NORTH AMERICAN

CERAMBYCID

LARUE

A CLASSIFICATION AND THE BIOLOGY OF
NORTH AMERICAN CERAMBYCID LARVAE

BY

F. C. CRAIGHEAD,

Entomologist, Division of Forest Insects
Entomological Branch

DOMINION OF CANADA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BULLETIN No. 27— NEW SERIES
(TECHNICAL)

Price, $1.00

Published by direction of the Hon. W. R. Motherwell, Minister of Agriculture,

630.4

C212

B27

n.s.

1923

c. 2

=

Ottawa, 1923

ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH

Dominion Entomologist Arthur Gibson

Associate Dominion Entomologist J. M. Swaine

Division of Forest Insects J. M. Swaine (in charge)

Chief, Division of Foreign Pests Suppression.. . L. S. McLaine

Chief, Division of Systematic Entomology J. H. McDunnough

Chief, Division of Field Crop and Garden Insects . . R. C. Treherne

LABORATORIES

Annapolis Royal, N.S Headquarters for Insecticide Investigations:

Arthur Kelsall, Entomologist in charge.

Fredericton, N.B Forest Insect Investigations:

J. D. Tothill, Entomologist in charge.

Hemmingford, P.Q — , . . . . Fruit Insect Investigations:

C. E. Fetch, Entomologist in charge.

Aylmer, P.Q Forest and Shade Tree Insect Investigations:

C. B. Hutchings, Assistant Entomologist in charge.

Vineland, Ont Fruit Insect Investigations:

W. A. Ross, Entomologist in charge.

Strathroy, Ont Field Crop Insect Investigations:

H. F. Hudson, Assistant Entomologist in charge.

Port Stanley, Ont European Corn Borer Investigations:

H. G. Crawford, Entomologist in charge.

Treesbank, Man Field Crop Insect Investigation.^:

Norman diddle, Entomologisl in charge.

Saskatoon, Sask Field Crop Insect Investigations:

K. M. King, Entomologist in charge.

Lethbridge, Alta Field Crop Insect Investigations :

H. L. Seamans, Entomologist in charge.

Banff, Alta Mosquito Investigations:

Eric Hearle, Assistant Entomologist in charge.

Agassiz, B.C Field Crop and Fruit Insect Investigations:

R. Glendenning, Junior Entomologist in charge (acting).

Vernon, B.C Forest Insect Investigations:

Ralph Hopping, Entomologist in charge.

Fruit Insect Investigations: (Position vacant)

E. P. Venables, Junior Entomologist in charge temporarily

Victoria, B.C Fruit Insect Investigations:

W. Downes, Assistant Entomologist in charge.

(ENTOMOLOGICAL BULLETIN No. 23)

^iCAHABim^

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Introduction 3

Classification of the larvae as correlated with that of the adults 5

Biological characteristics as correlated with anatomical structures and

their use in taxonomy 7

Summary of biological habits 9

Anatomical characterization 13

Brief characterization of larvae of the family Cerambycidae 26

Key to subfamilies 23

Prioninae 26

Aseminae 30

Cerambycinae 36

Lepturinae 82

Disteniinae 99

Lamiinae 101

Appendix with additional species 138

Literature cited 145

Index to species, genera and higher groups 147

Abbreviations used in plates and text figures 150

Plates 151

57951—1

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NORTH AMERICAN CERAMBYCID LARVAE

A Classification and the Biology of North
American Cerambycid Larvae

BY

F. C. CRAIGHEAD,

Entomologist, Divisio?i of Forest Insects, Entomological Branch

INTRODUCTION

The cerambycids or long-horned beetles constitute a group of insects which
rank next to the scolytids in their economic relation to our forests and forest
products. They occasion an annual loss of millions of dollars by their destruc-
tion, both to living trees as well as to felled trees and to lumber.

With a few exceptions, it is only in the larval stage that these insects are
injurious, and it is in this stage, almost exclusively, that they are sent to the
Entomological Branch with requests for identification and method of control.
It is absolutely essential, therefore, that our entomologists should be able to
determine these insects in their larval stages, and know their biology; otherwise
the only recourse is the laborious, lengthy and costly process of rearing, and
under such conditions recommendations for remedial measures cannot be given
in time to afford the necessary relief. In this bulletin there are presented tables
for the identification of the larvae of all economic species of cerambycids which
have any importance to forest resources. The bulletin also treats of the essen-
tial biological features necessary for recognition of these forms in the field, as
well as data which must form the basis for all control or preventive measures.

The objects of the bulletin, therefore, are to describe those species of
c?rambycid larvae which have been reared and to give some information on
their food habits and biology which will serve as a basis for a more practical
discussion of the injurious aspects and control; also to indicate the systematic-
relationships of these larvae in the hope that these may be of assistance in the
identification of the species in the larval stages and in the recognition of more
exact relationships among the imagines.

Limited as this discussion is to part of the North American fauna, the
difficulty of showing any broad relationships is recognized. Probably the
better expression of such taxonomic positions, as shown by the larvae, will be
found in groups of related genera or species where sufficient series of larvae
have been available. For this reason no attempt is made to show any taxo-
nomic relationships in the keys, but to use artificial arrangements based on the
more evident characters, so as to allow the determination of the genera and
species by the most expedient means. In the text the discussion of the genera
expresses the writer's ideas of their relationships.

Before his appointment to the Dominion Entomological Service, Dr. Craighead had been studying the classification
and biology of the cerambycid larvae for a number of years and had drawn up into manuscript form the description and
discussion of a large number of species. The work was originally begun while at the Pennsylvania State College, but prac-
tically completed while at the United States Bureau of Entomology. Since coming to Canada in January, 1921, he has
continued his studies, adding some Canadian species and a considerable amount of biological data to those already studied.
Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the United States Bureau of Entomology and Dr. A. D. Hopkins, in charge of Forest Insect
Investigations, have given their consent to the use in this bulletin of the manuscript already prepared, and for this co-oper-
ation we are indeed grateful.

ARTHUR GIBSON,

Dominion Entomologiit

57951— 1*

Following each description is given the note number of the specimens
which served as the basis for the larval description either in the collections of
the Entomological Branch, the Forest Insect collection of the United States
Bureau of Entomology or the collections of the United States National Museum.
These numbers also associate the described larvae with the reared adults and
the biological notes. In the case of specimens having no number, the data on
the label within the vials are noted.

Since the following material and observations on hosts and habits have
been obtained from the sources mentioned above and since many of the
observations on the more common species have been duplicated over and over
again by a number of men associated with the institutions mentioned, it would
require considerable space to refer to these in detail. It has, therefore, seemed
advisable to mention the names of observers only in cases of rarer species or
where special studies or unusual records were made. By far the greater part
of these records were made by A. D. Hopkins, J. M. Swaine, Ralph Hopping,
J. L. Webb, H. E. Burke, W. F. Fiske, T. E. Snyder, and the author.

Several entomologists in other institutions have made special efforts to
assist in this work and to secure larval material and biological data, notably
Mr. A. B. Champlain, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, Pennsyl-
vania, whose field observations are especially detailed and accurate, and to
whom the writer is indebted for a very large amount of data. Mr. J. N. Knull
of the same institution has likewise given much assistance.

Mr. George Dimmock kindly turned over to the United States National
Museum his entire collection (part of which had been accumulated by the late
Mr. Frederic Knab), consisting of many species and excellent biological notes,
that it might be incorporated in this contribution.

Mr. E. Rosenberg, of Copenhagen, Denmark, kindly sent to the United
States National Museum considerable material representing the European
fauna.

The writer also wishes to express his appreciation of the assistance given
by Dr. E. A. Schwarz, particularly for his many suggestions concerning the
systematic position of these insects, and for reference to literature and inter-
esting biological observations.

The photographs of larvae have been made by Mr. H. B. Kirk; the writer
is much indebted to him for the care and pains taken to show the characteristics
which have special significance. In several cases the full details could not be
brought out because of the poor preservation of the material available.

The drawings have been made by Miss Esther Hart and Miss Mary Car-
mody, both of the United States Bureau of Entomology. Mr. A.B. Champlain
has drawn the diagrammatic figures illustrating the pupal cells.

The adults reared from these larvae have been determined by Mr. W. S.
Fisher, and the dipterous parasites by Mr. C. T. Greene. Mr. Fisher's deter-
minations were largely made previous to 1918, when the manuscript Avas out-
lined, and for this reason are not in all cases the nomenclature accepted at
present. However, it was deemed best riot to bring the names up-to-date
without Mr. Fisher's authority.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE LARVAE AS CORRELATED WITH THAT

OF THE ADULTS

A review of the many schemes of classification based on the characters of
the imagines alone shows a great variety of systems and wide diversity of
opinion among the different systematists. This variation of opinion is no doubt
due to the many distinctive anatomical structures presented by nearly all genera
and even species, the systems of classification resulting being merely the authors'
various conclusions as to what particular characters are conceived to be funda-
mental.

Schiodte in 1863-1864 (30) 1 published a classification of the adult ceram-
bycids of the Danish fauna, introducing new characters and a new system. The
primary divisions were based on the mouth structures. He discussed the work
of previous writers on this group, stating that they had gradually worked away
from the fundamental characters (mouth structures) and that they laid too
much stress on secondary modifications. Schiodte also gives an admirable
discussion of the relation between the types of mouth structures and the form
and habits of the adult insects.

Some years later, 1876-1883 (31) Schiodte published his unexcelled papers
on the larval structures of certain European coleoptera, including the ceram-
bycids. In these studies he corroborates entirely the conclusions on which his
former classification of the adults was based, and shows that both stages can
be correlated in a natural system. Here, again, he uses head structures as
fundamental. This was the first and only attempt to correlate the larval and
adult characters. It constitutes a most remarkable piece of work, showing
profound studies into the smallest details of structure. In 1881, Ganglbauer (12)
complementarity reviewed this work and deplored the fact that it had been so
neglected by other systematists.

That in the formation of natural systems of classification importance should
be attached to the consideration of all biological stages and factors is generally
conceded but by no means widely adhered to. Fabre (9) in chapter 7 of
"The Hunting Wasps," says, "It is no use telling me that this or that species
has so many joints on its antennae, so many nervures to its wing, so many hairs
on a region of its belly or thorax; I do not really know the insect until I am
acquainted with its manner of life, its instincts, and its habits."

Tutt (33) in discussing the classification of the lepidoptera says: "No
scheme based on a single set of characters belonging to only one stage of an
insect's existence could possibly be only approximately perfect;" and discussing
modification, he goes on to say: "it follows that no scheme of classification
that is not founded on a consideration of the structural details and peculiarities
of the insects in all their stages can be considered as really sound or as founded
on a natural basis. It is also evident that the results of the various systems — •
whether based on oval, larval, pupal or imaginal characters— must be compared
and the sum total of evidence brought together if a satisfactory result is to be
obtained."

While studying these larvae the author avoided as much as possible, con-
sideration of the adults, hoping thus to be free from any bias resulting from a
knowledge of their systematic position and therefore to be able to perceive and
express more clearly the true larval relationships. Later in the preparation of
the manuscript various systems of adult classification (1, 4, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20,
and 30) were reviewed and often the scheme of this or that systematist is
referred to as agreeing with an arrangement based on the larvae. It is hoped
that such a discussion will aid in the future classification of this family and in

1 Numbers in parentheses refer to "Literature cited1."

the formulation of a more natural system. When a certain adult shows affinities
towards two groups or genera and the larval characters show clear affinities to
one of these, it certainly would be logical to consider that the true position of
the adult was indicated by these larval characters.

As an example of many instances in which the larval and adult characters
can be correlated, LeConte and Horn's assignment of the tribe Methiini to the
Lamiinae may be taken. A study of these larvae clearly shows them to be
the cerambycine type, and indeed later systematists have placed the adults in
the sub-family of Cerambycinse. Again and again in rearing unidentified larvae
it has been possible, from a knowledge of their structure and habits, to predict
very accurately the systematic position of the adults which will be reared there-
from. All of this goes to show that a certain correlation exists.

In these larvae a relatively small number of characters or modifications
of these characters have been found available for use in the classification. Some
larvae can be immediately recognized by a striking peculiarity common to it
alone, but the great majority are to be recognized only by certain combinations
of characters. The same character may be of only specific value in one sub-
family, and in another subfamily it may characterize all the species. It would
be possible by a single or a few characters to place a species or genus almost
anywhere, but the position given is that suggested by the greatest number of
points in common, both anatomical and biological, the latter to a limited
extent.

It is not proposed definitely to erect a group or genus by the present study,
but to indicate and suggest the affinities between the species or larger divisioi a
and to let the adult systematists adopt such suggestions if they can be used.
For instance, such genera as Plagionotus, Calloides, Cyllene, and Arhopalus arc
all so intimately related by larval structures and biological habits that it is
impossible to separate them generically when the genus contains more than one
species. Again, such a genus as Elaphidion shows three very distinct groups
of larval structures which are likewise supplemented by the habits. Hyhtrupes
bajulus is in no respects similar to Hylotrupes ligneus and //. amethystinus.
Throughout the text such relationships are suggested.

Certain structures are subject to great modifications in larvae living in
different environments. So striking are these modifications that closely related
larvae often seem quite different, and on the ether hand, widely separated forms
superficially may appear almost identical. By the elimination of such char-
acters and the use of others which are more constant it is believed that a good
basis for classifying these larvae can be made.

Those larval characters considered as showing the relationships of the
subfamilies are based on the form and structure of the head; for although the
habits and environment may differ as widely as do those of herbaceous root
feeders from those of borers in the living trunk, or those of bark feeders from
either, these head characters are scarcely altered.

Such characters being used as a basis, the larvae of the Cerambycidae
studied by the writer may be divided into six subfamilies, namely, the Prioninae,
Aseminae, Lepturinae, Cerambycinae, Lamiinae, and Disteniinae. It seems of
little consequence whetlu r these groups are regarded as of equal rank or whether
certain of them are considered as constituting higher groups, with the exception
of Disteniinae, which probably should constitute an entirely separate family.
It is certainly possible to find a more gradual transition between any two of the
first four of these subfamilies than between any of these and the Lamiinae.
On such a basis two large groups can be made. On the other hand, the Ceram-
bycinae, in clypeal and mandibular characters, are set off quite distinctly from
any other cerambycids, although in the tentorial structure they are similar to
the Prioninae, and in many ways such genera as Opsimus and Oerm suggest
connections with the Aseminae. Distenia will be discussed in more detail in
a joint paper with Dr. A. (1. Boving, where all the coleopterous families are

considered. The adults of the Aseminae are often classified with those of the
Cerambycinae. Through such genera as Ulochaetes and Necydalis the Lep-
turinae cannot be sharply separated from the Aseminae. It would be possible
from a majority of the characters to separate Prioninae and Cerambycinae into
one group, and the Lepturinae and Aseminae into another. Because of inter-
relations and the absence of definitely connecting forms for the present the
cerambycid larvae are regarded as divided into the six subfamilies previously
named.

The family Spondylidae is here included in the cerambycids. Only the
larvae of Parandra have been seen, and these from their larval characters cannot
be considered as other than prionines. Larvae of Spondylis have not been
studied, but judging from the descriptions of the European species they agree
in all respects with those of the Aseminae.

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AS CORRELATED WITH

ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES AND THEIR USE IN

TAXONOMY

It is quite evident, from even limited observations of the food habits of
the cerambycid larvae, that in widely separate species and genera which live
under the same environment or have similar habits there exists a striking parallel
modification of certain morphological features. In the author's experience this
was the source of serious confusion in field determinations before the fundamental
anatomical characters on which the larger groups are based were recognzed.

This parallel modification under similar habits and environment is found
not only in the larvae but m some adults as well, suggesting that structures
(more particularly form) in the adult may be modified through the influence of
habit and environment on the larva. Evidence of this has been found in
experimental rearing in such characters as size and colour pattern, and observa-
tion in nature suggests that it may be carried even further.

Dr. Hopkins (16) has admirably discussed parallel modifications and
physiological characteristics in the Scolytoidea in relation to the taxonomy of
the adult beetles. His statements are certainly borne out by all the writer's
observations in the Cerambycidae, which are to the effect that the same habits
are paralleled through various species and groups of all subfamilies; that
together with these paralleled habits appear similar anatomical modifications
in widely different groups; and that the food habits alone will not afford a
natural arrangement of the imagines, but that there are certain of these physio-
logical characteristics which do serve as a guide to specific or generic distinctions.

Such paralleled food habits appear in all subfamilies of the cerambycid
larvae and such habits or environments show many corresponding developments
of the larvae in form and in the armature and texl ure of the body integument.

One of the most constant correlations is that between the form of the larva
and the particular condition under which it feeds. This is even subject to change
in the same larva when, as it matures, it takes a different portion of the tree
in which to feed. There are many species feeding between the bark and wood
during the entire larval development, as those belonging to the genera Pachyta
and Rhagium in the Lepturinae and Plectura and many species of Liopii in the
Lamiinae. All of these larvae are of very depressed form, especially if they
live under the bark before it has started to decay. Many species feed under
the bark during about half the larval development and during this time main-
tain the characteristic depressed form. When, however, they enter the wood,
they begin to assume a more cylindrical form as in the case of Monochamus.
Strictly wood-boring forms are always cylindrical, as represented by Neoclytus
of the Cerambycinae; most of the Prioninae; Centrodera of the Lepturinae ;

8

and Plectrodera and Ecyrus of the Lami'nae. Those which pack the frass
tightly behind them are shorter and more robust, as Neoclytus, or if the mines
are more open the larva is more elongate, as represented by Chion, of the Ceram-
bycinae, and Goes of the Lamiinae.

The correlation between form and environment can be shown further in
those larvae which feed in the centre of branches, as the girdlers, or those feeding
in the pith of herbaceous stalks. When so feeding and expelling the frass the
larval mine is consequently restricted in diameter but free and open along its
axis. Such larvae are always elongate, slender and cylindrical, as illustrated
by Elaphidion villosum, E. subpubescens, and E. tenue of the Cerambycinae, and
Hippopsis, Ataxia, and Oberea of the Lamiinae. Elaphidion villosum repre-
sents an adaptation only in the general cylindrical form, but a progressive
development of better adaptation is shown in E. subpubescens. Hippopsis, and
Oberea, in which the ampullae have become very abruptly projecting and the
intersegmental skin of the abdomen very long, affording and allowing rapid
movement in the larval mines. Still further is this carried by Oberea, in which
the prothorax and ampullae have become asperate.

Elaphidion subpubescens and related species and species of Oberea have the
common habit of expelling the frass through a straight series of small holes
along the stem. The work is so similar in all that often it cannot be distin-
guished generically except by an examination of the surface of the gallery for
marks made by the acutely-pointed mandible of one and the obtuse gouge-
edged mandible of the other.

In several of these genera in different subfamilies the larvae can scarcely
be distinguished from one another except by an examination of the contrasting
types of head structures.

In the foregoing species, representing more specialized habits, the adults
are slender cylindrical forms, a fact which certainly would seem to have some
correlation to the larval habits.

Another example is afforded by the armature of the ampulla and pronotum.
Although the surface of these4 ampullae closely adheres to a certain type in each
subfamily, as granulate in the Cerambycinae or tuberculate in the Lepturinae
and Lamiinae, a general well-marked tendency exists for the ampullae of all
those species which attack living trees to become asperate (probably produced
to afford better adhesion to the wet surfaces encountered under such con-
ditions.) This is especially emphasized if the species of the genus are pre-
dominantly live-wood feeders. Among the Cerambycinae no typical case exists,
but a velvety pubescence is developed in Xylotrechus and becomes asperate
pubescence in X. aceris, which attacks living maples (Acer spp.). Leptura
nitens, working in the living bark of chestnut (Castanea), has developed asper-
ities on the tubercles of the ampullae. Among the Lamiinae are many species
which attack living trees. Goes, for instance, includes six species, five of which
have a finely asperate pronotum and more distinctly asperate ampullae and all
attack living trees, wh le the sixth species, G. oculatus, is found in dead wood
and the ampullae are glabrous, while the pronotum is asperate to velvety
pubescent.

The genera Saperda and Oberea show the highest development of such
armature. In the species of these genera the asperities of the pronotum are
large, sharp, and recurved, affording an excellent device for gripping the side
of the wet, sappy mines. The ampullae likewise are set with sharp, erect,
chitinous points.

Acanthoderes contains four species of which the larvae are known. This is
typically a genus of decayed-wood feeders and the ampullae are glabrous,
shining; but one species, A. morrisii, attacks living gum trees (Nyssa sytoatica)
and the pronotum and ampullae show distinct velvety to asperate pubescence.

The body integument and hairs are structures which are subject to con-
siderable variation, depending on the environment. Thus those species which

bore in dry, hard, seasoned wood have a thin integument, often granulate, and
the body hairs are fine and silky, such as Hylotrupes bajulus, Smodicum, and
Obrium of the Cerambycinae, Necydalis of the Lepturinae, and Hetoemis of the
Lamiinae. Those species which inhabit soft, moist, decaying wood have a
tough, shining integument beset with coarse stiff hairs, as many Prioninae,
many Lepturinae (notably Anthophilax, and Acanthoderes and Hoplosia of the
Lamiinae. All intermediate degrees occur together with intermediate con-
ditions of decay and moisture content of the wood.

The legs, like the ampullae, are more strictly subfamily variations of certain
systematic value, yet some significance must be placed in the fact that the
Lepturinae, which show them more strongly developed, are predominantly
decayed-wood feeders, constructing mines of a greater diameter than the body,
in which case the legs would be of more value in locomotion and the ampullae
of less value. The same is true of the Prioninae, while in the Cerambycinae,
although legs are usually present, they are absent or represented by only minute
spines in those genera which feed consistently in solid dead wood in close-fitting
burrows; thus they are very minute in Neoclytus, and in Xylotrechus they are
absent.

The foregoing modifications of anatomical characters show that in deciding
the taxonomic position of the genera and species of these larvae a knowledge
of the biological habits is necessary in order that too much significance be not
attached to conspicuous but easily modifiable characters, developed under
similar environments.

On the other hand, many of these habits or physiological characteristics
are of great use in the identification of species. Some are so characteristic as
to identify a certain species immediately, while others that are paralleled must
be considered in connection with the anatomical structures. For example, the
peculiar pupal cells of Oeme immediately distinguish this genus from all other
cerambycids, as do also the pupal cells of Arhopalus and Rhagium. The habit
of girdling twigs, however, is peculiar to quite a few genera; if the larva is a
Xylotrechus it can be immediately identified as X. quadrimaculatus , as this is the
only known species with such habits in the genus; but if the girdled branch has
a series of small holes through the bark the larvae concerned are those either of
certain species of Elaphidion or of Oberea, in which cases the larvae must be ex-
amined for proper identification of the genus and species.

SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL HABITS

Under each species a short discussion of such food habits or biology as will
assist in recognition of the insect is included. To present in a more compar-
ative manner these habits the following resume is given.

Although the adults are not discussed in this paper, a short account of
their habits may furnish a proper introduction to the succeeding paragraphs
relating to the larvae.

Most of the adults are short-lived. They emerge, copulate, lay their eggs,
and die in from a few days to several weeks. The males die much sooner than
do the females. Prionine adults have been kept in captivity from 30 to 40
days, doing no feeding. The lamiines often live this length of time feeding
daily.

Feeding by the adults is confined almost exclusively to the Lepturinae and
Lamiinae. A few cerambycine adults, as Batyle spp., Cyllene robiniae, and
Euderces spp., also have been observed to feed. The food of the adults con-
sists of pollen, leaves, the bark of tender twigs, or the fruiting pustules of certain
fungi. The species of Leptura and the few cerambycines are pollen feeders.
On bright sunny days the former (Leptura spp.) congregate in large numbers
on the flowers of specially favoured plants. They are the most active ceram-

10

bycids and easily disturbed. When so disturbed some take flight quickly,
while others fall and conceal themselves in the ground litter. Although a few
lamiines have been noted eating pollen, they prefer green cellular tissue. Some
species eat the leaf cells, either between the veins or only in the veins themselves,
and others the bark on tender shoots. The genera of Liopii nearly all feed on
the fruiting pustules of bark fungi, as the chestnut bark-canker (Endothia
parasitica) .

Such feeding usually proceeds and continues through the ovipositing period.
Under such conditions the life of the adult is greatly prolonged. As contrasted
with the species of Leptura the lamiines are more retiring or shade-loving, and
many are active only at night.

No species are known to hibernate except in the pupal cell.

The eggs are laid in a few simple ways. By far the great majority of
adults merely place them under crevices of the bark, where they are concealed
as much as possible. The prionines, which have strong ovipositors, often insert
them deep into the soft wood or (e.g., Prionus, PL XXXVI, fig. 1) into the
earth at the base of the tree on which the larvae are to feed. Some forms take
advantage of the entrance burrows or emergence holes of scolytids. A few
species that attack dry wood from which the bark has been removed place the
egg in season checks (Hylotrupes bajulus) or rarely lay them conspicuously on
the surface (Chion cinctus). Herbaceous stem feeders and those attacking
twigs often place the egg in the axil of a leaf petiole (Elaphidion spp.). The
only specialization in ovipositing has been found in the lamiines, and in this
group all species that have come under observation gnaw a hole or egg scar
(often quite conspicuous through the bark and insert the egg into this scar.
PL XXXVI, fig. 3). This varies little except in size, in which respect it is
usually dependent on the size of the adult and the thickness of the bark. Two
genera, Oncideres and Oberea, are known to girdle twigs for the purpose of
ovipositing. The former lays the egg in the girdled portion, the latter in the
living portion just beneath the girdle.

A certain preference has often been noted in some species for the underside
of a log (lying on the ground), while others invariably will take the upper side
on which to oviposit. The eggs hatch in from a few days to thirty days.

A rather constant correlation exists between the size of an adult and the
length of the larval life, throughout the northern part of the temperate zone.
A few species have several generations or an overlapping of generations each
year, such as those of Cyrtinus, Atimia, and Hyperplatys. A few larger species,
as Xylotrechus colonus, that iced in dead wood, also have a complete and partial
second generation each year. Farther south many dead-wood feeders have an
overlapping of generations. The usual life cycle is completed in one year. In
other species it is extended to two, three, or even four or five years, as in Prionus
and some species of Goes. Larvae of many species, especially those the adults
of which appear early in the spring, mature by late summer and pass the winter
as pupae or adults. Those species living as larvae two or more years do little
or no feeding the last year, but after constructing a pupal cell in the late summer
remain dormant until the metamorphosis takes place.

The regularity or irregularity of emergence and development shows some
diversity. From a brood of Xylotrechus colonus developing from eggs laid during
a single week in June adults appeared that September, from June to September
of the second year, and a few appeared early the third year. On the other
hand, species such as Cyllenc pictus will emerge, lay eggs, and the adults dis-
appear in two weeks. Ihe resulting larvae develop regularly, the entire brood
transforming to pupa? within a week (in the fall) and emerging the next spring
within a few days. The same is true of Neoclytus capraea and others.

Cerambycid larvae can be found in a variety of wood conditions, from
living trees to thoroughly decayed logs, and from dry to almost saturated
tissue, but each species is dependent on a very exact condition to produce the

11

normal development. This can be well illustrated by a gradually dying tree
or shrub where each stage of deterioration will have its particular species.
Some require freshly-cut wood (Cyllene pictus), others wood which has seasoned
for several months or a year, and for others the wood must have been dead
some time and have been lying on the moist ground. Again, the condition of
a tree which died or was cut during the growing season differs from that of one
which died or was cut during the dormant season, so that it is preferred by
certain species in the one case and by certain other species in the other. Old
pine rafters of buildings seasoned for years are suitable for Hylotrupes bajulus,
while many species of Leptura require very wet dead or decaying wood in situ-
ations where it is not subject to dessication. Many larvae are very sensitive
to changes of humidity. Placing an infested branch in a dry room will prolong
the larval existence of some species, several to many years, or, in the case of
moisture-loving forms, quickly prove fatal. Those species breeding in living
trees (Goes) will soon die if the tree is cut before the larva is mature. On the
contrary, Callidium antennatum, requiring dry seasoned pine logs (Pinus), can
be reared in freshly-cut wood, but the resulting adults are far below normal size
and the life cycle is greatly lengthened.

It is difficult to classify the many ways in which the larvae feed, since
many species at different periods of their development acquire habits that in
others obtain throughout the entire life-cycle. In arborescent plants certain
species feed entirely in the outer scaly bark, as Encyclops and Microclytus;
others mine entirely in the bast and even pupate there, as Acanthocinus, but
require dead bark and enter the inner layers of the tissue. Again, there are
those that feed only beneath the bark, and pupate there (Rhagium) or mine
beneath the bark, scarring and feeding on the wood (many species). Such
feeders may pupate either in the bark, between the wood and bark, or in the
sapwood. With such forms the thickness of the bark usually regulates the
position of the pupal cell. The presence of bark is necessary for the early
stages of nearly all species, although such forms as Neoclytus capraea (PL XXXV)
in dead wood, or Goes (PL XXXIII, fig. 1) in living wood, use it only as a
protection for the young larvae, which almost immediately enter the wood and
feed in the wood through the entire development.

A particular portion of a tree is often selected exclusively. Certain species
feed only in the twigs, as Dysphaga; others attack the larger branches, the
main trunk, the base, as Mallodon, or the roots, as Prionus and Distenia. Some
species prefer the heartwood, as Eburia, and others live only in the sapwood.

Among root feeders are those which attack the living roots, eating only the
bark in early stages and later often completely hollowing the root, as Prionus;
and those which mine between the bark and wood of dying or dead roots, as
Distenia. Some root feeders, as Prionus and Tetraopes, burrow extensively
through the ground. Crossidus and Mecas (PL XXXIII, fig. 2) feed in the
base and roots of shrubby or herbaceous plants, sagebrush (Artemisia) and
wild aster (Aster) and usually pupate in the base of the stem.

A few genera of the Lepturinae (Anthophilax , Gaurotes, and Pachyta) that
mine in very decayed wood, or between the bark and wood, just before pupating
bore out of the log in which they are feeding, fall to the ground, and pupate in
the soil and leaf mold.

Certain species may be said to feed almost exclusively in the pith of the
stem, as many girdlers of twigs, or Desmocerus in the base of Sambucus.

A very characteristic mode of feeding is to be found in the twig-girdlers.
This habit sometimes appears among unexpected genera, i.e., where the habits
of the other species are quite different. In the genus, Oncideres, the adult girdles
the twig. The girdling done by the larva may be either for the purpose of
providing dead wood in which to feed, or to cause the branch to drop to the
ground after the larva has finished. In the former case (Xylotrechus 4-macu-
latus) the egg is laid near the point of cutting, the young larvae feeding beneath

12

the bark, then entering the wood, and by concentric mines in one plane cutting
all but the outer strands of wood. In this case it then proceeds to burrow up
the stem, which soon breaks off. Quite frequently the limb breaks before the
larva has started to mine the branch, in which case the larva is killed. Ela-
phidion villosum cuts the twigs in the same manner, but just before pupation,
after it has hollowed the twigs from the terminal bud down to the point of
cleavage. Purpuricenus axillaris has been found working like E. villosum.
Another type of girdling is characteristic of Oberea spp. and Elaphidion sub-
pubescens (PL XLII, fig. 3) and related species. The larvae start mining down
the small twigs of living trees into branches from one-fourth to one-half inch
in diameter. All along the stem a series of round holes, in a straight line, are
made through the bark from which the frass is exuded, and at irregular intervals
that portion of the branch eaten is cut off from the inside. In Oberea and in
one species of Elaphidion the cut is made at right angles to the axis around the
inside of the stem. In other species of Elaphidion this cut is very oblique or
V-shaped (PL XLII, fig. 5). Pupation may take place in a section cut off or
in the basal section which is still green. Ataxia sometimes girdles branches in
like manner.

A few species feed in herbaceous plants, chiefly composites, hollowing out
the centre of the stem and transforming in the base.

The attacks of several species of Saperda in twigs cause swellings or galls
(PL XLI.) S. obliqua forms a gall at the base of Alnus, and Desmocerus piperi
a very large swelling at the base of Sainbucus. Xylotrechus aceris forms a gall
on the trunks of young red maple trees (Acer rubrum).

The dry, hard cones of Pinus attenuata are eaten by Paratimia; and the
seeds of mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) by a species of Leptostylus and by the
larva of Ataxia sulcata. A species of Lepturges, L. spermojjhagus, has been
taken feeding in the seeds of cowpeas (Vigna) from Mexico.

Boring dust or frass (PL XL, figs. 3-5) produced by the larvae in feeding
is of two sources: (first) that passed through the digestive tract, and (second)
that which is not eaten. The former is very fine and powdery, usually in small
pellets; the latter is composed either of short flaky chips or of fibrous shreds.
The shreds are produced by acute mandibles and the flakes by rounded, gouge-
edged mandibles. They are often quite characteristic for a species or group.
This frass may be either packed tightly behind the larvae, as in the case of
true wood-borers, as Smodicum, Neoclytus caprea (PL XXXV) and Eburia, or less
tightly packed and the mine open for a greater distance behind the larvae.
Again, it may be entirely extruded through a small hole, usually the point where
the egg was laid, as in Cyllene (sens, lat.), some species of Elaphidion, Goes
(PL XXXIII, fig. l),etc.

As intimated before, pupation may take place in the bark, under the bark,
in the sapwood, in the heartwood, in the base of stalks, or in the ground. Just
as variable are the types of pupal cells. The simplest type is an oval enlarge-
ment at the end of the larval mine. If the frass is packed close behind no
barrier is erected, but in more open galleries a heavy wad of frass is tightly
packed behind the larva before it pupates. Sometimes such a wad is placed
both in front and behind the larva (PL XLII, fig. 4). Where one wad is used
the larva either turns and faces this wad so that the adult may chew out through
it, as in Romaleum (PL XLIII, fig. 2), or the adult gnaws the exit hole through
the wood, as in Goes (PL XLIII, fig. 3) and many other forms.

Species feeding between the bark and wood may go into the wood and form
a long, curved pupal cell which ends blindly. In this case the larva turns and
constructs a wad of frass in front of it (Molorchus) (PL XLII, fig. 1 ). The adult
gnaws through this plug and also through the bark, or the bark may have been
previously opened by the larva (PL XLII, fig. 7, Cyllene); the wad in this
case being the only barrier to the outside. A short burrow may be made into the
sapwood and the plug placed at the edge r»f the sapwood and protrude (J*L

13

XLII, fig. 9) as in Acanthoderes. Again, a U-shaped cell is often made which
may be plugged at one end, as in Monochamus (PL XLIII, fig. 1) or at both
ends, as in Eupogonius. Bark-feeding species which do not enter the wood
may construct an oval cell of nest-like appearance, as in Rhagium (PL XLII,
fig. 6), having a surrounding wall of shredded frass, or merely an oval cell
scarring the sapwood and having no wall, as in Cyrtinus (PL XLII, fig. 2).

A few species pupating in the ground make an oval cell of earth held
together by a secretion of some kind, as in Prionus (PL XXXVI, fig. 2).

Larvae of some species (Goes and the girdlers) feed individually, so that
only one larva is found in a tree or in a certain portion of that tree. In such
cases they either kill a small part of the tree or go into the dead heartwood to
feed. Others, usually dead-wood feeders, when the wood is found in the proper
condition for attack, breed in it in great numbers. In one species (Tetropium
velutinum), the individuals are gregarious, in the sense that their existence
depends on simultaneous attack. This species feeds between the bark and
wood of living and weakened Larix and Tsuga, and if a sufficient number of
larvae are not present to kill the tree they are unable to mature in the living
wood, and die.

The cerambycids are all phytophagous, for the most part attacking arbor-
escent plants, although a few are found in herbaceous growths. Those species
feeding on living trees are more often restricted to a single species or genus of
trees. Most of the species of Saperda and Goes are confined to a particular host.
A peculiar case came under observation where Goes tigrina, feeding, so far as
known, only on white oak (Quercus alba), laid a number of eggs in a sour gum
(Nyssa sylvatica). This gum was growing in a grove of oaks and the bark very
closely resembled that of the oaks. Such examples are rare. Species which
require freshly-cut wood have a wider variety of hosts but do not show the
indiscriminate choice of purely dead-wood feeders. The conifers and deciduous
or hardwood trees present barriers that are rarely crossed. Orthosorna and a
few species of Leptura attack either, but it must be well decayed. Such indis-
criminate feeders are those species which are most abundant numerically.

ANATOMICAL CHARACTERIZATION.1

The larvae of the Cerambycidae may be said to be the most readily recog-
nized by their form and texture. They are, in general, fleshy, cylindrical,
elongate forms, having a thin body texture, which is never strongly chitimzed
and is covered with fine hairs or pubescence. The coleopterous larvae most
likely to be confused with them would probably be those of some genera of the
Melandryidae, which resembles Leptura, or those of some genera of Erotylidae,
which are Hippopsis-like. Both of these types have deeply retracted mouth-
parts.

This general characterization of the form includes, however, a great amount
of variation. Very elongate, slender larvae are represented by Hippopsis and
Oberea (PL XXXII, fig. 4); thick, robust types almost like those of the Scara-

1 The definition of both the abdominal and thoracic areas of these larvae is based on a study of the muscles by means
of which the areas in different subfamilies have been homologized. This discussion was made the subject of another paper
by the author (7), in which certain names were proposed for these areas, but given only as provisional. In discussing the
anatomical structure in the present paper only such details are gone into as will be essential for the proper understanding of
the descriptions.

Several of the terms used in the present paper may be found to differ from those applied by the author in previous
papers (1915, 1916). In such cases the changes are based on renewed comparative morphological studies, jointly under-
taken by Dr. A. G. Boving and myself on a considerable amount of adult and larval stages of different insects. This
revised terminology expresses our present contentions and consequently we regard the terminology expressed in our earlier
publications as cancelled and not to be drawn into further discussion. For explanation of most of the subsequent terms,
see: (1) John B. Smith: Explanation of Terms used in Entomology (published by Brooklyn Entomological Society,
Brooklyn, N.Y., 1906); (2) A. D. Hopkins: The Genus Dendroctonus. (U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 17,
Pt. I, 1909); (3) Kemner, A.: Beitrage zur Kenntnis einiger Schwedischen Koleopterenlarven. (Arch. f. Zool., Vol. 7, pp.
2-4, 1912); (4) F. C. Craighead: Larvae of the Prioninae. (U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Off. Sec. Rept. No. 107, 1915); (5) The
Bibliography in G. C. Crampton's publication: The Thoracic Sclerites of Immature Pterygotan Insects, with Notes on the
Relationships Indicated. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 20, No. 3, p. 60; 1918.)

14

baeidae are represented by Monilema (PL XXIX, fig. 5) and Tetraopes (PL
XXXII, fig. 1); then there are purely depressed types, as Rhagium; larvae that
are compressed, especially posteriorly, as Eburia (PL XXVIII, fig. 3) and Ecyrus;
and, again, those that are quadrate in cross-section, as Atimia (PL XXV, fig. 4),
Heterachthes and Hetoemis. The form is most constant in the Prioninae and
most diversified in the Lamiinae.

The texture and body hairs, likewise, show a great many modifications. A
heavy, tough texture, remarkably glabrous, characterizes the Prioninae, as also
certain genera in all subfamilies; the opposite extreme, a very delicate, thin,
shining skin, beset with fine silky hairs, is found in such genera as Obrium and
Encyclops. The skin may be dull and finely granulate, as in Tillomorpha and
Pogonocherus; or rugulose, as in Tetraopes. Again, the skin may be very
densely hairy, as in Tetraopes, or it may bear coarse, stiff, almost setose hairs,
as in Anthophilax, or a mixture of coarse hairs and short fine pubescence, as in
Saperda. Special differences of texture found on the ampullae and the pro-
notum will be discussed in the following pages, where the modifications of these
structures are treated.

The body is divided into the head, three thoracic segments, and nine
abdominal segments; a tenth abdominal segment is probably represented by
the anal lobes.

HEAD

Two fundamental types of head are found, one in which the sides are
rounded and diverge posteriorly, and the other (Lamiinae only, text fig. 1, i
and j) in which the sides are parallel or converge posteriorly. Xo intergradations
between these types have been found, and the latter may be said to possess the
only character not common to more than one subfamily. The head is usually
depressed, but becomes thicker or occasionally even circular in cross-section,
as in Hippopsis. Usually it is deeply embedded in the prothorax, but some-
times is salient in the Lepturinae and few Lamiine genera. It is attached to
the prothorax by a continuous band, the collar (co.), which is an extension of
the prothoracic skin attached around the opening of the occipital foramen
(occ.for.). This collar allows the extension and contraction of the head, pro-
duced by the superior (asrm) and inferior (vnn) retractor muscles. When the
head is deeply invaginated the collar is broad; when the head is salient, short.
The exposed portion of the head is more or less heavily and darkly chitinized,
the extreme being represented by the Prioninae. Dorsally the head-capsule is
composed of two epicranial halves (epic) and the triangular, well-defined or
obscure front (F.). The manner in which the halves of the epicranium meet
or fuse behind the front offers good subfamily characters. In the Ceramby-
cinae, Prioninae, and Ascminac the margins of the epicranial halves fuse for a
short distance behind the front and then diverge; in the Lepturinae and Dis-
teniinae they are entirely angulate from the posterior limit of the front, while
in the Lamiinae they are fused for their entire dorsal length and are posteriorly
jointly rounded. Ventrally, these epicranial halves are bridged anteriorly by
the hypostoma (hy) with the gula (gu) and posteriorly by the tentorial struc-
tures. Posteriorly and ventrally lies the large occipital foramen; it becomes
almost directly posterior in some lamiines, and even posterior-dorsal in Dis-
tenia (PL XI, fig. 7). The anterior chitinized portion of the head is called the
mouth frame (PL X); it supports the ventral mouth-parts, the mandibles, and
the clypeus with labrum.

