lid subi'late, incurved. (1)

ripariiim, stem ramose, spreading: leaves lax, lance-ovate, entire, one-nerved: lid
convex, slightly mucronate. On stones, &c. in tiowing. streams.

2, Leaves imbricate, close-pressed — sometimes a little spreading, part of their length,

euspidatum, stem pinnate, sub-erect: branches cuspidate: leaves lance-oblong, nerve-
less, smooth: lid conic. In ditclies and brooks.

illecebrum, stem witli scattered obtuse branches: leaves ovate, ventricose, obtuse,
n)ucronate; obsoletely one-nerved. Woods and meadows.

ahietinum, stem pinnate, villose: leaves lance-ovate, entire, one-nerved, 2-furrowed:
lid conic. In dry places and among pines, &c.

splendens, slpm bipintiate: leaves lance ovale, almost nerveless, shining, close-pres-
sed: lid subulate, recurved, in woods.

delicatulum, stem decumbent, bipinnate: leaves cordate, with ruptured nerves and 2
grooves, scabrous: lid beaked. '

minutidum, very slender, decumbent, pinnately branched: leaves very minute, oval,
acute: margins and keel somewhat scabrous, separately incurved when dry: cap-
sule recurved; lid long beaked.

adnatum, small; branchlets simple', leaves cordate-acuminate, destitute of fascicles:

5^capsules nodding; lids conic.

3, Leaves imbricate, spreading.

graminicolor, stem creeping; branches sub-simple, erectish: leaves lax, sub-alternate,
heart-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, with a nerve somewhat continued:
capsules ascending, oblong, unequal; lid round conic.

hians, stem decumbent: branches short, simple: leaves somewhat lax, heart-ovate,

^ acute, serrulate: peduncles a little scabrous: capsules oblong, slightly inclined; lid
conic.

asprellum, stem decumbent, sub-pinnate, leaves remotish, somewhat bifariously im-

^ bricate, acuminate, setrulate with sub-continued nerves: capsules oblong, a little
curved; lid conic, sub-mucronate.

lutescens, stem procumbent, ramose: leaves imbricate, lanceolate, acuminate, 3-striate:
peduncles a little scabrous: lid conic, acute. On dry earth, walls and rocks.

rutabulum, stem procumbent: branches erect, sub-simple: leaves lance-ovate, acumi-
nate, one-nerved: peduncles scabrous: lid conic. On the earth and trunks.

cooleyanum, Si. stem prostrate, bipinnate, with the divisions alternate and opposite:
peduncles long, slender, twisted when dry: capsules shortish striate, recurve arch-
ed becoming fulvous: leaves recurved, nerveless, teretely, sub-semi-cylindricai,
broad at the base, long subulate towards the apex. On decaying logs in swamps.

chrysnslomum, procumbent; inordinately branciied: leaves laxisii, spreading, lance-
oval, acuminate, entire, sub-linear: peduncles smoothisli: capsules oblong, recurved;
lid perfectly conic with a very acute spinose tip; peristome yellow.

triquetrum, stem sub-erect, ramose: leaves deltoid, acuminate, striate, somewhat
nerveless, spreading every way: capsule ovate; lid conic, obtuse.

4. Leaves imbricate, sul-rejlcxcd or recurved.

jragih, outer peristome has the teeth lanceolate, remotely tubercled, yellow: inner
one is a membrane, extended into an equal number of solid, lance-acuminate, very
acute teeth, with ciliae a little less tiian the teeth, capiilaiy, ver}' acute.

steUatum, stem weak, procumbent: leaves ovale, long-acuminate, nerveless, entire,
spreading: capsule oblong; lid with an obtuse apex.

squarrosum, stem ascending: leaves keeled, nerveless, ovate at the base, close-pressed,
acuminate at the apex, recurved-spreading: capsule ovate; lid short-conic.

(I) This description, taken from Lk. and Dc. is similar to that given in Turton's
Linneiis of the seirulatum.

HYPNUM, JUNGERMANNIA. 505

5. Leaves turned to one side, and circinal-falcate.

crista-castrensis, stem elongated, somewhat simple, recurvedly and elegantly wing-
branciied: leaves recurv-curled one-way, subulate with slender lineale nerves: cap-
sules very lori^peduiicled, oblong, arched; lid conic.

«tf>»//i«<rt/M/;j., stem procumbent, lainose; branches sub-ramose: capsule large, becom-
ing wJiite, striate; peduncles pretty large. In water or mud.

atprcssiforme, steni prostrate, sub-ramose: leaves lance-ovate, falcate, nerveless: lid
conic.

imponens, very short, somewhat feather-branched, recurved, leaves uncinate, one
way nerveless: capsule erect, cylindric, oblong; lid conic, obtusely beaked.

6. Leaves turiied to one side, and not circinal-falcate.

fiuviatile, branches rather long, simple: leaves lance-ovate, laxish, somewhat spread-
ing: capsules oblong, erect-nodding. On rocks under water in rivers, &c.
orthocladon. decumbent, bulbiferous: branches simple: leaves ovate; nerves solid,
very entire; lid conic. Flowers monoecious. Calyptre subulate,^ white. Bulbs in
the'axils of the leaves, or at the apexes of the branches.

7. Leaves remote, lax-spreading.

ierpens, stem crepping: leaves laxish, small, lanceolate, acuminate, one-nerved at the

base: capsule elongated, obconic; lid convex, mucroiiate. Shades.

Hvste'kium. Gr. usteresis, (poverty, want, niakmgpoor. ) 1.
pulcicore, gregarious, oblong or oval, striate. On oaks.
^tiercinum, bursting, llexuosc, sub-ventricose, soft, dark-ash-colored. On young

branches of oaks.
fraxinum, convex, tumid, oblong-oval, black, sub-concentric: seeds large, oblong,

yellow. On dead ash.
lineare, sub-immersed, crowded, parallel, linear, black: lips of the oiificte tumid*

smooth; disk linear. Dead w6od.

I.

Isa'ria. Gr. isos, (equal, filaments equal.) 6. Fun.
microscopica, extremely minute, scattered, simple, club-form, white: filaments and

seeds not distinct.
miicida, cespitose, effuse; branchlets sub-depressed, forked, nearly soft. On decay-
ing wood. On stalks of grass, t&c.

Iridium. Gr. isos, (equal in its parts, foot and frond. ) 5. Lie.
coraUumm, Ach. crust tarlarous, greyish-white: podetia at length elongated, rouud,

simple or branched: apolhecia brown-grey, corol-like. In crowded patches on

rocks.

Jukgerman'nia. In honor of Jungermann, a German botanist. 3. Hep. Succu-
lent mosses.

I. Caulescent.

A. Having stipules.

1 . Stipules in three rows.

platvphylla, L. stem procumbent, bipinnate: leaves two-ranked, imbricate, roundish,
obtuse: stipules entire, in threes. On bark of living trees. 2 i.

platyphylloidea, Sz. stem procumbent, bi or tri-pinnate: leaves imbricate, vaulted,
roundish 4-sided: stipules in threes, sub-equal, entire. Yellowish-green, tinged
with brown. On rocks.

distans, Sz. stem diffused, branching, simply pinnate; wings lax: leaves not imbri-
cate, sub-distant, alternate: stipules minute, round, entire, distant. 3 i. In dense
tufts on roots of trees, and on wet rocks. Dark green.

vorella, Dicks, stem floating, irregularly branched and pinnate: leaves sub-imbricate,
lareish. oval, obtuse: stipules entire : broad leaves blackish blue. In brooks,
64

506 JUNOERMANNIA.

2. Stipules in a simple scries.
a. Leaves eared below.

tamanscifoha, Schm. (1) stem creeping, pinnate: leaves two-ranged, obtuse, very
entire; ears vaulted: stipules minute, very entire, two-cleft: calyx 3-cornered, 3-cleft,
papillose. On trees and rocks.: often dark brown-purple.

dilatata, Weber. (2) stems entwined, creeping, sub-])innate: leaves 2-ranked, obtuse,
entire; lobes of the ears alternately clavate, and alternately very small or none:
stipules large, 2-cleft, serrate, especially that of the calyx: calyx S-cornered, 3-
cleft, smooth. On trees. A green variety occurs in , large tufts on rocks. Color
varies, often blackish. J i.

serpyllifulia, Dicks, stems creeping, filiform, irregularly" pinnate, shortish: leaves im-
bricate, eared; lobes unequal; upper ones largest, ventricose beneath at the base;
lower one minute: stipules round, acutely and deeply bifid: green. Among mosses
on wet rocks. J i.

b. Leaves not cared.

■* Leaves entire.

t Stipules two-cleft or tioo-lobed.

pallescens, Eh. stem ascending, somewhat branched: leaves roundish, very entire,
obtuse: stipules obtuse, 2-cleft; segments acute, evanescent. Wet or water.

tricho manes, Dicks, leaves imbricate, roundish, very entire: stipules roundish, with
2 obtuse lobes. In woods, on moist earth. 1^ i.

■ tt Stipules entire.

transversalis, Sw. stem creeping, sub-ramose: leaves imbricate, obliquely ovate, ob-
• tuse, complicate beneath at the base: stipules sub-orbicular-reniform, inflexed at
the margin, very entile. Yellow. On rocks; rarely on trees.

clypeata, Sz. stem creeping, sub-pinnat'e, many interwoven: leaves imbricate, vaulted,
(so that the semi-cylindric sprouts pass out) 2-ranked, obliquely ovate, round, in-
terwoven beneath at the base: stipules orbicular, atfixed in the middle like a shield.
Whitish yellow. Growing downwards on trees and rocks.

** Leaves divided.

t Leaves emarginate or two-toothed.

hidentata, L. stem decumbent, ascending and sub-ramose at the apex: leaves with
two acuminate teeth: stipules ovate, 4-cleft. Earth. Ij i.

tt Leaves with three or four small teeth.

trilobala, Web. leaves obliquely ovate, retuse, unequally 3-toothed at the apex, and
entire' in the other parts: stipules-2 — 4-cleft; shoots from the axils of the stipules.

trideriticulata, Mx. stem procumbent-creeping, many aggregated: leaves flat, two-
ranked, largish, 3-toothed at the apex, sub-oval: stipule broad, roundish, denticu-
late on' all sides? shoots from the axils. Yellow. A vslriety growing on trees, is
dichotomous, dark brown, and smaller. In bogs.

reptans, L. leaves remotish, sub-4-sided, nearly equally 3— -4-cleft at the apex: sti-
pules similar to the leaves, 4-cleft. Stem pinnate. 1 i.

sertultirioidcs, Mx. creeping, capi.llary: leaves bristle-form, 2-parted; bristles jointed:
teeth of the calyx bristle-bearing.

laciniosa, Mx. creeping, very branching: leaves 2-cleft, with fringed divisions:
calyxes lateral, oblong, a httle .glabrous: bristles short: stipules like the leaves.

pulcherrima, L. ('Labrador. ) stem erect, bi-pinnate; blanches vaulted at the apex,
incrassate: leaves 3-cleft: stipules 2-cleft, very long ciliate. Earth.

ciliaris L. stem sub-pinnate, decumbent; branches slender: stipules and leaves split,
having ciliae rather long. Smaller and lighter colored than the preceding. Rotten
logs. 2 i.

(1) dilatata, of many-authors. (2) tamariscifolia, of many authors.

JUNGERMANNIA. 507

tomcntcita, Eh. stem nscending[, bipinnate, tomentose above: leaves and stipules 4-

parted, liaving ciliae very long, becoming white. 3 i.
pauciflora, Dicks. (Labrador.) stem branclied, creeping: leaves and stipules similar,

erectly spreading, 3-parted, even to the base: divisions hooked.

B. Wilhout stijndcs.
1. Leaves eared.

C07nplanafa, L. stem branched, creeping: leaves roundish, very entire: ears sub-ovate,
flatlish. On smooth bark: very rarely on rocks.

2. Leaves not cared.

a. Leaves not divided.

* Leaves very entire.

tiliculosa, L. stem naked (excepting the radicled) ascending: leaves distant, sub-

verticillate, a little convex, roundish, beautifully green. Rotton logs. 1^ i.
polyantkos, L. stem creeping, rooting on the back: leaves sub-imbricate, sub-verticillate,

little convex, roundish, pale: calyx shorter tlian the bristle, divided. Moist ground.
lanceolata, L. stem cref^ping, rooting on the back: leaves imbricate, semi-verticillate,

sub-convex, roundish-ovate. Reddish. On rocks and earth in woods, or other

,damp, cooling shades.
scoliiris, Schni. stem creeping, rooting: leaves sub-imbricate, semi-verticillate, con

vex, roundish, somewhat converging forward. Old logs: handsomely twisted:

light-green and purplish.
spluitrni, Dicks, stem creeping, with radicles on the back: leaves imbricate, sub-verti-
cal, concave, roundish, converging forward. 3 i.
orbicularis, Mx. small, with a. creeping stem: leaves orbicular, entire, rising vertically

in a double series. , Reddish. On dry side-hills: and perhaps in woods among

mosses.
junipcritm, leaves quadrifarious falcato-secund, linear-lanceolate biparted; segments

straight ajuminate. Frond terminal, calyx ovate leafy. 3 i.
cordifolia, leaves erect, concave cordate circumvol. Frond terminal and axillary.

Calyx oblong ovate, sub-plicate: mouth minute toothed. 2 i.

** Leaves toothed.

asplenioides, L. leaves sub-imbricate, semi-verticillate, oblique, ovate, roundish, hav-
ing small teeth. Among rocks, on the ground. 3 i.

b. Leaves divided.

* Leaves emarginatc, 2-lobed or 2-cleft.

t Margin, of the leaves very entire.

emarginala, Eh. stem erect, sub-ramose: leaves approximate, spread-diverging, obcor-

date, obtusely emarginate, angles obtuse. Moist rocks. | i.
funclcii, Web. stem ascending, sub-simple: leaves sub-imbricate, spreading, sub-hori ■
zonlal, emarginate, angles obtusish. Deep red. Among lichens, in dry woods.

inflala. Huds. stem procumbent, sub-simple: leaves remotish, spread diverging, sub-
horizontal, concave, acutely emarginate, angles acute. With the last.

curvifoLia, Dicks, stem procuuibent, branching: leaves sub-imbricate, erectish, 2-cleft,
divisions alternated, incurved. Rotten logs.

michauzii, Web? shoots erectish: leaves 2-cleft, approximate, sub-imbricate, spread-
diverging, very entire, acutely emarginate, angles acute: fructification terminal:
calyx tubular, plaited at tiie apex.

hicoriiis, Mueller, stem creeping, sub-ramose: leaves remote, spreading, semi-verticil-
late, concave, emarginate 2-toothed; teeth acuminate, very acute, converging.

bicuspidata, L. stem tlexuous, sub-ramose, creeping: leaves remote, spread-diverging,
semi-vertical, flattish, acutely emarginate 2-toothed; teeth diverging.

508 JUNGERMANNIA.

connwens, Dk. shoots creeping; branches simply pinnate: leaves ovate, emarginate,

2-cieft; teeth acute converging.
ehrharticma, Web. stem short, decumbent, rooting on the back: leaves imbricate,

somewhat spreading, concave, obtusely emarginate, angles acutish.

ft Margin of the leaves toothed, serrate or crenate,

undiilatn, L. stem erect, simple: leaves roundish obtuse, sub-denticulate, nndulate;

lobes obtuse, a little concave in front, convex beliind. Bogs. Smaller than the

next: leaves less ciliate.
nemorosii, L. stem erect, sub-ramose: leaves with roundish lobes, tooth-ciliale.

Whitish green. Large. A variety almost white, more ciliate: fructification nearly

segsile. Possibly a distinct species.
resupinata, L. stem erectish, sub-bianched: leaves resupinate; lobes sub-ovate, scarcely

acute, denticulate. Reddish. Dry earth; leaves obtuse.
umhrosa, Schrader. lobes of the leaves sub-ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate. Red-
dish. Dry earth; leaves acute.
albicans, L. stem erect, sub-divided: lobes of the leaf oblong, acutish, furnished with

a nerve, serrate at the apex. Whitish yellow: in tufts on the earth.

** Leaves unequally ^-toothed, or ZA-o-deft at the apex. '•

pusilla, L. small, creeping: leaves sub-4-sided, plaited, margin in front fobtuse, cre-
nate, very entire on the other parj,^. Light green. On loamy ground. | i.

quinquedentata, L. stem erectish, rooting on the back: leaves plaited, 4-sided, querci-
form below; apex with 3 or 5 acute, very entire teeth.

exsecta, Schm. stem creeping: leaves concnve, unequally 3-toothed; teeth acutish,
very entire. On earth, in moist woods. ^ i.

incisa, Sz. stem rooting, sub-siijiple: leaves unequally 3-cleft; divisions channelled on
the back, tootiied. Moist rocks. ■ | i.

decipiens, Hk. stem erect, flexuous, sub simple; lower leaves smaller, very entire;
upper ones sub-4-sided, with one or more spinose, scattered teeth. 1 i.

IL Stem LESS.

sinuala, Sw. nearly stemless, frond sub-dicliotomous, flat, nerved, margin undivided

or sinuate-pinnatifid, very entire, glabrous. A large species. Bogs.
epiphylia, L. frond obovate, lobed, nearly nerveless; lobes sinuate, margin undulate,

fruit-bearing above. Banks of broolcs. 3 i.
pinsruis, L. frond obovate, lobed, nerveless, glabrous, fleshy: lobes sinuate, fruit-

b'earing below. Wet and water.
mulufida, L. frond creeping, bi-pinnatifid, nerveless; divisions narrow, broader at the

apex. Wet.
palmata, H. frond short, somewhat ascendmg, digilate-palmate, nerveless. Dark

green. Rotten wood,' in wet places.
lipinnata, Sw. frond procumbent, bipinnate, nerveless; segments, towards the apex,

attenuated. Sliady rocks, among mosses. Small.
/areata, frond linear, decumbent, ramose, forked at the extremity, nerved, the margin

at the bottom and on the back of the nerve pubescent, yellowish-green. On rocks

and stones. J i-
puhescens, Schr." frond linear, branching, forked at the extremity, nerved, all over

pubescent. Yellow. On mountains. 1 i.
cilifera, Sz. frond linear, very narrow, branching, not forked at the extremity, but

sub-bifid; divisions attenuated, nearly nerveless; leafy at the margin; lobes spatu-

late clavale and irregular, sometimes shooting, with intermixed ciliae. Elegant.

Green or yellov/. In dense tufts on rocks and earth.
oblonira, Sz. frond simple, broad, not lobed, oblong, "sub-acuminate; margin undulate,
' or thick towards the nerves, plaited; on other parts very entire: the apex is some-
times produced into a long linear point. Frond one eighth of an inch in diameter.

In water.

Remark. Most of the Jungermannie are in fruit late in the spring: some, however^
in the winter; a number are rarely found in fructification.

LAMINARIA, LECANORA. 509

Lamika'ria. Lat. Zrt7?rma, (thin plates.) 4. Al^.

tsmletita, stalked, winged with pinnae, and running through the ensiform lamina.
60 i.

sacfiAarirta,, stalk compressed, expanded into entire linear-oblong lamlpae. 48 i.
La'sia. Gr. /asios (hairy. ) 2. Mus.

trichomilrion, branch compressed: leaves oval, acuminate, striate longitudinally:
■peduncles of the length of the calyx: capsule ovate: calyptre profusely hairy. In
mountains.

martrinata, in very branching fascicles: branchl'ets erect, tapering, filiform: leaves
oval, acuminate, revohite both sides so as to appear as if margined: nerves promi-
nent: capsule oblong; lid subulate. »
Lean'jil'm. Gr. Zt/'o.«, (smooth.) ff.o-o-io5, (a. capsule orbag.) G. Fun.

Jiorifurme, yellow, globose, stiped: fruit-covering splitting into beautifully expanded
parts. Decaying trunks. 1 — 1^ i.
Lecanora. Gr. kranc, (a dish or bowl.) 5. Lie.

atra, crust with a somewhat decided edge, granulated and cracked, greyish-white:
disk of the apothecia plane, at length swelimg and black; the margin free, raised at
length waved and crenulate.- 1| i.. ^

peridm, crust thin, somewhat leprous and dispersed, whitish: disk of apothe. plano-
convex, dark, dotted rougli; border obscure, powdery. J i. Var. cxigua, crust
unequal, obscurely cinerous, idack. Apothecia minute, aggregate, flat, with a
w'liite crenular border, and brownish edge. | i.

sophodcs, verrucose-granular, form cinereous, brownish-green. Apothecia heaped
with a flat, coarse, dark, disk; brown when moistened, border tumid, inflexed,
entire. 1| i.

svbfiisca, cru"st cartilaginous, smooth, at length granulated, unequal, white or greyish:
disk of the apothecia plano-convex, brown or almost black; niargin tumid, entire,
at length waved and crenate. 2 i. ' . '

re?i<osff, crust tessellated, with tumid warts, yellow, green or'Igrey: apothecia ap-
pressed, at length irregular, with the disk plane or swelling, red-brown, at length
rising above the entire margin. 2 i.

varia, crust unequal, grandular, somewhat warted, pale green: apothecia clustered;
disk flat, pale brown and variegated, border raised, inflexed, finely cienulate. | i.

tuberculosa, crust greenish, ashcolor, with roundish warts, circumference fibrous:
apothecia mixed; disk concave, becoming flat, blackish-glaucous, border elevated,
thick. 3 i.

glaucoma, crust tartareous, tessellated, even, greyish-white: apothecia immersed in
the crust; the disk plane, at length convex, sub-globose glaucous and powdery;
margin entire, afterwards obliterated. 2 i.

alheUa, crust thin, leprous continues, cream-colored, somewhat .polished: apothecia
sessile, whitish-buft' uneven with a thin white wavy border. IJ i.

pardla, crust granulated or somewhat warted, white: apothecia thick, crowded by
l>ressure, angular: the disk concave, and as well as the tumid, entire margin of the
saine color as the crust. 2 i.

tartarea, crust tartareous, witji clustered granules, greyish-white: apothecia scat-
tered; disk planoconvex, a little wrinkled, flesh-color; the margin indexed, at
length waved. 2 i. ,

salicina, crust granular, unequal, dirty yellow: disk of npolhecia flat, becoming con-
vex, somewhat orange-colored; border thin, erenulated, becoming entire and
flexuose. 1| i.

lentigera, crust somewhat imbricated, white; lobes somewhat concave, flexuose cut-
crenate: disk of apothecia flat, yellowish brown; border elevated, tumid. IJ i.

elegans, crust somewhat imbricated, plaited and rugose-tawny, oiange, naked: lobes
linear-lanceoldte, waved, convex, somewhat distant radiating: disk of the apothecia
concave, of the same color with the crust; margin somewhat inflexed, entire.
1 i. ^ ■

galiictina, crust sub-imbricated, rngulose, whitish, lobed and crenulate at the circum-
ference: fructification crowded angular; the disk plane, brownish, flesh-color, prui-
nose with a raised and at length crenate, flexuose border. IJ i.

candeluria, crust scaly yellow, lobes very much crowded, cut and laciniated, imbri-
cated, their margins minutely granular: apothecia nearly of the same color as the
crust; margin elevated, entire. 1 i.

610 LECANORA, LPCIDEA.

brunnea, crust imbricated, greyish, lobed and granulated, ash-colored brown: apothecia
imbedded in the crust, crovcded irregular; disk rather convex, red brown, the
margin elevated, crenulated, persistent. ] i.
Lecide'a. Gr. Iccco, (lo crack. ) 5. Lie.

atro-cdba, crust spreading, very Uiin, cracked, black, witli swelling whitish scattered'
areolae: apothecia plane or slightly convex, often in the interstices black; of the
same color within. 3 i.

lapicida, crust tartareous, cracked, whitish ash-color: apothecia within the spaces of the
crust depressed, flat, finally convex, somewhat confluent, dark, with a thin edge. 3 i.

pretrae'a, crust thin, roundish, very finely cracked, somewhat powdery, white: apo-
thecia grown into the crust, thick> protuberant, somewhat concentrical, dark color-
ed, with a tumid, elevated contracted margin. 1^ i.

parasema, crust thin, sub-membranaceous, greyish white, horded with black, at
length spreading, somewhat granulated: apothecia nearly plane, sessile, margined,
black; blackish within. 3 i.

sabuletorum, crust scattered, granular, irregularly lobed, cinereous whitish: apothecia
clustered, convex, sessile, plano-convex, hemispherical, somewhat confluent; dark
powdery inside ]| i.

silaccae, crust tartareous, tessellated, yello'wish red: apothecia sessile, plane, at length
convex, irregular, conlluent, black; internally cinereous and black, 2 i.

immersa, crust thin, whitish; apothecia plano-convex, immersed in the stone, mar-
gined, dark; disk pruinose: when moistened crimson; white inside. 4 i.

nlbo-caenilescens, crust tartareous, contiguous, even at length, somewhat tassellated
and wiiitish: apothecia sessile and elevated, plane, black, with a grey bloom and a
a black smooth border. Van iunfida, crust of a regular figure, contiguous, whit-
ish caesious: apothecia immersed; disk depressed, hollowish. 3 i.

atrata, crust thin, in liitle cracks, punctate, very black: receptacles in the crust,
wart-form, one-colored; disk urceolate. Dry rocks.

^merolcuca, crust sub-cartilagjnous, becoming cinerous: receptacles close-pressed,
flattish, somewhat margined, dark; white- within. On bark of trees and decaying
woods.

alba, crust sub-determinate, membranaceous, somewhat cracked, .white, with con-
glomerated, cinereous, or greenish milky dustatlength scattered ovfer it: receptacles
minute, close-pressed, flat, dark. On trunks of trees.

asserculoriim, crust effuse, thin, unequal, dark sooty: receptacles sessile, a little pla-
no-concave, dark; one-colored witliin. On timber and dead wood.,

urceofata, crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, determinate, rugose, cracked, glabrous,
very white: receptacles sessile, urceolate, white hoary; corneous and livid within,
under the disk; margin inflexed, sub-coarcate. -On bark of trees-

.coriicola, crust sub-tarlareous, grandular-areolate, unequal, very white: receptacles
minute, sub-immersed, grey hoary; at length sub-globose, emarginate, naked, dark;
becoming cinereous within. On the bark and trunks of trees.

Receptacles dark fuscous, or becoming fuscous, blended with some other color.

spadicea, crust cartilaginous, unequal, sub-granulated, becoming white cinereous: re-
ceptacles thick, flat, fuscous-liver-brovvn, at length becoming dark; margin very
thin, and a little wrinkled; at length a little convex, with the margin evanescent;
color uniform within. On bark of trees.

varians, crust sub-membranaceous, cracked, afterwards granulated, becoming green
cinereous, with dark limits: receptacles small, crowded, yellowish, fuscous and
dark, impressed in the middle, sub-emarginate. On the bark of ash trees, »V:c.

russela, crust sub-eartilaginous, rugose, areolate-rimose, becoming pale green, with
dark limits: receptacles sessile, glabrous, a little tumid, red-fuscous; the disk
higher than the pale, thin, entire margin. On bark of trees.

plneli, crust very thin, dirty pale oineieous: receptacles sessile, minute, aggregated,
urceolate, yellowish flesh-color, entire. In pine woods, on roots, &c.

sanguinenatra, crust thin, membranaceous, eft'use, light green cinereous; at length
sprinkled over with granulated dust: receptacles hemispheric, sub-emarginate,
somewhat glabrous, dark purple, and at length black.

Receptacles red, or light flesh colored,
icmadophylla, crust leprous-like, unequal, sub-granulated, whitish green: receptacles

LECIDEA, LESKIA. 511

sub-sessile, flat, flesh-colored, at length flexuoiis; the disk a little wrinkled; the
margin thin, or none. On the earth, on trunks and decaying wood.
cupularis, crust sub-tar/tarous, whitish green: receptacles superficial, urceolate, white;
disk liglit brick-color, scattered pulverulent spots on the outside. This is a variety
of inannorea, of Acharius. On lime and slate rocks.

Receptacles pah, becoming yellow, wax-colored and orange.

lutea-alba, crust thin, smooth, white: receptacles crowded, at length convex, hemis-
pheric, margined, yellowisii red; white within. Var. Iiolocarpa, has a dirty cine-
reous yellow crust, and minute, flattish, yellowish orange, sub-obliterated recep-
tacles. On the bark of trees; rarely on rocks.

Crust deform<:d or foUaceous,

glohifera, crust imbricate, fuscous; lobes round, entire, or sub-lobed, flexuose, sub-
rugose; white beneath: receptacles at length sub-emarginate, sub-globose, obscurely
reddish-yellow. On rocks.

decipicns, crust sub-imbricate; lobes somewhat separated, sub-peltate, roundish,
flesh-colored, and becoming fuscous; white bene.ath: receptacles marginal, convex
and sub-globose, sub-emarginate, black.' On the earth, particularly lime-stone
mountains.

sorcdi.iilin, crust orbicular, rugose-plicate, imbricate, cinereous; margins of the lobes
elevated, and bearing the fruit-dots; dark beneath, with spongy fibres: receptacles
scattered, close pressed, flat, dark.'

dewissa, Ach. crust warty, sub-imbricated; lobed at the margin: receptacle reddish,
depressed. On e>arth and rocks.

suhulatnniw., crust etiuse, granulated; in some parts lobe-branched, white-cinereous:
receptacles crowded, sessile, plano-covex, hemispheric, sub-conlluent, somewhat
margined, dark; somewhat dusty within, one-colored. Var. geochroa, is fuscous-
cinereous: receptacles sub-globose, often crowded into conglomerate masses, and
shining. On earth and decayed moss.

Lema'nea. In honor of Leman, a French botanist. 4. Alg.
JluciidiUs, filaments simple, papillose. Papillae usually ternate. Articulations five
times as long as broad. 6 i.
Leo'tia.. Gr. Uiotes, {smooth.) 6. Fun.

infundibiUformis, cap depressed, cinereous, livid, smooth on each side: stipe solid,
smooth. On the ground. 3 i.

««««, small, cap rugose, white beneath,' smooth brown: stipe solid cylindrical, white.

On trees. ^ i.
, Lbpuakia. Gr. fc^^ra, (leprosy, scaly.) 5. Lie.

cUorina. crust thick, pulvinaceoUs, bright sulphur-color, composed of a dyst-like sub-
stance, collected into somewhat hairy glob.

fiuta, crust spreading, equal, thin, somewhat cracked, bright-yellow, composed of
sub-globose granules.

viresccns, crustaceous, granulated, continuous, somewhat gelatinous; greyish, dull-
green when dry; bright-green wiien wet.
farinosa, crust very thin, membranaceous, becoming white; suffused with white con-
globated dust. On bark of old trees.
Lehtostro'hia. Gr. Iqdos, (thin,) stroma, (layer.) 6. Fijn.

scirpinuni, orbicular, opake, bossed in the centre, at length entirely separating: disk
whitish. On the scirpu^, &c.
LpsK'iA. In honor of'l,eske, a German botanist. 2. Mus.

coiii/jressa, decumbent: branches 2ranked, facing two ways, compressed: leaves lance-
olate, tlattish, somewhat extended: capsule oblong, straight; lid conic. On trunks
of trees.

acuminujia, creeping: branches short, sub-simple: leaves lance-acuminate, e.^tended,
facicled: capsule erect; lid oblique, conic. On trunks of trees.

imbrkata, creeping: branches shortish, simple, erect bearing flowers: leaves extended,
ovate, acutisii, imbricate: capsule oblong, erect: lid conic.

gracilescens, creeping: brandies somewhat simple: loaves acute, lanceolate, extended,
imbricate-spreading: capsule straight; lid conic. On the earili.

rvpincola, creeping: branches somewhat simple, rising: leaves cordate-acuminate
imbricate, spreading: capsule cylindric, erect. On rocks.

itT..

612 LESKIA, AlARCHANTIA.

fasciculosa, Creeping: branches often crowded together in fasciclesj short, simple;
leaves cordate, extended, imbricate: calyx extended, long-acuminate: capsule nod-
ding. In damp places.

»flri«, creeping: branchlels simple, ereclish, varying in length: leaves concave,, spread-
ing, lance-acummate: calyx a-nd leaves oblong, extended, fascicled: capsule nod-
ding. ....

squarrusa, creeping: the foliation somewhat 2-ranked, depressed, lax-imbricatej with
squarrose hooks beTiind; leaver; lanceolate, slenderly acuminate: calyx rather long)
linear subulate: capsule nodding in an arch. Damp places.
Leucodo.v. Gr. leukos, (, white,) o'lous, (tooth.) 2. Alg.

marlinicmsis, leaves entire; whorjs muny-flowered, capitate.
Li'cEA. Gr. Liknnn, (corn- fan.) C. Fun.

circumscissu, gregarious, sessile, yeiic^wish or brownish, sub-globose: the upper half
of the fruit-covering lid-like: seeds rarely mixed with a filament or two. Under
bark.
Lichi'na. From its resemblance to lichens. 4. Alg.

pygriieii, frond flat with spherical tubercles, l i.
Lo'PHiUM. Gr. lophos, (eminence.) 6. Fun.

myteiinii III, somewhat stalked, dilated upwards, striated across, shining. Pine bark.
Lycoga'la. Gr. lukos, {wolf,) trala, {tnilk.) 6. Fun.

punctata., cespitose, round punctate, sub-cinereous.

miniatu, globular, gregarious, red changing to brown: seed orange-red, at length pur-
ple-gray. Rotten wood.
Lycoi'Eii'DON. Gr. /«/t«s, (wolf,) perrfo, (explosion.) Wolf puff-ball. 6. Fun.

bovisla, large, obconic, soft, whiijfsh, plicate beneath: scales broad, often indistinct:
at length blackish and spherical. 3 i.

pratense, while, soft, hemispheric, sub-sessile, smoothish, with scattered warts. Pas-
tures. 2 i.

ujnbrinum, turbinate, a little bossed, cinereous, at length brown; rough with slender
warts; gregarious. Pine woods. " ' ,

pyriforme, dirty-grey, base tapering; top pointed; scales Ihin; roots long fibrous.
Moist ground, iji.

excipulifurme, large, white, variable, fruit-converging sub-globose, covered with spine-
like warts; stipes smoothish, long plicate. Pastuies.
Lyng'bya. \n honor of Lyngbye, a Danish botanist. 4. Alg.

muralis, filaments stiffish, curved, wavy, thickish, with lax rings. 1 — 12 i.

M.

Marchan'tia. In honor of Marchant, a French botanist. 3. Hep.

poly mor pita- L. (brook liverwort. O. g-y. Ju. If. ) pistillate receptacles radiated;
staininate ones peduncled, peltate: fronds crowded together, lobed, neived and
covered with small decussate veins. 2 i. Pistillate peduncles very long: nerves of
the frond generally brown. On earth and stones, in wet or damp places.

hirsuta, Sw. (Nov.) pistillate receptacles heLuispherical, sub-entire, margin hirsute;
staminate ones sessile, roundish, plano-convex: fronds very broad, brittle, simple,
or dichotomous at the apex; margin undulate. Dark green: fronds generally dicho-
tomous, and lobed; lobes rounded, undulate, and often crenate: 2 — 3 inches long,
and one wide; pistillate, peduncles short.

/temispAcriffl, L. pistillate r 'ceptacles sub-hemispherical, nearly entire, sub-4-sided:
divisions of the proper calyx obtuse: fronds smaller, crenate; beneath dark red;
above beautifully green. On rocKy ground. IJ i.

conica, L. pistillate receptacles conic-ovate, somewhat angular; staminate ones ses-
sile: frond long, creeping, verrucose, sinuate. On moist banks, wall, stones, &c.
2i.

crinita. Mx. (Summer,) small margin of the frond colored, ernse-crenate: lobes round-
ish: pistillate receptacles sub-globose, 5-lobed; with long filaments proceeding from
between them: margin and lower surface of the frond purple. On flat rocks.

androgyna, recept. of tiie thecae hemispherical, half 4-cleft, of 4 cells.

tenella, L. small: frond fork-dichotomous, narrow: pistillate receptacle sub-conic, with
a many-cleft membrane below; divisions ligulate-linear: peduncles longish, delicate.
Receptacles 3-cleft; divisions rounded. Frond green; beneath purple.

MEESIA, NECKERA. ' 513

Mef.s'ia. In honor of David Meese. 2. Mus.
t/^'-mosw, stem simple, shorl: leaves linear, obtuse: capsule pear-form; lid obtuse.

in marshes.

Mkru'i,ius. Lat. merulius (morel, fungus.) 0. Fun.
ttichrijiuans, effused, large, yellow rusty or orange: margin white and cottony: veins

large, forming irregular sinuosities. Decaying wood. Dry rot.

MksogloI'a. Gr. '//lesos (middle) i;/o/os (viscid.) 4. AJg.
vermicutaris, frond yellowish-brown. Branches divaricating. 5 i.

AliTRATA. Lat. mitro, (turban.) 6. Fun.
paludosa, yellow, sub-gregarious: cap orange-yellow, obtuse, hollow: margin connatej

with stipe. In wet places. 1 i.
abktis, gregarious, solid: seed-bed ovate, yellow: stipe slender, dark brown, flexuose

at the base. Spruce and fir woods. ^ i.

Mnium. Gr. mnion (moss.) 2. Mus.
honium, leaves lance-ovate, serrate: peduncles curved: capsule ovate, pendulous; lid

obtuse.
paiustrc, stqm erect, elongated, branching: leaves lanceolate, keeled, acUte; upper

ones bent over to one side: capsule oblong, sub-erect; lid conic, acute. In damp

woods and fens.

Moni'lia. l^at. monile, (ornament, necklace.) G. Fun.
aurea, in beautiful tufted heads, golden yellow, stiped. On rotten wood.
fntdgcna. stemless, cespltose, roundish, white-cinereous: thread, mould-like, with

ovate articulations.

Morchel'la. German, morchel, (latticed mushroom.) 6. Fun.
esculenta, cap round or oval; margin contracted round the stipe: areoles much hol-
lowed: stipe white, dilated towards the base. 3 i.
■patida, cap obtuse separate as far as the middle: areoles rhomboid: stipes smooth.

Earth, damp and middling. 3 i.
scniilibern, cap short, conic, spread at the base: areole^ slialiow, partly formed of

parallel ribs; stipes long-equal: thick white. Woods. 4 i.

Mougeo'tia. In honor of Mougeot, a botanist. 4. Alg.
gemiflexa, filaments kneejointed. Articulations six times as long as broad. 1 — 12 i.

Mu'coR. Gr. rnukes, (a sinall mushroom.) Mouldiness. 6. Fun.
siercorea, byssus-like, or hair-like, white becoming yellowish: stipes erect or lax,

simple, bearing a small globule at the end. On manure. 2 i.

MvRiococ'cuM. Gr. 7/n//-?'os, (a thousand,) /:oA:A;ti«, (seed.) 6. Fun.
precox, tubercles superficial, deformed, conflueni, resembling spherias. On dead

leaves. ^ i.

N.

Naemate'lta. Gr. naima, (gelatine,} ci?eo, (to enwrap or roll up. ) C. Fun.
incepliala, sub^sessile, powdery, plait-wrinkled, pale flesh-coJor, becoming dry. OH
dead pine and ficsh. 4 i.
Neckeka. In honor of Necker, a German botanist. 2. Mus.

1 . Leaves 2-rankcd.

peimata, fofiage 2-ranked, compressed; leaves lance-oval, acuminate, nerveless; disk
undulated: capsule immersed in tire calyx (pericheth,) lid sub-conic and somewhat
cuspidate. On trunks of trees.

macTopodia, decumbent, sub-ramose: leaves flattish, lanceolate, facing two ways:
capsule cylindric, strait, terminating in a long bristle.

2. Leaves imbricate ecery way.

cladorhizans, creeping: branchlets spreading and somewhat 2- tanked: summit rooting
in some: leaves somewhat depressed-imbricale, oval, acute, nerveless: capsule
cylindric: lid somewhat conic, oblong, obtuse; columella exsert. On trees.

seductrix, creeping: somewhat ascending: branchlets erect, in some places fascicled:
leaves closely imbricate in a cylinder, oval, acuminate nerveless: capsule cylindric;
lid from the base conic, shortish, cuspidate.

viticulosa, stem ascending, simple or with iew branches: leaves lax, from the side of
the base ligulate-obtuse: capsule oblong; lid conic, long-cuspidate, small. On
trunks of trees.

6.5

514 NEPHROMA, PARMELIA.

Nephro'ma. Gr. nephros (a kidney. ) 5 Lie.
resupinata, thallus. grejish-brown, pale, pubescent, and granulated beneath: fertile

lobules very short: apothecia, large, niiinerous reddish.

Nidltla'ria. L;U. nidus, ()iesl.) (i. Fun. .

striata, obconic, liirsute, brown, striate inside. On rotten leaves, &c. i i.
crucibulu/n, bell-cylindric, truncate at e*ch end, somewhat downy, ochre brown,

smooth and pale, yellow inside. Pine bark. J i.
campaimlata, cainpanulate, villose, ash-brown, lead-color and shining within, i i.

Nosroc. Gr. ?tos<os, (turning, god of mills. ) 4. Alg.
commune, frond expanded, deformed, plaited, wavy. 2 i. ,

pruniformc, frond globose, watery inside. Integument coriaceous, very smooth. I i.

O.

OsYGE'ffA. Gr. nnvx, (a hoof,') geinomai, (to bear or produce.) 6. Fun.
equina, stipes short, sub-fibrous: fruit-covering scabrous, closed; sejeds ovate. On

decaying hoofs, i i-

Opegrapha. Gr. ope, {cra.ck,) grapko, (to write.) 5. Lie.
macutaris, crust very thin, brownish-black: apothecia minute, much crowded, roundish,

elliptical, at length rugose, irregular; disk very narrow.
kerpetica, crust somewhat membranous, very finel}- cracked, rugose roughish, cine-

rious-brown: apothecia minute, innate, clustered, convex, elliptical, oblong,

straight, with a crack-like disk.
qnpast(i,.CTastveTy thin, of a regular figure, ipolished cinereous: apothecia, innate,

minute convex, rugulose, opake^ various; smaller dot-like; longer, very sender,

flexuose, somewhat branched.
abnormis, crust thin, softish, white: receptacles immersed, very thin, short and long,

flexuous, confluent, rugose-crisped: scarcely any distinct, margin and disk. On

the hard bark of trees.
rimalis, crust effuse, becoming cinereous^ receptacles sessile, oblorig, straightish,

simple, tumid: disk channelled, concave; margins elevated, subrintiexed, parallel.

On bark of trees.
vulvcUa, Ach. receptacles elliptic, gaping in the middle.
vultrata, crust between cartilaginous and membranaceous, somewhat scaly, smoothish,

greyish-white: apothecia Sessile, long or roundish, waved, somewhat shining, with

the disk very narrow.
notha, crust cartilaginous, lep white,: apothecia scattered, sessile, round and oval, de-
formed; disk flat, becoming convex.

Or'thotri'chum. Gr. or</«o5, (straight,) <ric/to.f, (hair.) 2. Mus.
cupuiatum, peristome simple; teeth witii pits, capsule immersed, sub-sulcate; calyptre

globe-bell-form. glabrous,: stem ramose: leaves Iqnce-ovate.
strangulatum, peristome simple; teeth 16, entire; capsule immersed, sulcate, con-
tracted in the middle: leaves lanceolate, sub-entire, obtusish: stem cespitose, erect,

.sub-ramose: calyptre campanulate, with S furrows.
coarctalum. inner peristome 8-toolhed: germ ejsert at the extremities: plaited.
striatum, teeth of the inner peristome 16, lanceolate, erose: germ immersed, smooth:

leaves lanceolate.

Ozo'nium. Gr. oxos, (a branch.) 6. Fun.
auricomum, irregular, rigid, diverging from a common centre when young; afterwards

straggling: filaments tawny-yellow, compressed; sizes various'. On decaying

wood. 3i.

P.

Palmelia. Lat. /w/ma, (palm.) 4. Alg.
protuherans, frond thick, angular-lobed. Granules elliptical, i i.
botrioidcs, fronds aggregate, minute, globose. Granules globose.
cnicnta, frond crust-like, crimson. >

Parmelia. Gr. ;)rtr//i6, (shield.) ei/eo, (to enroll.) 5. Lie.
scortea, thallus roundish, sub-coriaceous, whitish, smooth, finely dotted with black,

hispid beneath: lobes longish sinuate-crenate cut; apothecia rulous-biovvn. li i.
perforata, thallus orbicular, glaucous, green, naked, with black fibres on the under

side; lobes rounded, cut, flat, somewhat plaited at the edge: apothecia rufous. ?> i.

PARMELIA. 515

herbacea, llvallus orbicular, membranaceous, brlglit green above, beneath pale brown,
almost white and downy; lobes waved and cut, the segments rounded, sub-crenate,
apothecia red, the margin intlexed, rugose and crcnate. IJ i.

olivacea, thallus orbicular, olive-brown, rugged, with elevated points, paler beneath
and fibrous; lobes radiating, appressed, plane, dilated, rounded and crenate; apothe-
cia dark-brown: the margin crenulated. 2 i.

parielina, thallus orbicular, bright-yellow; beneath paler and fibrillose; the lobes radi-
ating, appressed, plane, dilated, round, crenate and crisped at the extremity:
apothecia of the same color as the crust, th^ir margin entire, rounded, crenate and
crisped at the estrenutics. 2 i.

tiliacea, tiiallus orbicular, membranous, glaucous, ash-colored, blackish brown be-
neath; lobes sinuate cut, the end ones roundish crenated. Apothecia brownish
with an entire edge. 6 i. _

saxatiUs, thallus orbicular, greyish, rough and pitted, beneath black and fibrillose; the
segments imbricated, sinuated, plane, subretuse. Apothecia bright chesnut brown,
iheir margin sub-crenulated. 2i i.

aqidla, thallus orbicular, tawny brown, palerbeneath with blackish fibres; the segment
multipartite, nearly linear, convex, those of the circumference dilated, nearly plane
and crenate: apotliecia dark brown, tiieir margin crenated. 4 i.

conspcrsa, thallus orbicular, greenish yellow, smooth with blackish dots, brown and
fibrillose beneath; segments sinuate-lobate rounded crenate, nearly plane: apothecia
central, chesnul-brown, with tiie margin nearly entire. ]| i.

speciosa, thallus stellated, glabrous, greenish-white, beneath snowy-white, with grey-
ish fibres: the segments imbricated linear plane, cut and branched crenate, their
extremities ascending and powdery: apothecia central brown with a tumid singular-
ly rough and crenated border. 2 i.

pulvenikiila, thallus stellated, deep, glaucous-green, caesious and pruinose when dry,
beneath black, downy and hispid; the segments linear, multifid in the circumference,
plane appressed, waved retuse at the extremities: apothecia glaucous black, the
margin entire and -waved, at length leafy.

stclldris, thallus stellate at lengtli rugged and granulated, greyish-green, beneath with
grey fibres; the segments sublinear, rather convex cut-multifid; apothecia glaucous
black, their margin entire, at length waved and crenate. "l

caesia, stellate, greyish-while and glaucous sorediferous, ash-colored beneath with
black fibres: segments linear, cut-nuillifid convex but plane at extremities: fructifi-
cation sub-corjcave black with a sub-inflexed border.

phijsodes, thallus sub-slell.ited glaucous white, beneath brownish black; the segments
sinuate, multifid, convex, glabrous, inflated and ascending at the extremity:
apothecia red-biown, tlieir margins entire.

capcrata, (shield lichen. O.) frond orbicular, pale yellow, becoming green, rugose at
length granulated, dark and hispid beneath; lobes plicate, sinuate-lacinate, round-
ish, somewhat entire: receptacles scattered, sub-frescuous: margin incurved, entire,
at length pulverulent. Var. cylisphora, smoothisii, naked; lobes gash-crenate: re-
ceptacles of the central lobes margined, elevated, small. On old timber, &c.

gallnna, frond orbicular, smooth, becoming cinereous, the outer margin leaden-blue,
with dark punctures, dark beneath, hispid with spongy fibres;' lobes imbricate, flat,
sinuate-lacinate, crenate: central receptacles concave, dark-purple, shining; mar-
gin entire. On old wood.

placarodia, frond orbicular, smooth, pale-livid, sprinkled witli black elevated specks,
glabrous rugose, milky beneath, with dark cinereous impressions; divisions plicate,
concrete, round crisped crenate at the apex: receptacles scattered, elevated, light
fuscous, somewhat concealed by the inflexed, rugose, crenate margin. On decay-
ing wood.

crinita, frond orbicular, from white becoming pale glaucous, scabrous, with scattered
grains and corol-like branchlets; dark glabrous, a little rugose beneath; rarely
fibrous; divisions ratlier long, sinuate-lobed at the margin, and erose-crenate,
ciliate, obtuse at the apex.

rudintii, frond orbicular, pale cinereous, becoming green; t|iickly bent with corol-like
opophyses of an unitbrin color; dirty white, wrinkled, fibrous beneath; divisions
concrete, undulate-plicate, roundish at the margins, torn-crenate: receptacles
scattered, small, obscurely fuscous; margin thin, at length rugose-crenate. On
old wood. " ■

sub-mar giiialis, frond membranaceous, smoothish, becoming cinereous; very dark

616 I'ARMELIA, PELTIDEA.

beneatli, becoming fuscous at the periphery: receptacles somewhat margined, con-
cave, fuscous, wrinkled outside; margin simple. On trunks of trees.
setosa, frond stellate, beconiing while glaucous; becoming ragged beneath, with tlio
dark hispid, ranjose, interwoven fibres; divisions-many-cleft, linear, separated, flat;
magins here and there bearing fruit-dots; ciliae very dense and long.
mickauxii, frond somewhat olive-color, a little shining: divisions convex, sinuate-

lobed, dilated at the apex: receptacles chesnut-fuscous. On rocks.
congruens, frond stellate, becoming pale white' and fuscous-cinereous beneath; tlie
fibres and impressions uniform colored; divisions manj'-cleft, lax, flexuose: mar-
gins recurved, flattish and crenate at the ajjcx: receptacles elevated, concave, liver-
like; margin entire. On trunks of trees.
centrifii<ra, frond orbicular, with greenish white zones receding from the centre; white
beneath, witli fuscous-cinereous fibres; divisions concrete, convex, rugose, parted
dichotomously, oblusish: receptacles with reddish-fuscous peripheries; margins
f5ub-entire. On mountains and rocks.
fliverskolor . frond sub orbicular, golden yellow, concrete with the rugose, narrow,
torn-ramose divisions, white with age; becoming wliite cinereous beneath^ and the
impressions uniform colored: receptacles crowded, concave, dark red; margin thick,
at length white. '

hypoleuca, frond stellate, white, glabrous, naked, very white, soft, sub-tomentose
beneath, with hispid dark marginal fibres:, divisions linear, niahy-cleft, flat: recep-
tacles scattered, sub fuscous, at length black; margin inflexed, at length crenulate.
On trunks of trees, on and among mosses.
lopliyrea, frond stellate, white, dark, smooth, naked, excava'ted-punctate beneath:
divisions linear, flat, flexuose, sinuate, -many-cleft: receptacles reddish; margins
sub-crenale. . , ■

granuli/ura, frond orbicular, white, hoa^y, and granular, sprinkled over with snow-
white heaps of globules," glabrous, ode colored beneath, fibres and impressions
dark; divisions flat, inany-c.eft,' toothcrenate; margins naked: receptacles dark
fuscous; margin inflexed, granulated. Ainpng mosses on trunks of trees.
conoptm, frond orl)icular, becoming glauscotis green, h6re and there covered with granu-
lated dust, becoming blue; dark, with spongy fibres beneath; divisions with flattish,
round-lobed, crenate, naked outer edges; maVgins elevate, pulverulent: receptacles
reddish yellow.- On mosses and trunks of trees.
ohscssa, frond orbicular, white, beset with a corol-like excrescence; apex fuscous;
dark, fibrous beneath; divisions with a separate, solitary periphery, erose, many-
cleft, flat: receptacles central, flat, dark fuscous; margin granulate-toothed. On
the bark of tiees. ' -

aipolin, frond stellate, becoming white cinereous, grey and naked; white beneath,
with dark fuscous fibres; divisions all sub-connate, flattish, many-cleft and^obed:
receptacles dark grej -hoary. On the bark of trees.
vlothrix, frond stellate, cinereous-glaucous, sub-livid: dark fibrous beneath; divisions
separated, linear, dicholomous, -many-cleft, flat^ sub-ciliate: receptacles dark fus-
cous; margin entire, ciliate-fibrous beneath. On bark, and trunks of trees.
msluLaia, frond orbicular, becoming green glaucous; divisions very smooth, flat,
periphery round, incumbent, gash-crenate; all spongy, and dark beneath; sub-in-
flated at the apex: receptacles red; margin entire. On the roots of trees.
colpodes, frond sub-stellate, becoming pale green; divisions many-cleft, smooth, naked,
flattish; sub-inflated at the apex; dark, ragged beneath; receptacles sub-fuscous;
margin sub-rugose. On bark of trees.
enteronwrplia, frond sub-stellate, becoming whitish green; divisions elongated, sub-
divided, eff'use, lax, sub-rugose, inflated; dark, rugose-plicate' beneath: receptacles
liver-brown; margin entire. "On trunks of pines, &C.
Pkltide'a. Gr. /;t'^/c, (target or shield.) b. Lie.
venosa, thallus greenish, ash-color; white beneath, having dark brown prominent
branched veins; lobes rounded, cut, somewhat entire: apothecia marginal, plane,
rounded, swelling, brown, scarcely crenulate at the margin.
Qcutala, thallus ash-colored; whitish and veiny beneatli; tlie lobes rounded, sinuated
and cut, crenate and crisped; fertile lobules very short: apothecia orbicular, ascend-
ing, nearly plane brown, somewhat entire.
horizoutalis, thallus glaucous and brownish green, lobed, crenulate and shining; pale
beneath, with numerous brown, branching, reticulated veins; fertile lobules abbre-
viated: apothecia terminal, plane, horizontal, transversely oblong, reddish brown^
^ith a nearly entire margin.

PELTIDEA, PF.ZIZA. 517

fiphthosa, thallus green, smooth, roundjy lobed, sprinkled with brown warts; whitish
bonralii, with brown branching veins; fertile lobules very, long, contracted in the
middle; their sides reflexed: apothecia terminal, large, ascending, red-brown, with
a lacerated margin.

caninii, thallus greyish green, with broad, rounded lobes; white beneath, with brown-
ish branching veins: lerlile lobules rather long, with their sides rellexed: apothecia
terminal, nearly erect, revolute,- reddish brown, with a sub-crenulated border.

jwlydacliila, thallus glaucous, green, naked, glabrous, with brown reticulated veins
beneath; fertile lobules very numerous, elongated, and as well as the brown, ter-
minal: apothecia cucullato-revolule.
Pori'na. Gr. poriniis, (crumbling.') 5. Lie.

perttign, crust equal, polished, whitish ash-colored. Warts of apothecia sub-globose.
Orifices several, depressed, black.

/«■«///««(, ciust smooth, equal, becoming white-cinereous: \yarts of the receptacles
snb-globose; mouths many, depressed, black. On the bark of trunks of trees.
Very common, '

falltir, crust sub-effuse, glabrous, plicate-rugose, olive-cinereous: warts of the recep-
tacle crowded, irregular, depresssd above, sub-margined with a sub-gibbose, ile.\-
irose, tumid peripliery, mouths solitary and numerous,' sub-confluent, deformed,
black. On bark of trees.

paj)iU(ifii, crust smooth, broken-rimose, becoming white: warts of the receptacle
convex: mouth elevated, solitary, papjlla-like; pore, reddish-yellow, pertuse. On
bark of trees.

glohiihtris, crust thin, granulated, becoming white cinereous, granulations crowded,
white, sub-globose and branching: warts of the receptacles thinly scattered, globose,
glabrous; mouth solitary, impressed, punctate, black.
Penicil'lum. Lat. ;^e«ic(7/i/m, (sponge ) G. Fun.

glaucian, -densely tufted, spreading; h'eads of seeas at length glaucous. On rotten
vpgetables. 1 — 12 i.
Peri'ola. Gr. peri, (about,) iolos, (hairiness.) 6. Fun.

tonievtdsa, round, deformed,' downy-white. On potatoes.
Pezi'za., hciV pezica, (mushroom.) 0. Fun.

1. Treinelloideae. Substance more or less tremulous.

inquinnns, in groups, large, dark-slained,^ at length convex, obrconic: rugose and

brownish outside. Often grows in long series in' autumn, along hewn or cut

timber.
farcoides, cespitose. fleshy-tremulous, soqiewhat firm in texture, fiesh-red, somewhat

veiny outside. In auiuinn, on cut decaying trunks, &c.
cinerea, in groups, small, cinereous or pale, sub-treniuloUs; margin whiter, sub-erect.

On decaying trunks and branches, in spring and autumn.

2. Helvelloideae. Larger, fcslnj mcmhranaceous, fragile, £xternally sal-farinaceous.

nurantiti, stemless, cespitose, halved-flexuose, golden yellow, white externally. P.

coccmea. Bull. In autumn, on roots and decaying trunks, &c. | i.
nmhrina, large, cespitose, contorted, brown. On sandy grass-ground, &c.
badia, almost stemless, entire, margin sub-involute, obscurely fuscous, externally

somewhat olive-colored. An inch and sl half broad. In autumn on the earth, on

trunks, &c. in woods. 1 i.
depressa, sub-orbicular, sessile, depressed, reddish-yellow. Var. appla.natn, cinnamon

color, expanded; flat and rugose above, paler beneath. In fields on the margin of

rivers. &c.
ace.lalniliim, wineglass-form, stiped: pileus angled oiitside: veins branching: color

earth-brown-f^scous. Stipe thick, lacunose as in some species/of Helvella. In

shades. ^ i.