Gula, Hypostoma, and Tentorium: The gula, hypostoma. and tentorium
are so fused with one another that they are best discussed together. The
hypostoma (hy) is that portion of the mouth-frame between the ventral man-
dibular articulations. In most coleopterous larvae it consists o( two trapezoidal
plates separated by the gula, but in all cerambycids (except Distenia) these
two plates have fused medially with the gula, forming a broad anterior con-

1

<3

i

^

1

CO

*HA

\ I

16

nection just behind the ventral mouth-parts. The anterior or maxillary margin
of hypostoma is that portion between the ventral mandibular articulation and
the intersection of hypostoma and gula, which intersection also corresponds, in
most forms, to the articulation of the tip of the cardo. The gula (gu) lies
between the hypostomal plates just behind the submentum. Jt can be well
seen in A senium, where the gula has the typical shape. Here it is wide, the
protuberant sutures; in other forms it is obsolete or represented only by a
faint gular line. The tentorium is indicated externally by two pits or invagina-
tions at the posterior inner angle of the hypostomal plates [see Asemum (PI.
VIII, fig. 8), Rhagium (PI. XI, fig. 3)] from which extends dorsal to the frontal
sutures, two ligamentous arms (t a). In the Asemiinae, Lepturinae, and
Lamiinae, these arms have a short cross-connection immediately inside the
head. The modification of such tentorial structures can be traced through
Opsimus to the Cerambycinae where the pits sensibly widen, that part of the
ligamentous arm between the pit and the cross-connection shortens, and the
cross-connection comes to lie in the same plane as the hypostoma, forming
another bridge across the ventral surface of the head. This is also the structure
in the Prioninae (t b). This hole in front of the tentorial cross-arm is Schiodte's
(31) "fovea" in which, according to his description, the inferior retractor
muscles of the head are attached, or, more precisely expressed, some of these
muscles are attached to the tentorium near the pits. In Distenia (PL XI
fig. 7) the tentorial cross-arm has broadened out and pushed forward until it
forms the entire ventral connection of the epicranial halves; the hypostomal
plates have not fused across the head (except with the tentorial cross-arm),
and the tentorial pits on hypostoma occur in this genus at the anterior margin
of the ventral bridge of the head. Distenia is also peculiar in that, apparently,
no gula is present, the submentum articulating (sa) directly by the collar to
the prothorax. The writer believes, however, that this portion of the collar
in reality is the gula, or rather that it has been termed the gula when it has
become chitinized and is attached to the surface of the fused hypostomal plates
or lies between these plates when they are separated.

Labrum: The labrum (lab) is distinct and movable, varying in shape from
transverse to elongate, roundly rectangular to orbicular, semicircular, fungi-
form, or cordate. The degree of chitinization varies. Usually only the anterior
half is beset with coarse or fine, long or slender hairs; again, only the margin
is ciliate.

Clypeus: The clypeus (clij) is always present just behind the labrum and
is constant in shape within the subfamilies. It is either trapezoidal, widest
behind, and attached to the epistoma between the entire width of the dorsal
articulations of the mandibles, as in the Prioninae, Aseminae, Lepturinae,
Disteniinae, and Lamiinae; or it is never as wide as the epistoma except by a
hidden membraneous connection, characteristic of the Cerambycinae (text fig.
1, e, /). The clypeus never bears any setae or hairs.

Front: The front (frons) or anterior dorsal plate of the head is triangular.
It is laterally limited by the frontal sutures (frs) which are either distinct, well
defined, as in the Lepturinae, or indistinct, as in most Cerambycinae, and Prioninae
and in some Lamiinae. These sutures extend forward to the antvnnal ring (ar)
which they either bisect and open behind, as in the Lepturinae, Aseminae, and
some Lamiinae, or do not bisect. The median suture (M) is well-defined in
the Lepturinae, Aseminae, Distenia, and some Cerambycinae. A transverse
suture occurs in a few genera, as in Anthophilax (PI. XI, fig. 8). On the front
just behind the dorsal articulations of the mandibles in the Prioninae is a curved
carina, called the postcondylar carina (pcca).

Epistoma: The epistoma (ep) is considered the anterior region or margin
of the front; an infolding or thickening between the dorsal mandibular articu-
lations. It has been seen in the Prioninae, where it forms the lower projecting

17

series of dentations beneath the tubercujate or carinate edge of the front. It
is straight or deeply emarginate and bears several hairs on each side, the
epistomal setae (eps); in the Cerambycinae two epistomal setae are constant on
each side, in the Lamiinae and Prioninae usually three, in other subfamilies
three to many.

Mandible: Three distinct types of mandibles (md) are found. In the
Prioninae [(Pis. XII and I), Aseminae (PL II), and Lepturinae (PL 1 and IV)]
it is short and more or less triangular; the ventral apex is produced and acute;
the cutting edge is very oblique, emarginate, or straight; a true molar part is
never developed, but the dorsal angle of the cutting edge is either toothed, as
in many Lepturinae, or flattened into a plate (Orthosoma) and this plate is often
striated, as in Parandra, Ergates, the Aseminae, and some species of Leptura.
In some Lepturinae the mandible is more elongate, with a short cutting edge, as
in Gaurotes and Rhagium. Another mandibular type occurs in the Ceramby-
cinae (PL I); it is short, robust, and especially characterized by the cutting
edge rounded and gouge-like. A third form occurs in the Lamiinae (Pis. V
and II) ; it is a more slender mandible, narrowing toward the apex, which is
produced to some extent; the cutting edge is oblique; the dorsal angle is some-
times produced into a tooth, as in Dectes (PL V, fig. 7) and Hippopsis. The
mandible of the Cerambycinae is often divided by a difference in structure into
a basal and apical half (Pis. II and I). The apical half often bears a shallow
impression or fovea. The mandible has two to many setae on the outer face,
and this face also presents a great variation of texture and sculpture, as
smooth, shining, dull, granulate, or rugulose.

Pleurostoma and Gena: The lateral region of the epicranium and mouth-
frame (PL X) between the dorsal articulations of the mandible is considered
the pleurostoma (pi). It may be smooth or rugulose and on its ventral portion
just behind the ventral articulation of the mandible is often found a conical
process or tubercle, called the subfossal process (sf. sp.). The gena (g) is the
region of the epicranium just behind the pleurostoma. It is variously modified
and may be abruptly shouldered or gradually receding.1

It is more or less hairy and in some forms, as Asemum (PL VIII, fig. 8)
beset with dense recurved hairs, called genal setae or bristles (gs); in others, as
Elaphidion subpubescens, etc., with a few long hairs (PL X, fig. 3), and in
Callichroma (PL IX, figs. 5 and 8) with very fine pubescence.

Ocelli: The ocelli (o) are situated on the anterior part of the gena. They
occur in the great majority of larvae and vary from one to five in number.
They may be indistinct beneath the chitin, as in some species of Callidium;
abruptly projecting; contiguous with the antennae, as in Merium, or separated
from the antennae, and are often more or less surrounded by a fold of the gena.
The ocelli are usually of generic value but only occasionally of specific value.

Antennae: The antennae (ant) are three-jointed and have a large basal
membrane (am) into which the other joints are more or less retractile. ^On the
second joint beneath the third occurs a minute "supplementary joint" (sj), to
which Perris (25) attached much importance as a systematic character in the
Coleoptera. In the Cerambycinae and Prioninae the antennae are salient, but
in the other subfamilies they are entirely retractile into the antennal ring (ar).
For this reason in certain larvae the relative lengths of the joints cannot be
used to any extent in descriptions.

Ventral mouthparts: " Ventral mouthparts" is a collective name proposed
to designate the following structures on the ventral surface of the head, namely,
submentum, mentum, labium proper, and maxillae. The variation in these struc-
tures occurs, first, in mobility of the parts; in all except the Lamiinae the cardo

«t,™!i Ji18^1?'"10*!?11 ^ used„in the keys and descriptions and may be found difficult to determine. When the gena is
oMiqueTy to th^ide " U y tuTned SO that ** faces S(luarely forward, while when the gena is receding the ocellus faces

57951—2

18

and maxillary sclerite (or maxillary articulating area) are distinct and movable,
but in that subfamily (Pis. X, XII, XIII) they are indistinct, fused in a
continuous area and only the stipes is movable. In the second place, the mode
of attachment to the head varies; in the lamiine form the ventral mouthparts
are attached by the fused base to the whole ventral surface of the head between
the mandibular articulation, while in the Cerambycinae (PL XI) and Asemiinae
(PI. VIII, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8) the cardo articulates near the edge of the gula on the
hypostoma. In Distenia (PL XI, fig. 7) the submentum is connected directly
with the collar skin of the prothorax. A third variation occurs in the arrange-
ment of palpifer and stipes. In the Cerambycinae (Pis. VIII and IX), Prioninae
and Disteniinae, the palpifer1 is small and joint-like and the lacinia apparently
is borne on the stipes, but in the other subfamilies the palpifer is large, bearing
both the palpus and the lacinia.

The mentum (m) is either separated by a transverse suture from the sub-
mentum (s?n) cr fused with it. The labium proper is attached to the mentum
and is composed of a median tongue or ligula (li), the two fused labial stipes,
each of which bears a two-jointed palpus (Ip). Each maxilla consists of a basal
articulating piece, or cardo (c), the maxillary sclerite or articulating lobe (mxsc)
attaching the cardo to the submentum, the stipes (st), and the palpifer (p),
which bears the lacinia (lac) on the inside and the palpus on the outer side.
The lacinia is usually slender and cylindrical, but occasionally fleshy (Necydalis,
PL XI, fig. 2); lanceolate (Opsimus, PL VIII, fig. 6), or flattened and broader
toward the apex (Cerambycinae). The maxillary palpi normally are three-
jointed, but in Opsimus, Pogonocherus, Lepturges, some species, Tetraopes (PL
XII, fig. 2), and Cyrtinus (PL XII, fig. 9), they are two-jointed. On the
outer face of the palpifer in the Cerambycinae a small fleshy process often is
found; this the writer proposes to call the process of the palpifer (pp). A
similar process is sometimes present on the basal joint of the maxillary palpus.
It is well developed in Methia (PL VIII, fig. 4).

THE BODY SEGMENTS

The fleshy body of the cerambycid larva is capable of considerable con-
traction and expansion which enables it to move in its close-fitting burrows.

PrT MsT MtT IA

Fig. 2. Diagrammatic illustration of sclerites and lines of ;i larva of the Frioninae. For

explanation of abbreviations. Bee page ISO.

the legs being of little or no use. This shortening and contracting of the seg-
ments is produced by the muscles; the expansion and lengthening of the seg-
ments and the swelling of the ampullae is caused by a relaxation o( the muscles

1 Later studies in coleopterous larvae have Buggested thai this difference is more apparent than real, ami only a differ-
ence in the des'fe of fusit n of the palpifer and the stipes. Also the lobe termed lacinia may be more correctly spoken of
■••jth the indefinite expression mala.

19

and an accompanying increase (in those segments) of the body fluids. A
considerable amount of this longitudinal expansion is permitted by a peculiar
arrangement of the intersegmental skin (as described by Boving, 2). This
intersegmental skin consists principally of a dorsal and a ventral wedge-shaped
perpendicular band, the dorsal and ventral cunei (cu), the extremities of which
overlap along the sides.

The length of the body is largely dependent on the width of these cunei
and the manner in which they are placed. In short, robust forms of larvae
they are very narrow and set almost directly in the same vertical plane, i.e.,
one directly above the other, in which case very little contraction is permissible.
In very elongate and slender larvae, as Distenia, Elaphidion subpubescens, or
Oberea, and usually in forms that can move rapidly in their mines, the cune;
themselves are very wide and the ventral situated some distance behind the
dorsal, and not only the cunei themselves are capable of contraction but also
the intervening intersegmental skin.

Approaching the thoracic segments the cunei always shorten and between
these segments they are in the same plane, one situated directly above the other,
so that little or no expansion is permitted.

A well-defined protuberant fold or region, the lateral zone (Lz) or epipleurum
as it is here termed, is developed along the entire side of the body (compare
Leptura larvae), though less conspicuous on the thoracic segments. It readily
separates the dorsal and ventral regions of the segments. This epipleurum
represents only a portion of the adult pleurum.

THORAX

The dorsal region of the thorax above the epipleurum is divided into the
following areas: prescutum, scutum, scutellum, and alar area. The term notum
(N) is used to indicate the complete plate formed by the fusion of the prescutum,
scutum, and scutellum. The term tergum (T) is used to designate the entire
dorsal region above the epipleurum.

The region of the thorax below the epipleurum is divided into presternum,
eusternum, sternellum, coxa, and hypopleurwn. When these areas are fused and
indistinct the whole region is collectively termed sternum (S).

The prothoracic segment (PrT) is always much larger than the other

Tr T MsTMt T- I A II A

PrSt

Fig. 3. Diagrammatic_illustration of sclerites ar.d lines of a larva of the Aseminae. For
explanation of abbreviations, see page 150.

thoracic segments, usually about the size of the other two combined, and is
more subject to modification. The mesothorax (MsT) and metathorax (MtT)
are of about equal size or the latter is somewhat larger.

57951— 2\

20

The discussion of these segments can be most conveniently followed by-
taking as the type the mesothorax of the Lepturinae, in which the areas are
more distinct, and contrasting it with the modifications in the thoracic segments
of other subfamilies.

Epipleurum: The epipleurum (Lz) of the mesothorax is shaped somewhat
like an hour-glass, narrow in the middle with anterior and posterior extremities
extended. The dorsal and ventral curved sutures limiting this zone will be
termed the dorso-lateral (dl) and ventro-lateral (vl) sutures. It is often divided
by an oblique suture extending forward ventrally into an anterior triangle, the
pre-epipleurum, which bears the mesothoracic spiracle. In the Cerambycinae
and in the metathoracic segment of the Lamiinae the anterior ventral angle
extends much farther downward than usual below the upper end of the ventral
cuneus, the projection includes the presternum (PrSt), which is not defined
dorsally by the usual suture.

The epipleurum in the prothorax is crescent-shaped in the Lepturinae
(fig. 5) ; rectangular in the Prioninae (fig. 2) , the Lamiinae (fig. 8) and some of
the Cerambycinae (fig. 4), and entirely or only anteriorly fused with the
ventral elements in some Cerambycinae and in the Disteniinae (fig. 6).

Alar area: Above the V-shaped dorso-lateral suture lies the alar area {A A).
It is characteristically wedge-shaped, with the apex below; in the Lamiinae and
some Prioninae almost bisecting the epipleurum. Dorsally the alar area is
limited by a more or less concave longitudinal suture which msets the cuneus
posteriorly at the same muscle notch as does the lower end of the scutellum.

In the prothorax the alar area (PA) is trapezoidal to rectangular and may
or may not be completely set off from the area above (the pronotum, Pn) by a
suture. It is usually more or less chitinized and clothed in varying degrees of
hairiness. When designated in descriptions it is spoken of as the pro-alar area.

Notum, Prescutum, Scutum, and Scutellum: The remaining dorsal areas are
either entirely fused (in many Lamiinae) and spoken of as the notum (N), or
separated by x-shaped sutures into a triangular prescutum (PSc), a triangular

R T MsT M*T IA HA

CIS

PA

ctl

1

Lz

vj^

,.'

<• '

I'rSt

is

/ss
''ESt \

Fig. 4. Diagrammatic illustration of sclerites and lines of a larva of the Cerambycinae. For
explanation of abbreviations, see page 150.

scutellum behind (Scl), and laterally a diamond-shaped or triangular scutum (Sc),
all of whose apices meet in the longitudinal median-dorsal line. In tin4 meta-
thorax of some Cerambycinae and Lamiinae a single transverse suture marks
off an anterior transverse prescutum and a posterior transverse scutellum, the
region below being the scutum. The extremities of these areas, however, are
then not definitely defined. In both the mesothorax and t&etathorax of the
Lepturinae and in the metathorax of the Prioninae and the Lamiinae a small
triangle is marked off, which possibly is part of the alar area, but is here con-
sidered as a lower portion of the scutum.

21

Pronotum: These notal areas have fused in the prothorax into a large
rectangular plate, the pronotum (Pn). When not fused with the alar area, it is
limited below by a lateral suture or impression, the lateral suture (I) of pronotum
which may extend along the entire prothorax or only for a short distance.
Sometimes the pronotum is also divided by a longitudinal median suture (m)
of pronotum, which may or may not be impressed for the entire width of the
pronotum. The pronotum is variously modified by differences in sculpture
and texture to a greater extent than any other body region. Usually it is
definable into an anterior area (aa), more or less chitinized, smooth and shining;
a median punctured area (ma), and a posterior area (pa). This posterior area
shows the greatest variation; it may be smooth and shining or finely or coarsely
granulated and either opaque or shining; reticulate; finely, coarsely or pinnately
striate; protuberant in various shapes; or finely vellured to coarsely asperate.
This variation offers one of the most valuable specific characters.

Postnotal fold: In the Prioninae and nearly all the Cerambycinae a trans-
verse fold, the postnotal fold (Pnf), is found just behind the fused notal areas of
the prothorax. It is considered a development of the intersegmental skin.

Presternum: The presternum (PrSt) is represented by a triangular area
lying in front of the segment, against the ventral cuneus and just below the
epipleurum. Occasionally it extends ventrally until the apices meet medially.
This is usually the case in the prothorax, where it becomes quite large, and in
some of the Cerambycinae, in the Aseminae, and in the Disteniinae it is fused
with the epipleurum into a broad ventral region.

Eusternum and Sternellum: A transverse line across the segment between
the coxae sets off an anterior transverse eusternum (Est) and a posterior trans-
verse sternellum (Stl). In the prothorax the eusternum is often not defined,
but when so it usually has a roundly triangular form and is variously sculptured.
The sternellum in the prothorax forms in the Cerambycinae a very distinct

B T MT'MtT IA //A III A

Fig. 5.

Diagrammatic illustration of sclerites and lines of a larva of the Lepturinae.
explanation of abbreviations, see page 150.

For

fold by the fusion with a portion of the hypopleurum, and its extremities often
extend to or beyond the spiracles. In such cases it is spoken of as the sternellar
fold and bears the legs. In other forms this sternellar fold is not distinct at its
extremities but fused with the epipleurum.

Hypopleurum: The hypopleurum (Hp) lies beneath the epipleurum, be-
hind the presternum and contiguous with the basal portion of the leg. In many
coleopterous larvae it is chitinized and divided into an anterior prehypopleurum
and a posterior part (posthypopleurum) , but in none of the cerambycid larvae
does any chitinization occur, nor is it ever entirely divided in these forms, the
nearest approach to this condition is found in the Lepturinae.

22

Coxa and leg: Legs are in general poorly developed in the cerambycid
larvae. In one subfamily, the Lamiinae, they rarely occur. They are also
absent in some of the Cerambycinae, or only developed as a minute spine, but
in other Cerambycinae they are two-, three-, four- or five-jointed. In the
remaining families they always are present, best developed in the Lepturinae.
The fleshy lobe or joint forming the base of the leg is the coxa (ex), which is
surrounded, above by the hypopleurum and beneath by the eusternum and
sternellum. In the prothorax of the Prioninae and Lepturinae the coxae meet
or almost meet, medially. The last joint, the claw-like tarsus (t), is most exten-
sively modified and may be a short conical or a long spine; in the Lepturinae
a long seta often extends from near the base on the inner face. The other
joints are, named from the base outward, trochanter, femur, and tibia (PI.
XXII). When the leg is represented only by a short spine it is assumed that
these middle joints are lost.

The prothoracic, tergal, lateral, sternal, and eusternal plates or spots: The
anterior margin of the prothorax in many cerambycid larvae tends to become
more or less chitinized. This chitinization is stronger at certain points in
rectangular or oval plates or spots. Four tergal plates occur, of which two are

Fig. 6.

Diagrammatic illustration of sclerites and lines of thorax of a larva of the Disteniinae.
For explanation of abbreviations, see page ISO.

pronctal (ns) and two, one on each side proalar (as); two lateral spots (ls)}
one on each side, occur on the epipleurum and two arc presternal (ps). The
eusternum also often bears two similar spots of chit in 'nation (es). These plates
or spots are more distinct on living larvae and usually arc some shade1 of yellow.
They afford good descriptive characters.

THE ABDOMEN

As before stated, the epipleurum separates the abdominal segments into a
dorsal and ventral region. These regions above and below the epipleurum are
divided into certain areas, some of which can be homologized with thoracic
areas and are similarly named. Others are special abdominal developments or
are questionably homologizable with the thoracic areas. In either case a new
name has been applied. The abdominal areas above1 and below the epipleurum
are as follows:

23

Above the epipleurum the region is divided into prescutum, the scutal plate,
the scutellum, the parascutum (ParSc), and the spiracular area (Spa) or alar
area.

Below the epipleurum the region is divided into presternum, eusternumf
sternellum, hypopleurum, and the cozal lobe (Cxi).

Epipleurum: The epipleurum is often the most conspicuous abdominal
area. It is strongly protuberant on all segments in most Lepturinae and many
Lamiinae. In other Lamiinae it is only protuberant on five to seven segments,
while in still others and in all the Cerambycinae, Prioninae, Aseminae and
Disteniinae it is protuberant only on the last three abdominal segments.
Typically the region is somewhat oblique, the anterior extremity being slightly
higher than the posterior. In the Cerambycinae and the Aseminae the sutures
defining the epipleurum above are often indistinct on those segments on which
it is not protuberant.

Pleural tuber cute and disc: On the epipleurum in many larvae is a more
or less conspicuous lobe or tubercule, the pleural tubercle (PI). It is usually
better developed on those segments on which the epipleurum is protuberant.
The shape of this tubercle and the number of hairs or setae it bears offer very
good specific characters.

In the Prioninae and Cerambycinae a disc of contrasting texture is found
on the epipleurum in those segments where it is not protuberant. This disc,
the pleural disc (d), is most conspicuous on the first three abdominal segments,
becoming less so posteriorly. It may be present on from three to six segments.
Near its centre is a small pore or pit surrounded by radial or sinuous striations
or by a dull, finely granulate to rugulose integument. Again, it is somewhat
obliterated by the pleural tubercle in some Cerambycinae. In the Lamiinae a
homologous structure occurs on the pleural tubercle. At each extremity of
this tubercle in many genera can be found a chitinous pore or pit (cp). The
anatomy of these structures has been described by Hess (13) and associated
with chordotonal organs.

Ampullae: Probably the most conspicuous abdominal structures of many
cerambycid larvae are the dorsal and the ventral protuberances of the first six
or seven segments. These protuberances are used by the larvae in moving in
their burrows and have been named the ambulatory ampullae (A nib Amp) by

Fig. 7.

JDz>STJBWA.

Diagrammatic illustration of sclerites and lines of abdomen of a larva of the Disteniinae.
For explanation of abbreviations, see page 150.

Perris (23). These ampullae are formed from a dorsal protuberance of the
prescutum, scutal plate, parascutum, and scutellum, and from a ventral protu-
berance of the eusternum and sternellum.

It would be expected that developments of such constant use to the larvae
would be greatly modified to conform to various conditions of life habits. This
is certainly the case, and the wide variation in their shape and armature is of
special systematic value, furnishing specific, generic and subfamily characters.

The ampullae (Pis. XXIX, XXX, XXXI, XXXII) may be projecting and
with a flat surface, as in Cyllene, having one to several transverse impressions
and often a small longitudinal furrow. The transverse impressions may be
parallel or converging toward a lateral impression so as to form a hexagonal,

24

elliptical, or diamond-shaped area. In other forms, as Atimia, Callimoxys,
Ency clops, and Hetoemis, they are more prominently projecting and the longi-
tudinal furrow is deepened until the ampullae appear completely divided into
two separate lobes. The surface texture of these ampullae is always in contrast
to that of the other portions of the body; it may be granulate, with the granules
dull or shining, fine, coarse, or even placoid; or tuberculate, with small or large,
distinct or confluent tubercules arranged in two, three ,or four regular or irregular
rows; or it may be striate. The tubercules or even the flat surface may be
finely pubescent or velured to strongly asperate. In the Prioninae seven
ampullae are developed, large projecting lobes with a flat surface usually more
or less rugulose; dorsally they bear two transverse impressions, ventrally one:
within this group is found the least variation. In the Aseminae they are usually
finely velured, in the Cerambycinae granulate in various degrees, in the Lep-
turinae and Lamiinae tuberculate or some variation therefrom.

Prescutum, Scutellum, and Scutal plate: In most larvae the dorsal ampullae
have two transverse impressions that meet a lateral one on each side. For the
inclosed region the writer proposes the name "scutal plate" (sp) (scutum of
Craighead, 1915). In many Aseminae and Lamiinae another lateral impression

T

Fig.

-Diagrammatic illustration of sclerites and lines of a larva of the Lamiinae. For explana-
tion of abbreviations, see page 150.

is often found, produced by a division of the largo muscle that contracts the
ampullae. In front of the scutal plate is a poorly-defined region, and behind
the latter a similar one, respectively interpreted as the prescutum and scutellum
These regions correspond more or less to those of the thorax.

Parascutum: Directly below the scutal plate is a large region, the para-
scutum (PaSc). Ventrally it is defined by a curved line that coincides more or
less with the basal limit of the ampullar protuberance. Often this line is
indistinct, but then there usually can be found a muscle scar just above and
behind the spiracle representing its position. Between this muscle mark and
the scutal plate is a row of similar marks produced by longitudinal muscles
characteristic of this area. Dorsally the anterior and posterior dorsal limits of
the parascutum are not distinct from the prescutum and scutellum. This
parascutum is supposed to be homologous with the whole thoracic scutum and
in reality includes the scutal plate, but is so definitely separated by the trans-
verse suture (when ampullae are developed) that different names are deemed
appropriate.

Spiracular area or Alar area: Between the parascutum and the epipleurum
lies a large area bearing the spiracle, the spiracular ana {SpA I (Boving, 2).
Its apices extend dorsad both anteriorly and posteriorly following the curved

25

parascutum. The ventral limit is well-defined when the epipleurum is pro-
tuberant: otherwise it has to be located by a faint line marking the dorsal
margin of the epipleurum or by a few muscle marks just below the spiracle.

In the Prioninae, Aseminae, Cerambycinae, and Disteniinae the spiracular
area bears a protuding elliptical region in the centre of which the spiracle is
situated. It also apparently takes in part of the epipleurum extending from
the notch on the ventral cuneus. When spoken of it will be called the spiracular
ellipse (se), but it is not regarded as a definite area. It is formed by certain
muscle attachments and becomes more pronounced in those forms in which the
epipleurum is less protuberant.

Hypopleurum and Coxal Lobe: Just beneath the epipleurum is a broad
transverse region extending down to a short transverse suture on each side of
the ampullae. This region consists of two distinct areas, the hypopleurum (Hp)
and the coxal lobe (CxL). The hypopleurum is above and separated by an
oblique line from the coxal lobe. In the Cerambycinae and Aseminae the
hypopleurum is nearly transverse (to the segment) and very large; the coxal
lobe is quite small. In the other subfamilies the hypopleurum is pushed back-
ward by the enlarging of the coxal lobe until it forms a triangular area limited
below by an oblique line extending from near the middle of the epipleurum.
In some larvae the ventral ampullae are flat and the hypopleurum and coxal
lobe strongly protrude laterally. Curius (PL XXVII, fig. 4) shows this develop-
ment very well.

Presternum: Anteriorly, just below the epipleurum is found a small trian-
gular area, the presternum (PrSt). In the Cerambycinae and Lamiinae it is
often not definitely separated from the epipleurum but superficially appears as
though it were Merely an anterior ventral protrusion of this region.

Eusternum and Sternellum: The ventrally protruding region of the segment
forming the ampullae has, in most larvae, a transverse impression usually meet-
ing laterally a shorter longitudinal one. The area in front of this transverse
line is the eusternum (Est), that behind, the sternellum (Stl). Neither can be
definitely limited laterally but they fuse to a greater or lesser extent with the
coxal lobe or hypopleurum.

NINTH ABDOMINAL SEGMENT

The ninth abdominal segment, together with the anal lobes (al), may be
more or less telescoped into the preceding segment. Such is the case in the
Cerambycinae and most other cerambycid larvae, but in the Prioninae it is
swollen and extended. In one genus, Aneflus, this segment is heavily chitinized.

Caudal Spines and Cerci: The ninth abdominal segment often bears on
the tergum one or two chitinous points of various shapes or sizes, the caudal
spines or cerci (a).

Anal Lobes and Anal Spines: Contractible into the ninth abdominal seg-
ment are three lobes, the anal lobes (al), which surround the anus. One is
situated dorsally, the others latero-ventrally. Rarely, as in Ptychodes (PL VII,
fig. 15), only two lobes are present, a dorsal and a ventral. Occasionally, as in
Dorcaschema (PL VII, fig. 9), the dorsal lobe bears a spine, the anal spine (ai).

26

BRIEF CHARACTERIZATION OF LARVAE OF THE FAMILY

CERAMBYCIDAE.

The larvae of the family Cerambycidae may be briefly characterized as
follows:

Form rather robust, fleshy, usually more or less cylindrical. Integument thin, slightly cori-
aceous, more so on prothorax; never deeply pigmented nor chitinized; very pubescent or hairy.

//< ad extensible; occiput large; occipital foramen very large, opening on underside. Ventral
surface of head bridged by the broad hypostoma; gula short, lying on top of the hypostoma;
anterior edge of hypostoma scarcely retracted relative to the ventral articulation of the mandible.
Ventral mouth-parts compact, not retracted; maxillary stipes not free (movable only in one
plane); maxillary sclerite distinct, often cushioned. Clypeus and labrum distinct. Mandibles
short, quadrangular, no molar part.

Prothorax large, membranous; collar articulating head with prothorax wide. No hypo-
pleural chitizination on thorax. Legs either small or wanting, widely distant, conical, tarsus
claw-shaped.

Abdomen extended, segments readily telescoping on one another, dorsally and ventrally
bearing fleshy ambulatory ampullae. Spiracles bilabiate, the two-lipped respiratory opening
narrow; lips membranous, clothed with setigerous tubercles. Cerci absent, or chitinous un-
jointed processes. Anal lobes three (rarely two), exserted, terminal.

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES OF CERAMBYCIDAE

Head transverse, wider behind the middle 1

Head oblong, sides parallel or converging behind 6

1. Mandibles with oblique cutting edge (except in Opsimus) 2

Mandibles with rounded, gougelike cutting edge 5

2. Dorsal margins of epicranial halves partly fused behind front 3

Dorsal margins of epicranial halves separated behind front 4

3. Epistoma projecting over clypeus; front projecting over epistoma, dentate or carinate (except

in Parandra); tentorial cross-arm in same plane as hypostoma, forming a bridge behind it.

Legs present Prion mac

Neither epistoma nor front projecting; tentorial cross-arm internal. Legs present . As» minae

4. Tentorial cross-arm internal; palpifer large, bearing lacinia and palpus; epipleurum pro-

tuberant on all abdominal segments. Legs present Lepturinae

Tentorial cross-arm in same plane as hypostoma, bridging the anterior ventral surf ace of the
head; palpifer small, joint-like; lacinia apparently borne on siipes. Form very elongate,
slender. Legs present Disteniinae

5. Epistoma never projecting; tentorial cross-arm in same plane as hypostoma and forming a

bridge behind it; clypeus never filling space between dorsal articulations of mandibles;
epipleurum protuberant only on last three abdominal segments. Legs present or absent.
._ . . . . Cerambydnat

6. Epistoma never projecting; tentorial cross-arm internal; epipleurum variously protuberant.

Legs usually absent Lamiinae

Subfamily PRIONINAE

The Prioninae constitute a group of uniformly large larvae. They are
remarkably glabrous for cerambycids and of robust form. In all except Paran-
dra the epistoma projects over the head in a more or less dentate carina, and
the anterior margin of the front is variously modified into a carina, teeth, or
tubercles. The ampullae are broad and flat, conspicuously marked by two
transverse parallel impressions. The pleural discs are conspicuous in this
group as large circular spots of a rugulose or radially striate texture. They
may be present on from three to six segments. The last abdominal segment
is relatively large and more protrusive than in other cerambycids. Legs are
always present.

These larvae consitute a well-defined group with no sensible gradations
into other subfamilies.

FOOD HABITS

Generally speaking these larvae feed in wood in contact with the ground
or those portions of a tree beneath the ground. They require considerable
moisture and are easily affected by drying. One species, Sphenostethus taslei,

attacks dry, dead, seasoned tops of various hardwoods. The larval mines are
large, extensive burrows rather loosely packed with coarse shredded frass.
They are often associated with species of Leptura and continue working in the
same dead log or stump until it is completely consumed. Some species are
peculiar to conifers, others only to hardwoods, and a few Orthosoma indiscrim-
inately attack either. The genus Prionus has been found only in the roots
of living trees. It burrows extensively through the ground from root to root.

The larvae require from two to four years to complete their development.
From the same group of eggs laid by a single female Orthosoma some adults
appeared after two years and others after three years.

CHARACTERIZATION OF LARVAE OF THE SUBFAMILY PRIONINAE.

The characters of the Prioninae larvae may be briefly summarized as fol-
lows :

Head transverse, dorsal margins of epicranial halves behind front fused for some distance,
later separating, angulate; tentorial cross-arm lowered in a plane parallel to the hypostoma
(i.e. occipital foramen apparently divided into an anterior and posterior portion).

Mandibles wedge-shaped, cutting edge broadly emarginate, apex produced, acute.

Epistoma produced in two triangular lobes or a dentate carina over clypeus (except in
Parandra) ; three epistomal setae on each side; front produced over epistoma, dentate or carinate.
Clypeus thick, trapezoidal, as wide at base as epistoma. Labrum broad, thick, semicircular or
cordate.

Maxillae moveable; cardo distinct; maxillary sclerite full, cushioned; palpifer not distinct,
small; lacinia borne on stipes; ventral mouth-parts attached to hypostoma by little more than
width of gula.

Antennae strong, partially retractile.

Prothorax having presternum and epipleurum distinct; eusternum of prothorax partially or
entirely distinct; coxal lobe, large, surrounded by large hypopleurum. Mesothoracic spiracle
protruding somewhat into prothorax. Legs short, stout, conical.

Epipleurum of abdomen protuberant only on last three segments; hypopleurum distinct;
coxal lobes large; spiracle in a well defined, elliptical region. Dorsal ambulatory ampullae
bearing two transverse impressions; the ventral, one impression.

Ninth abdominal segment large, extended, never telescoped within the eighth.

KEY TO THE KNOWN GENERA OF THE PRIONINAE

Epistoma not projecting over the clypeus. Posterior area of the pronotum and the ampullae
asperate Parandra

Epistoma projecting over clypeus; front either dentate or carinate

Neither pronotum nor ampullae asperate 1

1. Pleural discs distinct on two to four abdominal segments 2

Pleural discs distinct on six abdominal segments 7

2. Mandible having cutting edge entire 3

Mandible with upper portion of cutting edge flattened into a striated plate 6

3. Front carinate 4

Front bearing four accuminate teeth. Three prominent ocelli Sphenostethus

4. Front produced in a smooth transverse carina or not at all. Anterior area of epipleurum of

prothorax bearing a group of short conical chitinous spines. Last joint of palpi very short,

blunt Mallodon and Stenodontes

• Front produced in a transverse dentate carina divided in the middle. Epipleurum of
prothorax not armed 5

5. Carina of front distinctly divided into four broad lobes; last joint of maxillary palpi shorter

than second; texture rugose Derobrachus

Carina not distinctly divided into four broad lobes; last joint of maxillary palpi longer than
second, conical; texture smooth Orthosoma

6. Front extended in four large, blunt, rounded teeth. Ocelli scarcely visible Ergates

Front extended into four flattened, acute-edged, dentate teeth. Ocelli 3 to 4, promi-
nent Tragosoma

7. Front projecting over epistoma in a transverse carina; never dentate; epistoma usually of

two lobes Prionus

Epistoma projecting in four flat, obtuse tuber cules Homaesthesis

Note. — In a previous paper the author (6) has described the larvae of the following genera: Parandra, Mallodon,
Stenodontes, Derobrachus, Orthosomi, Prionus, Ernates, Tragosomi, and Spheriostethus . Several other species have been
reared since and the pupae of some of the preceding found, which are treated in this paper. They are the larvae and
pjpae of Homaesthesis and the pupae of Parandra, Mallodon, Orthosoma, Ergates, Sj)henostethus, Tragosoma and Prionus.

28

HOMAESTHESIS Leconte

This genus is in many respects scarcely separable from Prionus by larval characters. The
pleural discs, antennae, palpi, and general form are very similar; the only distinctive character-
istics are those of the short, more convex mandible with the less oblique cutting edges, and the
median teeth of the epistoma, either as large or larger than the distal.

These larvae, so far as known, feed on the roots of grasses and related plants. They burrow
extensively through the ground.

HOMAESTHESIS EMARGINATUS Say

[PI. I, fig. 10; PI. XII, figs. 10, 11, 12]

Form cylindrical, slightly tapering posteriorly; integument very finely granulate, shining,
sparsely clothed with lemon-yellow hairs.

Head subrectangular, slightly constricted on sides behind gena and somewhat produced at
base behind attachment of dorsal retractor muscles; epistoma projecting over crypeus in four
prominent, flat, obtuse tubercles, the two median approximate; front scarcely projecting in a dull
rounded transverse carina. Labrum transverse, subtrapezoidal, sparsely haired; mandibles
robust, strongly curved on outer face (when seen from above), basal portion brownish, shining
apical dull black, cutting edge straight, very little obliquely inclined, dorsal angle not strongly
toothed; antennae three-jointed (as in Prionus), first joint shortest, transverse, second globular,
bearing the minute third. Ventral mouth-parts rather soft, fleshy, maxillary palpi conical, two
basal joints transverse, last slightly larger, cylindrical, and bluntly round, about equal to last
labial. Post condylar carina faint; subfossal spine acutely conical.

Prolhorax quadrangular. Anterior area of pronotum with transverse band of short hairs,
posterior rugulose. Eusternum completely separated from presternum. Legs short, hairy,
tarsus a slender spine.

Abdominal ampullae rather prominently projecting. Pleural disc radially striate, distinct
on first six abdominal segments. Spiracles rather small, oval, peritreme slightly chitinized.

Pupa: As studied from a larval skin no difference can be seen from Prionus. It is abso-
lutely unarmed and pupates in an earthen cell, as does Prionus.

Egg: Elongate ovoid, 5 by 1-5 mm., largest beyond middle opposite micropyle, from which
it gradually tapers to apex; texture firm, tough, strongly or finely pitted or honeycombed.

[Described from specimens Hopk. US. 11860,/.]

The larva of this species feeds on the roots of grasses, burrowing
through the earth from plant to plant. It occasionally does considerable
damage by killing the plots of grass. Adults were collected flying, about the
middle of July and the males were attracted by lights. The eggs are laid in
the earth at the base of grass stems, where they hatch in about 30 days. The
larva requires three years to mature, finally pupating in an earthen cell. The
foregoing interesting observations were made by Mr. W. D. Edmonston at
Larkspur, Colo.

HOMAESTHESIS sp. (INTEGER LeConte?)1

Distinguished from H. emarginatus only by the fact that the distal teeth or projections on
the epistoma are quite small and acute and some distance from the median ones, the medial
larger and obtusely rounded; the carina of the projecting front is sharper edged and distinctly
arcuate, and a short carina is present in the region of the ocelli.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9906u.]

These specimens were sent in from Nebraska by a correspondent who
stated that the larvae had destroyed a large portion of the corn (Zea >/hu/s) in
a field by eating the roots. The specimens (three) are uniformly distinct from
H. emarginatus and are therefore described as the other species of that genus.
A specimen has been seen that was collected in the tuber of a sweet potato
(Ipomola batatas) by F. C. Pratt.

KEY TO DESCRIBED PUPAE OF PRIONINAE

Margin of pronotum entire; two acute caudal cerci Parandra

Margin of pronotum denticulate, serrate, etc.

Anterior margin of third, fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal terga bearing two distinct earinae.

Described as Prionus sp. (6).

29

No caudal cerci Mallodom>

Two caudal cerci present.

Margin of abdominal carinae entire Orthosoma1

Margin of abdominal carinae dentate.

Cerci obtusely conical, tuberculiform Ergates1

Cerci acutely conical Sphenostethus1

Anterior margin of third, fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal terga bearing no carinae.

Body armed with small chitinous spines; two caudal cerci Tragosoma

Body glabrous; no cerci (Prionus

\ Homaesthesis

PARANDRA BRUNNEA Fabricius
[PL XXVI, fig. 4]

Pupa: Form similar to that of adult; head glabrous, pronotum armed with scattered,
minute conical spines on lateral borders and posterior margin; several groups of smaller ones on
mesonotum and metanotum; each abdominal tergum armed with similar recurved spines, which
are more numerous posteriorly; the epipleurum also, which is slightly protuberant, bearing a
group; last tergum bearing two stout acuminate spines widely separated at base, extending
posteriorly and laterally.

Egg: Elongate, cylindrical, 1-5 mm. by 0-5 mm.; widest at middle, tapering slightly to
both ends, which are bluntly rounded; bearing a rather large micropyle at the larger end;
texture smooth, no trace of sculpturing.

The larva was first described by Osten-Sacken (22).

TRAGOSOMA HARRISII LeConte

Pupa: Form similar to that of adult; head and thoracic segments glabrous; abdominal terga
bearing numerous acute, conical, chitinous points, the central median ones larger, on first tergum
fewer and smaller, increasing posteriorly; epipleurum of all but first three bearing a group of
short conical spines; ninth tergum armed with two acutely conical, widely separated, chitinous
processes. No carina present on abdominal tergum.

SPHENOSTETHUS TASLEI Buquet

Pupa: Form similar to that of adult; head and thoracic segments bearing a few scattered,
minute, chitinous points; abdominal terga bearing a transverse row of acutely triangular, flattened
points, more numerous and strongly chitinized on posterior segments; carina on abdominal
terga finely crenulate or dentate; epipleurum beset with several points similar to tergal; ninth
tergum with two diverging, acutely conical, chitinous processes or cerci.

PRIONUS IMBRIGORNIS Linnaeus

Pupa: Form as of adult; body entirely glabrous, devoid of any chitinous spines or points;
abdominal terga very finely wrinkled and epipleurum strongly so; ninth abdominal tergum
bearing two small, globular, fleshy protuberances.

The pupae of this genus are remarkable in that they are entirely devoid of
any chitinous markings, so characteristic of other pupae in the family. This
may have some correlation with their habit of transforming in an earthen cocoon.
From the two species which have been studied it is impossible to draw specific
differences.

PRIONUS CALIFORNIGUS Motschulsky

[PI. XXXVI, fig. 2]

Pupa: The pupa of this species cannot be distinguished from P. imbricornis. It is likewise
totally glabrous and devoid of any spines.

The described specimens were collected at Missoula, Montana, by Josef
Brunner. The larvae feed on the roots of Amelanchier and Rhus, often killing
the plants.

For description see Craighead (6).

30

Subfamily ASEMINAE

Considering the typical genera included in LeConte's group Asemi, the
larvae form a sharply defined series; but with the consideration of Tetropium,
Atimia must be included and the less closely related (by larval characters)
genus Opsimus. Through this last genus is indicated the transition to the Ceram-
bycinae, from which subfamily it can be separated by only one character. As
a whole the Aseminae present at the same time strong affinities to the Lepturinae
and through Atimia show a well-graduated transition to that subfamily. In
fact the Necydalini could be as well placed with the Aseminae as in the true
Lepturinae.

The present consideration is based on the following genera: Asemum,
Criocephalus, Nothorhina, Spondylis, Tetropium, Atimia, Paratimia, and
Opsimus.

GENERAL HABITS

All species of the Aseminae, so far as known, are confined to the coniferous
trees. With several exceptions, they have very similar habits and on this basis
can be divided into two groups which coincide more or less closely with those
based on the larval characteristics. The species of Asemum, Criocephalus, and
Nothorhina can be said to be wood borers mining under the bark but a very
short time; in Asemum moestum entering only the sap wood, but in other species
the deep heartwood. Pupation normally takes place in the wood. The larval
mines are closely packed with mixed granular and fibrous frass. Species of the
genera Tetropium and Atimia are strictly bark feeders, spending the whole
larval stage between the bark and wood. Pupation occurs in the outer sapwood
or bark. Their mines also are tightly packed with frass which, however, is
more granular than in the case of related forms. Opsimus is more strictly a
sapwood feeder, but a short part of the larval period is spent between the bark
and wood. Paratimia has the peculiar habit of mining in dry, seasoned pine
cones (Pinus).

A rather large amount of moisture is requisite to all species, except prob-
ably Paratimia. Trees which have practically dried out are never attacked.
This is especially true of Atimia, which attacks the cedars on which the hark
dries quickly. Many of the species feed only in the stumps and portions close
to the ground. An upright tree is seldom attacked, exeept at the base, but it*
felled the whole trunk is liable to injury.

The oviposition of those species in which it has been observed (Asemum,
Criocephalus and Atimia), is accomplished by merely inserting the egg in deep
crevices of the bark.

Two species of Tetropium are of economic importance, as they attack living
or weakened trees under favourable circumstances. Great numbers of Tsuga,
Larix, and ^ Abies have been reported killed by these insects.

Paratimia, Atimia, and Opsimus pupate in the fall, over-wintering as adults.
All other species transform in the spring.

CHARACTERIZATION OF LARVAE OF THF SUBFAMILY ASEMINAE
The characters of the Aseminae may be summarized as follows:

Head transverse; dorsal margins of epicranial halves behind fronl fused almost to base,
rounded behind; tentorial cross-arm internal in a plane at right angles with hypostoma (i.e.,
occipital foramen not apparently divided into an anterior and a posterior portioD .

Mandibles cuneate from side, cutting edge broadly emarginate, having the dorsal angle
rounded or flattened (except in Opsimus), apex produced acute.

Epistoma not produced over clypeus, five to many epistomal setae. Clypeus trapezoidal,
filling space between the dorsal condyles of the mandible. Labium transverse, semicircular or
pub cord ate.

Maxillae movable; cardo visible; maxillary articulating lobe full; ventral mouth-parts
attached to hypostoma for nearly its entire breadth; palpifer Large, distinct, bearing lacinia.

Antennae frail, short, very retractile.

31

Eusternum of prothorax distinct, triangular; presternum and epipleurum fused; coxal lobe
small, opposite sternellum. Mesothoracic spiracle not protruding into prothorax. Legs mod-
erate in size, slender.

Abdominal ampullae with two lateral impressions on each side; regions bearing spiracle
distinctly defined, elliptical; hypopleurum large; coxal lobe small; epipleurum protuberant only
on seventh, eighth and ninth abdominal segments; pleural disc never present.

KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF ASEMINAE

Labrum as long or longer than wide; dorsal angle of mandibles flattened into a triangular

plate 1

Labrum wider than long, transverse, dorsal angle of mandibles simply rounded 2

1. Asperities of pronotum1 coarse; caudal spines acutely conical, nearly contiguous at base,

usually slightly incurved Criocephalus

Asperities or pronotum finer; caudal spines either bluntly conical, contiguous at base, or

separate and shortly tuberculate Asemum

Caudal spines broadly conical, suddenly acute at apex A . moestum

Caudal spines separated, blunt tubercles A. nitidum

Asperities of pronotum finer; caudal spines flatly triangular, concave from

behind Nothorhina

Asperities of pronotum finer; mandibles near tip abruptly notched at right angle to inner
edge; caudal spines short, blunt, widely separate Spondylis

2. Cutting edge of mandibles obliquely emarginate; lacinia normal; two caudal spines.

Caudal spines approximate; ampullae dull, covered with velvety pubescence. .Tetropium

Caudal spines fused, bifurcate at tip T. cinnamopterum .

Caudal spines separated, blunt tubercles.

Gena beset with dense bristles T. velutinum

Gena essentially glabrous T. abietis .

Caudal spines separated more than twice their length, incurved; ampullae glabrous,

shining, deeply bilobed; pronotum posteriorly finely velvety pubescent Atimia

Caudal spines straight, separated more than twice their height; ampullae not bilobed;

pronotum glabrous Paratimia

Cutting edge of mandibles rounded, gouge-like; lacinia lanceolate; no caudal spines. Opsimus

ASEMUM Eschschotz, CRIOCEPHALUS Mulsant,
and NOTHORHINA Redtenbacker

The species of Asemum, Criocephalus, and Nothorhina cannot be separated
generically as larvae. Without exception every character found either varies
within the genus or is of only relative value and can be recognized only in the
species. Their similarity when a large series is studied is very striking. The
best character of specific value is the shape and position of the caudal spines.
In general it may be said that Criocephalus and Nothorhina are more robust
and more densely haired. The asperities on the posterior area of the prothorax
are much coarser and darker in colour and the glabrous spots more numerous
in Criocephalus. The species may be collectively recognized as follows:

Head rather salient; labrum cordate, longer than wide; no ocelli; genal bristles long and
dense; mandibles having ventral apical angle sharply acute and dorsal angle of cutting edge
flattened into a triangular, more or less striated plate; gula longer than wide. Pronotum poster-
iorly very finely asperate or velured, as also the ampullae, but much less so.

ASEMUM MOESTUM Haldeman

[Pis. VI, fig. 8, 12; XXV, fig. 1, 2]

Form rather robust, anteriorly slightly depressed, posteriorly slightly compressed; integument
thin, shining, sparsely covered with fine brownish pubescence.

Head depressed, widest behind middle; mouth-frame strongly chitinized; epistoma roundly
declivous, slightly curved. Labrum cordate, widest triangular from side, dorsal plate feebly
striate. Antennae three-jointed, second and third joints equal; antennal ring open behind;
ocelli absent; genal setae rather dense, reddish brown. Hypostomal plates large, trapezoidal,
anterior margin thick, distinct and broadly curved; gula longer than wide, sutures concave.
Ventral mouth-parts fleshy; joints of maxillary palpi gradually shorter, basal largest, last labial
joint equal to last maxillary; lacinia very slender, cylindrical; mentum wider than long.

Prothorax trapezoidal, widest in front; a chitinized light ochraceous band across anterior
margin of protergum, widening laterally, and two triangular plates on epipleurum; pronotum

_ * These asperites on the pronotum in Asemum moestum and A. atrum are individually distinguishable as fine points
with a Zeiss 4 eyepiece and Ao objective, while in A. nitidum they cannot be so separated but blend together. In Crioce-
phalus they are distinguishable with a 20X hand lens; in Nothoirna they are similar to A. nitidum.

32

anteriorly glabrous, shining, posteriorly very finely asperate and beset with a few setae; euster-
num triangular, finely asperate and setose; sternellum finely asperate, glabrous. Mesosternum,
metasternum, and terga finely asperate. Legs of three distinct joints, the basal shortest; tarsus
very long, attenuate.

Abdomen bearing ampullae on seven segments, these very finely asperate, impressed by a
broad, longitudinal furrow. Epipleurum shining and sparsely hairy; protuberant on last three
segments, tubercle broadly oval, bearing about five setae. Spiracles broadly oval, chitinous
rimmed. Caudal spines contiguous at base, large conical, then suddenly acute at apex. Anus
trilobed.

Pupa: Form as in adult. Pronotum anteriorly bearing a few minute chitinous points;
mesonotum,metanotum, and first abdominal segment unarmed; abdominal terga bearing two
groups of chitinous points in a transverse row; caudal segment armed with two slender, acute,
incurved spines.

The larva of this species breeds in Picea, Larix and Abies throughout
eastern and central North America. It attacks dead trees, preferably shortly
after their death. The mines are constructed under the bark for a short dis-
tance, then into the sapwood. rarely penetrating more deeply. The pupal cell
is either made in the bark proper or in a long cell in the sapwood parallel to the
grain. The life cycle is completed in one or often two years.

Packard (23) has described Asemum moestum, but evidently he has confused
this larva with that of some other species. The description indicates a
species cf Neoclytus.

ASEMUM ATRUM Eschscholtz

[PI. VI, fig. 1]

Some typical forms from the Pacific Slope can be recognized by the gradually conical, acute
caudal spines, but all intermediate grades are found between these and the true moestum.
[Described from specimen Hopk. U. S. 110656.]

Habits similar to A. moestum, of which it is supposedly the western form,
occurring throughout the Sierra and Rocky Mountain regions of North America.
It has been found in Picea.

ASEMUM NITIDUM LeConte
[Pis. II, III, VIII]

Distinguished from A. moestum by the larger size of matured larvae, the finer asperities on
the prothorax and ampullae, and the longer genal setae. The caudal spines consist of two very
short, blunt tubercles separated a distance equal to about twice their height.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 9014a.]

Pupa: Distinguished from that of A. moestum by the coarser points on the pronotum, as
well as on the metanotum. All abdominal segments bearing much coarser chitinous points,
closely and irregularly disposed. Caudal spines nearly contiguous at tip.

The larva of this species has been collected from Abies, Pseudotsuga, and
Pinus. It is more of a heartwood borer than A. moestum. The adult flies
from May to July in the Pacific Coast region. Observations by Dr. A. D.
Hopkins and Messrs. H. E. Burke and B. T. Harvey.

CRIOCEPHALUS Mulsant

From a series of several hundred specimens two species can be distinguished
by the larvae, both of which have been reared. One4 is eastern, the other
western.

CRIOCEPHALUS PRODUCTUS LeConte
[Pis. II, III, VI, XXIII, XXV]

In general as described for A. moestum, but readily distinguished by the much coarser
asperities of the pronotum and the numerous interspaced glabrous spots. Mandibles robust,
dorsal plate of cutting edge strongly striate; genal bristles more dense: asperities of ampullae
of about same texture as those on the prothorax of A. mot shun. Caudal spines acutely conical
and slightly incurved (curved toward each other). Form more robusl and densely pubescent.

Pupa: Resembles that of A. nitidum except that the prothorax is sparsely and regularly
covered with fine whitish pubescence.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11076a1 and 952S.]

33

This species, occurring throughout the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific
Coast regions attacks dying and dead species of Pinus, Abies, and Pseudotsuga.
It is strictly more primary in its attack than Asemum, being often found mining
under the bark of trees infested by Dendroctonus long before the leaves begin
to fade. The larva is more of a heartwood feeder, probably living in this stage
at least two years. The mines are tightly packed with fibrous frass. The adults
have been collected from June to August.

CRIOCEPHALUS OBSOLETUS Randall

This species averages smaller in size than in C. productus, the asperities are finer, and the
pubescence much finer and yellowish white instead of reddish brown as in C. productus. The
chitinized portion of the proalar area is nearly glabrous. The caudal spines are on a common
base and slightly compressed.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9733 and 11874e.]

The larva mines in the stumps of eastern species of Pinus, near the surface
of the ground and down into the roots. The work is similar to that of C. pro-
ductus. The adults appear during June and July. Observations by W. F.
Fiske and the author.

CRIOCEPHALUS MONTANUS LeConte

Specimens cannot be distinguished from those of C. obsoletus.
It has been reared from Pinus ponderosa.

NOTHORHINA ASPERA LeConte
[PI. VI, Fig. 10]

Form and pubescence as in Criocephalus productus. Caudal spines sharply triangular, flat,
concave posteriorly, situated on a common projecting base. Epistoma abruptly declivous; second
antennal joint longer than third; mandibles more robust, dorsal plate strongly striate. Asperities
of pronotum and ampullae similar in texture to those of A. moestum. Pleural tubercle rather
densely hairy.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12674a.]

This larva has been found only in dead heartwood of Pseudotsuga, in Rocky
Mountain and Pacific Coast regions. The galleries are tightly packed with
fibrous frass. Adults fly from July to September. The larva is described
from specimens collected in Colorado by Mr. A. B. Champlain.

SPONDYLIS Fabricius
[Pis. I, III, VI]

The writer has not seen any specimens of this genus, but places it here
following Perris. Perris's description is utilized and from it the characters are
taken as given in his table in "Larves des Coleopteres." Judging from the
remarkable similarity between European species of Tetropium, Asemum, and
Criocephalus which the author has compared with our American forms, the
characters given here will hold for Spondylis upiformis. The figures are from
Perris.

The adults of our species have been collected from dead logs of Pinus in
the western United States and British Columbia. It flies from May to July.

TETROPIUM Kirby

Form rather short; robust; pubescence fine and short. Head less salient, depressed; labrum
transverse; mandibles short, robust, apex blunt, dorsal angle of cutting edge rounded or bluntly
toothed, not flattened; last joint of maxillary palpi sharply conical; gula very short, transverse.
Pronotum posteriorly very finely asperate or rather velvety pubescent, ampullae also velured.
Caudal spines either short, blunt, and approximate or projecting and bifurcate at tip.

57951—3

34

TETROPIUM CINNAMOPTERUM Kirby
[Pis. II, VI]

Form rather slender, cylindrical, closely clothed with fine yellowish-white pubescence
Easily recognized by the fact that the caudal spines are connate conical to apex, then suddenly
bifurcate. Labrum densely hairy in front; genal bristles short, fine, dense; hypostoma deeply
curved. Velvety pubescence on posterior prothorax and ampullae light, castaneous, extremely
fine. Spiracles orbicular, large.

Pupa: Form as in adult. Pronotum sparsely beset with chitinous-tipped papillae; meson-
otum and metanotum glabrous; abdominal terga beset with a posterior band of chitin-
ous-tipped papillae; caudal segment bearing two very slender, acute, widely separated, incurved
spines.

[Described from specimen Hopk. U. S. 9734.]

The larvae feed only in dead trees. They have been collected from Abies
balsamea, Pinus, and Picea. The mines are constructed entirely under the bark
until the short pupal cell is made in the outer sapwood or bark. Its range
extends through the eastern and northwestern North America. Adults have
been collected from June to September.

TETROPIUM VELUTINUM LeConte
[PI. VI, XIV, XXII]

Form more robust than T. cinnamopterum: (epistoma more abruptly declivous; labrum
entirely covered with hairs. Pronotum and ampullae more darkly though less densely velured.
Caudal spines minute chitinous tubercles separated little more than their length.

Pupa: From the specimens studied this pupa can not be distinguished from that of cinnam-
opterum.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 11908a and 12628.]

This insect is of considerable economic importance, causing the death of
Tsuga heterophylla and Larix throughout the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific
Coast region. It has also been found in Pseudotsuga and Pinus. The larvae
mine between the bark and wood, entering their pupal cells constructed in the
outer sapwood or bark late in the summer. The adults fly from May to August.
Webb describes the work of this insect.

TETROPIUM ABIETIS Fall
[PI. Ill, VIII]

Distinguished from T. velutinum by the almost total absence of genal bristles and the shining
glabrous spot on the center of the labrum. The form is slightly more robust.

Pupa: Easily recognized by the absence of papillae on the pronotum and the coarse, very
chitinous ones of the dorsal abdominal segements.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10897c]

This Tetropium is also of economic importance, killing species of Abies at
high elevations throughout the Pacific Coast region. Its habits are similar to
those of velutinum, and it is probably often confounded with that species. It
rarely pupates in the sapwood, but usually in the inner bark. The adults fly
from April to August.

ATIMIA Haldeman

Head not very salient, depressed, widest slightly behind middle; Labrum transverse, fleshy;
mandibles more slender than those of Tetropium, apical and dorsal portions of cutting edge round-
ed, latter slightly toothed; genal setae very long and slender; one pair of ocelli. Pronotum very
finely velured behind except for an irregular central area. Ampullae glabrous, shining, fourth,
fifth and sixth deeply bilobed, giving abdomen a four sided form. Caudal spines short, acute,
incurved, separated more than twice their length.

ATIMIA DORSALIS LeConte

[Pis. Ill, VI, VII, XXIII, XXV]

Form elongate, , semi-robust, anteriorly slightly depressed; integument thin, shining, V,MV
sparsely clothed with short whitish ptibescence.

35

Head depressed; ocelli sometimes nearly obsolete; epistoma thin, curved; hypostoma
transverse; gula very short; ventral mouth-parts fleshy, palpal joints subequal.

Prothorax about twice as wide as long, with an anterior, dorsal, transverse, light ochraceous
band divided into four plates extending across protergum; pronotum anteriorly shining, posteriorly
ly very finely velvety pubescent except for central area (pubescence sometimes nearly obsolete) ;
eusternum having a narrow, transverse, posterior band of velvety pubescence. Mesonotum and
metanotum extremely finely velured.

Abdomen shining; ampullae rarely at all pubescent, fourth, fifth and sixth deeply bilobed,
these lobes tending to be tuberculate. Spiracles small, middle abdominal ones orbicular. Caudal
spines two, widely separated.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 4240gr.]

The species of Atimia are found only in the Cupressae. The larvae of this
species mine under the bark of recently dead trees, pupating and transforming
to adults in the late summer, but not emerging until spring. A. dorsalis has
been reared from Cupressus, Juniperus, and Libocedrus through the Pacific
Coast region. Observations by Messrs. H. E. Burke and J. M. Miller.

ATIMIA CONFUSA Say

This species can only be distinguished from A. dorsalis by the more slender form and by its
different distribution.

Pupa: Form, as in adult. Beset with short, stiff hairs as follows: Several groups of three on
front of head; finer ones around perimeter of pronotum; two groups on mesonotum and metan-
otum; a transverse row on each abdominal tergum, denser on second and third. Caudal spines

VPTl pvpr]

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9483 and 11820.]

This larva has been taken in Juniperus, Thuja, and Chamaecy parts. Two
broods of adults occur each year: one in early spring and the other in early fall.
From eggs laid by the spring brood some adults appear in the early fall, some
larvae over winter and transform to adults for the early spring flight, and some-
times a few larvae live until the following fall before they transform. The fall
brood shows the same irregularity of development.

PARATIMIA GONICOLA Fisher
[PI. VI, XL]

Form semi-robust, anteriorly depressed; integument firm, shining, very sparsely covered with
short whitish pubescence.

Very closely resembling Atimia, from which it is distinguished by the absence of any veluring
on prothorax or body. Pronotum trapezoidal, widest behind, smooth, glabrous, shining. Ampullae
prominent, projecting, shining, not bilobed, marked by a transverse furrow. Caudal spines
separated about three times their height, very attenuately acute, straight, projecting dorsally^

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10856d.]

The peculiar habits of this species were discovered by Messrs. J. M.
Miller and P. D. Sergent. The larva feeds in the dry, dead cones of
Pinus attenuata, boring through pith scales and seeds. Adults were found in>
the pupal cells in October. Collected at Waldo, Oregon.

OPSIMUS Thomson

This genus forms a distinct transition between the Aseminae and the Cerambycinae. The
ventral mouthparts are fused to the whole width of the hypostomal plates; the clypeus extends
out narrowly to the dorsal condyles as in the Aseminae, but is much shorter. The lacinia is
borne on the palpifer, which is large and also bears the palpi as in the Aseminae. The mandibles
have the gouge-shaped cutting edge typical of the Cerambycinae. The eusternum is triangular
and distinct.

OPSIMUS QUADRILINEATUS Mannerheim

[Pis. Ill, VIII]

Form subquadrate, elongate, slightly tapering; integument thin, white, shining; sparsely
covered with fine lemon-yellow hair.

Head transverse, gradually widening behind, narrowest in front, exposed surface brown,
chitinized excepting hypostoma; clypeus and labrum thin, latter twice as wide as long; mandibles

57951—31

36

entirely black, shining; antennae very short, retractile, conical, first and second joints broad,
second bearing at extremity a longer third and a shorter supplementary joint; ocelli one, white,
beadlike, not touching antennae; gena very hairy. Ventral mouth-parts fused to entire width of
hypostoma; maxillary palpi two-jointed, last slender, twice as long as second, equal to last
labial; lacinia thin, lanceolate, hairy, fringed on inner margin; ligula small, orbicular; gula not
distinct.

Prothorax slightly depressed; pronotum rectangular, posteriorly dull, finely granulate,
anteriorly hairy; lateral sutures complete, no median suture, eusternum triangular, dull; stern-
ellar fold not distinct. Legless.

Ampullae dull, not definitely marked, the first three pairs flat, the fourth, fifth and sixth
projecting and somewhat bilobed as in Atimia. Spiracles distinct, chitinous-rimmed, thoracic
oval, abdominal orbicular.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11043a.]

This larva bores in sound, recently dead, or dying branches of Picea, Abies
and Tsuga, and old fire-scars. The mines are extended principally in the sap-
wood, where pupation occurs in the fall of the year. The insect overwinters as
an adult, flying from April to May. It occurs in Oregon, Washington, British
Columbia and bordering regions.

Subfamily CERAMBYCINAE

The larvae of the Cerambycinae as here considered form a sharply defined
group. Most systematists include in this group the Aseminae and Lep-
turinae, each of which has been treated here as of subfamily rank. Including
such groups it would be necessary (by larval characters) to treat all other
cerambycids excepting the Lamiinae as belonging in one subfamily.

They are most readily recognized by the short mandible having a rounded,
gouge-like cutting edge and the small clypeus not filling the space between the
dorsal articulations of the mandibles. They usually have fairly-well developed
legs, but in some genera and species these are lacking. The larvae are quite
hairy or pubescent. This is a large subfamily showing many variations in
biological and anatomical structures.

The characters of the Cerambycinae may be briefly summarized as follows:

CHARACTERIZATION OF LARVAE OF THE SUBFAMILY CERAMBYCINAE

Head transverse; dorsal margins of epicranial halves behind front fused for some distance,
later separating, angulate; tentorial cross-arm lowered in a plane parallel to hypostoma (i.e.,
occipital foramen apparently divided into an anterior and a posterior portion).

Mandible short, trapezoidal, cutting edge gougelike, never having apex or dorsal angle
produced.

Epistoma not produced over clypeus, two setae on each side; clypeus narrow, not as wide at
base as epistoma; labrum small, usually more or less circular.

Maxillae moveable; cardo distinct; maxillary Bclerite full; ventral mouth-parts attached
.to hypostoma by little more than width of gula; palpifer small; lacinia borne on stipes.

Antennae quite salient, rarely entirely retractile.

Prothorax having presternum and epipleurum often fused, sometimes distinctly separated;
"eusternum rarely distinct; coxae small, opposite sternellum. Postnotal fold usually present.
Mesothoracic spiracle not protruding into prothorax. Legs either wanting or developed.

Abdomen having an elliptical region surrounding the spiracle, protruding and well defined;
epipleurum protuberant only on last three segments; pleural discs present; hypopleurum
large; coxal lobe small.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA OR TRIBES OF THE CERAMBYCINAK

One or no ocelli I

Two ocelli II

Three ocelli Ill

I.

Gena not shouldered 1

Gena more or less shouldered, enclosing ocellus 15

1. Postnotal fold behind prothorax absent; antennae conical Mcthini, Oemini

Postnotal fold present; antennae salient -

2. Genal setae present, usually dense, long, stiff 3

Genal setae absent, or sparse fine hairs 8

37

3. Pleural discs, large, circular, finely granulate 4

Pleural discs indistinct 5

4. Legs short, ampullae broad, flat; form contracted Calliidini

Legs slender, ampullae projecting, form elongate Elaphidion subpubescens and allies

5. Genal setae very short and dense Callichroma

Genal setae very long, curved 6

6. Last joint of maxillary palpi longer than second 7

Last joint of maxillary palpi not longer than second Elaphidion subpubescens and allies

7. Hypopleurum of abdominal segments laterally protuberant; skin between several middle

ventral ampullae distinctly rugulose Curius and Euderces

Hypopleurum normal or ventrally protuberant with ampullae; ampullae usually strongly
bilobed ; skin between segments not rugulose Molorchini

8. Pleural discs, distinct, circular, either having a deep pore or finely granulate 9

Pleural discs indistinct; femur plus tibia shorter than maxillary palpi 12

9. Yellowish presternal plates of prothorax distinct Malocopterus

Presternal plates absent 10

10. Prosternum never more than twice as wide as long (i.e., between notchlike ventro-lateral

sutures Calidiini

Prosternum more than twice as wide as long (i.e., between notchlike ventro-lateral
sutures 11

11. Prothorax somewhat depressed; ampullae flat; form not elongate Heterospini

Prothorax quadrate; ampullae strongly protuberant; form elongate . .Elaphidion subpubescens

and allies

12. Eusternum distinct, triangular, shining Smodicum

Eusternum not distinct 13

13. Pronotum not striate or, if so, having the median suture deeply impressed Clytini

Pronotum striate, no median suture 14

14. Pronotum about twice as wide as long; last joint of maxillary palpi longer than

second Anaglypti

Pronotum but little wider than long; last joint of maxillary palpi not longer than

second Tylonotus

15. Yellowish presternal plates of prothorax present Stenaspini

Yellowish presternal plates of prothorax absent 16

16. Metanotum having x-shaped impressions Phoracanthini

Metanotum having a single transverse impression 17

17. Pleural discs finely granulated, or a deep pore 18

Pleural discs indistinct, obstructed by a tubercle 19

18. Prosternum between notch-like ventro-lateral sutures, not twice as wide as long. Callidiini,
Prosternum between notch-like ventro-lateral sutures more than twice as wide as

long Heterospini

19. Both ventro-lateral and median dorsal suture of pronotum impressed 20

Neither ventro-lateral nor median dorsal suture of prothorax impressed Anaglypti

20. Metanotum with a single transverse suture Eburiini

Metanotum with x-shaped sutures Phoracanthini

II

Postnotal fold (behind prothorax) absent; antennae conical Haplidus

Postnotal fold (behind prothorax) present; antennae salient 1

1. Metanotum having x-shaped sutures Phoracanthini

Metanotum having a single transverse suture 2

2. Pleural discs finely granulate 3

Pleural discs indistinct, obstructed by a tubercle Cyllenes (rarely)

3. Ventro-lateral sutures of prothorax absent Ibidiioni

Ventro-lateral sutures distinct, widely diverging anteriorly Rhopalophora

III

Ocelli sharply defined ; median suture of pronotum impressed Hylotrupes bajulus

Ocelli often indistinct, or fused; median suture of pronotum not impressed Cyllenes

SMODICUM Haldeman

Most writers, in discussing the adult of this genus, agree that it is an
aberrant form and place it at the beginning of the Cerambycinae. The larva
is likewise perplexing, not from any peculiarities of structure but because of a
striking absence of any definite characters which might give a clue to its rela-
tionship. It is typically a cerambycine, but in some respects suggests a
prionine. The rather distinct triangular eusternum suggests the Aseminae,
and allied forms. On the strength of this single character and the opinion of

38

the adult systematists it is retained here. The correlation in form between
larvae and adults so often seen in the Cerambycidae does not hold in this species.
The depressed adult suggests a bark-feeder, while the larva is cylindrical and
mines in solid wood.

SMODIGUM GUCUJIFORME Say
[PI. XVIII]

Form cylindrical, slender, slightly tapering; integument thin, white, and shining, sparsely
covered with very fine white hair.

Head suborbicular, a sudden constriction at base, rather abruptly broad in front; mouth
frame white, never corneous; clypeus and labrum small, fleshy, later transverse; mandible short,
basal half light, distal piceous, having a groove on outer face; antennae fleshy, first and second
joints subequal, short, about as long as thick; one small black ocellus contiguous to base of
antennae. Ventral mouth-parts white, fleshy; last joint of maxillary palpi one and one-half times
the length of second; lobe of palpifer minute. Gula narrow, sides slightly concave.

Phothorax quadrate, tergal plates dull lemon-coloured; pronotum square, posterior area
shining, finely, irregularly striate, median suture not impressed. Sternum finely hairy;
eusternum distinct, triangular, glabrous; poststernellar fold not distinct at extremities, fused
into epipleurm; ventro-lateral suture not impressed. Mesonotum and metanotum not distinctly
impressed by sutures. Legs minute, three-jointed, shorter than maxillary palpi.

Abdomen: Ampullae prominent, small, shining alutaceous; inter-segmental skin long, am-
pullae widely separated. Pleural discs distinct on three segments, not distinctly granulate.
Spiracles minute, orbicular, peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9791 n]

This larva is a typical heartwood borer in very old dry and seasoned wood
of Quercus and Hicoria. Its work is often found under old fire-scars on oaks,
where the larvae bore in connection with Eburia quadrigeminata, completely
honeycombing the heartwood. The mines are tightly packed with granular
frass. The larva sometimes attacks seasoned products. The adult flies in
June and July throughout the eastern United States. Hopkins records the
adults under bark of Fagus, Ulmus and Gleditsia in West Virginia. Observa-
tions by A. B. Champlain and the author.

Tribes OEMINI and METHINI

The following five genera, Oeme, Haplidus, Dysphaga, Methia, and
Idoemea, undoubtedly show close affinities and here are grouped together. This
does not mean that they are to be considered as one tribe, but as only a few of
the larvae in these groups of adults have been studied and two of the genera
have not been reared (Haplidus and Methia), they are so grouped for the present.
Oeme and Dysphaga each show characters of distinct tribal value. The species
of Oeme show important affinities to the Aseminae and are considered as related
to them.

They may be recognized by the slender form and depressed prothorax; antennae short and
conical, retractile; antennal ring bisected by rather distinct frontal sutures (in Oeme); genal
setae usually dense; sternum broad and not very long; ventro-lateral sutures obliquely
impressed, diverging anteriorly; eusternum often faintly indicated by sutures; prosternellar
fold strongly fused into epipleurum at extremities; no median pronotal suture; fold behind pro-
notum wanting; mesonotum and metanotum each with a transverse suture; legs very short,
conical, three or four jointed; pleural discs a deep pore (in Ocmc), or indistinct.

The following key will separate the described genera:

KEY TO THE GENERA OF OEMINI AND METHINI

Head not bearing a short carina behind ventral articulation of mandible.

Articulation of submentum to gula sunken below anterior edge of hvpostoma.

Genal setae dense, conspicuous Oeme

Genal setae very few, in two small groups Idoemea

Articulation in line with edge of hypostoma Haplidus

Head bearing a short carina behind ventral articulation of mandible.

Process of palpifer indistinct Dysphaga

Process of palpifer large, bearing long, recurved setae Methia

39

OEME Newman

The species of Oeme are very similar by larval characters. They can oe recognized as follows .
Head sub triangular, widest behind; antennae short, conical, retractile; one ocellus; genal
bristles dense; submentum deeply and suddenly sunken below anterior margin of hypostomal
plates and fused with fleshy gula; prothorax depressed, transverse; no median suture on pro-
no turn; postnotal fold absent; ventro-lateral sutures oblique, widely diverging anteriorly;
sternellar fold not distinct at extremities; pleural discs conspicuous; dorsal ampullae with two
lateral and two transverse impressions, wider in middle; legs short; form slender.

The larvae of this genus breed in the dead wood of the Cupressae and one
species of Pinus. All, so far as known, complete the life cycle in one year
The younger larvae mine beneath the bark, exuding much granular frass.
Shortly before pupating they enter the sap wood or heartwood, where a. charac-
teristic cell is constructed. At the outer extremity of this pupal cell a disc of
wood is left, perforated in the center, which partly closes the cell.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF OEME

Labrum orbicular, body hairs silky 0. rigida

Labrum transversely oval.

Ultimate joint of maxillary palpi equal to penultimate, body hairs coarser. Breeds

in Pinus 0. costata . .

Ultimate joint of maxillary palpi equal to penultimate, body hairs silky 0. strangulata

OEME RIGIDA Say
[Pis. VIII, XX, XLII]

Form elongate, slender, cylindric; integument thin, shining, sparsely covered with long, light,
castaneous hairs.

Head sub triangular, deprsseed, strongly tapering anteriorly; mouth-frame slightly corneous;
clypeus and labrum thin, latter orbicular; mandibles black, shining, slightly constricted near
apex, basal piece indistinct; antennae short, retractile, conical, last joint slender, much longer
than third, supplementary distinct; one black ocellus, not contiguous with antennae. Ventral
mouth-parts in distinguishably fused by submentum with gula; process of palifer distinct, as
also process on first maxillary joint; maxillary palpi short, conical, ultimate joint slightly shorter
than penultimate, shorter than last labial; gula soft, deeply sunken below anterior curved edge
of hypostomal plates; gena not shouldered, bristles dense, long and slender.

Prothorax transversely depressed, short, pronotum rectangular, of essentially same texture
throughout, or slightly reticulated behind, no median suture; sternum shining, reticulated,
ventro-lateral sutures widely diverging anteriorly; sternellar fold broadly fused at extremities
into epipleurum. Mesonotum and metanotum with straight transverse impression. Legs short,
conical, four-jointed, joints globular, femur and tibia shorter than maxillary palpi.

Abdominal segments elongate; dorsal ampullae alutaceous, shining, marked by two lateral
impressions, a shallow median longitudinal furrow, and two transverse impressions forming a
fusiform diamond-shaped area. Pleural disc faint on first segment, distinct on second and third,
faint on fifth. Abdominal spiracles minute, oval, peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 118472]

The larva has been collected in Taxodium and Juniperus. A. B. Champlain
records the adults ovipositing in the exit holes of Phloesinus, in Connecticut,
July 15. By October most of the larvae had constructed their pupal cells.
W. F. Fiske has made a number of observations on this species in the south.
He records two generations or an overlapping of broods in some localities, since
he found adults in September.

OEME COSTATA LeConte

Distinguishable from rigida only by the coarser and more densely set hairs, often chitinous
tarsus, usually white ocellus, and transversely oval labrum.

Pupa: The pupa is characterized by almost total absence of spines on the body. The
tergum of the mesothorax has a small group of spines near the posterior median margin, and a
transverse band of from six to eight small spines occur on the first three dorsal abdominal seg-
ments.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12677a.]

The larval habits are similar to those of 0. rigida. It is more commonly
found in branches. It has been collected by A. B. Champlain from Pinus
edulis in Colorado and by M. Chrisman from Pinus ponderosa in Arizona.

40
OEME STRANGULATA Horn

Scarcely distinguishable from 0. rigida. In both rigida and costata the ultimate joint of the
maxillary palpus is much shorter than the penultimate, while in strangulata the two joints are
subequal; the labrum transversely oval; the body hairs are fine, silky and whitish.

Pupa: The pupa entirely lacks the group of spines on the metathorax, while each abdominal
segment bears two small groups on the anterior part of the dorsal surface.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10329c]

This larva has been collected in the small branches of Cupressus and Juni-
perus in Arizona by M. Chrisman. The adult flies in June.

HAPLIDUS TESTACEUS LeConte
[PL IX, Fig. 6]

Form very elongate, slender; integument rather firm, shining, sparsely covered with whitish
hairs.

Head transverse, twice as wide as long, rather broad in front, sides curved; mouth-frame
scarcely corneous; clypeus and labrum thin, latter transversely oval; mandible tapering, long,
basal piece short, about one-fourth length of distal, latter piceous, impression at base on outer
face; antennae short, retractile, third joint globular, fourth slender; ocelli two, black, prominent,
enclosed by very abruptly shouldered gena bearing numerous fine, short, white bristles; ventral
mouth-parts fleshy, fused with gula; palpi long, slender, ultimate joint of maxillary palpi about
twice length of penultimate, equal to last labial; gula wide, sutures strongly diverging behind.

Prothorax transverse; pronotum posteriorly finely rugulose with a tendency to stria tion;
sternal region smooth, shining; sternellar fold broadly fused at extremities into epipleurum
Legs short, basal joint globular, second longer than third, tarsus twice as long as second.

Abdomen dorsal ampullae alutaceous, shining, marked by two lateral and two transverse
impressions and a median longitudinal fu'TOw. Spiracles sub-rectangularly oval.

[Described from a single poor specimen, Hopk. U. S. 2779.]

The specimen on which this description is based was not reared, but
collected and associated with the adult by A. D. Hopkins. It was working in
the small dead branches of Pinus jeffreyi, in Ventura Co., California.

DYSPHAGA TENUIPES Haldeman
[Pis. VIII, XXVI]

Form cylindric, slender, elongate; integument thin, shining, sparsely covered with short
yellowish hairs.

Head transversely sub-orbicular, rather thick, mouth-frame light lemon-coloured, not
strongly corneous; labrum fleshy, transversely oval; mandible rather robust and broad at apex,
basal piece distinct, light, castaneous, slightly shorter than apical, Latter piceous j antennae
minute, conical, retractile; ocellus indistinct, white, oval; gena not shouldered, bearing a row of
6to 8very long, slender, recurved bristles. Ventral mouth-parts fleshy, last maxillary joint longer
than second; process of palpifer absent; submentum sunken below anterior margin of hypostoma,
fused with membranous gula; epicranium bearing a short prominent carina jusi below the ventral
articulation of the mandible.

Prothorax subquadrate, depressed; pronotum rectangular, with a border of long hairs in
front, posteriorly substriate, merging into dull fine granulations, no median suture; DOStnotal
fold absent; eusternum faintly denned, triangular; ventrolateral sutures impressed, widely
divergent anteriorly; sternellar fold broadly fused at extremities into epipleurum; legs minute,
about as long as labial palpi; tarsus not chitinized.

Abdomen: Ampullae shining, granulate, with two faint lateral and one faint transverse
impression; pleural discs indistinct. Spiracles orbicular, minute, peritreme not corneous.

Pupa: Slender, cylindrical, essentially unarmed except for a transverse row of double-
pointed (one point extending anteriorly, the other posteriorly) chitinous spines on second, third,
fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal terga; seventh armed with simple spines irregularly disposed,
this segment also broadly emarginate below.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 978(>r/.1]

The larva breeds in small dead branches of Qucrcus, Fagus and Hicoria, and
is rarely found in twigs over one-fourth of an inch in diameter. It completely
hollows these twigs, forming pupal cells between two wads of trass. Pupation
and transformation to adult occur in late summer or fall. Observations by
A. B. Champlain and the author. Range, throughout eastern United States,

41

METHIA PUSILLA Newman
[PL VIII]

Form, integument and body characters similar to those of Dysphaga. The larvae can be easily
recognized by the processes of the maxillary palpifer and the first palpal joint, being well-developed
and bearing long incurved setae, the latter being much heavier and extending beyond the palpus.
The head tapers more in front than in Dysphaga; the labrum is orbicular, and the ocellus is black.

[Described from several poor specimens, Hopk. U. S. 1910A.]

The larvae on which this description is based have not been reared but
were collected with adults by W. F. Fiske, who found it boring in very small
branches of Taxodium, in Georgia.

IDOEMEA sp.

Form very elongate, slender; integument thin, shining, very sparsely clothed with very short,
fine, whitish hairs.

Head rather broad; mouth-frame not corneous; epistoma thin, fused with membranous
clypeus which indistinctly fills space between condyles; labrum thick, transversely rectangular;
mandible short, shining, basal half somewhat shorter than distal; antennae very short retractile;
ocellus large, black, conspicuous (not protruding); gena not shouldered, having a row of five to
six short setae above ocellus and another row some distance behind ocellus. Ventral mouth-parts
little chitinized, first and second maxillary joints transverse, last equal to last labial, cylindrical:
gula sunken below hypostoma as in Oeme.

Prothorax less than twice as wide as long; pronotum anteriorly densely beset with very fine
short hairs, posteriorly finely reticulated to dull granulate behind; sternal region uniformly
hairy, undifferentiated, sternellar band short, broadly fused into lateral regions at extremities.
Mesonotum and metanotum and sterna dull granulate. Legs two-jointed, very minute, not
longer than labial palpi.

Abdomen very elongate, slender; ampullae small, very widely separated, shining, very
finely alutaceous, having two lateral and two faint oblique transverse impressions and a slight
median longitudinal furrow pleural discs distinct on five segments, surrounding area protuberant.
Spiracles minute, indistinct, orbicular; anal lobes protuberant, finely pubescent.

[Described from specimen Hopk. U. S. 12699a and 7132 and 1065O.]

An adult was reared with the last number. The other larvae have not
been reared but were collected in twigs of Juniperus and Cupressus associated
with the adult of Idoemea sp. by M. Chrisman, 7132a at Paradise, Ariz., and
12699a in the Catalina mountains.

MALACOPTERUS LINEATUS Guerin
[Pis. XVIII, XIX.]

Form elongate, cylindrical, slightly depressed; integument thin, shining, verv sparsely
covered with short brownish-yellow hairs.

Head subtrapezoidal, slightly tapering in front; mouth-frame corneous, smooth, dark
castaneous; clypeus and labrum fleshy, latter orbicular, shortly stalked, densely ciliate; man-
dibles tapering, longer than basal width, smooth, shining, basal piece reddish brown, about one-
half length of apical piece, latter piceous, having a short sulcus on outer face; antennae rather
thick, joints subequal, supplementary minute; minute ocelliform tubercle; gena receding, not
shouldered, sparsely haired. Ventral mouth-parts fleshy, a chitinous band across stipes; ultimate
joint of maxillary palpi much longer than penultimate, slightly larger than last labial; process
of palpifer minute.

Prothorax subtrapezoidal, with four chitinized tergal and two sternal plates; pronotum shin-
ing, length about two-thirds width, posteriorly finely reticulated to very finely granulate, this
area slightly raised and extending medially forward, median suture impressed anteriorly, faintly
keeled posteriorly; sternal region reticulated, shining ventro-lateral sutures impressed, con-
vergent anteriorly. Legs short, joints globular, basal largest, exclusive of tarsus shorter than
maxillary palpi.

Abdominal segments elongating caudally; ampullae transverse, oval, prominently projecting,
dull, finely granulate, each with a deep lateral impression and a shallow median longitudinal
furrow, transverse impressions indistinct. Pleural disc distinct on first segment, faint on second
third and fourth. Spiracles narrow, elliptical, peritreme thin.

Pupa: Form similar to that of adult; essentially glabrous except for a few conical chitinous-
tipped points on disc of pronotum; also recurved points on first to eighth abdominal terga, most
numerous on second, third and fourth; anal lobes bearing two or three recurved points.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 105326.]

All larvae and adults in the collections have been taken from dead Salix
and Populus in Arizona. The larvae construct very long meandering galleries

42

through the heartwood and sapwood, always packing them tightly with granular
frass. The work resembles that of Neoclytus capraea in ash. Pupation occurs
dee]) in the wood, the adults emerging late in the summer. It is generally
associated with a species of Acanthoderes and one of Elaphidion, both of these
working in the decaying sapwood. Range, throughout southwestern United
States. The specimens were collected by M. Chrisman.

The adult of this species is generally associated by systematists with Oeme,
but the larva has few characters in common with the latter and in fact seems
to be quite isolated in the subfamily.