3. Mostly small. Whole pileus slrigosehirsute, pilose, toinentose, or pubescent.

fiemispherica, in groups, pretty large, hemispheric; white glaucous within, brown
outside. Half an inch broad. In autuVnn on the earth, rarely on trunks.

scutellata, largish, spread flattened, reddish yellow outside; hispid with dark diverging
bristles. On wood in damp places.

518 PEZIZA, PHYSARUM.

cocctnca, stiped, largish, turbinate or funnel-form: scarlet within, white without and
somewhat downy: margin mostly crenate. In the spring on the earth and dead
limbs, g i.

anomalu, sli])ed, crusty-crowded, turbinate: dry crisped, ferruginous or fawn-color:
inouth converging, paler. In spring and autumn on dr}' fallen branches. J i.

4. Mostly small. Jfliolbj glabrous .(or at Icagt not vianifestbj tomcntose) fcshy. or
wax-like.

(Pileus stiped.)

bolaris, largish, sub-solitary: pileus orbicular funnel-form: outside often rngose-veiny

and a little fibrous: stipe thick, becoming dark at the base, shortish. In autumn

on dry stipes, &c.
eyoihoidca, in groups, small, white or pale: pileus wineglass-form, unarmed, rather

thin: stipe long, a little thicker, downwtirds. On the dry stetns of large herbs:

stipes about the fourth of an inch long. 1-G i.
lutescens, small, somewhat in groups, becoming 3'ellow: pileus orbicular: stipe thin.

cylindric. On the decaying wood of firs, »X:c.
pallescens, crowded, glabrous, white; at length becoming pale: pileus somewhat

funnel-form: stipe rather thick. On trunks of beech, &c. ^ i.

(Pileus sessile.)

leucoloma, narrow, depressed, spread, minute; margin white, finely torn. On walls
and moss in the spring.

5. 31ore or less coriaccovs, dry, glabrous or pidvcruhnt, viostly sessile.

leucomela., bursting, sessile: pileus concave; dark outside and while within. Some-
times on hazel brahclies. 1
patellaria, in groups, daik, spread flattened, sub-coriaceous, distinctly margined. On

dry branches of bass wood and sometimes on trunks of oak.
pinastri, scattered, sub-stiped, dark-shining; margin acute. On the bark of pines and

firs, &c.

Phacid'ium. Gt. p}wI;os, (lentil.) eidns, (appearance.) 6. Fun.
coronatum, orbicular, sub-hemispheric, depressed, black, dehiscent, in numerous acute

segments; disk pale green or yellowish. On dead oak leaves.

Phallus. Gr. /^//rt/fo^, (a badge worn at the festivals of Bacchus.) 6. Fun.
impudicus, volva large: stipe cellular wliite: cells of the pileus contain a greenish,

fetid seed, bearing slime. Fences. 8 i.
preputiosus, stipe sieve-like, sub-incurved: involucrum' indusium-like, fetid. Near

fences, and on rotten trunks. ,

caninus, head closed on the stipe, ovate, impervious, pink-color. On rotten trunks.

4 i.

Phas'ccm. Gr. /;^«s/ion, (moss.) 2. Mus.
j}atens, caulescent, erect; capsule about sessile: leaves lance-ovate, serrate at the top,

spreading.
muticum, stemless: capsule sessile: leaves ovate, without points, concave, converg-
ing.
cervicollum, sub-caulescent: the leaves of the pericheth strait: peduncle incurved:

•capsule ovate. On dry, gravelly earlii.
subuiatum, caulescent, erect: leaves lance-linear, spreading; the summits, fiom the

broadish base, subulate, rigid: capsule «ub sessile.
coherens, sub-caulescent, simple: leaves ovate, acute, nerves solid, serrulate, erect:

capsules with short bristles.

Phle'bia. Gt. pidcps, (a vein.) 6. Fun.
vaga, efi'used, soft, sulphur-color, circumference expanded and byssus-like; plaits

distant, irregular. On trees.

Pho'ma. Gt. phuma, (pustule.) G. Fun.
populi, mostly many-celled, roundish, flat, brown-opalline; orifices obsolete. On dead

poplar leaves.

Phy'sarum. Gr. pfiusa, (bladder.) 6. Fun.
cinerium, sessile, globe-ovate, cinereous; reticulate within with white threads. On

trunks in autumn. /

PHV.SAHUM, PTERICO-PIiyLLUM. 519

fariiuuevm, stiped: hark of the fruit very tliin, mealy-villose, cinereous. On pine

branches, on moss, &!C. ^

rmlang, liead <rhjb()se, Hutlish beneath, biuisli grey, nodding: stipes thin, \veak,-white,

not furrowed: seeds and filaments dark brown. On rotten wood. i.
auicuin, seed-covering sub-globose, yellow; stipes slender, longish, brown-grey: seeds

globose. On decaying trunks. 1 — 12 i.

Pilo'bolus. Gt. ji'dun, (a cap,) ia/Zo, (to throw.) (5. Fun.
cnjslaliiniis, stem-like receptacle inflated upward (rarely filiform) a pointed capitular

vesicle, round depressed, l)lack. Var. ruridiis, has a globose receptacle with oblong

filiform stipes; capitular vesicle dot-like black. In horse niaiuire. J i.

Pilo'tuichum. Gt. pdoo, {to press together) «/tc/tos, (hair. ) 2. Mus.
pilotiichiim, elem 2-pinnate; branches 2-ranked, pinnate: peduncles arched: calyplre

sub-pilose.

Pistilla'ria. Lat. pistilhnn, (pestile.) 6. Fun.
qiusquiliaris, thickened towards the extremity, white, confluent with the stipes. On

dead fern leaves. ^ i. ^ , .

PoLYAN'oiuivi. Gr. polus, {many,) aggion, (capsule.) G. Fun.
vitcUinum, size of a grain of sand: concreted granulated seeds. On damp trunks.

Polvpo'rcs. Gr. polus, (many,) poros, (hole or pore.) False boletus. 6. Fun.
hctcroditus, sessile, orange; cap imbricate, lobed, villose; pores large deformed. On

the earth.
pcrennis, cap leathery, velvety zoned; pores minute and at length lacerated; plant

cinnamon color; stipe central. On trunks of trees. 3 i.
versicolor, cap mostly reflexed, leathery villose, variegated by zones of different colors;

))ores round, white, short. On trees. 1 i.
reticularis, fine, resembling byssus. fugaceous white; pores distant, cup-form, pow-
dery. On pine wood. 2 i.

Polysipho'nia. Gr. /jo/tts, (many) s/p/tort, (siphon.) A. Alg.
coccinea, filaments very much branched. Primary, not jointed. Branches decom-
pound, pinnatifid. Pinnules heterogenous, multifid fascicled. 4 i.
nigTcscens, filaments much branched, at the end diffuse. Lower articulations very

short, when dry nodulose; upper about as long as broad, with 3 veins. 6 i.

PolVthrin'cium. Gi. polus, (many) thrigkos, (little partitions.) G. Fun.
trifoin, appears to the eye as numerous black dots, of unequal size; but each is a

tuft of filaments; the filaments are moniliform, clavate. On clover leaves.

PoLYTRi'cHUM. Gr. /^o^MS, (many ) Zrjc/tos, (hair. ) 2. Mus.

1. Capsules 2ci.(h apophyses.

juniperinum, (hair-cap moss. O. M. Zf.) stem generally simple: leaves lance-linear,

entire, flattish, somewhat spreading: the apophyses depressed. In dry woods, Sic.
piliferum, stem simple: leaves lanceolate, entire, bearing hairs at the apex: apophysis

depressed. In dry, sunny places.
perigonale, simple, largish: leaves seirate; those of the pericheth differing, elongated,

membranaceous, ending in a capillary form: capsule 4-sided; lid orbicular, with a

short apex in the centre; apophysis under the capsule.

2. Capsules without apophyses.

capiUare, stem short, simple: leaves few, laxish, linear, aculeate-serrate: peduncles
longish, capillary: capsule erect, sub-ovate; lid convex, abruptly mucronate, slen-
der, longish.

braclujphyilum, stemless: leaves conglobate at the root, very shortj oblong o^al, apex
obtuse and thickish: capsules sub-dorneojis, ol)ovate, sub-oblqng;, lid with a short
• upex. ri»

brevicanlc, stemless: leaves very few, lowey ones close-pressed, dilated into an oblong
form, upper ones mucronate-subulale, obs.curely denticulate: capsule erect, oblong-
cylindric: lid convex, long-mucronate, inclined.
PoRiMiYRA. Gt. purphuros, {\mr^\e.) 4. Alg.

laciuiatii, frond flat witii numerous dilated segments.

Pte'rioophyi-'lum. Gr. 7>/ens, (wing,) /y/d/Z/o/t (leaf ) 2. Mus.

rigidum, stem erect, pinnate above; leaves sub-2-ranked, obovate, mucronate, serrate,
2-nerved.

520 PTERIGYNANDRUM. RAMALINA.

Pte'rigynan'duum. Gr. /i^em, (wing) «7/ne, (pistil.) 2. Mus.

intricalum, creejjing and rooting entangled: brandies simple, sliort: leaves concave^'
acuminate, lanceolate, leng;thened out: cspsule oblong-ovate; lid sub-oblique. Oil
trunks of trees.

julaccum, stem erect, terete: leaves tliick-inibricate, oval, acuminate, smooth: pe-
duncles scarcely ])r(ijtcling out of thn long pericheth: capsules short-ovate; lid
conic: calyplre ghibrous. On trunks of trees.

brachycluduii, stem creeping; branches very short, crowded, erect, simple, terete^
acutish: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, nerveless: capsules erect, sub-cylindric,
with a long, conic, 'sub-oblique lid.

hhtdlum, branchlets slender-tiliform, simple, short: leaves imbricated in a cylinder,
sub-cordate, a little hirsute, fringed: capsule oblong; lid long-conic. On trees.

suh-capillatum, creeping, rarely rising, simple, Hower-bearing: leaves ovate-acuminate
with a halved prolongation, imbricate: capsule oblong; lid beaked: calyptre sub-
pilose.
Ptilo'ta. Gr. /j^i^M^os, (pinnate or pinnatifid.) 4. Alg.

pliimosa, jugament filiform compressed. Pinnules opposite pectinate-cut. 4 i.
Puccin'ia. Gf. piika, (close-packed.) Bligiit. 6. Fun. i

Tubi, deep-black tufled: seeds 4-celled obtuse-niucronate: 'stipes slender condensed at
the base. Under bramble leaves. .. '

avkultir, punctiform, minutely tufted, roundish, black-brown; seeds crowded, ob-
tusely ovale with a long flexuose, filiform pedicel. On kn.ot-gfass.

polygonl, minule, round, crowded, brovvnish-ied: upper cell of the seed thick globose,
the lower one long <ind narrow: stipes short. On the P. amphibium, under the
leaves.

variabilis, in minute tufts, black, nearly circular, bordered by the remains of the old
cuticle; seeds variable; stipes sliort.

graminis, tufts dense, oblong, often confluent, forming long parallel lines in the
direction of grassy fibres; color yellowi.sh brown, becoming black: seeds elongated
with the upper cell shortest, containing dust: stipes filiform. On wheat and other
grasses. Called rust or blight.

globosa, minute, scfitteied, blackish: seeds globose with filiform slender stipes. On
bean leaves.
Pyke'nula. G-r. pwrrm, (kernel. ) 5. Lie.

nitida, crust cartilaginous, membranous polished, pale, brownish cinereous. Warts
of apothecia closed, closely surrounding the upper projecting part of the thalamium.
H i-

umbonota, crust tartareous, regular, finely cracked, cinereous, rufous. Warts of apo-
thecia smooth, reddish, depressed above, forming a margin to the papilla-like
prominent orifice. 1^ i.

Raco'dium. Gr. rrt/cos, (a rag. ) 6. Fun.

celtare, soft, lax, interwoven, of a greenish black, filaments intermixed with irregular
granules. In sooty cellars.

rupeslre, compact, black, adnate to rocks.

xylostroma, veiy broad, soft, ochre-yellow, spreading among the cleavages of decay-
ing wood. Oak-leather, spunk, tinder.

papyraccHin, v/hile thin paper-like. Paper-spunk. Spreading among the cleavages
of decaying wood.
RiMALi'NA. Lat. ramoZiwa, (a little branch.) Many branches. 5. Lie.

fraxinea, thallus plane, linear-laciniated, greyish white, glabrous, but rugose and
pitted, sub-reticulated: the ultimate branches attenuated: apothecia mostly mar-
ginal, plane, pale, Hesh-colored.

fustigiaiu, thallus comproesed, glabrous, pitted, branched, glaucous, white, branches
thickened and fasligiated upwards: apothecia numerous, terminal peltate, sub-
s.essile, white.

farinacea, thallus compressed, glabrous, somewhat pitted, bearing powdery warts,
rigid branched, greyish or greenish white. Branches linear attenuated: apothecia
scattered on short stalks, plane, somewhat margined, whitish.

poUinaria, thallus flat, somewhat membranous, smooth, a little pitted, while, torn,
occasionally powdery, with dilated, fiat soredia: apothecia nearly terminal, very
large.

RAMALFNA, SCLEROTIUM. 521

homolea, frond compressed, 2-edged, smooth, naked, ramose, becomin<T pale-white,
sub-ramose crosswise; brandies dicholomous attenuated: receptacles scattered,
affixed at the centre, a little concave, somewhat margined, uniform colored.

polijiiioiplid, frond riat-coniprcssed or teietish, torn-branched, pale, longitudinally
lucunose: fruit-dots scattered, sub-elhplic and terminal, head-form: receptacles
sub-marginal, a little concave; disk fleshy, sonievvhat hoary. On rocks and
stones.
Riiizjpo'GnN. Gr. r/zrt, (root, ) /WiT"", (beard.) 6. Fun.

albii^. round, sub-rugose, whilisli-bruwn, hl)ruus at the base. Roadsides. J i.
Rhodi.mk'la. (jr. rodos, (red.) 7ndo.<, (a limb.) 4. Alg.

dcntalii, frond Hat, obsoletely ribbed, alternately bipinnatifid. Pinnae linear cuneate.
Pinnules cut. Thecae urceolate. 4 i.

hjco/jodiuidcs, .stem filiform, covered with setaceous, densely imbricated scale-like
processes. 6 i.
Rhytis'ma. Gr. rutis, (wrinkle.) G. Fun.

corrusrutum, minute, innate on the surface, rugose plaited, open with many zigzag
cracks. On lichens.
RicciA. In honor of Ricci, a botanist of Florence. 4. Alg.

nutans, (floating hverwnrt. O. Ju. ) fronds obcordate, with apexes meeting so as to
form the sectors of circles, flat: radicles beneath flat. It floats on the water, with
its short flat rools extending a little distance into it. Color sea-green. Each
congeries of floating fronds hardly an inch in diameter. Channels run on their
backs, like midribs in leaves. 4 i. by j.

fidtaas, (forkstems. O. .T. ) fronds repeatedly forked, linear, convex or sub-cylindric,
smooth, reticulate, obtuse and cloven at the tips. Very plenty from Lake Superior
to Boston, in water, among lemna. It is pellucid and cellular, 2 or 3 inches long.
It has nothing resembling a root; but the whole plant appears rather like the stems
of some plants.

glauca, frond radiating from a centre, dichotomous, flat, reticulate. J to 1 i.

lutescens, Sz. frond dichotomous or tiichotomous, tliick at tiie apex, inflexed and bifid
at the margin; lobes at the margin free; the middle nerve with radicles impressed
above, convex beneath, substance porous, standing out from tubercles filled within
with ininute granulations. In dried swamps, forming yellow patches two inches
in diametei. On the earth, largish, orbicular and confluent. Is this an American
species?
Rivula'ria.. Lat. ricw/Ms, (a brook. ) 4. Alg.

atra, frond hemispherical hard. Filaments very dense, branched by apposition.

angvlusa, frond globose, hollow. Filaments simple. \ i.

Roccel'la. Portuguese roccha, (a little rock, its place of growth.) 5. Lie.
tinctoriu, tiiallus rounded, glaucous, green, somewhat branched, nearly erect: apo-

thecia scattered, elevated; disk flat, caesious, pruinose, as broad as the border.

Rubi'go. h?Lt.^ubigo, (rust, blight, mildew.) 6. Fun.
alnca, irregulaily tufted, confluent, whitish, at length reddish brown. Under alder

leaves, &c.

ScHisTin'iuM. Gr. schisios, (split.) 2. Mus.
cilktum, stem ramose: leaves lance-ovate, concave, denticulate: calyptre very long.

Schizophyl'lum. Gr. sc//i:o, (to cut,) /^/(m//ow, (a leaf ) 6. Fun.
commune, cut or torn in appearance, gregareous. On trunks of living trees. 2 i.

Sclf.roder'ma. Gr. skleron, (hard.) derma, (skin.) Bark |)uff-ball. 0. Fun.
citrinum, middle-sized, roundish, long-rooted, pale lemon, obsoletely scaly; scales

thickish. On oak roots. 2 i.
cepa, globose, sub-depres.«ed, firm, smooth or warty, sessile; stipe short, thick;

scarcely any root, In cultivated fields. 2 i.
spadke.iim, gregarious, somewhat spotted, smooth, brown: root hard fibrous. On

beech trunks, &.c. ) i.

Sci.KROTiUM. Gr. skleins, (hard.) Dwarf puff-ball. G. Fun,
semen, separate, spherical, whitish yellow„becoming black and wrinkled, white inside;

sometimes clustered. On dead leaves. J i.
senteiiainm, orbicular, flattened, at length somewhat concave in the middle, fixed

beneath by a central filamentous point. On leaves of trees, underside.
66

522 SCLERGTIUM, SPHAERlA.

durum, deep black, oval or elongated, at length sub-striate or rugose, white within.

On dead herbaceous stems.

Scytone'ma. Gr. 5/iM^<s, (leather,) ncTna, (thread.) 4. Alg.
byssoidcum, filaments simple, erect, very short, flexuose-crisped, entangled in a black

layer. 1 i.

ScYTosi'pHON. Gr. .sfcHtos, (leather.) s//;/(on, (siphon.) 4. Alg.
filum. frond quite simple. 240 i.

Sepedo'nium. Gr. sepedon, (putrescence.) 6. Fun.
mycophilum, spreading widely within putrefying agaries and boletuses: filaments

white: seeds profiise, orange-yellow. On dying fungi.

Septa'ria. Lat. septum, (partition.) 6. Fun.
vlmi, spherules aggregated: seeds 3 or 4 times divided: tendril often becoming effused.

On elm leaves.

Sistotrf.'ma. Gr. svnestemi, (to compound,) Ircma, (pore.) G. Fun.
covflums, pores in regular series, gregarious becoming concrete, fragile, scentless,

white becoming yellow. On road sides. 1 i.
anereiim, imbricate, suberose; pileus halved, hirsute, cinereous beneath. On trunks

of trees.
violaceum, halved, imbricate, tomentose, white becoming violet beneath. On trees.
querdnum, giabrouS; pale, reddish yellow: teeth thick, deformed, gashed, sub-close

pressed. On oak branches.
cerasi, small, orbicular, gibbose, pale, downy at the margin; teeth variops, thick,

close pressed. On branches and roots.

Sole'nia. Gr. 5o/c7i (a tube.) 4. Alg.
inUMinnlis , frond tubular inflated sTmple. 24 i.

Solori'na. Gr. so/os, (solid,) /7'«os, (rind, skin.) 5. Lie.
crocca, thallus green, (brown and dry,) lobed, beneath vein}', and of a fine saffron-
color: apothecia somewhat tomentose brown, li i.

Spatula'ria. Lat. spatula, (plaster-knife.) C. Fun.
fiavida, pileus pale becoming yellowish: stipe pale. On dead leaves. 1| i-

Sphacella'ria. Gr. spliukdos, (mortification.) 4. Alg.
racemosa, filaments twice or thrice dichotom. Articulations as long as broad. Tuber-
cles ovate, racemose, on branched peduncles. 1 i.
radicans, filaments branched, rooting, straight. Branches scattered, simple erect

obtuse, tapering at the base. Articulations twice as broad as long. | i.
clrrhosa, filaments much branched, five striated. Branches alternate, somewhat pin-
nated. Articulations as long as broad. 1 i.

Sphae'ria. Gr. 5/;/i«(V«, (globe. ) 6. Fun.

) , Caulescent, or the receptacle elongated, clavate, corky, furnished with a trunk.

hulhosa, (globule fungus. S.) on the earth, sub-ramose, glabrous, dark-cinereous: root

tuberocfs. On the earth in autumn in pine woods.
hypoxylon, gregarious, ramose, compressed, hirsute at the base. On decaying trupks

of trees.
di^itata, cespitose, black: stipes glabrous, connate at the base, clavate, terete; ape.x

'acuminate, sterile. In woods.
polymorpha, gregarious, forms various: clavules (little clubs) ventricose, surrounded

every where with spherules. In beech woods. On trunks of trees.

2. Receptacle without a stem, roundish and opening: tubercle icith bordering spherules.,

concentrica, obovate and somewhat roundish, large; interrupted with concentric layers

within. On trunks of the ash and willow.
ruliiformis, large, wholly black: spherules globose, a little prominent. On dry trunks.
fragiformis, gregarious, sub-confluent, rust-colored, dark-shining within: spherules

papillose. On beech trunks.
arorillacea, scattered, sub-globose, clay-colored, or yellow-cinereous: spherules a

little prominent, papillose; substance softish, becoming sooty-yellow. On trunks

of ash trees.
rubiorinasaf opening widely, rugose, yellow, becoming rust-colored: spherules some-

w1iat concealed. On branches in shady places.
(ohncrcns, gregarious, confluent, flatlish; at fiist Jirly yellow, smooth; at length

dark colored and somewhat blistered. Adhering to the trunks of trees, particularly

the beech.
melo (Tram inn, somewhat in rows, bursting, ob-conic, dark-sooty: spherules somewhat

prominent. Bursting from under the cuticle of branches or trees, particularly the

beech.
ribesia, bursting, softj oval, sub-depressed; spherules dissected, growing white.

Bursting from under the cutijle of the branches of the Ribes rubrum in the winter.

3. Form various, opening, orbicular or round: spherules scnitered, horizontal, immersed
in fleshy coverings; little mouths scattered, mostlij somewhat prominent, papillose or
aculeate. Compound.

deusta, opening widely, thick, undulate-rugose, blistered; at first fleshy, white-cine-
reous, pulverulent, at length black, rigid. On trunks in woods; frequent.

lenta, aggregated, sub-orbicular, black: disk gibbose; margin repand. On the trunks
and roots of fallen beech trees; found in autumn.

insitiva, compound, cortical, ilat, linear-acuminate, white, single-headed; a veil con-
nate, with the substance of tiie fungus; spherules papillose, black. In the fissures
of the cuticle on decaying grape vines.

macula, compound, of various torms, very flat, black, single-headed: spherules globose
acuminate, covered with a fugaceous veil. On dry oaken branches, after long
storms.

serpens, open, unequal, naked, becoming dark-colored: spherules somewhat promi-
nent. On oak and beech wood; sometimes on willow.

stigma, opening around, su)oolli, ramose; little mouths immersed, flattish. In the
fissures of thorn trees.

podoideSj crowded together, hard, unequal: little mouths spinose, mostly bursting at
the sides. On trurjks of oak.

ceratosperma, roundish, convex, scattered: little mouths spinose, bursting from the
middle. In the bark of the Rosa canina, in July.

disciformis, scattered, orbicular, Hattish, smooth: little mouths immersed, resembling
punctures. In the dry cracks of beech, resembling pimples of a dark shining color,
white-cinereous within.

4. Opening, sphendes horizontal, at first solitary at the margin, afterwards confluent, not
joined with a fleshy substance or manifest layers ; some are distant, but in some way
connected by the crust.

nebidosa, grey: spherules very minute, scattered, forming unequally linear, interrupt-
ed dark grey spots; little mcfuths prominent, sub-acute. On the stems of large
herbaceous plants.

relata, covering very broad: spherules scattered, immersed, covered with a sub-mem
branous crust; little mouths sub-prominent. Under the cuticle of the Tilia.

spiculosa, somewhat opening, dark-stained: little mouths long, terete, very slender.
Immersed in dark colored brandies.

5. Spherules heaped together on the receptacle, lohirh is crust-like, conic, in Utile cespitose
bunches ; little mouths converging towards the middle.

ciliata, roundish: spherules nested in the prominent substance of the bark; little

mouths very long, divaricate, sub-flaccid. On the branches of elms.
Jimhriata, upon leaves, sub-circinal; little mouths spinose, clavate, surrounded at

the base by a white fringe. Frequent on the leaves of the Carpinus.
niven, conic, with a white, farinaceous disk: little mouths prominent, papillose. On

the dry branches of poplars.
leucastoma, disk truncate, white, perforated with blackening pores. On the stems

and dry branches of pluui trees and cherry trees of our orchards.
pustuLata, sub-lenticular, with short, contracted necks: disk sooty, perforated with

one pore. On willow branches.

6. Spherules arranged in a circle, decnmhent, naked, nesting under the epidermis; little

mouths approximate, vioslly bursting.

pulchella, compassed about, naked: little mouths very long, flexuose. Under the
cuticle of the branches of the common garden cherry tree.

524 SPHAERIA, SPHAEROBOLUS.

coronata, compassed about; little mouths thick, obtuse, smooth. On the branches

of the thorn tree; rare.
faginea, compassed about: little mouths hooked and luorged. On the branches of the

beech.
converitens^ compassed about, concealed, naked: splienilcs ovate, erectish; little

mouths strait, somewhat bursting. Nesting in the sub.stance of the bark of some

branches.
iesseUfi, compassed about, bound with a black line: little mouths distant, or with 4

or 5 black punctures. On willow branches.

7. Bursting in a roundish, cespitose bunch : spherules free among themselves, papilla-
like, selling on the receptacle.

decolorans, cespitose, reddish cinnabar color, becoming pale: spherules globose, ru-
gose tubercled. On the branches of maple and elder.

coccinea, cespitose, pale red: spherules ovate, smooth. In the dry bark of beech and
elder.

8. Spherules solitary. Jree, destitute of receptacles.

(Little mouths very large, mostly compressed, nearly equalling the breadth of the

spherules.)
cpisphaeria, simple, gregarious parasitic, red: spherules very minute, sub-compressed,
crested, flaccid. On the sphaeria stigma.

(Little mouths terete, spinose, equai-to the length of the spherules or exceeding them.)

rostrata, simple, naked: spherules granulated; little mouths very long, spinose. On

decaying branches in July.
acuta, gregarious, naked: spherules black, shining, sub-globose; little mouths spinose,

thickish, cylindric. On the stem of the common nettle jn the spring.

(Little mouths shorter than the spherules, conic or cylindric, mostly papillose.)

porphyrogona, simple, aggregated, black, phial-form, imbedded in a thin, violet-color-
ed crust. Persoon considers this species of Tode, as a variety of rubella. On the

Atropa belladonna.
araneosu, simple, opake, black: spherules papillose, smooth, covered with a thin

while veil. On dry branches.
hyssiseda, largish: spiiernles globe-papillose, surrounded with thick sooty yellow

down. On dry branches and bark.
spermoides, heaped together, opake, rigid: spherules globose, sub-terete downwards;

little mouths papillose, obsolete. On dry trunks of trees.
lombarda, simple, fasci< led, becoming sooty-yellow: spherules elongated, sub-ventri-

cosp; little mouths are acute papillae. Grow in heaps on decaying trunks of trees.
lingum, simple scattered, sub-oval, depressed-concave, rugose with folds: little mouths

irregular, decumbent, or almost wanting. Grow densely on the dry stems of red

cabbage.
herbarum, simple: spherules scattered, smooth, mostly sub-depressed; little mouths

papillose. On dry stems of herbaceous plants.
pertusa, scattered: spherules immersed, ovale, hardish, sub-rugose; perforated at

length with little caducous obsolete moutlis. In hard dry wood.
inquinans, simple, scattered, daik-slained: spherules somewhat prominent, with wood,

perforated. On the Acer, Lonicera and Xylosleuni.

(Spherules not furnished with visible mouths.)

pulvis-pyrivs, simple, headed together: spherules ovate and roundish, tubercled,
rugose, furrowed in the middle. On trunks and dry wood.

moriformis, gregarious, simple: spherules tuberculate, obovate. On dry trunks, par-
ticularly of pines.

maculiformis, on leaves, simple: spherules sub-immersed, minute, roundish, conglo-
merate in unequal black spots. On the dry loaves of beech, hazel, maple and elm.
Sphaero'bolus. Gr. spharia {globe) ballo, {lo throw.) ?>. Hep.

stellalus, globose, pale-yellow: orifice regular stellate, toothed. On wood. &c.

SniAEROCARPUS, STEREOCADLOX. 525

Sphaerocar'pus. Gr. spharia, (a sphere) liur/ws, (frmt.) s. 3. Hep.
terrestrcs, frond simple ovate. ' Thecae pyriforin, clustered at the base of the frond.

Ji.

tSpHAERococ'cus. Gr. s^/irttVo (a sphere) kohkos {s^ced.) 4. Alg.
ruber, stem scarcely any. Laminae cliained, obsolctely ribbed, cuneate 2-forked or

lanceolate. Tliecae rugose ses.-ile in the disk of the frntid. 4 i.
inembrawfulius, stem filiform dicholoni. Branches expanded in cuneifbrm multifid

laminae, 'i he:cae stalked ovale couline. (5 i.
lucinmlus, frond catilagitious, nieinbrunaceous, dicliotomous or palmate. Segments

obtuse, somewhat proliferous. Thecae immersed in minute unequal processes. 3 i.

Sphaeron'ak MA. Gr. s/j/iairu, (globe) iiaima [gun].) G. Fun.
subultila, fruit-covering conic subulate acute yellowish sub-pellucid: globule pale.

On toadstools. &.c. 1 — 2 i.

Sphaerophokon. Gr. s/>/(ar«a (sphere) />/(eJO (to bear. ) .5. Lie.
coraUuidcs, Ihallus palish-brown; brunches lateral, elongate, la.\, divaricate and forked,

acuminate. Apolhecia sub-globose, smooth.
compressuin, thallus white, branched; branches compressed ramulose, sub-fibrillose,

naked. Apothecia sub-globose, depressed and smooth above.

Sphag'nijim. Pliny's name for moss. 4. Mus.
lulij'iiiaim, (peel moss. O.) leaves ovate, sub-obtuse, concave, imbricate, converging at

the apex: capsules spi'Crical.
uciitifuluun, stem sub ramose; branches filiform: leaves lance-ovate, revolute, erose at

the truncate apex; imbricated .")-ways.
cnspidiUum, stem flaccid: branchlels lax, bristle-form: leaves lanceolate involute,

truncaieerose, lax.

Spilo ma. Gr. sp'do'ma (spot, stain.) 5. Lie.
versicolor, crust somewhat cartilaginous, powdery, cracked, variegated with cinereous

andyellovv. Apolhecia innnersed. superficial, roundish, finally contluenl. 3 i.
meluleuai, (etflorescenl lichen) crust thin, sub-membranaceous, unequal, sub-pulverul-
ent, while: receptacles deformed, a little convex, scabrous, dark. On bark of trees.

Splach'num. Gr. splMnr.knon (moss. ) 2. Mus.
ampuUuceu III, (umbrella moss;) leaves lance-ovate, acute: apophysis purplish-green,

broad, inversely bladder-form.
setaceum, stem cohering: leaves lanceolate, gradually becoming setaceous-acuminate:

apophysis clavate-turbinate. Marshes, &c.

Sporider MiuM. Gr. sporos, (seed) derma, sk'm.) 6. Fun.
atrum, black, crowded: filaments linear-oblong, 4 or 5 times divided. On herbs.

Spokoch'nus. Gr. 5/y(^m (seed) rZ/z/oo*- (down, lock of hair.) 4. Alg.
peduncubilus, receptacle elliptical, lateral, as long as peduncle. 6 i.

Sporo'tkichum. Gr. s/jom (seed) <AWx (hair. ) 6. Fun.
macrosponiiii, a dusty hoariness interspersed with minute tufts: filaments (ew and

branched. On apple leaves.
svlpliureum, yellow irregular tufts: filaments entangled: seed nflinierous sub-globose.

On casks in cellers.

Spuma'ria. Lat. s/;tfma (froth.) 6. Fun.
alba, effused, frothy: fruit covering furnished internally with grey-horn-like proces-
ses inclosing brown seeds. On rotten grass and wood. 1 i.

SrACHYLiD'iuM. Gr. s^tft/ios ( a Spike) e?^/os (a ppearance. ) 6. Fun.
candidun, filaments branched, erect, remotely jointed, scattered, white: seed globular.

On dead wood.

Stemoni'tis. Gr. ste^non (stamen.) 6. Fun.
typhiiKi, scattered, small, fibrous, cylindric, obtuse, sub-incUrved, sub-evanescent. On

truriks.
Lencoslijld, gregarious, creeping: fruit ovate, violet: stipe white. All white at first:

in autumn on leaves and branches.
fasciculaU. crowded, cylindric: stipes black arising from a shining underlaying mem-
brane: fruit-covering tugaceous dark-brown: stipes continued to the summit of the

fruit covering. On rotten wood, if i.
jjapiiLrUa, dark-brown globose, with stipes peiforating the pileus to the summit. On

rotten wood. i.

Stereocau'lon'. Gr. s/crws (hard) A7/)//ort (stern ) 5. Lie.
pasckale, thallus greyish branches and rough, with granulated excrescences; branches

crowded and very much divided: apothecia scattered and terminal at length, con-
vex, conglomerate, blackish-brown.

526 STEREOCAULON, THELOTREMA.

ramulosum, becoming pale-white ramose, scabrous, fibrous branches scattered, eloTf •
gated, sub-simple: receptacles terzninal, at length sub-globose, dark-fuscous. On
mountains.

Stic'ta. Gr. sticltos {doiied.) 5. Lie.
crocata, thallus dark, glaucous, brown, pitted, with broad, rounded, spreading entire
lobes, having bright lonion colored powdery spots upon the margin and on the ele-
vated parls between tiie \n\.s; downy and tawny.
aurala, is. frond pinnate, round-lobed, nearly even, light brown rust-color, scarcely
glaucous; margin wavy, with gold-colored powder; brown beneath, with a few
small yellow pits. Found in Western, Massachusetts, by Dr. Porter. Circular,
4 i. diameter.

pulmonacea, thallus pitted and reticulated; olivaceous downy beneath, smooth, with
prominences; the segments sinualelobate, truncated: apothecia sub-marginal,
plane, reddish; their margin rugose.

syhalica, thallus wide, rusty brown, naked and pitted; brown and downy beneath, with
small, pale, excavations; segments lobed and obtusely cut, unequal: apothecia
marginal, dark brown.

anihnipsis, frond pale-cinereous fuscous, lacunose-reticulate, very broad, sub-crenate
in the round-lobed peripheiy; rugose, sub-villose beneath: fruit dots white: recep-
tacles scattered; disk black, at length convex, and excluding the entire frond-like
margin.
Stilbospo'ra. Gt. Et'dlho, {io sh'mc) sporos, {sGed.) 6. Fun.

asterosperma, capsule stellate.

macrosperma, capsules elongated, cylindric. On the limbs of beech and birch.

profusa, in heaps: seeds very minute, equally 2-celled. On branches of maple, but-
ton wood, &c.
Stil'bum. Gr. stilbos, (shining.) 6. Fun.

vulgure, head roundish, whitish, watery or gelatinous, becoming firm and yellowish'
stipes thickish-cylindric. On decayed stems.
Stic'tis. Gr. sticlos, (a dot.) G. Fun.

radiata, immersed, orbicular, radiated: limb snow white, ragged, pulverulent. On
bark of trees, in circular spots.
Stachyli'dium. Gr. s///t7/os, (a spike) cirfos, (appearance.) 6. Fun.

candmm, filaments branched erect, remotely jointed, scattered, white seed globules.
On dead wood.
Syntri'chia. Gr. sun, (together) /ricAos, (hair.) 2. Mus.

rurarlist stem ramose: leaves obtuse, recurved, with hairs at the apex. On walls.

Targio'nia. In honor of Targioni, a botanist of Florence. 3. Hep.
hypophylla, frond flat, imbricated, lobed; lobes rounded, retuse. | i.

Tet'raphis. Gr. UUa, (four.) 2 Mus.
pellvcida, stem elongated: leaves ovate-acuminate; those of the pericheth lanceolate;

capsules cylindric.

Tham.md'ium. Gr. thnmnos, (rod or twig.) G. Fun.
elegfins, filaments branched, whorled: seed-covering elevated. On manure. 1 — 12 i.

Thele'rolus. Gr. titde, (nipple) ballo, (to throw.) G. Fun.
stercorevs, sub-globose, saflron-color, gregarious, sessile. On manure. 1 — 12 i.

Thele'phora. Gr. i/te/c, (a nipple) ;;/tero, (to bear.) G. Fun.

1. Plleus entire, funnel-form.

aryophyllea, various: pileus funnel-form, thin, becoming fuscous-purple, strigose-
hirsute; margin mostly gashed, or somewhat crisped. Among pines, &c. on the
earth, li i.

2. Pileus Indeed, at length horizontal.

ruhiginosa, imbricate, rigid, reddish chesnut-brown, glabrous both sides: papillae

large, scatleied. On trunks of oaks, mossy beeches, &c. 2 i.

Thelotre'ma. Gr. Me/e, (nipple, ) ^ortff, (an orifice. ) 5. Lie.
hymeniuw, crust cartilaginous, uneven, somewliat polished, greenish-grey, at length

extremely tumid and uneven: apothecia elevated, crowded, hollow very irregular.

4 i.

TIMMIA, TRICHOSTOMUM. 52T

Tim'mia. In honor of Timm of Malchin. 2. Mue.
cucullnta, leaves linear, narrow-acute, serrulate : capsule nodding.

'J'oKULA. Lat. torus {hei\.) 6. Fun.
hcrhanna, filaments densely crowded so as to form a thick black bed or crust. On

dead stems.

Tremat'odon. Gr. /rcmo, (to tremble,) o<Zon<ff, (tooth.) 2. Mns.
lonrricolUs, Stem short, simple: peduncles very long, twisted.

Tremel'la. Lat. <re»«j<tos (trembling:. ) 6. Fun.
mcgentcricn, roundish: sub-compact, undulate, plicate, orange-color. On fallen limbs,

A:c. 2 i.
fra^iformis, roundish: sub-compact, round, red, plicate, thick-set, sub-lobate. On

pine bark, A:c.
spindosa, ilattened, effuse, thickish, black, having conic papillae. 2 or 3 inches, on

trunks.
folincea, large, cespitose, glabrous both sides, thin undulate-pilicate, concave, ciisped

at the base, flesh-cinnamon color. On decaying trunks in autunni.
undulata, ascending, membranaceous, lobed, sinuate-undulate, purple. On putrid

wood.
abulinci, in groups, roundish, orange color, sub-plicate. On wood.
duliia, cespilose, viscous, fastigiate, soft, fleshy. On decaying trunks late in autumn.
tiUuinesccns, sessile, clustered, tumid, plaited, a shining brown: lobes twisted, On

trunks of trees. 2 i.
sarcpides, sessile, gelatinous, red-purple, at first club-form, then round-lobed, plaited

or curled, finally blackish. On rotten wood. | i.

Trentehoh'lia. Named after an obscure German botanist. 4. Alg.
piirjnirrAi, filaments dicJiotomous, cespitose, entangled^ very minute: articulations

about twice as long as broad. 1 — 12 i.
mirca, filaments flexuose, collected in a dense, soft, cushion-like tuft. 1 — 12 i.

J?ranc]i long, spreading, rig: articulations about twice as long ,as broad.

Tri'chia. Gr. trkhos, oithrix, (hair.) Pin-heads. (J. Fun,

1. Fruit turbinate, or pear-form.

bolnjtis, stiped, fascicled, opake, becoming dark red: stipes elongated, connate, sub»
racemed. On decaying trunks in auiumn.

mbiformis, stiped, fascicled, steel-color, shining: stipes connate, sub-pedate, short.
On trunks in woods at the close of summer.

fullnx, simple, stiped, at first red, then slate-color: fruit plicate beneath, with a stipe.
On trunks and soft decaying wood in autunm.

vulgaris, scattered, fruit from terete, becoming subUurbinate: hardly any stipe, be-
coming black. On beech trunks after a summer storm. A variety of nigripes.
See Persoon's Fungi, p. 179, and Muhlenberg's Catalogue.

otuta, crowded, obovate, ochre yellow, bursting at the summit. On rotten wood.

2. Flint round, or reniform.

nitcns, crowded together, sessile, round, shining yellow, or cinnamon-color. Among

decaying beech and pine trunks in autumn.
varia, scattered, becoming yellow: fruit decumbent and reniform, sometimes round.

On trunks.

3 Fruit fdiform and net-veined.

reticulata, diffused, reticulate, ramose, yellow. On trunks and mossy bark in

autumn.

Trichouer'jia. Gr. </-ic/tos, (hair) rfcrjflTi, (skin.) 6. Fun.
viride, in roundish tufts of white, interwoven filaments: seed profuse, green, at

length giving tlie whole a green culor. On rotten wood.
niirrcscens, somewhat opening, flattish: seed-dust becoming black and sooty. On

maple trunks, cut down in winter or spring.

Trichos'tomum. Gr. trichos, oithrix, (hair) s^n?w, (mouth.) 2. Mus.
pallidum, (hair-mouth moss.) stem simple, very short: leaves capillary, sheathing:

capsule ovate, with a slight apophysis, cylindric; lid conic; calyptre halved.

528 TRICHOTHECIUM, UREDO.

Trichothe'cium. Gr. frif/(os, (hair) ///ecffl, (shealli.') 6. Fun.

rosetim, with tufts at first distinct, and at length confluent in some cases: filaments
white: seeds pink, oval, numerous. On rotten wood.
Tu'bf.r. Lat. if«^e/-, (puff ball, truffle.) G. Kun.

cibariuni, very rough, with blackish warts. Under ground. Eatable. Ij i.

albidutn, very rough, with whitish warts. Under ground, f i.
Tulos'toma. Gr. 0//m.<, (a wart) stowrt, (moutii.) 6. Fun.

brumuLe, stipe smoothisli: fiuit-covering globose; orifice flat. In pastures, meadows,
and on walls. I i.
Ty'pHULA. Lat. tijplin, (cat-tail plant.) G. Fun.

placorhiza, filiform, elongated, white, siib-villose at the base, with a dark fu.scous len-
ticular tuberous knob. In woods. 2 i.

erythropus, gregarious: fruit-bed smooth, white, shorter than other species, terminat-
ing in an elongated, filiform, dark-red stipe. On slicks and leaves. J i.

Ulo'ta. Gr. vbtomos, (wood-like.) 2. J\Ius.

crispa, stem ramose: leaves lance-linear, recurved-coiled when dry: pedicels elon-
gated. On trunks of trees.
Ulva. Gr. idiai (parings of hides.) 4. Alg.

bullosa, frond obovate, slippery, sinuous, blistered, finally expanded. 6 i.

spiidicea, imbricate, sub-rigid, zoned, sub-tomentose, fuscous glabrous beneath, pale-
fuscous.
ferrvtrinen, effuse-reflexed, ferruginous: pileus thin, sub-tomentose, smoothish, pilose
beneath. On fallen limbs of trees, Ac.

hirsutii, cespitose, coriaceous, yellowish, strigose-hirsute; glabrous beneath. On
trunks, rails, &c. 3 i.

lilacina. sub-imbricate, soft not zoned, tomentose pale; at the margin and on the un-
der side pale-purple. On trunks of evergreens. 1 J i.

3, Resiipinate, effuse, papillose, substcmcc various.
(Pale or flesh-colored.)

pannosa, corky, pale: cap depressed, scaly beneath, smooth, sub-pilose. On the
ground. 2 i.

quercina, resupinate, longitudinal; coriaceous, rugose, somewhat fleshy; almost des-
titute of a margin, and brown undernealii. On oak branches, &c. 6 i.

polygonia, fleshy papillae largish, many-sided. On dry branches of poplar.

laevis, white-fleshy, broadly effuse, very smooth; margin byssus-like. On branches of
poplar, &c.

rosea, somewhat wrinkled, rose-red; margin tomentose. On poplars, one or two
inches long.

(Corol yellow or tan-color.)

palmata, erect, brown-purple: branches compressed, palmate folded, paler at the sum-
mit. 2i.

fnistulata, very hard, smooth, rimose-parted, pale.

Urceola'ria. Lat. ?//cco/'/., (a little pitcher.) 5. Lie.

gagii, crust continued, calcareou.s, smnolh. brownish-white, irregularly cracked when
dry: apolhecia very minute, blackish, sunk in the crust, l^i.

calcurea, ciust determined, finely cracked, somewhat powdery, very white, becoming
cinereous: disk minute, concave, black, powdered with white border prominent
discoid, thin. IJ i.

pamirga, (pitcher-shield lichen. P.) effuse, granular-warty, pure white.
Ure'do, Lat. urcdo, (blasting.) Rust fungus. G. Fun.

1. Seminal dust rusty-yelloio.

rosae-centifuliac, (rose-rust,) crowded, yellow, flat opening; little heaps orbicular. On

rose leaves.
linearis, (yellow grain-rust. J. 0.) linear, very long; stained yellow, at length but

obscurely colored. On the culms and leaves of barley, oats, rye, wheat, &c.

UREDO, VERRUCARIA. 539

2. Seminal dust while.

Candida, (white rust,) white, opening. 0n shepherds purse, &c.

3. Seminal dust hlachisU-ycllow. On the fructification.

segetum, (smut J.) dust black, copious; on spikes and glumes of grain.
raricis, dust black, naked, surrounding the capsules. On carexes. Grass smut.

Us'nea. Lat. ustionis, of uro, (burning or combustible.) 5. Lie.
florida, thallus nearly erect, roughish, greenish-grey, with very numerous fine hori-
zontal fibres. Branches patent, sub-simple; apothecia plane, very broad, whitish,

ciliated: the cilae radiating long.
harhata, thallus pendulous, smoothish, rounded, thickish, pale greenish grey.

Eranclves divergent, here and there fibrjllose, capillary at their extremity, articu-
lated below.
jiliciUa, thallus pendulous, smooth, pale. Branches lax, much divided, sub-fibrillose;

the ultimate ories capillaceous: apothecia plane, broad, ciliated, ciliae slender,

very long.
striifosa, frond effuse, .ramose, dirty-cinereous, scabrous: branches longish, flexuose,

dichotomous. laK, evei-y where bearing strigose fibres: receptacles Ifeshy, broad,

sub-lobate, tooth-radiate. Perhaps a variety of the florida.
unguUita, frond pendulous, flexmose, sub-simple, angled, pale-cinereons; angles

acute, scabrous: fibres horizontal, approximate, simple, short, slenderly terete.

On trees. ,

trichodea, frond prostrate, smooth, pale white, filiform, tender, sub-ramose: fibres

horizontal, somewhat 1-sided, scattered: receptacles uniform-colored, the periphery

elevated, thin, naked, entire.

Variola'ria. Lat. rrarioirt, (small-pox spots. ) 5. Lie.

velata, crust determined, somewhat cartilaginous, smooth, very white, plaited in rays.
Warts of apothecia polished, compressed, tumid: kernel covered with a thin-
powdery skin. 14 i.

gloliiilifera, crust sub-cartilaginous, greyish, uneven, with granules and soredia scat-
tered in an irregular manner. Warts of fructification sub-globose, smooth at
length depressed above, soredifer. and contain a concave nucleus. 1* i.

commMHW, crust cartilaginous, polished, whitish, becoming unequal and ash-colored
scattered with white soredia, leaving no margin. Warts of apothecia spheroidal'
powdery. IJ i.

amara, crust rugose, cracked, uneven, sub-pulverulent, white or greyish. Warts of
apothecia appressed, plano-concave, rnarginfed, bearing soredia of the same color as
the crust. 2 i.

delahafa, crust lartareous, thickish, greyish-white, cracked tumid, papillary and rug-
ged, obscurely zoned at the circumference: apothecia orbicular, prominent white
3 i. . ■■ ' '

Vauche'ria. In honor of Vaucher, a botanist of Geneva. 4. Alg.

dichotoma, filaments setaceous, dichotomous, fastigiate: ihecae globose sessile soli-
tary. 12 i. ,

dilwynii, filaments flexuous: Ihecae sessile, lateral globose. 1 i.

' geminata, filaments dichotomous: thecae obovate stalked, opposite, on a commori
cornute pedicel. 6 i.
Verpa. La.i. verpa, {same as phallus circnmsisns. J 6. Fun.

conica, cap bpll-form, snioo.h, fuscous sub-sinuate: stipe and under side yellow. 3i.
Verruca'kia. ■ Lat. tcmca (a wart.) 5. Lie.

maura, crust very thin, smooth, much cracked, very black: apothecia very rnihute
snbglobose, immersed; the extremity jtroniinent, unibilicated: nucleus blackish.

punctifnrmis, crust Very thin, delerniined, polished brown: apothecia minute, hemis-
pheric globules, without orifices; kernel white.

stigmntella, crust thin, cartilaginous membranous, polished, becoming cracked
whitish. Apothecia minute, hemispherical, clustered, sub-Confluent, with scarcely
any orifice.

ceuthocarpa, crust somewhat gelatinous, roundish, broken, dark, crenate cut, radiated
in the cisCumference: apothecia sub-globose, immersed, papillose at the eiid.
67

530 VERRUCARIA, ZYGNEMA.

schraderi, crust tartareous, contiguous, wliitish: apothecia minute, clustered, immers-
ed, sub-globose, dirty, transparent inside.

pulla, crust thin, contiguous, membranaceous, smooth, dark-fuscous: receptacles
minute, hemispheric, glabrous, sub-papillate, black within. On the bark of leather-
wood, &c.

W.

Weis'sia. In honor of AVeiss, a German botanist. 2. Mus.
mkrodonta, small: leaves lanceolate, long acuminate, crisped and twisted when dry,

having a fascicle of ducts or tubes: peduncle pale: capsule oblong-ovate; lid beaked;

teeth of the peristome narrow.
curmrosUa, leaves lanceolate twisted, imbricate, spreading: capsules slender, ovate-

cylindric; lid beaked, recurved.
capillacea, leaves lance-subulate, serrulate, somewhat rigid, nerves thick: stem simple,

slender: germs oblong-ovate, erect, smooth; lid subulate-beaked, obtusish at the

apex.

. Z.

Zona'ria. Lat. zona, (a belt.) 4. Alg.
pavonia, fronds reniform, flabelliform,' smooth, membranous. Zones concentric.

3 i.

Zygne'ma. Gr. zjio'os, (a yoke,) nema, (a thread.) 4. Alg.
cruciatum, articulations twice as long as broad; stellae roundish. Fruit spherical.

i i.
nilidum, articulations about as long as broad. Spire cruciate, thin contracted. Fruit

elliptical. 2 i.

■^^
¥

531

PHYSIOLOGY

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT

PHYSIOLOGY, THE SCIENCE OF ORGANIZATION OF YEGETABLES AND ANIMALS,

1. Elkmentary Constituents. Ultimate ATdMs of vegetables are essentially

carbon, (the basis of charcoal) hydrogen, (the basis of water) and oxijircn, (a consti-
tuent of atmosplieric air and water.) Nitro iren (^one of tlie constituents of atmos-.
plieric air, and saltpetre.) is also a constituent of cruciform plants. Ultimate atoms
of animals are essentially carbon, In/drogeii oxygen',.a.XiA nitrogen. Pkosjjitorus, and
sulphur are often present; ar»t] rarely some other principles.

Ultimate organic elements are cclkdar tissue, vascular tissue, and Jibi-e. These
elements seem to be the prinmrij product of the living principle, whenever it exerts
any influence upon matter. Its secondary act arranges these ultimate elements, so as
to constitute species of organized beings.

2. Specific dijfef-enccs exist, primarily, in the living principle only. About ninety
thousand ascertained species of vegetables, consist essentially of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen; rarely with the addition of nitrogen. When a species decays, (for example
the oak tree,) and the seed ot a totally ditferent species falls among its ruins, (for ex-
ample the lily,) some of the same individual atoms which constituted the oak, will
now constitute the lily. A successive series of individuals of the same species of
living principle which gave form to the hyacinth, cultivated by Eve, in Eden, may have
bt'en employed in changing into its own form the decaying constituents of the helebore,
the poison hemlock, the palm tree, the cedar of Lebanon, and the pulse of Daniel,
until the present year. VVe are therefore constrained to believe, that we have about
eighty or ninety thousand species of living principles passing from plant to plant, in
a multiplied ratio, through tiie organic vehicle, the seed or sporule.

3. The living principle — the essence of specific differences — is endowed with irri^a-
hitity and appetency. But it is never endowed with provident care, nor a disposition to
contend for rights. Plants, Radiated animals, (as the inhabitants of corols, sponges,
&.C.) and Molluscous animals, (as oysters, snails, &c.) are thus furnished with irrita-
bility and appetency. Their remains are found in the oldest rocks above the prima-
tive; while none of the higher orders of organized beings are found below upper
secondary rocks.*

4. Instinct, supervenes upon the living principle in Articulated animals, (as bees,
lobsters, spiders, &c.,) and Vertebrated animals, (as lizards, snakes, fish, birds, and
land quadrupeds.) Many of their remains are found in the most recent rocks, and stra-
tified banks of clay and sand. Such animals are endowed with provident care, and a
disposition to contend for rights. But no such species can desire, or conceive of a
future state of being after death.

* I do not intend to give any opinion on the controversy respecting trilobites be-
tween Brunguiart and Latreille. The former ranks the trilobites among articulated
animals, and the latter among multivalve mollusci. But Cuvier gives Molluscous
animals a higher place in the animal creation, than the Articulated.

532 PHYSIOLOGY.

5. Intellect supervenes upon instinct and the living principle, in the single species,
Man. His remains liave never been found in any stratifirJ deposit; therefore he was
created after .such depositions were fiiiii'lied. As he is the only species of organized
being on this earth, which is endowed willi intfllect to desire or conceive of a future
life; so it appears from the sacred Scriptures lliut his intellect aluke, will survive
death.

VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.

If soap suds be put into a clearly transparent glass vessel, (a plain decanter is very
suitable,) and tlie breath be forced into it through a pipe or quill, bubbles will be
formed, which lesenible the elementary cellular structure of plants. If the vessel be
porked closely about the pipe, and the liquid be clear and in a small quantity, the
bubbles may be compressed by sufficient force of tlie breath, into polyhedral figures
of various sizes. Though the adjoitiing flattened sides are double, they appear to be
single. Such is also the figure, appearance, and structure of the cellular tissue of
plants. The chief volume of the thick, fieshy parts of plants, is thus constituted;
particularly the ])arenchymous parts of leaves, &c.

If bubbles are elementarily, elongated spheroides, they will become hollow parallel-
epipeds by compression. Thus hubbies may be compressed and so collated as to
resemble the ariangement of bricks in a Wall. If extensively elongated and greatly
compressed, they will form compact elongated parallelepipeds. These may be so
arranged as to give the firm texture of the oak iree, or even of the liguvm rilae.

These bubbles or cellules may be separated in some vegetables, and will become
spheres, or spheroides, by the recovery of their elasticity. This result may be well
illustrated by heaping intialed soap bubbles (l)lown from the bowl of a tobacco pipe)
upon baize with a very long nap. Their compressed adjoining sides (which appear to
be single walls) will recover their spherical lorms, on blowing the bubbles asunder.

Cellular tissue is a connected or interwoven series of cellules, adhering by com-
pressed faces. No visible perforations have been observed in the cellules, though we
have pretty good evidence of the transmission of liquids through them in all direc-
tions. This is the only tissue which is an unuersid conslitiientm all plants. It con-
stitutes the whole of Cryptogamous plants, at least of the lower orders, the parenchy-
mous parts of leaves, pulpy li-uits, »V:c.

Spiral Vessels consist of a tissue produced by the adhesion of* cellules in more or
less of a fibrous form, and coiled or twisted spirally so as to form cylinders. They
are found in medullary sheaths; (that is, the thin, hollow cylinder surrounding the
pith;) also around the centre in all branches, and in veins of leaves. But they are
never found in parts which are produced by the descent of deposited matter; conse-
quently are npt fbuiid in bark, or outer layers of wowd or roots.

Spiral vessels are never found in the lower orders ofCryptogamia. Therefore cryy-
(ogamous plants are called Ce/Z«Zores, and phenognmovs phnis are called Vusculurcs.
Spiral vessels jnay be seen by breaking the stem of stellaria media, and pulling the
parts asunder; also strawberry petioles, young sprouts of numerous shrubs, &c.

Fibre, or Woouy fikbe, consists of a tissue of elongated tubes, or of dense fibre,
perhaps always tapering to each end. Always imperforate to the eye. It is found
among parenchyma; and gives strength to vegetable fabric.

Ducts or air vessels, are transparent tubes, marked with dots, bars, or transverse
streaks. Sometimes they ajjpear like spiral vesssels: but they have rings instead of
spires.

Intercellular passages, are small spaces between cellules. Siomata are little oval
mouths between the sides of cells, opening into intercellular passages. ,

SEED.

The specific characteristics of the living principle seem first to exert their energies
in the seed. And as it is the organ upon whose structure are Ibunded the most im-
portant distinctions in Natural Clasification, it demands the student's first attention,
when entering upon the study of Vegetable Physiology or Natural Orders.

The seed consists of integument, albumen and embryo. Sometimes the albumen is
wanting; as in the bean. In such cases the thick cotyledons are parts of the embryo,
and expand into what are called cotyledonous leaves. Integument is always present;
pjLcepting that the seeds of Conifeiae (as pines, junipers or cedars, cypresses, &c.)

I'HYSIOLOGY. 533

iiidof Cycadeae. (as the eago plants, are totally destitute of any covering, but the

"uticle. Tiiese are the Achitospermae.*
The KMBRY ois divided into radicle, tiie part becoming the root, cotyledons, the parts
ecoiniiig peculiar succulent leaves, jjumula the ascending part (often shooting up
i-oni between the cotyledons) which become developed into stem, leaves fructiticalion,
cc. Albumen often embraces the embryo, or holds it in a depression on one side; as

the Indian corn. In most graminious plants, albumen forms a large proportion of the

seed.
The student cannot be made to understand seeds without producing germination,

and then watching its progress through all the early stages of growth. See figures and

descriptions, back of p. 33.

ROOT.

The radical of the seed extends downwards and becomes a root. It divides into
branches and firbes; at the extremities of which are bundles of ducts, adapted to the
absorption of nutiiment. These ducts seem to be endowed with the power of decom-
pq|ition; as carbon is certaiidy obtained from carbonic acid gas. Students should
watc|i tli^progress of germination and growth of seeds planted in pure pounded
~ * ^ass, so placed in a suitable vessel, that nothing but puie water and atmos-
Jiave access to them. They will then see that the chief volume of
Ts^carbon, which must have been obtained from a decomposition of tjie car-
raoidgas, which floats in the atmosphere. Spiral vessels, pith, slomata, and
,'not in roots. The bulbs of lilies, onions. &c., are not roots; but their fibrils
are the roo%.

STEM.

Leaf-buds elongate upwards into stems, after tiie plant is so far advanced as to pro-
duce buds. In truth, buds of a tree may be considered as distinct individuals, in-
habiting, and drawing support from the samegenernl substratum or reservoir of food.

The depositions of matter, causing the increase of volume in vegetables, are made
■on two general principles; depending on the distinctions peculiar to Monocotyledon-
ous and Dicotyledonous plants. In ftlonocotyledonous sleii|s, (for example the stalk
of Indian corn) the matter of increase is added at the centre. Hence such plants are
called Endogynous. In Dicotyledpnous stenis, (for example the bole of the poplar
tree,) the matter of increase is added to the outside of the wood or other solid part,
inside of the bark. Hence siicll^ants are cijled Exogenous. In the latter case the
addition or deposited matter appears just under the bark in the form of mucilage,
called camb, (catnlnm) which at the decline of the year becomes indurated and divides
into two concentric hollow cylinders; inner one thick, forming a new outer circle of
wood; the outer one thin, forming a new inner circle of the bark..

Exogenous plants, as elder, oak, &c., have their stems made up of Pith, Medullary
sheath. Medullary rays. Wood, Cambium, Bark, Cellular integument, and Cuticle.

Pith, the well known central spongy column.

Medullary sheath, is the immediate cylindrical sheath Surrounding the pith; it con-
sists of spiral vessels and ducts for carrying up the sap or other fluids. From this
sheath, rays issue, which are called:

Medullary rays, or silver grain. They are vertical sheets, plates, or radiating lamel-
lar organs, whose innei- edges are connected with the Medullary sheath, and whose
outer edges extend annually through the last woody deposit (indurated cambium.)
The stump of an oak tree, after the tree has been cut off about a year, exhibits the
silver grain in a beautifully radiated manner. They, being less subject to the action
of air and rain than the common wood, exhibit themselves distinctly marked by their
silvery lustre.

Wooo consists of concentric hollow cylinders, outside of the medullary sheath, and
inside of the bark. The annual deposits of cambium, become woody fibres, which
constitute the continuous descending axis of buds; therefore the number of concen-
tric layers indicates the age of a tree, Alc. The outer and most irrilible layers are
called S(y/^-?t'oo^/, or alburnum: the inner and more matured layers are called /(ea/■^^ooorf.

Camb, cambium, is deposited by the return of sap downwards. This may be de-
monstrated bj inspection. Therefore we say, the sap goes up near the pith, and goes

* a, without, chiton, tunic, sperma, seed.

534 PHYSIOLOGY.

down between the cuticle and heart-wood. It is supposed that the sap must be ex-
posed to the atmosphere in leaves or other delicate herbage fas the stems of dodder)
before it is in a situation for vegatable deposits. In this respect it is analagous to
animal blood becoming modified in the lungs, by alternate inhalations of aii.

Bark consists of a strong inner lajer, or hark proper; an outer thin almost lifeless
membrane, called cuticle; and a loose green (generally) envelope between the cuticle
and bark, called cellular integument.

Woody layers being annually deposited under the bark, the early wood becomes
widely separated from the bark after several years.

It is on ti)is account that those trees which long retain their expanding cuticles,
present to our land surveyors those paradoxical magic-like marks. A beech tree,' for
example, if lettered or figured vjii\\ a board-marker, will present these marks twenty
or thirty years afterwards, both on the cuticle, and on the wood, of the year when
marked; while the intervening layers are sound and without a scar. These inter-
posed woody layers, originating in mucilage annually deposited between the bark and
wood, gradually separate the marked bark and cuticle from the marked wood, while
they grow between these marks and become continuous.

BUDS.

The same buds may become leaves, stems, and branches: or
fitamens and pistils. Experienced gardeners can readily distinguish leaf-biil
flower buds; and these buds will not interchange under ordinary circumstances,
from most careful and profound investigations, ujade by learned and paUent
ralists, it seems to be demonstrated, tliat the elements of flowers and frint, may be
traced to a leaf-bud. A bud (truly a leaf-bud. and so pronounced by the eye of
experience,) may become developed into a branch bearing leaves in whorls, alterna-
tions, or scattered. Or the lower whorls of leaves may have become sejjals (distinct
or united;) the next petals; the next slainens; and the end of the branch may have
become the germ, style and stigma of tJie pistd. In most calyxes, corols, and
stamens, we can discover alternations in their divisions. The great difference in the
course of developement seems to be, in the elongation of the axis. When the axis
is a branch, it may be elongated to the measure of several feet. When the axis is
merely the receptacle of<Si ilower, and the pistil, its elongation may be limited to the
fourth, or even sixteenth of an inch.

Some buds are formed under ground, as of tulips; but regular ones are produced in
tiie axils of leaves. ^

Stinted buds •often become thorns. %Some plamB are remarkably subject to the
process of stinting buds, as most species of Crataegus, some species of Prunus, and a
few of the Pyrus.

LEAVES.

Regular leaves never grow out, side by side. The alternate position along oppo-
site sides, seems to be the real nornial, ])rinciple of arrangement, towards which all
other positions tend. Thongli we find them o])posite and in v.diorls, our best physio-
logists ascribe this to the unequal developement (to which some plants are habitually
subject) of the inlernodes of tlie axis.

The leaves of exogenous (dicotyledonous) plants derive their spiral vessels from the
medullary sheath, which the structure of the ribs and veins greatly resemble. The
cellular integument and cuticle of the leaf is derived from that of the stem; and
becomes more or less expanded and attenuated. The veins of exogenous leaves
branch off in various directions among the substance of the disk (made up of cellular-
integument and cuticle) called parenchyma. ' :

The leaves of endogynous plants (monocotyledonous) /.derive their spiral vessels
from bundles, diverging off as a subdivision of the general quantity of bundles con-
stituting the whole culm, which the structure of the veins greatly resembles. Their
veins mostly extend from the base of the petiole to the apex, or to a kind of cord or
edging which carries them on, in an united state, to the apex.

The petioles of some leaves become spiral climbers, as of the Clematis. In many
cases the leaf does not expand into a disk: but becomes two or more (rarely one)
branches of a climber, called a tendril, as grapes and peas. Sometimes the petiole
spreads into an enornious cup, as that of the Sarracenia, (side-saddle.) This cup is
called an ascidium, (bottle-leaf.) (Greek, ashus, the leathern bottle ol" the ancients,
idios, peculiar or particular kind.)

PHYSIOLOGY. 535

APPENDAGES TO DEFINITE ORGANS.

Stipules are rudimentary leaves and sometimes are transformed into real leaves,
with buds in tlieir axils. They are gen'erally appendages attached to the bases of
leaves; as of rose-leaves.

Bracts (often called floral leaves) are generally near the origin of a flower and at
lirst surrounding or adjoining it. Bracts are at a small distance below the calyx,
when present- The cliaffs or husks of grass and corn, are strictly bracts; but in
tlescri[)tions they are treated as equivalent to calyxes and corols.

Thorn, an'abortive indurated bud fixed on tiie wood.

Prickle, arises from tlie bark by expansions in minute spots.

Hairs, arise in the same manner; sometimes they yield an acrid liquid by compres-
sion; as of the nettle. ^

Gland, a roundish (generally minute) appendage on various organs of some plants.

Tendril, a filiform appendage by which some climbing plants support their position.

INFLORESCENCE.

The form of any one kind of inflorescence depends on the developement of the
flower-bud from which it is produced. The form of developement commences in the
very axil from whence tiie flower-buds originate. Numerous latent budlets are sub-
jected to the developing energies of tiie plant at the same time. If the general axis
is duly elongated with lateral pedicels, a ruccJiie is produced; as of the currant. If no
pedicels are developed it becomes a spike.' If lateral peduncles are considerably elon-
gated and sub-divided, il becomes a panicle. If branches are slightly developed in a
radiated form, a head is produced. But if these radiated branches are more exten-
sively developed, an vnihel appears. If the branches of the un)bel are unequally sub-
divided, a ajmc is made; or a corymb, if the branches are at different distances along
tlie axis.

CALYXES AND COROLS.

These organs, called floral envelopes, are modifications of whorls of leaves, as
mentioned under buds. There is generally a calyx and corol to a flower; and by
careful examination we find them to be made up of segments (united or separated) so
arranged that those of the calyx and corol alternate with each other.

In descriptions the cabjx is said to be monopbyllus (one-leaved) or polyphyllous
(many-leaved) — more recent authors say monnsepulovs a.nd pultjscpalous.

The corol in descriptions is said to be monopetalous (one-petalled) polypetalous
(many i)etalled.) Particular names are used also. All of which are defined in the an-
nexed dictionary.

STAMENS.

We will proceed on the hypothesis (perhaps it may be called an established phy-
siological principle) that the receptacle, terminated by the pistil, is but a different
developement of a branch as an axis issuing from a leaf-bud; and the calyx and corol
are but different developements of leaves along said axis. We shall thus be led to
consider the stamens as an analagous, but different, developement of a whorl of leaves
next above those forming the petals. The language of Lindley is most appropriate.
'•There are many instances, (as the pond-lily, Nyjnphaea,) in which no limits can be
traced between the petals and stamens. In such cases it is found that the limb of
the petal contracts and becomes an anther, while the claw (unguis) assumes the state
of a filament. Now as there are no fixed limits between the petals and sepals,
(calyx leaves,) nor between sepals and bracts, nor between bracts and leaves, it fol-
lows that the stamens are also modifications of leaves. And as the limb of a petal is
analagous to the lamina (or broad disk) of a leaf, and the claw is analagous to the
petiole, it also follows that the anther is a modification of the lamina of a leaf, and
the filament is a modification of the petiole.

'' Stamens follow the same laws of successive development as leaves, and conse-
quently, if their arrangement bo normal, (in exact accordance with the governing
elementary law of arrangement in that particular species,) they will be either equal
in number to the petals, and alternate with them; or, if not the same, some regular
multiple or divisoi of the petals. If they are twice the number of petals, two whorls
are supposed to be developed into stamens," with a very small elongation of the axis.
If they are but half the number, two whorls are supposed to be developed into petals.

536 PHYSIOLOGV.

" All deviations from these laws are ascribed to the abortion of some part of the
organs. When the stamens do not contract any union with the sides of the calyx,
they are hypogynoiis ; when they do contract such adhpsion, tiiey are perigynous. If
they are united both witii the surface of the calyx and the germ, they are epigynous."

Parts of Stamens.

Stamen is divided inio filament, (often wanting,) which supports the anther. The
anther is a kind of capsular knob, mostly at the end of the filament-*''''»/ays present
in a species. It contains a mealy or glutinous substance, called polU.f.,

PISTIL.

The pistil is a metamorphosis or modificatign of a single leaf, or one or more'
whorls of leaves. The germ or ovarim is the base of the enfoled lamina of a leaf or
leaves; Ihe style is an elongated midrib of a leaf; the stigma is the naked, secreting,
humid apex of the midrib. The germ (ovarium) includes the c«rpc//« with inclosed
ovula, when all are present. An ovula is a rudiment of the smallest subdivision of
the fruit, embracing an unperfecled seed, oi more than one. Carpella are, formed of
folded edges of leaves, wiiose margins develope by the melamorphosis of cellular
tissue into granulations, becoming a substance called jilucenta, more or less fleshy;
from which the carpella, including the ovul^, (seedling germs,) always grow, fastened
by a funicule.

Note. A few principles relating K) fruit are made here, as required by order of suc-
cession; but this subject must be studied, with figures, in the first part of this book.

Fruit is the ripened germ (ovarium.. ) It consists of a pericarp, perisperm or tegu-
ment, and seed, in most cases, as the apple. Many are destitute of what is generally
called pericarp, as Indian corn and mint. Some few are destitute of the perisperm
also; having no covering but the cuticle, as the pines, junipers, and yews.

Illustrations of the germ, (ovarium) in its progress to the state of ripened fruit.

1. Take two ripened apples, which have not approached decay, or a tender, mealy
state. Consider them as enlarged germs. Split one of them vertical!}-. Observe,
that from the stem up to the place of the seeds, there is a kind of so. id axis, which is
an elongation of the receptacle, now enveloped by the thickened parenchyma of the
germ.

2. Observe, that from the permanent calyx at the top of the split apple, to the place
of the seeds, there is also a kind of solid axis. This is the base of the style, also en-
veloped by the thickened parenchyma.

3. Now cut the other apple transversely (crosswise) about one third of the distance
from the top towards the base. Here will be seen 5 cells containing seeds, each cell
lined with valves. The cells will exhibit seeds of a wedge-ovate compressed form,
■with thick ends pointing obliquely upwards: and taper ends below attached by a
long raphe to placenta, (one to each cell.) These cells are five carpellae: the 2-
valvelike sides of each, being the condu plicate sides of a leaf; with dehiscent neutral
edges where the seeds are attached to thin placenta.

4. Now cut a seed tra-nsverselj'. It will be seen that the real seed is while, and
now covered with its brown leathery covering. This i^ truly ihe perisperm. While
the petals still remained, and while the apple was called a germ, the rudiment of
both this brown perisperm and white seed was called ovula, and this white seed, con>-
sidered separately, was the milky nucleus with its tunic.

After thoroughly examining several apples in this manner, all kinds of fruit may be
investigated with facility. For example: the common pea has its pericarp (pod)
which was a germ with all its rudimentary contents. The seed with its present testa,
were its ovula. Considerable aid may be received from accurately figuied examples,
while we are axamising specimens. But figures alone will never convey very ac-
curate instruction, without frequent comparisons.

This brings us to the seed, with which we commenced; and thus completes the circle.
Though the descriptions are short, and embrace nothing in datail; sufficient is given
for starting the student in the right course. Those who wish to pursue the subject of
vegetable physiology extensively, are referred to the writings of Lindley — particularly

PHVSIOLOGV. 537

his introduction to the Natural Method, and his introduction to Botany. His Ladies'
Botany would be well enough for an ordinary writer; but it is quite beneath /timsc^'.

REPRODUCTIOx>r OF CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

The student should give some attention to the reproduction of plants, wherein the
stamens and pistils have no agency: or where their agency has not hitherto been de-
tected. These are tlie natural Families denominated F'dices (ferns^ as brakes, poly-
pods, maidf-uliair.) They grow cliieHy^, on the earth, in places highly elevated or
cool and damp.'-^'lVIt'sci (mosses, an^ejialic mosses called liverworts.) These grow
cliiedy on tre^snh ancient forests, or, hi damp shady places on the earth. Lichenes
(lichens.) They are wholly confined to dry situations in free air; but in such situa-
tions they are tisund from the equator to the polar regions. They are in the form of
crusty, leathery, woody patches, (sometimes fibrous and branching) on stones and
trees, old fences, «S;c., in almost all places. Ai.gae, (seaweeds, frogspittle, green-
Wiair. ) They are found in wet situations, also in clear water. Fungi, (mushrooms,
puff-balls, mould, mildew, smut.) These abound in all parts of the habitable world.
They are found on the earth, rotten wood, decaying vegetables of every kind; on
hread and other domestic food; on leather, cloth, and almost every thing capable of
becoming moderately moistened, after it has been thus exposed for a short period.

The following extract from Lindley's articJe on their reproduction and increase^
will be sufficient for our present purpose. The description of the Natural Orders,
which succeeds this article, will give a mome enlarged view of the systematic position
of these much neglected productions of nature.

[Extracts from Llndley's outline of the First Principles of Botany.]

Ferns are increased by little bodies called sporules, inclosed within cases, named
tliecae, whkh often grow in clusters or sori, from the veins of the under sides of the
leaves, or'from beneath the fcuticle. Tiie latter, when it incloses the tlirxae, is termed
iwiusiuin. The iiidusium separates from the leaf in various ways, in consequence of
the growth of the ihecac beneath it. The thsciic have frequently a stalk which passes
up one side, and finally, curving with their curvature, disappears on the opposite
side. Tlie part, where the stalk of the thecnc is united With its side, is called the
annu/us. These lliecae may be considered minute leaves, having the same gyrate
mode of developement as the ordinary leaves of the tribe. Their stalk, the petiolej
tiie aiinulus, the midrib, and the t/iecac itself, the lamina, have their edges united.
They would therefore, be analogous to carpella, if it appeared that they were
infiuenced by the action of any vivifying matter, equivalent to the pollen.

Mosses, are increased by sporules, contained within an tirn or iJiecae, placed at the
apex of a stalk or seta, bearing on its summit a kind of loose hood, called a calypire,
and closed by a lid or operailiun. The inside of the thcca has a central axis or colu-
iifella, and the orifice beneath the operculum is closed by teeth-like process, or a
membrane, called the peristomium. The number of the teeth of the peristomium, is
always some multiple of four. The aili/ptra originally grew from the bases of the
^taik; but when the stalk elongated, the calqplra was torn away from its base, and
carried up, surrounding the tliecae. The calyptra. may be understood to be a convo-
lute leaf; the npcrrulum another; peristomium, the one or more whorls of minute, Hat
leaves; and the tliecae itself to be the excavated distended apex of the stalk, tlfe eel;
lular substance of wbich separates in the form o? sporules. There are also in mosses'
organs, called anthers \)y, some, which do not apear analagous to the stamina of*
llovvering plants; and the nature of which has not bepn demonstrated.

Lichens are propigated by sporules, included within little membranous cases, which
lie within a denuded portion ©f Iheir own central substance, called the scutetlum^
apothecinm, or shield.

Algae increase by sporules, which are usually formed by a separation of cellular
tissue, within the substance of the plants themselves.

FcNGi have a similar mode of propagation. In some of the most highly developed
of the tribe, the part in which the sporules lie, is distinct in appearance from the rest,
and called the hjmenium..

68

539

NATURAL METHOD OF ARRANGEMENT.

Preceding the 33d pa^e, where the descriptions of Genera and Species of plants
commence, the genera will be found arranged under the Natural Orders, which are
classified in the following system. But these orders are there inserted, as sub-divi-
sions of the Old Centigrade of Jussieu. They are referred to by Jussieu's numbers,
and Lindley's names. From that arrangement they will be referred to the fallowing
arrangement; which is according to Lindley's improvements of 1835 — received since
the seventh edition of the Alanual of Botany was published. Jussieu's mnnhers are
prefixed to Lindley's orders, throughout the following arrangement. I adopt Lind-
ley's plan almost servilely; partly because it is approved by a most competent bota-
nist, who has faithfully studied American plants by it.

By this method, plants are distributed into — 1. Cr.ASSF.s, (or Grand Divisions;)
2. Sub-classes; 3. Groups; 4. Alliances; 5. Orders; 6. Genera; 7. Species. In
this condensed view, the arrangement is continued no lower than the Orders.*

At the very outset of his system, Lindley says: " There is no such thing as an
arrangement which shall express the natural relations of plants in a. consecutive series."
But it appears to me, that he has done much towards effecting that very desirable
object.

CLASSES ARE THREE.

CLASS L DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS. Seeds with two lobes
(cotyledons) to each, as the pea, apple-seed, peach-meat, walnut. The stalks,
trunks, vines, branches, &c., encrease their growth outside; but inside of the bark.
This is effected by the induration of the mucilage or cambium, which is secreted and
deposited b 'tween the wood and bark. Their tissue (or ultimate organic spherules)
is vascular and spiial. The leaves are net-veined. The floral oigans manifest a
tendency to the number five, or some multiple of five; as the five petals of cherry
flowers, the five cells of apples, the ten divisions of the calyx of a strawberry
flower, the twenty stamens of a peach (lower.

This class embraces much the largest proportion of flowering species; and their
organization is the most complicated. It may be well to carrj'our views, in this par-
ticular, to these vertebralcd animals which are the most complicated, as quadrupeds
and man; whose hands and feet terminate in five phalanges. We may observe the
same tendency in polij/ji, which inhabit coral rocks, star-fish, &c.

Plants of this class are reproduced from dicotyledonous seeds. Their seeds have
a kind of tegument, or double tunic, outside of their cuticles; with but few excep-
tions. The exceptions are pines, yew trees, cedars, and sago plants, (Cijcas.)
These may be called Achiluspcrmous.

Remark. It is very absurd to call them Chjmnospermae, according to some; for this
term has been applied for a century to the absence of a pericarp; whether the seed
had Wildenow's tunic or not. Ackitospcnnac is more appropriate, and does not in-
volve the absurdity of changing the meaning of a long established and necessary
term. The letter a, (in composition) without, achilon, tunic or shirt, sperma, seed.
Gr.

* See the enumeration of the genera, under each order, which precedes p. 33.

540 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT.

CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS, or ENDOGENOUS. Seeds with one
lobe to each; as wheat, Indian corn, oats, barley, meadow grass, Hly seed, asparagus
seed, plantain seed, orchis seed, »&c. The stalk or culm increases its growth by
additions at its centre, which stretch its bark, or outside envelope. Tlie tissue is
vascular and spiral. Leaves parallel veined, or rather lateral veined, not netted; as
the plantain leaf, corn leaf, onion leaf, wild turnip leaf, tulip leaf, cat-tail leaf, «&c.
The floral organs exhibit a tendency to the number three, or some multiple of three;
as the three stamens of all proper grasses, the .six stamens of the onion, the three
stamens and three stigmas of the iris, the six petals and stamens of lilies, tulips, and
hyacinths.

Seeds are necessary to the reproduction of the species. But there are a few strange
plants of torrid or southern districts, which are semi-cryptogamous. They are
propagated by a grumous fungioidal seed or sporule. They are arranged under the
name Rhizantheae (Gr. riza, root, uiithos, flower.)

CLASS in. ACOTYLEDONOUS, or ACROGENOUS. They have no coty-
ledons; but are reproduced from sporules. They increase their growth, mostly, from
their tops or ends. Their tissue is cellular. Leaves with forked veins, or none.
Floral organs none, or scarcely analagous to those of flowering plants. Such as
mushrooms, sea-weeds, mould, lichens, mosses, and puff-balls.

CLASS FIRST.

DICOTYLEDONOUS, OR EXOGENOUS,

IS DIVIDED INTO THREE SCB-CLASSES. *

S. C. 1st. PoLYPET^vLAE. Having distinct petals, as the rose, pink, strawberry,
locust tree, violet. Some have the edges of their petals cohering; but, in such cases,
they are scarcely joined at their bases.

S. C. 2d. Incomfletae. Without petals, or whose floral envelopes are herbaceous,
and imperfectly developed. The calyx is generally but little developed, or is wanting.
As nettles, walnut trees, oak, elm, willow, sassafras, pigrweed, wild ginger, buck-
wheat.

S. C. 3d. MoNOPF.TAi.AE. Having but one petal, or rather having their incipient
petals united into a tube or ring at tiie base: as mullein, currant, morning glrfry,
florets of sunflowers, catnip, potatoe. The style of a monopetalous flower is scarcely
ever divided.

I. POLYPETALOUS SUB-CLASS.

First. Albuminous Group ok Alliances. Embryo of the seed shorter and smaller
than the albumen.

1st Alliance. Ranales. Herbaceous: carpels single, or if several they are separable.
If united, they have partitions (parietal) arising from the placenta, or the substance
on which they are based.

Q\. Ranunculaccae. Floral envelopes in threes or fives. Sap transparent. Anthers
bursting wilii longitudinal slits: carpella simple distinct: ]eaves sheathing: seeds
without arils, embryo minute, albumen solid, hard, (crow-foot, virgin bower, colum-

62. Podtiphyllca. Polypetalous: anthers bursting by longitudinal slits; carpella
simple solitary: leaves without stipules: seed without arils, indefinite, attached to a
lateral placenta: embryo small, at the base of fleshy albumen, (mandrake.)

62. Fapaveraceob. Floial envelopes in threes or fours. Sap usually milky. Car-
pella" concrete; germ 1-celled: placenta narrow parietal; calyx in 2 parts; corol
reo-ular. Seed's numerous; albumen fleshy or oily; embryo minute, straight at the
base of'the albumen, plano-convex cotyledons, (poppy, blood-root.)

93. Fitmariactic. Stamens diadelphous, definite: carpella concrete: germ oner
celled, narrow parietal placentae: con.l irregular, (fumitory.)

62. Nipnplnmrea. Embryo enclosed in a vitellus. Floaters. Carpella concrete:
germ many-celled. Seeds very numerous, attached to spongy dissepiments, and

*The second and third classes are not divided into sub-classes.

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 541

enveloped in a gelatinous arillus. Albumen farinaceous; embryo small, on the outside
of the base of the albumen, enclosed in a membranaceous bag: cotyledons foliaceous.
(pond l.ly.)

62. Ndmahonea. Ovaries concealed in a flesiiy receptacle. Floaters. Polypeta-
lous; carpella simple, distinct, immersed in a tlesliy seed-bed: seeds solitary or rarely
2: albumen none; embryo large with two flesliy cotyledons and a iiighly developed
plumula, enclosed in its proper jnembrane; leaves lloating. (sacred bean.)

2d Alliance. Anonnlcs. Apocarpous, woody plants.

75. MagnoUaccoi. Leaves with stipules, without dots. Polypetalous: stamens with
anthers bursting by longitudinal slils: carpellae numerous, distinct, simple: leaves
stipuled, not doited, (wiiile wood, swamp laurel/)

75. W'iiilcrca. Leaves with stipules arid transparent dots. Polypetalous: stamens
with anthers bursting by longitudinal slits: carpella distinct, simple: leaves stipuled
with transparent dots.

76. AnunacetE. Flowers perfect, three-parted; stamens usually distinct. Polype-
talous: anthers bursting by longitudinal slits: carpellae numerous, simple, distinct,
(custard apple.)

3d Alliance. Umbellales. Flowers epigynous, in umbels: stamens usually hollow.

60. UmbelUferea. Carpellae two, concrete; germ didymous, inferior: ovula pendu-
lous: leaves siieatliing at the base: fruit consists of two carpella (little fruit) separable
at their joining sides (called commissure;) each is traversed by elevated ridges, (often
appear ratlier to be wings;) ihe ridges are separated by cliannels; below these are
tillets consisting of colored oily matter, a linear form, in tlie very substance of the
fruit. Seeds pendulous, usually adhering firmly to their covering tegument; embryo
minute, at the base of abundant horny albumen; radicle pointing to the hilum.
(fennel, carrot, parsnip, aiigehca, poison hemlock.)

59. Aridiucem. Polypetalous; carpellae more than two, concrete: germ inferior,
with several cells; ovula solitary, pendulous; leaves sheathing at the base: dowers
umbellate; embryo in the base of a fleshy albumen, (spikenard, ginseng.) ■

4th Alliance. Grossales. Flowers epigynous, in racemes. Stems solid.

85. Grossularia. Placentae parietal. Polypetalous: stamens 5: carpellae concrete:
ge»m inferior, 1-celled, parietal placentae: fruit berry; petals distinct, (gooseberry,
currant.)

oth Alliance. Bcrhcralcs. Apocarpons: valves of the anthers curved backwards.
78. BcrberidccB. Polypetalous: stamens opposite to petals with anthers opening
with lecurved valves: carpella simple, single: dye yellow, (barberry, poppoose-root.)

6lh Alliance. Pittosporales. Syncocarpous, with hypogenous stamens, and the
placenta in the centre of the fruit. .

72. l^itcs. Fruit •2-celled, seeds few. Polypetalous: stamens definite: carpella
concrete: germ 1-celled, entire; flowers regular: ovules definite erect; stem with ten-
drils opposite the leaves: sugary, (grflpe, creeper.)

62. Sarractnicce. Stigma leafy, peltate. Polypetalous: stamens indefinite, distinct;
carpella concrete; germ of several cells withi{)lacenta in the axis; calyx regular with
imbricate aestivation, and a peltate petaloid permanent stigma, (side-saddle lily.)

Second. Epigynose Group of Alliances. Ovary infeiior, usually having an
epigynous disk.

1st Alliance. Onngrales. Estivation not valvate: placenta central; every part of
the flower some multiple of two.

88. OnusTtiriiB. Polypetalous: stamens definite: carpella concrete; germ inferior,
many-celled: ovula indefinite: calyx of 4 divisions, anthers roundish, erect, (willow-
herb, gaura.)

88. Circace(B. Polypetalous: stamens definite: concrete carpella: germ inferior,
2-celled: ovules definite erect, (enchanter's night-shade.)

88. Hnlnriinece. Polypetalous: stain ms definite: carpella concrete: germ inferior
with definite pendulous ovula: embrj'o in tlie midst of fleshy albumen, (mermaid-
weed, water-milfoil, hippuris.)

542 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT,

2d Alliance. Mijrtahs. Estivation not ^valvate. Placenta central. Number o
parts of the flower uncertain.

91. Rhizophorca. Stipules between the leaves. Stamens double the number of
petals, carpella concrete: germ inferior, 2-celled; ovules pendulous, (mangrove tree.)

90. Mduslomac.cae.. Stamens bent downwards: leaves three, or more, ribbed.
Polypetalous: stamens definite: carpella concrete; g-erm inferior, many-celled: anther
■ long, indexed: seeds indefinite: leaves ribbed, oppositei (deer-grass, rhexia.)

b9. Mijrtnce.cz. Leaves dotted, with an inlra-marginal vein. Polypetalous: sta-
mens indefinite; carpella conciete: germ inferior, concrete, many-celled: leaves oppo-
site, pellucid dots, (myrtle.)

89. Phlladelphc(B. Leaves not dotted, stamens straight. Polypetalous; stamens
indefinite; carpella concrete: germ inferior, many-celled: anthers lound: ovula inde-
finite, (mock-orange.)

3d Alliance. Cornalcs. Estivations of flowers valvate.

78. HumamelidecE. Leaves with stipules., Polypetalous: stamens twice the number
of tlie petals: carpella concrete: germ inferior, '2-celled, with solitary pendulous
ovules: leaves alternate; calyx valve-like: petals litiear-involute. (witch-hazel.)

58. Lortmlheot. Paiasitical plants, bearing the stamens on the petals. Germ in-
ferior 1-celled: ovulum single, pendulous; stigma naked: stamens opposite to lobes of
corol: seeds solitary, pendulous; testa membranaceous; embryo cylindrical, longer
than the fleshy albumen; radical naked, clavale, superior, (misletoe. )

4th Alliance. Cucurbitahs. Placentae p.arictel.

97. Cuairhilacect. Flowers diclinous. Monopetalous: germ inferior, parietal
placentse: fruit succulent: seeds flat ovate, enveloped in a close arilJus, which may be
juicy or dry; testa coriaceons, with a thickened margin (see pumpion seed) embryo
flat; albumen none; cotyledons foliaceous, veined; radicle next the hilum. (cucum- '
ber, gourd, muekmelon, watermelon, punipkin, squash.)

Luaseae. Flowers with a ring ot abortive stamens.

85. Vdctca. Petals extremely numerous. Polyptalous, succulent: fertile stamens
indefinite: carpella concrete: germ inferior, 1-celled, parietal placentse, fruit-berried:
calyx and corol imbricate, (prickly pear.)

5th Alliance. Ficoidalcs. Petals extremely narrow and numerous.

87. FicoidccR. Succulent: polypetalous: stamens definite; carpella concrete: germ
inferior, many-celled: seeds indefinite, with embryo lying on the outside of albumen,
{fig, ice-plant.) *

Third. Parietose Group of Alliances. Placenta parietal.

1st Alliance. Crudalcs. Embryo curved. Albumen absent.

63. CrunifercB. Polypetalous: stamens tetradynamous: leaves alternate; root mostly
pungent: loot and herbage uvtisrorbniic niidnidritiuus. Seed attached in a single row
by alunicule, to each of the placentae (seed-bases,) arranged along within the silique
or silicle; albumen none; embryo with the ladicle Iblded upon the cotyledons. Her-
bage antiscorbutic, seed stomachic, pungent, (radish, caubage, mus.ard, shepherd-
purse, water-cress.)

64. Cuppuridece. Stamens indefinite. Polypetalous: carpella concrete: germ 1-
eelled, pedicelled: with simple parietal placenta, and continuous enlarged disk; seeds
reniform. (cleome, fetid mustard.)

64. Resedar.ece. Fruit composed of three carpels. Ovules indefinite: germ 1-cel-
led, with a parietal placenta, dehiscent fruit: flowers irregular, partly sterile; embryo
reniform. Tonic, used in dyeing, (mignonette, dyers weed.)

2d Alliance. Violalcs. Stamens few, with no crown to the flower.

80. Vlolaceai. Leaves with stipules. Polypetalous:-stamens definite (5): carpella
concrete: germ one-celled, with nairow parietal placentfe: embryo erect, (violet.)

68. Dronerdccx. Leaves circinate when young. Polypetalous: stamens definite:
carpella concrete; germ 1-celled, with narrow parietal ])lacent8B: divisions of calyx
5: embryo erect: vernation circinate. (veniis' fly-trap, sun-dew. )

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 543

3d Alliance. Passionales. Flowers with a ring or crown of sterile stamens. Peti-
oles generally glanilular.

97. Fussijiorae. Leaves with stipules. Polypetalous: stamens de'finite: filamentous
or membranaceous processes on the tube of the calyx: carpr Ha concrete: germ superior,
1-celled, with parietal^^placenlte: leaves glandular: seeds arilled: seeds attached in
rows to placentae, with a bristle-sculptured tcs^ta .«;urrounded by an arillus: embryo
straight in flesiiy albumen; ladicle turned towards tiie hilum; cotyledons liat, leafy,
(the jassion-flower.)

97. Pajinyaccie. Flowers not having both islamens and pistils. Monopetalous;
fiowers regular, diclinous: germ superior, 1-celled, wilii 5 parietal placentae: seed
enveloped in a loose mucous coat with a brittle pitted testas embryo in the axis of
fleshy albumen: cotyledons flat; radicle terete, turned towaids the hilum. (pawpaw
tree.)

88. Tunieraccce. Stipules absent: ovary sessile; crown 0. Polypetalous: stamens
o or 10: carpella concrete: germ superior, 1-celIed, with 3 parietal placenlae: corol
with a twisted aestivation, (false rock-rose.) ^

Fourth. Calycose Group of Aeliances. Calyx incompletely whorled; two of the
sepals being exterior.

1st Alliance. Guttales. Polyandrous. Albumen absent. Petals equal in num-
her to the sepals.

68. Hijpericinea. Styles several. Seeds numerous. Polypetalous: stamens in-
definite, regular, polyadelphous: carpella concrete: germ many-celled with placentCB
in the axis: calyx irregular with imbricate cestivation: seeds imbricate; yellow resin-
ous juice. (John's-wort, Peter' s"-wort.)

2d Alliance. Theales. Polyandrous. Albumen absent. Petals unequal to the
sepals in number.

70. Ternstromiacece. Stamens adelphous, indefinite, carpella concrete: germ many-
celled with the placentfB in the axis: calyx imbricated, many leaved, (tea, holly-
bay.)

3d Alliance. Acerales. Stamens definite. Flowers unsymmetrical.

C6. AcerinecE. Petals without appendages. Fruit indehiscent, winged, consisting
of two carpels. Polypetalous: stamens definite; calyx imbricatft* carpella concrete:
germ of several cells with placentce in the axis: an imbricated axis: flowers irregular:
ovules erect, definite: petals without appendages: fruit winged, (maple tree, box-
elder.)

65. SapindiacfiCE. Petals having scales in front. Fruit indehiscent, consisting of
3 carpels. A disk. Polypetalous: stamens irregularly arranged on a disk: carpella
concrete: germ many-celled with placenta? in the axis: calyx imbricate: flowers irregu-
lar: with some interior appendages, (heart-seed, Indian soap.)

66. HippocastaneccE, or Aescidacccc. Petals without appendages: fruit dehiscent:
Polypetalous: stamens definite: carpella concrete: germ many-c lied with the pla-
centae in the axis: calyx imbricate: flowers irregular: leaves palmate, (horse-chesnut.)

93. PohjgalecB. Flowers papilionaceous. Stamens definite, in one parcel: carpella
concrete: germ 2-ceIled, with placentae in the axis: flowers irregular: ovules definite,
pendulous: fruit dehiscent, (seneca snake-root, mountain flax. )

4th Alliance. Cistales. Flowers regular, albumen present.

86. EtatinecE. Stamens equal to the number of petals. Polypetalous: stamens
distinct, definite: carpella concrete: germ many-celled, with placentas in axis: calyx
imbricated: flowers regular: seed with straight embryo: stigmas capitate, (mud
purslane.)

S"2. Lineal. Decandrous, without stipules. Polypetalous; stamens definite: car-
pella concrete: germ entire, many-celled, with placentce in the axis: calyx regular,
imbricate: flowers regular: ovules definite, pendulous: stigmas capitate: seeds in
each cell single, compressed, inverted: albumen usually absent; inner lining of the
testa tumid: embryo straight, fleshy, with the radicle pointing towards the hilum;
cotyledons flat, (flax.)

80. CislinecE. Polyandrous: style simple: radical, remote from the hilum. Polype-
talous: stamens indefinite: carpella concrete: germ 1-celled, with narrow parietal
placentse: embryo inverted, (rock rose, plnweed, false heath.

544 NATURAL ARRANGEMEiVT.

Fiftli. Syncarpous Group of Alliances. Carpels compactly united, and disagree-
ing with the four preceding groups, in their essential characters.

1st Alliance. Malvalcs. Estivation of calyx valvate: carpels 4 or more.

74. Malvaceic. Polypetalous: stamens monodelpliou.'!, with 1 -celled anthers: car-
pella concrete: germ many-celled: the placentiE in the axis: caiy.x wilh valvate aesti-
vation: anthers 1-celled, 'bursting longitudinally; no disk: 6eeds sometimes hairy;
albumen none, oi in exceedingly small quantity; embryo curved, with twisted and
doubled cotyledons, (mallows, "holly hoc'-, tlower-of-an-hour.)

79. Tdiamc. Polypetalous: staniens distinct: carpella concrete: germ many-cell-
ed, with placentas in the axis: caly.T vvilh valvate restivalion: anthers bursting longi-
tudinally: glands between the petals and germ, (bassvvood, lime-tree.)

91. Salicarur, or Lythrace.(Z. Polypetalous: carpeUa concrete: germ superior,
many-celled: calyx tubular, with short teeth, covering the capsule, (swamp willow-
herb, wax bush.) Stamens on a tubular calyx.

2d Alliance. McUnks. Estivation of calyx imbricated: carpels four or more.

71. McliacecB. Polypetalous: stamens definite, combined in a long tube: carpella
concrete: germ many-celled, with placentae in thfe axis: calyx imbricate: flowers
symmetrical: embryo of the seed straight, wingless: anthers sub-sessile, (bead-
tree.)

71. Cedrelea. Somewhat monadelphous. Polypetalous: stamens definite, com-
bined in a tube: carpella concrete: germ many-celled, with placentae in the axis:
calyx imbricated: flowers symmetrical: seeds winged: embryo strait: anthers sub-
sessile, (mahogany.)

70. Auranddcca:. Polypetalous: stamens definite: carpella concrete: germ many-
celled, entire: flowers symmetrical: ovules definite, pendulous: style single: fruit
pulpy without: woody axis (core:) seed without albumen: leaves doited, (orange,
lemon.)

3d Alliance. Rhamnales. Estivation of calyx valvate: carpels fewer than four.

95. RhamnecE. Stamens opposite to the petals. Petals cucullate: germ superior,
(buckthorn, new jersey tea.)

4th Alliance. Eiiphorbiales. Estivation of the [calyx imbricated; carpels fewer
than four.

9G. Eupkorhiacecc. Apetalons: ovules definite, suspended: fruit 3-cel!ed, 3-seeded:
flowers diclinous: embryo in the midst of oily albumen: cotyledons Hat; radicle'
superior, (spurge, caper, castor-oil plant, box.)

9.0. Celtisiritiece. Flowers perfect: petals distinct. Carpella concrete: germ supe-
rior, disk fleshy: leaves without stipules, (false bitter-sweet, burning-bush.)

95. St.uphyUacecc. Leaves compound, with common and 'jarlial stipules. Germ
.superior, many-celled, surrounded by a fleshy disk, (bladder-nut.)

5th Alliance. Silmahs. Embryo rolled round mealy albumen; or herbs wilh
leaves having turned joints.

86. Portulaccccc. Sepals two. Polypetalous; stamens not symmetrical: carpella
concrete: germ 1-celled: stamens double the petals in number: seeds without peri-
carp; embryo curved around the albumen, (purslane, spring beauty.)

62. Curynjiliyllece. Scltnacccc, or Alsinacae. Sepals united or distinct, 4 or 5 in
number. Stamens definite: carpellae concrete: germ with placentae in the axis: calyx
imbricated: flowers regular: embryo of the seed coiled round mealy albumen: leaves
with herbaceous stems, (pink, soap-wort, sand- wort, catch H}', carpet- weed. )

30. Illeccbrccc. Leaves with stipules. Polypetalous: stamens opposite the' divi-
sions of the calyx; petals minute, or wanting: carpella concrete; germ 1-celled:
leaves with scarious stipules, (forked duckweed.)

Sixth. Gynobaseose Group of Alliances. Carpels not excefeding five, diverge
ing at the base, arranged in a single row around an elevated axis or gynobase. Sta-
mens usually separate from the calyx (or hypogynous.)

1st Alliance. Ruiales. Style single: leaves dotted.

81. Riitacerc. Stipules none. Polypetalous: stamens definite: carpella concrete:
germ entire, rnany-celled: calyx imbricated: flowers monoclinous, regular: fruit cap-
sular, (rue.)

NATURAL ARRANGKMENt. 545

81. ZygophjLLiue. Leaves opposite. Stipules. Polypetaloiis: stamens definite:
carpella. concrete: germ entire, many celleil: calyx imbricate: flowers re<rular: ovules
pendulous: stamens arisinjj from scales.

94. Zant/ioj-ijlnc. Diclinous. Stamens definite: carpella concrete: caly.>c imbricate:
ovules pendulous: fruit a drupe, or capsule, (prickly ash, toothache bush.)

2d Alliance. Geruiual.es. Styles distinct— at least near the top: carpels com-
bined.

73. Gcraniacca. Folypetalous: stamens monadelphous: carpella concrete: germ
entire, man3'-celled: caly.x imbricate: flowers symmetrical: ovules pendulou.*, soli-
tary: carpella adhering to a woody axis. Fruit beaked, formed of 5 pieces cohering
around a lengthened, indurated axis, each piece consisting of one cell, containing one
seed, having an arillate covering. Seed solitary, pendulous, without albumen; em-
bryo curved; radicle pointing to the base of the cell; cotyledons, foliaceous, convo-
lute and plaited, (geranium, herb robert, crane-bill.)

73. Baba/necB. Fruit not beaked. Folypetalous: stamens definite: carpella con-
crete: germ 5-celled, with placentse in the axis: calyx imbricated: flowers irregular,
spurred: ovules indefinite; seetw numerous, suspended; albumen none; embryo
straight; radicle superior; cotyledons plano-convex. (balsam-weed, jewel-weed,
touch-me-not.)

73. TropaolecE. Folypetalous: stamens definite, distinct: carpella concrete: germ
3-celled, with placenttB in the axis; calyx imbricate, with one of the divisions spur-
red: flowers irregular: "ovules pendulous: ' seeds large, without albumen; embryo
large; cotyledonsslraiglit, thick, germ single, styles J : capsule covered by the calyx:
seeds numerous, (nasturtion. )

73. Oxalidm. Fruit not beaked. Folypetalous: starnen.s definite, spread or at-
.taclied at the base: carpella concrete: germ many-celled, placentjB in the axis: calyx
imbricate: seeds few, fixed to the axis, enclosed within a fleshy integument, which
curls back when ripe, and scatters the seed; albumen fleshy-cartilaginous; embryo of
the length of the albumen; radicle long, pointing to the hilum and foliaceous coty-
ledons, (wood sorrel.)

Seventh. Apocarpose Group of Alliances. Carpels distinct, separable by their
faces, 01 solitary.

1st Alliance. Rosalcs. Albumen wholly absent.

92. Rosacea. Flowers quite regular. Styles lateral: germs numerous, simple:
stamens regular: seeds definite, with albumen; embryo straight, with a terete, short
radicle, pointing to the hilum; cotyledons flat; albumen becoming obliterated in
ripening, or remaining fleshy: leaves alternate, stipuled. (rose, strawberry, rasp-
berry, avchs root, steeple bush.)

92. Paiitaceic. Stamens indefinite: germs adhering to the calyx: leaves stipuled,
alternate: seeds ascending, solitary, (becoming double arid triple by culture;) albu-
men none; embryo erect; 'cotyledons flattish; radicle short, conical, (apple, thorn,
quitice, shad-hush, thorn-bush, mountain ash.)

92. Ainyi^dulcB. Germ superior, simple, solitary, with a terminal style: stamens

regular, indefinite: fruit drupaceous: seed suspended, without albumen; embryd

straight; radicle pointing to the hilum; cotyledons thick: leaves stipuled, alternate,

' simple. Ahctiys contain pmssic acid. Astringent, febrifuge; seed and leaves ofleti

narcotic, (peach, plumb, cherry, almond.)

92. Sungiiisorbne. Fetals may be called calyx leaves: germs definite, suspended:
calyx tubular, indurated: fruit dehiscent: leaves stipuled, alternate: nut solitary, in-
closed in the tube of the calyx: seed solitary; embryo without albumen; radicle
superior; cotyledons large, plano-convex, (burnet, burnt saxifrage, lady's mantle. )

93. Lesuniinosecp.. I^egume-bearing, with the radicle next the Jiilum. Germs su-
perior, solitary, simple, with a terminal style: stamens definite: fruit leguminous:
seeds attached to the upper suture; embryo either straight, or with the radicle bent
on the cotyledons; albumen none; cotyledons expanding below, or above ground:
leaves stiped, alternate, (pea, indigo, locust tree, peanut, clover.)

92. Cknjsohuhineic, or Mimoseae. Germ superior, solitary; style from its base:
petals and stamens irregular: fruit' drupaceous: leaves stipuled, simple, okernate:
seed mostly solitary, erect; embryo with fleshy cotyledons, and no albumen, (sensa-
tive plant.)

69

546 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT.

92. Cahjcanfhem. Petals very numerous. Stamens definite: divisions of the calyx
numerous, imbricated: germs inclosed in a fleshy tube: seeds suspended, rarely as-
cending; embryo straight: radicle short, terete, pointing to the hilum: cotyledons
flat; albumen becomes almost obliterated in ripening: anthers turned outwards;
leaves opposite, without stipules. (Carolina iiispice.)

2d Alliance. Suxal.cs. Carpels two, diverging: seeds very numerous, with albu-
men.

84. Saxifragem. Leaves alternate. Polypetalous: stamens definite: ovaria adher-
ing more or less to the calyx, and to each other: seeds indefinite: stipules, (saxi-
frage, mitrewort, alum root, grass of parnassus. )

3d. Alliance. Crasziiles. Carpels several: seeds very numerous, with albumen.
83. Crassulaceie.. Polypetalous, succulent: stamens definite: germs superior, dis-
tinct, surrounded, at the base by scales. (Virginia orpine, house leek, liveforever.)

4th Alliance. BaLsamns. Abounding in balsamic juice.

94. Anajridca. Stamens definite; anthers bursting by longitudinal slits: carpella,
distinct, simple: leaves dotted, without stipules: seeds without albumen; cotyledons
fleshy; radicle superior, very short.

94. Anacardiacea:. Germ superior, simple: leaves without dots or stipules, (su-
mach, poison ivy, poison ash.)

II. INCOMPLETE SUB-CLASS.

First. Rectembrose Group of Alliances. Calyx very imperfect: embryo straight.
1st Alliance. Amentales. Flowers in catkins. Carpels several.

99. Ciqndiferecv. Pifitillate flowers surrounded by a cupnlea. Apetalous: ovules
definite, pendulous, 2 or more in each ceil: flowers in aments: ovaria inferior, single,
inclosed in a cup: leaves alternate, stiped, with veins straiglit from the mid-rib'to the
margin: fruit a bony, coriaceous i-celled, nut more or less inclosed in the cup-like in-
volucre or perianth: seed solitary; 'embryo large, with plano-convex, fleshy cotyle-
dons; radicle minute, superior. Trees, (oak, iiazle nut, chesnut, beech.)

99. BehiUnca. Pistilla^flowers in scaly catkins. Aclilamideous: germ 2-celled:
seeds definite, penduloasWlowers in aments: seed pendulous, naked; albumen none;
embryo straight; radicle superior, (alder, hop-hound beam, birch, blue beech.)

2d Alliance. Urticales. Carpels solitary, or several: stems continuous without
sheaths.

98. UriicecB. Leaves rough: anthers bursting longitudinally. Apetalous: ovula
definite: calyx inferior: stipules distinct: fruit a simple indehiscent nut, surrounded
either by a membranous or fleshy calyx: embryo straight curved, or spiral, with or
without albumen; radicle superior, remote from the hilum; cotyledons face to face.
Bark tough, (nettle, hop, hemp.)

98. Artocarpecp. or Moreae. Apetalous, lactescent: flowers in fleshy heads: ovula
definite, suspended: leaves alternate, stiped: seed suspended, solitary; embryo in-
verted; radicle pointing to the hilum, straight; inside or outside of the albumen. The
poison Upas and Caoutohoue tree, are here, (mulberry tree.)

88. CeratophyllecB. Ovula definite, pendulous: flowers solitary: germ 1-celled:
calyx many-parted, (horn-wort. ")

96. Ew/ietrecc. Flowers hypogynous. Apetalous: ovules definite, ascending: calyx
leaves inferior, distinct, -imbricated: stamens distinct: seeds solitary, ascending;
embryo terete, in the axis of a fleshy, watery, albumen; radicle inferior, (black
crow-berry.)

99. MijricecB. Aromatic, with hypogynous flowers. Achlamydeous: germ 1-celled:
ovules erect: embryo naked: flowers amentaceous: seeds solitary, erect; embryo with-
out albumen; cotyledons plano-convex; radicle short, superior, (sweet-fern, bay-
berry.)

94. Jwrlandecc. Semi-balsamic, with epigynous flowers. Trees. Ovules ascend-
ing: flowers in aments: calyx superior: fruit dry-drupaceous, 1-celled: seeds 4-lobed;
embryo of the form of the .seed; no albumen; cotyledons fleshy, 2-!obed, wrinkled;
r? :icle superior, (butter-nut, walnut.)

NATURAL ARRANOEME^fT. 547

3d Alliance. Ulmalcs. Leaves rough, carpels two.

99. Ulmacea. Apetalous: ovula definite, suspended: dowers solitary or loosely
clustered: fruit 2-celled, dehiscent: leaves scabrous, alternate, stipuled: seeds solitary
pendulous; albumen none, or scarcely any; embryo with foliaceous cotyledons; radicle
superior, (elm, nettle tree.)

4th Alliance. Dallscnies. Seeds numerous. Leaves alternate.

9S. Datiscccc. Flowers epigynous. Apetalous: ovules indefinite: germ 1 -celled,
with ])arielal placentae: fruit dehiscent: flowers dioecious: seeds in membranous
reticulated integument; embryo straight; albumen none; radicle turned towards the
hilum. (false hemp, paper mulberry.)

Second. Achlamydose Group of Alliances. Calyx and corol altogether absent.

]st Alliance. Pijieralcs. Flowers in spikes. Apocarpous.

98. SaururecB. Leaves alternate: carpels several. Achlamydeous: (no calyx nor
corol:) carpellse 4: ovules ascending: seeds with a membranaceous integument;
embryo minute, in a fleshy lentiform seed, outside of a hard albumen, remote from
the hilum. (lizard tail. )

98. Piperaceie. Leaves alternate: carpelssolitary. Achlamydeous: germ 1-celled:
ovules erect: embryo enclosed in a sack at the end of the seed opposite the hilum,
outside of the albumen, (pepper.)

2d Alliance. Salicalcs. Flowers in catkins. Apocarpous.

99. Salicivea. Many-seeded. Acldamydeous: 1 or 2-celied ovarium: seeds inde-
finite comose: flowers amentaceous: seeds adhering below, comose; albumen none;
embryo erect; radicle inferior, (willow, poplar.)

99. Plutanea. One-seeded. Achlamydeous: germ 1-celled: ovules pendulous:
leaves alternate: flowers amentaceous: seeds solitary, (rarely in pairs,) pendulous,
elongated; testa thick; embryo long, terete, lying m the axis of the fleshy albumen;
radicle turned to the extremity, (or opposite,) the hilum. (button-wood tree, sweet
gum.)

100. Coniferea or Balsamacr.ai. Many-seeded: seeds purely naked: resinous trees,
with branched trunks; leaves simple with parallel veins: seeds witli hard crustaceous
integuments; embryo in flesh}', oily, albumen, with opposite cotyledons; radicle next
the apex of the seed, (pine tree, juniper, yew tree, cypress, tree of life.)

3d Alliance. Podnstemnles. Carpels two, united: seeds indefinite.
7. Fluvialcs, or Podostciriiue.ic. Caulescent, floating, no albumen: embryo with a
slit: stamens definite: dry superior fruit, with pendulous seeds. Water.

5th Alliance. Callitric/ialcs. Carpels several.

88. CaUiliichinea. Sub-achlamydeous, herbaceous: germ 4-celled: seed peltate,
solitarj'. (water chickweed.)

Third. Tubiferous Group of Alliances. Calyx tubular, often resembling a corol;
and not agreejng in character with other groups.

1st Alliance. Daphnales. Calyx with imbricated estivation. Carpels solitary.

24. Elaeagneae. Stamen^ distinct: leaves scurfy. Apetalous, with definite erect
ovules: a tubular inferior calyx, with alternating stamens: leaves leprous: mostly
dioecious: calyx rather inferior. Trees or shrubs covered with leprous scales; leaves
alternate or opposite, entire, stipuled.

25. Thymeleiie. Stamens distinct: leaves smooth. Apetalous, with definite pen-
dulous ovules; germ superior, 1-celled: leaves without stipules. Shrubby. Flowers
in heads or spikes, (leather-wood, moose- wood.)

2d Alliance. Laureates. Valves of the anthers curved backwards.

27. Lnuriaeae. Leafy, arborescent, aromatic plants, with fleshy cotyledons. Aro-
matic, with definite suspended ovules, and bursting by recurved valves. Trees and
shrubs: flowers panicled or umbelled. (sassafras, spice-bush, camphor.)

548 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT.

Fourth. Coli;mnose Group of Alliances. Stamens delphous: ovary about six-
celled — especially if the flower is epigynous.

1st Alliance. Arislolocludcs. Flowers epioyndus.

23. Aristolochiac. Ovules indefinite: germ many-celled: calyx valve-like: sub-
monoecious: calyx superior, tubular: style axillaiy, dull, solitary. J[\^'lld ginger-
root, birth- wort.)

Fifth. CuRVEMBROSE Group of Alliances. Embryo curved around the albumen,
or having the form of a horseshoe or spiral: calyx rarely tubular.

1st Alliance. Chenopodaks. Albumen presents radicle next the hilum.

30. Amarantaccfie. Apetalous: flowers dry with numerous bracts: seeds erectj
embryo curved round a mealy albumen: radicle next the hilum: stamens hypogynous:
calyx scarious bracteolate. (batchelor button, amaranth, coxcomb.)

29. Chcnnpndeiie. Apetalous: flowers herbaceous: carpels solitary: seeds erect,
with a curved embryo; radicle next the hilum: herbaceous: calyx not bracted. (beet
pig-weed, oak-of-jerusalem, spinage, salt-wort.)

29. Phytulacceac. Apetalous: flowers colored: carpelsseveral: ovula erect, definite:
calyx inferior, many-leaved: stamens perigynous, distinct: germ many-celled, embryo
rolled in a mealy albumen; radicle next the hilum: stigmas terminal, (poke-weed.)

2d Alliance. Polygonales. AlbuiilBn present: radicle ovary, from the hilum.

28. Pohjgoncae. Calyx and corol in One: ovula erect, definite: stipules ochreous:
radicle distant from the hilum: leaves alternate, stipuled. (buckwheat, dock rhu-
barb.)

3d Alliance. Sclsrales. Tube of the calyx hardended.

30. Sclernntkeae. Apetalous: border of the calyx herbaceous: a single seed attach-
ed to a cord arising from the base of the cell: calyx inferior tubular indurated: stamens
perigynous: an embryo curved round me%]y albumen; radicle next the hilum. (gravel
chick-weed.) 4

32. Ntjctaginean. Apetalous: ovula ascending: calyx with a petaloid border, inferi-
or, tubular, hardening at the base: stamens hypogynous: embryo surrounding floury
albumen, (four-o'clock.)

4lh Alliance. Cocadares. Albumen present. Flowers of ternary structure, dich-
lamydeous.

77. 3Jmisperme(B. Polypetalous: carpella simple, distinct: flowers diclinous,
minute: stem shrubby, twining, (moonseed.)

III. MONOPETALOUS SUB-CLASS.

First. PoLYCARPOus Group OF Alliances. Flowers hypogynous (rarely epigynous,)
ovary composed of many carpels.