Tribe CALLIDIINI

The larvae of the Callidiini with one exception (Hylotrupes bajulus) form a homogeneous and
natural group. They can be distinguished by a group of characters usually very constant. The
legs are relatively short, three or four jointed, the coxa veiy small, and the joints more or less
globular; exclusive of the tarsus they are never longer, usually shorter, than the maxillary oalpi;
the maxillary palpifer bears a distinct fleshy process on its lateral face nearly as long as or longer
than the last joint of the maxillarv palpus; a similar process is borne on the first joint of max-
illary palpus, though shorter. A distinct pleural disc is present on three to six abdominal segments.
It has a deep pore surrounded by a dull granular area. The prothorax is rather thick and hairy,
the hairs of the lateral region are never of two forms, the pronotum is never twice as wide as
long, and the median suture, often partially impressed, is never complete; the sternum is broad
and never differentiated (i.e. into presternum and eusternum) and is fused with the hypopleurum
and the epipleurum into one broad area; the ventrolateral sutures are never impressed; the
median central area of the sternum has two circular glabrous spots of contrasting texture; the
sternellar fold or area never passes the spiracles and the extremity is usually indistinct and fused
into the lateral region. The mesonotum has no distinct x-shaped impression but only the scutel-
lum distinct; the metanotum has a single transverse impression. The ampullae are broad,
usually granulate when marked, having two lateral, an anterior connecting transverse, and some-
times a posterior transverse impression. This last one is never complete. The intersegmental
skin is very short, thus giving the larvae a more or less contracted, robust form.

In this group a study of the larvae indicates that the formation of genera has been carried
too far. In many cases it is impossible to recognize the genera, especially if they contain several
species. Thus it would seem that only three dist inct groups of genera of larvae occur, one consist-
ing of H. bajulus, which is with difficulty included in the Callidiini. It has a distinct triangular
eusternum, the mesonotum and the metanotum each with an inverted v-shaped impression
(i.e. scutellum distinct) and no pleural discs. All writers agree in the position of the adult, hence
it will be retained here and may be a radical case of development due to its peculiar habitat.
Another generic group would include the two species of Hylotrupes ligneus and amethystinus,
and those of Callidium and Phymatodes in which the sides of the head recede from the antennae
(i.e. are not shouldered). The species of Callidium and Phymatodes can not be separated gener-
ically. A third would contain those forms having the gena shouldered, inclosing the ocellus,
and would include Callidium antennatum, C. janthinum, Physocneum, GonocaUus and Merium.
Within this last larval group several genera might be recognized, but it is doubtful if it could be
done if they included more than one species.

The larvae show well-marked affinities to the Clytini and Anaglvpti. In fact some of the
species of Callidium superficially can be confused easily with Neoclytus, Clytanthus, etc., while
GonocaUus and Merium resemble genera of the Anaglypti and many characters of //. bajulus are
to be found in the species of Cyllene. The absence of pleura] discs and the relatively shorter
legs and process of the palpifer will mark off the Clytini-like groups.

These larvae likewise are similar in their habits. All are feeders on the
inner layer of bark for the greater part of the larval life, going into the wood
(sometimes the bark) only to pupate. All normally mature in one year. The
exception is Hylotrupes bajulus, which lives in dry seasoned wood, and often
requires many years to mature.

KEY TO THE GENERA OR SPECIES OF CALLIDINII

Three pairs of ocelli Hylotrupes bajulus

One pair or no ocelli.

Gena receding from antennae, never shouldered so as to enclose the ocelli; ocelli one or none.
Genal bristles short and dense; no ocelli; last joint of maxillary palpi shorter than second;

pronotum not distinctly striate Hylotrupes ligneous, II. amethystinus.

Genal bristles absent or very long; one or no ocelli; last joint of maxillary palpi Longer than

second; pronotum usually striate Ropalopus, Callidium and' Phymatodes.

Gena shouldered and more or less corneous, enclosing ocelli.

Anterior edge of hypostoma bearing four tuberculiform projections.. .Callidium antenna-
turn ami C. janthinum

43

Anterior edges of hypostoma smooth or merely roughened.

Subfossal spine indistinct Physocnemum

Subfossal spine conical, acute.

Epicranium not bearing a distinct tuberculiform carina above antennae.
Pronotum having a median suture impressed on posterior half; body hairs

lighter Gonocallus

Pronotum with no median suture; body hairs castaneous Merium

Epicranium bearing a distinct tuberculiform carina above antennae .... Xylocrius (?)

HYLOTRUPES BAJULUS Linnaeus

Form rather robust, slightly depressed; integument thin, shining, very sparsely covered with
very long yellowish hairs.

Head subtrapezoidal, widest behind; mouth-frame very slightly chitinized (light lemon
colour); epistoma swollen; clypeus and labrum fleshy, latter twice as wide as long; mandibles
broad, basal piece light brown, distal black, shining, having a deep longitudinal impression ;
antennae fleshy, first and last joints sub-equal, second much longer, supplementary minute;
ocelli three, oval, projecting, usually black; gena somewhat shouldered, not setose; ventral
mouth-parts soft, fleshy, last maxillary joint shortest, shorter than last labial; process of the
palpifer distinct, not as long as last maxillary joint; gula narrow, sutures concave.

Prothorax rectangular, depressed; pronotum but little wider than long, shining, anteriorly
sparsely beset with long hairs, posteriorly smooth, shining, with a few irregular indistinct striae;
median suture deeply impressed; eusternum distinct, glabrous, shining; sternellar fold not
distinct beyond spiracles. Metanotum marked with inverted v-shaped impression. Legs short,
four-jointed.

Abdomen: Dorsal ampullae rather prominently projecting, shining, coarsely sub-reticulate
approaching tuberculate, having two lateral and two transverse impressions and a deep median
furrow. Pleural discs indistinct, not granulate. Spiracles broadly oval, small, peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9731 and 11866/i.]

The larval habits of this species are very different from those of the other
Callidiini. It attacks dry-seasoned wood of conifers, excavating extensive
galleries loosely packed with mixed, fine, powdery, small pellet-like frass, though
a great deal of this is extruded. This species is of economic importance and
many references in literature discuss its habits and the great length of its larval
life. It often mines for years in a finished piece of furniture. Mr. George
Dimmock has given me the following unpublished note: " Adult emerged from
wood of microscope box June, 1885; this instrument was imported from Ger-
many in 1881, first sign of work noticed by exuded frass in 1882."

The writer found the pine trestles of a railroad bridge completely de-
stroyed by these larvae, necessitating their removal. It has been collected
from Pinus and Picea.

HYLOTRUPES AMETHYSTINUS Leconte
[Pis. X, XV, XVIII, XIX, XXXIV]

Form robust, sub-depressed; integument shining and sparsely covered with yellowish- white
hairs.

Head subtrapezoidal, narrowing in front; mouth-frame dark brown, chitinized; clypeus
very short, labrum suborbicular, very thick, widest at middle; mandible entirely black, shining,
without prominent basal piece; no ocelli; antennae slender, first and second joints subequal,
last very short; gena receding from antennae (not shouldered), bristles dense and short; ventral
mouth-parts rather strongly chitinized; joints of maxillary palpi gradually shorter, last shortest,
equal to last labial; process of palpifer large, longer than last maxillary joint.

Prothorax rectangular, twice as wide as long, rather denselv and finely hairy; pronotum
nearly twice as wide as long, anteriorly finely rugulose, posteriorly rugulosely striate except for dull
granulate posterior border, median suture faintly impressed; eusternal spots glabrous, con-
tiguous, ventro-lateral suture not impressed. Mesonotum and metanotum dull, finely granu-
late, the former with an incomplete X and the latter with a transverse impression. Legs
short, indistinctly four-jointed.

Abdomen: Ampullae broad and flat, dull, finely granulate or laterally alutaceous, bearing
two lateral, also one complete and one incomplete transverse impression, the seventh ventral
segment having a wrinkled corneous, rugose plate at each side. Pleural discs distinct on first,
sceond, third and fourth segments. Spiracles large, oval, peritreme thick.

Pupa: Head and thorax unarmed, but beset with a few short, stiff hairs on posterior border
of pronotum and on metanotum; abdominal terga 1 to 5, bearing two patches of very short
chitinous points in a transverse band, most numerous on second and third.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 4340c and 9032d.]

44

The larva breeds normally in species of Cupressus, working under the bark
and deeply scarring the wood. It enters the wood only to construct a long
prepupal gallery. This is rarely constructed in the bark. The mines are
tightly packed with granular frass. The life cycle is completed in one year.
It has been collected from Cupressus, Libocedrus, Thuja, and Abies. Range, in
the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain regions south to Arizona. H. E. Burke
records it in one case attacking a living tree of Libocedrus.

HYLOTRUPES JUNIPERUS Fisher

This larva can be separated from amethystinus only by the coarse castaneous body hairs.
[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12698.]

Collected by M. Chrisman in Arizona, attacking and killing living junipers.
It constructs a very large pupal cell at nearly right angles to the axis of the
tree.

HYLOTRUPES LIGNEOUS Fabricius

[Pis. XXVI, XLII]

In general similar to amethystinus, though smaller, differing in that the genal bristles are not
so numerous; the pronotum is less rugose; the ampullae are entirely finely granulate, dull; and
the last ventral ampulla lacks the lateral corneous plates.

Pupa: Arrangement of spines as in amethystinus, but scarcely chitinized and each having
a bristle.

The habits of this species are the same as those of amethystinus. It has
been recorded from Juniperus, Thuja, Sequoia, Tsuga, Libocedrus, Picea, Pseu-
dotsuga, Abies, Larix, Chamaecyparis, and Pinus. Range, throughout North
America. The numerous colour forms of the adults cannot be distinguished in
the larva stage.

PHYMATODES Mulsant and GALLIDIUM Fabricius

The following species of Phymatodes and Callidium cannot be separated
generically in the larval stage. C. antennatum is quite distinct from these forms.

KEY TO SPECIES OF CALLIDIUM AND PHYMATODES

Ocelli absent or not distinctly protuberant, often a black spot beneath chitin.

Median suture of pronotum not or faintly impressed Callidium aereum

Median suture of pronotum distinctly impressed.

Genal bristles wanting Phymatodes variabilis

Genal bristles long and numerous.

Pronotum posteriorly striate P. nil id us

Pronotum irregularly regulose Callidium hirtellum

Ocelli distinctly protuberant, usually white.

Second joint of antennae longer than first, first as long as wide.

Protergal plates distinct (orange) P. amocnus

Protcrgal plates not strikingly distinct.

Spiracles orbicular, peritreme thin P. dxmidiatus

Spiracles narrowly oval, peritreme thick P. vufoerattts

Second and first joints of antennae equal, slender.

Eastern P. varius

Western P. d> cussatus

CALLIDIUM AEREUM Newman
Pis. XV, XIX]

Form subcylindric, slightly depressed; integument firm, smooth, not very shining, densely
covered with lemon-yellow hair.

Head subtrapezoidal, gradually widening behind antennae: mouth-frame corneous, cas-
taneous to dirty black; labrum fleshy, transversely oval: mandibles about as long as wide at
base, basal piece brown, narrow, one-third width of distal, tatter piceous, shining, median
impression on outer face; antennal joints slender, second joint Longest, supplementary slender,
distinct; ocelli none; gena receding not shouldered, no bristles; ventral mouth-parts scarcely
coriaceous; lobe of palpifer distinct; ultimate joint of maxillary palpi twice length of penulti-
mate, equal to. last labial; subfossal spine absent ; gular sutures parallel.

Prothorax roundly rectangular; pronotum one and one-half times as wide as long, hairy on
anterior half, posteriorly very finely and regularly striate, merging into finely granulate, median

45

impressions faint, pronotal and proalar plates distinct, ochraceous; sternum undifferentiated,
hairy, having a dull granulate band in centre, bordered by two glabrous shining spots. Meso-
notum and metanotum dull, finely granulate. Legs small, four-jointed, about equal to maxil-
lary palpi.

Abdomen: Segments wider ventrally, ampullae with no definite transverse impressions,
dull, finely granulate. Pleural discs distinct on first, second, and third abdominal segments.
Spiracles narrowly oval, peritreme thin.

Pupa: Form similar to that of adult, pronotum bearing a small obtuse tubercle on anterior
margin, unarmed except for an irregular row of a few tiny, short, acute, chitinous points on
posterior margin of second to last abdominal terga.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11947A and 11845/.]

This larva, so far as known, mines only under the bark of dead or dying
Castanea and Quercus, constructing extensive meandering and crossing mines.
The frass is packed behind the larva. The mines are often confused with
those of Agrilus, from which they can be distinguished by the fact that Agrilus
intermittently breaks the mine by going into the bark or outer layer of wood
for very short distances, whereas Callidium always works between the bark and
the wood, the mine being always plainly visible. It pupates in early spring,
either in the bark or in the outer layers of the sap wood. The adults commonly
emerge through April and May or June in the North. Fiske records it as
hastening the death of diseased chestnuts in the South. Range, throughout
the eastern United States and Canada.

PHYMATODES VARIABILIS Fabricius
[PL XVIII]

No genal setae; ocelli a black spot beneath chitin, not protuberant; last joint maxillary
palpi little longer than second, equal to last labial; first and second joints of antennae subequal,
little longer than thick; striae of pronotum coarse, irregular, merging into a granulate band
behind; ampullae shining, coarsely granulate, these granules flattened into tiny plates; faintly
marked with a transverse and two lateral impressions; pleural discs distinct on first, second,
third, fourth, fifth, and sixth abdominal segments; legs four-jointed; texture shining, granulate.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11847gr and 9793a.]

The larva mines chiefly in the bark of oak {Quercus) and is often of economic
importance in the tan-bark industries. In thin bark it burrows between the
bark and the wood, making a short curved pupal cell in the sap wood. It pu-
pates in the early spring. A. D. Hopkins and W. F. Fiske have both recorded
it from Picea and Tsuga.

PHYMATODES NITIDUS Leconte

Genal bristles numerous, long; ocelli not distinct, a dark spot beneath chitin; last joint
of maxillary palpi slightly longer than penultimate; first and second antennal joints short, little
longer than thick, subequal; pronotum posteriorly marked with fine and regularly impressed
striae; median suture impressed; ampullae finely granulate; pleural discs distinct on first,
second, and third segments; legs three-jointed.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 2348 and 118586.]

Pupa: Unarmed except for several conical chitinous-tipped papillae on sixth abdominal
tergum and four on seventh.

The larva mines beneath the bark of Cupressus, Sequoia, and Thuja. Pu-
pation occurs in the sap wood or between bark and wood. Found in the Pacific
Coast region. Collected by H. E. Burke and F. M. Trimble.

CALLIDIUM HIRTELLUM Leconte

Genal bristles numerous and long; ocelli not distinct, a dark spot beneath chitin; last joint
of maxillary palpi one and one-half times the length of second, shorter than last labial, basal
joints transverse; second joint of antennae slightly longer than first, neither longer than thick;
pronotum posteriorly bearing a few irregular markings, tending to be rugulose, median suture
impressed; ampullae altaceous, with a deep median furrow; pleural discs distinct on first, second
and third segments; legs indistinctly three-jointed.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9488c and 10074.]

The larva has been collected in the small dead twigs of Pinus ponderosa
by A. D. Hopkins and J. M. Miller in California.

46

PHYMATODES AMOENUS Say

[PI. IX, XIX]

No genal bristles; ocellus prominent; last joint of maxillarv palpi nearly twice length of
second, slightly larger than last labial, basal joints transverse; second joint of antennae slightly
longer than first, latter as thick as long; anterior edge of hypostoma thick; prothorax bearing
four conspicuous dark ochraceous tergal plates; pronotum posteriorly with slightly oblique,
sharply impressed striae, median suture impressed; ampullae alutaceousl v sub-tuberculate, with
a deep median furrow; pleural discs distinct on second and third segments, fainter on first and
fourth; legs three-jointed.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12228a.]

This species has been collected in dead grapevines (Vitis). The larval
mines are extended principally through the wood and are tightly packed with
frass. Pupation takes place very early in the spring. Range, eastern United
States and Canada.

PHYMATODES DIMIDIATUS Kirby

No genal bristles; ocelli prominent; last joint of maxillary palpi longer than second, equal
to last labial, basal joints transverse; second joint of antennae slightly longer than first, latter
as thick as long; pronotum posteriorly bearing a few striae, median suture impressed; ampullae
alutaceously granulate; pleural discs most distinct on second and third segments, faint on first,
fourth, and fifth; legs four-jointed; spiracles nearly orbicular; very small, peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11835 and 12693a.]

The larva has been found in Picea, Tsuga and Larix. It mines beneath
the bark, constructing a rather long prepupal mine in the wood. Range, through-
out eastern United States and Canada to the Rocky mountains.

PHYMATODES VULNERATUS LeConte

No genal bristles; ocelli very prominent, black pigmentation directly under protuberance;
last joint of maxilllary palpi longer than second, slightly shorter than last labial; antennae
slender, second joint longer than first, first a little longer than wide; pronotum posteriorly
strongly striate. Median suture impressed; ampullae shining, alutaceously reticulated; pleural
discs large and distinct on second and third segments, faint on first; legs four-jointed; spiracles
narrowly oval, about as long as ocellus, peritreme heavy. Integument tough, shining, densely
haired.

Pupa: Body glabrous, except for small chitinous-tipped papillae on abdominal terga,
becoming stronger posteriorly and tending to form an oval grouping; last tergum bearing four
small spines, two usually larger.

[Described from specimens Hopk. V. S. 14415c/.]

Collected by F. B. Herbert at Placerville, Cal., in dead dry branches of
A cer macrophyllum .

PHYMATODES VARIUS Fabricius
[PI. XXXIII]

No genal bristles; ocellus large, prominent; last joint of maxillary palpi slightly longer
than second, shorter than last labial; joints one and two of antennae subequal, slender; striae
of pronotum short and slightly oblique, ending in a granulate area, median suture impressed;
ampullae dull, very finely granulate; pleural discs distinct on first, second and third segments;
legs three-jointed.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10075/;.]

The larvae work as those of Callidium aereum and usually arc associated
with it beneath the bark of white oaks (Qvsrcus). It has been collected from
Eastern Canada to Arizona.

PHYMATODES DECUSSATUS LeConte

This species can not be distinguished from varius, except by the somewhat finer granulations
of the ampullae.

Pupa: Unarmed except for a few (about six) small, scarcely chitinous-tipped, tuberculiform
points in a single row, on second to seventh abdominal terga.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 1925.]

These larvae were collected by A. D. Hopkins and H. E. Burke beneath

the bark of Quercus at Elma, Wash.

47

CALLIDIUM ANTENNATUM Newman
[PI. X]

Form robust, somewhat depressed ; integument rather thick, more or less reticulated, shining,
covered with long castaneous hairs.

Head rectangular, nearly as wide in front as behind; mouth-frame very heavily cornified,
reddish brown to piceous, often much wrinkled; epistoma straight; labrum rather thick, trans-
versely semicircular; mandibles longer than basal width, basal piece dark brown, two-thirds
width of distal, latter shining, piceous; second antennal joint longest, first and last subequal,
supplementary, minute, indistinct; ocellus large, yellow, widely enveloped by very large tuber-
culate genal shoulder. Ventral mouth-parts somewhat coriaceous, process of palpifer as long as
last maxillary joint, joints of maxillary palpi successively shorter, last labial joint longer than
last maxillary; anterior edge of hypostoma bearing four black, prominent, conical projections;
subfossal spine distinct; gular sutures widely diverging behind.

Prothorax short, rectangular, pronotum one and one-half times as wide as long, anteriorly
hairy, posteriorly sparsely irregularly striate to alutaceously reticulated, no median suture;
sternum reticulated, shining, not differentiated into areas; sternellar fold rather strongly fused
at extremities into epipleurum. Legs four-jointed, without tarsus about as long as maxillary
palpi.

Abdomen: Dorsal ampullae alutaceous, shining, bounded by two lateral converging folds
which are joined anteriorly by a transverse one, ventral with two deep lateral impressions; pleural
discs visible on first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth segments. Spiracles oval, large, peri-
treme castaneous, thin, but distinct.

Pupa: Form similar to that of adult, armed with very small, blunt, chitinous points, a few
on posterior edge of pronotum, two small groups on mesonotum and metanotum, and on each
abdominal tergum, growing fewer posteriorly. In some forms from Colorado these points are
scarcely chitinized.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11857.]

This species spends the greater part of the larval period boring between
the bark and wood. The latter is deeply scarred, but not entered until before
pupation, when a long pupal cell is constructed parallel to the grain of the wood
The frass loosely fills the burrows and much is expelled. The pupal cell is
opened to the exterior by the larvae. One generation occurs each year. This
insect often becomes of economic importance in rustic work. Specimens have
been collected from Pinus and Picea, while other forms, probably distinct
species, breed in Thuja, Juniperus- and Chamaecyparis.

CALLIDIUM FRIGIDUM Casey

A few specimens which may be this species have the body covered with white hairs; the
pronotum is more regularly and finely striate and the tubercles on hypostoma very small or
inner pair nearly obsolete. This is also the case in some of the western forms of antennatum.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 119136.]

Habits similar to those of antennatum though more confined to the north-
western United States and higher elevations.

PHYSOCNEMUM ANDREAE Haldeman

[PL XXIX]

Form elongate, depressed; integument rather dull, thick, alutaceous, sparsely covered with
fine whitish hairs.

Head subtrapezoidal, widest behind; mouth-frame strongly corneous, reddish brown;
labrum thick, fleshy, sub-rectangular; mandibles little longer than basal width, apical half
about three times the length of basal, having a groove on outer face, entirely black, shining;
one large ocellus contiguous with antennae, enveloped by genal shoulder; antennae long, slender,
second joint longest, last very slender and tapering; genal bristles short, stiff; last joint of
maxillary palpi equal to second, shorter than last labial; lobe of palpifer large; gula not very
prominent, sutures diverging; no subfossal spine.

Prothorax rectangular, transverse; pronotum one-third wider than long, anteriorly finely
rugose, hairy, posteriorly obliquely rugulose, striate, shining; lateral sutures entire, median
faintly impressed; prosternum rugulose, shining; sternellar fold not passing beyond spiracles.
Mesonotum and metanotum dull, alutaceous, with a transverse impression; legs indistinctly
four-jointed.

Abdomen: Ampullae broad, flat, alutaceous, shining, dorsally marked by two lateral longi-
tudinal folds and one transverse one connecting them anteriorly, ventrally marked by two
lateral, deep triangular impressions and sixth and seventh laterally bounded by a series of

48

longitudinal corneous carinae. Spiracular area and epipleurum projecting in prominent lobes;
pleural discs distinct on third, fourth and fifth segments; spiracles broadly oval, large, peritreme
thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 33816.]

The larval mines resemble those of H. amethystinns, but often are still
more extensive. Pupation take place in the sapwood. The life cycle is com-
pleted in one year. All specimens have been taken from Taxodium in the
southeastern United States.

PHYSOCNEMUM BREVILINEUM Say

Form and in general as in andreae, but differing in that the texture is smooth and shining,
the spiracle and epipleurum less distinct, the pronotum without median suture and the striations
fine and very regular, the genal bristles few and fine, and the lateral carina absent on sixth and
seventh ampullae.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 97912.]

The larval habits of this species are unusual in this tribe. It has only
been taken mining in the outer bark of living Ulmus. The burrows are rather
extensive and meandering, tightly packed with granular frass. Pupation occurs
in a cell in the bark. Similar feeding-bark habits occur sporadically in several
other genera in the Cerambycinae. Observations by A. B. Champlain and the
author.

GONOCALLUS COLLARIS Kirby

[PI. X]

Form cylindric, rather robust; integument firm, rather glossy, white, densely covered with long
castaneous hairs.

Head subquadrate, rather broad in front; mouth-frame corneous, dark chestnut brown;
epistoma swollen and wrinkled; labrum thin, little wider than long; mandibles longer than
wide at base, basal piece brown, distal piceous, shining, one and one-half times length of basal;
antennae slender, second joint, slightly longest; ocellus large, white, enclosed by slightly shoul-
dered gena, latter bearing three to four long bristles. Ventral mouth-parts slightly coriaceous,
joints of maxillary palpi subequal, last shorter than last labial; subfossal spine distinct; gula
narrow, sutures slightly diverging.

Prothorax rectangular, thick, yellow tergal plates prominent; pronotum little wider than
long, hairy, posteriorly irregularly striate, merging into finely granulate, median suture entirely
impressed; sternum rugulose, reticulated. Mesonotum and metanotum smooth. Legs four-
jointed, without tarsus as long as maxillary palpi.

Abdomen: Dorsal ampullae finely granulate, dull, impressed by two lateral sutures, con-
verging and meeting the transverse one. Pleural disc distinct on first , second and third abdominal
segments. Spiracles small, suborbicular, peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 10385c and 12610a.]

The larva feeds in the stems of young pines and spruce (Pinus and Pieea),
boring beneath the bark and pupating in the wood, completing the life cycle
in one year.

MERIUM PROTEUS Kirby

[Pis. XV, XIX]

Form robust, cylindric; integument firm, rather dull, densely covered with long, light castaneous
hairs.

Head transverse, rather broad in front; mouth-frame strongly ehitinized, dark brown;
labrum about one and one-half times as wide as long; mandibles longer than wide at base, basal
piece reddish-brown, one-half as wide as distal piece, latter piceous, shining, with a faint longi-
tudinal groove; first and second antennal joints subequal, last one-half as long as first : one
large white ocellus contiguous with antennae, enclosed by shouldered gena; a few long genal
bristles. Ventral mouth-parts slightly coriaceous, joints of maxillary palpi successively shorter,
last slightly shorter than last labial; hypostomal edge often roughened; subfoesular spine dis-
tinct; sutures diverging convex.

Prothorax rectangular, hairy; pronotum little wider than long, posteriorly substriate to
granulate, no median suture; sternum undifferentiated, rugulose, hairy, except for two glabrous
shining spots; sternellar fold not passing spiracle, rather broadly fused into epipleurum. Meson-
otum and metanotum finely alutaceous, bearing a transverse impression. Legs short, four-
jointed, without tarsus equal to maxillary palpi.

49

Abdomen: Dorsal ampullae rather narrow, alutaceous, two oblique lateral impressions con-
nected anteriorly by a transverse one, skin behind ventral ampullae transversely wrinkled.
Pleural discs distinct on first, second and third abdominals, faint on fourth. Spiracles oval,
small, the last orbicular, peritreme thin, ochraceous.

[Described from sepcimens Hopk. TJ. S. No. 12652a.]

This species has been found only in Picea. The larva bores beneath the
bark of dead trees, entering the wood to pupate, and completing the life cycle
in one year. It causes much damage to rustic work in Maine and eastern
Canada. It occurs from eastern Canada to the Rocky Mountains.

XYLOGRIUS LeConte1

Several larvae in the U.S. Forest Insect Collection belonging to the Callidini
are quite similar to Merium and Callidium. They have never been reared or
associated with adults, but by elimination have been placed in this genus until
their position can be verified. They may be recognized as follows:

Integument tough, shining, densely covered with long, dark, castaneous hairs; head much
depressed; gena broadly shouldered and tuberculate, enclosing distinct, protuberant ocellus
and bearing several inconspicuous hairs; labrum small, roundly rectangular; last joint of max-
illary palpi shortest, shorter than last labial; palpifer and first palpus joint bearing distinct process;
gula indistinct; hypostoma smooth. Thorax and abdomen much as in C. antennatum; spiracles
broadly oval, peritreme thin; pleural discs distinct on first three or four abdominal segments;
seventh ventral ampulla lacks chitinous plates.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U ,S. No. 11919.]

It has been collected in Colorado in Pinus flexilis by Geo. Hofer, A. B.
Champlain and the author. The work resembles that of Callidium antennatum
in the form of mine beneath the bark, the expulsion of frass from a small hole
and the long pupal cell in the wood which is opened through the bark by the
larva. It attacks dying trees, probably hastening the death of the branches.

Tribe GLYTINI

The following larvae form a natural group of several distinct genera; they
may be recognized as follows:

Form robust, contracted, rather thick, tapering to last few segments, then suddenly swelling.
Head trapezoidal, widest behind; ocelli small, one to three; gena never shouldered; no genal
setae; labrum never longer than wide; thick; mandible without sulcus or groove on outer face;
subfossal spine wanting or very minute; process of palpifer minute or wanting; last joint of max-
illary palpi relatively short. Prothorax thick, having distinct proalar plates and short, more or
less subulate hairs on the lateral region; pronotum posteriorly raised, projecting forward along
the median line, glabrous or velvety pubescent, never striate; median suture absent or impressed;
eusternum never distinct but region marked by two round, glabrous, shining spots; ventro-
lateral sutures a short notch; sternellar fold distinct at extremities, passing beyond spiracles;
mesonotum bearing the posterior half of an x-shaped impression (scutellum distinct); metan-
otum with one transverse impression; legs wanting, one, two or three jointed, femur plus tibia
never as long as maxillary palpus. Ampullae broad, oval, flat, the dorsal and ventral surfaces
parallel, bearing two lateral and a transverse impression, though often indisdinct; pleural
discs not distinct nor granulate, usually a half disc of wrinkled texture; the other half obliterated
by a tubercle-like swelling.

The general tendency of these larvae is to be wood-borers, spending a
proportionately shorter time between the bark and wood and a greater length
of time in the wood proper. A striking correlation between habits and structure
is well illustrated within the species. The species of Cyllene normally spend
about half the larval growth between the wood and bark, several not entering
it before constructing the pupal cells, but deeply scoring the wood (as those of
Arhopalus and Cyllene pictus); others enter earlier and mine in the wood con-
siderably (as those of C. antennatus and C. robiniae). C. robiniae attacks living
trees and the body hairs have become short and rather stiff. The species of
Neoclytus are typical wood-feeders, often completely honeycombing the wood
in which they are boring, the extreme cases illustrated by N. capraea and N.

iSince writing this description the adult was reared. It was described by W. S. Fisher as Elatotrypes ho . Fro .
Ento. Soc, Wash. Vol. 21 , p. 38, 1919.
57951—4

50

conjunctus. An intermediate position is that occupied by most species of
Xylotrechus, though a few also illustrate the extremes. All the species of
Neoclytus lack the velvety pubescence of the pronotum and ampullae, as do
two species of Xylotrechus, both of which are typical wood-borers. On the
remaining species of Xylotrechus the ampullae are clothed with velvety pu-
bescence, though to a varying degree; in some forms only the perimeter is
pubescent, in others the entire surface (e.g. Xylotrechus obliteratus, which bores
in the softer moist wood of Populus and Salix). Two species of Xylotrechus
(aceris and quadrimaculatus) attack living trees. In both of these the velvety
pubescence has become much coarser and stiffer or velvety asperate. In one
(quadrimaculatus), which girdles branches mining in the living wood until the
branch is dead, the perimeter only of the ampullae is pubescent; in the other
(aceris), which occurs in the trunk of living trees, the ampullae are entirely
covered.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF CLYTINI

Ocelli normally three; no median pronotal suture; legs three-jointed Cyllenes

Ocelli one.

Median suture of pronotum not impressed.

Legs at least two-jointed: neither pronotum nor ampullae velvety pubescent; subfossal

spine absent Neoclytus

Legs absent; otherwise as Neoclytus. _ Clytus

Median suture impressed.
Legs absent or minute spines.
Posterior area of pronotum and ampullae usually velvety pubescent; pronotum never

striate, subfossal spine present, very small Xylotrechus

Posterior area of pronotum striate, neither it nor ampullae velvety pubescent, latter dull,

granulate; subfossal spine absent; legs minute spines Clytcuithus

Legs at least two-jointed; pronotum striate; ampullae shining, sub-tuborculate; subfossal
spine absent; breeds in Vilis ( 'lytoUfius

Group CYLLENES

The following genera Plagionotus, Arhapalus, Calloides, and Cyllene, cannot
be recognized in the larval stage. They are here considered to form a natural
genus. They can be recognized as follows:

Legs three-jointed, femur plus tibia much shorter than maxillary palpi; three ocelli normally
present, sometimes fused into two or one; process of palpifer minute; posterior area of pronotum
shining, never pubescent, no median suture; ventro-lateral suture a short notch; sternellar
fold distinct, extremities passing spiracles; ampullae granulate or alutaceousj form robust,
contracted.

All these larvae have several habits in common. They mine beneath the bark rather deeply
scoring the wood until nearly two-thirds grown, when they enter the wood. During the larval
growth much of the frass is exuded through an opening (marking the point where the egg was
laid) that is enlarged as the larva grows, so that when the larva is ready to pupate this hole is
large enough to permit the escape of the adult. The pupal cell, deep in the wood, is plugged far
from the exit hole by one wad of fibrous frass. The pupa always faces toward this exit.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GROUP CYLLENES

No process of palpifer present; ampullae dull, finely granulate, breeds in

maple (Acer) ' Plagionotus sjh cwsus

Process of palpifer minute but distinct; ampullae variable.
Ampullae alutaceous, rather shining.

Integument, tough, dull, breeds in Quercus at surface of ground Calloides nobilis

Integument thin, shining; breeds in trunks of Quercus and Castanea. .Arhopalus fidminans
Ampullae dull, finely granulated.

Posterior edge of pronotum finely velvety pubescent; spiracles narrowly oval, body hairs
silky; breeds in Hicoria (rarely in CeUis, Fraxinus, Toxylon, and

Vitis) C V/< "< pictus

Posterior edge of pronotum not velvety pubescent; spiracles narrowly oval; body hairs

very long and silky; breeds in Pr.osopis .CyW ru antennatus

Posterior edge of pronotum velvety pubescent; spiracles broadly oval or orbicular; body
hairs coarser, light castaneous; breeds in Robinia (',///< ru robiniae

51

CALLOIDES NOBILIS Say
[PI. X]

Form robust, tapering posteriorly to last few segments; integument tough, rather dull,
hairs coarse, short, dark castaneous.

Head distinctly trapezoidal, narrowing in front; mouth-frame strongly corneous, dark ;
clypeus and labrum thick, fleshy, latter shortly stalked, sub-orbicular, densely ciliate on perim-
eter; mandibles tapering, narrow at apex, dull black basal piece about one-half length of apical,
no fovea on outer face; first antennal joint slightly shorter than second, about equal to third,
supplementary distinct; ocelli, three, indistinct or fused unto one or two, set in a slight genal
impression; gena not shouldered. Ventral mouth-parts rather coriaceous; palpal joints acute,
last labial and last and second maxillary all subequal; process of palpifer minute though dis-
tinct; no subfossal spine. •

Prothorax thick, about twice as wide as long, four tergal plates distinct, lateral region densely
clothed with short, subulate, dark castaneous hairs except for numerous glabrous spots; pro-
notum coarsely punctured, posterior area reticulately rugose, embossed and extending anteriorly
along median line, no median suture; sternum having two glabrous chitinous spots; ventro-
lateral suture a short notch. Mesonotum bearing a v-shaped impression (scutellum distinct),
metanotum with one transverse impression, both alutaceously granulate. Legs short, conical,
of two transverse joints and a short, conical, chitinous tarsus.

Abdomen slightly compressed; ampullae large, broadly oval, abruptly raised, alutaceously
granulate, dorsal bearing two short lateral and one transverse impression. Pleural discs indis-
tinct. Spiracles broadly oval, dark reddish-brown, peritreme thin.

Pupa: Lateral margins of pronotal disc spinulose; mesonotum and metanotum glabrous;
eight abdominal terga bearing short, acute, chitinous papillae, on first six segments, these ex-
tending posteriorly, last two recurved.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11851.]

The larva has been found only in the base of recently cut or dying Quercus
stumps and bases of trees. It requires considerable moisture and a great pro-
portion of the mine is extended beneath the ground along the surface of the
roots, between the bark and wood. The full-grown larva constructs a long
prepupal burrow sometimes 12 inches in length deep through the heartwood.
If this is constructed in a stump it opens near the centre on the cut surface;
if in a tree, it is turned obliquely out to the bark and never penetrates so deeply
into the heartwood. This hole is left open to the exterior by the larva, giving
the appearance that the adults had emerged. Most of the brood transform in
one year, though some remain over the second year. This is a more northern
species in eastern and central United States and Canada. Observations by the
author.

ARHOPALUS FULMINANS Fabricius

PI. XLII

Form less robust than that of Calloides nobilis; integument thin, shining, hairs on abdomen
fine, of a dark lemon colour.

Head in general as in Calloides, mouth-frame less chitinized, light reddish brown; labrum
transversely oval, widest behind, covered with long silky hairs, except for glabrous spot in centre,
process of palpifer distinct; process on first joint of maxillary palpi distinct, last joint of maxil-
lary palpi shorter than second, and shorter than last labial.

Prothorax having hairs of proalar and lateral regions shorter, denser, and finer than in
Calloides, light castaneous; pronotum posteriorly shining with a few elongate punctures to
short fovea. Spine of legs not strongly chitinized.

_ Abdomen: Ampullae dull, finely alutaceous. Spiracles narrowly oval, dark lemon colored,
peritreme thin.

Pupa: Pronotum regularly beset with slender, straight, acute points, longer on sides and
less numerous on disc; metanotum bearing two oblique rows of short bristles; each abdominal
tergum armed with two transverse rows of slender acute spines projecting backward, except
those on hind border of the seventh and eighth segments, which are longer and recurved.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11832.]

The larva bores beneath the bark, deeply scoring the wood until half grown,
when the sapwood is entered from 4 to 6 inches. Not so much frass is extruded
as by the species of Cyllene. The most striking feature of the work is the pupal
cell, constructed at the end of the prepupal gallery, which is suddenly turned
at an angle of from 40 to 45 degrees, cutting across the grain of the wood.
Observations by the author. It has been collected in Quercus and Castanea
throughout the eastern United States.

57951—4J-

52
PLAGIONOTUS SPECIOSUS Say

Distinguished from Calliodes nobilis by the absence of the palp if er process; last joint of
maxillary palpi shorter than second; labrum subquadrate, widest at or before middle; ampullae
dull, verv finely granulate.

[Described from specimens in the collection of G. Dimmock.]

The habits of this species have been adequately discussed in literature.
It attacks living hard maples (Acer). The larvae during the first year mine
beneath the bark, often girdling the branch and causing its death. The second
year a deep burrow is made obliquely up and into the heartwood at the end of
which the larva pupates. Two years are required to complete the development.
This species occurs throughout the northeastern section of the United States
and Canada, and has been found in West Virginia by A. D. Hopkins.

CYLLENE PIGTUS Drury
[Pis. XV, XVIII, XX, XXVI]

Form robust, contracted, laterally compressed to last few segments; integument dull,
hairs dense, fine, silky, lemon-coloured.

Head sub trapezoidal; mouth-frame heavily corneous; epistoma thick, abruptly raised,
deeply emarginate at centre; labrum orbicular, fleshy, finely ciliate; mandibles tapering, narrow
at apex, dull, not grooved on outer face; first antennal joint slightly shorter than second, third
small; ocelli distinct; last joint of labial palpi and of second and third maxillary subequal; pro-
cess of palpifer minute, distinct.

Prothorax transverse, short, and thick, densely covered with short fine hairs on sternal,
alar and lateral regions; prothorax with four distinct ochraceous tergal plates; pronotum pos-
teriorly very finely rugulose, striate to finely granulate, a band of dark velvety pubescence on
posterior margin of pronotum and eusternal region. Legs consisting of two transverse joints
and a short chitinous spine.

Abdomen laterally compressed, dorsal and ventral surfaces flat, parallel; ampullae large,
prominent, oval, white, dull, very finely granulate having the impressions faint. Spiracles
narrowly oval to oval. Otherwise as in Calloides nobilis.

Pupa: Disc of pronotum armed with many short, not sharply acute, chitinous points; a
few on mesonotum and metanotum; more acute ones on each abdominal tergum, those on
seventh and eighth very strongly chitinized, long, acuminate, and strongly recurved; usually
twelve on seventh tergum and four on eighth.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9457a.}

This species is of economic importance and has been discussed in literature.
Pupation occurs in the fall, the adults emerging in the early spring. A remark-
able uniformity in the transformation to pupa is shown. All larvae transform
at nearly the same time, and during the winter it is impossible to find a single
larva unless it be a deformed or injured specimen, and even this is rare. It
normally feeds in Hicoria and often in Toxylon and has been found in Pennsyl-
vania in Fraxinus by A. B. Champlain and in Celtis and Vitis by E. M. Craig-
head and J. N. Knull. A. D. Hopkins records it from Gleditsia and possibly
from Morus, in West Virginia.

CYLLENE ROBINIAE Forster

Easily distinguished from pictus by the broadly oval to orbicular spiracles; the abdominal
hairs are coarser; the posterior edge of the pronotum and pro-custernum are velvety pubescent.

Pupa: Armature stronger, but otherwise similar to C. pictus, except thai the' metanotum
has fewer spines and the abdominal segments, especially the hind margin of the lad two. more
numerous spines.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 6062.]

This species is of considerable economic importance, doing meat damra
to living black locust (Robinia pseudacacia) , especially in plantations. The
character of the work is similar to that of other species; the life cycle is
completed m one year, adults emerging in the early fall Extensive biological
data have been collected and published.

53

GYLLENE ANTENNATUS White

More robust and larger than pictus) the body hairs are long, silky, white to yellowish white,
even those on the lateral region of the prothorax being decidedly more slender. The posterior
edge of the pronotum and pro-eusternum does not have the velvety pubescence; spiracles nar-
rowly oval.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12646 and 12648.]

This is a southwestern species similar in habits to C. pictus. Its favoured
host plant is Prosopis, but it has been recorded also from Acacia. Observations
by W. F. Fiske, J. L. Webb, and M. Chrisman.

NEOGLYTUS Thomson

This genus can be distinguished from Xylotrechus by the presence of minute legs of at least
two joints; posterior area of pronotum never finely pubescent, but usually clear white, dull,
finely granulate; no median suture impressed; ampullae dull, finely granulate and never bordered
by velvety pubescence; no subfossal spine.

The species are very uniform in habits; all, so far as known, mine beneath
the bark for a very short time, then penetrate the sapwood and heartwood,
completely honeycombing them. The mines are very extensive and tightly
packed with granular frass. The larvae attack both coniferous and hardwood
trees. Most species complete the life cycle in one year. Usually by early fall
all species have pupated and transformed to adults, emerging during the first
warm days of spring.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF NEOCLYTUS

Last joint of maxillary palpi about equal in length to second.

Anterior edge of hypostoma thick, swollen and somewhat projecting forward at sides of gula.
Band of dull granulation on posterior border of pro-eusternum bisected in middle by longi-
tudinal band of hairs.

Breeds in Fraxinus N. capraea

Breeds in Quercus N. conjunctus

Band of granulation continuous N. scutellaris

Anterior edge of hypostoma normal.

Band of granulation of posterior border of pro-eusternum bisected by longitudinal band of

hairs. Breeds in citrus trees N. cordifer

Band continuous. Breeds in Hicoria N. luscus

Last joint of maxillary palpi much longer than second.

Second joint of antennae slender, longer than first N. erythrocephalus

First and second joints of antennae subequal, about as long as thick.

Ocellus large. Breeds in Pinus N. muricatulus

Ocellus minute. Breeds in Quercus N. longipes

NEOCLYTUS CAPRAEA Say
[Pis. I, X, XXXV.]

Form robust, short, contracted, tapering to last few segments, then dilated; integument
firm, rather dull, rather densely covered with fine lemon-white, silky hairs.

Head trapezoidal, widest behind mouth-frame, strongly corneous and much thickened;
labrum thick, subconvex, orbicular, hairs few and rather long; mandibles short, piceous, shining,
narrowed at apex, rather abruptly constricted on outer face above basal piece; first and second
antennal joints subequal, third shorter; ocellus one, distinct, contiguous with base of antennae;
gena neither shouldered nor setose; pleurostoma and anterior edge of hypostoma very thick,
swollen and somewhat protuberant; ventral mouth-parts rather strongly coriacious, joints of
maxillary palpi subequal, basal transverse, last shorter than last labial; process of palpifer
minute.