1st Alliance. Ericales. Anthers opening by pores: carpels 4, .5, or more.

51. Pi/rolacccc or Monotropacea. Flowers regular: germ superior, many-seeded: style
single declined: author 2 celled: dry, appendaged: seeds winged minute; embryo
minute, inverted, at the extremity of a fleshy albumen, (pririce's pine, pear-leaf, bird-
nest, albany beechdrops.)

51. Ericea. Shrubby without stipules: flowers regular: ovary superior, many-
seeded: style single: anthers 2-celled, dry, appendaged: seeds without wings, minute
with the embryo in the axis of a fleshy albumen; testa firmly adhering to the nucleus;
radicle opposite the hilum. Leaves of some evergreen, (honeysuckle, wintergreen,
laurel.)

51. Vaccinrm. Ovary inferior: corol regular: fruit succulent: ovules indefinite;
anthers spurred: leaves alternate: seeds minute: embryo slraiglit, in the axis of a
fleshy albumen: cotyledons very short; radicle long, inferior, (whortleberry, cran-
berry.)

2d Alliance. Primulales. Anthers bursting longitudinally: carpels 4 or 5.

35. Prirmdacea. Herbaceous: flowers regular, stamens opposite to divisions of
petals: germ entire, superior, 1-celled with a free central placenta: fruit capsular,
Herbaceous, (primrose, chick wintergreen, loosestrife. )

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 549

48. Sapoteae. Milky plants. Calyx and corol double. Germ with several cells:
flowers regular, ovules erect definite: corol imbricate: seeds with a bony coat.

49. Ebeiiaccit. Watery plants, with twice as many stamens as i)etals. Germ
superior, many-celled: tlowers regular, diclinous: ovules collateral definite, pendu-
ous: corol 3— 6-lobed, with stems a multiple of the lubes: seeds albuminous, (ebony
,vood.)

71. Slijraceae. Monopetalous: germ inferior, many-celled; ovula definite: leaves
alternate, (benzoin.)

9'). liicintiE or AciiifoliacetB. Watery plants. Stamens and sepals same number.
Germ superior, 2 or 6-celled: flowers regular: corol 4 toG lobed. (holly winter berry.)

3d Alliance. Volvales. Carpels from 2 to 4.

44. Convolvulaccac. Twining plants; some are leafless with spiral embryo. Germ
2 to 4-celled: flowers regular; ovules definite erect: corol plaited: cotyledons shrivel-
led, (morning glory, sweet potatoe, dodder.)

45. Poknioniuccfic. Erect plants, with imbricated corol, and 3 carpels. Flowers
regular: germ superior, 3-ceIled, peltate or ascending ovules, and a pentandrous 5-
parted corol: estivation imbricated, (greek valerian, lichnidia, phlox.)

44. HijdioLeaceac. Qerrn superior, 2 or 3-celled: styles numerous: seeds indefinite;
corol plaited or imbricated, (bind-vveed, morning glory, dodder.)

Second. Epigynose Group of Alliances. ' Flowers epigynose. Ovary composed
of two or many carpe's.

1st Alliance. Campunales. Stipules absent. Seeds indefinite.

52. Lohelinctot. Milky: germ inferior: corol irregular: stamens syngenesious
(united anthers) ovula indefinite^ leaves alternate: pollen oval. Acrid when they
contain milk, mosiXy poi so turns . (wild tobacco, cardinal Hovver.)

52. CainpanulucecB. Milky: germ inferior: corol regular: fruit capsular; ovules
indefinite: leaves alternfite: pollen romi'd. (venus' looking-glass, bell-flower, hair-bell.)

2d Alliance. Cinchonales. Stipules between the leaves.

57. CinrJioncx. Albumen present. Germ inferior: leaves entire opposite, with,
intermediate stipules, (peruvian bark, button bush, partridge berry.)

3d Alliance. Caprealcs. Stipules none. Seeds definite in number.

58. Caprifoliacca. Germ inferior, many-celled; ovula pendulous: leaves opposite
without stipules: seeds either solitary, pendulous, or numerous and attached to the
axis; testa often bony; embryo straight, in fleshy albumen; radicle superior, (horse-
ginseng, dy honey-S\ickle, elder, dog-wood, linnea. )

4th Alliance. St.ellales. Fruit double: leaves whorled, with no stipules.
57. SleUalae. Leaves scabrous, stellate, or whorled: fruit didymous; ovules solitary,
erect: stems angular: stipules none, (bed-straw, goose-grass, madder.)

Third. Aggregose Group of Alliances. Ovary consisting of but one perfect
carpel.

1st Alliance. Astrules. Anthers syngenesious.

53. Cichoraceae. Sap generally milky, bitter: florets all ligulate and perfect: corols
mostly yellow, rarely blue. They are hawkweed-like ( Hieraceae) (succory, endive,
hawkweed) or dandelion-like ( Taroxaccac ) (dandelion, vegetable oyster, lettuce.)

54. Cincroce/jliiilae. Corols tubular: receptacles fleshy and chafty: stigma above
the style articulated; egret somewliat rigid: leaves alternate, sometimes spinose;
flowers capitate. They are mostly \.bisi\e-li\ie ( Carduaceae J (thistle, burdock, mary-
gold.)

55. Corymhifcrne. Florets tubular-ligulate, mostly radiate: receptacle scarcely
fleshy: stigma above the style not articulated: inflorescence often corymbed. They
are elicampane-like ( //(«/«e^ (life-everlasting, elecampane, marygold;) slar-flower-like
( Astiretic ) (fiea-batie, golden rod, daisy;) boneset-like ( F.tiputorinc/ic ) (coltfoot,
boneset, ragwort;) sunflovver-Iike ( Hidiitutheuc) (sunflower, beirgar-tick, ox-pyed
daisy; ) mayweed-hke ( Aathciaidenc ) (tansoy, yarrow; ) hogweed-like ( Amhrosinceae. )
Note. The Ambrosia is scarcely entitled to a place in this alliance, (hogweed^
clott-bur, highwater shrub. )

550 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT.

2d Alliance. Dipsalcs. Anthers distinct. Flowers epigynous.

5G. Dipsacea. Carpel solitary: germ inferior, 1-celled: flowers capitate: anthers
distinct: seeds pendulous, albuminous, (teasel, scabious.)

56. Valeridiicae. Carpels triple, two of them abortive: germ 1-celled: stamens
distinct: seeds exalbuminous, pendulous, (nervine valerian, lamb-lettuce.)

3d Alliance. Pluiitales. Style single; stigma naked.

31. Pluntagincne. Fruit spuriously double celled. Tetrandrous; inner calyx (corol
of some) monophyllous: germ superior, 2 to 4-celled: stigma simple filiform: flowers
spiked: pericarp membranous, dehiscent transversely, (plantain, ribwort.)

4th Alliance. Plumhn.les. Styles five: flowers formed upon the quinary plan.
33. Pluinbagineae. Germ superior, 1-celled, containing one ovulum suspended
from the apex of a corol; stigma naked, (sea-lavender, marsh-rosemary.)

Fourth. Labiose Group of Alliances. Flowers hypogynous, unsymmetrical:
ovary composed of two carpels.

1st Alliance. Lahiahs. Ovules from two to four, in each carpel.

42. Labiateae. Germ superior: fruit divided into four lobes: flowers irregular,
whorled, spiked, or capitate: seeds, erect, with little or no albumen; embryo
erect; cotyledons flat, (sage, rosemary, mint, savory, pennyroyal, catnip, scull-cap.)

41. Verbenaceae. Germ superior undivided, a terminal style: flowers irregular:
fruit indehisceiit, 2 to 4-celled, opposite to the leaves; seeds solitary with an inferior
radicle, (vervain, fog-fruit.)

2d Alliance. Bignonialcs. Neither albumen nor liooks to the seeds.

28. Beironinccac. Seeds winged: gerui 3-celled, winged: ovules on indefinite irre-
gular imbricate calyx: stipules membranaceous.

40. Pefl/i linen e. Germ superior, becoming woody nut-like fruit: flowers irregular:
seed without albumen, (unicorn plant, oily grain.)

3d Alliance. Secrophulales. Seeds numerous, with albumen.

37. Scrnphdnrineae. Leafy plants, with superior ovary: capsule superior, 2-celled:
flowers irregular: seeds indefinite; embryo included within tleshy albumen; radicle
turned towards the hilum. (fo.\-glove, culver's physic, snake head.)

36. Orobaiichcac. Leafless plants with a minute embryo. Plants destitute of
green herbage, parasitical: germ superior, 1-celled: tlowers irregular: seeds indefinite,
very minute; embryo minute, inverted in the apex of fleshy albumen: herbaceous,
leafless, of a dull yellowish white, (squaw-root, beech-drop.)

4th Alliance. Acontliahs. Seed without albumen, with hooks. Calyx remarkably
imbricated.

39. Acanthaceae. Capsule superior, 2-celled: irregular flowers: flowers imbricated,
(malabar-nut, water-willow.)

5th Alliance. Lentibules. A free central placenta.

35. Lenlibulurine. Flowers irregular: germ superior, 1-celled, with a free central
placenta, (bladder-wort, butler- wort.)

Fifth. DiCARPOHS Group of Alliances. Flowers hypogynous and symmetrical.
Ovary composed of two carpels.

1st Alliance. Gentiannles. Flowers symmetrical. Carpels standing at the right
and left of the axis of inflorescence.

46. Gcntinneae. Corol withers on the fruit. In estivation imbricated. Flowers
reo-ular: germ superior, 1 or 2-celled: corol withering, imbricated: seeds indefinite:
fruit capslilar: leaves sessile, entire, (gentian, venus' pride, floating heart, buck-
bean.)

46. Spigeliaceact. Estivation of corol valvate. Flowers regular: gerra superior,
2-celled, with several ovules: corol valve-like: fruit dry: leaves opposite. (Carolina
pink-root.)

47. Apocijneae. Sap milky: estivation contorted: stamens partly distinct. Germ
superior, double; apex connected by a simple stigma: flowers regular: pollen powdery:

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. - 551

corol contorted: seeds with fleshy or cartilaginous albumen; testa simple; embryo
foliaceous; pluinula inconspicuous; radicle turned towards the hiluni. (dogbane,
wandering milkweed, choak dog.

47. Agclipiddcae. Anthers grow to the stigma: sap milky. Germ double, superior,
apex of wliicli is connected by a dilated stigma: llowers regular, pollen glutinous,
corol contorted: seeds numerous, imbricated, pendulous; albumen thin; embryo
straight; cotyledons foliaceous; radicle superior; plumula inconspicuous, (milk-weed,
butlerily weed, periwinkle.)

2d. Alliance. Oleules. Diandrous.

34. Oleaccnc. Estivation of corol valvate. Flowers regular: germ superior, 2-
celled, with pendulous seeds: stamens 2: corol valvate. Fraxihus is often apetalous.
(olive lilac, fringe-tree, prim, ash.)

34. Jasmmuc. Estivation of corol imbricate. Flowers regular: germ superior,
2-celled: seeds erect: stamens 2: corol imbricate, (jasmine.)

3d Alliance, Echialcs, Inflorescence gyrate.

Borairinetr. Fruit deeply lobed. Flowers regular: germ superior, deeply lobed:
stems round: nuts 4, distinct; seed separable from its integument, (affectedly called
pericarp,) without albumen; embryo with a superior radicle; cotyledons parallel
with the axis, plano-convex, (sometimes the cotyledons are doublfi.) (borage, cum-
fry. houn-tongue, bugloss.) .r. jh, '

43. HeUotropicccc. Flowers regular: ge^'"superior, 4-celled with solitary pendu-
lous ovules: seeds with plano-convex coiyledons, exalbuminous, pendulous, solitary;
embryo with minute radicle curved downwards, and turned towards the hilum.
(turnsole.)

43. Hijdrophyllea. Flowers regular: germ superior, 1-celled, with ovules attached
to parietal, or fungous, stalked placenta: stigma naked: embryo terete, lying towards
the end of the abundant, sub-cartilaginous albumen; radicle superior, next to the
hilum. (bur- flower, water-leaf)

4th Alliance. Solunnles. Flowers symmetrical. Carpels standing forward and
backward of the axis of inflorescence.

38. Sniunene. Embryo curved; cotyledons cylindrical. Flowers regular: germ
superior 'i-celled:. ovules indefinite: corol plaited: fruit succulent; leaves alternate:
s°eds numerous sessile; embryo more or less curved; often out of the center, lying in
fleshy albumen; radicle next the hilum. Poisonvus fruit and herbage, with nutriliuos
tcliolesome roots, (potatoe, red pepper, tobacco, mullein, henbane.)

AcHiTOSPEKMous* Plants. These are the only phenogamous plants whose seeds
are destitute of tunics, or other covering, outside of the cuticle. They are not Gym-
nospermae; for those have a tunic-like covering; but no proper pericarp in its original
sense. It is the absence of the latter envelope only, to which this term is applied.

too. Ci/nadcfC. Seeds with no covering outside of the cuticle, mucilaginous: trunk
round cylindrical, undivided; leaves pmnate, with gyrate vernation, and parallel
veins: ovula solitary; truely naked, with no covering but a contracted leaf, or scale
on which they grow; embryo in the fleshy, or horny, albumen; radical next the apex
of the seed, where it hangs b}' a long funicle. (sago plant.)

100. Coni/ereae. Seeds with no covering outside of the cuticle: resinous trees,
with trunks; leaves simple with parallel veins: seeds with hard crustaceous integu-
ments; embryo in fleshy, oily, albumen, with opposite cotyledons; radicle nest the
apex of the seed. Balsamic, stomachic, healing, (red cedar, juniper, tree of life,
pine, yew.)

*See definition and etymology, in a remark at the end of the description of the
dicotyledonous class.

552 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT.

SECOND CLASS, OR GRAND DIVISION.

MONOCOTYLEDONAE, OR ENDOGENAE.

First. Epigynose Group of Alliakces. Anthers distinct. Flowers complete.
Ovary inferiur.

Jsl Alliance. Amom'ahs. Leaves with veins diverging from the midrib to the
margin. .'s

20. Marantacece. '"H^onandrous. Three petaloid: a single 1 -celled anther, and a
petaloid filament, ("cauna.)

2d Alliance. Narcissales. Hexandrous and six-petalled plants.

17. Hijpoxidcuc. Flowers small; texture harsh. Six-petaloid: germ inferior; co-
rol'G-parted, (called perianth by some) with equitant divisions: seeds with a black
brittle integument, and a lateral beak-like hilam; embryo in the axis of a fleshy albu-
men, its radicle having no certain direction. (star-grassJJJl

17. AmiiryUidtiie. Flowers large: texture smoutMta^PPtaloid, bulbous, 6-
stamened: germs inferior: corql 6-p^rted with equitan^^^^ians: seeds with fleshy
albumen; embryo nearly straightifalfij^-adicle turned towards the hilum. Leaves
ensiform. (snowdrop, jicobed.) jicq^lp .

3d Alliance. E.iales. Triandrousi/. .

18. Jiideae. Six-petaloid, triandrous: germ inferior: anthers turned outwards:
leaves equitant, except the crocus, (flower de-luce, saiFron, blue-eyed grass.)

4th Alliiince. Biomdiales. Tripetaloid scurfy plants, with albumen.
15. Bromdinceae. Three-petalled: ti stamens: germ interior, and an albuminous
embryo, (pine apple, pine herb.)

5th Alliance. Ilijiirales. Tripetaloid smooth plants. Stamens more than six; no
albumen.

88. Hijdrochariderc. Polypetalous: stamens definite: carpella concrete: germ infe-
rior: ovules pendulous, definite: cotyledons unequal, (eardrop.)

Second. Spadicose Group of Alliances. Flowers herbaceous, or irpperfect, or
absent, or even colored; in that case with its parts in twos, and the ovaYy superior.

J st Alliance. Aralcs. Flowers on a spadix: fruit either berried, or capsular.

7. Aroidcae. Spadiceous, with simple succuler.t, or capsular fruit; a developed
spathe, and sub-sessile anthers. Flowers diclinous and perfect. Herbaceous or
shrubby. Leaves sheathing, (wild turnip, sweet-flag, gold-club, ethiopian arum,
skunk cabbage.)

2d Alliance. Typhalcs. Flowers on a spadix: sepals three: anthers clavate.

8. lyphaceac. Spadijeous, with 3 half-glumaceous valves: anthers clavate; fila-
ments long, lax: germ solitary, pendulous. Stems without joints: leaves, ensiform.
No spathe calyx, (uat-tail, bur-reed.)

3d Alliance. Sm'daks. Flowers in lax racemes: leaves deciduous.

12. Dloscoreae. Six-petalled: ovary inferior, diclinous: perianth regular, small:
seeds flat, compressed, in leaf like fruit; embryo small, near the hilum, lying in a
large cavity of cartilaginous albumen, (yam root. )

12. Smilaceae. Six-peialled: ovary superior: tloweis perfect: anthers turned in-
wards: perianth colored: fruit succulent, 3-celled'; seed-covering membranaceous: al-
bumen fleshy, and a|)proaching the cartilaginous structure; embryo usually distant
from the hilum: style triple, (asparagus, Jacob's ladder, Solomon's seal, wake-robin.)

4lh Alliance. Fluviklcs. Flowers in spikes, or solitary.

7. Flmniiks. Floaters. (Ovules pendulous. Caulescent exalbuminous, with a slit
embryo, definite stamens, and dry superior fruit with pendulous seeds: water plants,
(pond-weed, river-weed, thread-foot.)

IVATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 553

7. Juncaginene. Ovules erect. Caulescent exalbuminous, with a slit embryo, 6
iStamens, and dry superior fruit with erect seeds. Bog plants, with ensiform leaves.
Spiked or racemed, (floweririfr rusli, arrow grass.)

7. Pifiiarcdc. Floaters, very cellular, with no axis of growth or scarcely any; but
the stems and leaves confounded: tlowers spathaceous, solitary, naked, (duck-meat,
water flaxseed.

Third. Glumose Guoup of Alliances. Scale-like bradtfi*. or chaff's, in the pla
of perianths. 3

1st Alliance. Cidmales. Having straws or stalks in the pl|Dm.of the caulis.

10. Gramincae. Plants glumaceous, with pistular, cylinf^y^l stems, and slit-leaf
sheaths. Seed covering not a pericarp, but a membrane,'?.^¥ tiie brand of ground
wheat: albumen farinaceous, (jiroducing flour or meal when ground;) embryo lying
on one side of the base (being the chit) of the albumen— it is lenticular, witii a broad
cotyledon and developed pluuiula. (redtop grass, whitetop grass, canary, wheat, oats,
orchard grass, reed, chess, cane, rice, Indian corn.)

9. Ci/peraceae. Stems solid, more or less angular: leaf-sheaths entire; ovary 1-
seeded: ovulum erect: nut crustaceous or bony: albumen of the form of the seed;
embryo undivided, included in the albumen; plu^na inconspicuous. Diclinous. Root
fibrous. (coUen grass, sedge boy rush, galuMMaM)

13. Xi/rideiie. Flowers with a corol. '■BRfcalled, with superior concrete car-
])ella, with a 1-celled capsule, and a pariel|^MPBentae, and capitate flowers: seed
numerous, with the embryo outside of the >l|Bmen, most remote from the hilum:
ieaves radical, ensiformr (yellow-eyed gra^,;day-flower. )

Fourth. Hypogenose Group of Alliances. Flower colored, with its parts in
threes: ovary superior.

]st Alliance. Palmales. Six-petaloid plants, with a \'ague embryo.

11. Palmae. Sixpetalled, arborescent: leaves divided, rigid: germ superior 3-
celled, and an embryo lies in a cartilaginous or fleshy albumen, at a distance from the
liilum. Furilishes/oor/, oil, icine, and ionic remedies, (cocoa, palm.)

2d Alliance. Lilialcs. Six-petalled plants, with an embryo in the axis of the
albumen.

17i Pontcdcrene. Six-petaloid: corol irregular: germ superior. Corol involute after
flowering: Igieeds indefinite, attached to a central axis; hilum small; embryo turning-
straight, being in the axis of somewhat mealy albumen. Aquatics, (pickerel-weed
mud-plantain, yellow-eyed water-grass.)

13. Mdanthacxae. Hexandrous: styles distinct. Six-petaloid: carpella nearly sepa-
rate: anlfiers turned outwards. Germs superior; seed with a membranous testa;
albumen-dense fleshy, (itcii-weed, blazing-star.)

14. Liliacme. Hexandrous: styles consolidated. Six-petalled germ superior, highly
developed corol, (colored calyx of some,) anthers turned inwards, a 3-celled, many-
seeded capsule: seeds with a soft spongy coat, packed one upon another; embryo
with the direction of the seed, in the axis of the fleshy albumen, (lily, tulip, crown-
imperial, adder tongue.)

Ifi. Asphodeleae. Sis-petaloid orfi-parted: germ superior: anthers turned inwards:
fruit 3-celled: seed with a hard black brittle testa; albumen fleshy including th6
embryo. Peduncles articulated in the' middle, (hyacinth, false aloe, squill, onion. )

3d Alliance. Commclales. Tripetaloid plants, with- three carpels, consolidated.

13. Commclinenc. Three-petalled; have superior 3-celled capsules. Seeds often
twins, with a linear hilum; embryo pulley-form, in a cavity of the fleshy albumen
remote from the hilum. (day-flower, spider-wott.)

4th Alliance. Alisrnalcs. Tripetaloid plants, with the carpels more or less distinct.

13. Alismaccae. Placenta occupying thfe margin only of the dissepiments, or their
equivalents. Three-petalled, with numerous distinct, superior germs. Aquatics:
leaves with sub-parallel veins: fruit dry, not opening: seeds without albumen: embryo
horse-shoe form, undivided, the same direction as the seed, (water plantain, arrow
head.)

70

554 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT.

5th Alliance. Jimcules. Flowers somewhat gluniaceous.

13. Junceae. Flowers regular. Six-petaloid, herbaceous, with a superior germ, a
half-o-lumaceous regular perianth, a ])ale soft testa, a single style, capsular fruit, and
an embryo next to tlie hilum, within the first flesiiy albumen, (bulrush,- dwarf rush.)

Fifth. Gynandrous Group of Alliances. Stamens united with the styles: flowers
complete: ovary inferior.

21. Orclddme. Stamens tiirefe, united in a central column; the two lateral abortive,
and the central perfectj.or tiie reverse. Gynandrous with three parietal placentae:
leaves entire, siniide: seeds numerous; albumen none; embryo a solid fleshy mass,
(orchis, putty root, ladies' tresses, ladies' slipper, rattlesnake leaf.)

THIRD CLASS OR GRAND DIVISION.

ACOTYLEDONAE, OR ACROGENAE.

1st Alliance. FUicales. Stems fistular, vascular: reproductive oigans borne upon
the leaves.

Pobjpodlaceae. Ring of the thecae vertical, (polypod, brake, maidenhair.)

Osmundaceae. Ring wanting: thejcae one-celled, ribbed, (flowering fern, one-sided
dwarf, fringed climber.) '>/?•.

Ophioglossaceae. Ring wanting: thfiQaC'cne-celled, veinless. (snake tongue, grape
fern.)

2d Alliance. Lycopodales. Steifis solid, vascular: reproductive oigans growing
on the stem.

Lycopndeiiceae. Thecae naked, (ground-pine, rush.)

Sulciniaceae. Thecae enclosed in involucres of two different forms, (salvinia.)

3d Alliance. Musculcs. Without a vascular system: germinating processes uniting
into a heterogenious body: sporules in distinct Uiecae.

Muscaccae. Thecae valveless, with an operculum, (common moss.)

Andraeacenc. Thecae opening into valves with an operculum.

Jungermunniaceae. Thecae opening into valves without an operculum, (succulent
moss.)

Hepataceae. Thecae valveless, without an operculum, (liverwort, floating sectors.)

4th Alliance. Charales. Without a vascular system. Germinating processes
uniting into a heterogeneous body. Reproductive organs, axillary globules.

Characca. Strong scented, harsh, aquatic (featherbed.)

.Sth Alliance. Fun<ralcs. Without a vascular system. Germinating processes
either wholly distinct or confluent in a homogeneous body.

Fvngaceae. Originating from a cavity, which veils them when young, (mush-
room,"wheat-rust.)

Lichenes. Originating and living in air. Cellular, rarely filamentous, With a re-
productive nucleus bursting through their surface, (stone-patches, tree hair.)

Aloaceae. Originating and living in water. Filamentous; the filaments either
solitary or several glued together, having sporidia, and viparous. (sea-paper, frog-
spittle, water greenhair.)

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 555

REMARKS ON THE CRYPTOGAMIA,

"WITH MORE EXTENDED MISCELLANEOUS DESCRIPTIONS.
FUNGI.

Leafless, flowerless plants, with no tlialliis or extfrnal sporuliferous disks, and
growing in air. They are only distinguislied from Lichens by their more fugitive
nature, their more succulent texture, their want of lliallus or expansion independent
of the part timt bears the reproductive matter, and by tiie latter being contained with-
in their substance and not in hard dislinci nuclei originating iii tiie centre and break-
ing tliro'igh a cortical layer. From Algae tiiere is no absolute character of division,
except their never growing in water. In fact it is rather the medium in which Fungi
antl Algae are developed, that distinguishes them, than any peculiarity in their own
organization. Fungi are almost universally found growing upon decayed animal or
vegetable substances, and scarcely ever upon living bodies of either kingdom: in which
respect they dilFer from Lichens, which very commonly grow upon the living bark of
trees, &c. In their simplest form they are little articulated filaments, composed of
simple cellules, placed end to end. In a higher state of composition. Fungi are masses
of cellular tissue of a determinate figure, the whole centre of which consists of spo-
rules either lying naked among filaments, as in Puft'-bails, or contained in membranous
tubes or sporidia, like the thecae of Lichens, as in Sphisrias. In their most complete
state they consist of two surfaces, one of which is even and imperforate, like the cor-
tical layer in Lichens: the other separated into plates or cells, and are called the
hymeninm, in which the sporules are deposited. Some writers have entertained
doubts of their being more than mere fortuitous developements of vegetable matter,
called into action by special conditions of light, heat, earth and air. They certainly
grow with a degiee of rapidity unknown in other plants, acquiring the volume of
many inches in the space of a night, and are frequently meteoric: that is they spring
up afler storms, or only in particular stales of the atmosphere. The Fungi by whicli
most extra-tropical countries are inhabited are so numerous, that no one can safely
form even a conjuncture as to the number that actually exists. Of tropical species
we know but littre,-on account of their fugitive nature and the difFi&ulty of ])reserv-
ing them. Tumc and nutrieiitic, if dry or dnjisit; poisoiwusif deliqucsceut. See genera,
p. 101.

ALGAE.

This order is constituted of sea-weeds, and a scum-like substance, vulgarly called
frog-spittle, or green hair. They are mostly cylindrical, capillary, or membranaceous.
Their substance is mostly gelatinous. Color, mostly green, sometimes purple or
olive. Little is known of their productive organs. They seem to be intermediate
between Fungi and Lichenes. Often they seem to approach animals of the class
Polypi. In truth, some sea-weeds resemble some species of Gorgonia and Spongia
so nearly, that it is difficult to distinguish them without testing by the odor atler
burning. We might say, that Algae are senii-organjc substances, waiting for the
application of a specific living principle, of suiBcient energy to bring them into or-
ganic forms. DtlergerU, vermifuge and solvent. See genera, p. 100.

LICHENES.

Aerial, leafless, flowerless, perennial plants, with a distinct thallns, and external
disk containing sporules. Often spreading over the surface of the earth, on rocks or
trees in dry places, in the form of a lobed and foliaceous, or hard and cruslaceous, or
leprous substance, called a thallus. According to Fries, Lichens are types of Algae,
born in the 'air, interrupted in their development by the deficiency of water, and
stimulated into forming a nucleous (or receptacle of sporules) 'by light. No Lichen
is ever submerged; there are none of which the vegetation is not interrupted by the
variable hygromelrical state of the atmosphere: and finally, none that ever develops
in mines, caverns, or places deprived of light. On this account, their shields are
more rare in the fissures of mountains, or in shady groves, than in places fully ex-
posed to light. In wet places, also, their shields are not produced; for, so lorig as
they are under the influence of water, they are scarcely distinguishable from Algae.
Lichens consist of a medullary and vertical layer of tissue, of which the former is

556 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT.

imperfectly cellular or filamentous, and bursts through the latter in the form of shields^
which contain a nucleus, consisting of a flocculose-gelatinous substance, among
which lie the cases. In the beginning Lichens are stated to be in all cases developed
in humidity; and to bu, in fact, at that time, mere Confervae; but as soon as the
humidity diminishes, the under part dies, and an inert, leprous crust is formed, which
ultimately becomes the basis of the plant. Some used m dying ; alt tonic, more or
less. See genera, p. 102.

HEPATICAE.

Reproductive organs of two kinds. 1. Capsule (theca) mthout a lid; in which
they differ from proper mosses. 2. Minute roundish, or oblong bodies, variously
situated. Plants frondose; not submersed.

This order is distinguished from Algae by the capsule and leafy frond, which is never
submersed. The genera of this order are considerably difterent. The herbage con-
sists of variously expanded fronds, lying flat on what its grows upon. The substance
is generally loosely cellular; rarely compact.

The most remarkable point of structure in this order, is the spiral filament, as it is
called lying among the sporules witliin the theca. This consists of a single fibre, or
two, twisted spirally in different directions, so as to cross each other, and contained
within a very delicate transparent, perishable tube. They have a strong elastic form
and have been supposed to be destined to aid in the dispersion of sporules. Slighlly
stimulant. See genera, p. 99.

MUSCI.

Mosses are distinguished from sAl other relative plants, hy the peculiar nature of
the reproductive organs, which are of two kinds. The piincipal and the most obvious
is a tlitca, which is furnished with an operculum or lid, by means of which the spo-
rules are retained in the theca, and a columella, or central axis, to which they are at-
tached. The other consists of minule sperical, pedicellated organs, concealed in the
axils of some of the leaves, and called anthers by Hed wig. The theca is either entire,
or split into four parts; when in a very young slate, it is inclosed in an indusium,
which is torn asunder as the theca is elongated, and being carried up wilii it, remains
upon the summit of the theca in tlie form.of a little extinguisher, called calyptre; if
the calyptre is slit up one side, it is called dimidiate: if divided at the base into many
short clefts, it is termed mitre-form. The orifice of the theca, when the operculum
is removed, is either covered by a simple membrane, or by various processes called
the peristome, either annular or in the form of teeth, and arranged in a single or
double row. These processes vary in number, and in the manner of their division;
from such differences excellent characters for the genera have been obtained. Their
number is always four, or some multiple of four; as 4, 8, 16, 32, 64. Axillary hodies ;
cylindrical or fusiform stalked scars, containing a multitude of splierical or oval parti-
cles, which are emitted upon the application of warter. These have been called
anthers by some. Astringent. See genera, p. 97.

FILICES.

Ferns and fern-like plants. They are flowerless plants, with a stem having a vas-
cular system and distinct leaves. Their seeds are contained in capsules, (theca.)
These are dorsal or axillary to the frond. This Natural Order of Jussieu, may be
properly divided into the following sub-orders.

A. Equisetacecr. Plants with seeds (sporules) surrounded by elastic, clavate fila-
ments, and inclosed in capsules (theca) aiising from the scales of terminal cones.
Vernation straight. Astringents, diuretics, diaphoretics.

B. Filices. Plants with seeds inclosed in capsules, arising from the back or margin
of the leaves, or naked upon the back of leaves, transformed into sub-spikes or
panicles. Pectorals ;, also dcohstruents, febrifuges, and s2idoriJics,

C. Lycopodiacea. Plants with seeds (sporules) inclosed in axillary capsules, (the-
cae. ) Used in dying wool. Stimulants.

The Lycopodeae approach the Coniferae (pines and cedars) by way of the
Cycadeae.

D. Marsileaceae, Plants with their seeds inclosed in capsules which are embraced
within close involucres. Creeping or floating. Stumdants causing nausea. See
genera, p. 9 J.

557

INDEX.

Patre.

Paw.

Aaron's beard,

392

Batchelor's button.

48, 257

Abbreviations,

15,16,31,32

Balm,

69, 317

Acacia,

111,397

Balm ofGileadherb,

93, 370

Adam and Eve,

85, 129

Balsam apple.

90, 321

Adam's needle,

55

Balsam poplar,

370

Addermoutli, * ,

319

Balsam tree,

358

Adder's tongue,

55, 239

Balsam weed,

283

Adder-tongue fern,

95, 333

Baneberry,

65, 114

Agave,

55, 116

Banner bean, ( lielvolus. )

353

Agrimony,

63, 116, 117

Barberry,

54, 156

Alder, 58, 88,

120, 20J, 376, 389

Barley,

41,

272, 273

Alexanders,

485

Barn-grass,

340

Alum root,

50

Basil,

69, 330

Alspice,

64, 166

Basket of gold,

121

Almond,

123

Bass wood.

64,452

Aloe,

55, 119

Bay berry,

92. 324

Amaranth,

88, 121

Beech,

89, 244

American olive,

34, 333

Bead tree.

316

American oil-nut,

92, 261

Bean,

93,

353, 475

Anal)'sis,

8

Bear berry,

60, 131

Anemone,

126, 127, 449

Bear grass,

484

Angelica,

52, 127

Beard grass,

41,

125. 134

Angelica tree.

52

Beard tongue,

71, 347

Animated oats.

152

Beaver tree,

67, 312

Anise tree,

67

Beech-drops, 61,70,

234,

323. 380

Apple,

63, 383

Bed- straw,

42, 249; 250

Apricot,

63, 135

Beef-steak,

415

Arbor vitae.

91, 451

Beehive,

315

Arbutus,

131

Beet,

50, 156

Arethusa,

85, 134, 364

Beggar-ticks,

83, 157

Archangel,

127, 203

Bell-Hower,

47, 167

Arranging plants.

Bell-wort,

55,

445, 466

Arranging terms,

Bene benni,

423

Arrow-grass,

56, 459

Bent grass.

117,

118, 125

Arrow-head,

b9

Bilberry,

467, 468

Arrow-wood,

473

Bindweed,

46,

206, 284

Artemisia,

]37

Birch,

90, 156

Artichoke,

80, 83, 216, 205

Bird's nest,

61, 322

Arum,

56, 89, 165

Birthwort,

86, 184

Ash,

63, 91, 247, 392

Bishopweed.

51, 227

Asiiwort,

197

Biting knolweed,

367

Asparagus,

55. 140

Bitter apple, '

214

Aspen,

' 370

Bitternut,

183

Asphodel,

55, 140, 325, 454

Bittersweet, 47, 48,

121,

186, 432

Aster,

142, 159

Bitterweed,

121

Atamasco lily,

121

Blackberry,

64, 400

Avens,

64, 230, 254

Black haw,

473

Awhvort,

440

Black flower,

56, 310

558

Blackjack,

Blackroot,

Bladder campion.

Bladder kelmia,

Bladder senna,

Bladder nut,

Bladderwort,

Blazing star,

Blessed thistle,

Bieclinum,

Blight,

Blite,

Blood marygold,

Bioodrool,

Bloom -grass,

Blue beech,

Blue bottle,

Blue curls,

Blue flag,

Blue-eyed grass,

Blue hearts.

Blue thistle,

Bog rusii,

Bohea tea,

Boneset,

Bonnet-grass,

Borage,

Barya,

Bouncing bet.

Bowman's root,

Box,

Brake,

Bread-root,

Bread-grass,

Breast weed,

Brier,

Brier-herb,

Bristol wall-cress,

Bronipton queens,

Bromplon stock,

Brooklime,

Brook weed,

Broom,

Broom-corn,

Brown dragon.

Broom-grass,

Broom rape,

Brown bent-grass,

Buck-eye,

Buckbean,

Buckthorn,

Buckwheat,

Buckwheat tree,

BufFaloe clover,

Bugbane,

Bugle,

Bugle-weed,

Bugloss,

Bulrush,

Bunch-flower,

Burdock,

Burgamot,

3S4

380
rS. injlata. ) 427

2G9
77, 204
53, 442
34, 465

266
83, 1S7

lo8

158
33

4S5

65. 410

' 161

182
83, 187

69. 456
284

73, 430

70, 162
231

36,291, 393

431,, 459

80, 241, 291

117

45, 159

159

411

255

88. 163

94, 380

377

38, 134
412
431
400
130
192
192
471

45, 410
122, 439

39, 438
138

40, 125. 161

70, 335

118

115

45, 318

48, 93

58, 368

60, 323

4.57

65, 311

119

309

45, 124, 155, 309

56, 287

316

88, 132, 482

322

Burnet,

Burning bush,
Bnrr-llower,
Burr-grass,
Burr-reed,
Bush clover,
Buttercup,
Butlerwort,
Butterfly weed,
Butternut,
Button busli,
Button weed, f D.
Button wood.

Cabbage,

Calabash,

Calamus,

Calathian violet.

Caltrops,

Camplior tree.

Campion,

Canada thistle,

Canary grass,

Cancer root.

Candy tuft,

Cane,

Canterbury bells,

Caper,

Caraway,

Cardmal flower,

Cardoon,

Carnation,

Carolina potatoe,

Carpel weed.

Carrot,

Cassia,

Castor-oil-plant,

Catch- fly,

Catch-fly grass,

Catch weed,

Caterpillar fern,

Catmint,

Catnip,

Cat's eye,

Cat-tail,

Cat-tail-grass,

Catalpa tree,

Cayenne pepper.

Cedar,

Celandine,

Celery,

Centaury,

Chuff seed,

Chamomile,

Cliara,

Checker-berry.

Charlock,

Cherry,

Chestnut,

Chess,

Chick-pea,

Page.

89, 411
240

278, 45

187

87. 438

77, 78, 298

387

31, 358

76, 473

90, 287
42, 188

teres. J 225

90, 361

C.

73, 160, 444
214
114
252
« 293

• 293

62
202
39, 352
70, 234, 335, 409
72, 282
37, 319
167
87, 242, 243
50, 80, 163, 183
47, 303
216
223
206
41, 321
51.221
59, 184
91
426, 427
295
250
94, 419
68. 328
'328
415
87. 463
354
' 34
168
288
65, 192
51, 129
45, 187, 279, 404
70, 416
82, 128, 315
86
42; 321
389
47. 62, 189, 356, 357
90, 184
40, 161
78, 196

559

Chick vetcli,

Cl.ick weed, 62, 123, 133,

Chick winlergreen,

China aster,

China pink.

Chinquapin,

Chloris,

Choak-betry,

Choak-dofif,

Chrjsantliemum,

Cinquefbil,

Cives,

Clarry,

Classes,

Clear weed.

Climbing fern,

Clotr-burr,

Cloud-berry,

Clover,

Clown-heal,

Club-moss,

Club-rush,

Cockle.

Cocks-comb,

Coffee,

Coffee corn,

Cohosh,

Cole,

Colic-weed,

CoUinsia,

Colt's foot,

Colt's tail,

Columbine,

Columbo root>

Comt'rey,

Cone-riower,

Coriander,

Corn,

Cornel,

Cornelian cherry-,

Coronella,

Corol root,

Cotton,

Cotton grass,

Cotlon thistle.

Cotton tree.

Couch grass,

Cowage,

Cowberry,

Cowitch,

Cowparsley,

Cowslip,

Cow-wheat,

Coxcomb, 70,

Crab-apple,

Crab-grass,

Cranberry,

Creeper,

Creeping cucumber,

Creeping green head,

Cress,

Cross cleavers,

Page.

293

165, 188, 442

57, 4ri6
146
223
184
194

63, 135

86, 257

194

64, 372, 373

54, 120

410

8, 11

465

95, 310
482
401
77, 78, 456
411
308
36,314,416

62, 117
121
460
438
65,295,311
160
224
203

82, 463
235

66, 130

247

45, 216, 447

S3, 401

51, 209
439
209
210

78, 210
85, 207

75,258, 411
37, 237, 417

79, 333
370
461

77, 227

468

227

~52

67, 165

70

121, 186, 391

382, 383

224

57, 337, 474

123

90, 317

261

130

250

Pase.

Crow'uerry,

91, 232

Crowfoot,

67, 74, 386

Crowncup,

t<0, 439

Crown iin|)erial,

55. 247

Crown beard,

82, 470

Ciyptoganious genera,

97

Crypiogmnous species,

487

Cuckold,

157

Cucumber,

214. 2r,9

Cucumber tree.

91, 312

Cudweed,

256

Culver physic,

34, 297

Currant,

49, 394, 396

Currant leaf,

61, 321

Custard apple,

67

Cut-grass,

37, 295

Cypres^,

193

Cypress vine.

46

D.

Daffodil,

54, 325

Daisy,

82, 155

Damask lily.

54

Dandelion,

79, 290, 2!)6

Dangle berry,

467

Darnal grass.

40

Day-Hower,

36. 204

Day-hly,

55, 267

Deadly" nightshade,

47, 151,4 2

Dead nettle,

68, 291, 292

Decumary,

221

Deer berry, ,

467

Deer grass.

57

Devil's wood,

333

Dew berry

400

Dill,

52,127

Directions,

8

Ditch moss,

93, 423

Dittany,

68, 215

Dock,

56, 403

Dockmackie,

474

Dodder,

49, 215

Dog-bane,

8G, 129

Dog weed.

188

Dogwood,

42, 209, 210

Doglail grass,

40, 231

Dogtooth violet,

55, 239

Dragon's claw,

207

Dragoness,

205

Dragon head,

69, 229

Dropseed,

160

Dropseed grass,

38, 323

Dropwort,

132

Duck-meat,

87, 295

Dwarf stinger.

465

Dyer's broom.

78, 252

Dyer's cleavers,

250

Dyer's weed.

389

E.

Eardrop,

57, 247

Eel-grass,

86

660

INDEX.

Prto-c.

Paac,

Egg-plant,

432

Flowering wintergreen,

363

Egg squashj

214

Flower-of-an-hour,

269

Eglantine,

398

Fog-fruit,

70, 484

Egyptian lily,

165

Forget-me-not,

324

Elder,

52, 327, 410

Forked spike.

125

Elecampane,

81, 283

Fork fern.

94, 114

Elementary organs,

1

Fork stems.

521

Elephant foot,

84, 231

Forty knot,

113

Elm,

50, 464

Four o'clockj

48, 320

Endive,

78, 196

Foxglove,

7i,

224/ 253

Enchanter's nightshade^

35, 198

Foxtail-grass.

38, 120

Ergot,

487

Foxtail panic,

346

Essential terms,

1

Fringe tree.

34,

193, 392

European ivy,

49

Fritillary,

247

Eyebright,

70, 243

Frost plant.
Fumitory,

64, 263
75, 248

F.

Funegreekj

77

False boletus,

Furze,

78, 464

False bngloss,

45, 155

G.

False cowslip.

45, 227

Galingale,

37, 230

False box,

42, 209

Garlic,

54,

119, 120

False riax,

450

Gay-feather,

79, 299

False grape,

49, 129

Gem-frnit,

452

False star-grass,

'119

Genera described.

33

False rush-grass,

56

Gentian, 43, 49j 68,

252,

285, 446

False gromvvell.

44

Gentianella,

244

Farkle berry,

468

Geranium, 74, 237, 238,

252,

253, 346

Feather beds,

191

Germander,

68, 449

Feather grass,

SB, 444

Gill-overground,

68, 255

Feather leaf,

45

Ginger,

86, 138

Fennel,

52, 127

Ginseng,

50, 339

Fennel- flower,

66, 328

Glasswort,

406

Fenugreek,

77, 459

Globe amaranth,

257

Fescu grass,

39, 245

Globe flower,

67, 462

Festoon pine,

309

Globe thistle.

84, 230

Fern, m,

159, 415, 445

Goal's beard,

79, 455

Fever bush,

293

Goat's rue,

77, 448

Feverfew,

82, 194

Golden club.

335

Feverwort,

48, 460

Golden rod,

81, 432

Fig-tiee,

92, 245

Gold thread.

67, 207

Fig-hollyhock,

120

Golden locks,

80, 195

Figwort^

70, 419

Gooseberry,

49,

395, 396

Filbert,

211

Goose-grass,

250

Fine-haired fern,

224

Gourd,

91,214

Finger-grass,

41, 224

Grape,

48, 480

Fir,

358

Grass,

37

Fir-tree,

358

Grass pink,

85, 215

Fire-weed,

82, 421

Grass poley.

311

Five-finger,

64, 372, 373

Grass-wrack,

86, 485

Flag,

114

Gravel chickweed.

418

Flat-top,

79, 471

Greek valerian,

46, 365

Flax,

53, 167, 302

Green dragon.

137

Flax seed,

87, 295

Greenhead,

261

Flax vine,

215

Gromwell,

44,

303, 333

Flea bane.

81, 207, 235

Ground-flower,

365

Floating heart,

476

Ground-ivy,

68, 255

Floating liverwort,

521

Ground-nut,

339

Flower-cup fern.

481

Ground pine,

95,

308, 309

Flower-de-luce,

35, 285

Groundsel,

80,

421, 422

Flowering fern,

95, 336

Groundsel tree.

80, 153

Flowering nettle,

68, 249

Ground star,

502

Flowering ash.

34

Guelder rose,

474

INbEX.

561

Cluiiiea-lien flower,

Panre.

247

Hydrangea;

Pagei
61, 62, 273, 276

Guinea pepper,

168

Hyssop,

68, 258,

281, 282

Hackmatack,

859

1

loe plant,

'

64, 319

Hagberry,

186

Indian corn,

87, 484

Hair-beard,

40, 150

Indian cress.

462

Hair-bell,

167

Indian giass.

125

Hair-cup mosSj

519

Indian hemp.

86, 129

Hair-grass,

40, 118

Indian millet.

438

Hard grassj

399

Indian physic,

63, 255

Hardback,

63, 440

Indian pipe,

322

liautboy,

246

Indian poke.

469

Havvkweed,

79, 128,

270, 271

Indian reed.

197

Hawthorn,

212

Indian strawberry^

33, 158

Hazle-nut,

89, 211

Indian cucumber;

56

Heal-all,

69, 376

Indian turnip,

89, 138

Hearts-ease,

68, 368

Indigo,

77

■, 78, 283

Heart water shield,

45

Ink-berry,

376

Heath, 58,

64, 235,

276, 318

Innocence,

275

Hedghog,

315

Iris,

35,

284, 285

Hedgehog-grass,

37,

187, 232

Iron wood,

336

Hedge hyssop.

34, 258

Itchweed^

56, 469

Hedge nettle.

68

Itea,

286

Hellebore,

56, 67,

266, 282

Ivy,

52, 261

Helonias,

56, 266

Hemlock,

205

J

f.

Hemlock treej

358

jacobea,

121

Hemp,

93,

168, 220

Jacob's ladder.

92, 431

Hempweed,

240

Jasmine,

34, 286

Henbane,

46, 356

Jeruisalem cherry,

433

Henbit;

291

Jewelweed,

48, 283

Herb-robert,

74, 253

Jews ears,

'

501

Herb-bennet,

64, 254

Job's tears,

87, 203

Herds-grass,

354

John's wort,

66,

279, 280

Hibiscus,

269

Joe pye.

80, 241

Hickory,

90, 183

Jointweedj

368

High heal-all,

71

Jonquil,

54, 325

High water-shrub.

84,286

Judas tree,

59, 190

Horehound,

34, 68,

309. 314

July-flower,

72, 192

Hogweed,

88, 121

June-beiry,

135

Holly, 44.

, 51, 238,

282, 327

Juniper,

288

Holly bay,

258

Jussieu's orders,

21

Hollyhock,

75, 120

Honesty,

71, 306

K.

Honey locust.

92, 255

Kinnikinnick,

131

Honeysuckle, 46, 47,

152, 153,

305, 392

Kidney fern,

481

483-'

Kirig's spear,

55, 140

Hoodwort,

419

Knapweed,

187

Hoop-ash,

186

Knawel,

61, 418

Hop,

92, 276

Knot-grass,

58,

, 185, 367

Hop medick.

315

Knotweed,

368

Hornbeam,

90

. 182, 336

Hornwort,

89, 190

L.

Horse balm.

35, 203

Labrador tea.

60, 295

Horse chesnut,

115

Ladies' mantle.

43,

, 119, 218

Horse ginseng,

48, 460

Ladies' slipper.

85

Horse radish.

71,203

Ladies' thumb.

368

Horsptail,

96. 234

Ladies' tresses,

84, 328

Hound-longu*i»

45, 216

Lamb lettuce.

35, 244

House-leek,

67, 421

Larch,

359

Hyacintli,

55, 276

Larkspur,

66,221

71

562

Page.

Page.

Laurel,

61, 289, 312

Masterwort,

267

Laiuestine,

474

Mat grass.

37, 325

Lavender,

68, 294, 442

Matrimony,

43, 308

Lead plant,

122, 162

May-apple,

364

Leaf-cup,

.84,369

May-weed,

82, 128

Leather-flower,

199

Meadow beauty,

390

Leather-leaf,

61,124

Meadow grass,

120,302

Leather-wood,

58, 226

Meadow rue,

66, 449

Leek,

54, 120

Meadow, sweet,

440

Lemon tree,

65, 198

IVIeciioacan,

206

Lettuce,

79, 291, 374

Medlar,

61, 135, 319

Lichnidia,

46, 354

Medick,

77, 315

Lichnis,

308

Melic grass,

40, 316

Life-everlasting,

81, 256, 257

Meliot clover

77, 317

Lilac,

34, 447

Mercury,

90, 195

Lily,

55, 286, 300

Mermaid,

54, 246

Lily of the valley,

205, 206

Mezereon,

58, 220, 226

Lime-grass,

40, 232

Mignonette,

389

Lime-tiee,

452

Milfoil,

89,113,324,465

Limodore,

85

Milk vetch.

77,147, 150

Linnean Taxonomy,

Itoll

Milkweed,

58, 112,138, 139

Lip fern,

192

Milkwort,

49, 75, 255, 365, 306

Liquorice,

77, 250, 256

Milky-way plant,

77, 248

Live-forever,

62. 421

Milk-vine,

86, 348

Liver-leaf,

67, 267

Millet,

37, 320

Lizard's tail,

57, 412

Millet grass.

359

Locust,

77, 255, 397

Mint,

321

Lobelia,

303

Misletose,

92, 132, 480

Long-stems,

33

Mitrewort,

61, 452

Lopseed,

69, 356

Mithriciate mustard,

, (L. cam.) 296

Loosestrife,

45,57,251, 310

Mock orange.

63

Lovage,

52, 300

Molucca balm,

68, 321

Love appl^

432

Monkey flower,

71, 320

Love-lies-bleeding,

121

Monk's hood,

66, 113

Love vine.

215

Moon-fruit pine.

. 309

Lousevvort,

71, 345

Moonseed,

57, 93, 317

Lucerne,

315

Moon wort,

159

Lungwort,

44, 380

Moor grass,

40, 424

Lupine,

78, 306, 307

Moose-wood,

226

Morning-glory,

46, 206, 284

M.

Moschalel,

115

Madder,

42, 399

Moss crop,

237

Mad-dogweed,

119

Moss-bush,

124

Madeira nut,

287

Mother of thyme,

451

Madwort,

167

Motherwort,

68, 153, 296

Magnolia,

67, 312

Mould,

519

Mahogany,

60, 447

Mouldiness,

513

Maidenhair,

95,115

Mountain box,

46

Malabar-nut,

34, 289

Mountain flax,

75, 366

Mallows, 74, 75,

269, 294, 313, 425

Mountain flea-wort

197

Mandrake,

65, 304

Mountain leek.

119

Mangle,

152

Mountain mint.

35, 68, 321, 381, 462

Mangrove tree,

391

Mountain pink.

355

Man-of-the-earth.

206

Mountain rice.

37, 336

Maple,

58, 112

Mouse-ear,

188

Mare's tail,

33, 271

Mouse-ear cress.

Majoram,

69, 335

Mud plantain.

968

Marsh five finger,

64, 204

Mudwort^

70, :^oi

Marsh-mallows,

75, 120, 269

Mugwort,

136

Marsh rosemary,

53, 442

Mulberry,

88, 92, 161, 323

Marsh tea.

295

Mullein,

46, 469

Marygold, 82,84,157,

164, 165, 448, 485

Mushroom,

-. , . 486

563

Pase.

Pase.

Muskmelon,

91,214

Pecan-nut,

183

Mustard,

73,

364, 429

Pellitory,

88,342

Myrtle,

63,

324, 325

Pencil flower,
Pennycress,

78, 446
450

N.

Pennyroyal,

68,

261, 285

Narcissus,

120, 325

Pennywort,

69,

277, 330

JNasturliou,

58, 462

Peony,

66

Natural Orders,

16

, 21, 539

Pepper,

58,

168,

359, 367

Navel- wort,

277

Pepper-bush,

124

Neckweed,

472

Pepper-grass,

296

Necklace-weed,

65,114

Pepperidge,

91, 329

NeluNiBo,

67

Peppermint,

68, 318

Nettle,

88, 158,

249, 432

Pepper-root,

222

Nettle tree,

50,

\m, 465

Periwinkle,

476

New Jersey tea,

185, 48

Persimon,

225

Nigiitshade,

47, 432

Peter's wort,

66,

139, 447

Nine-bark,

440

Phacelia,

352

Nit-weed,

280

Pheasant's eye,

67, 115

Nonesuch,

315

Phenecian mallows,

269

Nutmeg flower,

O.

328

Phenogamous species,
Pickeral weed,
Pigeon-berry,

111

54, 370

357

Oak,

89, 383

Pigmy-weed,

44, 453

Oak of Jerusalem,

50, 193

Pig-nut,

183

Oats,

40, 89, 151,

152, 464

Pig-weed,

50, 193

Oil-nut,

92

Pimpernel, 123,

188,

302,

410, 471

Oily grain,

71, 423

Pine,

91,

358,

, 359, 453

Okra,

269

Pink, 61,

153,

203,

223, 275

Olcott root,

403

Pink-root,

440

Olea,

333

Pine-weed,

280

Olive,

333

Pinxter blomachee,

152

Onion,

54,119

Pin-weed

41, 294

Orache,

50, 151

Pipewort,

88, 236

Orange root,

66, 276

Plane tree.

361

Orange tree.

65, 198

Plantain, «

43,

235,

, 342, 360

Orchis, 84,

, 85, 303, 334,

361, 460

Pleurisy-root,

139

Orchard grass,

40

Plowman's wort.

81,207

Orpine,

62,

347, 421

Plugi,

Poison hemlock.

62, 93,

225, 377

Osier,

209

51, 205

Ox-eye,

83,

162, 266

Poison vine,

392

Ox-eyed daisy,

P.

82, 194

Pokeweed,
Pole bean,
Polyanlhos,

62, 357
353
325

Painted-cup,

^70,

155, 240

Polygaly,

365

Palm,

56, 57

Polypod,

94, 369

Palina christi,

91, 396

Pomegranite,

63, 381

Panic,

41

Pompion berry,

186

Panic grass.

41, 340

Pond lily,

65, 329

Paper sponk,

520

Pond weed,

44,

371.

, 372, 484

Parnassus grass,

53. 342

Poplar,

93,

370. 371

Parsley,

51,

116, 129

Poppoose-root,

54, 295

Parsnip,

52, 267,

, 344, 485

Poppy,

65,

134,

255, 342

Partridge berry,

42, 321

Potdtoe,

47, 43 i

Partridge pea.

184

Poverty grass,

134

Passion-flower,

74, 344

Prickly ash,

91,482

Patience,

403

Prickly pear.

62, 163

Paul's betouy.

471

Pride-weed,

81, 235

Pea,

76, 292,

, 293, 360

Pride of china,

60

Peach,

63, 123

Prim,

34

Pea-nut,

78, 131

Primrose,

57, 375

P^ar,

63, 383

Primrose cowslip.

45

Pearl-wort,

44, 405

Prince's feather,

368

564

INDEX.

Page.

Page.

Prince's pine,

60, 193

Saff-flower,

183

Fuecoon,

155

Sage, 35, 137, 409, 410

Puff-ball,

512

Sago-plant,

215

Pumpkin,

91,214

Sallad,

244

Purslane,

35, 64,

214, 371

Salsify,

455

Purple-hair grass,

39

St. John's dog-bane,

129

Putty-root,

85, 129

Salt grass,

37, 301

Pyramid flower,

43, 247

Saltwort,
Samphire,

50, 409
33. 406

Q.

Sanicle,

50, 61, 411

Quack-grass,

39, 461

Sand myrtle.

295

Quaking grass,

161

Sandwort,

62, 132, 133

Queen of the meadow,

441

Sarsaparilla,

53

Quickset,

212

Sassafras,

59, 293

Quill-wort,

96, 286

Satin flower,

71, 306

Quince,

63, 383

Satyr,
Savin,

260
93, 288

R.

Savory,

412

Rabbit-foot,

456

Sow grass.

416

Radish,

73, 389

Saxiirage, 43, 61, 196, 410, 413. 415

Ragged cup,

84, 428

Scabish,

330, 57

Ragged robin,

308

Scabious,

42, 415

Ragwprt,

82, 422

Scailet runner.

353

Raspberry,

64,

399^ 400

Scarlet pimpernel.

45

Rattlesnake fern,

160

Scorpion weed.

44, 324

Rattlesnake grass,

161, 363

Scouring rush.

96, 234

Rattlesnake leaf,

84, 257

Screwstem,

187

Rattle-box,

78, 213

Scropliula-weed,

84, 257

Red-bud,

190

Scull-cap,

69,419

Red-rod,

209

Scurvy-grass,

203

Red-root,

186, 225

Sea-rocket,

164

Red-pepper,

47, 168

Seed-box,

43, 305

Red-ipp,

88,

117, 481

Seeded plum,

225

Reed,

38

Sedge,
Self-heal,

87, 170 172, 174'

Reed-grass,

138. 164

69, 376

Reed-mace,

87, 463

Seneca-grass,

271

Rhodora,

59, 392

Senna,

183, 204

Rhubarb,

59, 390

Senna herb.

204

Ribbon grass,

39, 352

Sensitive brier.

416

Rib- wort.

43, 360

Sensitive fern.

333

Rice,

56

Sensitive plant.

184, 416, 78

Rice grass,

295

Sesame grass,

461

Richweed,

203, 465

Shad-bu.sh,

63, 135

River nymph,

86

Shag-walnut,

183

Rocket,

73, 268

Shallot,

120

Rock rose,

64, 263

Shell-flower,

68, 321

Roman artemisia,

187

Sheep-berry,

473, 52

Roman fern.

94, 157

Shepherd's purse,

72, 168

Roman wprmwood,

137

Shield-lichen,

515

Rose,

64,

397. 398

Shin-leaf,

59, 382

Rose bay,

61 ; 391

Shin-wood,

448

Rose campion,

117

Shot-bush,

131

Rosemary,

35,

124, 399

Sickle-pod,

130

Rough-bells,

167

Side-saddle,

65, 411

Rue,

60, 404

Silk grass,

484

Ruel,

70, 403

Simpler's joy,

470

Rush, 39,

56, 287,

415, 416

Single-seed cucumber,

90, 424

Rye,

40, 420

Skunk cabbage.
Sleek-leaf,

43. 282
60 295

s.

Sloe,

377, 473

Sacred bean,

327

Small crane's bill,

252

Saffron,

36, 79.

, 183, 213

Smellage,

3Q0

1

565

Page.

Snail-shell, 315

Snake-lily, 2ri4

Snake-head, 71, 192

Snake-mouth, 85
Snake-root, 75, 86, 138, 238, 299, 311, 366

Snake-weed, 4<!3

Snapdragon, 70, 128

Sneeze wort, , 113

Snow-ball, 52, 474

Snow-drop, 54, 120, 249

Snow-drop tree, 75, 193, 2(i0

Snuffbox-fern, 141

Soap-berry, 58

Soapwort, 61, 411

Sott-grass, 271

Solanum, 47

Solomon's seal. 55. 205

Sorrel. 403, 56

Sorrel tree, 124

Sour gum, 329

South sea tea, 282

Southern wood, 137, 80

Spearmint, 68, 318

Spearwort, 386

Spear grass, 362, 39

Speckled jewels, 283

Speedwell, 34. 471, 472

Spice-bush, ' 59, 293

Spice root, 219

Spiderwort, 53, 454

Spikenard, 53

Spinacii, 92. 440

Spindle tree, 240, 48

Spleen amaranth, 121

Spleenwort, 94, 141, 142

Spring beauty, 48, 198

Spring cress, (C. rotund*.) 169

Spruce, 358

Spur -stem, 45, 476

Spurge. 87, 88, 243

Spurrv, 62,439

Squash, 91, 214

Squaw-root, 335

Squill, 55, 416

Squirrel-tail grass, 272

Staff tree, 48, 186

Stag's horn^ 392

Star-flower, 81. 142

Star-giass, 54, 281

Star of Bethlehem, 55, 335
Starwort, 61,62,165,319

Steen-crout, 303

Steeple-bush, 63, 440

Stichwort, (palustris, 7th ed.) 442

Stone-crop, 62, 421

Storax tree, 75

Strawberry, 64,220,246

Strawberry blite, 158

Strawberry tree, 132

Succory, 78, 196

3. repand- toothed; stem erect.

Patre.

Sugar-cane,

38, 405

Sulphurwort,

52, 342

Sultana,

187

Sumach,

E2, 392

Summer-grass,

271

Sunray,

82

Sundew,

53, 229

Sundrops, >

331

Sunflower, 83,

208, 263,

265, 401

Supple-jack,

Swallow-wort,

138

Sweet- weed,

269

Sweeibriar,

398

Sweet cicely,

51, 336

Sweet fern,

87, 204

Sweet-flag,

56, 1 14

Sweet gale.

92, 324

Sweet gum.

302

Sweet-leaf,

272

Sweet pea,

76, 293

Sweet potatoe,

206

Sweet tree,

112

Sweet vernal-grass,

35, 128

Sweet William,

61,223

Sweet pepper bush,

60, 201

Swine's cress,

210

Sycamore,

90, 361

Syringa,

63, 354

T.

Talinum,

64, 448

Tamerack,

359

Tangle-legs,

473

Tansy,

80,

136, 448

Tape-grass,

91, 469

Tare,

474

Taxonomy,

1

Tea,

65, 450

Teasel,

42,

226, 404

Thimble berry.

400

Thimble weed,

126

Thin grass.

38

Thistle, 79,

169, 187,

201, 437

Thorn,

63',

211, 212

Thorn-apple,

46, 220

Thoroughwax,

162

Thread-foot,)

87,364

Three-birds,

128

Three-colored coxcomb,

121

Three-colored daisy.

194

Three-seed leek,

119

Thrift,

442

Thyme,

69, 201,

381, 451

Tickweed,

207

Tiger flower,

452

Timothy grass.

38,354

Toad-flax,

49,70 128, 4.50

Tobacco,

46, 47,

304, 328

Tooth-ache bush,

92, 482

Tooth-cup,

43

Tooth root,

73, 222

Tory-weed,

216

566

Touch-me-not,

Touchwood,

Trailing arbutus,

Traveller's joy,

Tread softly,

Tree primrose,^

Tree-weed,

Trefoil,

Trickle root.

Trumpet-flower,

Trumpet-weed,

Tuberose,

Tulip,

Tulip tree,

Tupelo,

Turmeric root,

Turnip,

Turnsol,

Twayblade,

Twin-berry,

Twin-flower,

Twin-leaf,

Umbrella grass,
Umbrella moss,
Umbrella tree.
Unicorn plant.
Unicorn root.

Valerian,

Vegetable oyster,

Venus' fly-trap,

Venus' looking-glass,

Venus' pride.

Vervain,

Vetch,

Violet, 48, 219, 257, 268,

Viper's bugloss,

Virgin's bower, C6,

Veronica,

Page.
48, 2S3

493
60, 233

199

287
57,330

:i08

261

73

70, 157

241
55, 365
55, 462
67, 302
92, 329

270
73, 138, 160
45. 266
85; 312
47, 483
42, 302
58, 287

37,248

W.

56. 89.

Wake robin.
Walking leaf,
Wall cress,
Wall-flower,
Walnut,
Water carpet.
Water cress.
Water fescue,
Water grass,
Water hemlock,
Water hemp,
Water leaf,
Water leaf burr-flower
Water lily,
Water melon.
Water nymph.
Water oats,
Water plantain,

312

71, 315

119

35, 422, 469

79, 455

60, 225

167

42, 275

68, 470

76, 238, 474

275, 283, 476

44, 231

150, 199, 200

297

13S, 459^ 400
94, 141
72, 130
72, 192

90, 287
58, 196

73, 154, 169
255
118
51, 197
113
327
273
65, 329

91, 214
325
484

57, 119

Water poplar.
Water purslane,
Water parsnip.
Water star-wort,
Water drop-wort,
Water radish.
Water rocket,
Water shield,
Water target,
Wax bush.
Weed grass,
Whdhoo,
Wheat,
Wheat thief,
Whip-grass,
While-bush,
White cedar,
White grass,
White root.
White weed.
White wood.
White top.
Whitlow-grass,
Whortleberry,
Wild basil,
Wild indigo.
Wild rice.
Wild rye.
Wild oats.
Willow,
Willow-herb,
Wind-flower,
Winter cress.
Winter-berry,
Wintergreen,
Wire-grass,
Witch-alder,
Witch-hazle,
Woad,
Woodbine,
Wood-sage,
Wood waxen,
Wood sorrel.
Wolf's bane,
Wormseed,
Wormwood,

Paore.
370

43, 285
51,430

50

71, 154
154

67, 277

277

215

205

464

40, 316, 461

303

87

124,201, 61

91, 215, 451

295

139

194

67, 302
117

71

467, 60

381

59, 154

485

232, 40

40, 220, 485

91, 406

63,233, 311

126

154

54, 376

60, 251. 382

231

63, 246

44, 260

72. 285
304, 305

68, 449
252

62, 336, 337

114

193

121, 136, 137, 80

Yam-root,

Yarrow,

Yellow-grass,

Yellow-eyed grass,

Yellow-rattle,

Yellow-root,

Yellow-seed, (L. cam.)

Yellow-star-root,

Yellow leaf.

Yew,

Yew-tree,

Zigadene,

92, 225
82, 113

217
36, 483

391
53, 482

296

119

94, 448
94, 454

56, 484

567

EATON'S
BOTANICAL DICTIONARY,

FIFTH EDITION,

MODERNIZED FOR 1840, TO ACCOMPANY GaTEs' EIGHTH EDITION OF

NORTH AMERICAN BOTANY.

Latin words are printed in italics. When a word is the same in Latin and English,
excepting a terminal letter or two, it is generally omitted in one of the languages.

Abbre'viated pe'rianth. Shorter than most perianths, in proportion to its breadth.
Abbkevia'tion. Altliongh any botanist may employ such abbreviations as best suits

his purpose, by explaining their import, yet, the following are in such general use,

that it is convenient to know them.
Rad. root. Fr. fruit.

Fol. leaf. Ph. ieufet of calyx, or leaf.

Slip, stipule. Per. Pericarp.

Flo. flower. Mas. staminate flower.

Cal. calyx. Fem. pistillate flower.

Cor. corol. Neu. neutral flower.

Pet. petal. Her. perfect flower.

Stam. stamen. 0. annual.

Fil. filament. ^. biennial.

Anth. anther. 21. perennial.

Pist. pistil. >>. woody.

Siig. stigma.

Abhrevia'lus. See abbreviated.

Abdom'inal. Belonging to, or situated on, the abdomen; as fins, rings, v&c.
Abnor'mai,, (abnormis.) Some departure from the ordinary structure of the family

or genus. Not according with first principles.
Abur'tiens See abortive.
Abor'tive flower. Not arriving to perfection; the proof of which is the want of

perfect seed. One or more organs suppressed and absorbed by others. See seed.
Abrupt' leaf. A pinnate leaf which has not an odd, or terminal leafet.

• root. Appearing as if bitten ofi'; as bird-foot violet.

Aliriip'te. Abruptly.

Aculyr.'inus. ^Vilhout a calyx.

Acati'lis. Stemless.

Accessory. Additional; annexed and of a different kind; often applied to the border

of the receptacle of a lichen.
Accre'tas, (actete. ) Fastened to another body, and growing with it.

668 AGE

AcERo'sE leaf. Needle-form. Generall}^ inserted on the sides of branches, as in ihd
pines.

Acero'sus. Acerose.

Acetabul'eus, (acctahvliforfnis.) Concave, depressed, round, with the border a little
turned inwards; resembling the cavity of the hip-joint.

AcHENE.* Akine. One-celled, superior carpel^ having a dry, indehiscent pericarp,-
without a suture. It is the pericarp, of the scabrous plants; also of the rose, sun-
flower, «&c.

Achlamydeons. Plants have frequently no floral envelopes; in that case flowers are
said to be naked or achlamydeous.

Avicuia'ris. Form of a small needle.

AciNAc'iFORM leaf. Sabre-form. One edge sharp and convex, the other thicker and
straight, or concave. Cutlass-form.

Acinacifor' mis. Acinaciform.

Ac'iNE. One of the little globules constituting a compound berry as of the raspberry<

Ac'inus. Acirie.

Acotyled'onous plants. Having no cotyledons, or seed-lobes: and consequently pro-
ducing no seminal leaves. See Cotyledon and See-leaves.

Acu'leus, CacuUiUus.) Prickle.

Acu'minate. When the leaf, calyx, «&;c. terminate suddenly in a point, generally
more or less curved towards one edge of the leaf

Acumina'tus. Awl-pointed, acuminate.

Acuta ngula'ris. Sharp-cornered.

Acute. Any part of a plant ending without a curved or founded termination. Ail
obtuse angle or any other angle j*i mathematics, is acute in botanical language.

Acu'te. Acutely. An ucute-de/ttdtUs, sharply toothed.

Acutiuscu'lus. Acutish That is, the apex, corner, &c. is hardly rounded so as to be
called obtuse, and is rather too nearly round to be denominated acute.

AnfeLPHous. Applied to plants whose stamens are united by their filaments, whether
in one, two, or more sets.

Adna'te. Adhering. Any two or more parts of a plant being attached to each other^
in cases where analagous parts are separate in other plants.

Adna'tus. Growing together. Adnate.

Acid vtjATEb, ( ackuUUus. ) Marked with very fine irregular streaks, as if produced
by the point of a needle.

Adpres'sils. Appressed.

Adscen'dens. Ascending.

Adverse leaf. Presenting its under surface to the sun. One edge presented towards
the stem.

JE,quwaL'ms, Valves equal among themselves.

JErugino' sus. Light bluish green; verdigris-color.

jEstiva'tion. The manner in which petals lie in the flower-bud, and leaves in the
leaf-bud, before they open. 1. Convolute, petals or leaves rolled all one way, like
a roll of paper or cloth. 2. Imhricult, petals or leaves lying over each other so as
to break joints, like shingles on a roof. 3. Canduplicale, each petal or leaf having
its edges rolled in, till the two opposite rolls meet on the midrib. 4. Vulvate,
when, just before they open, they stand like the husksof an ear of Indian corn.
5. Unequal-valvcd, when the petals difier in size.

While in the state of estivation, the leaves undergo important changes. Some-
times the axis of the bud is elongated into a branch, separating the leaves along
the branch to great distances. Son'Ctimes the axis extends but the tenth or twen-
tieth of an inch, and the leaves adhere, contract and expand variously: producing
calyxes, corols, stamens and pistils. The central leaf, or a central whorl of leaves,
have their folded edges grow together, forming carpels enclosing ovules; while the
midrib becomes a style, and its tip the stigma.

AJfi'nis. Having relation, or afiinity, to sometliing supposed to be previously known.

Aga'mia. fa, without, ^o/ztia, matrimony,) Necker's name for the class cr7/yu<o^«mia.

A'ges of plants. Some plants spring up. flower, ripen, seed, and die, in a few hours,
or a day, which are called tpheiiieruL. Others live a few months or a summer, which
are called annual. Others spring up in one summer and ripen and die the next,
which aie called biennial. Others live an indefinite period, either with the whole
stem and branches, or only by the root, which are called perennial.

* Achin, Gr. poor, lean.

AMP 669

The ages of trees may be known by counting the concentric rings or grains.
Ag'gregate. Many springing from tiie same point, or from the same receptacle.

Sometimes this term is rather loosely applied to heaps or bundles.

A^areirtite Jiuicers are those where several stand on the same receptacle without

united anthers. Applied to minerals, it signifies that several simple minerals are

united in a mass by adhesion, or by a cement.
Ai'gkktte, K'gret. The Hying, feathery or hairy crown of seeds: as the down of

thistles and dandelions.

s/i/ii'd (stipulatus) when it is supported on a foot-stem.

siin/ilc (simplex) when it consists of a bundle of simple hairs, without branches.

//^MW.y.se (plumosus) when each hair has other little hairs arranged along its

sides, lilve the beards on a feather.

tncmbranoiis, thin transparent leaves.

Marty n recommends this term under the word pappus.
AiGRETTEi). Bearing egret.
AiK-CELLs, besides the common intercellular passages, and the receptacles, there are

very remarkable cavities among the tissue of plants containing air only, and not

the proper ju!ce of the plant. Air-cells are very variable in size, figure and

arrangement. The structure of the air-cells and their coats form one of the most

beautiful of microscopical objects.
Akemum, is an indehisceni, bony, one-seeded pericarp, which does not contract any

degree of adhesion with the integument of the seed, as strawberry, sunflower.
Al'i, wing; alnlus, winged.
Al'liiravs. Whitish, growing white.
Albumen. The farinaceoiis, tleshy. or horny substance (which constitutes the chief

bulk of some monocotyledonous seeds; t between the integuments and the embryo.
It is well exhibited in the cocoa nut; also in culmiferous plants, as Indian corn,

wheat, rye, oats. Buckwheat flour is more perfect albumen "than the Indian meal.

It is not found in peas and beans; their chief mass is of the cotyledons. Cruciform

plants, as mustard seed, turnip seed, &c., contain none.
Albui' uuiii. The living and incompletely formed external layers are called the albur-
num; See Aubier. Sap-wood.
Al'gae. Linneus comprised the plants of the orders Hepaticae and Lichenes under

this order.
Ai.iENATtD. When the first organs, as the stamens, leaves, &c. give place to others

diflerent from the natural habit of the plant.
Alliaceous. Emitting the odour of garlick.
Alluvion. Detritus, which is formed by the process of washing from the place of

disintegration.
Ai.'piNE. Growing most naturally on high mountains.
Alteknate. Branches, leaves, flowers, »tc. are alternate, when arranged upon

opposite sides of the stem, or whatever supports them: beginning at different dis-
tances from its base, and continuing in nearly equal series. Sometimes they are

in three series.
Alter'natlng. When one organ is arranged alternately respecting another; as the

stamens in the first tert classes: mostly alternate with the petals, or divisions of

petals. . _

Alter'ae pinnata. Alternat^y pinnate.
Alve'olate receptacle (atteolatv:;. ) Having cells so as to resemble a honeycomb;

with more or less of each. seed imbedded in it.
AlutaceoOs. Tan color. The color of sole leather.
Ambitus. Periphery. The outer rim of a frond, receptacle, &c.
A ME.NT. An assemblage of small flower-bearing scales, which serve as lateral

calyces. These are arranged along a kind of rachis, and each encloses either the!

stamens or pistils of flowers. The pine, willow, oak, chesnut, walnut and nettles

are good examples. See strobile.
Amenla'ceus. Growing in aments, amentaceous.
Amphibiology. The department of Zoology, embracing animals which are capable

of suspending respiration for a long time without injuring the action of the arterial

system; and of living in air also in a healthy state. As frog, snake, tortoise, lizard.
Ainpkzkau Us. See clasping. Embracing the stem.
AiiipLius. Enlarged, abundant.
Ampul lus. See utriculus. Bladder.

72

570 APP

Anal. Situated near the vent, or between it and the tail.

Analluvion. Applied to detritus which has not received its present character from
being washed.

Anal'ogy. In natural science, it is frequently necessary to reason from analogy.

Anal'ysis. To analyse a plant boluniailhj, is to .search out the name by the number,
form, position, &.c. of its organs, as they exist in a natural stale.

Anastomosis. A meeting of mouths. When veins, tubes, &c. join in one, at, or
towards, their exlreinilies.

Ancip'itai.. Anceps. Two edged. Having two opposite edges or angles.

Asdrog'ynous plants. Bearing staminate and pistillate flowers on the same root
williout any perfect ones; as the Indian corn.

spil.c, has both staminate and pistillate flowers distinct on different parts of it.

Jtmcer, has stamens or pistils only, and is on the same plant with other flowers

having different organs from itself.

Ankrac'tuous. Winding by angular turnings.

Angiocarpus. Fungi bearing seeds internally.

An'gular. By means of intervening grooves, the stems, calyces, capsules, «S:c.
often have ridges running lengthwise, which give them this appellation; also hav-
ing several salient angles on the margin; as the leaf of the Datura Stramonium.

Av^da'tus. See angular.

Ancrustiful'ius. iSarrow-leaved.

Annotine. Of one year.

Annual, Which si)rings up, perfects fruit, and dies in the same year. The herbage
is often annual, with a perennial root. But the root is always intended, unless the
other parts are particular!}' menkoned.

Annulatus. Having a ring around the capsules in ferns; or a fungus with a ringed
stipe.

An'nulus. See ring.

Annuns. See annual.

Anom'alous. {a without, nomous law.) Whatever forms an exception to the
assumed rules or systems. In the attempts of old botanists at natural arrangement
many plants were necessarily thrown into anomalous groups.

Antenna;. The horns or jointed processes on the heads of insects.

Anther. As the limb of a petal is analogous to the lamina of a leaf, and the unguis
is analagous to the petiole of the cleft; it follows that the anther is a modification
of the lamina, and the filament of the petiole. Smiilar metamorphoses and inter-
changes among organs, are easily demonstrated by attentive observation. Especi-
allly leaves, branches, and flowers.

Antherid'iun. Used by Nuttall for a mass of pollen.

Antherif'erous. Antlierif' era. Flowers bearing sessile anthers; that is anthers with-
out filaments.

Antheroid. Having the appearance of an anther.

Anthocarpous. Authors, flower, carpos, fruit. When the ament of flowery scales, or
its open carpels become condensed into fruit; as the indurated and compacted stro-
bile of pine, cypress, or yew. The pine-apple, mulberry and tig also; but they are
the variety, sorosis,

Antho' d'lum. See perianth caly.-?.

Aper'lio. See blooming.

Ap'erture. In conchology it is used for the mouth of a shell, or entrance to the
animal's residence. It is of various forms, as angular, rounded, moon-form, linear,
«&c.

Apet'alous. a flower without a corol. See stamineus.

Ap'ex. The tip or end. Summit of the spire of a shell.

Aphyl'lous. Leafless.

Apicula'tum. Covered with fleshy, erect, short points.

Apoph'ysis. A process from the base of the theca of mosses.

Apotke'cium. The receptacle of lichens, being the part wherein the seeds are formed
and ripened. The saucer-foim cups on those greenish leathery scabs on fences and
stones, are examples. They are projiagted by s|)orules, included within little mem-
branous cases, which lie within a denuded portion of their own central substance,
called the scuiellum, apolhecium, or shield. See Border of Lichens.

Appen'dage. As thorns, tendril.

Appendic'olate. Appendicule. Appendaged. Having something attached to a

AWN 571

leaf, corol, &c. as a wing on a petiole, a nectary at the end of a petal, as in some

species of Polygala, »&c.
Appkksskd. Closely pressed; as leaves against the stem, &c.
Approx'imatk. Growing near each other, or near to a different part.
Ap'tekous. Without wings.

Aquat'ic. Growing most naturally in or near water.

Arachnoi' dcus. Covered witli interwoven hairs, so as to resemble a spider's web.
Aruneo'siis. See arachnoideus.
Ar'bor. See tree.

Arbo'reous. Tree-like. Applied to mineral impressions.
Arbokes'cent. Becoming woody when approaching maturity.
Arbus'cula. See sutFrulex — somewhat woody.
Arbusti'vus. Bush-like.
Arched. Curving above. See vaulted.
Ar'cuate, Arcua'lus. Bent like a bow. See bowed.
Arena' tim. Arcinvise, curved.
Arena'rius. Growing in sand.

Areola'tiis. ■ Raised a little so as to resemble a garden-bed. Cushion-like.
Argen'teus. Silver-colored.
Argu'tus. Sharp-tapering.
Argyroc'omus. Silky and silvery white.
Ar'id, A'ridus. Dry and rough.
A'ril, Anl'lus. The outer coat of a seed, which, not contracting with it in ripening,

falls off; sometimes the funiculus, or the placenta, expands about the seeds into a

fleshy body, named arillus.
Aris'tate, aris'ta and arista tus. See awn and awned. Bearded.
Arms. Spines and prickles.
Aromat'icus. Aromatic, sweet scented.
Ar'row-form. Shaped like an arrow-head. It differs from hear-form in having the

hind lubes acute.
Artic'idus. See joint.
Artic'ulated. Jointed. Articulated division of animals includes those which have

jointed abdomens; as angle-worms, lobsters, spiders and wasps.
Artkula'te. Jointedly.
Arundina'ceus. Resembling reeds.
Arven'sis. Growing in cultivated fields.

Ascen'ding. Rising gradually between a horizontal and vertical position.
Ascidium, when the petiole becomes dilated and hollowed out at its upper end, the

lamina being articulated with and closing up its orifice; it is also called a pitcher or

ascidium; as the leaf of the sarracenia (side-saddle.)
As'perate, As'per. Rough.
Asperifol'ius. Rough-leaved.

Assur'gent, Asmrgens. Rising in a curve from a declined base.
AsTi'PED. Pappus, or a fungus, without a stem or stipe.
Air opurpu' reus. Dark purple.
Atte.nuated, atienua'tus. Tapering gradually till it becomes slender. Long and

slender.
AuBiER. Sap-wood, the last. year's deposite.
Auc'tus calyx. Having an outer row of leafets, as the Dandelion.
Ave'iiiurn. Veinless.

AvERTEBRAL. Auimals without back bones; as insects, oysters angle-worms.
AcLui.ET. Spurious wings. A tuft of 3 or 5 feathers on the outer fore-joint of a

bird's wing.
Auranlia'cus. Orange-colored.
Aure'ns. Gold-colored.

Auricles. Apendages to the heart; being small cavities above the ventricles.
Auricula' tus; or aurilus. See eared. Ear-like processes.
Autumna' Lis. Coming to maturity in aututnn.
Auluinna'tio. The effect of autumn on plants.
Awr.'-FORM. Linear at, and adjoining, the base; and becoming sharp and more or

less curved to one side at the point.
Awl'-pointed. Acuminate.
Awn. a short slender process, or stiff" beard, from the top or back of glumes or chaff-

§72 BIP

Processes resembling awns are called by this name, whicli proceed from anthers or
any other parts of vegetables.

AwNED. Having awns, (aristatus); abruptly terminated in a hard, straight, subu-
late point; it is always a continuation of the lib, and sometimes separates from
the lamina below tlie apex.

AwNi.ESs. Without awns; sometimes it means a blunt, pointless awn.

Ax'e-form. Nearly cylindric towards the base, with one side projecting towards the
end, wliich piojeclion is sharp-edged.

Ax'iL. The arm-pit. Applied to vegetables, it means the angle formed by the meet-
ing of a leaf or petiole with the stem, or of a branch with the main stem.

Ax'iLLARy. Any thing growing from the axils.

Axis of fruit is often called columella; the space where two carpella unite, is named
the commissure; the axis may be compared to the vertebral column of animals in
many cases.

Azu'rms. See CcEruleus. Blue.

B.

Bac'ca. Pulpy, valveless berry.

Baccif'erous. Berry-bearing.

BaccU'lum. Pedicel of lichens.

Back. The side of a univalve shell, which is opposite to the side in which the aper-
ture is placed.

Ba'dius. Liver-brown.

Banner. The upper petal in a papilionaceous flower.

Barb, barba. A straight process armed with teetii, pointing backwards; if forked at
the apex, both divisions of the fork being hooked, it is gtuchis, or hook-beaked.

Barba'tus. See bearded.

Bark. Properly the inner strong fibrous part of the covering of vegetables. But in
a more extended sense it includes also the cuticle, and cdhdur intcaument.

Barren. Producing no ripe seed. See staminute, nculnil, and uburticu.

Bas'is. Base. The part of a stem, leaf, flower, <SlC., nearest to the place through
which it derives its nutriment. The extreme end of a univalve shell, opposite to
the apex of the spire; and the side or end opposite to the hinge of bivalve shells.
The hilum represents the base of the seed; the apex is determined by the point
where the vessels or tissue of the integument concentrate, called the micropile,
(little process.) Before maturing, called forauien.

Beak. One side of the aperture of a univalve siiell, extended in the form of a beak;
as murex. In a bivalve, it is the tip of the spiral part near the hinge.

Beak'ed. Terminated by a process, formed like a bird's bill; or terminating gradu-
ally in a hard, long, straight point.

Bearu. Having tufts of long, weak hairs, growing from different parts of the sur-
face. Parallel hairs. It is applied to the filamentous nectaries on the petals of
Iris. The lower lips of ringent corols are sometimes called beard. Tendril-like
appendages near the mouth of the sturgeon and some other fish.

BE'^nnLEss. Destitute of beard.

Bell'-form. Swelling out at the base, and without a tube. Properly applied to
monopeialous corols only; but it is frequently extend§d to liliaceous floweis, and
some others.

Belly. It is the swollen part of the body of a univalve shell. See body.

Bel'lying. See Ventricose. Inflated.

Berried, (haccatns. ) Having a juicy, succulent texture.

Berrv. a pulpy pericarp, enclosing seeds without capsules.

Bib'ulus. Sucking water.

Bicus'pidate. Having two lengthened points, each terminated with a small bristle,

Bi'dens. Having two teeth.

Bien'nial. Springing up one summer, flowering and dying the next; as wheat.

Bifa'rius. Facing two ways, presenting two oi)posite series.

Bi'ferous. Bearing twice in a year. Common in hot climates.

Bi'fid. Two cleft, split into two divisions.

BVfuhis. Bifid.

Bi'florus. See tw^o-flowered.

Bifariui, Having two openings or holes; or facing two ways.

BRA 573

BifurcaJtns or Bifur'cus. Forked.

Bigem'inate. Twin-forked. Having a forked stem, wiih two leaves on each part.

Biolan'uulous. Having two jrlands.

Biju'r.nus. A pinnate leaf with two pairs of leaves on each part.

Bila'liiiitc. Corol with two lips; as in most of the class diilijnnmia.

Bii-am'klla.te. Composed of two lamellae; it applies to a flattened stigma split
ien^rtlnvise

BiLo'BATE. Divided into two lobes.

BiLoc'uLAR. Two-celled.

Bi'nate. Two standing up together on the top of one stalk. If they spread out
horizontally, they are called cuiijugate.

Bincr'vis. Two nerved.

Bipak'tirle, or Bipar'tile. Naturally divisible into tvvo parts.

Bipar'tkus. Divided into two parts to the base, but still remaining in one piece, as the
petals of stel.laria.

Bipin'nate. Doubly pinnate.

Bipinnat'ifid. Doubly pinnatifid.

Biros'trate. Having tvvo beaks.

Biscria'lis. In two series; S-rowed.

Bistri'ate. Two slender lines running lengthwise.

Bisul'cate. Having iwo funows or grooves.

BrrER'iNATE. Doubly ternate.

Bi' VALVE. 'vV hen a capsule is composed of two pieces or valves; or when the glume-
calyx of grass, iVc, consists of two chaff or husks. When used in Zoology, it
refers to the two parts of the shell of such nioluscous animals as oysters, clams,

i&C.

Birusnda'ris. With two horn-form, or cup-form cells.

Bi.is'teked. See buliate.

Bloom'lng. Tbe precise time when all parts of the flovver are completely developed.

Bi.os'soM. Colored leaves of a flower, whether calyx, corol, or both.

Blunt. Round-obtuse.

Boat-form. Hollowed one side, with a compressed longitudinal ridge on the oppo-
site side.

Bouy. It is the first whorl at the base of a univalve shell; the most swollen part of
which is callpd the belly.

Bole. The naked trunk of a tree.

BoNV, (osseus. ) Hard and very close in texture, not cut without difficulty, the parts
cut off being brittle: as llie stone of a peach.

Border in Lichenes. Tbe edging of their receptacles (apothecium.) li is proper,
when of the same substance and color of the receptacle. It is accessory, when of a
different substance or color from the disk of the receptacle.

Border of corols, leaves, funguses, &c. The spreading brim.

tenuis. Thin border of a fungus.

' cnleruta. Colored border.

' eqiial.is. Wlien the stem of a fungus is in the centre.

• crassa. \ Thick border, &c.

Bossed. Bunched up in the centre, as in some agarics.

Botan'icai. names of plants. Generic names are chiefly given in honor of botanists,
and patrons of laborious botanists at the present day. Hence they are a correct
record of the names of the friends of our chief genera miiniifaclurers, and adven-
turous collectors. Specific names are sometimes given upon the same principle.
But they are mostly latin adjectives expressive of some striking form or cpiality of
tire plant. See Lindley's Introduction, p. 454, and on; wherein he gives the
Linnean rules f.^r naming, with his own comments.

Bot'rus. A cluster, like grapes.

Bough. See branch.

Boui DER. A large fragment of a rock. This term is applied to all niassps of rock,
which are severed from a main rock, if the size is above that which is usually
denominated a pebble.

Bow'ed. Curved over downwards.

BowL-FORM. About half of a hollow sphere.

Brach'iate. Branches nearly horizontal and decussate.

Btach'ium. See Measures. Arms lenjtth.

574 CAL

Bract. Brae' ted. Floral leaf. A leaf near or among flowers, which difFer.=! in shape,
or color, or both, from the other leaves of the plant. The leaf from the axilla of
which a flower-bud arises is called a bract, or floral leaf; and all rudimentary leaves
of what size or color soever, which appear on the peduncle between the floral-leaf
and the calyx, are called bracleoles; but in common language, botanists confound
these two kinds, which are essentially distinct. As on the bass-wood, (tilia.J

Brnclea'lus. Braclea, having bracts.

Bracteifor'mis. Resembling bracts.

Branch. A division of the main stem, or main root.

Branched. Divided into branches. Applied to roots, trees, &c.

Branch-leaves. Leaves growing on branches.

Brakch'let. .Subdivision of a branch; a twig.

Branch-pe'duncle. a peduncle proceeding from a branch.

Brev'is. Short. Unusually short.

Brevis' simns. Very short.

Brist'les. Very stiff hairs. They are simple or hooked.

Bristi,e-form. Nearly proportioned to a bristle in breadth and length.

Bristle-pointed, (setosus, setiger.J Terminating gradually in a very fine sharp
point.

Bristi.y. Set with bristles.

Bronchial. Applied to fish it means, pertaining to the gills.

Bruma'lis. See Hyemalis. Wintery.

Brcn'neus. Brown, dusky, dun.

Buckler-shaped, (scutatus, scutiformis. ) Lens-shaped, with an elevated brim.

Bud. The winter residence of leaves and flowers. Generally wanting in hot coun-
tries. They are defended by imbricate scales and mostly by a clammy glutinous
substance also. They are — L Lenf-beariiisr. Which are more slender and sharp.
2. FLuive.r-btaring. Which are thicker, not so hard nor so sharp. But late invest-
igations prove, that both kinds are interchangable, under the influence of contin-
gencies.

Bulb. Bulbus. Bulbous roots. Though we call the turnip, the onion, &c. roots,
they are strictly buds; or the winter residence of the future plants. Some bulbs
are borne above ground, as on several species of onion, (allium.) Leaf-buds have
been sometimes confounded with roots by old botanists; a bulb is a leaf-bud; a
bulbous root is a ccntradiclion in terms.

Bulhif'erous. Producing bulbs above ground.

BuUw'sus. Bulbous. Growing fiorn bulbs.

Bulbous root. Fleshy and spherical.

Bul'l/utus. Small lateral buds shooting from larger ones.

BuLLATE. Raised in bunches or blisters; as when the parenchymous substance of a
leaf rises up between the veins.

Bun'dle. See fascicle.

BuTTERKLY-FORM. Scc papilionaccous.

But'tons, TrictB. That kind of receptacle of lichens which when magnified resem-
bles a coiled horse-hair. They are roundish, sessile, unexpanding, compact, black
and solid; continued along their whole surface. Upper aide they are in concentric,
or coiled, plaited and twisted folds; covered every where with the same membrane;
containing seeds without cells, or cases. Smith.

Byssus. Flax-like, silky or hair-like fibres at the hinge of some bivalve shells. It is
applied to some fungi, &c.

C.

Cadu'cocs. Any part of a plant is caducous, which falls off earlier, compared with
other parts of the same plant, than is usual for similar parts in most plants. As
the calyx of the poppy and bloodroot, fall off before the corol is hardly expanded.

CcEsivs. Sky-blue, pale-blue, grey.

Caes'pitose. Turfy. Several plants growing together, or from the same root,
forming a turf

CaVartms. Reed-like.

Cal'car. A conic spur. See spur.

Cal'carate. See spurred.

Calciferous. Bearing calx. An old term for carbonate of lime. Applied to sand
rocks, «fec. which contain carbonate of lime.

CAR 575

Cauc'ifokm. See Calyciforin. Cup-liUe.

Calic'ulate, Caliculo'lus. Having a small outer calyx. See auctus.
Ca'lix. See calyx. Leaf-cup.
Cai.vc'ifur.m. Resembling a perianth calyx.
Ca'i.ycine, (Calycinus.) Appertaining lo a calyx.

Ca'lycle. Cijlyculiis. The outer calyx-like part of the crown of some seeds.
Ca'lvcled. See auctus. Having an outer calyx.
Ciilijc'idus. See calycle.

Cuhjfi'tni. Calyptre, or veil. Tiie cap or hood of pistillate mosses; resembling in
form and position an c«tinguislier set on a candle. It is the calyx closed; which
after being detached at the base its form till keeps it on the capsule a while. See
Pericluptiuni, wiiich is the true calyx of mosses.
Cahiptnt'Uis. Having a calyptre.

Calyx. ( Kalux, Gr. ) The most exterior integument of the flower consisting of
several verticillate leaves, either united by their margins or distinct, usually of a
green color, and of a redder and less delicate texture tlian tlie corol. ]f the sta-
mens alternate with the leafels or divisions, Linneus calls it a corol; and ifthe
stamens stand opposite to the leafels or divisions he calls it a calyx, witliout re-
garding tlie color or texture. This rule is to apply where but one of the organs is
present.

double. When one calyx is outside of another; as in the hnlhjhorh, (althea.)

common. When one calyx includes many florets, as tiie thistle.

proper. When a floret is included in a general calyx of its own.

There are seven kinds of calyx: 1. Perianth. 2. Involucre. 3. Spathe. 4.
Glume. 5. Ament. 6. Calyptre. 7. Volva. See each.
Camb, Cambium. Beneath the bark and above the wood is interposed in the spring a

mucous viscid layer, and appears to be exuded both by the bark and wood.
Campan'ulate, Campajuila'tus, See bell-form.
Campes'tris. Growing in uncultivated fields.

Canal. The channel or gutter along the back of a univalve shell.
Canalinda'tus. See channelled.
Can'cellate, Cancella'tus. See latticed. When the parenchyma is wholly absent

and the veins alone remain auastomising and forming a kind of net work.
Canescent. Becoming white or hoary.

Cap'ii.larv, CiijiilJu'ris, Cupilla'ceus. " Hair- form; longer than bristle-form in propor-
tion to its thickness.
Ctipilli.'tium, is a kind of purse or net, in which the sporules of some fungi are re-
tained.
Cvp'dlus. Hair. See pilus.

Cap'itate, Capita'tus. Head-form; growing in heads. When a bud produces flower-
buds, with little elongation of its own axis, either a head (capitulum) or an umbel
is produced.
Capre'olus. See tendril.
Caprifica'tio.v. The fertilizing of pistillate flowers by artificially sprinkling pollen

upon them. This is important in raising figs.
Cap'sule, (aipsula, ) a little chest. That kmd of pericarp, which opens by valves and
becomes dry when ripe: not including siliques nor legumes. When it is one-valved,
it is called a follicle. /o/Z(CM/i/5, which see. It consists of rcdccs, pnrlilions, colu-
mcUa, and cells, which See. Some kinds of capsules never open, and are called
samara, achenes, carpella, &c.
Cari'nate. Curi'nu. See keeled.

Car'neous, Car'jieus. Flesh-colored, Nuttall uses it for fleshy.
Carno'se. Camosus. Fleshy.
Car'pogena'tion. (Karpos, fruit; gennao, to bring forth.) A substitute for the word

fructification.
Carpellum, is formed by a folded leaf, the upper surface of which is turned inwards,
the lower outwards, and the margin of which developes one, or a greater number,
of buds, which are the ovula (becoming seeds.)
Cartilagk. Flexible, fibious, compact substance: often called gristle. Applied to

animals mostly.
Cartilag'inous. Hard and somewhat ilexible. It applies to a leaf, when it is bound

around with a strong margin, different from the disk of the leaf.
Carun'cle. Fleshy protuberance on the heads of some birds, as turkies.

576 CIC

Caryophyl'leous. Pink-like, as to tlie corol; having five petals with long claws, all
regular and set in a tubular calyx.

Carynpsis. An achene. with a thin membranous pericarp, which adheres to the tunic
of the seed too closely to be separable; as Indian corn, wheat, &c,

Cataphract'ep. Callous skin, or cartilaginous scabs.

Castra'ta. Filaments being without anthers.

Cain' nil la. A thread in some mosses, serving to unite or chain together the seeds*

Cat'kin, Caluliis. See anient.

Cau'dai.. Perlaining to the tail or posterior extremity.

Cau'date, Ciiu'da. See tail.

Cuiidex. The main body of a tree or root.

Caui.es'cent, andcsccns. Having a cuulis, or stem, exclusive of the peduncle or
scape.

Cau'line, cau'Unus. Growing on the main stem.

Cauik'vlus. The space that intervenes between the neck and the base of the cotyle^
dons is called the cauliculus.

Cau'Lis. The main herbage-bearing stem of plants, except of the grassy kind; as
trees, weeds, &c. We have no English name for this stem, unless we adopt the
French, tige.

Caui.ocar'i'ous, or tliose whose stem endures many years as trees and shrubs.

Cell. The hollow part, or cavity of a ppricarp or anther. It is more generally ap-
plied to the cavities of pericarps, where seeds are lodged. According to ihe num-
brs of these the pericarps are called nne-cdkd, Iwo-cdI.ed, &c.

Cei.'lular Integ'uwent. The parenchymatous substance between the cuticle and
bark. This substance is generally green

Cei.'lules, cis'liilic. Lillle ceils, of small bladders and cavities of various forms.
Sometimes applied to that kind of receptacle of Lichens, which is globose, terminal,
and formed of the substance of the frond; and at length bursts irregularly and
exposes uncoated seeds mixed with fibre.

Cell tiiu'. ins. Cellular. Having cavities within, which are small and irregular; and
in wliici) sometimes granules are nested.

Cciilra'lis. In the centre; sometimes used for near the centre.

Cc/jfialu'dla. See knobs.

Cere. Membrane covering the base of a bird's bill.

Ccrca'lis. ( Cf.'res, goddess of corn.) Any grain of which bread is made.

Cer'inius. When the apex or top only droops or bends down. See nutans, and tlief
dift'erence in the two terms.

Cervinus. Fawn-colored. The color of the fine light hair of a deer. Very pale
reddish yellow.

Chaff. 1'liin membranaceous covering of the seeds of grass, grain, &c., or left on
the receptacles of some compound flowers, after the seeds are removed.

Cuaf'fy. Bearing chaft', covered with small, weak, erect, membranous scales, re-
sembling the paleae or clialF of grasses.

Chalaza. The point of union, by organic connexion, of the nucleus of a seed, with
its tunics or immediate envelopes. This is truly the base of the ovule or seed,
where it unites with the placenta by its fiuiicle. Tlie ovule is attached to the cavity
of the carpel (or ovary, as it is called, if single,) at various points. When at the
bottom, the ovule is said to be erect; when to the placenta, a little above the base,
as in the apple, h is ascending ; when to the top, as the cherry, it is pendulous;
when to the side as the pea it is hnrizontal. Though the rlmlnza is not a definite or-
gan, its being the point of union and base of the ovule at the placenta, it is important.

Chambers. The cells, or separate spaces in shells. They are connected by a siphun-

cuhis.
Chan'nelled. Hollowed out longitudinally with a rounded groove of considerable

depth.
Chelate claws. At the end of fore legs of some insects. They resemble forceps^

like lobsters' claws.
Cho'rion. a clear, limpid liquor, contained in a seed in the time of flowering. This
liquor, after the pollen is received, becomes a perfect embryo of a new plant, and
takes the consistence usual in perfect seeds. But without the reception of the
pollen, neither any thing like the embryo, or perfect seed, is ever formed. Malpighi.
Chryso'cointis. Golden locks; or a yellow bundle of thread.
Cic'atrice, Cica'triz. The mark or natural scar from whence the leaf has fallen.

COL 677

CiiL'iATE, cilia'lug. Edged with parallel hairs 6r bristles, resembling eye-lashes.

Cine'reous. Of the color of wood-ashes.

Ciiigens. Surrounding, girdeling around.

Cir'cinal. Rolled in spirally, beginning with the tip, which continually occupies?
the centre; as ferns.

Circina'tiis. Circirial. Also compassed about.

Circumd'sas. Cut round. Opening transversely, not lengthwise; as the capsule of
purslane.

Cirrif crous. Bearing tendrils.

CiRRo'sE, cirro'sus. Terminating in a tendril.

Cir'rvs. (Curled bushy hair.) ,A tendril or climber.

Ciitu'Lcc. See Cellules. Little hollows.

Clam'siv. See viscid.

Clas'per. See tendril.

Clas'ping. The base of the leaf being more or less heart-form aind sessile, so that
the two hind lobes partly surround the stem.

Class, das'sis. The highest division of bodies in a system. Each class is defined
to be the agreement of several genera in the parts of fructification, according to the
principles of natute, distinguished by art. Grand divisions sometimes precede
classes.

Cla'vatk, clava'tus. Club-form. Growing larger towards the end.

Cltiu'sUs. Closed, shut up;

CUi'cus. See sjjurred rye. Ergot.

Claw, The lower narrow part of a petal, by which it is fixed Oft the calyx or recep-
tacle. It can exist only in polypelalous corols.

Cleft. Split down, not exceeding half way to the base; with nearly straight edges
on both sides of tlie fissure. The parts into which it is split are numbered in de-
scriptions; as once split making two divisions, is called 2-cleft; two splits 3-cleft;
. &c.

Clefts, llreVlm. That kind of receptacle oflidiens which is open, elongated, sessile,'
black, very narrow or linear, with a somewhat spongy disk; the bofdef is parallel
on side, and proper. Sometimes it has an accessory border fiom the crust besides.
The difls are either simple and solitary, or aggregate, Confluent and branched.

Climb'ing. Ascending by means of tendrils, as grapes: by leafstalks, as virgins'
bower; by canline radicles, or rootlets, as the creeping American ivy, (i-hus radi-
cans. ) It differs from twining, which see.

Cloaca. A general vent for eggs, urine and foeces, as of birds, &C.

Clouds. They inay be divided mto the regular and irregular.

Club. The clavate part of a fungus, which supports the fruit or bears the seed.

Club'form. See clavate.

Clus'tered. See racemed.

Cly'peate, Chjpea'tus. Form of buckler. See peltate.

Coad'unate. Wilh united bases.

Coaeta'neous, coaeta'nus. Existing at the same time. Applied tcf willows and to
some other plants; it implies that the flowers and leaves appear at the same time.

Co'alit, coali'tus. Thickened, increased, or pressed together, as the anthers of po-
tatoe flowers.

Coarc'tate. Cortipact. Pressed or squeezed close together.

Coat'ed. Consisting of concentric coats, layers or skins, as the bulbous roots of
onions.

Cob'vvebbed. See arachnoideus. Covered with loose, white, entangled, thin hairs^
resembling the web of a spider.

Cocdn'eus. Scarlet-colored.

Coc'cum. A grain or seed. Tricoccous. 3-seeded; pentacoccous, 5-seeded, &c.

Coch'leate, coddea'tus. Coiled spirally, like a snail-shell.

Coeruleopur/iu'reus Bluish purple, violet-color.

Cueru'leus. Blue.

Cuhe'rens. Cohering, attached; the fastening together of homogenous parts.

Coil'ed. Twisted like a ro|)e, or rather resembhng the form of one thread of a rope,
after the other threads are removed.

ColU'nus. Growing on hills.

Color. There are eight principal Coloi's, under which all the others may be arranged,

73

578 COL

viz: white, grey, hlaek, hroion, yellow, green, blue, and red. (In optics, red, orange
yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.)

1. WHITE.

Snow-white, (niveus.) As the purest wliite.

Pure-while, (candidus.) Yery pure, but not so clear as the last.

leory-irhit.e, (cream-color, eburneus. ) VVliile verging to yellow, with a little lustre.

Milk-white, Hacleus.) Dull while, verging to blue.

Chulkwiute, (cretaceous, calcareous, gypseous.) Very dull white, grey.

Sdcery, (argenleus.) A little changing to bluish grey.

Whitish, (albidus.) Any kind of white a little soiled.

Turning icliilc, (albescens.)

Whitened, (dealbatus.)

2. GREY.

Ash-grey, (cinereus.) Color of clean, cold ashes.

Pearl grey, (griseus. ) Pure grey, a little verging to blue.

Slate-grey, (schistaceus.) Grey bordering on blue.

Lead-colored, (plutnbens.) The same, with a little inetalic lustre.

Smoky, (funieus, funiosus. ) Grey changing to brown.

Mouse-colored, (niurinus. ) Giey with a touch of red.

Hoary, (canus, or incanus.) A greyish whiteness, caused by hairs overlying a green

surface.
Rather hoary, (canescens.) A variety of the last.

3. BLACK.

Pure-black, (aler, mela or melano.) Is black without the mixture of any other color.

Atratus and nigritus. When a portion only is black.

Black, (niger. ) A little tinged with grey. A variety is nigrescens.

Coal-black, (anthracinus.) A little verging upon blue.

Ra^n-black, (coracinus, pulhis.) Black with a strong lustre.

Pitch-black, (piceus.) Black changing to brown.

4. BROWN.

Chesnut-hroicn, (badius.) A little tinged with red.

Broicn, (fuscous.) Brown tinged with grey.

Deep-brown, (brunneus.) A pure dull-brown. Umber-brown (unibrinus) is nearly

the same.
Bright-broicn, (spadiceus. ) Clear brown.

Rusty, (ferrugineus.) Light brown with a little mixture of red.
Cinnamon, (cinnamomeus. ) Bright brown nlixed with yellow and red.
Red-brown, (porphyreus. ) Brown mixed with red.
Rufous, (rufus, rufescens.) Reddish brown.
Liver -colored, (hepaticus.) Hemalitic, or dark blood-color.
Fuligineus, (or fuliginosus. ) Dirty brown.
Lurid, (luridus.) Black-and-blue, like a bruised eye; grey shaded with pale blue.

Deathly.

5. YELLOW.

Lemon-colored, (citreus, or citrinus.) The purest yellow.

Golden-yellow, (aureus, auratus. ) Pure yellow and bright.

Yellow, (luteus.) As gamboge.

Pale-yellow, (flavus, luieolus, lutescens, flavidus, flavescens.)

Sulphur -colored, (sulpureus.) A pale, lively yellow.

Straw colored, (straniineus.) Dull yellow mixed with white.

Leather-yellow, (alutaceus.) Whitish yellow.

Oc//re-j/cto?o, (ochraceus.) Yellow changing to brown.

Ochrolevcus,. Yellowish white.

Waxy-yellon-, (cerinus.) Yellow with waxy brown.

Egg-yolk, (vitellinus.) Dull yellow, just turning to red.

Apricot-color, (arraeniacus. ) Yellow and rediish.

COM 579

Orange-color, (anrantiacus, aurantius.)

Saffron-colored, (croceus. ) Orange with a touch of brown.

HdcoJus, Greyish )'ellow with a little brown.

Isahella-yeUow, "(giivus.) Dull yellow with a mixture of grey and red.

Testuceirus, (testaceus. ) Biownish yellow, like unglazed earthen ware.

TaiDiiy, (fiilvus. ) Dull yellow with a mixture of grey and brown.

Cervinus, Tawny, a little darkened.

Livid, (lividus.) Bluish yellow. •

6. GREEN.

Grass-oTcm,^smaragdinus, prasirius. ) Clear lively green, without an}' mixture.
Green, (virjdis. ) Green, not bright, (viiidescens, ) shades of green.
Verdigris-vreen, (aeruginosus.) Deep green with a mixture of blue.
Sea-green, (glaucus, thalassicus, glaucescens.) Dull green passing into greyish

blue.
Deep-green, .(atrovirens. ) Green a little verging upon black,
YelLowisli-green, (tlavovirens. ) Much stained with 3'ellow.
Olitegrem, (olivaceus. ) A mixture of green and brown.

7. BLUE.

Prussi«7i-Wue, (cyaneus.) A clear bright blue.

Indigo, (indigoticus. ) The deepest blue.

Blue, (coeruleus.) Lightish blue.

Sky-blue, (azureus.) A light, pure, lively blue.

Lacendcr-color, (caesius. ) Paie blue tinged grey.

Violet, (violeseeus, ianthinus.) Pure blue stained with red.

Li^c, (lilacinus.) Pale dull violet.

8. RED.

Carmine, (kermesinus, puniceus.) The purest red without any admixture.

Red. (ruber.) In Greek composition (erythro) the common term for any pure red.

Rosy, (roseus. ) Pale pure red.

Flesh-colored, (carneus, incarnatus. ) Pale, with a slight mixture of red.

Purple, (purpureus.) Dull red with a slight dash of blue.

Sanguine, (sanguineus.) Dull red passing into brownish blue.

PImeniceous, (phseniceus, puniceus,) Pure lively red with a mixture of carmine and

scarlet.
Scarlet, (coccineus.) Pure carmine slightly tinged with yellow.
Fiume-colored, (flanimeus, igneus.) Very lively scarlet: fiery red.
Bright-Tcd, (rutilans, rutilus ) Reddish with a metalic lustre.
Cinnabar, (cinnabarinus. ) Scarlet with a slight mixture of orange.
Vermillion, (miniatiis, vermiculalus.) Scarlet with a decided mixture of yellow.
Brick-color, (lateritious. ) Dull red mixed with grey.

Broicn-red, (rubiginosus, haeinatiticus. ) Dull red with a slight mixture of brown,
Xerampclinus, Dull red with a strong mixture of brown.
Coppery, (cupreus. ) Brownish red with a metalic lustre.
Gilkagineus. Greenish red,

Col'orf.d, Of any hue except green; but in the language of botanists green parts
are not colored,

Cotoratus- Colored, Any color but green,

Coi.umkl'la, A colum of placenta, made by the meeting of several carpels in a
syncocarp germ, to which seeds (ovules) are attached within the fruit. See Fig,
8, p. 12 and !3. Applied to shells, it means the pillar formed by the spire, com-
mencing with the left lip.

CotAiMN, Applied to a thick strong style.

Columnar. In the fjrm of a column, as the position of the united stamens in the
hollyhock. The stamens of flax-flowers and of wood-sorrel tlowers take a colum-
nar form, though they do not adhere.

Columnif era. Stamens and pistils disposed in the form of a column.

Com' a. ( Kom'e, a head of hair.) A tuft of bracts on the top of a spike of flowers.

580 CON

CoRin-TooTHED, (pectlnatus. ) Same as pinnatifid, but the segments very nunieroua,

close and narrow, like liie teeth of a comb.
CoMMis'suRE. The place where one thing or part is joined to another. It is applie4
to sides or edges of two cremocarpachenes growing on umbelliferous plants, where
they are joined together, as those of the carrot and fenel See p. 13, fig. 3, 4.
Com'mon, commuius. Any part is common, which serves to include or sustain several
parts, similar among theihselves.

perianth. Including several florets; as in the thistle.

; involucre. Surrounding the base of the peduncles, in an umbel, which are sub-
divided above.

This term is often used for frequent also.
CoMo'sE. Having a coma, or lock of hair.
Compac't. See coarctus. Solid.
Comple'te, completus. Having both calyx and corol. When the calyx is wanting,

the flower is naked, if it has a corol.
Com 'plicate, coniplicatus. Folded together.
Com'pound, compositus. One whole, formed of many similar parts.

flowers. Those comprised in the class syngencsia, with several florets on one

receptacle, each with united anthers.

leaf. When several leafets grow on one petiole.

raceme. When several racemes grow along the sides of a peduncle.

__ — spike. When several spikelets grow along the side of a fruit-stalk or general
spike.

umbel. Having the peduncles subdivided into peduncles of lesser umbels, &.c.

petiole. A divided leaf-stalk. »

peduncle. A divided flower-stalk.

Com'pount terms. Wlieri any part of a plant is to be described, which does not agree
with the definition of any term in use, two or more terms must be compounded, so
as to convey to the mind correct description. For example, the chesnul leaf has
notches on the margin pointing towards the apex, which answers to the description
of serrate leaves; excepting that the notches are hollowed out. But these hollow-
ed notches are not deep enough for sinuses: therefore the two terms are compound^
making sinuate- serrate. Compound terms aie always united by a hyphen.
CoMPREs'sED, compres'svs. Flattened as if squeezed or pressed.
Con'cave, con'cavus. Hollowed a little on one side. It is sometimes applied to

deeper hollows: though rarely.
Concepta'culum. See follicle, smgle-valved capsule.

CoNCHOLOGY. The science of shells. It is divided into the Univalve, Bivalve, and

Multivalve: which see; also see the terms, apex, base, front, back, sides, body,

whorl, spire, aperture, lip, back, operculum, chambers, siphunculus, slope, lunule,

liinge, ligament, cicatrix, A:c.

Con' color. The same color in all parts.

CoNDu'pLicATE. That kind of foliation where the leaf, while in the bud, has its two

sides shut together, like two leaves in a book.
Cone, co'nus. See strobile. Scaly fruit of pine, cedar, &c.
Confer't, confer'tiis. Thick-set; leaves, flowers, &c. standing so closely together,

as to seem to crowd each other.
Con'fluent. Running together. It is applied more particularly to the receptacles

of some lichens, which run together in disorder, and become indistinct.
Conge'nkrks. Plants of very similar habits, &c.
Conges'tus. Heaped but not compressed densely.
Conglom'erate. See glomerate. When used in geology, it is applied to aggregates

of rounded pebbles.
Con'ic. With a broad base and approaching a point towards the apex; as the root of

carrot.
Con f era. Bearing cones, as piries.
Con'jugate. Se binate. In pairs, as if yoked together.
Conna'te. Leaves being opposite with their bases growing together, so as to forrp

the appearance of a single leaf. Anthers are sometimes connate also.
CoNNi'vRNT, conni'vens. See converging. Bending inward.
Consim'itis. Resembling in the particular case referred to.
Contin'uous. Uninterrupted. Continuing through the whole extent.
Pontor'ted, contor'tiis. Twisted. It is also appHed to corols, which have the edge
pf one petal lying obliquely over the next.

CRE 581

Cantrac'tus. Close, narrow, contracted unusually.
<Conver'ging. Approaching, or bending towards each other.

Con'vkx. Swelling out in a roundish Ibrin, generally one side.

Con'volute, conviilii'liis. Rolled into a cyinKiric-lbrrn, like a roll of paper, length-
wise with the midrib. Applied to the situation of leaves in the bud.

Coniaajsla, (tubercle-like) closed apoliiecia, containing a mass of sporules.