Prothorax thick, trapezoidal; posterior pronotum dull, smooth and finely reticulated and
alutaceous to finely granulate on posterior edge; sternum finely granulate, dull along posterior
margin, but divided by median band of hairs. Legs minute, consisting of a single joint and a
soft spine.

Ampullae broad, flat, oval, dorsal and ventral surfaces straight and parallel, dull, finely
granulate, not distinctly marked except by a few lenticular impressions. Pleural discs not dis-
tinct. Spiracles narrowly oval, peritreme not thick.

Pupa: Unarmed except on second to seventh abdominal terga which bear minute chitinous
points, becoming more numerous, larger, and more acute posteriorly.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9091a and 10341a.]

54

This species illustrates the extreme in the wood-boring activity in this genus
It mines very little under the bark and completely honeycombs the sapwood
and outer heartwood. The mines are tightly packed with granular frass. One
generation occurs each year. It often becomes of considerable economic im-
portance. It has been collected throughout the United States and eastern
Canada in Fraxinus. W. F. Fiske and M. Chrisman record it from Prosopis
and Quercus in Arizona and A. B. Champlain from Quercus in Colorado.

Clerid larvae of the genus Chariessa frequently prey on this larva.

NEOGLYTUS CONJUNCTUS LeConte

This larva can scarcely be separated from that of capraea* except in the nearly matured
form, when the anterior edges of the hypostoma are not greatly swollen. The spiracles are
smaller (middle abdominal ones scarcely larger than ocellus) and more narrowly oval.

Pupa: Armed on the first seven abdominal terga with small fleshy papillae, which are
chitinous-tipped, these being from 15 to 20 in number while capraea has about 40 on some seg-
ments.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9016 and 9592.]

Habits similar to those of capraea. It is a common species from the Rocky
Mountain region west, breeding in Fraxinus, Quercus, Arbutus, and Pyrus.

NEOGLYTUS SCUTELLARIS Oliv

Form more slender than in capraea; hairs light castaneous, sparse. Pleurostoma and
anterior edge of hypostoma swollen and heavily corneous to the same degree as in conjunctus,
somewhat bisinuous; second joint of antennae longest, first about as long as thick; last labial
joint shorter, second equal to last labial. Posterior area of pro-eusternum having a dull, trans-
verse, finely granulated band; mesosternum and metasternum also dull ganulate. Spiracles
small, oval, middle abdominal ones scarcely larger than ocellus. Otherwise as caprmn.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12(504.]

This larva has only been found in Quercus alba, always associated with a
dry fungus rot. It works similarly to capraea, but the mines are not so exten-
sive. Range, eastern United States.

NEOGLYTUS CORDIFER Klug
[PI. XIX]

In general as in erythrocephalus; posterior transverse border of presternum very narrow
and bisected in middle by longitudinal band of short stiff hairs; body more densely hairy, these
hairs castaneous. Joints of palpi subequal, second joint of antennae longer than first or third.

Pupa: Abdominal terga beset with fine chitinous asperites and a few short recurved hooks
not disposed transversely, very large on seventh segment. Hind and middle femora with two
long conical processes at tibial articulation.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9902r'.]

These specimens were sent in by a correspondent who stated thai they were
billing the branches of pomegranate trees (Punica granaium) at Chase, Fla.
Dr. E. A. Schwarz states that this species has been introduced from Cuba,
where it is very destructive to orange (Citrus), pomegranate, and mango (Man-
rgifera indica) trees.

NEOCLYTUS LUSGUS Fabriciua

Form and body characters similar to those of erythrocephalus] second joint of antennae
longer than third; palpal joints subequal; posterior band of granulation on proeusternum con-
tinuous; body covered with light castaneous hairs.

Pupa: Prothorax with numerous small chitinous points; spines on abdominal terga as in
longipes) short conical points on middle and hind femora.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11840, 11830c]

This larva attacks dying or dead Hicoria, mining about as much beneath
the bark as in the wood. It is often associated with Scolytus-kMed trees.
Range, eastern United States.

55

NEOGLYTUS ERYTHROCEPHALUS Fabricius

A more slender species, sparsely covered with long whitish hair; last joint of maxillary palpi
much longer than second; second and third joints of antennae subequal, slender; anterior edges
of hypostoma normal. Posterior area of pronotum dull, finely granulate; ampullae dull more
coarsely granulate; ochraceous tergal plates more distinct and narrowly transverse in this species;
posterior border of pro-eusternum dull, finely granulate.

Pupa: Pronotum bearing a fleshy median tubercle on the anterior margin, no spines; in
an irregular transverse row each abdominal tergum bears from 12 to 20 minute chitinous spines,
increasing on posterior segments; seventh bearing 6 to 10 larger spines on fleshy bases.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9782#.]

The larva feeds in a great variety of hardwood trees, working in the same
manner as N. capraea. It sometimes becomes very destructive to round timbers
in the woods, especially in the south, where several generations occur each
year. It has been collected throughout the eastern and central United
States from Hicoria, Fraxinus, Quercus, Juglans, Betula, Fagus, Ostrya, Acer,
Celtis, Vitis, Cornus, Cercocarpus, Ilex, Prosopis, Cercis, Diospyros, Syringa,
Gleditsia, Lonicera, Prunus, Sassafras, Robinia, Liriodendron, and Castanea.

A. D. Hopkins records it from Pinus and W. F. Fiske from Taxodium, but
these records are questionable.

NEOCLYTUS MURIGATULUS Kirby

Form and in general as in erythrocephalus ; sparsely clothed with yellowish hairs; last joints
of labial and maxillary palpi subequal, latter much longer than second; first and second antennal
joints subequal, about as long as thick; ocellus large, larger than abdominal spiracles; anterior
edge of hypostoma not swollen; labrum transversely oval, sparsely haired; posterior granu-
lation of pro-eusternum continuous.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12695.]

This is the only species of the genus which has been found living in conif-
erous trees. It completely riddles the small branches of Picea, Larix, Pseudo-
tsuga, and Pinus. Range, conforming to that of the spruces.

NEOGLYTUS LONGIPES Kirby

Very similar to erythrocephalus; antennal joints subequal, first and second globose, scarcely
longer than thick; palpal joints relatively more robust, but last joint of maxillary palpi longer
than second; ocellus minute or indistinct.

Pupa: Distinguished by the fact that the spines on abdominal terga are arranged in a
single transverse row, or the last bearing a double row of small recurved hooks, each set on a
fleshy conical papilla; protergum with scattered distinct spines on disc.

[Despribed from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9765.]

The larva feeds in small dry oak (Quercus) saplings. It pupates and trans-
forms to adult in the early fall, hibernating in the cell.

CLYTUS MARGINIGOLLIS Laporte.

Form contracted, subcylindric; integument firm, shining, clothed with fine yellowish-red
hairs.

Mouth-frame greenish-yellow; labrum roundly oval, slightly wider than long; mandibles
short, robust, basal piece reddish, about one-half length of distal, latter having no foveae; first
antennal joint transverse, second longest, third shortest; ocellus distinct, contiguous with base
of antennae; gena neither shouldered nor setose. Ventral mouth-parts fleshy; joints of max-
illary palpi subequal, basal transverse, second about as long as wide; process of palpifer about
equal to last maxillary joint; gula distinct; anterior portion of hypostomal plates swollen and
wrinkled.

Prothorax having four distinct tergal plates, alar and lateral areas sparsely haired; pro-
notum posteriorly shining and irregularly wrinkled; eusternal spots glabrous, shining. Meson-
otum and metanotum dull, finely granulate. Legs absent.

Ampullae faintly shining, finely granulate, having only lateral impressions; pleural discs
indistinct; abdominal spiracles broadly oval to suborbicular, a little larger than the ocellus,
peritreme thin.

Pupa: Short, erect, chitinous points on anterior margin and perimeter of pronotum; irregu-
larly dispersed over abdominal terga, becoming larger and more numerous posteriorly and form-
ing a row on hind margin of the seventh and eighth, these points recurved.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11890.]

56

These larvae were reared from eggs laid by the adults from May 6 to 15 >
1916, on small branches of Pinus virginiana cut during the winter at Falls
Church, Va. The larvae bore beneath the bark until about half grown, feeding on
both bark and wood; later, entering the wood, they extend a long burrow, at
the end of which the pupal cell is constructed. Pupation occurred in September.
Observations by J. N. Knull and the author.

The larva in many respects resembles that of Neoclytus.

XYLOTRECHUS C.hev.

These larvae are recognized as being legless (one species possessing a minute spine); the
head bears one ocellus; process of palifer very small; posterior area of pronotum usually velvety
pubescent, as also the perimeter of the ampullae; median suture of pronotum impressed behind;
ventro-lateral sutures a mere notch; sternellar fold distinct at extremities, passing spiracles;
form robust, contracted.

A variety of habits are represented in this genus, but common to all is that
of boring a great deal in the wood proper. In nearly all species over half the
larval life is spent in the wood. A few species attack living trees, one girdling
branches, another mining the trunks of small trees. The remainder feed only
in dead wood. All tightly pack the granular frass behind them. The position
of the pupa in its cell varies in the different species, but the adult always gnaws
its way through the bark. The life cycle is completed normally in one year.

KEY TO THE SPECIES XYLOTRECHUS

Posterior area of pronotum not velvety pubescent; ampullae not surrounded by velvety pubes-
cence.
Labrum suborbicular; legs usually a minute spine; breeds in Crataegus; eastern. . X. convergens
Labrum distinctly wider than long; legless; breeds in Quercus and Eucalyptus;

western X. nauticus

Posterior area of pronotum and border of ampullae velvety pubescent ;

Pronotal and ampullar areas covered with velvety pubescence; hairs on lateral region of pro-
thorax short but not stiff.
Spiracles smaller, oval to orbicular.

Last joint of maxillary palpus nearly globular, shorter than second. Breeds

in Tsuga X. fuscus

Last joint of maxillary palpus more slender, longer than second.

Breeds in hardwoods X. colon us

Breeds in coniferous woods.

Ocelli about size of basal joint of maxillary palpi X. undukUus

Ocelli smaller X. sagittal us

Spircales large, twice or more as long as wide.

Ampullae entirely covered with velvety pubescence X. oblik rat us

X. sp 10359

Ampullae velvety pubescent only on perimeter and median stripe X. insignia

Pronotal and ampullar area covered with asparate velvety pubescence; hairs on lateral region
of prothorax stiff, subulate.

Ampullae not entirely pubescent; girdles branches of Alnus, Fugus, and

Betula X. quadrintactdattis

Ampullae entirely covered with pubescence; breeds in small living trees of Act r.. X. aa ris

XYLOTRECHUS CONVERGENS LeConte

Readily distinguishable from all other species by the fact that the posterior area of the
pronotum does not bear the velvety pubescence, hut is dull and faintly retieulately rugulose
or finely granulate (resembling Neoclytus); legs usually developed as a minute spine. ' Maxillary
palpal joints subequal in length; first and second joints of antennae subequal, third shorter;
labrum sub-orbicular; spiracles very broadly oval, peritreme thin; body hairs light castaneous.

Pupa: Very minute, scattered, setiferous points on pronotum; mesonotum and metanotum
unarmed; first six abdominal terga bearing small, acuminate, curved spines projecting poster-
iorly, becoming more numerous caudally; seventh bearing four larger recurved spines on posterior
border and smaller ones on disc; eighth bearing two.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9792c]

The larva has been found only in the dead wood of Crataegus. It mines
deep into the heartwood, completely honeycombing it. Pupation occurs in tin1
late spring. Range, throughout eastern United States. Observations by the
author.

57

XYLOTRECHUS NAUTIGUS Mannerheim

Similar to convergens, but legs wanting; labrum distinctly wider than long; first joint of
antennae globular, equal to last, very much shorter than second.
[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 13158a, and 13168a.]

The larval habits are likewise similar to those of convergens. It is a true
wood-borer; collected from Quercus and Eucalyptus in California by F. B.
Herbert.

XYLOTRECHUS COLONUS Fabricius

[Pis. XVIII, XX]

Form semirobust, contracted, subcylindric, tapering to last few abdominal segments; integu-
ment, firm, rather dull, densely covered with fine, soft, lemon-coloured hairs.

Head trapezoidal, gradually tapering anteriorly; mouth-frame corneous, very finely wrin-
kled, reddish-brown; labrum rather thick, soft, suborbicular, widest behind middle, with very
short hairs; mandibles dull black, short, tapering rapidly to apex, basal piece about one-third
length of apical, no fovea on outer face; first antennal joint about equal to last, much shorter
than second, supplementary distinct; one distinct ocellus contiguous with base of antennae;
gena tapering, not shouldered, bearing several very fine hairs. Ventral mouth-parts rather fleshy;
all joints of labial and maxillary palpi subequal, basal joints of latter transverse; process
of palpifer short, distinct, subfossal spine small.

Prothorax rectangular, about twice as wide as long, thick; four distinct ochraceous tergal
plates; lateral regions thickly beset with short orange hairs, those on sternum longer except for
the large, suborbicular, glabrous eusternal spots; pronotum wider than long; median suture
slightly impressed punctured and sparsely hairy anteriorly, posteriorly covered with dark-
ochraceous, velvety pubescence and a posterior band on pro-eusternum; mesonotum, meta-
notum and anterior half of sterna also covered with velvety pubescence; ventral-latero sutures
a mere notch. Legless.

Abdomen: ampullae large, transverse, flat, dull, very finely granulate, surrounded by velvety
pubescence; ventral bearing a longitudinal median stripe, of velvety pubescence, no distinct
impressions. Pleural disc indistinct. Spiracles narrowly oval to broadly oval, peritreme thin.

The larva feeds in almost all of the eastern hardwood trees. It is chiefly
a bark feeder, mining between the bark and wood, rarely scoring the latter,
and if the bark is thick it mines entirely in it. The life cycle is often completed
from spring to early fall, or it extends over to the following season. Pupation
may take place in either the bark or the sapwood.

XYLOTRECHUS (ANNOSUS) FUSCUS Kirby.

Pronotum posteriorly velvety pubescent, as are also the borders and often a median longi-
tudinal band of the ampullae; antennae rather thick, second joint not twice as long as thick,
first globular, last more than half as long as second; labrum orbicular; last joint of maxillary
palpi shorter than second; abdominal spiracles narrowly oval, first and last broadly oval, peri-
treme light orange coloured; body hairs very light castaneous.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10081£ and 9792a.]

The larva feeds between the bark and wood, entering the latter when about
half grown, where extensive mines are excavated. The same tree is usually
attacked from shortly after it has fallen until well decayed. As the wood
becomes softer the larvae bore deeper. It has been collected from Abies and
Tsuga. Range, in eastern United States and Canada.

XYLOTRECHUS SAGITTATUS Germar.

Distinguishable from annosus by the subequal palpal joints; last joint of antennae one-half
length of second and second scarcely twice as long as thick, basal globular; ocellus very small,
spiracles not so darkly rimmed; labrum broad on anterior margin, suborbicular; body hairs
lighter.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12266 and a specimen, Craig. 241&, collected at
State College, Pa.]

Habits similar to those of undulatus but more commonly found in Pinus
Recorded also from Picea and Abies. Range, from Rocky Mountains east.

58

XYLOTRECHUS UNDULATUS Say

Pronotum posteriorly velvety pubescent, this darker than in most species, and often reduced
to a narrow border, non-pubescent portion white, ruglose; ampullae bordered with velvety
pubescence, and often a median band pubescent; first and last antennal joints subequal, first
quadrate, second much longer, about twice as long as thick; palpi joints subequal; ocellus large;
labrum transversely oval; spiracles very small, middle abdominal ones scarcely larger than
ocellus, peritreme thin; body hairs light castaneous.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9522a, 12693&, 126526, 11923a and 12682. Speci-
mens 9522a may be different from the others.]

Habits similar to annosus but it prefers more solid wood. A suitable place
of attack is old fire scars or axe wounds where the larvae can gain entrance to
the heartwood. It has been collected in Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, Abies, Pinus and
Picea. Ranges through Rocky Mountain region and west.

XYLOTRECHUS sp. 10359

Form similar to undulatus, but easily recognized by the ampullae being entirely velvety
pubescent ; spiracles large, very narrowly oval and conspicuously reddish brown in colour, per-
itreme thick; labrum orbicular, or rarely a little wider at middle; antennae more slender; palpi
joints subequal.

Pupa: Margin of pronotum regularly beset with erect chitinous points; each abdominal
tergum armed with longer ones, curved posteriorly, except on seventh and eighth, which are
recurved, the eighth bearing four points smaller than those on seventh.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10359, 10075u>, and 11786.]

This species has been collected only in the dead or dying wood of Populus
and Salix. It mines extensively in the heartwood. Range, through Rocky
Mountain region west and in Canada. Observations by H. E. Burke, J. Brun-
ner, N. Criddle, and the author.

XYLOTRECHUS OBLITERATUS LeConte

This species can be distinguished from the preceding only by the smaller and lighter coloured
spiracle, which is scarcely as wide as the ocellus; and by the finer pubescence of the ampullae,
which cannot be distinguished individually with a° objective and No. 4 eyepiece, as in the
preceding.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10982a7.]

These larvae have been collected only in the base of living aspen (Populus
tremuloides) at elevations above 8,500 feet in the Rocky Mountains. The larvae
mine the heartwood of the base and roots, often causing the trees to break off
in great numbers. Observations of G. Hofer and the author.

XYLOTRECHUS INSIGNIS LeConte
[PL XV]

This species has the large elongate abdominal spiracles similar to the preceding, but the
abdominal ampullae are covered with velvety pubescence only on the perimeter and a median
stripe; the ocellus is small and the last joint of the maxillary palpi is slender, longer than the
second.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 1316a2.]

These larvae were collected by F. B. Herbert in Berkeley, CaL, in the wood
of a dying willow (Salix lasiandra).

XYLOTRECHUS ACERIS Fisher
[PL XVI

Posterior pronotum and entire ampullae covered with asperate velvety pubescence, this
very dark on pronotum; hairs on lateral region of pronotum stiff, subulate, dark castaneous:
joints of maxillary palpi subequal or last slightly longer than second; second and last antenna]
joints subequal, first transverse, second about as long as thick; labium suborbicular; spiracles
narrowly oval, peritreme thick, dark castaneous.

Pupa: Anterior half and sides of pronotum armed with short, acute, chitinous points ;
those on abdominal terga becoming larger and more slender to seventh, which bears six acuminate
recurved ones.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9721.]

59

This species infests the trunks of small red maples (Acer rubrum), causing
a gall-like swelling in which the larvae feed. Before pupation a straight burrow
is extended into the heartwood, above or below the gall. At the extremity of
this the larva pupates, the adult crawling back and emerging through the gall.
The work is common throughout the eastern United States and Canada. Ob-
servations by A. B. Champlain and the author.

XYLOTRECHUS QUADRIMACULATUS Haldeman

[PL XL]

Distinguished from aceris in that the ampullae are not entirely covered by pubescence, but
the centre is glabrous, dull granulate; dorsal ampullae without pubescence on anterior edge;
first joint of antennae transverse, second about one and one-half times as long as thick; labrum
slightly wider than long; abdominal spiracles more narrowly oval except first and last.

Pupa: Similar to aceris but spines all more slender and not so heavily chitinized, the two
median ones on each abdominal tergum conspicuously larger than others.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9768 and 9785/2.]

The larva has the peculiar habit of girdling branches of Betula and Fagus .
It cuts the branch from the inside, causing it to drop early in the fall. It then
constructs a long burrow up the centre. The work is often common in Betula
on the tops of mountains. Observations by F. E. Brooks and the author.

CLYTANTHUS RURICOLA Oliver
[PL XIX]

Form semirobust, cylindric, contracted; integument rather firm, shining, sparsely covered
with short light yellow hairs.

Head subtrapezoidal; mouth-frame corneous; labrum thick, transversely broadly oval,
having a very few short hairs; mandibles robust, broader at apex than other Clytini, shining
basal piece about one-third length of apical; first joint of antennae globular, one-half length of
second, equal to last; one distinct ocellus contiguous with base of antennae; process of palpifer
minute; joint of maxillary palpi equal in length, last equal to last labial; gena neither shouldered
nor setose.

Prcthorax stout, trapezoidal, sparsely hairy, the hairs short, castaneous; pronotum anter-
iorly regularly and sparsely haired, posteriorly alutaceous, shining to dull, granulate on hind
margin, median suture deeply impressed; sternal glabrous spots smooth, shining or reticulate.
Mesonotum and metanotum dull granulate; legs minute chitinous spines.

Abdomen: Ampullae dull, granulate, not surrounded by velvety pubescence. Pleural discs
indistinct. Spiracles broadly oval, peritreme rather thick.

Pupa: Pronotum regularly beset with acuminate points resembling short stiff hairs, except
on centre; abdominal terga bearing acuminate points, those on the first six segments projecting
posteriorly, on the seventh segment four much larger and recurved; two similar ones on eighth.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11815 and 11861a.]

This species very closely resembles Xylotrechus convergens and can scarcely
be separated generically. The form is more slender, the granulation of am-
pullae coarser, and the spines representing the legs always distinct and larger.

The larva has been found in Acer, Hicoria, Sorbus, Betula, and Fagus. It is
always in decaying wood associated with a fungus marked by irregular black lines
in the wood. Range, eastern United States and Canada.

GLYTOLEPTUS ALBOFASCIATUS Laporte (Casey)

Form more slender and cylindric than in ruricola) integument shining, hairs light castane-
ous, finer and more dense.

Head roundly trapezoidal; mouth-frame lightly corneous, labrum transversely oval; basal
piece of mandible one-half length of apical; first joint of antennae globular, about one-half
length of second; one very large white ocellus; gena bearing a few long setae; last labial joint
longer than last maxillary, which in turn is longer than second; anterior edge of hypostoma very
shallowly but broadly notched by insertion of submentum.

Pronotum having median suture deeply impressed behind, posterior area coarsely and some-
what obliquely striate; ampullae alutaceous, shining often subtuberculate; no trace of ventro-
lateral suture. Legs minute, fleshy, two-jointed. Spiracles broadly oval, peritreme thin, some-
what sunken.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 118446.]

60

This larva from some characters might be regarded as belonging to the
Anaglypti. It is as distinctly separable from Clytanthus ruricola as Clytanthus
is from Xylotrechus and may in that sense be retained as a genus, to which rank
Casey, 1912, has raised it.

It has been found in dead grapevines (Vitis) associated with Phymatodes
amoenus and also in partially living vines. The mines are rather extensive and
tightly packed with frass. Range, eastern United States and Canada.

Tribe ANAGLYPTI

These larva are more slender in form than those of the Clytini and the ampullae are small,
oval, with a deep median furrow. Head rather broad in front, produced by distinctly shouldered
gena enclosing a large ocellus (larger than spiracles); last joint of maxillary palpi much longer
than second; process of palpifer relatively large. Pronotum posteriorly striate, not projecting
forward along median line, no median suture; no trace of ventro-lateral suture; sternellar fold
distinct at extremities; legs two to four jointed, shorter than maxillary palpi.

The affinities of this tribe evidently ally it with Clytini, but the group
seems to be distinct enough to be regarded as of equal rank with the latter.
The characters suggest certain species of Callidiini.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF ANAGLYPTI

Gena very strongly shouldered, somewhat tuberculate; striae of pronotum very fine. Cyrtophorus
Gena not so strongly shouldered, nor so corneous; pronotal striae coarse.

First antennal joint longer than wide, first and second subequal; body smooth, shining.

Microclytus

First antennal joint globular, much shorter than second; body finely granulate. Tillamorpha

CYRTOPHORUS VERRUCOSUS Oliver

[Pis. IX, X, XIX]

Form rather slender; integument thin, shining, densely covered with fine yellowish hair.

Head broad in front, mouth-frame lightly corneous; labnim thick, transversely oval to
suborbicular; mandible rather broad at apex, basal piece reddish-brown, one-fourth width of
apical; first and second antennal joints scarcely longer than wide, first slightly shorter than second,
supplementary rather long, acute; one large, white ocellus enveloped l>v the abruptly shouldered
tuberculate gena; gena setose; first and second joints of maxillary palpi transverse, third much
longer, equal to last labial; process of palpifer distinct.

Prothorax transversely rectangular; pronotum posteriorly finely striate, shining, then
granulate, no median suture; no trace of ventro-lateral suture. Legs shorter than maxillary
palpus, three-jointed.

Abdomen: Ampullae small, shining, granulate, indefinitely marked, but with a deep median
furrow; pleural discs indistinct. Spiracle broadly oval, much smaller than ocellus, peritreme
thin.

Pupa: Pronotum regularly beset with erect, slender, acute chitinous points; shorter ones
on mesonotum and metanotum; stouter spines with a papilla-like base on each abdominal
tergum arranged more or less in rows, six on posterior margin of seventh tergum (in groups of
three) and four on eighth.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12254.]

The larva works like a Neoclytus in solid dead Qucrcus where it is often
associated with N. longipes. The life cycle is completed in one year, the adults
transforming in the fall or early spring. It has been collected also from Prunus,
Cornus, Pyrus, Diospyros, Betula, Benzoin, and Acer. Range, eastern United
States and Canada.

MICROCLYTUS GAZELLULA Haldeman

[PI. XIX i

Form slender, somewhat tapering; integument smooth, shining, very hairy. Head similar to
that of Tillamorpha except that the genae are not so corneous; the labrum is thin and trans-
versely semicircular, much wider than long; the last palpal joints are relatively Longer, though
not quite twice the length of the second; first and second joints of antennae subequal, longer
than wide.

The striae of the pronotum are distinctly separated, rather coarse; mesonotum and meta-
tergum granulate while not noticeably so in Cyrtophorus. Legs very small, three or four joints,
joints globular. Ampullae coarsely granulate. Spiracles broadly oval, peritreme thin.

61

Pupa: Several long setae on head, a transverse row on anterior and posterior margin of
pronotum, as also on each abdominal tergum becoming more numerous and longer posteriorly;
several on articulation of femur and tibia.

[Described from specimen Craig. 364, collected at State College, Pa.]

This larva feeds in the outer scaly bark of Quercus, usually associated with
Encyclops caeruleus. The life cycle is completed in one year, the adult trans-
forming in the fall or early spring. Observations by the author in Pennsyl-
vania. W. S. Fisher records it from Hicoria.

TILLAMORPHA GEMINATA Haldeman

Form rather slender; integument shining, very finely granulate, covered with fine whitish
hairs.

Head transversely oval, slightly tapering anteriorly; mouth-frame lightly chitinized;
Iabrum thin, transversely oval, mandible broad at tip, basal piece reddish-brown, about one-
third length of apical, latter piceous, shining, bearing a longitudinal fovea on outer face; first
antennal joint globular, much shorter than second, supplementary long; ocellus large, white,
prominent, contiguous with antennae, enclosed by corneous-shouldered gena, which bears no
hairs; last joint of maxillary palpi equal to last labial, shorter than second; process of palpifer
distinct.

Prothorax widely transverse; pronotum slightly wider than long, anteriorly beset with a few
slender hairs, posteriorly irregularly and faintly striate, then dull granulate, no median suture;
no trace of ventro-lateral suture. Legs very small, fleshy, three-jointed.

Abdomen: Dorsal and ventral ampullae dull, granulate, granules distinct, flattened. Pleural
discs not distinct. Spiracles smaller than ocellus, orbicular, peritreme thin.

Pupa: Very similar to that of Cyrtophorus verrucosus, but the mesonotum and metanotum
are unarmed and only four spines occur on the posterior boder of the seventh tergum and two on
the eighth.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9789°.]

Habits resemble those of a Neoclytus, as it mines between the bark and
wood, but only goes into the latter to pupate. Occasionally pupation takes
place beneath the bark. It pupates very early in the spring. The larvae have
been collected in Quercus, Nyssa, Hicoria, Vitis, and Cornus. Observations by
H. B. Kirk and the author.

Tillomorpha has been associated with Euderces by some writers, but its
affinity through larval characters is not at all distinct. It is much more closely
allied to Microclytus and Crytophorus by the form of the head, the shouldered
gena, and the sternellar fold, which is not broadly fused into the epipleurum,
as in Euderces.

Tribe MOLORCHINI

The following genera form a very homogeneous group of larvae. They are
evidently allied to Curius and in some respects to Rhopalophora. The adults
have been placed in two tribes, but the larvae do not warrant such a grouping.
They can be recognized as follows:

Head depressed, transversely oval, widest about middle; gena not shouldered, bristles
numerous; one or no ocelli; first and second joints of antennae very short, usually subequal;
last joint of maxillary palpi always much longer than second; process of palpifer rather large;
pronotum posteriorly striate, median suture rarely impressed; sternum short and broad; euster-
num often distinct; ventro-lateral sutures oblique, widely diverging anteriorly; sternellar fold
not passing spiracles and usually somewhat fused into epipleurum; legs absent or very small.
Ampullae often bilobed, granulate; pleural discs indistinct; spiracles very small, sunken.

The peculiar bilobed ampulla in this group occur in Obrium rujulum and Callimoxys jusci-
pennis. Dorsally it is produced as much by the extension of the parascutal region, and yentrally
as much by hypopleurum and coxal lobe, as by the ampulla itself. On segments bearing these
unusual ampullae the parascutal and hypopleural regions are very conspicuous from the side.

KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF MOLORCHINI
Labrum not twice as wide as long; legs essentially wanting.

Ocellus distinct; ampullae deeply bilobed; median suture of pronotum impressed.

Genal setae stiff, brownish Obrium rujulum

Genal setae fine, whitish Obrium maculatum

Ocellus indistinct; ampullae not deeply bilobed, dull granulate; median suture of pronotum
absent.
Last joint of maxillary palpi twice length of second; presternum coarsely granulate.

Molorchus bimaculatus
Labrum twice as wide as long; legs three-jointed; ampullae deeply bilobed.

Callimoxys fuscipennis

62

OBRIUM RUFULUM Gahan RUBRUM Newman

[Pis. XVIII, XIX, XXX.]

Form very elongate, slender, cylindric; integument thin, shining, sparsely covered with fine
whitish hairs.

Head depressed, transversely oval; mouth-frame scarcely corneous; clypeus and labrum
thin, latter rectangularly oval, sparsely hairy; mandibles robust, basal piece reddish brown,
about one-third length of the distal, latter piceous, shining; antennae short, first and second
joints globular, transverse, second slightly longer; ocellus large, not protruding; gena not
shouldered, bearing numerous long, rather stiff brownish bristles. Ventral mouth-parts rather
elongate, last joint of labial and maxillary palpi slender, twice the length of second maxillary
joint; process of palpifer large, distinct, also a process on first joint of maxillary palpi; gula
triangular, distinct.

Prothorax depressed; pronotum rectangular, about twice as wide as long, uniformly hairy in
front, posteriorly shining, with a few widely separated striae, often a faint median suture; sternum
very broad, narrow; eusternum faintly distinct; ventro-lateral suture faint, oblique; sternellar
band fused into lateral region at extremities. Mesonotum and metanotum dull, granulate.
Each leg an almost invisible joint.

Abdomen very slender, with wide intersegmental skin; first and second dorsal and ventral
ampullae dull, granulate, third, fourth, fifth and sixth deeply bilobed, the lobes teat-like, pro-
jecting; intersegmental skin between fifth and sixth dorsal ampullae dull, coarsely granulate.
Pleural discs not distinct. Spiracles orbicular, very minute, smaller than ocellus, peritreme thin.

Pupa: Several long setae on disc of pronotum and a large group near posterior border,
mesonotum and metanotum glabrous; third, fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal terga bearing an
anterior irregular band of fine, slender, curved points and a posterior band of setae; seventh
with two large hooks on posterior margin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9784el.]

The larva has been found only in the dead branches of ash (Fraxinus). It
works beneath the bark for a short time, spending; most of the larval life in the
wood. Several generations continue to breed in the same twigs, which they
completely honeycomb. This is a true dry wood borer. The mines are tightly
packed with granular frass. One year is required to complete the life cycle.
Range, eastern United States anol Canada. Observations by A. B. Champlain
and the author.

OBRIUM MACULATUM Oliver
PHYTON PALLIDUM Say

In general as in 0. rufulum, but differing in having a less elongate form and shorter body
hairs; genal bristles fine, whitish; ocellus rather indistinct; process of palpifer as long or longer
than entire palpus; gula longitudinally striate; posterior area of pronotum raised, extending
forward in the middle, faintly and sparsely striate; dorsal ampullae projecting, marked by a
single transverse fold (in rufulum two folds are present).

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 15128].

The larva breeds in branches of Quercus, Celtis, Acacia Hicoria, Morus and
Castanea. It does not bore so extensively in the wood as 0. rufulum. The life
cycle is completed in one year. Range, eastern United States and Canada.

MOLORCHUS BIMACULATUS Say.
[PL IX, XLII]

Form depressed, elongate, tapering posteriorly; integument thin, shining, sparsely covered
with fine whitish hairs.

Head as in Obrium rufulum, but thicker in front; one indistinct ocellus; genal Betae more
numerous and longer; first and second antennal joints transverse, subequal, third longer; last
joint of maxillary palpi as long as two transverse basal ones; process of palpifer distinct.

Pronotum %bout twice as wide as long, posteriorly reticulate, shining, then dull granulate;
sternum coarsely granulate, shining. Mesonotum and metanotum granulate, shining. Legless.

A mpullae coarsely granulate, shining. Pleural discs indistinct. Spiracles very minute,
inconspicuous, orbicular, peritreme thin.

Pupa: Three transverse groups of long seiae on pronotum; mesonotum and metanotum
glabrous; several finer setae on second abdominal tergum, third, fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal
terga bearing two groups of from three to six small chitinous setiferous points; two recurved
points and several setae on seventh; eighth bearing many long setae.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11847a:.]

63

This species attacks a variety of recently dead trees, mining the smaller
branches. The larvae practically mature beneath the bark, making irregular
mines 8 to 10 inches long. On entering the wood a long curved pupal cell is
made, often 3 inches in length. At the posterior end the larva pupates behind
a wad of fibrous frass. One generation occurs each year, but the larvae mature
very rapidly. From eggs laid in April pupae and adults can be found in late
August. The adults hibernate in the cells. It has been reared from Cercis,
Cornus, Liquidambar, Castanea, Quercus, Vitis, Juglans, and Acer. Collected
by A. D. Hopkins, W. F. Fiske, H. B. Kirk, J. N. Knull, and the author.

CALLIMOXUS FUSGIPENNIS LeConte
[PL XXI]

Form more robust, quadrangular, tapering posteriorly; integument thin, shining, sparsely
covered with whitish hairs.

Head as in Obrium maculatum; labrum transversely oval, nearly twice as wide as long;
ocellus large but little protuberant; first and second joints of antennae subequal, about as long
as wide, third longer; last joint of maxillary palpi not quite twice length of second; process of
palpifer and that of first maxillary palpal joint distinct, the former larger.

Prothorax thick, pronotum but little wider than long, anteriorly sparsely hairy, posteriorly
regularly striate; sternum alutaceous, shining. Third, fourth, fifth and sixth ampullae deeply
bilobed, teat-like, conspicuously projecting. Legs minute, two or three-jointed. Pleural discs
indistinct. Spiracles very small, inconspicuous, suborbicular, peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 131656.]

Habits- and seasonal history similar to those of Molorchus bimaculatus.
Specimens collected by H. B. Herbert from Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Muir Woods,
Cal.

Tribe CURIINI

The larva of Curius has many striking characters by which it is easily
recognized. These peculiarities are found also in Euderces. None of the adult
systematists have suggested such relationships for these forms, but as larvae
they will be here considered together. A peculiar character common to both,
though probably of little taxonomic value, is the rugose texture of the ventral
intersegmental skin between the middle abdominal segments. The affinities
point towards those forms about Obrium. They may be recognized as follows:

Process of palpifer unusually long; last joint of maxillary palpi very long; gena not shoul
dered, bristles long (numerous in Curius, few in Euderces) ; ventro-lateral suture absent; sternellar
fold broadly fused at extremities into epipleurum; hypopleural area of abdomen strongly pro-
tuberant laterally; pleural disc rather indistinct, but somewhat granulate; legs very small,
three-jointed, form contracted.

Genal setae numerous; median suture of pronotum not impressed Curius -dentatus

Genal setae few, four in a row; median suture impressed Euderces picipes

CURIUS DENTATUS Newman

[Pis. IX, XV, XX, XIX]

Form stout, very much depressed; integument thick, shining, sparsely covered with fine
whitish hairs.

Head depressed, trapezoidal, wide behind and very suddenly narrowed in front; mouth
frame corneous, smooth; clypeus and labrum thick, latter rectangularly oval, coarsely punc-
tured; mandibles dull, except tips, broad, basal piece about one-third width of distal; antennae,
fleshy, first and second joints subequal, little longer than wide, third longer, supplementary
minute; ocellus large, protuberant; gena not shouldered but densely covered with slender
bristles; ventral mouth-parts quite long; first and second joints of maxillary palpi transverse,
last twice length of second, equal to last labial; process of palpifer as long as last maxillary joint.

Prothorax depressed, trapezoidal; pronotum trapezoidal, about two-thirds as long as wide,
anteriorly sparsely hairy, posteriorly dull, covered with small, flat, regular granulations, no
median suture; sternum broad, posteriorly granulate; ventro-lateral suture not impressed;
sternellar fold short, protuberant at extremities and broadly fused into epipleurum. Mesonotum
and metanotum dull, granulate. Legs minute, three-jointed, very short.

Abdomen depressed; hypopleural area strongly protuberant laterally, as well as spiracular
region; dorsal ampullae broad, flat, dull, granulate, no markings; ventral similar except that
the third, fourth, fifth and sixth are divided in the middle by a longitudinal band of very rugose,
semi-corneous texture. Pleural discs on second abdominal segment dull, granulate. Spiracles
minute, smaller than ocellus, sub-orbicular.

64

Pupa: The pupa is very similar to that of Molorchus in the arrangement of hairs and spines
Three transverse bands of hairs on pronotum; mesonotum and metanotum glabrous; each
abdominal tergum bearing two transverse rows of very small points, arranged in four groups
the two anterior smaller; the seventh and eighth have several large recurved spines and the
anal lobes bear two.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12286 and 11876i\]

The larva feeds between the bark of small branches of Pinus, Taxodium,
and Juniperus. A few specimens were also reared from dead branches of Acer
at Falls Church, Va. It deeply scores the wood, later often extending a long
mine through the twig and finally making a broad, flat pupal cell nearly at
right angles to the grain. The life cycle is completed in one year. Range,
southeastern United States. Observations by A. D. Hopkins, W. F. Fiske, and
the author.

EUDERCES PICIPES Fabricius

[Pis. VIII, XVIII, XIX]

Form semi-robust, short, contracted; integument tough, shining, sparsely covered with
fine whitish hairs.

Head suboval, widest behind, with a slight anterior taper; mouth-frame lightly corneous:
clypeus rather wide; labrum thin, transversely oblong; mandibles broad at apex, basal piece
narrow, reddish brown, about one-fourth width of apical, which is piceous, shining, with a
shallow fovea on outer face; antennae slender, second and third joints subequal, third about
equal to fourth, supplementary long, one-half length of fourth; ocellus large, white, not very
protuberant nor contiguous with antennae; gena abruptly rounded, scarcely shouldered, bearing
a row of four long setae behind ocellus. Ventral mouth-parts rather long, curving over lower
face of mandible, bearing numerous long hairs; last joint of maxillary palpi much longer than
second, slightly shorter than last labial; process of palpifer as long as last maxillary joint; gula
narrow, sutures protuberant, concave.

Prothorax subrectangular, rather thick; pronotum little wider than long, anteriorly regu-
larly though sparsely hairy, posterior area with a few irregular faintly impressed striae ending
in an irregular band of lenticular punctures, then finely granulate; median suture impressed;
sternellar band at extremities broadly fused into epipleurum. Legs not longer than maxillary
palpi, of two globular joints and a minute fleshy spine.

Abdomen rather contracted; ampullae prominent, last three dorsal ones, oval, dull, granulate,
granules rather flat, with faint lateral impressions and median furrow; hypopleural region
strongly protuberant; skin between fourth and fifth ventral ampullae strongly rugose. Pleural
discs granulate on first, second, and third segments. Spiracles smaller than ocellus, sub-orbicu-
lar, peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Craighead collections 238s.]

The larva constructs long mines beneath the bark, entering the wood to
make a short pupal cell. The adult is common on flowers. Larvae have been
collected from Casta?iea, Hicoria, Querents, Cercis, Celtis, Juglans, Robinia,
Nyssa, Cornus, and Pyrus. Range, eastern United States and Canada.

CALLICHROMA PLICATUM Leeonte

[PL IX, figs. 5 and 8] -

Form robust, cylindric, tapering.

Head broad behind, tapering rapidly to a narrow front; mouth-frame scarcely corneous;
epistoma thick, abruptly protuberant, wrinkled; clypeus small; labrum large, very thick, ob-
long, rectangular; mandibles tapering to apex, broad at base, yellowish basal piece as wide as
piceous, shining distal piece; second joint of antennae, about as long as wide, covered with
minute fine pubescence; one small ocellus, prominent, distinctly separated from antennae.
Gena not shouldered, covered with very fine short pubescence, as is also the front of the head.
Ventral mouth-parts fleshy; palpifer and maxillary palpus pubescent; joints of maxillary palpi
subequal, first transverse, third slender, equal to la.-t labial; process of palpifer very minute;
ligula so small as to be concealed.

Prothorax sparsely covered with very short line hairs; pronotum posteriorly embossed and
irregularly closely striate, median suture impressed behind: sternellar fold not passing beyond
spiracles. Legs of three large globular joints and a short spine-like tarsus. Spiracles oval,
peritreme thick.

[Described from two poor specimens in the U. S, National Museum, collected in Morns at
Savannah, Ga.

Until better material can be had for study, further details cannot be dis-
cussed.

65

Tribe RHOPALOPHORINI

Rhopalophora undoubtedly represents a distinct tribe. Its position is rather perplexing,
but it shows affinities toward Heterachthes and also those forms about Molorchus. The char-
acters are described under the species.

RHOPALOPHORA LONGIPES Say.
[PL XXI, fig. 1; PI. XV, figs. 1 and 12.]

Form elongate, subcylindric; integument firm, shining, smooth, sparsely covered with short,
fine, light yellowish hairs.

Head subtrapezoidal, rapidly narrowing on front, mouth-frame slightly corneous; epistoma
broadly emarginate in middle; clypeus thin, short; labrum transversely oblong, thin; mandi-
bles rather broad, basal half reddish brown, one-third width of distal, latter piceous, shining,
sulcus on outer face; antennae rather stout, first joint globular, equal to slender third, shorter
than second, supplementary very minute; two bead-like, prominent ocelli below antennae, not
enveloped by gena, which is beset with a number of rather stiff bristles; last joint of maxillary
palpi about twice the length of transverse second, about equal to last labial; process of palpifer
and that of first maxillary joint, large, distinct.