Cor'clk, cor'culum. ( (or, the heart.) Tiie embryo oi'lhe new plant in a seed, situ-
ated between the cotyledons in dicotyledonous seeds. It consists of the ;>/ume and
radicle or rostel, which show themselves soon after vegetation commences. See
plume and rostel.

Co^iatk. Heart-form; so called from its supposed resemblance to the heart. It is
hollowed behind with the side-lobe rounded at the base. See arrow-form.

Cor'date-oblong, cor'date-lanceolate, ifcc. partake of the formation of both com-
pounds.

Coniius. If it distend under ground, without creeping or rooting, (e.xcepting fibres,)
but always retaining a round or oval figure, it is called a cormus.

Coria'ceous. Leathery or parchment- like.

CoRKV (suberosus.) Having the texture of the substance called cork.

Cor'nereu. Having angles or corners. Three-cornered, four-cornered, &c., is often
expressed trigonus, Aic.

Cor'nu. A horn or spur. Long hard process.

Corno'te, Cornu'tus. Horn-form; or having horns or spurs.

CoROL, corul'la. (A diminutive of corona, a crown.) Tiie inner delicate covering of
the liower, which constitutes its principal ornament in most cases. In a few cases,
as the Euchroina coccinea, the corol is dull and unsightly, while the calyx is gaily
colored. See petal and nec'ary.

CoroUiferous. Bearing the corol.

Corol'Unus. Resembling, or appertaining to a corol.

Corona'rius, coro'na, crown. Forming a crown.

Corona' tus. Crowned; as the thistle seed is crowned with down.

Coro'nula. A little crown.

Cor'rugated, corriigii'lus, Wrinkled. Applied also to ridges, in some measure
resembling wrinkles.

Cor'tf.x. The bark, which see. It consists of a number of layers equal to the
n\miber of years the tree has been growing; though they are often too thin to be
numbered. The inmost layer is called the Itlier.

Cor'ticai., Cor'ticate. Having its origin from the bark, or having bark. ( Corti-
catus,) harder exteinall)' than internally.

Cortina. Spiderweb-like vessel, being very thin and filamentous. Also a name
given to a portion of the veil, which adheres to the margin of a pileus in fragments.
A cauldron.

Coryda' lis ( Kor'os, a helmet.) Plants with helmet-form corols.

Co'rymb, corym'lms. Flowers umbel-like in their general extQjnal appearance, but
their peduncles or supporting stems stand at different distances down the main
stem; as yarrow.

Corymbif era. Bearing corymbs.

Cos'tate, costn'tum. Ribbed.

Cot'tonij. See tomentose.

Cotyi.e'dons are geneially thick and fleshy lobes of seeds; as the two lobes of a pea.
But they are often only a small part of a seed: as the small single cotyledon of a
kernel of Indian corn, attached to one side of a large mass of Albumen near the
hilum (or eye.) The cotyledons belong to the embryo of the new plant; but the
albumen is a dense mass, such as becomes flour or meal by grinding wheat, corn,
&c. Peas, beans. &c. cannot be ground into flour, as they contain no albumen.

Cotyl'iform (culyliforiiiis; ) resembling rotate; but with an erect limb.

Cow'led. When the edges meet below and expand above, and generally separate;

as the spathe of the arum, Indian turnip.
Cras'sus. Thick. Inordinately thick.

Cree'ping. Running along the ground, or along old logs, &c. nearly in a horizontal
direction, and sending oft' rootlets.

Cremocarp. Double achenes or two side by side; as in umbelliferous plants. Some-
times the achenes are triple or quadruple; as cynnglosum and borage.

(Cke'nate. Scolloped on the rim or edge. Notches on the margin of a leaf, which

582 CYM

do not point or incline towards either the apex or base. When large crenatures

have smaller ones on them, they are doubly-crenate.
CRE'Kur.ATE. Very finely crenatcd.

Cres'cent-form. Resembling tlie form of the moon from its change to half- fulled.
Crest'ed. Having an appendage somewhat resembling a cock's comb in form, being

an elevated, irregular, or notclied ridge, resembling the crest of a helm.
Cra'la. Growing on chalky land.
Cribrose. Sieve-like. Numerous perforations.
Cri.iitus. Long-haired. Bearing hairs in looks.
Cris'pus. See curled.
Cris'tate, crista' tus. See crested.
Cross'armeo. See brachiale.

Crown. The calycle, hair, or feathers, on the top of some seeds; as the dandelion.
Crowning (cororians;) situated on the top, like a crown.
Cku'ciate. Cruciform, or resembling the cfuciform.
Cruciii' tiiii. Crosswise. Opposite pairs of branches or leaves successively crossing

each other. Sne decussate.
Cru'ciform. ( Cnix, a cross.) Corols with four petals, whose lamina form a cross.

Plants with such corols belong to the class tetrad ijnamia.
Crusta'ceous. Leafy appearance, but consisting of small crusty substances lying

one upon another. Applies to a brittle crustaceous thullus.
CRYPTOGAMIA. (Kruplos, concealed; gumus, marriage.) The process of ferti-
lizing flowers by the application of pollen to stigmas, invisible or not performed.
Cryptog'amous. ( Kruj/tos, concealed, gamos, marriage.) Belonging to the class

cryp'toga'mia. Appplied to plaifts whose stamens are never manifest under the

highest magnifying power.
Cu'bit. 17 inches. A measure from the elbow to the end of the middle finger.
Ci'cul'late. See cowled. Hood-form, as the spathe of the Indian turnip.
Cucurbita'ceous. Resembling gourds or melons.
Culinary. Suitable for kitchen cookery.
Cur.M, cut'rnus. The stem of grain and grass, when dry it is usually called straw.

It is applied to all grassy plants; as Indian corn, sedge, sugar-cane, &c.
Culmif'erous. Having culms, as wheat, Indian corn.
Culmin'eous. Like the roof of a house. Top.

Cultrate. Coulter-form. The beak of a bird resembling a plough-coulter.
Cum'ulus. Heaped. Accunmlate.
CuNEi'roRM. cunc'iforme. See wedge-form, wedge. The form of the vertical segment

of a wedge, cut at right angles with its planes, when standing on its head.
Cup'form. Hollow within, resembling a little cup.
Ciipu'la. Cup. The pileus of a fungus, which is open at the top; as those of the

genus Peziza.
Cupula' ris. Cup-form; slightly concave with a nearly entire margin, as the cup of

an acorn.
Cure'ed. When the periphery of a leaf is too large for the disk, it becomes waved

or curled.
Curv'ed. Bent inwards. See incurved.
CusHtoNED, pulcwatus. Convex and somewhat flattened.
Cusp. The bristle of a cuspidate leaf, calyx, »&c. Nuttall.
Cus'piDATE. Eye-tooth. Having a sharpened point and that tipped with a bristle,

a prickle, or a lengthened apex, not curved. See nmcronate and observe the dis-
tinction; also acuminate.
Cut. Divided by acute incisions; often used in composition, as cut-pinnatifid.
Cu'Tict.E. The tliin outside coat of the bark, which has no life and is very durable,

often transparent. It greatly resembles the scarf skin of animals. Very distinct

on elder, currant and birch; on one species of birch it resembles paper.
Cyn'neus. Blue. Hence, cyanic acid.
Cyalhifiir' mis. Wine-glass form. Cylindric widening gradually upwards, margin

not revolute.
CvLrN'oRic. A cylindrical shaft, of nearly equal diameter throughout its whole extent;

as stems of grasses. See terete, and note the difference.
Cymbifur' mis. See boat-form.
Cyme, cy'ma. Flowers umbel-like in their general external appearance. It agrees

with an umbel in having its common stalks spring from one centre; but differs in

DEN 583

having those stalks variously and alternately subdivided; as the elder, ( samhucus, )

Smith.
Cymo'sus, cymo'se. Beinff in cymes.
Cijphel'la:. See pits. Pale tubeicle-like spots on the surface of the thallus, as in

sticla.

1). -*■

DffdaVeiis. The end broad, waving and torn. Neatly termed.
Daggfr pointed. See cuspidate.
Deal'Imtus. Covered with an opake, white powder.
Debi'lis. Weak, feeble, lax.

Debris. Ruined rocks. The broken fragments of coarsely disintegrated rocks.
DECAGYN/A. ( Dtka, ten, gune, female.) Tenth order of a class.
Decan'drous. Plants having ten stamens in each flower.
DcchaphyVlus. Ten-leaved; as of a caly.x or pinnate leaf.
Decem'Jidus. Cut in ten parts, or 10-cleft.
Decidkns. Terminating; as in a point, in a summit, &c.

Decid'uous. Falling oH' in the usual season for similar parts to fall, as leaves falling
at the dechne of the year; corols falling otY at the time the stamens fall, &c. See
caducous and permanent.
Deci.i'nate, decli'ned, dedma'tus. Curved downwards arch-wise.
Decomposi'tion. Separating the chemical elements of bodies. It differs from disin-
tegration, which subdivides witiiout decomposition.
Decompounu, decoinpusilus. Doubly j^conipound. When a compound, or divided,
petiole has a compound leaf on each part, the whole is a decompound leaf. The
same with umbels, &c. See supra-decompositus.
Dccorlica' b'dis. Easily peeled.

DecreasiiNGIv pinkate, (decrescente pinnatus.) When the leafets diminish insen-
sibly in size from the base of the leaf to its apex.
Decu.m'bext, dec.uin'bens. When the base is erectish, and the remainder is procumbent

and rising. It applies to stems, stamens, &c.
Decup.'rknt. When the two edges of a leaf extend downwards below the points of
insertion, and become projecting wings to tiie stem. The gills of agarics are
decurrent, when they run down the stipe in a single ridge.
Decur'sively pinnate. When the leafets of a pinnate leaf run along the petiole with

their extended bases.
Decussate, deciissa'tus. When leaves or branches are opposite in pairs, and each

pair stands at right angles with the next pair above or below on the same stem.
Deflec'ted, di'fiux'us. Bending down archwise, bent back.
Deflora'tus. Having discharged the pollen.

Defoi.ia'tion, defolin'tio. The shedding of leaves in the proper season.
Defolia'tio no'tha. The shedding of leaves before the proper time on account of inju

ries received.
Dehis'cent, deliiscen'tia. The natural opening of capsules in the proper season.
Ddiq'uium. See debilis. Weak, very watervj dissolving.

Del'toid, deUoi'dens. A leaf with four corners; that is, one at the stem, one at the
apex, and one on each side; but the side ones are nearer to the base than to the
apex. When the side angles are about as near to the apex as to the base, it is
called a .ihomboid leaf. Also the transverse section of a prismatic triangular leaf,
stem, «S:c.
Demer'sTis. See submersed. Under water.

Dmd.roi'des. Tree-form. Plants, recent and petrified, which exhibit forms resem-
bling branches and leaves. See tree-form.
Dense, dcn'siis. Close, compact. A panicle with abundance of flowers very close is

dense. See thyrse.
Den'tate, drnta'lus. Toothed.

leaf, (This term is of such almost unlimited extent, it is best defined nega-
tively.) Projections from the margin of a leaf, which are of its own substance;
and not serralures, nor crenatures.

root. That kind of granulated root, which resembles teeth strung together.

Denticulate. Having very small teeth.

Den'toid. Remotely resembling teeth, or having processes somewhat of that form.

Den'ture. a tooth. An indentincr also.

bsi blM

Denu'date. Plants whose flowers appear before the leaves, consequeutly have d

naked appearance. To make naked.
Deor'sum. Downwards.

Depaupera'tus. Few- lowered. Deprived of flowers, &c.
Depe.n'dens. Hanging down.
Depkessed. When the upper surface of a succulent leaf is a little concave. It

applies to seeds also with fiat tops. Also to plants which grow on a lo»V-spread

form.
Descen'dens. The entering of a root into the ground. The direction is vertical, as

the beet; horizontal, as the mint; oblique, as the branching roots of most trees.
Dkt'ritus. That part of the surface of the earth,, which is neither rock nor recently

decomposed animal or vegetable matter. Ground or worn down rocks in the state

of earth, not tertiary strata.
Dextror' sum. Twining froni left to right; that is with the apparent motion of the

sun; as the hop-vine.
DIADEIj'PHIA. ( Dis, twice; adelphos, brother.) The Linnean class of plants

which have stamens united by filaments in two parcels. In some cases, as lupines,'

the stamens are in one parcel, but in such cases they must be papilionaceous.
Diadel'phous. Belonging to, or varying' into, the class diadelphia.
Diagtio' sis. A short description containing only what is essential. Linneus made

it his rule, never to let a specific description exceed twelve Latin words. Willde-

now says more must be added if necessary. It should extend no farther than to

express the ditference between that and the other species, if it is to be limited to ar

pure diagnosis.
DIAN'DRIA. (Dis, twice; awer, nnale.) The Linnean class with two stamenff

only to each flower.
Diaph'anous. Admitting the transmission of light obscurely. Transtucqpt.
Dichot'omoCs. Forked. Stem, &c. parted in pairs, each branch parted in pairs

again, and so on. When it is parted but once it is more properly called forked,

furcatus.
Diclin'ia. (Dis, twice; Jdine, bed,) stamens in one flower and pistils in another,

whether on the same or on different plants. This is the name of a class in Pursh's

Flora, comprising most of the plants of the classes Moncecia and Dioecia.
This class Pursh divides into three orders. 1. Segreaiua, which includes plants,'

whose flowers are monoecious or dioecious: but are not in aments or strobiles. 2.

Ainentacce, which ii.cludes plants, whose flowers are in aments and not in strobiles.

g. Conifercc, which includes plants, whose flowers are in strobiles, as pines.
Dici-i'nious. (Dis, two; feline.) Plants, whose stamens and pistils are in different

flowers, whether on the same plant, or on diff"erent plants.
Dicoc'cous. Two-grained. Consisting of cohering grains, or cells with one seed in

each.
DicotVled'onous. Plants with two cotyledons. See Cotyledon.
DiD'y.Mous, di'dyina. Twinned, as some anthers.
DIDYNAM'IA. (Dis, twice; dimands, power.) The class which has 4 stamens to'

the flower, two of which are longest, as catnip.
DinvNA'sious. Belonging to, or varying into, the class Didynamia.
Diffur'mis. Applied to a monupetalous corol, whose lube widens above gradually,

and is divided into irregular or unequal parts. It is also applied to any distorted

parts of a plant.
Diffracted. Twice bent. Antennae are diffracted, when bent outwardly, then for-
ward, at short turns.
Diffu'sed, diffu'sus. Spreading. Expanded in an open loose manner.
Dig'itate. Fingered. When the base of several leafetsrest on the end of one petiole?

as the strawberry and fivefinger.
Digitatato-pinnate, ( digiVtlo-pinnatus; ) when the secondary petioles on the sides of

which the leafets are attached, part from the summit of a common petiole.
DIGYN'IA.. (Dis, twice, gune, female.) The order of any of the classes as far as

the Polyandria, which has two styles (if no styles 2 sessile stigmas) to each

flower.
Dilata'tus. Expanded, widened.
Dilut'te. Prefixed to a color, implies that it is reduced; as dilute-purpureus, pale

purple.
Dimidia'tus. See halved.

DRU 585

DICE'CIA. ( Dis, twice; o/A-os, house.) The class whose stamens arc in a flower
on a plant which never bears pistillate flowers, as the hemp and willow.

Dice cious, dloi'ca. Belonging to, or varying into, the class dixcia.

DiPrT'ALous. Having two petals.

Diphyl'lous. Having two leaves.

Diptkrvg'ia. See wings. Winged seeds.

Disappkar'ing, (diliquescens. ) Branched, but so divided that the principal axis is
lost trace of in the ramifications; as the head of an oak tree.

Discoid. Resembling a disk. A tuft of leaves spread out so as to resemble a disk.
Having a disk without rays. Such compound flowers as are wholly made up of
tubular florets, that is, though they may have marginal florets differing from those
in the disk in the essential organs; yet the corols will be all tubular, and not
ligulate.

Disintkgra'tion. The process of destroying the integral character of a body. Ap-
plied to geology it signifies, the process of crumbling down a rock, or reducing it to
grains, pebbles or soil, by the two disintegrating agents, the variations of tempera-
ture and moisUire.

Disk, dis'cus. The whole surface of a leaf, or of the top of a compound flower, as
opposed to its edge or periphery. This term is also applied to the aggregate florets
of an umbel, and to the broad or thickened top of a receptacle. It is applied to the
outer surface of each valve of a shell.

Dlsper'mus. Containing but two seeds.

Dissec'tus. Gashed in deeply.

DissEp'iMENT. Dissepimenturn. See partition.

DissiUiens. A pericarp is dissilient, when it bursts open with a spring; as the touch-
me-not, (impatiens.)

Dis'iuns. Standing off remotely.

Dis'tichai.ly. See distichus. This is a very odd adverb introduced by Nuttall.
Somewhat 2- ranked.

Distichus. ( Dis, twice! stichos, row.) Two-ranked. When branches, leaves, or
flowers are arranged along opposite sides of the stem or spike, so as to point two
opposite ways; as the leaves of the hemlock tree, (pinus canadensis.)

Distinc't, distinc'tus. Separate, opposite to connate or confluent.

Diy a.r' icM'E., divarica'tns. Branches spreading out from the stem so far, as to form
more than a right angle with it above.

Diver'ging, Diver' gens. Branches spreading out from the stem so far, as to form al-
most a right angle with it.

Diur'nus. Enduring but a day.

Divi'uED, divi'sus. Severed into parts.

DODECAN'DRIA. (Doddiu, twelve: aner, male.) The Linnean class having
more than ten and less than twenty, stamens to the flowers. Most botanists have
rejected this class, and distributed its genera among other classes and orders.

Pudecan'drous. Belonging to, or varying into the class do decandria.

DodecaphyV Lus. Having twelve leafets.

Do'drans. Longspan. Distance between the ends of the thumb and little finger, be-
ing both extended. About 9 inches.

Dohibrifor'me. See axe-foim.

DoRSAi,, dorsa'lis. Fixed to the back. Back fins. Awns are dorsal, when proceed-
ing from the outside of a glume and not from the tip.

Dorsif'erous. Bearing the fruit on the back; as ferns.

Dot'tkd. Besprinkled with dots. See punctate and perforated.

Doub'le. Two in the place where most plants have but one; as the double calyx of
the holly-hock, (althea.)

Doub'le-flowered. See full-flowered.

Doub'ly. See duplicate. In english it has its common appropriate meaning; as
doubly-crenate, when the crenatures are crenated, &c.

Down or down'y. (pubescence) when hairs form a short, soft stratum, which par-
tially covers the cuticle.

Drupe, drvp'a. That kind of pericarp which consists of a thick, fleshy, succulent,
cartilaginous coat, enclosing a nut or stone, proceeding from an ovarium, perfectly
simple.

Drupa'ceous. Bearing drupes, or fruit resembling them.

Drums. Any cavities in minerals, which are lined with crystals.

74

686 EPI

Ducts are membranous lubes, with conical or rounded extremities; their sides being
mariied with transverse lines, or rings, or bars, or dots, arranged spirally, and being
incapable of unrolling.

Dumo'sus. Busby, or resembling bushfs.

Duodeccm'Jidns. Cleft in 12 divisions, IS-cleft.

Dvplicn'/a. Doubly. This term is oflen preHxed to others, in all which cases it sim-
ply means doubly; as duplico-ternatum, doubly-tertiale or biternate.

Duplo, (Iriplo, or double, triple) signify that the organs to the name of which they
are prefi.xed are twice or thrice as numerous or large as those of some other.

Dwarf, (nanus, pumUiis, pyginaevs; ) small, shoit, dense as compared with other
species of the same genus or family.

DvNAMous. Applied to plants whose flowers contain two or four stamens longer than
two others in the same flower.

E.

Ear'ed. This term applies: 1st, to the round, extended, or appendaged lobes of a
heart-form leaf; 2d, to the side lobes near the base of some leaves; and 3d, to
twisted parts, in some ferns and some liverworts, which are supposed to resemble
the conchus, or passage into the ear. Applied to shells, it means the flat piocesses
near the hinge in bivalves; as tbe pecten, (scollop.)

Ebractea'lus. Without bracts. Floral leaves.

Ebur'neus. Ivory white; as the whole plant monolropa, called beech-drop, or birds-
nest.

Ecalcaratus. Without a spur or horn.

Echi'nate, eclnna'tus. Hedgebog-lilTe. Beset with erect prickles.

Ecos'tate. Nerveless or ribless.

Efflores'cence. The powdery substance on some lichens, composed of minute
deciduous globules.

Efflorescen'tia. Flowering season of diflferent sorts of plants. More simple flowers
come out in June than in any other month, in North America. Very few com-
pound flowers appear before August.

Effoua'tion. Unnatural falling of leaves by means of improper culture, worms, «&c.

Effuse. Open, or having an opening, so that seeds, liquids, &c. may be poured out.

EgUinduhi' siis. Glandless. Used in cases where glands are common. "^

Egret. See aigrette, pappus.

Elliptic. Longer than wide, rounded at or near both ends, and nearly equal in
breadth towards both base and apex.

Ell, (vliia, bracldum, ulnaris, brachialis;) twenty-four inches, as used in natural
history.

Elon'gated. Lengthened out, as if extended beyond what is usual in similar plants.

Elytra. The outer, or upper, shelly wings of some orders of insects.

Emar'ginate. Notched in the end at the termination of the mid-rib. See retuse.

Em'bryon. See hilum. Eye of a bean, &c.

Endocarp. The inner coat of tbe fruit; covering the seed and its proper coats. The
outer coat is the Epicarp. The fleshy substance (as of the apple, &c. ) between
them is called the Sakcocarp; but il is not a distinct coat.

ENNEAN'DRIA. ( Ennea, nine; aner, male.) having nine stamens to the flower.

Ennean'drous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class ctmcandria.

Eno' dis, Etio'oE. Knotless. Having no joints; as the bulrush.

En'satr, ensa'ius. HaviI^g sword form leaves.

En'siform. Sword-foim. Two-edged, tapering from base to apex mostly, and a little
arching towards one edge; as flag and cat-tail, (Iris and Typha.)

Entangled {inlricntus,) ititermixed in an irregular manner.

Enti're. Continued without interruption. A margin of a leaf, calyx, corol, &c., is
entire, when it is neither serrate, toothed, notched, nor in any manner indented.
Used to indicate not pinnatifid, and also nearly destitute of marginal divisions.

Entomology. Tbe scjence of insects; as lobsters, insects, spiders. It embraces the
whole articulated division, excepting Annelida.

Eplit'merus. Of very short duration. Insect or plant of an hour.

Epicar'pus. On the germ. See superior. But this term is differently applied of late.
See Endocarp.

Epider'mis. See cuticle.

FAS 587

Epigeus. (Gr. cpi, upon, ga, earth) growing close upon the earth.

Epitrijnous. Growing upon the summit of the ovarium, or germ.

Epiplirug'ma. A thin membrane stretched over tiie mouth of the moss, pobjtrichum.

Epiplnjllus. (foli:iris); inserted upon the leaf

EquAL. Similar parls equal among ihemseJves. The calyx, corol, «&c. , are rqual,
when the leafels, petals, or subdivisions, are similar in form, size and direction.
Prefixed to pinnate, implies the absence of a terminal leafet.

EQ'ulTA^T. Opposite leaves eu)braciiig each other, so that they alternately enclose
each other's edges; as the leaves near tije roots of the Iris and yellow garden hlies
(hemerocallis; ) also the position of the leaves in some unopened buds.

Erkc't, crec'tus. U|)right. Not so perfectly strait and unbending as strictus. When
applied to any thing laterally attached to the stem, as leaves, &c., it implies that
it makes a very acute angle with it.

ErerMus' adiis. Ereclish, sub-erect.

Er'got. See spurred rye.

Erina'ceous. Hedge-hog-like. See eckinatus.

Ero'se, ero'sus. Gnawed. Unequally sinuated, as if the sinuses had been eaten by
insects.

Escutcheon. A plate between the bases of wings of insects.

Essen'tial character. See diagnosis.

Essen'tials. Tlie stamens and pistils.

Evergreens. Such plants as retain their leaves throughout the year; as white pine,
laurel, &c.

EvERGREt:N. Verdant throughout the year.

Exan'nulate. Ferns whose capsules are without rings. This comprises one section
of ferns. Those which have an apparent vestage of, but not in reality, a ring,
form another section. Those with a ring, another. See annulatus.

ExaruJtus. See sulcale.

Exaspera'tus. See roughened. Harshly hirsute.

Excava' lus. Hollowed. With deep pits.

Exdpulus. Is that part of the Ihallus which forms a rim and base to the shields.

Exogenovs. Plants which receive their increase of volume upon the outside of the
wood, and inside of the bark. They are tlie dicotyledonous division.

Exot'ic, exuli'cus. Plants not growing spontaneously in a wild state in that parti-
cular country, or section of a country.

Expansile. Capable of being spread.

Explana'lus. Unfolded, spread out flat.

ExsERT, exser'tus. Standing out. Stamens are exsert when protruded out of the
corols. Peduncles of spikes in culmiferous plants are exsert, when protruded out
of the sheaths: as carex foliiculata and pubescens. Teeth may be exsert.

ExsTip'ui.ATE. Without stipules.

Extrafolfa'ceous. Outside of the leaf. A stipule is extrafoliaceoua when it comes
out a little lower than the leaf.

Extrors'um. Outwardly, turned outwards, or from its axis.

Faci'es. The general external appearance of a plant.

Facti'tious. Produced by art; not natural.

Facti'tious character. A character, where tlie number of parts or some other cir-
cumstance; not of essential importance, are taken into it. It admits of fewer or
more characteristic marks, than are absolutely necessary.

Fal'cate. See acinaciform. Flat and arched edgewise, in various degrees of curva-
ture; like a scythe or sickl*.

Fan'form. Spread out and plaited in a radiated manner, like ladies' fans. Same as
flahelifonnis.

Farctus. Stuffed, full. It is opposed to fistulous, hollow.

Fari'na. Furiiiariiis, pollen, meal, flour, mealy, powdery.

Fusci'atis. Having parallel bands, or colored stripes Also used to express the
unnatural growing together of contiguous parts, as two or three apples growing
together.

FAs'cicL-E,fascic'ulus. A bundle. Flowers umbel-like in the general external appear-
ance, with footstalks irregular in their origin and subdivision.

588 FLO

A bundle of tuberous roots is called a fascicle: as the asparagus root. Also a

bundle of leaves; as of the white pine.
Fascic'ulate. An unnatural bundle of branchlets.
Fastig'iate, fastigita'tus. Level-topped. Applied to aggregate flowers, which are

elevated to an equal heiglit, or nearly so; forming a level, convex or concave top,

diftering but little from a plane. It is also applied to leaves; as the hog-weed

(ambrosia artemisifolia. )
Favo'sus. See alveolate. Resembling honey-comb.
Faux. Jaws. The throat or opening into a corol. Tliat piecise spot, where the

tubular part of a ringent corol begins to separate or expand into lips or mouth, is

the faux.
Feat'her. See Aigrette. The plumose crown of seeds.
Fe'male, femin'eus. See pistillate.
Fen'ced. Walled around, as the stanaens are by the scales in brookweed (samolus. )

See Parietal.
Ferns. Filices. Cryptogamous plants, which have green leaves or fronds, with

dorsal fruit; as breaks and polypods.
Ferrif'erous. Containing iron ore.
FERRu'GiNous,/cr?-Mi,nn'eMS. The color of iron-rust. Applied to masses of minute

quartz crystals.
Fer'tile. Applied to pistillate flowers.
Fertiliza'tion. The application of the pollen, which is formed in the cells of

anthers, to the stigma; wJiich is essential to the production of perfect seed.
Fet'tered. Having entangling feathers on the legs.
Fi'brv:, ft' hra. Any thread-form part. The small flexible thread-form roots of grasses

and many other plants, are called fibres.
Fi'brocs. Composed of fibres. Made up, in part, of loose fibres, as the rind of a

cocoanut.
Fibrous cellular, (jibro-ceUulnr tissue) is that in which the sides are composed

either of both membrane and fibre together, or of fibre only.
Fid'dle-form. See panduriformis. Oblong and contracted latterly.
Figura' turn. This term is applied to the mouth of the capsule of a moss, when it is

set round with membranaceous teeth.
F II.' AMEST, Jilainentu in. That part of the stamen which is between and connects

together the anther and the receptacle, calyx, or pistil. When the filament is

wanting, the anther is se-sile. In monopetalous corols, the filaments are generally

inserted into, or are attached to, their bases.
Filices, the first order in the class cryptoganiia. See ferns.
Fil'iform. Thread-like. Of nearly equal thickness thioughout, round and cylin-

dric. It is applied to spikes which are very long in proportion to their diameters.
Fimbria' tus. Fringed. Differs from ciliate in being less regular and of coarser parts.
Fimeta'rius. Growing naturally on manure heaps.
Fin'gered. See digitate. Sometimes applied to single leaves, deeply cleft into

narrow segments.
Fissile. Easily split in the direction of the laminae.
Fissure. Fissvs. A cleft or slitted apperture. Applied to rocks, »S:c.
Fis'tulous. Hollow like a pipe, flute or reed; sometimes tapering towards one, or

both, ends; as the leaves and stalks of onions.
Flab'emform. See fan-form. Resembling ladies' fans.
Flac'cw, flac'cidus. Too lax or limber to support its own weight.
Flagel'lum. FlageUlfor'rnis. Resembling a whip-lash. A runner.
Flam'meus. Flame colored.
Fla'vus. Yellow, yellowish.

Flesh'y. Thick and filled with pulp within, as liverwort.
Flex'ible, fiex'ilis. Easily bent.
Fles'uose. Bending and frequently changing directions; as from joint to joint,

branch to branch, leaf to leaf, etc.
Fltx'us. Bent. This relates to but one bending. See geniculate.
Flo'ating. See natant. Lying or moving on the surface of water, as the Lemna,

(water-flaxseed.)
Flocco'se, /occt. Woolly, or resembling the flocks sheared from cloth. Woolly

filaments found mixed with sporules.
Flo'ral. Relating to a flower-iwrf, containing an unopened flower-leaf, a bract.

FRU 589

Fi.o'ret. Little flowers. Whether the flower is large or small it is a floret, if it is

one of a number all of which constitute an agi^regate or compound. As the little

flowers wliich make up the head of a thistle, a head of wheat, the umbel of a

carrot, etc.
Floribnn'dus. Aboundinj; in flowers, beyond oilier species.
FLORiF'EKous. Bearmg flowers. A leat is floriferous when a flower grows out of its

disk or margin.
Flo'kist. One whose employment is that of crealing monsters; that is, double and

various colored; as carnations, double roses, &c.
Flos'culak, fluscuh'sus. See tubulous.
Fbs'culuus. Tubulor floret. iS'uttali applies it to the florets of grasses; but ought

not to be followed.
Flow'er. The stamens and pistils with their covering. These two organs, or rather

tlieir anthers and stigmas, are essential to all plants. But the calyx, corol, and

even nectaries when present, are parts of the flower.
Flowkr-buds consist of rudimentary leaves, surrounding a point which does not

elongate after it is once developed, and assumes, when fully developed, the form of

reproductive apparatus.
Fluviu'idis. Growing naturally in rivers and brooks.
F(c'tidus. Smelling disagreeably.

Fold. Annexed to numerals, denoting so often combined; as five-fold leaves, grow-
ing in fives, &c.
Fol\a' cRovs, foliatus, leafy; leaves intermixed with flowers on a spike, or in other

aggregates; abounding in leaves.
Foli:i'ris. a tendril on a leaf A bud containing leaves only.
Folia'tion, fului'lio. The manner in which unopened leaves are situated within the

bud. The modes of foliation are: 1. Involute. 2. Revolute. 3. Obvolute.

4. Convolute. 5. Imbricate. 6. Equitant. 7. Conduplicate. 8. Plaited. 9. Re-

clinate. 10. Circinal. See each in its proper place.
FoUferous. Particularly adapted to bearing leaves; leaf-bearing.
Fol'idle, foll'obim. See leafet. One of a compound leaf,
Ful'ium, fulio'sus. Leafy, leaf.
Fol'licle, Fulicu'lus. A pericarp with one valve, which opens lengthwise on one

side only; as milkweed, (asclepias. )
Fonlina'lis. Growing naturally about springs or fountains.
Foot, (pes, pedalis;) twelve inches, oi the length of a tall man's foot. Also applied

to the stems of leaves and flowers.
Foraininidu'sus. Pierced with many small holes, or foramens. Divided into two

pretty long parts, as petals, branches, &.c.
Forma 'tion. A term used by geologists to express more or less than a definite

stratum; as detritus is called alluvial formation, iron formation may apply to the

ferriferous rocks and their iron contents.
Fornica'tus. Arched, vaulted, bent over archwise.

Fov'ea. A nectariferous cavity for the reception of honey. Honey-comb-like.
FomVla. The fine substance contained in the particles of pollen. When the ripe

pollen comes in contact with the moist stigma, it explodes and discharges the

fovilla.
Frag'ilis. Breaking easily and not bending.
Free. A germ is free, when not attached to the surrounding calyx or corol. Used

for disconnected, disunited, not adiiate.
Frigi'dus. Growing naturally in cold countries; arctic.

Frond, /tons. An herbaceous, a leathery, a crustaceous, or gelatinous leaf, or some-
what of a leaf like stem or bed, from vvhich, or within which, the fruit is produced.

It is applied exclusively to the class cryptogamia, and palms.
Frondo'se, Frnndosus. Leafy, frond-like or leaf like.

Frontlet. The part back of the base of a bird's bill. Generally bristly.
Frosted, (pruinosus;) nearly the same as roiidus, but applied to surfaces in which

the dewy appearances are more opaque, as if the drops were congealed,
Fi-vtescen'liu. Applied to palms and such others as have a simple stem, and leaves

only at top.
Fructik'erous. Bearing, or becoming fruit.

Fructifica'tiox, Fmctifica' llo. "The temporary part of vegetables which is des-
tined for the reproductions of the species, terminating the old individual, and be-
ginning the new." — Linneus.

590 GEM

Fruit, /n/c'tes. The seed, with its enclosing pericarp. Procure several unbaked pea-
nuts. (Arachis hjpogaea, for sale in all fruit-shops.) being one of the best example*
for illustrating fruit and seed; soak them in warm water a daj' or two. On care-
fully dissecting several of them, it will be found that ih.e outsidecovering is a single
carpel, easily divided into two coats, e/ncarp and enflociirp. [See endocarp.] But
no sarcocArp will be found between them. Now examine the seeds. Two coats,
primine and secwulhic, will be found very distinct; though thin and membranous.
According lo the opinions of many botanists, there may be two or three coats, so
closely attached to each other and to the seed, as to be hardly separable. These
(real or ideal) coats are called tcrtuin, qiinrtlue, and perhaps even qiiintine. Before
the pea-nut was ripe, the pod was called ijerm, or orniiiiin. The seed and the two
(or perhaps five) coats, together with the nucleus, constituted the ovules.

Fruit'dots. Assemblages of capsules on the backs of ferns. Also small assemblages
of powdery bodies on tlie fronds of lichens, called soredia.

FRUSTRA'NEA, ( Fnislra, in vain,) pohjisamia. The third order of the class Syn-
genesia, which bear compound flowers with perfect florets in the disk, and neutral
ones in the ray; as the sunflower.

Frutex, fruticosvs, frutescent. Vvoody, or becoming woody; as lilac, steeple-bush.
Mostly applied to bushy, or bush-like shrubs, which arise from the root in numbers;,
not in a single bole, like trees of oak or po|)lar.

Fug'ax. Fugaceous. Soon disappearing. Flying off. See ring.

Fidcra'tus. Having appendages, as tendrils.

FuVcrum. There are seven: "l. Stipule. 2. Bract. 3. Thorn. 4. Prickle. 5. Sting,
6. Gland. 7. Tendril. See each in its proper place.

FuLiGiNEUs. Sooty, dark, dull color:

Full-flowered. When the petals of the corol are so multiplied as to exclude the
siamens: which is efft^cted by the stamens becoming petals, as the peony, rose^
&.C. This rarely takes place in monopetalous corols.

Ful'vous. Fui'vus. Yellowish rust-color.

FUNGI, funguses. However, unsightly a common toad-stool, the mould on old
scraps of leather in damp places, or the blight in grain, may af)pear to the .careless
observer, they are all beautifully organized, and highly interesting.

FuNGo'sE. Fungus. Fleshy and spongy. This term is sometimes put for pileus.

Fu'nicule, Funk'ulus umbilica'lis. Tlie thread by which a seed is fastened at the
hilum.

Fu.nnel'form. a corol with a tubular base, and a border opening gradually into the
form of a reversed cone.

Fur'caius. See dichotoinous. Forked.

Furfura'ceus. Bran-like.

Fur'rowed. See sulcate. Marked lengthwise with a channel.

Fus'cus. Sooty-yellow, dark-yellow.

Fu'siFORM, fusifur' mis. Spindle-form. A root thick at the top and tapering down-
ward to the point, is fusiform; as the beet and cairot.

Galea. See labiate. A helmet. Upper lip.

Ga'leate, Galea'tus, Resembling a helmet, or broad upper lip.

Gallis, GaL'lcE. Excresences produced by the stings of ins cts. The balls found on
oaks which are used in dyeing, the common large green oak-balls, the singular
green lumps found on the wild honey-suckle, (Sec, are examples. The irritation
upon the delicate sap-vessels, produced by the sting and egg of the insect, causes
a greater flow of sap in that direction. This pressure of sap distends and distorts
the capillary tubes and membranes, until those excresences are formed around the
egg. Jn due time the egi^ becomes a larva, a maggot, which after feeding a while
upon the gall, changes into the pupa, or chrysalis, and at last escapes a perfect in-
sect, or fly. Each fly produces a gall of a peculiar form. — VVilldenow.

Gangue. The part of a rock which lines a vein and embraces a mineral, and is unlike
the rest of the rock.

Gape. The opening between two lips of a. labiate, or irregular corol. Applied to
mouths of birds.

Gelatinous, ( geliitiiiosus. ) Having the texture and appearance of jelly.

Gem'inus. See double. It is also used for paired, in pairs or twins.

GLU 591

frcmma'tion, gcm'ma. Bndding. The gemmation of plants comprehends the develope-
ment of a new plant from the bud, as well as llie foliation.

Gf.mmih'arous. Producing buds in the axils of leaves.

Gen'kral. See partial. General is apjdied to a whole, which is made up of a num-
ber of entire individuals. Tiie viiilicl of a garden carrot is a general vmbd; and each
unilidid terminating a secondaiy brancli is a j.nrliul vmhd.

Ge.nkr'ic char'actkr. The dehniiion of a genus. Ii is confined entirely to the
flower and fruit. It is essential, fucli^iuus, or luilural; which see.

Gkner'ic name. The name of a genus. Milne enumerated 21 rules respecting the
naming of genera; which with his examples occupy 40 pages. See Lindley, p. 433.

Genic'ulate. Kneed. Forming a very obtuse angle, like a ufioderate bending of the
knee.

Gen'tcs. Nations. Linneus divided plants into nine great natural tribes or casts. 1.
Palms. 2. Grasses. 3. Lilies. 4. Herbs. 5. Trees. 6. Ferns. 7. Mosses. 8.
AlgfB. 9. Fungi.

Ge'nus, (plural gen' era.) A number of plants whieh agree with one another in the
structure of the flower and fruit. Willdenow.

Gkode. a cavity in a mineral whose sides within are more or less spherical. It may
be empty or it may contain minerals different from the mineral containing the
geode.

Germ, gcrmen. That part of the pistil, which, after the pollen is received, soon con-
tains the rudiment of one young plant or more. lis whole substance becomes the
pericarp and seed as it enlarges itself. See ovary.

When the calyx comes out below the germ, the germ is superior, and the calyx
inferior; when the calyx comes out of the upper part of the germ, the germ is in-
ferior, and the calyx supirior.

Germina'tion. The swelling of a seed, and the unfolding of its embryo. It should
be carefully watched.

Gibbous. Bunched out. When one or both sides are swelling out.

GiLLCovEus. The bony or cartilaginous covering placed over, or outside of, the gill-
membranes.

GiLL-MEMBRANEs. The membranes immediately covering the gills.

GiLi.s. Sec lamella. Lungs of fish. Lamina of toadstools.

Gil'vus. Iron-grey, and brick-color.

Glubel'liis. Bald. Without hairs, or other covering.

Gla'brous, gla'ber. Sleek. Having no pubescence. Ghiber is often translated
smooth; but a leaf with soft cottony pubescence is smooth, though it is not gla-
brous; as gnaphalium.

Gladiu'tus. A sword-form legume is sometimes called gladiate. See ensiform. It is
applied to leaves also.

Gland, irlnn'dula. A round, or roundish appendage which serves for transpiration
and secretion. They are situated on leaves, stems, calyxes, and particularly at the
base of stamens in some cruciform flowers; as mustard. Glandular hairs, or hairs
with glandular heads, are very abundant on the common hazlenut involucre, of
North America, (corylus americana ) Also on the Prunus.

Glan'uular, Glan'dulous, glandulnsus. Having glands.

Glau'cous. Clothed with a sea-green mealiness lilie some cabbage leaves. It is
sometimes put for a greenish-gray color. This co\ot, ferruginous and koarij, are so
constant, that they are used in specific descriptions. Most other colours are ex-
cluded on account of their being too variable to be relied on.

Globo'se, Globosiis. Spherical, round on all sides like a ball. Some authors apply
it to circular leaves.

Glob'ules. Minute spheres. That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is globose,
solid and crustaceous, formed of the substance of the frond, and terminating its
points or branches; from whence they fall off entire, leaving a pit or cavity. They
are supposed to be covered all over with a colored seed-bearing membrane. Smith.

Glo'chis. See barb. Hooked beards.

Glom'erate, glomera^tus. When many branchlets are terminated by little heads.
Richard. A spike is glomerate when it consists of a collection of spherical heads.
Willdenow.

Glom'erule, glomer'ulvs. The small heads constituting a small glume, or head.

Gluma'ce'us. Glume-like, on bearing glumes, chaft's, liusks.

Glume, glu'ma. Consists of the scales or chairs which surround or enclose the sta-

592 HAL

mens and pistils in the flowers of grasses. The lower ones are called the calyx, or
glumes proper, all others tlie corol or paleas, Bractae when placed immediately be-
low the stamina and pistils, as in apetalous flowers, are only distinguished fi-om
the calyx bj' being alternate wilh each other, and not venicilate. Husks, gluuies,
or chaffs of corn or grasses are bracteae and not calyxes, in sliict physiology.

Each scale, chaff, or husk, is called a valve; which gives the names bivalve, with
2 husks or chaffs; univuive, with one, &c.

When several flowers are arranged along a rachis in a spikelet with a valve or
two, or more, below the lowest tlower, these are called the common or general
calyx (gluma communis;) and the glume to each floret on the spikelet above ia
called partial (gluma partialis.)

Glumo'se. Having glumes.

Glu'tinous, Having on some part more or less of adhesive moisture.

GoBLET-sHAPED, ( cratejifoTrais, ) concave hemispherical, a little contracted at the
base.

GoNGYLous, Gon'gulus. A knot. It is applied to a round, hard body,, which falls off
upon the death of the mother plant or animal, and becomes a new one; as in the
fticus and some radiated animals. Large granulated sporules are contained in the
centre of some.

Gonop'terides. Angle fruit fern, one of the new orders of ferns. The receptacles of
the fruit are polygons; as of the genus P^quisetum.

Gram'ina. The family of grasses. See gentes. But in a limited sense, the sedges,
rush grasses, &c. are not included. See Natural Orders. Culmiferous is the most
extensive term; and most of this vast family have three stamens in each flower,
though many of them are mondlcious. The rice, star-grass and rush-grass have
six stamens to the flower.

GraminifoL'ius. Having leaves resembling those of grasses.

Grandiflo'rus. Having large flowers.

Graniferous. Bearing grains or kernels; as those on the valves of dock-flowers.

Gran'ulate, gramda'lus. In the form of grains. A granulate root consists of several
little knobs strung together on the side of a filiform radicle. It differs from the
knobbed tuberous roots, in this; that the latter are strung together by rootlets,
which proceed from near the middle of one knob to another.

Granula'tions. Grain-like substances.

Graveolens. Having a strong odour or scent.

Greasy, (unctius;) having a surface, which, though not actually greasy, feels so.

Gregarious. In flocks, applied to fungi and other plants growing together in
groups; but not so as to be ccespitose, or to form a turfy mass.

Gressoral. Bird's feet, which are formed for running; having three toes forward
and one back, and the two outer toes mostly joined towards the base.

Grumoits (grumosus;) in form of little clustered grains.

Guitar-form. See panduriformis. Fiddle- form.

Gijmnocarpi fun' gi. Such as bear seeds in a naked hymenium, which see.

Gymnosper' mus ( Gumnos, naked; sperma, seed.) VVith seeds naked, or growing
without pericarps.

Gynandrous. ( Gune, woman; aner, man.) Applied when stamens grow on pistils,
but not in immediate connexion with the calyx or corol.

Gynabase. a supporting disk or elevating axis under the ovarium or germ; being
a kind of receptacle to the ovary, elevating it more or less, as in Labiate plants,
and the borage-like.

H.

Hahia'tio. The native residence of plants; or the situation wherein they grow most

naturally.
Hab'it, hnbi'liis. The external appearance of a plant by a general view of which we

know it without attending to any of its essential characters.

A knowledge of the habits of plants is to be acquired by first seeing them in a

growing state, and then by repeatedly reviewing them in an herbarium.
Hal'bert-form. See hastate.
Halters. Globules on slender stems, under the wings of some two-winged insects,

called poisers.
Halved. One-sided, as if one half had been taken off; as the halved spathe of some

Indian turnips, one-sided involucres, &c.

HOM 593

Ha'mus, Hamosiis. A hook, as the liooked spines on burdock.

Has'tate. IIalbert-forni,"or shaped like an espontoon. A leaf with processes near
the base from eacli edge, which are aculish; as common sorr.el leaves. When
tliese processes pomt considerably bac'i wards, the leaf is sagittate.

Head. Flowers heaped togpther in a roundish form, with no peduncles, or very short
ones; as clover-heads. This term is applied to a globular stigma also.

Heap'ed. Compact, but hardly as close as dense.

Heakt'-form. See cordate.

Heakt-vvood. The dead and fully-formed central layers are called the heart-wood.

Hedge'uogged. See echinate.

Hel'met. See labiate. Upper lip of a labiate corol.

Helminthology. The science of worms, including molluscous and radiated animals.

Helvoi.us. Pale red. Peacii-bloom.

HEf ATlCiE. The third order of the class Cryptogamia. It includes the hepatic
mosses, as denominated by Schweinitz; that is, those which have the fructification
spread cruciformly, and have succulent leaves; the brook-liverwort is an example,
(marchantia. )

HEPTAGYiNTA. Seven-styled.

ilEPTANDRIA. ( Heptn, seven; aver, male) Having seven stamens to the flower.
A small class; the chick-wintergreen, (trientalis,) is our best example.

Heptan'drous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class heptandria.

Herb, herba. Any plant which has not a woody stem.

Herba'ceocjs. Not woody. Also applied to plants perishing to the root.

Herb'age. All that part of vegetables which is bounded by the root below, and by
the fructification above.

Herba'bium. a collection of dried plants. No person can ever become a good prac-
tical botanist without an herbarium^ The uses of an herbarium are principally
two.

1. To revive in the memory of names and habits of plants.

2. WIten planls are not in flower, they often want some of their most striking habits.
Jn such cases comparison is essKidiul. No directions can be sufficient. The teacher
must learn, mechanically, how to direct his pupils in collecting and preserving
planls.

JJerbu'riiis. An herbist. One who collects and sells plants.

Hermaph'rodite, See perfect flowers.

HEXAGYNIA. ( Hex, s\x; gumc, female.). The sixth order qf any of the first
classes as far as Polyandria. Six styles or stigmas to each (lower.

IIEXAN'DRIA. (Hex, six; aner, male.) The sixth class; six stamens to each
flower.

Hexan'droos. Belonging to. or varying into, the class hexandria.

Hexapetaloi'des. A one-petalled corol so deeply divided as to appear 6-petalled.

Hi'i-UM, The external scar or mark on a seed, where the funicle, or thread, is attach-
ed to it and conveys its nutriment till ripe. It indicates the union of tiie seed with
the placenta, often called the umbilicus. The hilum represents the base of the
seed; the apex is determined by the point where the vessels, or tissue, of the integ-
uments concentrate.

Hinge. The part of a bivalve shell, where the two valves are united by a flexible
cartilage.

HiNoiDEUs. Whence all veins proceed, and are parallel and undivided.

Hir'sute, hirsiitus. Rough-haired. Covered with stiffish hairs, but hardly stiff
enough to be called bristies.

Hir'lus. Covered with short stiff hairs. Nearly the same as hirsute.

His'piu, hispidus. Bristly. Beset with stiff hairs, or rather with bristles, which are
short.

Hiulcus. Cracked open: a gaping chink.

Hoar'y. Whitish colored, arising from a scaly mealiness, or short, dense hairs.

Holera'ceus. Suitable for a pot herb, as dock, and beets.

Hol'lows, (thai mia.) That kind of receptacle of lichens which is spherical, nearly
closed, lodged in the substance of the frond, lined with its proper coat, under which
are cells 2 or 4-seeded. Each hollow finally opens by an orifice in the frond above.
Smith.

Homotropal, (homotropus.) Having the same direction as tlie body to which it
belongs, but not being straight.

75

094 , INC

PoNEY-coMBED, (fdvosus otteolatiis. ) Excavated in the manner of a section of honey»
comb.

Hooked, (uncinatus.) Curved suddenly back at the point.

Horizon 'tal. Parailef to the horizon. Leaves are horizontal, when they form right
angles with erect stems.

Horn'-form. Shaped liked a horn, or rather like a cock's spur. See spur.

Uu'midus. Moist, humid.

Hu'mifuse, liumifusus. Spread over the ground. Richard defines it spread on the
ground, and not rooting.

Hum'ilis. Low, humble.

Husk. The larger kind of glume; as the husk of Indian corn.

Hy'aline, hyal'inus. Colorless. Transparent, hke glass or water; as quartz in
granite.

Hyber'nacle, hylcrnac'ulum. See bud. Winter residence.

Hybcrnalis. Growing in the winter season.

Hy'brid, hy'hrida. A mule. A vegetable produced by the mixture of two different
species. The seeds of hybrids will not propagate. They are produced by sprinkl-
ing the stigma with the pollen of a different species. Care must be taken in such
cases to prevent any pollen of its own species from falling on it first.

Hydrop'terihes. Water fern. A new order of ferns. It is adopted by Pursh, Tor-
rey, &c. Isoetes, azolla and salvina, are placed here.

Hyema'lis. Growing in the winter season.

Hymc'nium. An exposed or naked, dilated, appropriate, membrane of gymnocarp
fungi, in which the seeds are imbedded: the part in wliicli the sporules immediately
lie. In Agaricus, it consists of'parallel plats, lamellae, or gills; these are adnate
with the stipes, when the end next it cohere with it.

Hyperdecandrous. Flowers containg more than ten stamens.

Hypha. The filamentous, fleshy, warty tballus, or bissus.

Hypocraterijor' mis. See salver-tbrm; flat-bordered tube.

Hypodecanurocjs. Flowers containing fewer than ten stamens.

Hypog'ynus. Under tiie style, or growing from below the base of the germ, or ova-
rium; or when the stamens do not contract any union with the sides of the calyx,
they are hypogynous.

Hysterandms, when the leaves appear after the flower, as some willows, peaches, &c.

I. J.

IcTHYOLOGT. The department of Zoology, which treats of fish. It includes those

aquatic animals which have gills and fins.
J'cones planta'rum. Figures or drawings of plants.
ICOSAN'DRIA. (£(A-osf, twenty; ««e7-, male. ) More than 10 stamens.

The calyx is always monophyllou.s, and the claws of the petals fixed into the

side of it along within the stamens. Calycandrous is a name embracing plants of

this class. Darlington.
Icosan'drous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class icosanrfriff.
Icterus. Jaundice. The change of color of leaves in autumn to yellow, reddish,

&c., as maple.
Imago. A perfect, full-fomed insect. It is applied to express the state of an insect,

after it has passed from the crysalis to the insect stale.
Imber'bis. Beardless. See beard.
Im'bricate, imbricatus. Leaves, scales, &c., lying over each other, or one covering

the place where two others meet, like the shingles or tiles on a roof.
Immarginate. Having no border or peculiar margin.
Im'pari-pinna'ius. Unequally pinnate. When a pinnate leaf is terminated by a sin^

gle or odd leafet.
Imper'fect, imperfcctvs. Wanting the stamen or pistil. No flower is perfect without

both organs; but with an anther and stigma the flower is perfect, though destitute

of calyx and corol.
Inmquivalva'tus. Valves of capsule or glume unequal.
Ina'nis. Having a spongy pith.
Jnaper'tus. Hollow, but without any opening.
Jnca'nvs. See hoary. Whitish.
Incarna'tus. Flesh-colored.

INT 595

Jsci'SED. Incisus. Cut in lllce a gash wilh a knife, but not deep enough to be called a

cleft. If the crenatures orserratures of a leaf are cut, to appearance, with a slit

or gash, this term ap))iios.
iNcrsor. Fore tooth. 'J'lie flattish front cutting teeth.
Incli'ned, iiidinatus. Bent towards each other. Also bent towards something

d iff.' rent.
Ikclu'ding, inchulens. One thing containing another within it; as the calyx shutting

up tiie seed capsule or corol.
Jndu'sus. Enclosing. Opposed to exSert. Stamens not projecting.
Inconspicuous, incons/nc'uus. Not apparent without the aid of a magnifier.
Incras'sate. Thickening. "When a tlovver-stem grows thicker upwards towards the

flower.
In'crement. The quantity of increase for a given time.
Incum'bent, inaimbcus. Leaning upon or against. When an anther lies, as it were;

somewhat horizontally upon the top of the filament.
In'curveo, incurcaius. Bent inwards. As a leaf bent in at the point towards the

stem, a fila.-nent towards the pistil, a prickle towards the stem;
Indig'enous. Plants growing naturally and originally in a country.
Indistinct. Applied to insects, whose heads and trunks are in one piece.
Indifi'sus. Undivided. Not cleft into parts. It may however be serrate, crenate or

toothed; it is therefore not the same as entire.
Induplicate. See conduplicate. A leaf in the bud having its two sides shut like

the leaves of a book; the midrib being in place of the liack.
In'durated, indure.s'cens. Becoming hard, tough, or leathery.
Indu'sium. A shirt. It is used by some authors for the thin membranous covering

on the fiuit of ferns. But Smith prefers retaining the old name, involucre, which

see.
Iner'mis. See unarmed. Having no thorns, prickles, &c.
Infer'ne. Downwards. Towards or near the base or root.
Infe'rior, infents. Below. A calyx or corol is inferior when it comes out below the

germ. See germ.
In'fimns. At the very bottom or base, lowest.
Infla'ted, injta'lus. Appearing as if blown up with wind. A very small degree of

inflation is sometimes noticed in descriptions; as the calyx in silene.
Inflex'ed, inflcz'tts. The same as incurved. Suddenly bent inwards.
INFLOR^s'cENCE, iiiforescttiHia. The mode by which flowers are connected to the

plant by the peduncle. It is of 10 kinds. 1. Whorl. 2. Raceme. 3. Panicle.

4. Thyrse. 5. Spike. 6. Umbel. 7. Cyme. 8. Corymb. 9. Fascicle. 10. Head.

See each in its place.
Jnfrac'lus. Bent in with such an acute angle as to appear as if broken.
InfundibUifor' mis. See funnel-form.
Iiiguiniins. Stained. Applied to fungi, Sec. when the color appears as if painted ori

artificially.
Iiw'dorus. Having no smell.
InsigniJtus. Marked with.
Iiistruc'tus. Furnished with.

Integer' rimus. Very entire, having no dentation whatever.
Intercellula^assages. If the adhesion of the contiguous cells be imperfect, (and

it frequently is, ) spaces will exist between them; such spaces are called intercel-
lular passages.
Interfolia'ceous. Situated along the stem between the origin of the leaves, not

opposite to them. ,

Inter ined' ills. Between two extremes, or nearly so.
Interno'de, intenio'dtus. The space between joints or knots.
Interkup'ted, inlerruplus, interrvp'te. When organs of a different kind or different

size, are intermixed or interposed among a series. A spike is interrupted, when

leaves or smaller flowers a-e interposed at intervals.
Interruptedly pin'nate. When smaller leafels are interposed among the larger; as

the polatoe and agrimon leaves.
Interscap'ulars. The back feathers of a bird, between the bases of the wings.
Intor'sion, intor'sio. Twisting, twining, or bending inwards, from a straight upright

position. See twining, contorted, and twisted inwards.
Intrafoliaceus. Within the leaf. A stipule is intrafoliaceous, when it originates a

596 LAC

Uttle above the origin of the petiole, which brings it, as it were, within the bosom
of the leaf.

Intropu'ced. Not originally native. Brought from some other country.

Intror'sum. Inwardly. Turned inwards.

Invertkd. Having a part of an organ in an opposite direction to that of other
analagous parts.

Involu'cre, invohi'crvni. That kind of calyx which comes out at a distance below
the flower, and never encloses it like the spathe, of a leafy te.xture and color, gene-
rally at the oiigin of peduncles of umbels. When it is all on one side, it is called
dimidiate, halved. Some botanists substitute involucre for the common calyx of
compound flowers; others use peridiniim, peripboninildum, iScc.

Involucres of ferns generally lie on the tops of the capsules, like a piece of linen
spread out to dry; hence they are called indusium, a shirt.

InVolu'cred, inculucra'tus. Having involucres.

In'volute, invoiu'lus. Rolled inwards. A term in foliation: applied to leaves whose
opposite margins are rolled in and continued rolling, till the two rolls meet on the
midrib and parallel to it. Applied to shells it signifies, that the spire is in whorls
which are concealed within the shell, as cypraea.

Joints. Swelling knots, rings, or narrowed interstices, at regular intervals, along
culms, pods, spikes, leaves, &c.

Irid'eous, Iridescent. Reflecling light somewhat like a rainbow.

Irreg'ular, irrcgula'ris. Diiiering in figure, size or proportion of parts, among
themselves.

Irritabil'ity. The power of being excited so as to produce contractile motion.

IsH. A terminal diminutive, as roHndish, somewhat round.

Jsos, (equal) placed before the name of an organ, indicates that it is equal in number
to that of some other understood; thus isoslamcnous is said of plants the stamens of
wliich are equal in number to the extent of the purpose in view.

Isthmus. Long narrow joints in legunies or loments.

Jug'um. Yoke. In pairs.

Ju'lus. See ament. A cylindrical (or semi-cylindric) centipede. A cylindrical ament.

K.

Keel. The lower petal of a papilionaceous corol. The stamens and pistils lie
enclosed in it.

Keel'ed. Having a ridge resembling the keel of a boat or ship. A leaf, capsule,
calyx, &c. is keeled when it has the midrib, angle, or peculiar process, running
along the back, of a compressed form, and attached by one edge.

Kid'ney-form. Hollowed in at the base with rounded lobes and rounded end. Its
breadth is generally as great as its length.

Knob'boD. 1>i thick lumps; as potatoes.

Knobs. (Cephalo'dia. ) That kind of receptacle of Hchens, which is convex, more
or less globular, covered externally with a colored seed-bearing crust, and placed
generally at the extremities of stalks, originating from the frond, permanent: rarely
sessile- Sometimes they are at first spangles on filamentouB lichens, and after-
wards become convex irregular knobs. They are simple, compound, or conglome-
rate. Smith.

Knot." A swelling joint. See joints.

Knot'ted. Having swelling joints. See Torulose and Torose.

La'biate. Having lips; or a calyx or corol divided at the top into two general parts;
somewhat resembling the lips of a horse or other animal, by the aid of imagina-
tion. ,

Labiate carols are divided into nngent and personate.
Ringent, such as have the lips open or gaping, as sage. .
Personate, such as have the lips closed or muffled, as toad-flax.
Lalryrinthifor' mis. Winding and turning by various involutions and contortions like a

labyrinth.
LACEKATEn, lacc'rus. Torn. Cut, or apparently torn, mto irregular segments.
Lacm'ia. The divisions of a calyx, corol, leaf, ^c. into which they are cleft, torn,
or divided.

LEN 597

Lacin'iate, lacinia'tiis. Jagjrcd. Irregularly divided and subdivided, cut or torn.

Hardly different Irom lacerated.
Lactes'cenck, lactesr.m'l'uu JMilUiness. The milky juice of some plants; as the milk-
weed (asclepias.) it is als» called by liiis name, when the juice is red; as in the
bloodrool (siiiiguinaria. )
IjirJleus. Aiilk-white.

Laainae. Small hollows or pits on the upper surface of the tliallus.
Lacu'.nose, Liiciiikis'us. Fitted. Hollow between tlie veins of a leaf, when the blis-
ters are under side of liie leaf instead of the upper. Also applied to pits.
Litcus'tris. Growing most naturally in or about lukes.
Lce'c'is. Smooth, even, polished; not striate, or wrinkled.
Luind'Ui. A tiiin plate. Applied to the gills or vertical plates under the hat or pileus

of the agaric fungus, or toadstool.

cqua'Us. When all the gills reach from the stem to the margin of the hat.

incqtia'lis, or vitcrrup'tus. When some reach but part of the way.

biseria'lis. When a long and siiort gill allernale.

triscriu' Lis. When one long and two short gills alternate in pairs.

rnmo'sa. When several gdls unite in one, so as to appear branched.

■ d'cui'rcns. When liiey run down the stem more or less.

vuno'scc. When so narrow as to have (he appearance of veins.

Lamei.'lae. Applied to the two terminal plates of the antennae of some insects; also

to somewhat similar jjlales constituting the stigma at the end of some styles, as the

convolvulus, bindweed.
Lamellate. In the form of thin plates, or having thin plates.
Lam'ina. The broad upper part of the petal of a polypetalolis coiol. See petal.
Laminated. Consisting of several thin Hat portions.
La'nate, Uina'lus. Woolly. Covered with curly, crooked, close, thick pubescence.

Not so fine, nor so closely matted together as lorncntosc.
LiA^ck' OL kTE, lajireola'tiis. In the form of the lance of the ancients. When the

length greatly exceeds the breadth and it tapers gradually from near the base to the

apex.
Lance-o'vate, &c. lanceolatova'tus, &'c. Partaking of the lanceolate form and of

that with which it is compounded.
Lanu'go. Down, or wool.

Liippala' cells. Burr-like, roundish and prickly, as burdock.
Larva. The caterpillar slate of an insect. It is called maggot, skipper and grub,

while in this state.
Laterif III' ills. Side-leaved, inclining to one side.
Liitiful ins. Broad leaved.
LaierVtius. Brick-coloured, reddish.
Latticed. Resembling net-work.

Lax, Lax'us. Limber, loose, open, weakly flexile. See flaccid.
Lkaf. That part of most vegetables, which prpsents moresurface to the atmosphere,

than all other parts;, and consists principally of the cellular integument covered

with the cuticle.

They are erer green, remaining through the winter; or decid'uous, falling ofFat

the close of the year.

They are further distinguished by \he\r forms, surfaces and positions. All of which

are described under their peculiar names.
Leafbuds, (gemma;) bfing the rudiments of young biatiches, they consist of scales

imbricated or otherwise disposed over each over, surrounding a minute axis. Bulb

is a leaf bud of the root.
Leafing SEASON. That time in the year when most leaves come out. In North

America, the proper leafing season is in April.
Leaf'et, or Leaf'let. One of the lesspr leaves which, with others, constitute a com-
pound leaf A simple leaf is never a leafet, however small.
Lelf'i.ess. Destitute of leaves, naturally. Tliis term does not apply in cases of de-

foiintion, in due season.
Leaf-like, (foliaceousj having the texture and form of a leaf
Legume, lesuinen. A pod. without a longitudinal partition, with it enclosed seeds

attached lo one statue only; as the pea. Those with tranverse partitions are usu-
ally called laments.
Length and Bkeadth. When applied to bivalve shells, length is measured from the

598 LOR

beak or cartilage to the margin below, and breadth is taken in a transverse directioT*
at the length. i - . .

Le.vtic'ullk, Icnticulii'ris. Lentilform. It is applied to a kind of glandular rough-
ness on the surface of .some plants. They are brown oval spots found upon the
bark of matiy pianls e5;|)ecially willows; tliey indicate the points from which roots
will appear if the briuich be placed in circusnstances favorable to their production.^
Fojm of a convex lens.

Lepim't/dum* Used as a substitute foi some kinds of nectary by Nuttall, De Lamark,

i&C.

Lep'rous. Covered with peltate or sub-peltate scales, mostly white or wliitish*
Patches of Lichens often give woody plants a leprous appearance.

Li'bkr. The innermost layer of the bark, or the last year's deposite. Smith.

Lih'era. Free, not adnate, or attached.

LICHENES. The fifth order of the class Cryptogaraia. It includes the greenish,
brown, yellow, red, grey, &c. patches on old fences, stones, trees, &c; also some
grey fibrous moss -like bodies.

LiGAMENr-PERFORATio.v. A perforation through the shell of the anomia genus, by
which it is attached to rocks, Sec.

Light. Various motions and inclinations of plants prove the effect of light upon
them. Trees present their leaves outward in quest of light, because it is darkest in
the centre. Plants in a green-house all present the upper surfaces of tlieir leaves
towards the enlightened side of it. Most compound flowers follow the sun through
the day. Plants deprived of the light, lose their green hue; as potatoe tops grow-
in a dark cellar. •

Lig'ul\. a strap or strap-form organ. Jt is generally applied to the membrane or
stipule at the top of the sheath of a grass-leaf.

Lig'ulate, liguia'tus. Tiiat kind of floret, in some compound flowers, which con-
sists of a single strap-like petal, which becomes tubular at the base only; as all the
florets in a dandelion, and tiie ray florets in a sunflower.

Lilia'ceous. a corol with six petals spreading gradually from .the base, so as alto-
gether to exhibit a bell-form appearance.

Limb, lim'bus. The broad spreading part of the petal of a monopetalous coroL-
When applied to shells, it means the whole circumference or outlines of them.

Line, U.'nea. The breadth of the crescent at the root of the finger nail. Twelflb
part of an inch.

Lis'ea«, linea'iis. Continuing nearly of the same breadth throughout most of the
extent. Linear leaves always, or with very few exceptions, become narrowed or
pointed at one oi bolh ends.

Lin'eate, Untutus. Marked with lines. Striated.

Lin' guifurm. Tongue-like. Thick, fleshy, linear, blunt at the end.

Lip, or lipped. See labiate. When applied to univalve shells, it means the outer
expanded part of the opening.

LireVLae. See clefts. Linear shields, such as are found in Opegrapha, with a chan-
nel along its middle.

Little, ( exlguus. } Applied to whatever is less than similar or analagous parts or
things are. generally.

LiUora'Lls. Growing on the sea-coast: also on the shores of rivers.

Lie'idiis. Livid. Dark grey, inclining to violet; like bruised eyes.

Lobe, lo'bus. Divisions which are rounded, or parted by rounded or curved incisions.
Sometimes it seems to be applied to cases where it has nothing to distinguish it
from a segment cut off by a deft incision, except by its being larger.

Lo'beu, loha'lvs. Divided into lobes. De,eply parted, with the segments distant or
spreading, and large.

Loculainen'luiii. See cell. Cavities containing seeds.

Loc'ulus. The little cell of an aniher, which contains pollen, is used by Acharius to-
express a filamentous branched thallus.

Lo'ment, lamen'tum. A le:ume pod with transverse partitions. This term is gene-
rally applied to the legumes in the natural older Lomentacas.

Longifol'ius. Long-leaved. See relative propoitions.

Lon'gus. Rather long. Longis'simus. Very long.

Loose. Open, not compact. Of a soft, cellular texture, as piths.

Lo'kes. The naked lines or spots on a bird's head, between the eyes and the base of
the bill.

MED 699

Lo'rula. The long threads of Usnea. This lichen, so common on trees, is erro-
neously called moss by most people.

Low, (liumils.) riaiits particularly small, but much smaller than kindred species.

Lu'cidus. Bright sliiiiinij. Nearly the same as nilidus.

Lu'nulate, Lu'nuliitiis. Shaped like a crescent, new moon.

Lu'nui.e. Half-r;ioon-like depression just below the beak of a bivalve shell. It is
anterior or pdsterior, according to llie slope il is on. See slope.

Lu'rid, lu'ridus. Of a palisii, dull, deatiily color. Most plants with lurid petals,
are more or less poisonous; as tobacco, henbane, thorn-apple.

Lus'trk. The peculiar appearance of reflected light, as presented by a mineral.

LuTEs'cENT, lutes'cens. Approaching to a yellow color.

Lii'tcus. Yellow. Being sometimes yellowish.

Luxu'riant, luxur'ians. See full-Howered. Over growth.

Lv'ratk. lyra'tus. Pinnatifid, witii the divisions at the apex largest.

Ly'kate-pin'isate. Pinnate, with the odd termmal leafet largest.

M.

Macida'tus. Spotted, dotted, punctured.

Mail'ed. Covered with a hard substance resembling armour.

■Male. S laminate, as used by some.

Man 'dibi.es. The upper jaw of a bird's bill. It is also applied to the horizontal

pincers attached to the mouth of some insects.
Mtin'kate, when hairs are interwoven into a mass that can be easily separated from

the surface. Muff-like.
Ma'nf. Whenever there are more than are usually numbered of that kind; as we say,

1 -seeded, 2-seeded, 3-seeded, 4-seeded, many-seeded.
Marces'cent, marces'cms, or mar'ci'liis. See withering.
Mar'ginated, margina'lus. Having a margin differing in some measure from the

disk.
Mar'gin, mar' go. The circumference or edge. See border. The circumference of

a shell.
Mariti' mus. Growing naturally near the seaboard. It maybe extended several miles

from the water.
Mas'cvlus. S laminate, as used by some.
Mat'rix. Gangue. The mineral immediately embracing an ore, within a vein in a

rock.
Matu're, matu'rus. Full-grown, but not entered upon a state of decay.
Meal't, (fiiriiiosus. ) Covered with a sort of white scurfy substance, having the

texiwre of flower in mass; as the albumen of wheat.
Meas'ures. Proportion between parts is better than any measure. But when mea-
sures are adopted, they should be taken from parts of the hand and arm; because

the parts of plants vary about as much as the liand; and in adopting these mea-
sures, the same allowance should be made.

1. Line, the crescent at the root of the nail. About one twelfth of an inch.

2. Ntiii (unguis.) Lenglli of the nail. About half an inch. 3. Inch ^pollex.)

Length of the first joint of the thumb. 4. Palm. Breadth of the four fingers.

About three inches. 5. iSV(orts/«/(i (spithama.) Distance between ends of thumb

and fore-finger. About seven inches.
Long' -span (dodrans). Distance between ends of thumb and little finger. About

nine inches.

Foot (pes.) Distance between the point of the elbow and the second joint of the

thumb. About twelve inches.

Cu'bit (cub'itus.) Distance between the point of the elbow and of the middle

finger. About 18 inches.

Arm (brachium.) Distance between armpit and the end of middle finger. About

24 inches.

Fathom (orgya.) Distance between the ends of the middle fingers, when the

arms are extended.
Medic'inal, medicinn'lis. Plants possessing principles sufRciently active to entitle

them to a place in the materia medira.
Me'diiis. In or near the middle. Middling.
MeduL'la, pith, medullary, (meduUosus.) Filled with spongy pith. See pith.

600 MON

Medullary rats, (silver grain.) Radiating plates, extending from the centre of

trees to the peripliery; very beautiful in oak trees, &c.

MEiJt'LLARY SHEATH, surrouiids the pith.

IVIellif'ekous, mellifcra. Producing or containing honey.

Mdli'go. Honey-dew on leaves; particularly waliiui leaves.

Membrana'ceuus. Made up apparently of the t>.vo plates of the cuticle, without any
cellular integument between them. Nearly transparent, ver3' thin and colouiless.

Membrane and fibre combined. Fibres twisted spirally, adhering to a splieroidal or
angular uienibrane, and often anasiouiosing irregularly, without the spires touch-
ing each other. Membranous cellular tissue is that in which the sides con.sist of
membrane only, without any trace of fibre: it is tiie most common, and was, till
lately, supposed to be the only kind that exists. This sort of tissue, membranula,
is to be considered the basis of vegetable structure, and the only form indispensable
to a plant.

Me'thod, mr.tho'dus. A mode of arranarlng plants in classes, orders, &c. Tourne-
fort's method divides plants into lurl/s and trees. The herbaceoius plants are
divided into 17 classes. Fourteen of these are distinguished by the form of the
corals; as 1. Jnfandihiliformis. 2. Pcrsunnle, &c. The other 3 classes are rt/;e/a-
lous, and distinguished by hnvincr stamens, but no apparent jluicers nor npparelit seed.
The tree kinds are divided into 5 classes.

Metres of the French; are

Millemetre —.03666+ of an inch.
Centimetre — .36(i6-{- of an inch.
Decimetre 3.666-{- 'inches.

Metre 36.66+ indies.

Mid'rib. The main or middle rib of a leaf running from the stem to the apex.

Milia'ris. In the form of millet seed. Minute spherules.

Minia'tus. Scarlet, vermillion color. Sometimes red.

Mi.nutis'simus. Extremely small or minute; unusually small.

Missile-to.ngoe. When the animal can tiirust the tongue far out of the mouth.

Mi'tre-form. Terminating in two divisions, in some measure resembling a bishop's
mitre.

Mola'res. Giinders. Teeth farthest back; double teeth.

Mollus'cous ammai,s. Those that have the medullary masses, in which the sentient
principle resides, enveloped in a soft body; as the oyster.

MONADEL'PHIA. ( Monos. one, adelphos, brother.) The class having stamens
united by their filaments m one set;sas hollyhock.

Monadel'phi>us. Belonging to, or varying into, the class inonadclplda.

MONAN'DRIA. (Monos, one, aner, mafe.) The class which has but one stamen
to a flower.

Monil'iform. See granulate. Globular joints of antennae.

Mo.vocar'pous. Beaiing fruit but once, and dying after fructification: as wheat.

Monocotyle'dons. Plants whose seeds have but one cotyledon, or if two, then the
cotyledons alternate with each other. See cotyledon.

MONCE'CIA. (Monos, one, oikos, house.) The class which produces stamens and
pistils in different tlowers on the same plant: as Indian corn.

Monce'cious, monoi'cus. Belonging to or vaiying into the class monoecie.

3IOiYOGYN'IA. (Munps, one; <fune, fruale.) One style or stigma.

Monopet'alous. The whole enrol in one piece. Sometimes it is so deeply parted,
that it appears to be polypetalous until it is pulled off and closely examined at the
base. In most monopetalous corols. the stamens are attached to the tubes. They
are divided into bell-fx)rm, funnel-form, salver-form, wheel-form, and labiate. When
the petals are distinct, a corol is said to be polypetalous; when they are united by
their margins it is called monopetalbus. But each segment of the latter is truly a
colored leaf, united in a whorl: the same rule applies to calyxes,

Monophyl'lous. (Monos, one, phuLlon, a leaf.) ,One-leafed. A calyx all in one
piece. All the calyxes in the class icosandria are of this kind. They are often so
deeply divided that a student may mistake them for polyphyllous, without parti-
cular attention.

Monoptenjcr'ia. See wings. One-winged. Applies to ferns.

Monopyre'niis. Enclosing but one nut ur stone: as the peach.

Monosper'mus. One seed to a flower; as wheat.

Monostac'hyos. (Monos, one, stackits, spike.) Single spiked.

NAT 601

Mo.s'sTRous. Plants producing any part different from the same part, when growing

wild. As the rose has but five petals in a wild state; but, by rich cultivation in

gardens, the stamens are mostly changed to petals. Carnations and peony are

examples also.
Minitit' nus. Growing most naturallj' on mountains. Alpine.
Mu'cidus. Resembling mouldiness, or mucor.
J^lvcovs, mucosas; Covered with a slimy secretion: or with a: coat that is readily

soluble in water^ atici becomes slimy.
Mu'cRoxATE, mucroim'lus. Having a rounded end tipped with a prickle; which often

appears rather an extension of the midrib.
Mu/Janifula' ris. Many-angled. Having several corners or ridges.
MidlicapsuLiL'ris. Many-capsuled. Several capsules to each iiower.
Multkau'Lis. Producing many stems; as the lilac.
Mul'tifid, mulufidus. Many-cleft. In many sections.
Multus. Many, in composition; as inidtldantalus, (many-toothed;) rnidtlflurils, (many-

tlowered;) muU'dobus, (many-lobed;) muUUocidaris, (many-celled;) multipartitus^

(many-parted.)
MulJtiplcz. Many-fold. Having petals lying over each other in two rows.
Mul'tiphed, muUiplAca'tus. See full-Howered. Double flowered.
Mtddsiliquo' sus. Many pods procf-eding from the saiDe point.
MoLTiVALVE, muhivalcls. A glume with many chaffs or valves. Applied to shells it

embraces the ofcler, which lias more than two shells to each animal.
Mu'niens. Leaves drooping down and hanging over the stem, «tc. at night.
Mani'tus. See fenced. Walled about.

Mu RiCATE, murlca'tus. Armed with sharp spines. Covered with subulate prickles.
Musrarifor'mis, (musca, fly.) Formed like a brush or fly-flap, with hairs at one end;
MUSCI, MOSSES. The second order of the class cry/dogaiiiia. All mosses have lids

on the capsule.
MusriKooM-HEADED, (fungiformis,fungiUformis. ) Cylindrical stem, having a rounded^

convex, overhanging extremity.
Miit'icus. See awnless.

Mu'riLATED, mutUa'Cus. Not producing parts with their full, complete forms.
Mtjcelia. The rudiments of fungi, or the matter from which fungi are produced.

N.

Nail, ungids. Half an inch or the length of the nail of the little finger.

Na'keu. Wanting a covering analagous to that of most plants. As stem without
leaves, leaves without pubescence, corol without a calyx, seed without a pericajp,
receptacle without chatF, pubescence, &c.

Naked-seed. Lindley says, "As all seeds are matured ovula, and, as all omla are
originally enclosed within an ocarium; it is obvious that naked seeds catinot exist."
But by naked seeds Linneus meant, without fruit; as sage-seed. It is to be re-
gretted that writers of high authority should, so unnccessurU.y, make a new applica-
tion of ^^ naked seeded.^' For though the new application is correct, a new term
should have been used to express it. Tunic might be substituted for the pericarpsy
not formerly so called. For we have only to say without or with a tunic, to convey
the idea intended. Tiiougli science is injured by too many new terms, it is a greater
injury to change the application of long established terms. Gijmnospeniwus, has
long been applied to the want of fruit in its common acceptation. Now to limit it
to the few genera of pines and cycadiae, is uripardonably absurd. 'Wilidenow calls
the covering ot a seed, not usually called fruit, the tunic. On this authority, I would
propose Aclictospcrmous. Gr. A, witiiout, chiton, tunic, sjjcrma, seed.

Na'nus. Dwarfish, vey small.

Nap. See tomentose, Downy, or like fur on a hat.

Nitpifiir' mis Resembling a turnip. Very oblate spheroid.

Na'tant, nat'ans. Floating. When the plant is fixed by the root at the bottom and
its leaves float on the top of the water, as the pond lily, ( ny mphaea.) Animals
with the faculty of swimming.

Nat'ural his'tory. That department of science, which treats of the productions of
nature as they come from the hand of the Creator; without any decomj)osition or
chemical changes.

Nat'ural OR 'ders, Arrangement of plants according to their natural affinities or

76

602 NUT

alliances, for the purpose of studying their properties, and vegetable physiology,
Linneus made, what he called, the Fragment of a Natural Method. Several of his
orders w^re perfect; and are still retained — as Criiciferae, Umbelliferae, Grarnineee,
&c. Jussieu greatly improved upon Linneus. He found all plants to submit to his
centigrade. Tlial is. lie distributed them into one hundred orders. Great inprove-
menls ii.ive been made upon his method. The best now, is probably that of Lind-
ley, of 1835. That is adopted in the annexed system of North American plants.
See p. 539.

Navic'ular, navicula' ns. See boat-form.

Nay'ant. Floating. When animals float, without the effort of swimming, they are
nayant.

NECESSA'RIA, polygamia. The fourth order of class syngenesia, which has the
disk florets all staminate and the ray florets pistillate.

Neck. The upper part of the tube of a corol. Also the point, or small space, from
which tlie root of a plant proceeds downward and the stem upwards, it is generally
just at the surface of the earth.

Necklace-form, (moniliformis, nodosus;) cylindrical or terete, and contracted at
regular intervals, resembling beads.

Nectarif'erous. Bearing nectaries. Producing honey.

Nec'tary, necta'rium. The part of a flower which secretes honey. It is either a dis-
tinct horn, gland, spur, scale, cup, »fec., or the claw or some other part of the corol
secreting honey. This name is app'ied to any appendage to the flower, which has
no other name.

Needle-form, (acerosus.) Linear 'rigid tapering into a fine point from a narrow
base.

Nemnro'sus. Growing naturally in groves, where the under brush is cleared away.

Nervo'se, nerved, nervo'sus. Leaves are nerved, when they have rib-like fibres run-
ning from the base towards the apex. In numbering nerves for a specific character,
the midrib is counted with tlie hiteral nerves.

Netted, (rdicvla/.iis,) covered with reticulated lines which project a little.

Neutral. Having neither stamens nor pistils, consequently barren: as the ray-
florets of the sun-flower.

Nic'titant membrane. * semi-transparent membrane, which covers the eyes of some
animals at pleasure, as frog.

Ni.'duluns. Nesting, when seeds are placed in cotton, as in a nest.

Nigricans. Blacki.sh, sooty.

Ni'gru-ccE'-ul'eus. Darli-blue.

Ni'ms-formati'vus. That principle of vital energy, which tends to restore lost or in-
jured parts.

Nil'idus. Glossy, glittering.

Niv'eus. Snow-wliite.

Node, No'dus. See knot. Used by Barton for internode.

Nod'ule. a spheroidal mass of any mineral substance.

No'wen, name. See generic name and specific name.

Nor'mal, (nnrmalis) ordinary structure in nowise departed from; elementary form.

Nu'bilus. Grey and white, cloudy. Resembling cumulous clouds, or heaped.

Nucamen'tum. See ament. Elongated strobile.

Nu'ciFORM. Resembling a nut.

Nuc'leus. Nut or kernel. The inner seed or kernel is truly the nucleus; and its hard
shell is the putamen. But the whole including both putamen and its outside cover-
ing are the fruit. It is also a distinct cartilaginous body, coming out entire from a
proligerus apothecia, and containing the sporules; or it is the central part of a peri-
thecium. From some recent observations it appears that the nucleus has three
coats, the outer called the terdne, the next the (juurline, and the most interior the
quintine. The outer sacks are two, priinine, and secundine.
Nucula, one of the apothecia of Chara, sessile, oval solitary, spirally striated, with a
membranous covering, and the summit indistinctly cleft into five segments, con-
taining sporules.
Nudius'culus, Nudus. Nakedish. naked.
Nu'tant, Nu'tans. Nodding. When above half of whatever it is applied to, droops

or hangs down. See penduhis.
NuU/Jtio. The various inclinations of the parts arising from the effects of the sun's
rays.

ORB COS

o.

Ob, ob'vcrse. Reversed or inversed. Often combined with ovate, cordate, &c. as

obcordate, inversely heart-form.
Obcon'ic. Conic with llie point, or apex, d&wnwards.

Obcor'date. Fleart-form, with the apex next to the stem, or place of insertion.
Obl\nce'olate. Lanceolate with the base the narrowest.

Obli'que, olili'qmis. A position between horizontal and vertical; or between perpen-
dicular and the plane of the base. It is also applied to leaves, petals, calyxes, &c.

which are, as it were, cut obliquely; or whose bases are shorter on one side than

on the other.
Oblong, oblon'gus. Having the length twice or more than that of tlie breadth, with

the opposite sides somewhat parallel.
Oblonghis' cuius. Somewhat oblong.
Obo'val, obova'lis. If it differs at all from obovate, it must be more nearly oval —

having the ends nearer equal in width.
Obo'vate. Ovate, with the narrowest end towards the stem or place of insertion.
Ob'solete, ob'solelehj, obsolet'us, abso'leie. When teeth, notches, serratures, &;c. are

obscure and appear as if worn out.
Obtu'se. See obtusus, rounded.
Obtu' se-acuniina'tus. Blunt with a small point.
Obtu'sus, OBTUSE, obtusius' cuius. Obtusish, Ending bluntly, or in an apex more or

less rounded. .
Or'-volvte, ob'volu'tus. A term in foliation; applied to leaves where two opposite

ones are conduplicate, with one edge of each leaf between the edges of the other.
Occip'iTAL. Pertaining to the back part of the head.
Occei,l'ate. Eye like spots, as on the wings of some butterflies.
O'clirea. A cylindric sheath or stipule. It is applied to the membranaceous stipules

of most of the species of Polygonum; also of some species of Cyperus.
OCTAN'DRIA, (Octo, eight; a«er, male.) Eighth of the Linnean classes, with 8

stamens to a flower.
Octan'drods. Belonging to, or varying into, the chss octandria.
OCTOGYN lA (Octo, eight; oiine, female.) The eighth order of a class, it having

8 styles to a flower, or sessile siigmas.
Octn, eight in composition: as octotidus, 8-cleft; octolocularis, 8-celled; octopetalous,

8-pelalled: octophyllus, 8-leaved.
Odora'f.is. Scented, odorous.
Officina'lis. Such plants as are sold in the shops for some use, either in medicine or

the arts.
Off'sett is a short lateral branch in some herbaceous plants, terminated by a cluster

of leaveS; and capable of taking root when separated.
OiD, OiJdos. When this terminates a word it imports resemblance to the part or

plant to who5e name it is annexed. Petaloid, resembling a petal; thalictroides,

resembling a Thalictrum, &c.
Oligosper'mus. Few-seeded.

Oleag'inous (oleagino'sus; ) fleshy in substance, but filled with oil.
Ol'igos (few) means that the number is small, not definite.
One-si'ded. Flowars. &c. on one side of a stem, &c.
Opa'que, opa'cus. Neither transparent nor shining.
Oper'culate, opercid'i'liis. Having a lid, as mosses.
Oper'cuium. The lid or covering on the capsule of mosses. This is generally

covered by the calyptre when young. Afier the calyptre is gone and the seeds are

ripe, the lid falls also. This term is also applied to the covering of other capsules

resembling the lids of mosses. When applied to Conchology, it means a cartilagi-
nous, crusty, or shelly appendage to the animal by which it closes its shell after its

body is drawn into a univalve shell.
Op'posite, oppos'itus. Standing at the same height with base against base, on difle

rent sides of a stem.
OppositifoVius. Set opposite to the base of a leaf; as some peduncles and stipules are

placed.
Oppos'ite-pinna'tus. Leafets of a pinnate leaf set opposite to each other.
Orbicula'ris. Nearly circular.
Orbs. OrbiL'lae. That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is flat, orbicular and

604 PAP

dilated, of the substance of the frond, terminal, peltate, without a border, but often
fiurroiinded with radiating shoots. The membraue, or disk, under which the seeds
are lodged, 'is smooth, nearly of the color of the frond. Spurious orbs, bordered
like shields or spangles when young, are sometimes found in the genus cornicularia.
Smith.

Orchid'eous co'rol. Like the orchis; having 4-arclied petals, and the fifth longer.

Or'oya. Fathom. See measures.

Ori'fice. Any hole or opening into a capsule, corol, &c.

Ornithol'ogy. That departmnnt of zoology which treats of birds.

Ostio'lum (os, oris, mouth.) The orifice of the perithecium of sphaeria. A little
mouth.

Ov'al, ova'lis. The length exceeding the breadth in any proportion, with the two
ends of an equal breadth, curvature and form, or nearly so; the sides curving from
end to end.

PvARY. Oim'rium. The germ or base of the pistil. A hollow case, enclosing ovula;
it contains one or more cavities, called cells. It is now believed to be a folded leaf.
or whorl of leaves, whose edges grew together vviiile in the state of estivation or
bud. These edges become tiiickened placenta, which become granulated, and in
due time are ovula, forming seeds with their tunics. See Chitlaza.

O'vATE. Egg-form. The length exceeding the breadth in any pi oportion, the end
next to the stem, exceeding the other in breadth; the sides curving from end
to end.

Ovi'PARous. Animals produced from eggs, as birds, fish, &c.

Ovoi'dal, (ovum, egg, oidos, appearance) resembling an egg, in general form, or the
longitudinal section of it.

Ovule. Ov'vliim, is a body borne by the placenta and destined to become a seed.
It is never furnished with a stigma; but receives the fertilizing pollen by way of
the stigma of the carpel through the placenta to which it is attached by the hilum.
See Chalaza.

P.

Pa'gina. The surface of a leaf. The upper surface is pagina superior; the flower
surface, pagina inferior.

Pal'ate. a prominence, process or elevation in the lower lip of a labiate corol,
which tends more or less to close the throat.

Palea'ceous, paLea, chaffs. See chaft'y.

Pal.ma'ris. Hands breadths, 3 inches.

Pal'mate, palma'tus. Divided deeply and spreading, so as to resemble the hand with
spread fingers. When the divisions are very narrow, and almost down to the stem
of a leaf, it is called ptdate, from its supposed resemblance to a bird's foot. Some
pedate Jeaves are hardly connected at ail at the base, and almost run into the com-
pound digitate leaf

Pal'pi. Feelprs. Processes or fibres attached to the mouths of insects.

PaLus'iris. Growing naturally in swamps and marshes.

Pandurifor' mis. Guitar -form. Oblong, broadish near the base, and contracted on
the sides.

Pan'icle, panic'ula. When the peduncles along the sides of the main peduncle of a
raceme are divided, it takes the name of panicle, as oats, But if it is still in in a
close, compact form, it is called a t/tyrse, as the lilac, grapes.

Pan'icled, pankvlu'tus. Disposed in tiie form of a panicle; or bearing panicle.'!.

Papiliona'ceous, ( Papilio, a.\>a\.ier^y.) Butterfly-form; as the pea flower. When
complete, it consists of the banner, the upper petal, which generally spreads over
above the others; the wings, the two side petals, next below the banner; the keel,
the lower boat-form petal, generally enclosing the stamens and pistil. It is some-
times called ihe pea-bluom dower.

Papil'la. Fleshy process or points on vegetables and animals.

Papillo'se, papiilo'sus. ( Papiila, a nipple.) Covered with fleshy points or protu-
berances. See verrucose.

Pappose, pappo'sus. Bearing pappus or aigrette, as thistles.

Pap'pus. See aigrette. Seed down of thistles, &c.

Papulo'se, papuiu'sus. (Papula, a pimple. ) Pimply, Ll.iddery or blistered.

Papyraceus, ( clmrtaceus. ) Haying the consistence of wiiting paper, and quite
opaque.

PEN G05

PARABor.'ic. Conic, with the top rounded off, considerably below where it would ter-
minate in tlie apex, if completed in the conic form.

Par'ali.ei,, paralld'liis. Two lines or opposite sides, running nearly equal distances
from eacli otlier. The opposite edges of a leaf are parallel when the leaf is linear,
as of grasses.

Parasitic. Drawing support from another plant. Growing out of another, "as the
doddpr.

Pdrcit'tliijma. \.A succulent vegetable substance; as the thick part of leaves between
the opn^[Jj|fculicles; the substance of the piih of herbs, the pulpy part of apples,

VAm'-ET^fh^JffidnJUs. Walled around. .Having an enclosing or encircling ring

Any tln»o^said to be parietal, which arises from the inner lining or wall of an

organ. ^JThe placenta is parietal, when it originates in the inner lining of the fruit,

and fotips a kind of side-wall about the ovules, as in the germ of the violet. See

Fig. 5.>k.]4.
Par'ted, partitus. Deeply divided, almost to the base.
Par' tcs prima' r in e. The three primary parts of a vegetable are: 1. The rnoi, or

descending part. 2. The Acriw^e, or ascending part except. 3. The fructificatiun,

comprising tlie flower and fruit.
Par'tial, portia' lis. Particular, not general. Applying to an entire part of a general

whole. See general.
Par'tible, piirti' bills. Easily separating into parts. Bipartibile, into two parts; tri-

parlibiie, into three parts, &c.
Partit'ion. The membrane, &c., which divides pericarps into cells. It \st parallel

when it unites with the valves, where tliey unite with each other. It is contrary oi

transverse, when it meets a valve in the middle, or in any part not at its suture, or

juncture with another.
Patelliformis. Knee-pan-like. Thick concavo-convex, round, with the convex surface

below.
PatelJ lula. See spangles; orbicular sessile shields, surrounded by a rim, which is part

of itself, not a production of the thallus; as in Lecidea.
Pa'tens, Spreading so as to form a moderately acute angle; considerably less than a

right one, or a square.
Palentls'simus. Spreading almost to a right angle; very spreading.
Pat'ulus. Somewhat spreading, open, loose.
Pau'ci. Few in number. Used in composition a.s paucljlorus, few-flowered; />aMci-

folius, few-leaved.
Pe'a-bloom. See papilionaceous.

Pearform, (pyriformis. ) Differing from turbinate in being more elongated.
Pec'tinate, pec'tinated, pectina'tus. So finely pinnate or pinnatifid as to resemble

the teeth of a comb.
Pec'toral fins, a pair growing on each side of the thorax, or breast.
Peda'lis. About a foot high.

Pe'date, pcdadjid, pedatiis. Finely palmate. Bird-foot-like.
Ped'icel, pedicdius. A partial pedundcle of an aggregate.
Ped'icelled, pedicellate, pedicdla'tus. flaving a pedicel.
Pe'dun'cle. Pedunculus. Flower stem, not radical.
Pn'ouNCLED, pcdunculatus. Having a peduncle, not radical.
Peduncula'ris. Appertaining to, or fixed on, a peduncle.
Pell'iclk, pellicula. A thin, membrane-like substance. The close covering of some

seeds; sometimes it is a little mucilaginous or downy.
Pellu'cid. Transparent, translucent, or limpid.

Pel'ta. See targets. Ajdat shield without any elevated rim, as in the genus Peltidea.
Pel'tate, pelta'tus. Having the petiole attached to the under side of the leaf In all

cases of leaves and fiat stigmas, when the petiole or style is attached to the disk

instead of the margin, they are peltate; as the leaf of the nasturtion, and the

etigma of the yellow water lily.
Pen'uant. Hanging down.

Pkn'jjulous. When the whole of the part droops, or hangs down.
Pen'cil-form, pencil' lifur' mis. Shaped hke a painter's pencil, or little round paint-
brush.
Pennifor'mis. When the liba are disposed as in a pirmated leaf, but confluent or
uniting at the point.

60G PET

PENTAGYN'IA. ( Pente, five, ^ne. female.) Five styles.

PENTAN'DRIA. (Pente, five aner male.) Five stamens.

Penian'drous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class pent andria.

Penta, (five,) is used in composition; as pentucoceus, 5-seeded; pentagonal, 5-cornered;
pentapetalous, 5-petcilled; pentaptcrijtria, 5-\vinged; peiitaphijlluus, 5-leaved, &c.

Peregri'nus. Foreign, strange, wandering.

Perkn 'nial, jserejmii. Continuing more than two years. >Afc-

Per'fect Fi.owF.R. Having both Stamens and pistiis. ^f^L:

Perfo'liate, perfoliatus. Perforating a leaf Havmg the stem run(
leaf But the leaf is not formed by the union of opposite bases,
(eupatorium;) for in this case the leaves are connate; but they are^
foliate. It is applied to antennae of insects when the main ihreag
the joints.

Per'forate, Per'forated, perfora'tus. Having holes, or transparent s^
through. Punctate may differ in presenting spots like points, whio
Pertuse per'iaps is synonymous with perforated.

Perianth, perz««7/tMm. (Peri, about, aiithos, flower.) That kind of cal;
immediately adjoining the corol, stamens and pistil, or to such oftftfi
are piesent. It is inferior, when it grows out from below the germ. It ,
when it grows on the germ.

Yek'icx'rv, pericarpium,. {Peri, about, karpos, fruit.) Seed-case. Any tag, shell,
pod, pulp, berry or other substance, enclosing the seed. It is (in some cases, as in
the peach,) divided into: epicarp the external tegument; sarcocarp, the fleshy eat-
able part; endocarp, (putamen,) the true shell; and tlie real seed, usually called the
meat; as peach meat, almond meat, vvulnut meat Many seeds have a deceptive
appearance, '"respecting a covering. Gray mentions the poppoose-root ))lant,
(Leontice thalictroides) as a case. The seed is above on the end of a thickened
peduncle; but it had a caducous tunic, which might have been seen by close watching.

Vek' iCHiiTU, perichcc'tiuin. {Peri, about, chaite, rest.) An involucre surrounding the
base of the peduncle of mosses, among the leafets, but differing from them in form.
See calyptre.

Peridi'a. The membrane by which the sporules are immediately covered.

Peri'dbim. A round membranous dry case, enclosing the seeds in some angiocarp
funguses; it is also a kind of sporidia; sporidiolum is its diminutive.

Perigo' Ilium, perigone. Sometimes substituted for perianth if the floral envelopes
are of such a nature that it is not obvious whether they consist of both calyx and
corol, or of calyx only, they receive the name of perianthuin or periogonum.

Perigy'nots, pcrigoiious. Growing upon some body that surrounds the ovarium; as
the calyx is perigynous, as well as the corols and stamens it supports, when it ad-
heres to the ovarium, (the germ.)

Per'isperm. a substitute for pericarp. Nuttall.

Perispor lUM. Capsule. Nuttall uses it to express a chaflTy covering to seed.

Peristom'ium. The fringe teeth or membrane, around the mouth of the capsule of
mosses, under the lid.

Perithe' cium. A perianth-like organ sMu^unding the seed-cases of lichens, or cap-
sule of mosses and fungi. Used to eflVess the part which contains the reproduc-
tive organs of Sphaeria, and its co-adnates.

Feritro'pal, peritropus. Directed from the axis to the horizon.

Per'manent. Any part of a plant is permanent, which remains longer compared with
other parts of the same plant, thaik is usual for similar parts in most plants. As
the calyx of the quince remains on the end of the fruit, till it ripens. Persistent.
Remaining. ^

Pero'nate, (defence against cold.) Laid over with a woolly substance, ending in a
sort of meal; as on the stipes of some fungi.

Persis'tens. Persistent. Not falling off; but remaining green or growing until that
which bears it is wholly natured. See permanent and ring.

Per'sonate, persona'tus. See labiate. Mufiled lipped flower.

Pertu'se, pertu'sus. Punched. See perforated.

Pe'tal, pct'alum. The colored leaf or leaves of the corol. The petal of a monope-
talous corol is divided into the tube and limb. Each petal of a polypetalous corol is
divided into the claw and lamina.

Pe'tal-form, petalifor'mis. Resembling a petal in shape, or texture.

Petali'nus. Attached to, or being part of, a petal.

PLI 607

T*e'taloid, petaloi'des. Having organs or parts resembling petals.

Pe tiole, petio'lus. Tlie footstalk of a leaf, on the part wiiich connects the lamina
witli the stem. Leaves wliiiph have no footsterns are sessile,

Petiola'te, pe'tioled, petiola'lus. Having a petiole.

Pctiolu'lus. A partial petiole which connects the leafet to the main petiole; as the
butternut.

Phenog'amous, {ofpfiaino, to shew.) Having the stamens and pistils sufficiently ap-
parent for classification. Applied to all plants not included in the class crypto-
gamia.

Pliani'ceus. Purple, dark-red. Ancient purple.

Pliycom'atcr. The gelatine in which the sporules of byssus first vegetate.

Phytol'ogy. {Pliute, a plant, logos, a treatise or discourse.) The science which
treats of the principles of vegetables. It is nearly synonymous with the physiology
of vegetnbles..

Pi'ceiis. Blueish-black, resembling dark pitch.

PL'leus. The hat of a fungus. The top and most spreading part. It may be with-
out stype, and thus constitute the whole ascending part. It always contains the
sporules.

Palid'ia. See puffs. Orbicular, hemispherical shields, the outsides of which change
to powder in Calycium.

Pilif'erous. Bearing hairs.

Pil'lar. Columella. The column of a univalve shell.

Pil'ose, pilo'siis. Hairy. Having distinct straightish hairs. Pappus is pilose, when
each hair has lateral branches. See aigrette.

Pil'us. A hair. An excretory duct of a bristly form, leading off a fluid. See sting.

Pim'pled. See papulose. Covered with minute tubercles or excresences, of uneven
size, and rather soft.

Pin'nate, pinnaius, pinna. A wing. Winged, or feathered. Leaves are pinnate,
when distinct leafets are arranged along opposite sides of a simple petiole, See
bipiniiateand tripinnate.

Pinnat'ifid, pinnatifidus. Cut-winged. Leaves are pinnatifid, when, instead of
leafets as in pinnate leaves, segments or divisions of a leaf are along oppcsite sides
of the midrib. Pinnate are compound, but pinnatifid are simple; because the divi-
sions never reach the midrib. When pinnatifid leafets are on a pinnate leaf, is is
called pinndte-pinnatifid.

Pis'tillate flow'er. Having pistils only without stamens; as the flower of the fer-
tile cucumber.

Pis'til, pistil' lum. The central organ of most flowers. It generally consists of the
germen, style and stigma. But the style is frequently wanting; then the stigma
is seated on the germ, or sessile. The stigma receives pollen from the anther, and
in some manner not yet discovered, fertilizes the gernfu

Pisti'liferous. See pistillate. Bearing pistils.

Pith. The spongy substance in the centre of the stems and roots of most plants.
A cylindrical or angular column of cellular tissue arising at the neck of the stem
and terminating at the leaf-buds. See Medulla. This is encased in a medullary
sheath.

Pits, (syphellEB.) That kind of receptacle of lichens, which consists of open, cup-
like, naked, white or yellow little spots, on the under side of the frond, which is
generally downy. They are at first immersed, globose, minute dots, which at
length burst with irregular margins, and discharge a powder.

Placcn'ta. Fleshy receptacle or mass, produced by the infolded edges "of the leaves,
which grow together while in the state of estivation or bud. It is the organ or
body to which the seed is attached by its hilum by means of a funicle. It is
always within a pericarp when the seed has a pericarpal covering. When several
carpels are contained in the same germ, m a united, or syncocarp, state, all the
placenta of a.l the carpels unite in a central mass, forming a columella.

Pf.acenta'tion. The disposition of the cotyledons in the srermiiiation of the seeds.

Pl.ut'ed, Folded somewhat like a fan, when nearly full spread. In foliation it is
more closely folded.

Pla'no-con'vex. Convex or roundish on one side and flat the other.

Plant. Any substance growing from seed. As tree, grass, pufi'-ball, mould, moss,
frog-spittle.

PUca'lus. See plaited. Folded like a fan.

608 POI

Plumo'se, pap'pvs, Feather-like down. When a hair has other hairs airranged od
opposite sides of it. Applied to a mineral having fibres diverging from a line of
kind of midrib, as plumose mica.

Plu'mvla, or gemmul.i, is the nascent ascending axis. .That part which developes
downwards is called the (Jcaccndin-r a.xis or root. That upwards is called the
ascending axis or stem. And the part from which these two axis start, is called
the coilet or neck.

Poc'uLiFOKM (poculiformis;) cup-shaped, with a hemispherical base and an upright
limb.

Pod. That kind of pericarp which is composed of two valves with the seeds attached
to one or boih sutures, or a longitudinal partition at the edges immediately adjoin-
ing the sutures. The pod is either a legume or siliqnc.

Pode'tia. The peduncles of lichens or the stalk-hke elongations of the tliallus, which
support the fructification in Cenoin^'ce.

Point'lettkd (apiculatiis;) terminating abruptly in a little point.

Poin'tal. See pistil. Cential organs of a Hower.

Pors'ERs. Globules on slender steins under the wings of some dipterous insects.

Poisonous veg'etablks. Persons of all descriptions have frequent occasion to make
some use of plants, when they are not in a situation rniiiutely to investigate their
nature and qualities.

The following rules for extemporaneous examinations may be of some use:

General Rsles tor avoiding Poisons.
Plants not poisonous.

1. Plants with a glume calyx, never poisonous. As wheat, Indian corn, foxtail-
grass, sedge-grass, oats.

2. Plants whose stamens stand on the calyx, never poisonous. As currant, apple,
peach, strawberry, thorn. Some of them contain prusic acid in considerable quanti-
ties, sufficient (o render some parts of them, at least, poisonous.

3. Plants with cruciform flowers, rarely if ever poisonous. As mustard, cabbage^
water-cress, turnip.

4. Plants with papilionaceous flowers, rarely if ever poisonous. As pea, bean>
locust tree, wild indigo, clover.

5. Plants with labiate corols, bearing seeds without pericarps, never poisonous.
As catmint, hyssop, mint, inother-wort, marjoram.

6. Plants with compound flowers, rarely poisonous. As sunflower, dandelion,
lettuce, burdock.

7. Plants bearing strobiles are never poisonous. As pines, cedars, &c.

8. Monodelphous, or culumniferous plants, are never poisonous. As hollyhock,
mallows, geraniums, &c.

Poisonous Plants.

1. Plants with .5 stamens and one pistil, with a dull colored lurid corol, and of a
nauseous sickly smell, always poisonous. As tobacco, thorn-apple, henbane, night-
shade. The degree of poison is diminished where the flower is brighter coloured and
the smell is less nauseous. As potatoe is less poisonous, though of the same genus
with nightshade.

2. Umbelliferous plants of the aquatic kind, and of a nauseous scent, are always
poisonous. As water-hemlock, cow- parsley. But if the smell be pleasant, and they
grow in dry land, they are not poisonous. As fennel, dill, coriander, sweet-sicily.

3. Plants with labiate corols and seed in capsules, frequently poisonous. As snap-
dragon, fox-glove.

4. Plants from which issues a milky juice on being broken, are poisonous, unless
they bear compound flowers. As milk-weed, dogbane, euphorbium.

n. Plants having any appendage to the calyx or corol, and twelve or more stamens,
generally poisonous. As columbine, crowfoot, nasturtion, monkshood, hellebore.

Most general rule.

Plants with few stamens, not frequently poisonous, unless they are in umbels; but
if the number be twelve or more, and the siaiell nauseous, heavy and sickly, the plasts
are generally poisonous.

PRE 609

Note. Many plants possess some degree of the narcotic principle, which are still

hy no means hurtful. The roots of some are wholesome, while the herbage is

poisonous; as parsnips, potatoes, &:.c.

Pollen. Masses of minute molecules of a fertilizing farina-like substance, pro-
duced in the anthers of stamens. When the masses come in contact with moist
stigmas, they explode and shed a fine fertilizing aroma-like smoke or vapor, upon
the stigmas. On being viewed through a magnifier, they are found of various
forms. In the sunflower, it is a prickly ball; in geranium, perforated; in comfrey,
double; in mallows, a toothed wheel; in violet, angular; in daffodil, kidney-form,
&c. From recent experiment and observation by Elliott, Brongniart, Brown, and
others, it may be asserted as follows: After grains, of pollen have lain for some
hours on a moist stigma, tliey open at a point on the surface, and protrude an
exceedingly slender tube, which extends down into the stigma, and, passing along
between the cellules, enters tJie placenta. They have been traced to the foramen
of tlie ovule; when it is curved so as to be near the chalaza. The Oenothera biennis
is said to be a suitable plant for this experiment. See Gray, p. 210.

Pollin'ia. Piolls or masses of pollen, not included in cells of anthers of the common
form and texture; as of the orchis, asclepias, &c-

Pollinif'erous. Bearing pollen.

POLYADEL'PHIA. ( Polus, many; adelphos, brother.) See omitted classes,
page 10.

Polyadel'phous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class polyadelphia.

POLYAN'DRIA. (Polos, many, aner, male.) The Linnean class, with over ten
stamens to each flower, growing on the receptacle.

Polyan'drous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class polyandria.

PoLYCARPous, (sychnocarpous.) Having the power of bearing fruit many times with-
out perishing; ae perennial and woody.

Polycotyled'onous. Plants with more than two cotyledons. See cotyledon.

POLYGA'MIA. (Polus, many; gamos, marriage.) Many unions. The name of
the twenty-third class, as established by Linneus. It comprises all plants which
have some perfect flowers, and others whicJx are staminate and pistillate, or both
kinds. This class is divided into three orders. 1. Monacia, having perfect flowers,
and either staminate or pistillate ones or both on the same plants. 2. Diotcia, having
perfect flowers on some plants, and either staminate or pistillate flowers on others,
of the same species. 3. Triacza, having perfect flowers on some plants, staminate
on others and pistillate on others of the same species. This class, like the eigh-
teenth, is abolished by Persoon and others, and the plants under it distributed
among the other classes. The fig comes most perfectly under this order.

Polyg'amous. Varying into, or inclining to, the class polygaviia.

Poly {of polus, many) is used in composition as in pobjgonus, many-cornered; poly-
prcnus, many nuts; polyspcrma, many seeds; polystachis, many spikes.

POLYGYN'IA. {Polus, many; gune, female.) The order of Linnean classes which
has ten or more styles (or stigmas, if styles are wanting) to each flower.

Polymor'phous. Presenting various forms and appearances.

Folypet'alous. Many-petalled. If the corol consists of more than one petal, it is
polypetalous.

Polyphyl'i.ous. Many-leaved. A calyx of more than one distinct piece, is poly-
phyllous. Polysepalous is now substituted.

Pome, po'miim. A pulpy pericarp without valves, which contains within it a cap-
sule. See berry, and note the difference. Apples, quinces, &c., are pomes.

Pomif'erous, Bearing pomes, or apple-like fruit; as pears and plums.

Po'rous, poro'sus. Full of holes, cellules, or tubular openings.

Porrcc'tus. Lengthened out, stretched, straitened.

Posterior sloped. See slopes.

Powdery, (pvlverulmtus.) Covered with fine bloom or powdery matter.

Praz'cox. Rareripe. Coming to maturity early in the season. Flowering before
leafing. A forwaid child, not sound.

PRaaioK'sE, Prcvmor' 3us. Bitten off. Terminating bluntly, as if bitten off; as the
root of .the pedate or birdfoot violet.

Pras'inus. Green, like a leak.

Pratcn'sis. Growing naturally in meadow land.

Prehen'silk. The tail of an animal, or other limb, formed for coiling around other
bodies for the purpose of holding on by them.
77

610 PUN

Prick'le, aculeus. A sharp process fixed to the bark only, not to the wood; as on
the raspberry, rose, barberr)'; they are rigid, opaque, conical processes, formed of
masses of cellular tissue, and terminating in an acute point. They may be, not
improperly, considered as very compound, indurated hairs. They have no connect
tion with the woody fibre.
Prismat'ic, prismat'icus. Linear, with several flattish sides. A cylinder with flat

sides.
Probos'cides. Proboscis-like. Resembling a projecting horn.

Proboscis. An elongated nose or snout. It is a tubular process, whether tubular

continuation of the snout, as of the elephant: or a tubular sucker, as of the mus-

quetoe; it is always adapted to the structure of the animal, in furnishing itself

with food.

Procum'bent, procum'bens. Lying on the ground.

Prouf'erous, pro' lifer. Putting forth branches or flowers from the centre of the top

of a preceding one. Two story growth.
Proligera lamina. A distinct body containing the sporules, separating from the apo-
thecia: often very convex and variable in form, and mostly dissolving into a gela-
tinous mass.
Prom'inf.nt, pro'mincns. Standing out more or less beyond what is usual in other

plants.
Pro'nus-dis'cus. The under side, or back of a leaf, upwards.
Prop. See fulcrum. Tendrils and other climbers.
Propaga'tion. See flower. Extending plants by seeds, roots, «S:c.
Propa'go. See gemmatio, budding*
Propa'gula. See efliorescence.
Propen'dens. Apparently on the pomt of falling.
Prop'er, prop'erus. See partial. Part of a whole.

Prosenchtjmu is confined to the bark and wood, jn which it is mixed with woody fibre,
Cellular tissue, the vesicles of which are elongated and overlie each other at the
extremities, js called prosmc/q/ma.
Pros'tratk, prostra'tus. See procumhent and htmifiise. Lying on the ground.
Proternn'thous. Where the leaves appear before the flowers.
Protru'ded. See exsert. Projecting out, as stamens, &c.
Protrd'sile. Capable of being protruded. It is applied to the heads of animals,

which may be thrust out or forward, as that of the tortoise.
Prox'imus. Very near. Element next in quality.
Prui'na. The mealiness or hoariness on plums, peaches, &c.
Pruinose. Covered with a frost-like meal.
Prv'rines. Hairs which excite itcliing.

Pseu'do. When prefixed to a word, it implies obsolete or false.

PsEUDO-MORPHous. Falsc-faced. It is applied to crystals which are formed in, or
upon other crystals, and take their form.

As the crystals of liasoid in Manlius, N. Y., exhibit the form of the crystals of
muriate of soda, (table salt) such as are daily seen at the evaporating salt works.
Same in red sand of Salina.
PuBEs'cENT, pubes'cens. Hairy; having hairs, wool, down, glandular hairs, &c. Any

kind of hairiness.
Puffs, (pilidia.) That kind of receptacle of liciiens, which consists of little round
bordered knobs, whose disk finally turns to powder. It is at first covered with a
membrane, and often clothed with a fine grey hoariness. These receptacles are
elongated below into a stalk fixed to the crust, but totally different from it.
Pul'i.us. Dull brownish colour.

PuLp'y, pulpo'sus. Filled with a tenacious kind of parenchyma. Thick and succul-
ent or spongy.
PuLViNATus. Cushion-lil<e. Applied to the pileus of a fungus, which is thick and

corky or spongy.
Pulvi'nuli, (garden beds.) Cushions. Excresences found on the "surface of the
fronds of some lichens, sometimes clustered or branched; sometimes rising from
Ihe thallus, and often resembhng minute trees; as in Parmelia glomulifera.
Pu'milus. Small, low, inferior stature.
Pdnc'tate. Dotted or sprinkled with_ coloured, generally diaphanous, specks. See

perforated St. John's wort.
PuNCTic'uLATE. Having minute punctures, diaphanous dots, or specks.

RAP 611

punic'eus. Scarlet-coloured, bright-red.

Pu'PA. Chrysalis, nymph, anielia. The quiescent state of an insect after passing

from the larva state and before it becomes a perfect insect.
Purpuras' cens, (purpureas.) Inclining to a purple colour, becoming purple.
Pusil'lus. Low, small, diminutive, compared with others.
Put'amen. Nutt-shell. See nucleus.
. Pyramida' lis. Conic, pyramid-form, converging above.
Pyrifor' mis. Pear-shaped. Ovate with a neck.
Pyr'itiferous. Bearing iron pyrites. Containing sulphuret of iron.

Q.

Quadratus, (four.) Used in composition a.s quadrangularis, A-cornPred; quadricapsu-
/flris, 4-capsuled; quadridentutus, 4-toothed; quadrifarius, facing 4-ways; quadrifi-
dus, 4-cleft; quadrijlurus, 4-flowered; qundrijugus, 4-paired; quadrilobus, 4-lobed;
quadrilOndaTis, 4-celled; qutidrinervis, 4-nerved; quadripartitus, 4-parted; quadrivalvis .^
4-valved; qu/idncusadaris, with 4-cup-form cells; quaternus, 4 in a whorl.