Prothorax narrowly rectangular, depressed; pronotum twice as wide as long, posterior area
embossed, very regularly and finely striate, sparsely haired, no median suture; sternum narrow,
transverse; ventro-lateral sutures very obliquely diverging; sternellar fold not distinct beyond
spiracle. Mesonotum and metanotum granulate, shining, former with an inverted v-shaped
impression (i.e., scutellum distinct), the latter with a transverse suture.

Legs well developed, four-jointed, femur and tibia about equal in length to maxillary palpi.

Abdomen cylindric, segments deeply constricted; ampullae small, bearing two irregular
rows of small shining tubercles, last ventral substriate. Pleural disc a very large, dull, finely
striate area on second, third and fourth abdominal segments.

Spiracles suborbicular, very small (about size of ocellus), peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11844a. j

The larval habits of this species are similar to those of Molorchus bimacu-
latus, but the adult does not transform until the spring. It has been reared
only from Cercis. Collected by A. D. Hopkins, T. E. Snyder, and the author.

, TYLONOTUS Haldeman

This is the only larva of the adults generally associated with it that has
been studied, except Chion and Eburia. It can in no way be grouped with
Chion but does show a relationship to Eburia, Romaleum, and the species of
Elaphidion having two ocelli. The larva of the European Stromatium can be
placed with it. The writer regards it as a form intermediate between Malcopterus
and the true species of Elaphidion.

TYLONOTUS BIMACULATUS Haldeman
[PI. IX, fig. 7; PI. XXI, fig. 4; PI. XVIII, fig. 2; PL XV, fig. 13]

Form subcylindric, elongate, slender; integument rather firm, shining, sparsely covered with
short, light yellowish hairs.

Head roundly rectangular, almost suborbicular; mouth-frame corneous, smooth, greenish
brown; clypeus long as labrum, latter transversely oval, somewhat stalked, ciliate in front :
mandibles rather slender, entirely black, basal piece about one-half length of distal; antenna
slender, first and second joints subequal, or first a little shorter, third shorter; supplementary
minute; ocellus large, clear, projecting, contiguous to antennae, not enclosed by gena (i.e., gena
not shouldered). Ventral mouth-parts: palpi slender, last joint of maxillary palpus slightly
longer than second, about equal to or slightly shorter than last labial; process of palpifer distinct.

Prothorax about two-thirds wider than long, four tergal plates distinct, ochraceous; pro-
notum slightly wider than long, anteriorly sparsely hairy, hairs short, posteriorly finely and
regularly striate, median suture not impressed; sternum narrow, eusternal spots contiguous,
glabrous, wrinkled, shining; ventro-lateral suture a mere notch; sternellar fold not passing
spiracles, distinct at extremities. Mesonotum having scutellum distinct; metanotum with a
transverse impression. Legs very short, three-jointed, basal joints transverse, shorter than
maxillary palpi.

Abdominal segments elongate, space between ampullae (intersegmental skin) twice wider
than ampullae; dorsal ampullae projecting, oval, finely alutaceous, shining, marked by two
lateral and two transverse impressions, setting off a fusiform area. Pleural discs indistinct.
Spiracles broadly oval to orbicular, peritreme distinct.

57951—5

66

Pupa: Pronotum beset with a few short stiff hairs on a papilla-like base; mesonotum
glabrous, metanotum having a few very small points on posterior half; two groups of small
conical points on the posterior half of each abdominal tergum, becoming larger posteriorly and
very large on seventh and eighth, the latter having six on the hind margin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10323.]

The larva usually is found attacking living ash {Fraxinus) trees, and it
often kills them. It mines beneath the bark and wood, first in the larger
branches and later in the main trunk as the trees become weakened. It is
often associated with several species of cossids. Immature larvae and pupae
can be found at the same time, indicating a life-cycle extending over several
years. Range, eastern United States and Canada. Observations by A. D.
Hopkins, W. F. Fiske, A. B. Champlain, J. L. Webb, and the author. It
occasionally attacks privet hedges (Ligustrum) , causing the death of the plants.

Tribe EBURIINI

LeConte (20) placed Eburia in the group Cerambyci with Chion, Elaphidion
etc. Lacordaire (19) makes a separate tribe of this and allied forms. Based on
larval characters Lacordaire 's grouping seems more natural, as these forms are
quite different from the others with which they have been tribally associated
on imaginal characters. They can be recognized as follows:

Form robust, cuneate; labrum large, fleshy; gena bearing no setae and usually one large
ocellus; pronotum posteriorly striate, with a deeply impressed median suture; ventro-lateral
sutures strongly impressed behind; sternellar fold distinct at extremities; legs long, four-jointed;
pleural discs not granulate, rather indistinct.

If a larger number of species was available for study it is doubtful if these
two genera could be separated.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF EBURIINI

Process of palpifer minute, indistinct Eburia

Process of palpifer very large Brodiylus

EBURIA QUADRIGEMINATA Say.
[Pis. XXI, XXVIII]

Form cuneate, compressed posteriorly, robust; integument tough, shining, sparsely covered
with slender golden hairs, mouth-frame corneous, dark orange to Lemon-coloured; clypeus very
short; labrum thick, suborbicular, somewhat stalked, very hairy; mandibles short, stout, basal
piece ochraceous, wide, two-thirds shorter than distal, latter black, piceous with a sulcus on outer
face; antennae slender, first and second joints subequal, each twice of more as long as wide,
third shorter, supplementary minute; ocellus large, white, contiguous to base of antennae,
enveloped by the somewhat shouldered gena. Ventral mouth-parts rather thick, corneous;
last joint of maxillary palpi, shorter than second, shorter than last labial; process of palpifer
very minute; gula parallel, anterior margin sunken.

Prothorax very thick, quadrangular, with four prominent, pale yellow plates; pronotum a
little wider than long, anteriorly covered with short hair, posteriorly alutaceously striate, with
numerous lenticular impressions, median suture entire, deep behind; sternum hairy, wrinkled
except two glabrous spots on eusternal area; ventro-lateral sutures impressed behind. Metanotum
having a transverse impression. Legs four-jointed, long, tarsus chitinous-tipped.

Abdomen laterally compressed; dorsal ampullae alutaceous, shining, marked by two lateral
and two transverse impressions. Pleural disc wrinkled, indistinct. Spiracles Large, narrowly
oval, peritreme indistinct.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 979 11.]

This larva is a true heartwood borer in Quercus, Hicoria, Robinia, Fraxinus,
and Castanea, so far as recorded. It prefers dry solid wood, in which it excavates
large contorted mines very tightly packed with frass. Mature oaks having a
"catface" or scar through which the larvae can gain access to the heartwood are
often badly damaged. A correspondent sent in a larva taken from a wooden
bed which had been is use over 20 years. Dr. Hopkins records the adults under
the bark of Ulmus and Fagus.

67

EBURIA sp.

(Probably ovicollis LeConte or mutica LeConte)

Form, texture, and in general as in E. quadrigeminata, except that the hairs on the body are
finer and lighter in colour. The posterior pronotum is more finely striate, these striae tending
to be somewhat finely reticulated; ampullae alutaceous to flat, granulate.

[Described from two specimens in the U. S. National Museum collected at Brownsville,
Tex., May 24, 1905, by H. S. Barber, in the wood of huisache {Acacia)].

BROTHYLUS GEMMULATUS LeConte

The form, texture, and general characteristics are similar to those of Eburia, but this larva
differs in having a large process of the palpifer about equal to the last joint of the maxillary palpi,
and also a process on the first palpal joint; last joint of antennae less than half the length of the
second; ocellus indistinct; gena more abruptly shouldered; submentum more deeply sunken
below edge of hypostoma.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12614 and 12618c]

Mr. A. B. Champlain collected these specimens from the base of dry dead
scrub oaks (Quercus) in Colorado. The samples of work were similar to those
of Eburia quadrigeminata.

Tribe PHORAGANTHINI

The larvae of the species included in Romaleum, Eustroma, Aneflus, and
Elaphidion (in part) constitute one of the most easily recognized groups of the
Cerambycinae. It is impossible to group the larvae of the species here con-
sidered, as they are arranged in adult classifications, but a simpler arrangement
is possible by splitting the genus Elaphidion. Romaleum and Eustroma can be
separated from the species of Elaphidion but not by very good generic charac-
ters. Eustroma is more like Romaleum atomarium than is the latter like R.
rufulum. Again, the species of Elaphidion, 10500a, 1096 Id, and 10055, are
much more distinct from forms like mucronatum than are the latter from
Romaleum, and are considered, from the larval standpoint, as a distinct genus.

Some species of Elaphidion cannot be even grouped with those discussed in
the preceding paragraph. E. alienum is closely allied to Stenosphenus and is
here treated with it. Those forms about E. tenue, etc., are still more distinct
and are regarded as a transition from the Stenosphenus-like species to those of
the tribe Stenaspes.

The species of Romaleum, Eustroma, and the species of Elaphidion which
have two ocelli may be characterized as follows:

Form elongate, produced by wide intersegmental skin; head usually depressed; normally
two ocelli enclosed by a more or less shouldered gena; process of palpifer large, small in a few
species; prothorax depressed, sternal region very broad for its length; pronotum posteriorly
having a few coarse striae, median suture impressed; ventro-lateral suture impressed behind;
eusternal glabrous spots more or less fused; sternellar fold distinct at extremities; mesonotum
and metanotum with x-shaped impressions; legs rather long, four-jointed, without tarsus
longer than maxillary palpi; ampullae alutaceously tuberculate, having two lateral and two.
transverse arcuate impressions, also a deep median furrow; pleural disc indistinct or a deep pore,
in some species.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ROMALEUM, EUSTROMA, AND THOSE OF
ELAPHIDION HAVING TWO OCELLI

Process of palpifer distinct; pleural disc indistinct, crowded by a tubercle; spiracles larger I

Process of palpifer minute, indistinct; pleural disc distinct, finely granulate; spiracles small,
orbicular II

Ocelli one or indistinctly two, crowded by a chitinous fold on pleurostoma; hairs on lateral
region of prothorax stiff, subulate.
Ocellus one, large not sunken in fovae produced by fold of gena.

Hypostoma transversely and coarsely wrinkled Romaleum sp. 11871

Hypostoma longitudinally (to head) and finely wrinkled Romaleum rufulum.

Ocellus one or indistinctly two, in a deep fovea.
57951— 5i

68

One or rarely no ocellus; process of palpifer not so long as last joint of maxillary palpi.

Eastern Romaleum atomarium

Two very small ocelli; process of palpifer large, as long as last joint of maxillary palpi.

Western Eustroma validum

Ocelli two, distinct; hairs on lateral region of prothorax more slender.
Labrum suborbicular.

Head in cross-section twice as wide as deep; hairs on labrum not as long as labrum itself.

Elaphidion mucronatum
Head not so depressed; hairs on labrum longer than labrum itself.

Third joint of antennae longer than second E. inerme

Third joint of antennae shorter than second E. villosum

Labrum wider than long.

Epistoma broadly curved; spiracles suborbicular E. incertum

Epistoma broadly curved; spiracles oval E. sp. 12283L

Epistoma nearly straight; spiracles oval E. arizonense

II

Epistoma shallowly emarginate.

Second joint of antennae longer than first E. sp. 10500a

First and second joints of antennae equal E. sp. 10055

Epistoma suddenly and deeply emarginate behind clypeus; second joint of antennae longer
than first E. sp. 10961d

ROMALEUM RUFULUM Haldeman

[PI. I, fig. 6; PL VIII, fig. 13; PL XX, fig. 6; PL XIX, fig. 13; PL XVIII, fig. 9; PL XV, fig. 3;

PL XXXIX, fig. 1; PL XL]

Form robust, elongate, anteriorly depressed; integument tough, firm, shining, sparsely covered
with short, coarse, castaneous hairs.

Head roundly rectangular, slightly narrowed in front; mouth-frame heavily corneous,
piceous; labrum transversely oblong, hairs short, stiff; mandibles stout, piceous, basal piece
about one-half length of distal, fovea on outer face; antennae slender, first and second joints
subequal, third slender, shorter, supplementary a mere point; ocellus large, globular, clear,
somewhat enveloped by gena. Ventral mouth-parts more corneous than usual; last joint of
maxillary palpi more slender and shorter than either second or last labial; process of palpifer
distinct; hypostomal edge finely longitudinally wrinkled, the outer striae becoming transverse;
gula longer than wide.

Prothorax depressed, little more than twice as wide as long; hairs on lateral region short,
subulate, ferruginous; pronotum nearly twice as wide as Long, with a border of short hairs on
anterior margin, posterior area slightly embossed, protruding forward in centre, irregularly
pinnately striate; median suture faintly impressed behind; sternum narrowly rectangular,
very broad; ventro-lateral sutures distinct; mesonotuni and metanotum bearing x-shaped
impression. Legs long, four-jointed.

Abdomen: Dorsal ampullae broadly oval, alutaceous, shining, marked by two lateral and
two transverse impressions. Pleural disc wrinkled, indistinct. Spiracles broadly oval, peritrenie
corneous.

Pupa: Pronotum, mesonotuni and metanotum sparsely and rather regularly beset with
minute erect asperities; abdominal terga armed with well-dispersed, erect, acute spines which
become larger and curved posteriorly, arranged in a somewhat oval figure, none on eighth seg-
ment.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10926 and 1 1863d.]

The habits of this species somewhat resemble those of Prionoxydus and
Goes, as they attack living oak trees (Qiterrus). The egg is laid under scales
of the bark and for the first year the larva mines beneath the bark or merely
starts its burrow in the wood. During the second year a long upright gallery is
made deep into the heartwood at the extremity of which pupation occurs. The
adult emerges back through the gallery at the point where the egg was laid.
Large quantities of frass are exuded and the mine in the wood is always open.
It is of considerable economic importance. Range, through central and eastern
United States and Canada. Observations by the author.

ROMALEUM ATOMARIUM Dnuy

[PI. X, fig. 2]

Very similar to rufulum, but easily distinguished by having a very small and narrowly ova
ocellus (or none) besides the antennae, set in a deep groove produced by a large chitinous wrinkle
of the gena; anterior edge of hypostoma smooth, not wrinkled; ampullae more wrinkled.

69

Pupa : Pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum glabrous, spines of abdominal terga arranged
more transversely, those on posterior border of segments larger; eighth spinose.
[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11849.]

The larva feeds beneath the bark of the base of dead trees or stumps, later
going into the sapwood to construct the pupal cells. It has been found in
Quercus and Castenea. The larva opens the mine forming the exit hole through
which the adult emerges. Two years are required to complete the development.
Range, throughout the eastern United States and Canada. Observations by
W. F. Fiske, T. E. Snyder, R. W. Van Horn, and the author.

ROMALEUM sp. (11871)
XLIV

This larva closely resembles rufulum, but can be readily distinguished by the several deep
transverse wrinkles or folds across the hypostoma, while in rufulum the hypostoma is closely
wrinkled or finely striate, longitudinally in reference to the head, and the gula is very short, as
wide or wider than long. The body texture is thin, the hairs finer, and the ampullae more closely
reticulated almost to a degree of tuberculation.

Pupa: Resembles rufulum except that the spines are heavier.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11871.]

The larva feeds on the outer thick bark of Quercus prinus and probably
other oaks, where a long mine, sometimes 3 feet in length, is excavated through
the projecting ridges of bark and tightly packed with granular frass. Before
pupation a cell is made between the bark and sapwood, scarring the cambium
and causing a subsequent black scar or defect which is not effaced for years
after, and which mars many following years of growth. The pupal cell is dis-
tinguishable on the surface of the tree, as an elliptical scar, parallel to the trunk,
resembling a healed axe cut. Caged larvae have lived three years and have
not yet pupated. Mr. W. H. Long, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, United
States Department of Agriculture, collected specimens of the larvae and has
recorded serious damage to the resulting oak timbers in the Ozark mountains.

The larvae of this insect have been under observation for five years, but
not until the summer of 1917 was it possible to secure adults, when the writer,
with Mr. H. B. Kirk, cut out a pupa and several adults dead in the pupal cell
on June 22, 1917, at Charter Oak, Pa. The adult has not been determined as
different from other forms here described, but the writer considers it a good
species, probably new, and suggests the name Romaleum cortiphagus.

EUSTROMA VALIDUM LeConte

Similar to R. atomarium, but instead of one ocellus, two very small ones are present, almost
indistinct; the process of the palpifer is large, as long as the last joint of the maxillary palpi;
this joint is very acute; labrum densely hairy on anterior margin, widest near base; pronotum
deeply punctured on anterior half, posteriorly finely, somewhat pinnately striate.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. 8. 10057.]

The larva feeds in dead wood at the base of the tree, excavating large
galleries beneath the bark and down into the roots. The pupal cell is made at
the end of a long mine in the wood. It has been collected from Prosopis and
Parkinsonia in Arizona by M. Chrisman.

ELAPHIDION MUGRONATUM Fabricius
PL VIII, fig. 9; PL X, fig. 6; PL XV, fig. 4]

Form robust, elongate, anteriorly depressed; integument tough, shining, rather thickly covered
with long golden hairs.

Head roundly rectangular, depressed; mouth-frame heavily corneous, dark reddish, bearing
a few setae scarcely longer than the antennae; epistoma suddenly and deeply emarginate behind
clypeus; mandibles and ventral mouth-parts as in Romaleum; labrum suborbicular, hairs dense
but not longer than its length; antennal joints subequal or last a little shorter than second;
ocelli, two, prominent, globular, inclosed by corneous genal shoulder; process of palpifer very
prominent.

70

Prothorax as in Romaic urn, except that hairs on the pleurite are longer and fewer; ampullae
less alutaceous and having more of a tendency to be tuberculate; pleural discs not distinct,
wrinkled; spiracles broadly oval to suborbicular, peritreme distinct. Other characters as in
Romaleum.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10389a.]

The larva feeds in the dead branches of a great variety of hardwoods,
mining beneath the bark and deeply scoring the wood, which it enters only to
make the pupal cell. This cell enters the wood at right angles to the grain,
then suddenly turns parallel to it. It is opened through the bark by the larva.
The life-cycle is normally completed in two years. The first year the larva mines
beneath the bark. Range, central and eastern United States and Canada. It
has been collected from Quercus, Rhus, Morus, Acer, Castanea, Cercis, Populus,
Liriodendron, Asimina, Pyrus, and Sassafras. Mr. W. F. Fiske has collected a
number of larvae from Taxodium in the South. These larvae have smaller
spiracles.

ELAPHIDION INERME Newman

[PL VIII, fig. 11]

Form as in mucronatum; body densely covered with long coarse hairs, those en prothorax
very long; head depressed, though not as strongly as mucronatum; epistoma broadly emarginate,
hairs very long; labrum sub-orbicular, slightly longer than wide, hairs dense, longer than its
length; antennal joints 1 and 2 subequal, but little longer than wide, the third much longer;
otherwise as in mucronatum.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10077/ collected by H. P. Loding.]

This is a southern species recorded only from the branches of orange trees
(Citrus). The work is similar to that of E. mucronatum.

ELAPHIDION VILLOSUM Fabricius
[PL XXI, fig. 3]

Immediately recognizable by the very long, lemon-yellow hairs, especially on prothorax.
these being as long as the prono turn; short subulate hairs on epipleurum and alar area of prothorax
absent. Head broadly oval in cross section; epistoma very shallowly emarginate, bearing a
number of long hairs; labrum orbicular, hairs on middle longer than labrum itself; genal shoulder
enclosing ocelli less abruptly. Posterior area of pronotum simply, irregularly, coarsely striate;
ampullae sub-tuberculate; spiracles broadly oval to orbicular, peritreme indistinct.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9781.]

The larva attacks the smaller branches of a great variety of hardwood
trees. It burrows down the centre of the stem until nearly mature1, when it
cuts off the branches from the inside, leaving a thin shell of bark, which later
breaks. Rarely are holes made along the mines to exude frass. Pupation
occurs between two plugs of frass, in the late fall or early spring. The life
cycle is completed in one year. This species often becomes of economic import-
ance and is abundantly cited in literature.

It is sometimes reared from branches which are dead and in this case does
not girdle them. This may be a different species, as some of the larvae show
variations from the form described.

ELAPHIDION INCERTUM Newman

Similar to mucronatum but readily distinguished by the greater degree of hairiness, the
hairs being very fine; head oval in cross-section, but not so markedly as in viUosum', labrum,
transversely oval, very finely ciliate; hairs about epistoma very short, much shorter than antennae
while in mucronatum they are about as long as antennae; epistoma thickened, broadly and rather
deeply curved, wrinkled. Spiracles small, nearly orbicular, some abdominal ones but little
larger than ocellus.

Pupa: Head, pronotum, mesonotum, and metanotum unarmed; a transverse row of acute
spines on posterior border of first few abdominal segments, becoming arranged in an oval man-
ner on posterior ones; several spines on eighth; a median longitudinal stripe of very fine pubes-
cence on first seven.

[Described from specimens Hook. TJ. S. 9791a and 10320.

71

The larvae here described have been found only in the outer bark of Morus,
where an irregular contorted gallery is excavated, sometimes scoring the cam-
bium. Observations by H. B. Kirk, A. B. Champlain, and the author at
Harrisburg, Pa. A larger, more robust form, having larger spiracles and finer
body-hairs, is found beneath the bark of dead, somewhat decaying hickories.
[Hopk. U. S. 9-791*]

ELAPHIDION ARIZONENSE Casey

Similar toE. mucronatum but more robust; striations on posterior pronotum finer; epistoma
nearly straight; labrum semi-circular, usually much wider than long, widest at base; first and
second joints of antennae subequal; process of palpifer longer than last joint of maxillary palpus;
ocelli small; ampullae coarsely reticulate to sub-tuberculate; spiracles small, oval, peritreme
indistinct.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10353c and 10065c]

This is a southwestern species working, much as E. mucronatum, beneath
the bark of dead Salix, Populus, and less frequently Quercus. It is usually
found in somewhat decayed wood associated with a species of Acanthoderes.
Collected by M. Chrisman and Geo. Hofer in Arizona.

ELAPHIDION sp. 12283z

This species very closely resembles E. arizonense. The body hairs are silky, short, and less
closely set, and the striations on the posterior area, of the pronotum are deeper and more closely
set; epistoma broadly emarginate; labrum semi-circular, wider than long, glabrous in middle;
second joint of antennae the longest; process of palpifer very large, as also that of first maxillary
joint; ampullae somewhat tuberculate along lateral impression; pleural discs rather distinct on
first and second segments; spiracles oval, peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 122831]

These larvae were collected from dead Juglans branches in Arizona by
M. Chrisman. The work is very similar to that of E. mucronatum.

Although this larva in many respects closely resembles that of E. arizonense,
in other characters, chiefly the prominent pleural discs, it suggests the following
undetermined species.

ELAPHIDION sp. 10500a

Form as inE. villosum) integument firm, shining; body hairs fine, whitish; head somewhat ova
in cross section; epistoma shallowly but suddenly emarginate at centre; labrum broadly ova
to sub-orbicular, little wider than long, covered with long hairs; first antennal joint transverse
shorter than second, which is about as long as wide; last joint of maxillary palpi equal to second
slightly shorter than last labial; process of palpifer minute. Posterior area of pronotum em-
bossed, very smooth and shining, except for a few large punctures, the posterior ones extended
into striae; pleural discs finely granulate, with a deep pore on first, second ancPthird segments;
abdominal spiracles minute, oval, but little larger than ocellus.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10500a.]

The larva feeds in the dead dry stems of Yucca. It does not girdle branches.
It has been collected in Arizona by M. Chrisman.

ELAPHIDION sp. 10055

Distinguished from 10500a as follows: Labrum orbicular; first and second antennal joint
subequal, slightly wider than long; epistoma broadly curved, not suddenly emarginate.
[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10055.]

These larvae were collected in the stems of Rhus in Arizona by W. D.
Edmonston. They do not girdle the branches.

ELAPHIDION sp. 10961a1
[PL VIII, fig. 10]

Resembles 10500a, but the form is more robust and body hairs very coarse; head more
depressed; epistoma very abruptly and deeply emarginate behind clypeus; labrum thin sub-
orbicular, though wider behind; second joint of antennae slightly longer than wide; palpifer
process minute; pleural discs finely granulate with a deep pore on first, second and third abdom-
inal segments; spiracles sub-orbicular small.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10961d.]

72

This species feeds in the small branches of the Chilicote bean (Erythrina
coralloides) in Arizona, but does not girdle the branches. The specimens were
collected by Geo. Hofer.

Tribe HETEROSPINI

These larvae, including the genus Stenosphenus and Elaphidion alienum,
are regarded as a distinct group showing a well graded transition from the true
species of Elaphidion, especially those forms with a deep pleural disc (E. 10500a,
etc.) to the species of Elaphidion having one ocellus (E. tenue, etc.). They may
be recognized as follows:

One large ocellus, enclosed by a slightly shouldered (corneous or non-corneous) gena; process
of palpifer large and distinct; pro thorax depressed, ventral region very broad; posterior pro-
notum regularly striate, no median suture; ventro-lateral suture absent or faintly impressed;
sternellar fold somewhat fused into epipleurum; metanotum bearing one transverse and several
short oblique impressions; legs four-jointed, slender; pleural discs a deep pore, finely granulate
or faintly striate; ampullae alutaceous, shining, with two transverse sutures, the posterior often
indistinct.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF HETEROSPINI

Gena corneous; pleural discs having a small pore E. alienum

Gena not corneous; pore large Ste?wsphenus

ELAPHIDION ALIENUM LeConte

[PL XXI, fig. 8; PI. XV, fig. 5]

This larva can only be distinguished from Stenosphenus by the smaller pore and larger
granulate area of the pleural discs; the striate area of the pronotum protrudes anteriorly along
a median line as in the true species of Elaphidion; the ventro-lateral sutures are represented
as a mere notch (as in Elahpidion), and the eusternal glabrous spots arc distinctly separated.

i^orm rather robust; integument tough, shining, thickly covered with light castaneous hairs;
labrum transversely oval; ocellus enclosed by a dark chitinization of gena; pronotal striae
slightly oblique and with a tendency to reticulation; ampullae alutaceous; spiracles broadly
oval, middle abdominal ones not larger than ocellus. Otherwise as in Stenosphenus.
. [Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12602 and 126126.]

The larval work cannot be distinguished from that of Stenosphenus. It
has been collected from Prosopis in Arizona by M. Chrisman.

STENOSPHENUS NOTATUS Olivier
[PI. XXI, fig. 6; PI. XV, fig. 8]

Form elongate, slightly tapering, thorax depressed; integumenl tough, shining, rather thickly
covered with long, fine, lemon-coloured hairs.

Head roundly rectangular, tapering little in front; mouth-frame not heavily corneous,
bearing long slender setae; labrum fleshy, sub-orbicularly transverse; mandible narrow at apex,
basal piece slightly lighter and about one-third as wide1 as distal, latter piceous with sulcus on
outer face; first and second antennal joints subequal, third shorter, slender: ocellus large, globular,
somewhat enveloped by non-corneous gena; mentum very hairy; last joint of maxillary palpus
slightly longer than second, about equal to last labial; process of palpifer and that of first joint
of maxillary plapi large, distinct.

Prothorax rather depressed, narrowly rectangular; pronotum less than twice as wide as long,
median area deeply punctured and hairy, posterior embossed, finely and regularly striate with
a few scattered punctures, no mediam suture; sternum broad, hairy; mesonotum marked by a
single transverse impression; no ventro-lateral sutures; eusternal plates contiguous, glabrous;
sternellar fold somewhat fused into epipleurum at extremities. Legs four-jointed, quite long.

Abdomen: Ampullae slightly protuberant and narrow, dorsal alutaceous to coarsely granu-
late, marked by two lateral and two bow-shaped transverse impressions and a deep median
furrow. Pleural disc a deep pore on second, third, fourth, and fifth segments. Spiracles small,
oval, peritreme thin.

Pupa: A few scattered, fine hairs on disc and a few setiferous points on posterior margin
of pronotum; a few minute points on mesonotum; first seven abdominal terga bearing a trans-
verse row of small chitinous points, largest on first few segments; eighth bearing several minute
points.

[Described from specimens Craig. 335a.]

73

The eggs are laid in the spring and early summer in crevices of the bark,
and from these places of oviposition the larval mines subsequently radiate in
all directions beneath the bark. The sapwood is deeply scored until the ma-
tured larva bores directly into the wood at right angles to the axis, then suddenly
turns parallel to the grain, making a sharply curved and characteristic pupal
cell. Pupation takes place in the late summer. The adults hibernate in the
cell. It has only been taken from hickory (Hicoria) in the central and eastern
United States.

STENOSPHENUS sp.

Very similar to notatus, but slightly more hairy, these hairs light castaneous; labrum trans-
versely oval; striations on posterior pronotum finer, a row of faint lenticular impressions along
posterior edge.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10356.]

Pupa: Similar to that of notatus, but having a few short hairs on the mesonotum and more
points on the metanotum.

This is a southwestern species collected only from Juglans in Arizona by
M. Chrisman. The habits are similar to those of S. notatus.

ELAPHIDION TENUE LeConte, ELAPHIDION spp., and ANEFLUS

The following larvae are considered generically distinct from the other
species of Elaphidion and possibly even of higher rank as they are here placed.
These forms show the extreme specialization of the twig-girdling habits peculiar
to certain species of Elaphidion. The larvae are likewise specialized and ap-
proach those of the group Stenaspis, though the transition is probably not
direct. They can be recognized as follows:

Form very elongate, cylindric ; body very hairy ; head oval in cross-section ; one large ocellus;
gena not shouldered and bearing long curved setae; process of palpifer distinct, rather large;
prothorax quadrate, ventral region very broad; posterior pronotum embossed, finely and regu-
larly striate, anteriorly densely and longly haired, no median suture; latero-ventral suture
absent; eusternal spots very small, fused; sternellar fold somewhat fused into epipleurum, not
passing spiracles; metanotum bearing a transverse and several accessory impressions; legs four-
jointed, long, slender; ampullae strongly protuberant, small having two lateral, one transverse,
and a median impression, all very deep; intersegmental skin very long; pleural discs somewhat
variable, usually striate, with a deep pore.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELAPHIDION HAVING ONE OCELLUS, AND

TO ANEFLUS

Ninth abdominal segment normal.

Anterior edge of hypostoma smooth or wrinkled.
First and second antennal joints subequal.

Gena bearing two or three long setae; spiracles small Elaphidion sp. 9903s

Gena bearing six long setae in a row; spiracles larger E. subpubescens

Second joint of antennae much longer than first; pleural discs conspicuous. ...... .E. tenue

Anterior edge of hypostoma regularly carinate; ventral ampullae divided in middle, pleural

discs conspicuous E. unicolor

Ninth abdominal segment chitinized and spiny Aneflus

A gradual transition is shown from the true species of Elaphion to this
group, through several forms. E. alienum has one ocellus which is enclosed, as
in most of the species of Elaphidion, by the corneous gena. Stenosphenus has
the gena less shouldered and not so corneous. These species have a still more
receding gena. Some of the species of Elaphidion with two ocelli (10500a)
have a deep pore in the pleural discs , which is true also of Stenosphenus and
E. tenue. The hairs of the gena, likewise, gradually become more setose, from
forms such as E.villosum through Stenosphenus to E. subpubescens. The true
species of Elaphidion have x-shaped impressions on the metarotum; Stenos-
phenus has a transverse impression with a slight wrinkle behind it, but these
species have trar sverse and several other deep impressior s. Again, the ampullae
have two transverse impressions in the true speceis of Elaphidion; the posterior
one is incomplete in E. alienum, and is absent i/i the forms like tenue. In Steno-

74

sphenus the last ventral ampulla is narrow, transverse, and striate, it is still
more strongly striate in E. subpubescens, and all of the ventral ones are striate
in E. sp. 9903s.

This gradual transition in anatomical structure is likewise correlated with
a specialization in habits. Elapkidion villosum illustrates the best example of
the girdling habit in the preceding group. It simply cuts the twigs and feeds
in the dead portion and never extrudes the frass. The forms of the present
group, however, not only cut off the branch but do so after they have burrowed
farther down into the living tissue. Along the burrow a series of small holes
is made, through which the frass is extruded, keeping the mine entirely open,
often for a distance of 3 feet. These larvae are extremely active and by means
of the very protuberant ampullae can move through the twig with marvellous
rapidity. Several forms cut off the abandoned part of the twig by very com-
plicated incisions. E. subpubescens, when in small plants from one-half to one
inch in diameter, usually goes down to the base of the ground before completing
its mine. Pupation takes place between two wads of frass, somewhere in the
more recently excavated portion of the twig.

An interesting parallel between these and some genera of Lamiinae of like
habits is to be found in anatomical structure. It can be best illustrated by
Oberea, although also by Hippopsis and Ataxia. The form of the larva, even to
the development of the ampullae, the striations of its lobes, and the shape of
the thoracic segments, is similarly developed in both.

Recently several peculiar larvae have been associated with adult remains
of Aneflus. These larvae agree in all eseential structural characteristics with
the species of Elaphidion here discussed. The tenth abdominal segment is
enlarged, strongly chitinized, and beset with numerous short spines, the am-
pullae are tuberculate or nearly so, but otherwise they are structurally similar
to tenue and subpubescens-Y\ke forms.

Except for the fact that they bore in larger branches and even in small
trees, they are not biologically different.

ELAPHIDION sp. 9901? and 9903s
[PL XLII, fig 5]

Form very elongate, slender; integument thin, rather dull, very thickly covered with long,
whitish hairs, becoming golden on prothorax; living larvae a deep orange colour.

Head sub-orbicular, thick, oval in cross-section; mouth-frame corneous, light brown; clypeus
minute, labrum orbicular, entirely hairy; mandibles short, basal piece about one-third of distal,
light brown, latter broad, dull black; first and second antenna! joints subequal, about as long as
wide, third shorter; ocellus large, prominent, contiguous with base of antennae, not enveloped
by gena, which bears several very long setae, curving anteriorly, and one above antennae; last
joint of maxillary palpi equal to second, shorter than last labial; process of plapifer distinct,
rather large; anterior edge of hypostoma protuberant, carinate, wrinkled.

Prothorax sub-quadrate, covered with very long hairs; pronotum anteriorly uniform hairy,
with prominent, dark ochraceous tergal plates, posterior area embossed, white, shining, very
regularly and deeply striate, no median suture; sternum uniformly hairy; eusternal glabrous
spots very small; sternellar fold slightly fused at extremities, not passing spiracles. Metanotum
bearing one transverse and several short oblique impressions; legs four-jointed, very long and
slender.

Abdomen: Segments much distended, space between ampullae twice as great as ampullar
width, ampullae very abruptly protuberant, dull granulate, marked by two very short lateral
impressions, one transverse and a longitudinal one behind the transverse, impressions all very
deep, ventrally the ampullar area behind the transverse impression is finely striate. Pleural
disc a rather deep pore, semicircular, dull granulate. Spiracles of abdomen not much Larger
than ocellus, sub-orbicular.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9901g and 9903s.]

The larva girdles the living branches of Thurberia. It cuts off successive
sections as it bores farther down in the wood. This cut is v-shaped on the
upper part of the branch and inverted on the lower. A long series of holes in
a straight row is made to the surface. These specimens are collected by U.S.
Barber in Arizona.

75

ELAPHIDION SUBPUBESCENS LeConte

[PL I, fig. 11; PL XXI, fig. 5; PL XVIII, fig. 3; PL XV, figs. 9, 10 and 14;
PL XXVI, fig. 4; PL XLIL]

Similar in form and integument to E. 9903s, readily distinguished by the much larger sub-
orbicular spiracles and by the fact that the gena bears a straight row of six very long, closely
set setae, curved forward; the front bears many shorter setae; the epistoma is suddenly emar-
ginate in the middle; the striations on the posterior area of the pronotum are finer; the pleural
discs are inconspicuous, and the ventral ampullae, except the last, are divided by a median
longitudinal smooth area.

Pupa. Similar to tenue, but the spines on the abdomen are heavier and a few are present on
the eighth segment.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9195&.]

The habits are similar to those of the preceding species, but this species
attacks small seedlings from one-half to one inch in diameter. Entering the
top it successively cuts off sections about a foot in length, often going below the
surface of the ground to pupate. The incision across the branch is nearly
transverse. The life cycle is completed in one year. It has been collected in
Quercus and Castanea. Range, southern United States. Observations by H. B.
Kirk and the author.

ELAPHIDION TENUE LeConte

[PI. X, fig. 3]

Scarcely distinguishable from 9903s, except for the large orbicular to angularly oval, reddish
brown spiracles; epistoma only roughened; hairs lighter in colour and posterior area of pro-
notum more regularly striate, resembling lines of copper engraving; second joint of antennae
twice as long as first; only last ventral ampulla striate; pleural disc distinct and radially striate,
with a deep pore.

Pupa: Head, pronotum, mesonotum, and metanotum glabrous; posterior half of abdominal
terga bearing very small chitinous-tipped spines (projecting in all directions), arranged in four
more or less regular groups of about the same size on all segments, but few on first and second
and none on eighth.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10519a, 126686, 12634a, 12614d, and 12633.]

This species has only been taken girdling oak branches (Quercus). The
larvae burrow down the branch until reaching a diameter of three-fourths to
one and one-half inch, where a single incision is made. This is a spiral cut from the
pith outward, as in E. villosum. Holes are made at irregular intervals for
extruding frass, but not so numerous as in the case of other species. The
specimens have been collected in Arizona by M. Chrisman.

ELAPHIDION UNIGOLOUR Randall
[PL VII, fig. 12]

Form elongate, slender; integument thick, dull, finely granulate, sparsely covered with long,
fine, whitish hairs; colour white.

Head and mandibles similar to those of E. subpubescens; first and second joints of antennae
equal; a long seta above antennae and one behind ocellus; basal joint of maxillary palpi trans-
verse, beadlike, second and third subequal, third shorter than last labial; anterior edge of hypo-
stoma protuberant, regularly carinate; thorax and abdomen as subpubescens, except that the
ampullae are less protuberant, and the ventral ampullae are not so distinctly divided by longi-
tudinal, shallow impressions. Pleural discs distinct on first and second abdominal segments.
Spiracles about size of ocellus, orbicular.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9780/c and 9193a7.]

Habits similar to those of E. subpubescens, but the incision for severing the
branches is more oblique. Range, eastern United States. Observations by the
author.

ANEFLUS sp. (PROTENSUS LeConte)

Form elongate, cylindrical; integument tough, shining, clothed with stiff reddish hairs.

Head sub trapezoidal; anterior margin bearing many short stiff hairs; mouth-frame heavily
chitinized, very dark reddish to piceous; clypeus thick, subrectangular, beset with stiff reddish
hairs; epistoma broadly emarginate; mandible entirely black, shining, basal piece about one-
third length of distal, latter with a fovea on outer face; ocellus prominent, contiguous to anten-

76

nae and somewhat enclosed by gena; antennae slender, first joint longest; globular, last very
slender; gena slightly shouldered. Ventral mouth -parts thin and more chitinized than usual;
joints of maxillary palpi gradually shorter, last slender; process of palpifer minute; gula indis-
tinct.

Prothorax quadrate; posterior portion of alar and lateral areas densely and coarsely haired;
four prominent tergal plates; pronotum rectangular and little wider than long, posteriorly
embossed, white, finely ruglose in longitudinal lines, no median suture; sternum hairy except
for glabrous, rugulose, eusternal area; sternellar fold not passing spiracles; no trace of ventro-
lateral suture. Mesonotum and metanotum rugulose, shining, former with x-impressions,
latter with a transverse impression and inverted v behind (scutellum distinct). Legs four-
jointed, exclusive of tarsus a little longer than maxillary palpi, tarsus a slender spine.

Abdomen: Ampullae flat, shining, finely rugulose, dorsal having two transverse impressions,
the posterior incomplete at middle; tenth segment regularly and sparsely beset with erect, acute,
conical points, anal lobe protruding; pleural discs circular, dull, granulate, distinct on first,
second, third, and fourth segments, faintest on first. Spiracle quite large, narrowly oval, pe-
treme thick, reddish.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10082s.]

A number of larvae of this and probably several allied species are repre-
sented in the U.S. Forest Insect Collection.

All specimens have been collected from mesquite (Prosopis) trees. The
larvae start mining in the smaller branches hollowing out the stems. As they
increase in size, larger branches and finally the main trunk are attacked and
often excavated to the surface of the ground. The pupal cell is constructed
in the wood near the end of the larval mine; the exit hole being made by the
larva. The larval mine is kept free of frass, which is extruded through small
holes along the stem. The interior of this mine is always black and stained.
Adults and pupa were taken in the wood, June, 1918. Observations from
notes and specimens of G. Hofer and M. Chrisman and the author.

Tribe IBIDIONINI

The following larvae may be characterized as follows:

Two ocelli enclosed by a shouldered gena; a single transverse impression on the meta-
notum; process of palpifer distinct, rather large; posterior area of pronotum striate, no median
suture; ventro-lateral suture not impressed; sternellar fold distinct at extremities; pleural disc
finely granulate on two or three segments.

These larvae might be confused with those of Elaphidion, to which they
are no doubt related, but can be easily distinguished by the pleural discs and
transverse instead of x-shaped suture of metanotum.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF IBIDIONINI

Mandibles normal, short; labrum transverse.

Ampullae granulate Heterachthes (/uadrimaculatus

Ampullae alutaceous Hett rachitics cbenus

JI< t< rachthes aenolus

Mandible more slender; basal piece forming a distinct shoulder; labrum suborbieular: ampullae

alutaceous Ibidion exdamationia

HETERACHTHES QUADRIMACULATUS Newman

[PI. XVIII, fig. 4]

Form elongate, slender, slightly tapering; integument thin, shining, sparsely covered with
fine whitish hairs.

Head subrectangular, slightly tapering anteriorly; mouth-frame corneous, castaneous;
clypeus and labrum narrow, fleshy, latter transversely oval, widest behind; mandibles short,
basal piece about one-third length of distal, the latter' piceous, shining; last joint of antennae
shorter than second, about equal to globular first; ocelli two, enclosed by corneous shoulder of
gena; ventral mouth-parts rather fleshy, last joint of maxillary palpi longer than second, shorter
than last labial; process of palpifer, large, distinct.

Prothorax slightly depressed; pronotum little wider than long, posteriorly shining, finely
and regularly striate, anteriorly sparsely hairy, no median suture; sternum narrowly transverse;
ventro-lateral suture not impressed; eusternal spots contiguous, glabrous. shining, having a few-
short striae; sternellar fold distinct at extremities. Metanotum having a single transverse im-
pression. Legs short, three-jointed.