Qual'ities of plants. Richard says that plants of the same taste and odour, are
generally possessed of similar qualities. Also that the smell and taste are always
the same. He divides the odours of plants into, 1. Fragrdnt. 2. Aromntic. 3.
Ain/irosiac (resembling amber.) 4. AlUaccnits (resembling garlic.) 5. Fdld (as
asafoetida, &c. ) 6. iVaMieo?« (causing the stomach to heave. ) As the fragrant,
the aromatic and ambrosiac, are always free from all hurtful qualities, and as the
fetid and nauseous are generally poisonous, it seems that mankind have in some
measure an instinctive principle by which their food is to be selected.

Quinus, live. Used in composition, as quinus, 5 in a whorl; quinaius, 5-leaved petiole;
quinquanguiaris, 5-cornered; qidnqiiecapsularis, 5-capsuled; quinqvecostatus, 5-nerv-
ed, or 5-ribbed; quinquefidus, 5-cleft; qui nqufflorus , 5- flowered; quinquejusus, 5-
paired; quinquelubus, 5-lobed; quinqueloculnris. 5celled; qidnquenervis, 5-nerved;
quiiiqueparlitus, 5-parted; quinquevalvis, 5-valved; quiaquetuscuLaris, 5-cupform
cells.

Quincunx, qnincundalis. When the pieces are five in number of which two are ex-
terior, and the fifth covers the interior with one margin and has its other margin
covered by the exterior; as in rosa.

Quinliii. From some recent observations it appears that the nucleus consists of three'
coats; the outer called the terciae, the next the quartine, and the most interior, the
quiiUine.

R.

Raceme, race'mus. (i?«z, a bunch of grapes.) That kind of inflorescence, wherein'
the florets have undivided pedicels arranged along the sides of a general peduncle.
As currants.

Rac'his, {Rachis, the back-bone.) The filiform receptacle connecting the florets in a
spike. As in wheat-heads. It is sometimes put for the midrib in ferns.

Ra'diate, radia'tus. The spreading florets around the margin of a compound flower.

Radiated animals. Those whose sentient principle resides in a medulary globule,
spheroid, or ring, with radiating branches; as the polypus which inhabits coral
rocks, the tape-worm, &c.

Rad'ical, ra<Z/'c(f7Js. Proceeding from the root without the intervention of a stalk,-
As the leaves of plantain.

Ra'dicans: See rooting. Roots or rootlets proceeding from steins, leaves, &c.

Rad'icle, rndic'ida. The little fibrous branches proceeding from the main foot, which
imbibe the moisture and other nourishment for the plant.

Ramen'tum. Applied to the loose scales frequently in the angles of petioles, &c.
called in English, rameiils. They are thin brown foliaceous scales, appearing some-
limes in great abundance upon young shoots of the leaves of ferns.

Ra'meous, rameus, ramealis;) of or belonging to the branches.

Ramenta'ceous, {rameiuaccuus;) covered with weak shrivelled brown, scale-like pro-
cesses.

Ramo'siis, ramo'se. Branching. Ramofssis'simns. Very branching.

Rapk'ides, are among the tissue and particularly in the intercellular passages; in
such cases, a vascular connection is maintained between the base of the ovulum
and the base of the nucleus, by means of .i. bundle of vessels called a raphe; the

612 KES

hilura represents the base of the seed; the apex is Jeteriiiined by the point where
the vessels or tissue of the integument concentrate.
Rarifol'ius. Leaves few and distant. Rurijlo'rys. Flowers few and distant.
Ray. The outer margin or circumference of a compound flower. It is also applied
to the peduncles and outer florets of an umbel: particularly when they difl'er in any
respect from the inner, or disk, florets. Also to the bony spines of the fins and
gill-membranes of fish.
Recep'tacle, recepta' culum. The base by which the outer parts of the fructification
are connected and supported; being at the end of the peduncle. Perhaps this part
may hereafter be noticed on account of the change it in some way produces on the
vegetable secretions. Dr. Smith mentions tlie wholesomeness of some fruits,
while the other parts of the plant are poisonous. See page 120. Every one has
noticed the dehcate flavor of the pond-lily, (Nymphea odorata,) while all back of
the receptacle is extremely different. Numerous similar instances may be cited to
prove the very great change in some way effected by the receptacle. See Torus.
Re'clined, reclini'tus. Bent down so that the apex of a leaf, &c. is lower than the

base. Applied to the stem it implies that it is bowed towards the earth.
Recur'ved, recurva'lus. Curved downwards.
Reflex 'ed, rcjkxus, rccurvus, rctroflczus, rctrocuvrous, rcfractus. Bent back, nearly

or quite to touch the stem or peduncle.
Refrac'ted, rrfrac'tus. Bent back in an angular form, so as lo appear as if broken.
Rcg'num vcgetab'ile. The vegetable kingdom as taken into view with the animal and

mineral.
Rejected Classes. Linneus distributed all plants into 24 artificial classes; but his
eleventh, eighteenth, and twenty-third classes, are considered by many botanists
as very inconsistent in their character.

The rejected classes being retained by Muhlenberg, Bigelovv, and some other dis-
tinguished botanists, they are defined here.
Dodccnndria, the ]lth class of Linneus.

It includes those plants whose flowers are perfect, and contain from twelve to
nineteen stamens lo each.

Polyadelphia, the 18th class of Linneus.

It includes those plants whose flowers are perfect, and contain stamens united
by their filaments in more than two parcels.
Polygamia, the 23d class of Linneus.

It includes those plants whose flowers are perfect and staminate or pistillate on
the same plant, or on diflerent individuals of the same species.
Rejected Orders. Monogamia, the 6th order of Linneus in the class Syngenesia.
It includes those plants whose flowers are perfect and not compound, and con-
tain stamens with united anthers; as the lobelia and touch-me-not.

Monoccin, Dioccia, and Trioccia, are the three orders of the rejected class Poly-
gamia. The order monoecia includes those plants, which comprise all that is
necessary for the character of the class in one plant — dioccia, in two plants —
trioccia, in three plants.

The orders between decagynia and pohjgania, also beyond monadelphia, are unne-
cessary. Their definitions are implied under their associate orders.
Rel'ative puoHoii'TioNS. When dimensions are expressed indefinitely, as long, very
long, short, large, &c., such expressions are to be understood as long, &c., com-
i)ared with the proportion which similar parts usually bear to other parts, in plants
generally. But when such terms are used for specific names, the proportion
between the parts of species of the same genus, which were known when the
names were given, are compared. Thus Kalinia latij'oiut, has u broader leaf than
Kalmia ungustifulia: but it has a narrow leaf compared with any species of Irillium.
Remo'te. remo'tus. See relative proportion.
Re'ki-foum. See kidney-form.

Repand', repan'dus. Having small sinuses, separated by teeth in the form of seg-
ments of small circles. Spread.
Re'pens. See creeping.
Replace'ment. "Applied to a crystal when its angles or edges are wanting, and are

supplied by a plane face or other angles.
Rep'mcate (replicativc) when the upper part is curved back and applied to the lower.
Rep'tans. See creeping and runlier.
Resupina'tus. Upside down, by a twisting cf the stem.

RUG 613

Uetic'ulate. Netted. Having veins crossing each other like nel-worii.

IIe'ti-korm. Net form, net-like.

Rctincr'vis, when the veins are reticulated, or reticulate-like.

Retbact'ile. When the head, or otlier organ, may be drawn back, as the drawing
in of the head of a tortoise.

Re'troflex, rdroflez'us. Bending in various directions.

Rdrofrac'tus. See refracted. Bent suddenly back.

Retror'so-dent'atm. See runcinate. Teeth bent back.

Rclror'sum. Turned backwards.

Retu'se, retusus. Ending in a sinus generally hollowed but very little. Sec emar-
ginate.

Rever'sed. Bent back towards the base.

Rev'olute, rcvolu'tus. Rolled outwards. A term in foliation; applied to leaves
whose opposite margins are rolled outwards and continued rolling till the two rolls
meet on the back of the midrib and parallel to it. It is the reverse o{ involute.

Rhizocar'poiis. Those plants whose roots endure many years, but whose stems
perish annually.

Rhizo'ma. Rootstalk. A kind of rooting stem, which is partly or wholly under
ground, nearly horizontal, and sends up new plants yearly; as Malaxis.

Rhizospcr'ma. Fruit on the root of some ferns.

Rhom'eic, rhom'beus. See deltoid. Diamond-form.

Rhovihoi'dais. Diamond-spot like; oval and a little angular, against the middle, at
the edges.

Rib'beu. When the midrib sends off lateral ribs nearly straight to the margin. It
is sometimes put for nerved, which see.

Rig'id, rig'idus. Stiff, inflexible, or not pliable: or, if attempted to be bent, will
rather break.

RiMo'sE, rimo'sus. Chinked, abounding in cracks, as the outer surface of the pitch-
pine tree.

Ring. The band around the capsules of ferns, which is elastic. See exanulatus and
annulatus.

It is also the thin membrane attached to the stem of a fungus. When young it
is attached to the pileus. It is erect when the upper edge is not fastened; inverse,
when the lower edge is not fastened; sessile, when it is attached to one side only;
viobile, when it may be pushed up and down; persistent, when it is as durable as the
pileus; fugacious, when it disappears at the opening of the fungus.

Rin'gent, rin'gcns. See labiate. Grinning. Didynamous.

Root, radix. The descending part of a vegetable, which enters the earth. Roots
are annual, hicnnial, or perennial. They are branching, fibrous, creeping, spindle-
form, tuberous, bulbous, or granulated. See each term in its place.

Root'ing. Bending or extending to the earth and striking root.

Root'let. a fibre of a root.

RoPE-FORM. Funicular, resembhng cords in general structure.

Ro'ridus. Humid. Appearing as if covered with dew; or with transparent eleva-
tions of the parenchyma.

Rosa'ceous. a corol formed of roundish spreading petals, without claws, or with
extremely sliort ones.

Ros'tel, jostel'lum. That pointed part which tends downwards at the first germi-
nation of the seed. See corcle.

Root'stock, (rhizoma.) A prostrate, thickened, rooting stem, which yearly pro-
duces young branches or plants; as Malaxis.

Rostru'tus. See beaked. Having a bill or beak.

Ro'tate, rota'tus. See wheel-form. Border and scarcely a tube.

Rutun'dus. Round. Without angles. Nearly round.

Rough. Covered with dots, whicli are harsh to the touch, but not apparent to the
naked eye. Clotlied with hairs, the lower joints of which resemble little bulbs;
and the upper ones short, rigid bristles.

Rubigino' SUB. Rust-colored.

Rudcra'lis. Growing among rubbish about buildings, &c.

Ro'fous. Reddisli yellow. '7

Rug'ged. Covered wiih invisible dots, which are harsii to the touch. See rough.

RcGo'sE. Wrinkled. Veins more contracted tiian the disk, so that the intermediate
parenchyma rises up between them.

614 SCH

Ru'aiiNATED, nmnnatus. Wlieii a hard body is pierced in various directions by naf-s

row cavities filled willi dry cellular matter.
Rus'ciNATE. Pinnatifid, with the divisions pointing: backwards; as the dandelion.
Ron'ner. a shoot producing root- and leaves at the end only, and from that plac^

giving rise to another plant; as strawberry.
Rupes'tris. Growing naturally among rocks. Rocky.
Ru'tilus. Shining, bright, glossy, not opaque and dull-colored.

Sac'cate. Furnished with a little bag. Bag-like.

Sag'ittate, sagitta'tus. See arrow-form.

Saliferous. Salt-bearing. Applied to a secondary rock in which salt springs are

found.
Sal'vek-form. a mcnopetalous corol, with a flat spreading limb proceeding from
the top of a tube.

Sam'ara. a winged pericarp, not opening by "valves; as the maple.

Sam'aroid. Resembling a samara, or winged capsule.

Sap. The watery fluid contained fn the tubes and cellules of vegetables, which fur-
nishes the means of, oi is itself the support of their Hrowth and life, and their pre-
servation from decay- That part of the sap wiiich supplies materials for the'
growth, foliage and fructification, evidently descends by way of the camb. But
that which fills the interstices among the woody fibres, and serves to preserve theni
from decay, is probably raised b/ capillary attraction. Freezing and thawing iit
some way or other suspends for a day or two. the effect of capillary attraction. It
then descends by its natural gravity; at which season only can the sap be obtained
from the sugar maple. That it descends is evident, from the fact that no sap is
obtained from below the incisiun, e.-scept a few drops at the first moment after it is
made. That the sap descends from the woody fibres, appears from inspection.
That this sap serves to preserve the wood, appears from the rapid decay of the'
wood in the sugar maple directly above ti>e incision, to the whole extent of the'
bole; while the incision produces but little effect below it. And theiierbage of the
tree, with the outer layers of wood, continue as flourishing after the tree has beeii
drained of its sap annually for half a century, as its neighbors, which have never
lost any sap.

Sapiii'dus. Having some kind of taste. Not insipid.

Sa'fjor. Having a relish, pleasant, any taste. Color sometimes indicates the taste.
White berries are generally sweet; red, sour; blue, sweet and sour; black, insipid
and poisonous. — Willdenow. But certainly our spicy wintergreen, (gaultheria,)'
partridge-berry, (mitchella.) are exceptions to Willdenow's rules.

Sarcocarp. This term has recently come into use. It is rather a good term, as a'
popular word, than as a technical one. It is applied to the succulent mass of the
apple, plum, peach, &c. It comes between the definite coats of a pericarp call-
ed epicarp, and endocarp, when one of them extends its substance so as to pro-
duce the succulent mass between the two regular coats.

Sar'mentose, sarmtnto'si/s. A running shoot which strikes root at the knots or'
joints only. Generally applied to shrubs. See runner.

Sauc'er-form. Shaped like a common tea-saucer or patella.

Sca'ber, Sra' brides. Scabrous. See rough. Roughness.

Scales. Thin, flat membranous processes, formed of cellular tissue springing from'
the cuticle. They may be considered as flattened hairs.

Scal'loped. See repand.

ScAi.Y. Covered more or less with scaly appendages, as fern roots; or consisting of
substance, in some measure resembling coarse fish-scales; as the scales of lily roots.

Scan' dens. See climbing.

Scan'soral. Having feet formed for climbing — two toes forward and two backward.

Scape, scu'pus. Radicle peduncle. Flower stem from the root.

ScAP'cLARs. The feathers which descend down each side of the back.

Sca'rious, scariosus. Dry and membranous, generally transparent.

Scattered. Standing without any regular order; that is, neither opposite, alter-
nate, nor in any definable order.

Schismatop'terii:)es. Dehiscent ferns. One of the new orders of ferns. It is adopt-
ed by Pursh, Torrey, &c. Osmunda, lygodium and schizoea are placed here.

SEX 615

BcmtTAR-FORM, Bee acinaciform. Flat-sided, curved edgewise; inner edge concave,

lliick; outei edge convex, lliin.
Sc'ioN. Shoots proceefling laterally from the roots or bulb of ^ root.
Scrag. Back of a bird's neck.

ScROBic'uLATK, scrtihiculdtits. Deep round pits on the receptacle gives it this name.
Sculeilae. See shield. A shield with an elevated rim, formed by the thallus. Or-

billa is the scutelhim of Usnea.
Scutel'liform. Form of the knee-pan, or a saucer.
Scym'itakfokm. See aninaciforni. Cutlass-form. One-edged sword.
Saj/)li'ifer, Siij/jli'iis. Cup-bearing. See cyathiform. A cup-like dilation of the

Podetium, bearing shields on its margin.
Sec'tion. The geneia of some orders, and the species of some genera, are divided

into section?. Sometimes disregarded, and the whole order read over.
Semn'diis. Turned to one side. One-sided, one-ranked.

Seed. Tiie matured part of fructification, destined for the reproduction of the spe-
cies. It contains the rudiment of a new plant and is analogous to the egg of ani-
mals. It consists of the corcle, cotyledons, tegument and hilum. TJie seed is the
ovuliim arrived at maturity. Sometimes a carpel contains more ovules that ever
become perfect seeds. Tlie bladder-nut (staphylea trifolia) when in flower, has a
germ with about 15 to 20 ovules. When the seeds ripen, they do not exceed 4 to 6
hard nuts. It is said, that the germ of the chesnut contains 14 ovules; whicli ripen
into but one seed. The matter of the other ovules is supposed to be absorbed by
the living ones.
Seg'ment. The parts into which a calyx, corol, leaf, &c. is divided or cut.
SEGREGA'TA, polygamia. The fifth order of class Syngenesia; in which the

florets are separated by distinct perianths.
Semiamplezicau' lis. Half clasping the stem, with sessile leaves.
Semicolum'nar. See seniiterete. Tapering half cylinder.
Semicylindra'ceus. Half-cyUndric. In form of a" round ruler split lengthwise, as

onion leaves.
Semi-in'fenis. Half inferior. When the calyx grows on the side of the germ, so that

it is neither superior nor inferior.
Semiorbic'ular, semiorbicula'tus. In form of a half circle.

^emisagitla'tus. Half arrow-form. That is, one side wanting; as in the vicia pusilla,
Bemitere'te, semiter'es. Half terete. See terete.
Sempervi'rens. Living through the winter and retaining the leaves.
Se'nus. Six-fold. Growing in sixes. 6 leaves in each.
Sen'silis, sen'sitive. Moving on being touched. See irritability.
Sca'sim. Gradually by little and little. Applied'to a form, &c. which arises gradu

ally from some other form.
Sen'tient PRrN'ciPLE. Tlie knowing principle. That faculty by which animals are

enabled to take notice of external objects.
Sepals. The divisions of the calyx, the leaves of a perianth calyx. When sepal is

used, it implies the leaf, or subdivision, of a perianth calyx.
Seria'lis, in rows arranged in series; biserialis in two rows: triserialis in three rows;

bifariam means in two rows or faces; trifariam in tliree rows.
Seric'eus. Silky. Covered with soft close-pressed hairs.
Seroli'ntis. Coming to maturity late in the season. Applied to willows, and to some

other plants, it implies, that the time of flowering is after the leafing.
Sfr'pentine mar'gin. Seerepand. Waving edges.
Ser'rate, serra'tus. {Serrn, a saw.) Having sharp notches, appearing as if cut, about

the edge or margin, pointing towards the apex.
Ser'rulate, serrula'tus. When a serrate leaf has the teeth serrate again. It is also

applied tq any serratures, which are very fine.
Ses'qui. This term prefixed to the Latlnnaine of a measure, shows that such mea-
sure exceeds its due length by one half: tlms sesqui-pedalis means a foot and a half.
Sesquial.'ter. When a large fertile floret is accon)panied by a small abortive one.
Ses'sile. Sitting down. When a leaf flower, seed-down, pileus of a fungus, recep-
tacle of a lichen, &c. are destitute of a petiole, peduncle, stipe, &c.
Seta'ceous, Seta, a bristle, bristle-form. Applied to antennae.
Seto'svs, Seto'se, Setig'eruns. Bearing bristles. Bristly. Having the surface set

with bristles, or stiff straight hairs.
Sex, Six. Used in composiiion; as sexangularis, 6-angled, scxjidus, 6-cleft, sexflorus,
6-flowered, sexjugus, 6-paired, sexloadaris, 6-celled, sexvalotis, 6-valved.

61G SOR

Scx'us. Sex. When Linnens first adopted the etamans and pistils as the organs of
classification, he addressed his arguments to physicians, who were conversant with
animal anatomy. He therefore took advantage of tlie analogy between animals and
vegetables in the reproduction of their kind, in order to illustrate his theory. He
called the stamens males, and the pistils females, »fcc. But nothing can be more
ridiculous and disgusting than to keep up these references at this day.

Sharp. Tapering to a point. Acute differs from sharp, as it may apply to the tip
of a leaf, which becomes broad immediately back of the point.

Sheath. The prolongation of a leaf down the stem, which it encloses; as in most
culmiferous plants.

Sheath'ing (vaginans;) surrounding a stem or other body by the convolute base; this
chiefly occurs in the petioles of grasses.

Shield, scutd'lae. This kind of receptacle of lichens, which is open, orbicular,
saucer-like. The under side and border are of the substance and color of the frond.
The disk is of a different color and substance from the border and frond, containing
the seeds in extremely minute vertical cells. The shields are thick and tumid, when
they are sessile: and membranous, when stalked or elevated. Very rarely they are
perforated in the centre. Smith.

Shield-form. Shape resembling the ancient buckler, a broad-round, broad-oval, flat
armor. See clypeate and peltate.

Shoot. Each tree and shrub sends forth annually a large shoot in the spring, called
the spring shoot; and from the end of that a smaller one about the 24th of June,
called St. John's shoot. There is always the appearance of a joint where the lat-
ter springs out, very perceptible after the whole shoot is matured.

Shrub. A small vegetable with a woody stem. See tree and frutex.

Shrub'by. Having woody stems or branches; bushy.

Sic'cus. Dry, neither humid nor succulent.

Sick'le-form. a very much curved, keel-like edge within.

Sides. Applied to shells means the right and left, when viewed from the front,
(opening side) or back.

Sil'icle, silic'ula. A little silique, whose length and breadth are nearly equal. ,

SILICULO'SA. The first order of the class tetradynamia. It is distinguished |by
the length and breadth of the pod being nearly equal; as the pepper- grass. See
siliquosa.

Silique, Silique-form. Shaped like a silique without its essential character.

SILIQUO'SA. The second order of the class tetradynamia. It is distinguished by
the length of the pod greatly exceeding the breadth; as the mustard.

Silky, scrlceiis. Covered with very fine close-pressed hairs, silky to the touch.

Sim'ple, sim'plcx. Undivided. Single, opposed to compound, aggregate, or branch-
ed; or scarcely divided or branched at all.

Simplicis' simus. Very simple.

Single. Only one. Also opposed to full-flowered.

Sinistror' S2im' Twining from right to left, that is, contrary to the apparent motion
of the sun; as the pole-bean.

Si'nuate, smwa'«2/s. ( Sinus, VihvLy.) Having rounded incisions. The margin hol-

■ lowed out, resembling a bay; as the white oak leaf.

Sin'uate-ser'bate. Having serratures hollowed out; as the chesnut.

Si'nus. a roundish incision into tlie edge of a leaf or other organ.

Siphun'culus. a canal or succession of perforations, connecting the chambers of
some univalve spiral shells.

Sit'ting. See sessile. Without a stem.

Si'tus. Situation; as opposite, alternate, &c.

Slashed, laciniatus. Divided by deep, taper-pointed cuts.

Sleek. See glabrous. Smooth may not be glabrous.

Sleep of plants. The effect of night upon the external appearance of some plants;
as the leaves of peas, closing over the very young flowers.

Slopes. The edges of an oblique, bivalve shell. Anterior slope, is the edge in which
the ligament is situated; posterior slope, is the edge in which the beaks of the shell
turn forward, being the edge opposite to that in which the ligament is situated.

Sniarag' dinus. Grass-green. Greenish.

Smooth. Sometimes put for glabrous, but not synonymous with it. For glabrous
means sleek or slippery; whereas smooth may be applied to fine chamois leather.

Gobolif'ekous. Bearing shoots.

SPI 617

Sol'jB, sol'idus. Of an uniform substance, not naturally partible; as the turnip.
See coated and scaly.

Solitary, soUtarius. Standing alone, or very distant from others of the same kind.

Solu'liis. Disengaged. Not adnate, or growing together.

Somewhat. Used as a diminutive; implying in some degree, not fully. Smith
translates sub by somewhat j when combined with an adjective; as subirifidus, some-
what three-cleft.

Somnus plantanan. See sleep of plants.

Sordi'dc al'bicans. Dirty white.

Sorus and Sorn'dia. See fruit-dots. Cluster^ of the fruit of ferns; heaps of pow-
dery bodies lying upon any part of the surface of the thallus; the bodies of which
the soredia are are composed.

S/mdi'ceus. Ciiesnut brown.

Spa'dix. An elongated receptacle proceeding from a spathe, or resembling such in
texture and appearance.

Span, spithama, spithamoeus. Seven inches, or the space between the thumb and
fore finger, separated as widely as possible.

Span'gles. palellultr. Open and orbicular, like shields, but sessile and not formed of
any part of liie crust, from which they difler in color, being most usually black.
The seeds are lodged beneath the membrane that covers their disk, as in the former,
and the disk is surrounded by a proper border. Their seeds are observed to be naked
in the cellular substance of the disk, not enclosed in cases. Disk sometimes con-
cave or flat, oftener convex, and even globose, without any apparent border, when
in an advanced state.

Spatka'mcus. A span high, or a span long.

Spa'the. That kind of calyx which first encloses the flower, and after it expands is
left at a distance below it. A daffodil, onion, Indian turnip.

SPA'xHE-FORiM. Resembling a spathe. A one-sided calyx.

Spat'ulate, spatida'tus, or sjnithula'tiis. Oblong, diminishing into a long, narrow,
linear base.

Spe'cies. The lowest divisions of vegetables. There have been about 90,000 species
described. De Lamarck and De Candolle, make 4,860 species of plants in France,
including the crygtogamia. About one thousand phenogamous species and ferns
have been examined by Prof. Ives, in a wild state, within five miles of Yale Col-
lege. About the same number have been examined about Troy, New York, by
Dr. Wright and Prof Hall. Hooker gives, in his British Flora of 1S3I, of flower-
ing plants and ferns, 1,570 species for England and Scotland. In Eaton's System
of Botany of North American plants for 1840, there are 5,086 species of flowering
plants ami ferns described. But common cultivated exotics are included. The
number of indiginous species of flowering plants and ferns, described in Eaton's
Botany of 1840, as growing north of the Gulf of Mexico, between the Atlantic and
Pacific, is 4,736; exotics 350.

Specif'ic character. See diagnosis and descriptions.

Specif'ic name. In common use we apply this to what Linneus called the trivial
name. The specific name he calls all those several descriptive words which express
the essential difference or diagnosis.

Spha'celate. Withering, beeoming blackened.

Sph^'rula. a globose peridium with a central opening, through which sporidia are
emitted, mixed with a gelatinous pulp.

Sphagno'se. Wet, marshy, swampy.

Spheroi'dal. a spherical solid, either depressed at each end and called an oblate
spheroid, or elongated at each end and called an elongated spheroid.

Spar'sus, Scattered; used in opposition to whorled, or opposite or ternate, or other
regular order.

Spher'ule. Small globules of nearly a spherical form.

Spi'culate, spicnlaliis. Cevered with fine, fleshy, erect points.

Spike, spi'ca. Having florets arranged along the sides of a general elongated pe-
duncle or receptacle, without partial peduncles, or with extremely short ones; as
a wheat head or mullein.

Spi'kelet, spic'ula. One of the subdivisions of a spike.

Spines'cent. spijies'ccns. Becoming thorny.

Spino'se, spiny, spinosus. Thorny.

Spiral vessels are membranous tubes, with conical extremities; their inside being

78

618 STE

occupied by a fibre twisted spirally, and capable of unrolling with elasticity to the
eye; they are, when at rest, like wire twisted round a cylinder that is afterwards
removed, for the purpose of finding ihem for examination. The stalk of a straw-
berry-leaf, or a young shoot of the cornus alba, (common dogwood) may be con-
veniently used; they may be readily detected by gently pulling the specimen asun-
der; when they unroll, and appear to the naked eye like a fine cob-web.

Sptke. Is applied to all the whorls of a univalve shell, which extend upwards above
the first whorl, called the body or belly of the shell.

Spire-poin'tkd. Barton substitutes this for cuspidate.

Spitk'ama. Short span. See measures.

Split, fissus. See parted and cleft. Divided nearly to the base into segments-
bifid in 2, trifid in 3, &c.

Sporan' ginurn. A name given to the pericarp by Hedwick.

^poratigid' iu?n. Willdenow's name for the columella of mosses. See columella.

Sporid'ia, granules which resemble sporuks, but which are of a doubtful nature.

Spo'rules, the organs in Cryptogamous plants, which are equivalent to seeds in
Phenogamous plants. Tliey are produced in the thcca of ferns, mosses and hepa-
TicAE, the shield (scabellum and apothecium) of Lichens, within the substance of
Algae, and in the hjmenlum (or substance) of fungi.

Spot'ted. Having spots differing in color from the principal part.

Spread'ing. See patens.

Spur. An elongated process from the base, or from near the base of the calyx or
corol or nectary, somewhat resembling a horn or cock's spur. As the larkspur,
orchis and nasturlion. '

Spur'red. Having a spur or process from the base.

Spur'eed-r¥'e, or spur'red-gra'un. Ergot. An enlarged, elongated seed, project-
ing out of a glume, of a black or violet color, brittle texture, somewhat spur-form.
It is Acinula clavus, of botanists: formerly considered as a morbid swelling. See
p. 487. The black or dark coloured kind is called the malignant er gal. "Large
doses of which cause head-ache and febrile symptoms. Under proper regulations it
may be considered a valuable addition to the present stock of medicinal agents.
The dose usually administered is from ten grains to half a drachm, in decoction."
Bigelow. The pale violet kind, called simple ergot, is harmless and inactive.
Willdenow.

Grain growing in low moist ground or new land, is most subject to it. Also
spring grain more than winter grain; and rye more than wheat, barley, or oats.

When crops are so much infected with it as greatly to injure them, the loss may
be in a great measure made up by collecting the ergot, and selling it to druggists.
It should be thoroughly winnowed out of the grain, as it is said to be very injurious
in bread. The ergot may then be collected from the chaff.

Squam'i-form. Of the form of scabs or scales.

SquAMULo'sE, squamo'sus, or squama' liis. See scaly.

Squarro'se, sqiiarro'sns. Ragged. When the points of scales, leaves, &c. bend
outwards, so as to make a ragged appearance. It is also used for scurfy, or when
covered with a bran-like scurf

Stachyopte'rides. Spiked feiiis. One of the new orders of ferns. It is adopted
by Pursh and others. Lycopodium, Botrychium, Bernhardia and Ophioglossum
are placed here.

Stalk, fc'ee stem.

Sta'men. Tlie whorl of organs immediately within the petals is composed of bodies
called stamens, which are considered the fecundating apparatus of plants.

Stam'inate. Having stamens only, without a pistil.

Slamin'eus. Having no corol, the stamens serving in its stead. Ray.

Staminif'erovs. See staminate. Bearing stamens only.

Stan'dard. See banner. Upper petal of pea-flowers.

Star'ved, depu'upcrulus. When one part is less perfectly developed than is usual
with plants of the same family.

Stel'late, stella'tus. Spreading out in a radiate manner. Leaves are stellate, when
three or more surround the stem in a whorl. Flowers and the volva of a fungus
are stellate, when the petals or segments spread out, so as to resemble the vulgar
representation of a star.

Stem. The main base or supporter of the fructification and herbage. It is either
(lige,) caulis, culm, scape, peduncle, petiole, frond^ or stipe; which see.

^EM'LEsf. Having no stem. Acaulis.

SUP 619

Stemma'ta. Small globules, often lucid, resembling eyes. Tliey are generally three

in number on the top of the head.
Stig'mv. The top of the pistil. It is generally moist when in full perfection, for

the better reception of the pollen.
Stings, stiin'uli. Hair-like processes, which excite itching: as on the nettle. They

are generally iiollow with a sack at the base, containing an acrid liquor. By push-
ing against Iheir points, the sacks are compressed, and thrust out the liquid.
Stipk, sti'pes. The lower part of tlie midrib of the fern; the stem of a fungus; or the

stem of the down on the seeds of dandelion; the stem of a germ elevating it above

the receptacle; or any otpor stem-like oigan, not otherwise ])articularly named.
Stip'ule, stip'ula. A leafet or scale at or near the base of a petiole, which in some

respect differs from the leaves.
Stipular, stipula'ris. Formed of, or connected with, stipules.
Stolonif erous. Putting forth suckers or shoots.

Stoma'la, pores of the epidermis, or passages through the cuticle, having the appear-
ance of areolae, in the centre of which is a slit that opens or closes according to

circumstauces, and lies over a cavity in the sub-jacent tissue.
Stramin'eus. Straw-colored, straw-like.
Stra'tum. a layer. It is applied in a general or partial sense. A general stratum

of rock, or of detritus, may include several partial strata. These partial strata, or

sub-strata, should be called layers, to avoid circumlocution and confusion.
Stra'tum prolig'crum. The seed-bearing diskof;he receptacle of lichens.
Striae. Marks or lines on minerals, on elytra of insects, &:c.

Stki'ate, streaked, slria'tus. INIarked or grooved with slender lines, longitudinally.
Stric'lus. Both stiff and strait, or perfectly strait. See erect.
Slrictissi'mus. Very stiff and straight.
Strioo'se, strigo'sus. Armed with small, close, rigid bristles, which are thickest

below. See hispid.
Strobila'ceous. In form resembling a strobile.
Stro'bile, siroh'ilus. An anient with woody scales; as the fruit of pine. Each scale

is an open carpel, with ovules or seeds, destitute of tunics. See Anthocarpous.
Stro'ma. The layer or covering of some fungi. A fleshy body to which a flocculent

substance is attached.
Strom'bos-forh. Resembling the twisted spire of the shell of a strombus [called a

dinner-horn in N. England.]
Style, sty'lus. (Stubs, a column.) That part of a pistil, which is between the

germ and stigma. It is often wanting; as in the Tulip.
Sub. Used in combination as a diminutive. See somewhat.
SuBERo'sE, subero'sus. Corky.
Scmer'sed, submer'sus. Growing under water.
Subterra' neus. Growing and flowering under ground. This may be applied to the

shoots of the Polygala rubella.
Sub'tus. Beneath. Underside.

Subulate, subuia.'tus. See awl-form. Slender-acute.
Subunijto'rus. Generally one-flowered, but sometimes more.
Succulen'tus, suc'culent. Juicy, cellular, abounding in juice. It is also applied to a

pulpy leaf, whether juicy or not.
Suck'ek, succu'lus. A shost by which the plant may be propagated. It proceeds

from the neck of a plant, at the joining place of the stem and root.
SuFFRUTicosE, siiffrutex, siiffniticosus. An under shrub. A plant whose branches

annually die, but the lower part of the stem is woody, and remains, as the Spirea

alba, white steeple bush; also sage.
Sul'catb, sulca'tus. Flowered. Marked with deep lines.
Sulpliur'eus. Sulphur-colored.
Sup'crans. Exceeding in height.
SuPERAx'iLLARY. Abovc the axil.
SUPER' FLUA, polyga'mia. Second order ofthe class Syngenesia, having the florets

of the disk perfect, of the ray pistillate; as asters.
Super'ne. Upwards, towards the top.
Supe'rior, sup'erus. A calyx or corol is superior when it proceeds from the upper

part ofthe germ. See germ.
Supervolu'te, supervolutiva. When one edge is rolled inwards and is enveloped by

the opposite edge rolled in an opposite direction.

620 TEN

Supin'us. Face upwards. See resupiiiatus. Upside down.

Supradecompos'itus. More than decompound; which see. When the petiole is divid-
ed and the divisions divided at least once more, and the last divisions have leafets.

Suprafolia' ceus. Inserted above the axil, or based of the leaf.

Sur' cuius. A little branch or twig. Applied to the stem or shoot which bears the
leaves of mosses.

Su'ture, sutu'ra. A seam-like aapearance at the meeting of two parts; as the valves
of the pea-pod, the parts of a skull, &c.

Swim'ming, (natant.) Floating beneath the surface of the water.

SwoRD-FORM, (ensiform.) Generally straight and 2-edged, sometimes a little arching
on one side.

Sylvat'icus. Growing in woods.

Sylves'tris. Altogether wild; growing in wild woods.

Symmetrical, Proponional. When the parts of a flower, or other organ, are uni-
form in their proportions, one to another: as the flowers of apples, currants, &c.

Synan'thous. When flowers and leaves appear at the same time.

Syiicarpous. When several carpels unite in one germen; so that the germen appears,
to be a many-celled ovary or germ.

Syngene'sious. (Snn, together, genesis, springing up.) Anthers growing up to-
gether, in an united tubular set. It is applied to all those plants whose flowers are
compound, having the antliers in each floret with more or less of their edges adnate;
so that the whole (whicli are always five) form a tube.

Syn'onyms, sinon'yma. Different names for the same plant.

Synop'sis. a condensed systematic view of a subject, or science.

Svs'tem, syste'ma. An arrangement of natural bodies according to assumed charac-
ters; for the purpose of aiding the mind and memory in acquiring and retaining a
knowledge of them.

Tani'anus. Robbin-form. Tape-form.

Tail. A filiform process terminating a seed, &c. As the Virgin's bower.

Tail-coverts. A clump of feathers above the tails of birds, adjoining the bases.

Tail-feathers. The large feathers of the tails of birds; generally either 10, 18, 20,
or 24; but 12 is the most common number.

Tail pointed, caudatus. Excessively acuminated, so that the point is long and weak.

Tar'gets, pel'lcc. That receptacle of lichens which is flat close-pressed, and attached
to the frond by its whole underside, as if glued; sometimes attached to the bark of
the frond. It is broad, kidney-form, or oblong, rarely irregular; covered with a
thin colored disk, with no border, except occasionally a very minute accessory one,
which seems to circumscribe it. In an early stage it is concave, and concealed by
a thin gelatinous fugacioas membrane, or veil. — Smith.

Tarsus. The ancle and foot of an insect, excepting the hook or claw at the extremity.

Trrtar'eous, tarlarcus. Having a rough, crumbling surface.

Tear-form, lachrymaeformis. Nearly the same as pear-sliaped.

Tec'trics. Wing coverts. The longest feather's of a bird's wing next above the
quills. Minor tectrics are sometimes found above the larger.

Teeth of mosses. The outer fringe of the peristomium is generally in 4, 8, 16, 32,
or 64 divisions which are called teetli. See peristomium.

Tegu'ment. The skin or bark of seeds; as appears very distinct on a boiled pea or
bean.

Temp'erature. The degree of heat and cold to which any place is subject. This is
not limited to degrees of latitude; as high mountains in Pennsylvania produce many
plants most natural Hudson's Bay. In cold regions white and blue petals princi-
pally prevail; in warm regions red and other brigiit strong colours.

In the spring season white petals predominate; towards autumn the yellow are
most prevalent. — Willdenow.

Ten'dril. That kind of appendage which is filiform and reaches out to grasp bodies
to climb by. As the climbers of grapes and peas.

Tenel'lus. Tender, delicate and fragile.

Tentac'ula. The arms of feelers of insects, and of other animals.

Ten'uis. Thin and slender.

Tenui/ol'ius. Slender-leaved.

TOR 621

Ter'ete, tei-cs. Round columnar, and tapering from tlie base to the other end. Never
cylindrical; but the term cylindrical is often applied to forms approacljing the
teiete.

Tergcm'imts, Tergeminate. Thrice-paired. Tiie petiole is forked, these brandies
forked, and the last branches with paired leafets.

Term, Teciinical terms should be defined in a dictionary of each science and art. But
words used in their common acceptation, whether Greek. Latin, English, French,
&c., should not be defined in such a dictionary, however frequently applied in such
science or art.

Ter'mixal, tcrminalis. Proceeding from, or occupying the end of a stem, branch,
style, «&c.

Teks'ate. Three-fold. In threes. This term is also applied to compound leaves,
where three leafets proceed from the end of one petiole; as in the strawberry. See
biternate and triternate.

Tes'sellate, tessei'attis. Chequered, tesselated.

Testa'ceous. Shelly, crusty. Applied to insects it generally means light brick-
color, approaching the color of tanned sheepskin.

Tetra, four — used in composition; as tetragonus, 4-cornered; tetrapetalus, 4-petalled;
tetruphijUus, 4-leaved; tetrupterygia, 4-winged; idraspermus , 4-seeded; tdraedra,
4-sided pod or capsule.

TETRADYNMIA. (Tessares, four; dunamis, power.) The Linnean class, whose
flowers have six stamens, four of which are longer than the other two; the flowers
are always cruciform, and the plants contain nitrogen.

Tetradyna'mous. Belonging to the clasg tetradynamia, or varying into it.

TETRaGYN'IA. (Tessares, four; gune, female.) The fourth order of tlie classes
before Dydanamia. It has four styles (or sessile stigmas) to each flower.

TETRAN'DRIA. (Tessares, four; ancr, male.) The fourth class of Lhineus, hav-
ing four stamens to each flower.

Tetrak'drous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class tetrandria.

Thalam'ia. See hollows.

Thallus. The frond of a lichen, &c. being the bed or general receptacle whereon
the proper receptacles are reposed, or in which they are imbedded. It often consti-
tutes the whole plant.

The'ca. Tlie capsules of mosses: or the frond, or whole herbage of lichens. The
cases or cells containing the seeds in the disk of scutellae and some other recepta-
cles of lichens.

Thorn, or spike. A sharp process from the woody part of a plant. It is an indu-
rated imperfect bud, which, when the plant grows in a rich soil, changes to a
branch. Pears bear thorns in a poor soil, which disappear in a richer. Willdenow.

Three-edged, (triangularis triquetrous) having the acute angle, with concave faces.

Three-cornered, (trigonus) having three longitudinal angles and three plain faces.

Thyrsioi'des. Flowers disposed in the form of a nosegay.

Thyrse, thyrsus. See panicle. A condensed panicle; as grapes, lilac flowers.

TiGE. See caulis. Tlie most common stem. Stem used unqualified means caulis.

Tincto'rius. Plants suitable for dyeing or pigments.

ToiZE, orgya. The ordinary height of full size man; about six feet.

ToMKNTosE, tomento' ius. Covered with fine downy or cottony substance matted
together. See lanate.

Torn, iace.ru:<. Irregularly divided by deep incisions.

T o-Ro' sv., toro'nis. Protuberant. Raised in bunches, or vein-like protuberances, or
ridges. Knobs on a toad.

Tor'sio. See intorsion. Turning inwards.

Tor'tuous, tort'dis, iortuorw^. An irregular bending, inclining to twisting direction.

ToRULo'sE, toruLb'sus. With swelling ridges; like the niuskmelon.

Torus, receptacle. Though these terms are defined as synonymes, they are difl*e-
rently used by many. Receptacle is merely the termination of a flower-stem or
peduncle. Toru?, Lat. fleshy protuberance. It is an enlarged or thickened mass
at the end of a flower-stem, generally diflering considerably from tiie substance of
the stem. Sometimes it is a disk or ring, as of the orange. I have seen the
inverted conical torus with imbedded carpels of hundreds of the Nelunibium luteum
at a time, in Sodus Bay, on Lake Ontario, two inches high, with a two inch base.
The straw-berry has a very characteristic torus, whereon its carpels grow. The
sunflower furnishes a capacious torus for its achenes.

622 TUR

Trach'eac. The air-vessels of Grew. They are spiral channels, supposed by Grew

to be designed for receiving and distributing air in vegetables.
Trai'ling. See procumbent. Lying or liaiiging down.
Translu'cent. Transmitting liglit faintly; perforate.
Trans'verse, trans'versus. Crosswise. It is applied to a partition when it meets

the valves of a pericarp in any otjier part than at the sutures.
Trapezifor' mis. Having four unequal edges. But none of those opposite edges

generally parallel.
Tree, f arbor.) A large woody plant, with a bole.
Tree-for,m, (dendroides.) Divided at the top into a number of fine ramifications, so

as to resemble the form of a tree.
TRIAN'DRIA. (Tris, thrice; ojier, male.) The third Liunean class, having three

stamens to each flower; as all grasses.
Trian'ijrous. Bolonging to, or varying into, the class Triandria.
Trian'gular, triangida'ris. Having three angles or corners. It is applied to a leaf

witli 3 points or corners.
Tribes, tri'bus. See gentes and cotyledons.
Tribrac'teate. Having three bracts.
Trica. See buttons. Button-form. A shield of lichens, the surface of which is

covered with sinuous concentric furrows.
Tnchiolium, or pecten, is a tender simple, or sometimes branched hair, which sup-
ports the sporules of some fungi; as Geastrum.
Tres,-tria (three) — used in composition; as trichotomovs, 3-forked; tricorxous, 3-grained;
tricuspid atus, 3-pointed; tridcnlatus, 3-toothed; triduiis, 3-days duration; trifarius,.
facing 3-ways; trifidus, 3-cleft; triflorus, 3-flowered; irifoliatus, 3-leaved; triglochis,
3-barbed; trigonus, 3-cornered: trijugis, 3-paired; triiohus, 3-lobed; trilocularis, 3-
ceWeditrineriiis, 3-nerved; trinus, with leaves in threes; tripartius, 3-parted' deeply;
tripet.alous, 3-petalled; triphylLus, 3-leaved; tripinnatus, 3-pinnate (petiole pinnate,
and these again pinnate); tripinnatijidus, tripinnatifid, (pinnatid leaves again and
again pinnatifid;) triplincrvis, thrice nerved or 3-nerved; Irlplijcomposilus, thrice
compound; tripteris, 3-winged; triquctrus, 3-sided; trispcrma, 3-seeded; triternatus,.
thrice in threes (petioles divided into threes three times.)
TRIGYN'IA, (treis, three, gime, female.) The third order of any class back of

Didynamia — having three styles^ or sessile stigmas, to the flower.
Triv'ial namb, trivia'lia, no'mina. The name of a species, not including the de-
scriptive terms. Trivial name is now superfluous; as specific name is no longer
used for the descriptive terms.
Trumpet-shaped, (tubaeformis, tubalus;) hollow, and dilated at one extremity.
Truncate, trunca'tus. The end appearing as if cut off".
T-RVf^K, trun'cus. The bole of a tree. It is also applied to the stem of plants not

woody: and sometimes to the caudex of a root.
Tube. The hollow cylinder of a nionopetalous corol.

Tu'bercles, iuher'ciila. That kind of receptacle of lichens, which is spherical or
sliglitly conic, nearly closed, crustaceous, black; more or less immersed in the
surface of the crustaceous frond, which it elevates; or sometimes it is exposed,
being merely sessile. Each contains a ball, or mass, of connected seeds, destitute
of cells, enveloped in a common membrane. The whole mass of seeds is at length
discharged togetiier by an orifice at the top of the tubercle. We often find these
tubercles after tlie seeds are discharged.
Tuber'culate tubcr'culn. Warty.

Tuburculum, (cephalodium) is a convex shield without an elevated rim.
Tu'berous, tubcro'sus. Roots which are thick and fleshy, but not of any regularly
globular form. They are knobbed, as potatoe; oval, as orchis, and some anemones;
ubrvpt, as the bird-foot violet; fascicled, as the asparagus.
Tu'bular, tnbula'tus. Having a tube, or being in the form of a tube.
Tu'bulous, tueui.o'se, tubulo'sus. That corol of a compound flower, whicli forms a
whole tube, not a ligulate floret. It is also applied to a perianth, if the whole or
the lower part is a liollow cylinder.
Tuft'ed. See fascicled. In a bunch or bundle, as pine leaves.
Tu'nicate. Coated. Covered as with a garment.

Tur'binate, tuabina'lus. Top-form. A cone with the point downwards.
Tcr'gid, turgi'dus. Thickened, swollen, but not inflated.
Tu'rion, tu'rio. Immature scaly shoots, as of the asparagus.

VER 623

TuRNir-FOKM, (napifornuti,) a llattenetl sphere.

Twin. Two coimecleci, or grrovving togeilier.

Twi'nikg. Ascending spirally. See dextrorsurn and einistrorsum.

Tvvist'ed. (torsiva, spiralilei, conlorta,) contorted witiiout obliquity of insertion.

See coiled.
Two-edged, (anceps-) Compressed, with sharp edges.
Two-ranked, or two-rowed. See distichus. Rows on opposite sides.

Vagi'na. Sheatii. That prolongation of a leaf which forms a cylinder around the
stem. See sheath of grasses.

Vatri'natus. Sheathed. Vn.gi'nans. Sheathing.

Valva'lus. Resembling the valves of a glume.

Valve, ral'vu. The several pieces of a pericarp which separate naturally on ripening,
are called valves. Also the leaves, or chaffs of a glume. Each piece is called a
valve. This name is sometimes applied to the scales, which close the tube in some
corols.

Vari'ety, varie'ta!;. The changes produced among plants of the same species by ac-
cidental causes; as by soil, situation, culture, climate, &c. These changes respect
matrn'dude,fuLncfs of flowers, crlijnng of leaves, color, ta.te and smeU. If the same
kind of plant can possibly be produced from the seed of other kinds, these are but
varieties of the same species. All apples are but varieties of the same species;
becanse if the seeds of a sour apple be planted, they will produce trees bearing
sour, sweet, tart, red, green, large and small apples, promiscuously. But the
quince is a different species; because it cannot possibly be produced from apple
seeds.

J^ascu'lares, or plants furnished with spiral vessels, and propagated by the agency of
the stamens and pistils. CeUu'lares, or plants destitute of spiral vessels, and not
progagated by Hie agency of stamens and pistils: as fungi, lichens, mosses.

Vaui.t'ed. Arched over like the roof of the mouth; as the upper lip of some labiate
corols.

Veg'etablk. An organized substance, whose procreative organs decay before the
individual dies.

Veg'etable kixg'doji. This is the name Linneus gives to all the subjects of the
science of Botany.

VEG'ETABr.E sub'stance. The eltzmcalary principles of vegetables are carbon, hydro-
gen and oxygen; some contain nitrogen.

The proximate principles are very complicated, and belong to the deparment of
chemistry; as wax, essence, &c.

Veii- See calyptra, and volva. Calyx of mushrooms.

Velutinus. Velvety. Covered with soft short hairs; densely set, so as to resemble
velvet to the feel.

Vel'vet (velumen, velutinus.) When hairs are short, ver dense and soft, but rather
rigid, and forming a surface like velvet.

Velum, or veil, is a horizontal mfmliraue, connecting the margin of the pileus with
the stipes; when it is adnale with the surface of the pileus, it is universal; when

. it extends only from tlie margin of the pileus to the stipe, it is partial.

Vent. Aperture for the discharge of both feces and urine.

Ven'tricles. The large cavities of the heart. All animals of the classes mammalia
and aves, have two ventricles to the heart — amphibia and pisces but one-

Ventrico se, vealrico'sus. Swelling out as if blown up with wind. Or rather bellied
out. See inflated.

Ver'mes. Ail avertebral animals excepting insects. Linneus.
Vema'lis. Coming forth early in the spring.

Verna'tion, verna'lio. See foliation.

Verru'cae. Variously formed protuberances, solid and usually smooth on the crust of
some lichens. Sometimes the receptacles grow on them. Tliey often appear to be
warts or roundish excrescences, formed of cellular tissue filled with opaque matter.

Verruco'se, verucosus. Warty. Having little warty knob-like substances on the
surface.

Ver'satile. versa' lilis. Lying horizontally and moving freely on a point. Particu-
larly applied to anthers lying on the point of the filaments.

624 UNO

Vert'ebrate. Contracted at intervals, so as to resemble (in general appeaiance) the

joints, or vertebrae of breatliing animals.
Ver'tical, vertica' lis. Standing or hanging up and down at right angles with the

horizon, or parallel to tlie stem.
Ver'tebral animals. One of the four grand divisions of animals, characterized by

having bacli bones. Avertebral animals have no back bones, as oysters, lobsters,

&c.
Verticilla'tus. See whorled. Leaves or flowers surrounding a stem. Petals, sepals,

and the undivided sections of calyx and corol, are metamorphosed leaves in whorls;

also stamens.
Vesic'ula. Inflations of the thallus filled with air, by means of which the plants

are enabled to float on the surface.
Vesic'ular, veskula'ris, Containing, or consisting of, a cellular substance.
Vexil'lary, (vexillaris.) When tlie banner of a papilionaceous corol greatly exceeds

the wings in size; as jn tlie genus Vexillaria.
Vexil'lum. See banner of pea-flowers, and other papilionacea.
ViBRis'sAE. Smellers. Hairs of a peculiaf kind, generally very stiff", growing on or

near the nostrils of cats, tVc.
Vigi'licc jAanta' mm. The determined hours of the day, when curtain plants expand

and slmt their flowers. See sleep.
ViLLo'sE, villo'sus. Plaving a superficicl coveting of long soft whitish hairs. The

calyptra of some mosses consist wholly of a mat of hairs.
Vi'men. A withe. A twig which is slender and flexible.
Viola'ceous. Violet coloured.
Viries'cens. Inclining to green.
Vir'gate, virga'ius. Wand-like. Slender rod.
Vir'ides. Green. Greenish.

Viro'sus. Nauseous disgusting smell. Poisonous.
Vis'ciD, vis'cidus. Covered superficially with a tenaceous juice.
Viscid'ity, viso'siias. Clamminess. Possessing an adhesive quality.
Vitel'linus. Yellow with a tinge of red.
Vitellus. A thin substance in the seeds of some plants, closely connected with the

embiyo, but never rising out of the ground with it in uermination. It is never in

plants with genuine ascending cotyledons; and perhaps it may serve to perform the

functions of cotyledons. Jt is between the albumen and embryo, when albumen is

present. It composes the bulk of the seeds of mosses and ferns. — Smith.
VWreus. Glassy, colourless. See hyaline.
Vivip'arous. Producing its offspring alive, either by bulbs instead ofseeds, orby

seeds germinating on the plant. It is applied to animals produced alive, not from

the egg.

U.

ULigino'sus. Growing in damp places, or fens.

Um'bel, um.hel'ia. That kind of inflorescence, where several flower-stems diverge
from one place, like the braces of an umbrella; bearing florets on their extremities.
If these flower-stems are subdivded, a. partial umbel is formed.

Umbkluf'erous. Bearing umbels; as carrot, dill, fennel.

Um'billet, umbeVlida. A partial or lesser umbel.

Umbi'licus. A naval. Applied to shells, it means the perforation in the direction of
the spire, as in the nerita, &c.

Umbil'icatk, muhiiica'tus. Navelled. Having a kind of central roundish hollow or
protuberance; as on the end of an apple, or of a pompion.

Umbona'tus. See bossed. Having strong protuberances.

Umbrellt-form. ( umbraculiformis ) lesembling an expanded modern umbrella, [a vio-
lation of the Linnean rule, rejectiag modern utensils.] A convex radiated hemis-
phere.

Um'brimis. Umber colour. Snuff"-brown. A brown shade.

Un'arm'eu. Having no thorns nor prickles.

Unica'lis. As long as the thumbnail.

Un'cinate, Mncma7w5. Hooked at the end, Seehamus.

Vti'DVLXTE, unduta'ius or unda'tus. Wavy. Rising and falling, or extending and re-
ceding in waAes.

zoo 625

Une'qual. The parts not corresponding in size, form, duration, or symmetry.

Ungcic'ulate, Jinguiada'tus. A petal witii a claw. Claw. like.

Un cuLATE, unguta'tus. In the form of a liorse's hoof; as tiie common touch-wood,
(boleteus igniarius.)

Unicapsulu'ris. Having one capsule to each flower.

Uni/or'mis. All parts alike, or corresponding, symetrically.

Unilat'eral, unilutern'lis. See one-sided.

Unilocida'ris. One-celled.

Univasailu'ris. Having one cup-form cell.

Univer'sal, nnwersa'li.s. See partial, opposed to which it it applied.

Vol'va. The wrapper, called the involucrum by Linneus. It is orginally the enve-
lope of tlie agaric, (common toadstool) but is left at its base (bottom of the stipe)
as the fungus grows up and bursts this envelope.

Volu'biUs. See twining.

Urceo'late, ttrceolatus. Bellying out like a pitcher, and not contracting much at top.

U'rens. Stinging, armed with stings. Burning.

Urn'form. Swelling in the middle and contracting at the top; as the calyx of the
rose.

Uropv'gial. Several long feathers above on each side of the tail, .differing in form
from the others.

Ustilii'go. Smut in grain.

U'tricles. The little bag-like reservoirs for sap, air, «&c.

Ulric'ulus. A little bladder, with a very thin membranous pericarp, which does not
adhere to the seed; as of the pig-weed.

Utrin'qnc acu'tus. Sharpening at both ends.

glab'er'viUo'sus, &c., sleek, downy, &c., both sides.

W.

Wat'tles. Pendant fleshy appendages under the chin of some swine and other ani-
mals.

Wa'ved, or WAVY. See undulate. Curve-zigzag.

Waxy, (ceraceus, cereus) having the colour and texture of new made wax.

Wkdg'e-fokm. Obovate with straitish sides. See cuneiform.

Wheel'-form. a monopetalous corol with a spreading border, and an extremely
short tube, or none.

Whip-form (flagelliformis) long, tapering gradually, supple — resembling a whip-lash.

Whitened, (dealbatus.) Covered with an opaque white power.

Whorl'ed. Surrounding the stem m numbers at intervals; as the leaves of bed-
straw, and the flowers of motherwort. It is applied to the spiral convolutions of
univalve shells.

Wings. The two side petals in a papilionaceous corol.

It is also applied to the membranes afiixed to seeds or pericar[)s. Monopterygia,
1-winged; Dipterygia, 2-winged; Tripterygla, 3-winged; tctruplerygia, 4-winged;
pentapUrygia, 5- winged; j)oly pterygia, many-winged.

Withe. See vimen. A flexible wand. Twisted twig.

With'erixg. Having a shrivelled and decaying appearance, though not actually in a
state of decay; as the flowers of elm, (ulmus.) See Marcessant.

Wood. The most solid part of trunks and roots of trees and shrubs. It is also
applied to the part of herbaceous plants between the bark and pith. The concen-
tric layers of the wood and bark are the reverse of each other; the former increasing
externally, the latter internally. The former having a zone of cellular tissue
inside, and of woody fibre and ducts outside; the latter having a zone of woody
fibre with a few ducts inside, and of cellular tissue outside. Wood probably con-
sists of fibres produced by the compressed of greatly elongated spheroids into
hollow paralellolpipeds. These primarily taper to each end and lie in bundles.

Zig-zag. Flexuous, bending alternately in opposite directions. See flexuose.
Zool'ogy. The science of anima's.

Zoo'phytes. Animal plants: such as the polypi which inhabit sponges, coral rocks,
sea fans, &c.

70

D. H. HILL LIBRARY
Norrii Carolina Slate Colley^

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