77

Abdomen: Ampullae broad, rather flat, coarsely granulate, dorsal ampullae marked by
curved transverse impression, meeting two short lateral ones. Pleural discs finely granulate on
second, third, and fourth abdominal segments. Spiracles on abdomen little larger than ocellus,
broadly oval, peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 978461 and 11845c]

The larva extends the greater part of its mine in the wood proper, where
long tunnels are made parallel to the grain. A sudden outward turn of one of
these burrows serves as the pupal cell. Its life cycle is normally completed in
one year. Range, eastern United States. Observations by W. F. Fiske, A. B.
Champlain and the author.

HETERACHTHES AENOLUS Bates

Distinguished from quadrimaculatus by the coarse striae of the pronotum and the strongly
alutaceous ampullae.

Described from a single poor specimen in the United States National
Museum collection, reared from grapevines (Vitis) in northern Mexico.

HETERACHTHES EBENUS Newman

This species can be distinguished from H . quadrimaculatus by the coarser striae of the
pronotum (each striae being separated from the other by four or five times its width), which
posteriorly end in a dull, granulate area; prosternal plates shining and sparsely rugulose; the
ampullae more finely granulate; gena somewhat corneous; antennae thick, second joint twice
or more length of first; pleural discs distinct on five abdominal segments.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10082a.]

Collected by A. B. Champlain in the branches of dead Pinus rigida on
Long Island, N.Y. The work resembled that of H. quadrimaculatus.

IBIDION EXCLAMATIONUS Thomson

Distinguished from Heterachthes quadrimaculatus as follows:

Labrum elongately orbicular, widest in front; mandibles more salient, basal piece about
one-fourth length of distal, set off as an abrupt shoulder; process of palpifer shorter than last
joint of maxillary palpi; striae of pronotum coarser and more deeply impressed, extending
slightly forward in middle; ampullae strongly alutaceous, shining.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 6151a.]

The larva was collected by Mr. H. S. Barber in the wood of Mimosa at
Brownsville, Tex.

Trine STENASPINI

The following species, though placed in several distinct tribes as adults,
must be considered in a single group as larvae. In fact, in those genera in which
several species have been studied it is usually impossible to formulate generic
characterizations. They illustrate as a group the most extreme modification or
absence of those structures characterizing the lower groups and are placed at
the end of the series of the Cerambycinae.

They may be easily recognized as the only larvae of this subfamily having the median and
lateral pronotal and the ventro-lateral sutures impressed for the entire length of the prothorax;
also in having the two distinct presternal yellowish plates on the prothorax. They can be fur-
ther characterized as elongate, hairy forms, usually of a yellowish colour; head trapezoidal;
gena shouldered, enclosing a large ocellus contiguous with antennae; genal bristles wanting;
process of palpifer distinct (except in Crossidius) ; prothorax having eight or six (lateral wanting)
yellowish plates on anterior margin; pronotum anteriorly punctured and densely hairy; posterior
area somewhat raised, white, striate; eusternum never distinct, and glabrous spots never circular;
sternellar fold distinct at extremities but not passing spiracles ; mesonotum having the scutellum
distinct; metanotum with a single transverse impression; legs four-jointed, very long; ampullae
projecting, oval, granulate, alutaceous or tuberculate, the dorsal with two lateral and two trans-
verse impressions, though the latter is often wanting, and a broad, shallow, longitudinal furrow;
pleural discs usually indistinct, obliterated by pleural tubercle, wrinkled rugulose to granulate,
pore never very deep.

The pupae are generally distingusihed by an excessive hairiness and by the fact that the
mesonotum projects over the metanotum in a more or less triangular process.

78

These species are typical wood feeders. The larvae bore in the wood a
great deal more than beneath the bark. Some species occasionally attack dry
seasoned wood on which no bark is present (Chiori). The frass is rather coarse,
granular, and most of it is extruded through one or more holes made as the
larva enters the wood from the bark. These mines within the wood are large,
straight and more or less parallel to the grain; before pupation the exudation
hole (through which the frass is pushed out) is plugged by a protruding wad of
frass. This is very characteristic for most of the species. The adult gnaws
away this plug to emerge. Correlated with the open larval mines is the elon-
gate form of the larva and well developed ampullae. One species girdles branches
(Purpuricenus axillaris), and the ampullae tend to be striate as in the species of
Elaphidion having one ocellus (tenue, etc.) and Oberea of the Lamiinae. Cros-
sidius pulchella is a root feeder in shrubby plants and shows the greatest depart-
ure from this group.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STENASPIXI

Prothorax having eight yellowish plates around anterior margin; ampullae dull, granulate.
Mandible bearing a faint carina on outer face.

Anterior margin of hypostoma roughened; last ventral ampulla granulate Chion

Anterior margin of hypostoma carinate, wrinkled; last ventral ampulla striate. . Purpuricenus
Mandible with a sulcus on outer face; process of palpifer indistinct. . .Crossidius (pulchellus)
Prothorax having only six plates, lateral plates lacking; ampullae variable.

Presternal plates transversely rectangular, narrowly separated; anterior margin of

hypostoma carinate Tragidion (coquus)

Presternal plates nearly square, separated at least the distance of their narrowest dimension.
Anterior margin of hypostoma longitudinally striate or carinate.

Carina short, not so regular; ampullae alutaceous Metaleptus (batesi)

Carina longer, very regular; ampullae variable Batyle

Anterior margin of hypostoma roughened or tuberculate.

Margin smooth, arcuate; ampullae tuberculate Tragidion {armatum)

Margin bearing four tubercules; ampullae alutaceous.

Tubercles small; body colour yellowish Shizax (senax)

Tubercles large; body colour white Dendrobias [mandihidaris)

CHION CINCTUS Drury
[PL VIII, fig. 14; PL XXVIII, fig. 5]

Body elongate, slender, subcylindric; integument firm and tough, somewhat shining, densely
covered with long, fine, castaneous hairs; body in life a lemon-yellow to orange colour.

Head subquadrate, widest behind and constricted above middle; mouth-frame firmly cor-
neous, dark reddish brown; epistoma suddenly emarginate in middle; anterior edges of hypo-
stoma sub-tuberculate; labrum elongately orbicular, entirely covered with long, dense, cas-
taneous hairs; mandible piceous, shining, basal piece reddish, about one-third length of distal,
a fine carina on outer face; antennae long, first and third joints subequal, second slightly longer;
one large distinct ocellus contiguous to base of antennae and enclosed by shouldered gena, latter
not setose; joints of palpi all subequal; process of palpifer long, that on first maxillary joint,
distinct.

Prothorax transversely rectangular, about twice as wide as long: anterior margin Hearing
eight transverse ochraceous plates, four tergal, two presternal, and two lateral, the two pre-
sternal ones transverse, slightly separated; pronotum anteriorly regularly punctured, bearing
dense, fine hairs, posteriorly shining, striate, median suture entirely impressed, deepest behind;
sternum hairy; eusternal spots separated, triangular, smooth, shining. Mesonotum having the
scutellum distinct; metanotum with a transverse impression. Legs four-jointed, very long and
slender.

Abdomen elongate, very slightly compressed; ampullae prominent, oval, widely separated,
granulate, granules flattened, faintly shining, dorsal ampullae marked by two lateral and two
transverse impressions, ventral with one transverse. Pleural disc rugose, not distinct. Spiracles
very broadly oval, large, peritreme thin.

Pupa: Pronotum beset with dense short hairs except on posterior half of discs; mesonotum
and metanotum bearing a few finer ones; abdominal terga beset with short acute asperities
projecting posteriorly, those on fourth, fifth, and sixth segments arranged more or less in an
oval manner, with two groups of three each in center; seventh with six or eight larger recurved
spines on posterior margin; a few small points on eighth; lateral region of abdominal terga hairy.

The larva attacks the rather dry, dead branches or Larger limbs of Hicon'a,
Quercus, Juglans, and Castanea, excavating the mines beneath the bark but

79

principally in the wood proper. The latter part of the mine is sometimes 2 feet
long. Much frass is extruded and the greater part of the burrow in the wood
is open. Before pupation a large protruding wad of frass is placed in the exu-
dation hole. Normally two years are required to complete the life cycle, but
this is sometimes extended to three. The adult transforms in the fall and
hibernates in the cell, or pupation takes place in the spring. The eggs have
been found laid on dry, barkless branches in checks of the wood.

The habits and larval characters of the western variety are similar. It
has been collected from Quercus and Parkinsonia by J. L. Webb and M. Chris-
man in Arizona.

PUPURICENUS AXILLARIS Haldeman

Form elongate, slender; integument shining; mandible with a very faint carina on outer face;
basal joint of antennae short very; joints of palpi obliquely truncate at tip; process of palpifer
minute; anterior edge of hypostoma nearly straight, finely wrinkled; presternal plates rectan-
gular, separated by a distance equal to their narrowest dimension; eusternal plates rectangular,
contiguous; lateral ones less distinct than in Chion] posterior area of pronotum coarsely and
deeply striate; mesonotum and metanotum alutaceous, shining; ampullae dull, finely granulate
to reticulate, not divided. Abdomen less hairy than the other species. Last ventral ampulle
striate behind. Spiracles broadly oval, sunken, middle abdominal ones about as large as
spiracles.

[Described from specimens labelled "State College Penn. Ap. 10, 1912. Hickory Twigs."]

This larva is the only species in the tribe in which the habit of girdling has
been developed. The work is similar to that of E. villosum, but larger branches
often 2 inches in diameter are severed. It rarely cuts the branch more than
once and this incision is of a spiral form from the centre outward. Frequently
it is found in branches which it does not girdle. Much of the frass is exuded,
but only from one or two holes. The life cycle is completed in one year.
It has been collected in Hicoria and Quercus. Observations by A. B. Champlain
and the author. Range, eastern United States.

PURPURICENUS HUMERALIS Fabricius

Distinguished from axillaris by the broadly oval and darker spiracles, the smallest being
larger than the ocellus; the presternal plates are nearly contiguous, and the ampullae are more
finely granulate.

[Described from Specimens Hopk. U. S. 11845^.]

Habits similar to those of Chion ductus but the larval mines are less exten-
sive. Pupation takes place in the early summer. It has been taken in Quercus,
Betula, and Castanea. Range, eastern United States and Canada. Observa-
tions by A. B. Champlain and the author.

TRAGIDION ARMATUM LeConte
[PL XXVII, fig. 3]

Form elongate, subcylindric, robust; integument firm, yellowish tinged, shining, densely
covered with long, fine, light castaneous hairs.

Head as in Chion, except that the outer face of the mandible has a sulcus; labrum widest
behind, hairs sparser; ocellus smaller, more projecting, beadlike; anterior edge of hypostoma
arctuate, somewhat protruding, first joint of antennae shortest.

Prothorax quadrate; lateral ochraceous plates wanting, presternal oval, separated about
their width; sternum entirely hairy, no eusternal glabrous spot; posterior area of pronotum
smooth and shining except for a slight irregular tendency of hind margin to be striate; ampullae
strongly tuberculate; spiracles narrowly oval, peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 990R]

The larva makes extensive mines in the dry stems of Yucca. The habits
are typical of the group. Collected by M. Chrisman and H. S. Barber in
Arizona.

80

TRAGIDION COQUUS Linnaeus

Form elongate, rather slender; anterior edges of hypostoma finely carinate and considerably
protruding at edge of gula; mandible having a sulcus on outer face; labrum elongate, tapering
anteriorly though broadly rounded; first joint of antennae shortest, transverse; posterior area
of prothorax strongly embossed, regularly coarsely striate to more finely and pinnately so
behind; lateral plales absent; presternal plates transverse, nearly contiguous; eusternal glab-
rous spots triangular, separated. Mesonotum and metanotum dull, granulate; ampullae aluta-
ceous to extremely finely subtuberculate, distinctly divided in middle. Spiracles broadly oval,
large.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12681.]

These larvae have been collected in the dead branches of Quercus by
A. B. Champlain in Colorado. The habits are similar to those of Purpuricenus
humeralis.

TRAGIDION FULVIPENNE Say.

Several specimens have been reared from Alnus and Quercus collected by
A. B. Champlain in Colorado and G. Hofer in Arizona. From the larval skins
it cannot be distinguished from coquus.

METALEPTUS BATESI Horn
[PI. I, fig. 8; PI. X, fig. 1]

Form more robust; anterior edge of hypostoma nearly straight, thick and finely carinate.
Ochraceous tergal plates on prothorax very conspicuous, presternal ones transverse but separated
the distance of their narrowest dimension; eusternal glabrous spots triangular, separated, very
smooth and shining; striae of posterior area of prothorax very fine and lightly impressed, a
group of deep punctures on anterior margin (of this area) on each side. Mesonotum and meta-
notum shining; ampullae very finely alutaceous, shining, ventral only divided. Spiracles small,
oval, middle abdominal scarcely larger then ocellus, peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12681a and 10366c]

With the exception of one record from Acacia, the larva has been collected
only in the dry dead branches of Quercus. The work in all respects resembles
that of Chion, though the mines are not so extensive. Pupation occurs in the
fall and the adults hibernate in the cells. Collected by M. Chrisman in
Arizona.

SHIZAX SENAX LeConte

Distinguished from Metaleptus batesi by the fact that the anterior edge of the hypostoma
is very thin, wrinkled at the extremities and having one or two tubercles on each side of the
gula. Striae of posterior area of pronotum are irregular or slightly sinuous. Ampullae more
coarsely alutaceous and not divided.

Pupa. Two groups of hairs on disc of pronotum and a few on posterior and anterior angles;
more slender hairs sparsely distributed over mesonotum and metanotum; a transverse band of
attenuated, chitinous spines no posterior border of each abdominal tergum. each spine bearing
a long hair; a few spines on anterior portion of fifth, sixth, and seventh, the latter uncurved,
those on posterior margin of seventh very long; a few short points on eighth.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12292/1 and 12602.]

The larva has been reared from Prosopis, Thurberia, Zizyphics, and CoviUa.
In habits it is similar to Metaleptus batesi, but mines more extensively beneath
the bark. Specimens collected from Arizona by M. Chrisman, G. Hofer, and
H. S. Barber. Mr. Hofer notes that the eggs are covered as in many bupresteids.

BATYLE SUTURALIS Say.

A small species of very shining texture; buccal margin scarcely clihinized: anterior edges
of hypostoma swollen and very regularly carinated; gula sunken. Presternal ochraceous places
small, square, and separated by the distance of their width; posterior area of pronotum
irregularly striate, then coarsely granulate behind, the striae rather widely separated and
sharply impressed. Ampullae finely granulate, very smooth and shining between granulate
area; pleural discs a rather conspicuous granulate area; spiracles very small, nearly orbicular,
about as large as ocellus.

Pupa: Pronotum glabrous except for a group of hairs on anterior angles and a few on
mesonotum and metanotum; abdominal terga Bearing very slender acute spines arranged about
as in Chion, but each having a long hair from base; seventh bearing eight recurved spines on
posterior margin; a few very small points on eighth; Lateral region of terga hairy.

^Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 1 1855a.]

81

The larva has been found only in small dead twigs of Quercus and Castanea
which it completely hollows. Not much of the frass is extruded and pupation
takes place in the early summer between two wads of fibrous chips. It is often
found in branches girdled by Elaphidion. The adult is common on the flowers
of Chrysanthemum leucothoeca and Achillia millefolium. Range, central and
eastern United States and Canada.

BATYLE IGNICOLLIS Say.

A single larval skin of this species is the only material found and cannot be adequately
described. The anterior margin of the hypostoma is slightly wrinkled but not carinate, as in
other species.

[Described from specimen Hopk. U. S. 12695.]

Collected by A. B. Champlain in dead branches of Pinus flexilis, Colorado.
The work is similar to that of the eastern species.

BATYLE sp. (probably PEARSALLI Blandford)

Distinguished from suturalis as follows: Carinae on hypostoma finer; first joint of antennae
transverse, about equal to third, second much longer; irregular striations on posterior area of
pronotum deeper; ampullae alutaceous; spiracles larger, somewhat D-shaped.

[Described from specimens 126176.]

These specimens were collected, but not reared, from Rhus in Colorado by
A. B. Champlain.

GROSSIDIUS PULCHELLUS LeConte

Form cylindric, somewaht robust; integument tough, shining, very hairy; head more strongly
tapering anteriorly and gena not so strongly shouldered as in most species; mandible having a
sulcus on outer face; ocellus small; labrum sub-orbicular; first joint of antennae about as long
as wide, equal to third, second longer; last joint of maxillary palpi indistinctly longer than
second; process of palpifer indistinct; anterior edge of hypostoma smooth.

Prothorax quadrate, posterior area of pronotum striate; lateral plates distinct; presternal
plates square or lengthening posteriorly, widely separated; mesonotum and metanotum finely
granulate; ampullae dull, finely granulate; only one transverse suture distinct; pleural discs
granulate, rather distinct; spiracles small, sub-orbicular, but little larger than ocellus.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10075e.]

The larvae were collected in the roots of Artemisia. It was associated
with a species of Mecas and Sesia which, working together, entirely destroy the
larger roots and base of the stem. Observations by A. B. Champlain in Col-
orado.

DENDROBIAS MANDIBULARS Serville

Form robust, cylindrical, then slightly compressed posteriorly; sparsely hairy; epistoma
suddenly emarginate behind clypeus; labrum broadly oval to sub-orbicular, hairy; antenna]
joints subequal; mandible with a sulcus on outer face; joints of palpi subequal; process of
palpifer very distinct; anterior margin of hypostoma swollen, bearing four more or less distinct
tubercles. Pronotum posteriorly coarsely striate, the striae somewhat pinnately arranged behind:
tergal plates prominent, lateral absent; presternal plates square, widely separated; eusternal
glabrous spots triangular; ampullae strongly alutaceous, shining, posterior ventral ones some-
what divided and between the lobes longitudinally wrinkled. Spiracles narrowly oval, peritreme
thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10066.]

The larva has been collected by Geo. Hofer in the dry dead branches of
Parkinsonia in Arizona. The work resembles that of Chion, but a much longer
mine was excavated through the centre of the branch. Pupation occurred
between two wads of fibrous frass.

A specimen (Hopk. U. S. 9785el) of larva belonging to this genus from
Mexico has the lateral orange plate of the prothorax somewhat distinct, but
otherwise the same.

57951—6

82

Subfamily LEPTURINAE

In this subfamily are placed the Necydalini and other lepturiform ceram-
bycids. Considering the typical forms they comprise a very distinct group,
but the Necydaliri show many affinities to the Aseminae. For the present,
however, they are retained here.

Considering the typical forms, they are generally more or less depressed and coarsely haired.
The dorsal margins of the epicranial halves are entirely angulate behind the front; the clypeus
is wide and the mandibles are acute at the apex. The pronotum is rarely denned as a definite
plate but fused with the proalar area to form the large protergum, the anterior margin of which
has a transverse chitinous band of contrasting colour. The epipleurum prominently projects
on all abdominal segments, and has a distinct tubercle but never a distinct pleural disc. The
ampullae are tuberculiform. The legs are well developed for cerambycids.

The characters of the Lepturinae may be briefly summarized as follows:

CHARACTERIZATION OF LARVAE OF THE SUBFAMILY LEPTURINAE

Head transverse, dorsal margins of epicranial halves behind front entirely separated, angu-
late tentorial cross-arm internal, in a plane at right angles to hypostoma (i.e., occipital foramen
not apparently divided into an anterior and a posterior portion).

Mandibles usually cuneate, cutting edge oblique, apex produced, acute.

Epistoma not produced over clypeus, three to five setae on each side; clypeus trapezoidal,
as wide at base as epistoma; labrum transverse, semicircular or cordate.

Maxillae movable; cardo visible; maxillary sclerite full; ventral mouth-parts attached by
cardo and submentum to edge of hypostoma for nearly its entire width; palpifer large, distinct,
bearing lacinia.

Antennae frail, short, very retractile.

Prothorax having presternum and epipleurum separated by distinct suture; eusternum
distinct, triangular; coxae large, almost meeting internally between eusternum and sternellum.
Mesothoracic spiracle not protruding into prothorax. Legs slender, quite long.

Abdomen with region surrounding spiracle not protruding; epipleurum strongly protuberant
on all segments; pleural disc never present; hypopleurum distinct; coxal lobe large.

KEY TO THE GENERA LEPTURINAE

Gula distinct, raised, sutures protuberant; antennae fleshy, joints scarcely retractile into a
large antennal ring situated more dorsad (easily seen when viewed dorsally) ; form cylin-
drical, tapering posteriorly 1

Gula sutures not distinct, usually only a median suture; antennae very retractile, situated
more laterally; sides of head more broadly rounded in front 3

1. Gula longer than wide; lacinia dilated al apex; no caudal spines 2

Gula as broad or broader than long; lacinia normal, two caudal spines Centrodcra

2. Posterior area of pronotum and ampullae finely asperate. Feeds in base and roots of

dead conifers llochaetes

Posterior area of pronotum and ampullae nor asperate Necydalis

3. Front (of head) bearing a transverse suture behind epistoma 4

Front not divided (except in a few Leptura) 8

4. Abdominal ampullae present on only six segments; two caudal spines; dorsal angle of

mandible extended in an abrupt tooth 5

Abdominal ampullae present on seven segments t>

5. Two caudal spines; three ocelli, sometimes indistinct. Feeds on decaying wood. '.Anthophilax
(Probably not three ocelli) {Toxotus)*

6. Form subcylindrical; mandibles short, triangular from side; three prominent ocelli;

eusternum of prothorax triangular; legs longer than one-half distance between them;

Feeds in base and roots of Sambucus D< smoa rua

Form depressed; mandibles very slender from side; ocelli never three 7

7. Eusternum trapezoidal; legs shorter; ampullae tuberculate; no caudal spine. Feeds

under bark of Juglans Ga urott 8 , .

Ninth tergum bearing a distinct spine Pachyta

8. Ampullae present on only six abdominal segments, very deeply bilobed. tuberculate;

one large ocellus; proeusternum triangular; spiracles very small. Feeds on the

outer dry bark :>f hardwoods Encyclops

Ampullae present on seven abdominal segments (except in a few Leptura), of normal

form 9

9. Mandible deeply bifurcate or notched at apex, slender; form depressed; ampullae dull,

very finely pubescent 10

Mandible usually short, triangular, cutting edge long, extending obliquely backward.

very obliquely truncate; ampullae variable 11

'Characters taken from Schiodte (31).

83

10. Head wider than thorax; anterior angles of gena keeled; ocelli indistinct; proeusternum

trapezoidal. Feeds under bark of conifers Rhagium

Head not wider than thorax; five ocelli on each side of head; proeusternum

triangular Leptalia

11. Tarsal claws short, broadly dilated at base; eusternum of prothorax glabrous except for

two triangular spots of velvety pubescence at posterior extremities; posterior

border of spiracles bearing a longitudinal series of carinae Bellamira

Not possessing the above combination of characters Strangalia

Tribe NEGYDALINI

The larvae of this tribe show a strong and undoubted relationship to the
Aseminae. This is illustrated in the tendency (in some species) of the dorsal
margins of the epicranium to be slightly fused and in the short, robust, triangular
mandible. In Ulochaetes it is shown by the velvety asperate pronotum and
ampullae, and the two lateral impressions marking off the ambulatory
ampullae, caused by the splitting of the strong muscles from the posterior
cuneal notch. The legs are weaker than in other Lepturinae and jointed as in
the Aseminae.

They may be characterized as follows:

Head subcordate, strongly tapering in front, widest behind middle, having, in some species,
the dorsal margin of epicranium behind front slightly fused, suggesting Aseminae; antennae
fleshy, situated rather more dorsally than in other Lepturinae, and less retractile, basal membrane
incapable of retraction into large antennal fovea, third joint minute; labrum usually transverse;
ventral mouth-parts very fleshy and, though widely articulated at base to anterior edge of hypo-
stoma, not filling entire width; lacinia large and usually broader at apex though less so in
Ulochaetes; ocelli absent or minute, indistinct; gular sutures protuberant.

There is a tendency for these larvae to be covered with fine asperities, most marked in
Ulochaetes, and the ampullae are closely beset with bead-like tubercles in all species of
Necydalis. The epipleurum is very narrow. The body is soft and fleshy, slender, tapering,
cylindric.

The species may be separated as follows:

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF NECYDALINI

Posterior area of pronotum and ampullae finely asperate; mandibles having a deep sulcus on

apical dorsal face r Ulochaetes leoninus

Posterior area of pronotum and ampullae not asperate; ampullae tuberculate; mandible
variable.
Mandible having a deep sulcus; ampullae dull, tubercles very few, almost

obsolete Necydalis laevicollis

Mandible without a sulcus; ampullae strongly tuberculate.

Gula sutures strongly protuberant ; ampullae tubercles many, contiguous N. cavipennis

Gula sutures but slightly protuberant ; ampullae tubercles fewer, separated N. mellitus

ULOCHAETES LEONINUS LeConte

[Pis. IV, XVII, XXIII, XXIX]

Form elongate, robust, cylindrical; integument thin, shining, very sparsely clothed with
very fine, short, whitish hairs.

Head subcordate, widest just behind middle; mouth-frame dark, corneous, in sharp contrast
to white head; epistoma straight, often bearing two small tubercules; clypeus thin; labrum
transverse, fungiform, clothed with slender yellowish hairs; mandible triangular from side,
shining rugose at base, bearing a deep oblique sulcus on apical dorsal face; antennae very
fleshy, retractile, articulating membrane large, conical, first joint shorter than second, third
minute; one ocellus, scarcely visible; gena rapidly tapering, beset with short fine hairs as well
as anterior part of front and hypostoma. Ventral mouth-parts fleshy; lacinia large, fleshy,
broadened at apex, sparsely haired; basal joint of maxillary palpi largest, second and third sub-
equal, third conical, last labial shorter than basal, cylindrical; ligula short, thick, with a median
groove; gular sutures rectangular, longer than wide, parallel, prominent, protuberant.

Prothorax transversely elliptical, well covered with fine asperities; pronotum rectangular,
anteriorly glabrous, posteriorly covered with fine asperities. Eusternum triangular, finely
asperate; mesonotum and metanotum and mesosternum and metasternum more finely asperate;
legs fleshy, five-jointed (including coxa), tarsus thick, chitinous tipped.

57951— 6|

84

Abdomen cylindrical; ampullae prominent, finely asperate, with two lateral curved sutures
impressed on each side; epipleurum narrow, distinct on all segments. Spiracles large, oval,
posterior margin finely carinate; peritreme thin.

Pupa. The pronotum is armed with a number of conical spines, chitinous tipped, disposed
on central area; abdominal terga bearing similar spines in a transverse band on each side, last
tergum with two long, conical, fleshly cerci having recurved, chitinous tips.

The larva of Ulochaetes bores in the dead roots of Pinus ponderosa, Picea,
and chiefly Pseudotsuga. The mines are extended through the soft sap wood
and deep into the heartwood, tightly packed with fine, shredded frass. Before
pupating the larva sometimes works higher into the stump, but usually emerges
near the ground. It pupates in May or June. Specimens have been collected
by A. D. Hopkins, R. Hopping, H. E. Burke, and W. D. Edmonston through-
out British Columbia, Oregon, Washington, and California.

NEGYDALIS GAVIPENNIS LeConte
[Pis. XI, XXII]

Form more slender but in general similar to Ulochaetes; labrum broadly cordate, rounded in
front; second joint of antennae about twice the length of the first, last minute; mandibles as
in Ulochaetes, except that the oblique sulcus is absent and the outer face is less rugose. Pro-
notum anteriorly glabrous, posteriorly rugose; body devoid of all asperities; ampullae thickly
covered with small, bead-like, contiguous tubercles, irregularly disposed. Spiracles small,
broadly oval, peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens in the United States National Museum collected in heartwood
of dead oak (Quercus densiflora) in California.]

A number of specimens in the U.S. Forest Insect Collection which cannot be
distinguished from this species have been taken by M. Chrisman from dead
Alnus stumps in Arizona (Hopk. U. S. 10355a), from Eucalyptus in California
by A. D. Hopkins (Hopk. U. S. 1094), and from Heteromeles in California by
F. B. Herbert (Hopk. U. S. 13178d).

NEGYDALIS MELLITUS Say

Form slender, slightly tapering. Distinguished from N. cavipennis by the fact that the
posterior area of the pronotum is smooth and shining, or with few indistinct markings, and the
tubercles on ampullae separated, smaller and fewer, irregularly arranged in four rows. The
labrum is narrowly transverse, twice as wide as long, the anterior margin densely ciliate; the
second joint of the antennae is slightly longer than the first, the last about equal to the first;
the gular sutures are less prominent. The posterior angles of the proeusternum have a spot
of fine velvety pubescence. The spiracles are minute, sub-orbicular, and the peritreme fleshy.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. 8. 8685a.]

This larva is a heartwood feeder in the solid dead wood of Quercus and Cost-
arica throughout the eastern United States. The mines are tightly packed with
frass. Dr. A. D. Hopkins has collected the larvae at Kanawha, doing con-
siderable damage to solid white oak trestling. The adult flies throughout June
and July. Observations by Dr. A. D. Hopkins and the author.

NECYDALIS LAEVIGOLLIS LeConte

Form more slender than in Ulochaetes; labrum transverse, roundly rectangular, thin, an-
terior margin straight, ciliate; mandible as in Ulochaetes (sulcus distinct), bin more tapering;
lacinia very broad at apex, densely ciliate; gular sutures very prominently protuberant. Pos-
terior area of prothorax glabrous,finely wrinkled; proeusternum, mesonotum and metanotum
very finely, velvety pubescent; ampullae dull, finely velvety pubescent, bearing a few scattered,
shining, bead-like tubercles. Spiracles large, sub-orbicular, fleshy rimmed.

[Described from specimens (Hopk. U. 8. 95586).]

Collected by the writer in solid heartwood of living Picea engelmanni.
Joseph, Oregon. The larvae entered through an old blaze.

85

CENTRODERA DECOLORATA Harris
[Pis. XIV, XI, XXII]

Form elongate, cylindric, slightly tapering; integument finely wrinkled, shining, very sparsely
clothed with slender whitish hairs.

Head sub-orbicular, narrowing in front, beset with scattered slender setae; mouth -frame
not heavily corneous; clypeus thin; labrum transversely sub-orbciular, regularly rounded in
front, little wider than long, anterior margin ciliate, hairs golden; mandible trapezoidal from
outer face, black, shining, cutting edge very oblique, long, dorsal angle flattened; antennae
acutely conical, basal membrane large, not retractile; first, second, and third joints respectively
smaller, supplementary joint as large as fourth; one indistinct ocellus. Anterior edge of hypo-
stoma broadly curved; ventral mouth-parts extended; palpi slender, last labial shorter than
basal, equal to last maxillary; lacinia short, cylindric; mentum large, barrel-shaped; gula about
as wide as long, strongly protuberant.

Prothorax widest in front; pronotum anteriorly shining, posteriorly rugulose; eusternum
acutely triangular, velvety asperate, dull; mesonotum and metanotum dull; mesosternum and
metasternum tuberculate. Legs five-jointed, tarsus slender, attentuate, femur longer than tibia.

Abdomen: Dorsal ampullae bearing four rows of large prominent separated tubercles, ventral
two rows; pleural tubercle sub-orbicular, bearing two fine, slender setae. Ninth abdominal
tergum bearing two widely separated straight conical spines. Spiracles sub-orbicular, small,
peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11864.]

These larvae have been reared by the writer from old wet decaying oak
logs (Quercus) in Pennsylvania. Dr. A. D. Hopkins records it from dead heart-
wood of chestnut and tulip (Liriodendron) in West Virginia. It pupates from
May to July.

On June 25, 1915, at Englenook, Pa., the author took numerous larvae of
this species working in a hollow dead chestnut (Castanea) in connection with
Leptura biforis. The larvae were feeding in the solid wood, eating only the
spring tissue of each annual layer. Large galleries were excavated and a round
cell of frass constructed before pupation. An adult was reared in early Sep-
tember.

ANTHOPHILAX LeConte

Only two species in this genus have been reared, but a number of similar
larvae are represented in the U.S. Forest Insect Collection. By locality and
elimination probable species names have been assigned to some of these forms
and the descriptions given.

They all live in very decayed logs lying on the ground. When the larvae
are about mature they bore out to the surface of the log and fall to the ground,
where an earthen pupal cell is constructed in the soil beneath the humus.

These larvae may be recognized by the tough body integument and coarse hairs; front of head
divided by a transverse suture; three ocelli (often indistinct); mandible short, outer face tuber-
culate, dorsal angle abrupt toothed; gula not distinct; anterior margin of protergum strongly
chitinized, posteriorly faintly rugulose; mesonotum and metanotum dull, velured, often bearing
several tubercles; legs very slender; six dorsal ampullae bearing four rows of bead-like, prominent,
separated tubercles; two strong caudal spines.

ANTHOPHILAX ATTENUATUS Haldeman

[Pis. XI, XXII, XXVIII]

Form elongate, subcylindrical, tapering; integument tough, smooth and shining, sparsely
clothed with stiff reddish hairs.

Head sub-orbicular, widest behind middle, entirely dark castaneous, strongly corneous and
thickly beset with slender setae; mouth-frame black; epistoma straight; clypeus and labrum
thin, latter transversely oval, one and one-half times wider than long, densely ciliate on rounded
front margin; front transversely divided; mandible triangular from outer face, tuberculate,
dorsal angle abruptly toothed, acute, cutting edge obliquely emarginate; antennae, very small,
entirely retractile; three indistinct ocelli. Anterior margin of hypostoma thickened, broadly
curved; gula not distinct; palpi very slender, last joint of maxillary palpi slender, acute, longer
than second, about equal to last labial; lacinia shortly conical, thick, densely hairy.

Prothorax twice as wide as long, more coriacious than usual; anterior margin of pronotum
and proalar area strongly chitinized, castaneous; posterior area of pronotum faintly rugulose;

86

eusternum semi-coriaceous, shining; mesonotum and metanotum velvety pubescent, each with
a median group of shining tubercles; mesosternum and metasternum tuberculate. Legs some-
what cornified, slender, tibia longer than femur, tarsus a very slender attenuate spine.

Abdomen: Six dorsal ampullae, bearing four irregular rows of very prominent, bead-like,
separated tubercles, ventral ampullae bearing two rows; seventh and eighth terga bearing a
transverse row of dark reddish hairs; pleural tubercle narrowly oval, bearing five or six long,
dark reddish setae; ninth tergum more chitinized, bearing two acutely conical, slightly diverging,
strongly chitinous spines, widely separated; anal lobes densely covered with castaneous hairs.
Spiracles oval, peritreme strongly chitinized.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12631a.]

The larva lives in very moist decaying hardwood logs, chiefly Fagus, Betula,
Acer, and Populus, making large, irregular galleries loosely packed with fibrous
frass. Caged larvae invariably leave the wood and go deep into the ground
to pupate. The described specimens were reared from Populus tremuloides col-
lected by S. A. Rohwer at Boulder Junction, Wis.

ANTHOPHILAX (HOFFMANI Beutenmuller . )
[Pis. XI, XXII]

Distinguished from A. attenuatus by the three prominent ocelli; caudal spines contiguous
at base, short, conical, the surrounding area darkly chitinized; last joint of maxillary palpi one
and one-half times longer than second; claw of the legs equal in length to the tibia. Spiracles
rectangularly oval; anal lobes hairy, but not so densely so as in A. attenuatus.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9790Z.]

These larvae were collected by T. E. Snyder and the author on the top of
Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina, in decaying logs of Picea and Abies, but no
adults were reared. They have the similar habit of entering the ground before
pupation. A deformed adult was reared (Hopk. U. S. 12897), probably A.
hoffmani, the larva of which is similar to the form described above.

ANTHOPHILAX VIRIDIS LeConte

Resembles A. attenuatus, but the body hairs are finer and the caudal spines are erect,
cylindrical, and suddenly acute at apex.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11876c]

These specimens have been collected by the writer at Charter Oak, Pa.,
in dead logs of Fagus, Betula, and Acer.

ANTHOPHILAX sp. (TENEBROSUS LeConte)

Distinguished from A. attenuatus by the larger contiguous tubercles on ampullae: anterior
and posterior borders of ampullae velvety asperate; caudal spines very short, not longer than
wide at base, approximate.

[Described from a single specimen, Hopk. U. S. 4793c]

Collected by H. E. Burke from dead Pseudotsuga, Oregon. It may be
tenebrosus.

J. Brunner reports A. tenebrosus breeding in old decayed logs of Picea and
Pseudotsuga in Idaho and Montana.

TOXOTUS Serville

No specimens of this genus have been studied except the cotype of T. cursor
described by Schiodte. It very closely resembles our species of Anthophilax
but has only one ocellus.

DESMOCERUS Serville

A single genus represents the tribe Desmocerini in North America. The
species of larvae are remarkably similar in the minutest details of struct tire.
They can scarcely be separated except by size and texture of hairs. They pos-
sess, as larvae, no distinctive characters setting them off from other Lepturinae
as a tribe, but are distinguished only by a combination of characters.

87

They may be recognized by the sub-orbicular head, tapering in front; short mandible;
front divided behind epistoma by a transverse suture (sometimes rather faint); three large,
prominent ocelli; gula not distinct; pronotum posteriorly shining, rugulose; mesonotum and
metanotum not tuberculate; tubercules of ampullae ill-defined, confluent; no caudal spine.

All larvae have the similar habit of feeding in the base and roots of living
Sambucus.

DESMOGERUS PALLIATUS Forster
[Pis. XVII, XXXI]

Form elongate, robust, slightly depressed; integument firm, shining, glabrous except for a few
long hairs.

Head sub-orbicular, tapering in front, sparse long setae on front and gena; mouth-frame
strongly corneous and entire head somewhat more than usually chitinized; epistoma thin, semi-
tuberculate in middle; clypeus and labrum thin, latter narrowly transverse; mandible short,
black, shining, cutting edge short, truncate, dorsal angle of cutting edge not produced; antennae
very small, entirely retractile into fovea; ocelli three, prominent, bead-like. Ventral mouth-
parts slender; men turn elongate, tapering; lacinia, conical slender, beset with several hairs ;
last joint of palpi acutely conical, equal to second; gula not distinct, indefinably fused with
submentum.

Prothorax transverse, trapezoidal, widest in front; pronotum smooth, shining, posterior
edge faintly reticulated, anterior strongly punctate. Eusternum acutely triangular, glabrous,
shining, except for several hairs; mesonotum and metanotum not tuberculate, faintly shining;
sternum tuberculate; legs very long, tibia longest joint, tarsus short, chitinous-tipped, appendi-
culate.

Abdomen: Ampullae broad, flattened, tubercles ill-defined, confluent; epipleurum distinct
on all segments; pleural tubercle narrowly oval, bearing two long setae; tergum of ninth seg-
ment broad, extending over anal lobes. Spiracles large, orbicular, deep, peritreme very thin.

Pupa. Anterior area of pronotum beset with short, subulate hairs; first six abdominal
terga bearing numerous recurved, conical spines, more abundant on posterior margin, seventh
and eighth terga bearing attenuate hairs from chitinous pores, ninth with two widely separated,
long, slender spines, extending laterally and posteriorly.

The larvae feed in the living roots of Sambucus, working deep under the
ground until nearly matured, when they come up through the pith and excavate
the pupal cell. The mines are packed with coarse, fibrous frass, which is often
exuded in large quantities at the base of the stems. Various sizes of larvae
can be found at the same time, indicating a larval period of several years.
Pupation occurs through April and May. The adults feed on the flowers.
Range, throughout the eastern and central United States and Canada.

Rathvon (26) gives a brief note and description of this species.

DESMOCERUS PIPERI Webb

Distinguished from palliatus by the denser castaneous hairs on the anterior margin of
the labrum; two broad median impressions on the front; inner apical face of lacinia bearing a
dense brush of hairs; mesonotum and metanotum anteriorly dull, covered with very fine velvety
asperities; femur and tibia of equal length; ampullae less strongly tuberculate.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12300.]

This species makes a large gall, often 10 inches in diameter, at the base of
stems of Sambucus, sometimes killing them. The larvae feed in this abnormal
growth and in the roots, going above ground in the pith to pupate. The pupae
were collected March 14, 1914, at Riggins, Idaho. The adults emerged in early
May. Observations by Josef Brunner.

DESMOCERUS GRIBRIPENNIS Horn

Separable from D. piperi only by the more slender hairs on head and body, the less distinctly
tuberculate ampullae, and the smaller spiracles, which are scarcely chitinous rimmed.

Pupa. The pupa is much smaller than that of D. palliatus; the hairs on the pronotum are
more slender, and there is an additional group of the posterior margin; and each spine on the
abdominal terga ends in an attenuate hair.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 4313a.]

The eggs are laid in the crevices of the bark of Sambucus at the base of
the stem, the larvae tunnelling through into pith where they continue to

work up and down until each matured larva occupies the entire cavity excavated
by it. After cutting an exit hole through to the bark it retreats into the pith
to pupate. Pupae and young larvae were found at the same time, indicating
a larval period of several years. Many of the stems are killed. Observations
by H. E. Burke, April 20, 1906, Pialschie, Wash.

GAUROTES CYANIPENNIS Say.

[Pis. IV, XVII]

Form strongly depressed, subparallel; integument smooth, shining, sparsely clothed with very
long, castaneous, attenuate hairs.

Head very depressed, transversely oval, widest at middle, strongly coriaceous and beset
with numerous slender setae; epistoma very thin, straight, fused with clypeus at middle; clypeus
and labrum thin, latter twice as wide as long, anterior margin rounded, ciliate; front transversely
divided; mandible very slender from side, more than twice as long as wide at base, tip dilated
slightly, cutting edge short, truncate; antennae very small, retractile; ocelli two, often indis-
tinct. Anterior edge of hypostoma thin, straight; mentum transverse; palpi very slender; last
maxillary joint acute, as long as second; last labial acutely conical shorter than basal; lacinia
cylindric; gula not evident, a single suture.

Prothorax twice as wide as long; pronotum undefferentiated, smooth, shining. Eusternum
smooth, broadly rounded in front; mesonotum and metanotum velvety asperate, only meta-
sternum tuberculate. Legs slender, femur and tibia subequal, tarsus attenuate, curved.

Abdomen much depressed; dorsal ampullae bearing four rows of small, prominent, contigu-
ous tubercles; the ventral ampullae, two rows; pleural tubercule oblong, oval, bearing five
setae, ninth tergum fringed with numerous long setae. Spiracles orbicular, prominent, peri-
treme wide, chitinous.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10358.]

Pupa. Front of head around base of antennae beset with a few strong hairs and a group
above eyes; anterior, posterior, and lateral margins of pronotum bearing a single row of
closely set, long hairs, row on posterior margin forming an angle; mesonotum glabrous; meta-
notum bearing two patches of long hairs and each abdominal tergum also bearing a transverse
row, broken in middle, of finer hairs; last tergum bearing a short, straight, acute spine.

This species feeds between the bark and wood of dead walnut (Juglans) in
a manner similar to that of Rhagium. It has also been found in Quercus, Primus,
Rhus, Nyssa, and Cornus. Mr. A. B. Champlain records this Larva as leaving
the bark and going into the earth or humus to construct its pupal cell.

PACHYTA Serville

[Pis. I, XXII]

A large series of larvae are represented in the U.S. Forest Insect Collection
from which no adults have been reared. They have been associated with adults of
Pachyta. There are several species represented. All work under the tight, recently
dead bark of Tsuga, Abies, Pinus, except one species collected by the writer in
apple (Malus). Caged larvae have the same habit as Anthophilax of entering
the ground before pupation.

Form elongate, parallel, depressed; quite hairy; head sub-orbicular, depressed; mandible
very slender, squarely shouldered at base, apical half strongly benl down, cutting edge very
oblique, truncate, abruptly toothed; fronl bearing a transverse suture behind epistoma; labrum
transverse; one prominent ocellus. Posterior edge of pronotum velvety pubescent; seven ab-
dominal segments, tuberculate; dorsal area of ninth segment protruding, slightly chitini/.ed,
armed with an obtuse or acutely conical spine, according to the species.

The following specimens representing several species are in the Forest Iimm Collection
Hopk. U. 8. 1849/<6*, 1938c!, 2174^, 3305d, 3350, 3568, 42416, 4224c, 12766, 9188c!, and
11813a.

RHAGIUM LINEATUM Oliver

[Pis. I, XI, XVII, XIX, XXII, XXXI. XLII]

Form very depressed, elongate, parallel; integument smooth, shining, sparsely clothed with
fine, silky, whitish to yellowish hairs.

Head greatly depressed, strongly chitinized, wider than prothorax, sparsely covered with
fine, silky, short hairs, sides rounded, with a dull carina on anterior margin: epistoma straight,
fused into clypeus at middle; front with two elongate, shallow depressions; clypeus and labrum

89

very thin, latter obtrapezoidal, rounded and widest in front, cilia dense, fine; epistomal setae
six or more. Mandibles very slender from side, nearly three times as long as basal width, apex
dilated, deeply notched; antennae small, entirely retractile; ocelli indistinct. Ventral mouth-
parts well extended; mentum obtrapezoidal; palpi very slender, last maxillary joint attenuately
acute, equal to last labial, shorter than first or second maxillary; lacinia slender, cylindric;
anterior margin of hypostoma straight, not distinct from mouth-parts; gula not distinct.

Prothorax widest in front, dorsally undifferentiated, entirely smooth, slightly chitinized;
eusternum trapezoidal, broadly rounded in front, smooth, shining; mesosternum and meta-
sternum, mesonotum and metanotum dull, very finely velvety pubescent. Legs slender, femur
and tibia subequal, tarsus slender, attenuate, not strongly chitinized.

Abdomen depressed; ampullae semi-tuberculate at sides, dull, very finely pubescent; pleural
tubercle very elongately oval, bearing five or more setae; last abdominal tergum broad, bisinuate
on posterior margin. Spiracles orbicular, peritreme distinct, raised, not strongly chitinized.

Pupa. Subconvex, tapering; anterior and posterior margins of head and posterior mar-
gins of prothorax and metathorax with two transverse bands of upright setae; abdominal terga
bearing transverse bands of reflexed subulate setae; last tergum bearing two tri-acuminate
spines.

The larvae of Rhagium have been collected between the bark and wood of
all our coniferous trees excepting the species of Cupresseae. They require a
certain amount of moisture, usually preferring trees which have been dead only
a short time. The larvae construct an oval, fibrous-rimmed pupal cell, pupating
and transforming to adults in the early fall, and overwintering as imagoes. The
larval period usually is completed in one season or may extend over two. The
species occurs commonly throughout the United States.

Rathvon (26) gives a brief note on this species, stating that it kills pines.
It is improbable that such could be the case.

Packard (23) gives a description of the larva and figures it. Although not
detailed, these are sufficient to permit of its recognition.

LEPTALIA MAGILENTA Mannerheim
[PI. 1, fig- 1]

Form depressed, slightly tapering posteriorly; integument thin, dull, very finely granulate, and
very sparsely beset with long slender hairs.

Head depressed, sub-orbicular; mouth-frame little chitinized; three epistomal setae; la-
brum twice as wide as long, widest at base, anterior margin rounded from basal angles; man-
dibles slender, twice as long as basal width, cutting edge short, oblique with dorsal angle very
abruptly protruding, tip truncate; five more or less distinct ocelli in two rows. Ventral mouth
parts slender; maxillary palpi very slender, joints subequal; ligula broad; anterior edge of
hypostoma thin; gular suture sometimes faintly visible.

Prothorax transverse, depressed; pronotum entirely smooth; eusternum very finely asperate,
dull; mesonotum and metanotum and mesosternum and metasternum dull, very finely asperate.
Legs slender, tibia longest, tarsus very attenuate.

Abdomen: Ampullae seven, dull, very finely asperate; pleural tubercles very small, oval,
projecting, bearing two very slender setae. Spiracles small, orbicular, peritreme very thin.

[Described from specimens in the United States National Museum collected by Kincaid in
decaying alder stump (Alnus). Popof Island, Alaska.]

Kincaid (18) gives a very good description of this species. It is better
than most North American descriptions of cerambycid larvae. The writer
has re-described it here to conform with the terminology used throughout this
paper.

ENGYGLOPS CAERULEUS Say.
[Pis. I, XXVII]

Very slender, tapering, quadrangular; integument smooth, shining, very sparsely covered with
long, silky hairs.

Head sub-orbicular, widest at middle; mouth-frame slightly corneus; epistoma thin, fused
at middle with clypeus; clypeus and labrum thin, latter transversely oval, broadly rounded on
front, beset with few long hairs; mandible slender from sides, tapering apex dull, cutting edge
short; antennae very small; retractile, last joint and supplementary joint distinct; ocellus large, dis-
tinct. Anterior edge of hypostoma thin, not sharply distinct from mouth parts; mentum
transverse; last joint of maxillary palpi distinctly larger than either of others, equal to last
labial; gula indistinct.

Prothorax slightly wider than long, pronotum glabrous, undifferentiated; eusternum acutely
triangular, glabrous; mesonotum and metanotum subtuberculate, shining, sternum tuberculate.
shining. Legs slender, very fleshy, femur and tibia subequal, tarsus attenuate, soft.

90

Abdomen tetragonal. Ampullae only six, prominently projecting, bilobed by a deep median
furrow, each lobe regularly tuberculate; parascutal and coxal lobes large, protuberant; pleural
tubercle large, orbicular, bearing two long slender setae. Spiracles orbicular, small, not larger
than ocellus, peritreme fleshy.

Pupa. Body covered with a group of fleshy papillae bearing slender, fine hairs, as follows:
two lateral groups on epicranium, on lateral margins, and on posterior margins of pronotum;
a recurved transverse group on abdominal terga becoming denser at posterior margins of eighth
and ninth terga.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 97926.]

The larva of Encyclops has the peculiar habit of mining in the outer dry
corky bark of Quercus alba, Liriodendron, Acer, Castanea, Juglans, and Nyssa.
It often works in numbers on certain limited areas of bark, causing the scales
to flake off after a time and the bark to appear smooth. The pupal cell is
merely a shallow excavation, in which the larva overwinters, transforming in
early May and June. It is often associated with Microclytus, which has a simi-
lar habit. The adult is found throughout the eastern United States, commonly
on early shrubby flowers. Both of these insects have a common predatory
enemy, a small elaterid larva which has not been definitely determined. Ob-
servations by A. B. Champlain and the author.

BELLAMIRA SGALARIS LeConte
[Pis. I, XVII, XXII, XXXI]

Form elongate, slender, tapering, cylindrical; integument smooth, shining, sparsely covered
with short fine hairs.

Head sub-orbicular, widest behind middle, slightly chitinized; mouth-frame strongly cor-
neous, dark; hypostoma thin, straight; clypeus and labrum thin; latter narrowly oval, twice
as wide as long, anterior margin flatly rounded, ciliated with castaneous hairs; mandible slender,
triangular from side, apex very acute, dorsal tooth strong, acute, outer face with a band of fine
striae across middle; antennae small, retractile; one rather prominent ocellus. Palpi slender,
last maxillary joint conical, last labial cylindric, both shorter than respective penultimate joints;
lacinia short, conical; subfossal-spine distinct; gula not distinct.

Prothorax widest in front; protergum with a transverse, anterior, lemon-yellow band,
widened on lateral area; pronotum beset with few short hairs, posteriorly rugulose; sternum
more hairy than usual; eusternum triangular and with two triangular blotches of velvety pube-
cence on posterior angles. Mesonotum and metanotum velvety pubescent ; sterna with an
anterior band of velvety pubescence, tuberculate. Legs rather stout, tarsus appendiculate,
arcuate.

Abdomen; Seven dorsal ampullae bearing four irregular rows of small, projecting, separated
tubercles; the ventral ampullae two rows; pleural tubercle sub-orbiculate, bearing two long
setae on posterior margin. Spiracles narrowly oval, not strongly rimmed.

Pupa; Very slender, tapering; pronotum with two groups of short subulate setae on poste-
rior margin, two orbicular ones on metaterginn, and two transverse groups on each abdominal
tergum, the last bearing two conical fleshy spines and a border of more slender spines along hind
margin.

The larvae feed indiscriminately in almost all coniferous or hardwood trees
provided the proper conditions of moisture and decay are present. They
require well rotted logs in very moist situations. The mines are large and
irregular, extend through the sapwood and heartwood, and are filled with
loose, fibrous frass. This species has been collected from Fagus, Acer, Populus,
Pinus and Tsuga throughout the eastern United States.

BELLAMIRA LeConte, TYPOCERUS LeConte, STRANGALIA Serville, and

LEPTURA Serville

The genera Bellamira, Typocerns, Strangalia, and Leptura, as the adults
are grouped by American writers, cannot be recognized as larvae. Bellamira
has been separated in the key, but in this case only one species is treated. Evi-
dently several good genera are represented by the larvae here described.
Scarcely any difference can be found between several species of Typocerus and
Strangalia, while in the genus Leptura then4 arc some very characteristic groups,
as subhamata-\ike forms having three ocelli and a striated molar plate4 on the

91

mandible. Aurivillius (1) separated the North American species of these
genera into Leptura, Judalia, and Oedecnema in certain respects this grouping
can be substantiated by larval characters, but as the larvae of so few species
have been studied, no definite arrangement is indicated at present. The
described larvae may be briefly characterized as follows:

Head sub-orbicular, widest about middle, usually brownish chitinized; labrum transverse;
mandible relatively short, triangular from side, dorsal angle of cutting edge either toothed or
flattened into a striate plate, cutting edge very obliquely truncate; ocelli indistinct, or one, two,
or three present; edge of hypostoma broadly curved; gula never (exception, L. subhamata),
distinct. Prothorax transverse. Legs rather slender, tarsus usually slender, attenuate. Pro-
eusternum, mesonotum, metanotum, and sterna dull, pubescent, glabrous, or tuberculate,
affording good characters. Abdomen slender, tapering.

All species so far as known, with one exception (L. nitens), live in dead
decaying wood, in very moist situations. The larval period usually extends
over more than one year. The species are gregarious, working together for
many years in the same log until it is completely converted into sawdust. They
are often associated with the Prioninae. The mines meander and intersect and
are tightly packed with fibrous frass. The adults are pollen feeders, being the
most abundant cerambycids in early summer months, when they can be col-
lected in great numbers on the flowers of various plants.

KEY TO THE DESCRIBED SPECIES OF TYPOCERUS, STRANGALIA,

AND LEPTURA1

Dorsal angle of mandible flattened into a striate plate 1

Dorsal angle of mandible merely rounded or bearing an abrupt tooth 5

I. One ocellus; mesonotum and metanotum velvety pubescent, except for several tubercles

on each Leptura biforis

Three ocelli; mesonotum and metanotum not velvety pubescent,. distinctly tuberculate. . . 2

2. Abdominal spiracles very narrowly oval 3

Abdominal spiracles broadly oval 4

3. Hairs on body coarse, castaneous L. subhamata

Hairs on body whitish, silky L. plagijera

4. Species not separable L. sanguinea

" " L. obliterate

" L. propinqua

5. Ampullae tuberculate, the tubercles shining 6

Ampullae not tuberculate, or if so, asperate pubescent 23

6. Both mesonotum and metanotum bearing tubercles, shining, never entirely pubescent .... 7
Mesonotum and metanotum covered with fine velvety pubescence, dull (rarely several

tub ercles on metanotum) 9

7. Eusternum of pro thorax entirely shining 8

Eusternum of prothorax velvety pubescent or at least on posterior

extremities Strangalia bicolor, S. famelica

8. Tubercles of ampullae smaller, merely contiguous Leptura proxima

Tubercles of ampullae larger (fewer), somewhat confluent L. chrysocoma

9. Metanotum bearing a small group of three to six shining tubercles; tubercles of ampullae

separated 10

Metanotum bearing no tubercles 12

10. Eusternum of prothorax shining L. nigrella

Eusternum of prothorax covered (or partially so) with fine velvety or asperate

pubescence, dull 11

II. Labrum widest near base Typocerus velutinus

Labrum widest at middle Strangalia luteicomis

12. Eusternum of prothorax shining 13

Eusternum of prothorax dull, covered or partially so with fine velvety pubescence 18

13. Three ocelli on each side of head Leptura exigua

One ocellus on each side of head 14

14. Ampullae present on six abdominal segments L.americana

Ampullae on seven segments 15

15. Ampullae completely surrounded by a band of velvety pubescence; tubercles very small,

separated L. emarginata

Ampullae not velvety pubescent 16

1 As this key covers only a small percentage of the species, the descriptions must be referred to for further verification.
The larvae, so far as studied, are very constant in the characters described and should the specimens to be determined
not agree in all points they will probably prove to be another species.

92

16. Tarsal claw arctuate, short; prosternellar area shining L. vagans

Tarsal claw attenuate; prosternellar area dull pubescent 17

17. Proeusternum regurlaly beset with stiff hairs L. canadensis

Proeusternum bearing hairs only on lateral margin, none in central area, hairs not more

than 8 to 10 L. rubrica

18. One ocellus on each side of head 19

Three ocelli on each side of head; species not separable L. mutabilis

" " " L. aspera

19. Six abdominal segments bearing ampullae L. lineola

Seven abdominal segments bearing ampullae 20

20. Median band between dorsal ampullae asperate 22

Median band of dorsal ampullae glabrous 21

21. Ventral surface of head finely granulate; proeusternum dull,

velvety pubescent Strangalia acuminata

Ventral surface of head shining, smooth; proeusternum shining Leptura crassipes

22. Proeusternum finely asperate only on posterior lateral extremities L. valida

Proeusternum finely asperate over nearly entire surface L. vittata

23. Labrum more than twice as wide as long; form c}dindric L. sphaericoUis

Labrum not more than one and one-half times as wide as long, form depressed . . . L. nitens

TYPOGERUS VELUTINUS Oliver
[Pis. XIV, XXIIJ

Form elongate, subcylindric, tapering; integument smooth, shining, very sparsley clothed with
whitish yellow hairs. *

Head sub-orbicular, slightly wider than long, somewhat chitinized; mouth-frame strongly
corneous; epistoma slightly and roundly protuberant, three or four serae on each side; clypeus
and labrum thin, latter semicircular, one and one-half times wider than long, widest behind,
bearing scattered hairs; mandible slender from side, apex acute, dorsal angle prominent; an-
tennae small, very retractile, ring oval; ocellus indistinct; anterior edge of hypostoma distinct;
hypostoma broadly curved; gula not distinct, palpi slender, last joint of maxillary obtusely
conical, shorter than last labial or second maxillary; lacinia eylindric.

Prothorax one-half wider than long, pronotum bearing a distinct transverse brownish band,
widened at sides, posterior area slightly rugulose, shining. Eusternum velvety pubescent, dull,
except for a triangular anterior spot; mesonotum dull, velvety pubescent, as well as metanotum,
except for a central group of shining tubercles; mesosternum and metasteraum tuberculate.
Legs not so slender, no joint twice as long as thick; tarsus attenuate, chitinous.

Abdomen; Ampullae seven, the anterior and posterior margins finely pubescent, bearing
small, bead-like, abruptly projecting, separated tubercles; pleural tubercles oval; bearing
several slender setae. Spiracles very small, oval to sub-orbicular, peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9747.]

One of the commonest lepturiform larvae, found in all sorts of decaying
hardwoods and conifers, occasionally in rather solid wood. The adults are
commonly found on flowers in May and June throughout the eastern United
States and Canada.

TYPOCERUS LUNATUS Fabriciua

[PL XIV]

Distinguished from T. velutinus by the thinner epistoma, the indistinctly rimmed antenna]
ring, the more prominent ocellus, smooth and shining eusternum, and the group of tubercles on
metanotum usually absent or rarely two. The Legs are more slender, the tarsus slightly dilated
at base. It is also more hairy then T. velutinis.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12286.]

This larva was found in dead rotting stumps of Finns by H. B. Kirk and
the author. The adult is commonly collected on flowers in late May and June,
from Pennsylvania through the south-central States. Observations by W. 1'.
Fiske, H. B. Kirk, and the author.

TYPOGERUS ZEBRATUS Fabricius

Several specimens of the adults of this species were collected at Falls Church,
Va., in a dead stump of Pinus by J. N. Knull and the author. The larvae
mined in the roots, coming to the top of the stump to pupate. Only larval
skins were secured.

93

The mandible is black, shining, very acute, having a strongly curved cutting edge at the
upper extremity of which the dorsal angle is produced into a rectangular abrupt tooth; the
labrum is roundly rectangular and the pleurostoma bears a small projecting ocellus.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11872d.]

STRANGALIA BIGOLOR Swederus

[PL XIV]

Form very slender, clothed with whitish hairs; integument very finely granulate; labrum sub-
trapezoidal, widest behind middle, front edge straight for short distance; epistoma very thin;
ocellus small; last joint of maxillary palpi slightly longer than second; metanotum bearing no
tubercles. Proeusternum velvety pubescent only on posterior lateral angles. Tarsus very slender,
attenuate.

This species has been reared from dead Acer and Quercus. The adults
occur throughout the eastern United States and Canada in June and July.

STRAGALIA FAMELIGA Newman

Differs from S. bicolor in that the entire posterior border of the proeusternum is dull velvety
pubescent; no trace of tubercles on the metanotum.
[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10914a.]

This species has been reared from decaying Quercus. The adults are found
on flowers in the eastern United States and Canada through June and July.

STRANGALIA LUTEIGORNIS Fabricius
[PI. XIV, XXX]

Essentially like Typocerus velutinus, form more slender; head slightly more elongate; mandi-
bles shorter, little longer than basal width; ocellus prominent; labrum rectangular, sides
rounded, front edge straight and (not roundly curved as in T. velutinus) widest at middle. Spir-
acles more strongly chitinized.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 12280g and 11812a.]

This larva has been reared from dead, moist, decaying wood of Vitis, Fagus
and Ulmus, always in contact with the ground. The adult flies in May and
June throughout the eastern United States and Canada.

STRANGALIA ACUMINATA Oliver

Head bearing many rather stiff hairs, ventral surface and anterior portion of front finely
granulate; dorsal angle of mandible prominent; labrum subtriangular, widest at base; one
ocellus. Mesonotum and metanotum dull, finely asperate; posterior half of proeusternum and
anterior half of sternellum finely asperate; mesosternum and metosternum tuberculate; tarsus
attenuate; seven dorsal ampullae bearing four rows of small, nearly contiguous tubercles, no
fine asperities between; spiracles broadly oval to orbicular, peritreme strongly chitinized.

Pupa. Short, stiff, chitinous setae at base of clypeus and antennae, and above eyes, and
on posterior border and angles of pronotum which also bears a few fine hairs on disc; meso-
notum and metanotum each bearing several short, stiff setae, and a broken transverse row on
each abdominal tergum; ventral anal lobes each bearing a conical, suddenly acute process.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10083^]

Collected and reared by A. B. Champlain at Lynne, Conn., in dead
Viburnum stems.

LEPTURA BIFORIS Newman

Head very hairy on anterior portion, sides in front of middle rather suddenly tapering;
epistoma thin; labrum thin, transverse, anterior margin rounded from middle and sparsely
hairy; mandible very black, smooth, shining, dorsal angle flattened into a striate plate, apex
very acute; one ocellus; last joint of maxillary palpi cylindrical, shorter than second; gula
sutures slightly evident. Proeusternum and sternellum shining; mesonotum and metanotum
dull, velvety pubescent except for a group of from three to five shining tubercles on each; femur
and tibia subequal, tarsus very slender, attenuate. Ampullae seven, tubercles, large, contiguous,
four rows on seventh. Spiracles small, oval, peritreme distinct. Abdomen unusually hairy.

Pupa. Form like that of adult; front of head bearing several attenuate coarse setae; two
groups of three to five on anterior margin of prothorax and a straight transverse band on pos-
terior margin ; several on mesonotum and two groups on metanotum ; six to eight shorter setae
on each abdominal tergum, becoming more numerous on seventh and eighth and forming a dense
fringe on last.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11864.]

94

These specimens were collected by the author from a dead hollow chestnut
(Castanea) log at Inglenook, Pa., June 24, 1915. Larvae, pupae, and adults
were abundant. The larvae were mining the spring wood of a hollow tree.
Pupation occurs in a large oval cell. The pupae were congregated about knot-
holes through which the adults emerged. A dipterous parasite was taken on
about 50 per cent of these pupae, but has not been reared. Associated
with this species was the larva of Centrodera decolorata.

LEPTURA PROXIMA Kirby
[Pis. IV, XXII]

Head very hairy, especially front; epistoma abruptly raised; labrum transverse, broadly
rounded in front; dorsal angle of mandible acute; one ocellus; last joint of maxillary palpi
shorter than second. Proeusternum and sternellum shining; mesonotum and metanotum and
sterna tuberculate, shining; femur and tibia subequal, tarsus attenuate; ampullae seven, tuber-
cles large, prominent, contiguous, ventral rows of about nine each, four rows on seventh terga;
spiracles oval, dark castaneous.

Pupa. Form like that of adult, bearing two rows of three to five setae on anterior pro-
thorax and setiferous papillae on lateral angles of prothorax and metathorax; also two rows on
each abdominal tergum and a fringe on last abdominal segment ; apical outer face of each femur
tipped with a group of setae.

[Described from specimens Hopk. XT. S. 11811.]

This species has been reared from Acer, Hicoria, Castanea and Tilia. The
writer has found it in old standing stubs, which have been completely converted
into powder except for an outer shell. Often found in dryer situations than
most other species. Pupa collected May 24, 1912, at Charter Oak, Pa.

LEPTURA CHRYSOCOMA Kirby
[PI. XIV]

Only separable from L. proxima by the larger, more or less confluent tubercles of the am-
pullae, the ventral rows number seven or eight. Head less hairy.

Pupa. Form as in adult; bearing two transverse bands of short, stiff setae or spines on
posterior margin of pronotum, a few on mesonotum, and more numerous ones on metanotum;
each abdominal tergum bears a transverse group on each side of the median line and a fringe on
the last tergum.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12651a and 119216.]

This larva is described from specimens collected and reared from Pinus
flexilis and P. ponderosa by A. B. Champlain. The adult flies through June
and July in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast regions.

LEPTURA SUBHAMATA Randall
[PL XIV]

Head very thickly beset with long hairs; sides rather suddenly tapering in front; labrum
cordate, about as wide as long; mandibles slenderly acute, dorsal angle flattened into a striated
plate; three distinct ocelli; last joint of maxillary palpi slightly tapering, shorter than second;
gular sutures faintly distinct. Proeusternum and sternelluin shining, mesonotum and meta-
notum and mesosternum and metasternum tuberculate, shining. Legs slender; femur and tibia
subequal; tarus slender attenuate. Abdomen very hairy, the hairs castaneous. Ampullae seven,
last very small; tubercles prominent, large, contiguous. Spiracles narrowly oval, chitinous
rimmed.

Pupa. Form as in adult; a group of setae at base of clypeus, at base of each antenna and
two on front of head; posterior margin of prothorax with two transverse bands of stiff setae;
two oval groups similarly placed, on metanotum and on median area of abdominal terga. the
last margined with fleshy conical papillae.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 118186.]

A northern species, usually in higher elevations, breeding in dead logs of
Pinus. Larva and pupa collected at Notch, Pa., in June. The adults have been
taken through the northeastern and central United States and Canada. Ob-
servations by Dr. A. D. Hopkins, W. F. Fiske, and the author.

95
LEPTURA PLAGIFERA LeConte

Distinguished from L. subhamata by the very fine silky white hairs on body and head.
Pupa. Readily distinct from L. subhamata by the absence of the groups of setae on meta-
tergum.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 4793c, 4711a.]

This larva has been reared only from western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa)
Adults collected in July in Oregon and Washington by H. E. Burke and W. D.
Edmonston.

LEPTURA OBLITERATA Haldeman
[Pis. IV, XVII, XXVII]

Slightly less hairy thanL. subhamata] sides of the head more rounded and gula not distinct.
Spiracles broadly oval to sub-orbicular. Tubercles of ampullae smaller and less distinct.

Pupa. Groups of setae arranged as in L. subhamata, but an additional group of anterior
margin of prothorax and one of shorter hairs on disc of prothorax, and on tips of femura.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 4002d and 9161?/.]

This larva breeds in a variety of dead conifers and is often associated with
the larvae of Asemum and Criocephalus. It has been collected from Abies,
Pseudotsuga, Picea, Tsuga, and species of Pinus throughout British Columbia,
Washington, Oregon, California, and Montana. It pupates in May and June.
Observations by Dr. A. D. Hopkins, H. E. Burke, and E. A. Schwarz.

LEPTURA SANGUINEA LeConte

This species is always associated with L. obliterata, but cannot be separated
from it by larval characters. The habits are the same.

LEPTURA PROPINOUA Blandford

Two specimens of this larva have been studied. The only difference from
obliterata is a slightly more hairy head and finer whitish body hairs. These
characters are not sufficient to determine it definitely.

The larvae were collected and reared from Engelmann spruce {Picea engel-
manni in Colorado by A. B. Champlain. It was associated with larvae of
Calopus.

LEPTURA SOROR LeConte

Larvae of this species cannot be definitely separated from the obliterata-like
forms. The specimens Hopk. U. S. 14466c were collected by F. B. Herbert in
dead lodgepole pine (Pinus murrayana) at Meyers, Cal.

LEPTURA NIGRELLA Say
(PL XVII)

Head rather thick, robust, clothed with short fine hairs; epistoma roundly declivous; labrum
transverse, broadly-rounded from posterior margin; dorsal angle of mandible prominent, broad;
one prominent ocellus; last joint of maxillary palpi conical, equal to second. Proeusternum
glabrous, shining; prosternellum and mesonotum and metanotum dull velvety asperate, except
for several tubercles1 on median area of metanotum; legs robust, femur and tibia subequal :
tarsus short, conically acute. Ampullae seven, tubercles very conspicuously protuberant, separ-
ated, bead-like. Spiracles broadly oval, peritreme thin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 2304c]

The larvae have been collected and reared in species of Pinus, Picea, and
Pseudotsuga from Colorado and Oregon. H. E. Burke collected adults in their
pupal cells August 20, 1907, at Joseph, Oregon. Range, throughout the western
United States and Canada.

On several immature specimens these tubercles are indistinct.

96
LEPTURA EXIGUA Newman

Form more depressed than usual; resembling a small Gaurotes. Head depressed, widest at
middle, bearing a few long hairs on gena and along frontal sutures; labrum thin, semicircular,
longest at middle, widest at base, twice as wide as long; mandible rather short, dull black, apex
blunt, dorsal angle not toothed; three small black ocelli; anterior edge of hypostoma not distinct
from submentum; maxillary palpi long, basal joints subequal, third longest, cylindrical. Pro-
eusternum shining, bearing a few stiff hairs anteriorly; mesonotum and metanotum dull, finely
velvety pubescent; mesosternum and metasternum tuberculate, shining. Legs very long, tarsus
attenuate. Ampullae seven, covered with tuberculiform wrinkles (resembles Gaurotes); pleural
tubercle bearing two long setae. Spircales small, sub-orbicular, peritreme thin.

Pupa. Form as in adult; bearing scattered stiff hairs on front of head, about disc of pro-
notum, and on distal portions of femora; mesonotum and metanotum glabrous; abdominal
terga bearing short, stiff, spine-like hairs more or less arranged in two transverse rows, longer
ones on epipleurum; last segment bearing two slender, straight, acute spines, their under sides
parallel.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 1007 5k.]

These specimens have been collected and reared by A. B. Champlain and
Geo. Hofer from Colorado Springs, Col. The larvae mine between the bark
and wood of recently dead Populus. A round flat pupal cell is constructed
resembling that of Rhagium. The adults emerged the latter part of May and
in June.

LEPTURA AMERICANA Haldeman

[PI. XIV]

Head quite wide at middle (almost equal to prothorax); labrum roundly rectangular, almost
straight across anterior margin; mandible abruptly enlarged at base, slender, cutting edge
obliquely truncate, dorsal angle abrupt, bidentate; one prominent ocellus; last joint of maxillary
palpi slender, equal in length to second. Proeusternum shining; mesonotum and metanotum
velvety asperate, dull; mesosternum and metasternum tuberculate, these larger than abdominal
ones; abdomen tetragonal, parascutal and coxal areas large. Ampullae six, projecting, tubercles
very small, bead-like, separated. Spiracles oval, not larger than ocellus, peritreme thin. Body
hairs long, slender, yellowish white.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 11845o.]

Specimens of larvae and adults collected in dead decaying tulip (Lirio-
dendron) stump at Falls Church, by H. B. Kirk.

LEPTURA EMARGINATA Fabricius
[PI. XVII]

Head quite hairy on anterior portion; epistoma abruptly raise; 1, straight, perpendicular;
labrum thick, transverse, broadly rounded from near base, perimeter densely hairy; dorsal
angle of mandible abrupt, prominent ; one ocellus; last joint of maxillary palpi acutely conical,
equal to last labial, shorter than the others; hypostoma somewhat transversely bulging; gular
sutures slightly protuberant, roughened. Proeusternum shining, sternellum dull velvety pubes-
cent on anterior two-thirds; mesonotum and metanotum entirely dull velvety pubescent; femur
and tibia subequal, tarsus straight, acute. Ampullae seven-, surrounded by a narrow band of
velvety pubescence, tubercles very small, separated, the two median rows (of dorsal ampullae)
separated by a transverse band of velvety pubescence. Spiracles rather small, narrowly oval,
peritreme thin.

Pupa. Form like that of adult, bearing groups of short attenuate spines on anterior median
margin and posterior lateral portions of prothorax; two median oval groups on metanotum: a
transverse band of more conical spines on each abdominal tergum becoming more irregularly
dispersed posteriorly, also several along region of parascutum and epipleurum.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 118636.]

This species can be easily recognized by the large size of the matured larvae and the struc-
ture of the ampullae, surrounded by velvety pubecsence, with also a transverse median band.

These specimens were collected June 11, 1915, from a large fallen beech
(Fagus) at Kanawha Station, W. Va. Twenty-five years ago Dr. A. 1). Bop-
kins collected a single adult on the then standing tree, it having emerged from
the hollow base. Four years ago it was blown over, ami examination on above
date by Dr. Hopkins and the writer showed it to be entirely honeycombed by
the larval mines, and the outer shell full of larvae, pupae, and adults. The

97

mines are very extensive, packed with coarse fibrous frass, and lined by a dark
fungous growth. The pupal cells were constructed in the outer shell. This
beetle has been breeding in the same hollow butt for the past twenty-five years.
The different stages of larvae found indicate the life cycle to be three years.
The writer has collected larvae of this species from a dead stub of Quercus at
Mt. Vernon, Va., and Mr. A. B. Champlain has taken it from Betula at Lyme,
Conn.

LEPTURA RUBRICA Say.
[Pis. XVII, XXII]

Anterior half of front and gena hairy; epistoma obliquely declivous; labrum transverse,
sub-elliptical, anterior edge very broadly rounded from posterior lateral angles ; dorsal
angle of mandible abrupt; one ocellus; last joint of maxillary palpi acutely conical,
shorter than second. Proeusternum shining, sternellum, mesonotum, and metanotum
velvety pubescent, dull; mesosternum and metasternum tuberculate, shining; femur and
tibia subequal, tarsus attenuate. Ampullar tubercles beadlike, prominent, separated, four
rows usually distinct on seventh tergum. Spiracles oval, peritreme strongly chitinized.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 9782/c and 10377.]

One of the commonest eastern species of Leptura. The larva feeds in a
great variety of dead hardwoods and conifers. Both well-decayed and solid
wood are suitable to its activity. This is a good illustration of the indiscrim-
inate feeding of our most commonly collected cerambycids. Typocerus velutinus,
Xylotrechus colonus, and Neoclytus erythrocephalus are similar examples.

LEPTURA CANADENSIS Fabricius
[Pis. XXII, XXVIII]

Head thickened, beset with many slender hairs; epistoma abruptly declivous; labrum
transversely oval, broadly rounded from behind middle; dorsal angle of mandible abrupt and
strong; one prominent ocellus. Proeusternum shining, beset with a number of regularly dis-
posed hairs, otherwise as in L. rubrica, but slightly more hairy and tubercles of ampullae slightly
larger and more closely placed.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 9071c?.]

The larvae feed in dead, rather solid wood of various species of Pinus and
Tsuga. It commonly attacks the heartwood of living trees, gaining entrance
through a wound such as a blaze. Range, throughout the United States and
Canada. The adult flies from June to August.

LEPTURA VAGANS Oliver

Distinguished from L. rubrica by the more prominent ocellus; tarsus shorter than tibia,
flattened and arcuate; prosternellar area not distinctly velvety pubescent; tubercles of ampullae
fewer, about six in dorsal rows, seventh ampullae bearing only two rows; spiracles sub-orbicular,
petritreme dirty-greenish coloured.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 12608a.]

The larvae feed in decaying pine logs throughout the eastern United States
and Canada. The larvae were collected and reared by H. E. Kirk. It is often
associated with L. rubrica. The adults have been taken in June and July.

LEPTURA LINEOLA Say.

Head rather thick, hairs short; epistoma thin, labrum but little wider than long, sides
broadly rounded; mandible short, dorsal angles abruptly toothed; one small prominent ocellus;
last joint of maxillary palpi acutely conical, equal to second. Proeusternum and mesonotum
and metanotum velvety asperate; mesosternum and metasternum tuberculate, velvety asperate
on anterior border; legs slender; tibia slightly longer than femur, tarsus attenuate. Ampullar
tubercles small prominent, present on but six segments. Spiracles orbicular, very small, peri-
treme lightly chitinized.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 9789n.]

Collected and reared from sapwood of a dead birch (Betula) stump, at
Cedar Mountain, N.C.

57951—7

98

LEPTURA VITTATA Germar.
[PI. XVII]

Head hairy on anterior portion of front and gena; epistoma roundly declivous; labrum
subrectangular, front edge nearly straight, about twice as wide as long; dorsal angle of mandible
abrupt; ocellus oval, indistinct; last joint of maxillary palpi cylindric, obtuse, equal in length
to second. Anterior two-thirds of proeusternum and sternellum, and the mesonotum and meta-
7 otum dull, velvety asperate, as are also the anterior and posterior borders and the dorsal median
«)and of the ampullae; mesosternum and metasternum tuberculate, anterior and posterior edges
velvety asperate; tibia slightly longer than femur, tarsus attenuate. Tubercles of ampullae
small, irregularly disposed, separated, only two rows on seventh ampullae. Spiracles orbicular,
not chitinous rimmed.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 11847c and 11800.]

The larvae feed in dead decaying Abies, Pinus, Juniperus, and Castanea.
It pupates in May and June. Range, throughout eastern United States and
Canada.

LEPTURA VALIDA LeConte

Head, sides regularly rounded, bearing a few long setae; labrum transversely oval, about
twice as wide as long; mandible rather smooth on outer face, bearing a faint transverse band of
striae, dorsal angle very abruptly and strongly toothed; one elongate oval ocellus; last joint of
maxillary palpi conical, slightly shorter than second; a single gular suture. Proeusternum
velvety pubescent on posterior lateral angles; sternellum velvety pubescent; mesonotum and
metanotum velvety pubescent; legs slender, femur and tibia subequal, tarsus slender. Ampullae
surrounded by velvety pubescence and having several narrow transverse bands, tubercles very
small, abrupt, separated; spiracles oval, scarcely larger than ocellus.

Pupa. Head bearing a few setae; two prominent tuberculiform groups of setiferous points
on anterior margin of pronotum and two transverse bands on posterior margin; a median spinose
tubercle on mesonotum and two on posterior margin of metanotum; a transverse band (divided
in middle) of short, acuminate points on posterior margin of each abdominal segment; two re-
curved hooks on dorsal anal lobe.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 13548a1.]

Mr. H. B. Herbert collected these specimens with many adults in very-
decayed wood of Tsuga and Abies in California.

LEPTURA CRASSIPES LeConte

Head beset with fine slender hairs; epistoma thin; labrum transversely oval, anterior edge
broadly rounded from posterior angle, constricted at base; mandible very shining; dorsal angle
very abrupt and sharp; one transverse ocellus; last joint of maxillary palpi shortly conical,
equal to second. Proeusternum shining, sternellum on anterior half and mesonotum and meta-
notum velvety asperate; mesosternum and metasternum tuberculate. asperate on anterior
border; legs rather robust, joints short, especially the tarsal. Anterior and posterior margins
of the ampullae asperate pubescent, tubercles rather irregular, contiguous, not so prominent.
Spiracles oval, not strongly rimmed.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 9567.]

The described specimens and adults were collected by the author in a very
decomposed log of Pinus, at Baker, Oregon, in July, 1911.

LEPTURA MUTABILIS Newman

Head, anterior perimeter dull, very finely punctured; hairs very short; labrum subrectan-
gular, one and one-half times wider than long, anterior edge rounded from middle, flattened in
front; mandible short, little longer than width of condyles, dorsal angle shortly toothed; last
joint of maxillary palpi conical, acute, much longer than transverse second; three ocelli. Spir-
acles sub-orbicular, strongly ehitinized. Abdomen and thorax as in L. vittata.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U.S. 11861/*.]

The larvae breed in a variety of dead hardwoods.

They have been collected from Quercus, Betula, Acer, and Castanea. They
pupate in March and early April. Range, throughout the eastern United
States and Canada. Observations by W. F. Fiske, H. B. Kirk, and the author.

99
LEPTURA ASPERA LeConte

Scarcely distinguishable from L. mutabilis. In the two specimens examined the dorsal
angle of the mandible is abrupt and the fine dull punctures on the anterior perimeter of the
head do not extend back so far as on mutabilis.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9192m and 11848d.]

These larvae were collected and reared from dead Betula at Colorado
Springs, Colo., by B. T. Harvey.

LEPTURA SPHAERIGOLLIS Say.
[PI. Ill, fig. 9; PL XVII, fig. 9]

Head widest behind middle, epistoma thin; labrum narrowly rectangular, more than twice
as wide as long; mandible short, cutting edge deeply emarginate, dorsal angle rounded; one small
distinct ocellus; maxillary palpi slender, last joint slender, cylindric, equal or slightly longer
than second. Proeusternum, sternellum, posterior areas of pronotum and mesonotum, meta-
notum, mesosternum and metasternum exceedingly finely asperate although feebly shining; legs
very slender, tarsus attenuate. Ampullae feebly shining, impressed by two transverse folds
marking off a narrowly transverse area, and an anterior transverse fold marking off an anterior
fusiform area. Spiracles very minute, orbicular, not strongly rimmed; body hairs very fine,
slender, yellowish white.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9790o and 11847w.]

This larva has been collected in the decaying sapwood of Castanea, Prunus,
Betula in North Carolina by W. F. Fiske, H. G. Champion, and the author.
It pupates during April and May.

LEPTURA NITENS Forster
[PL XI, fig. 6; PL XVII, fig. 5; PL XXXI, fig. 7; PL XXXVII]

Form much depressed; head very depressed, clothed with a few short, stiff hairs; epistoma
very thin, front bearing a transverse suture be,hind epistoma; labrum roundly trapezoidal, one
and one-half times as wide as long; mandible very slender from outer face, dorsal angle scarcely
visible; ocelli absent; maxillary palpi slender, last joint very slender, shorter than second;
anterior edge of hypostoma broadly fused with ventral mouth-parts. Proeusternum and sternel-
lum shining; mesosternum and metasternum and mesonotum and metanotum dull, velvety
asperate; legs very slender, tarsus attenuate. Ampullae dull, finely asperate, marked by two
transverse impressed folds, and an anterior one marking off a narrowly fusiform transverse area.
Spiracles orbicular, distinctly rimmed. Body hairs coarse, castaneous.

Pupa. Form as in adult, covered with very stiff, dark castaneous, subulate setae above
clypeus on front and epicranium, two transverse bands on anterior and posterior margin of pro-
thorax, and scattered ones on disc, as also on disc of metanotum, on first six abdominal seg-
ments these are coarser than the others; seventh, eighth, and ninth abdominal terga irregularly
beset with longer setae, tenth with a bifurcate spine.

The larval habits of this species form an exception in the genus. It is the
only one, so far as known, which attacks living trees. The normal food plant
is Castanea, but occasionally it is found in Quercus. The larva bores in the
bast fibres of the bark, at the base of the tree or in crotches of limbs where
plenty of moisture exists. The burrow is large and irregular, several larvae
often extending it from different angles. It is packed with coarse, fibrous
frass, which is expelled through a hole in the bark. The pupal cell is formed
from an oval rim of this frass. The larval period usually extends over two
seasons. The larva pupates in May and June.

This species is of much economic importance in relation to the chestnut
bark disease. The larvae and adults have been collected throughout the eastern
and central United States by Dr. A. D. Hopkins, W. F. Fiske, T. E. Snyder,
E. B. Mason, W. S. Fisher, and the author.

SUBFAMILY DISTENIINAE

Two species of Distenia have come to the author's attention. A close
study of these larvae substantially corroborates the opinion of Gahan (11) that
subfamily rank or better, even family rank, has to be given to these species.

57951—71

100

In general form and structure they are strikingly aberrant from the usual
cerambycid type. This divergence is due to the possession of a peculiar com-
bination of lepturine and cerambycine characters, the latter, however, pre-
dominating. The position of the occipital foramen is posterio-dorsad. All
structures on the dorsal surface conform to the type of Lepturinae, and the
ventral mouth structures to that of the Cerambycinae. The mandible is of the
type characteristic of the Lamiinae. They suggest a very primitive type of
cerambycid larva. The peculiar tentorial structures and the attachment of
the skin of the prothorax directly to the submentum has been observed in no
other cerambycids.

CHARACTERIZATION OF LARVAE OF THE SUBFAMILY DISTENIINAE

The characters of the Disteniinae may be briefly summarized as follows:

Head transverse, dorsal margins of the epicranial halves behind front entirely separated;
occipital foramen posterio-dorsad; tentorium very broad, gula and hypostoma not evident.

Mandibles rather elongate from side; apex slightly produced, cutting edge obliquely trun-
cate, short.

Epistoma not produced over clypeus, three epistomal setae.

Clypeus trapezoidal, filling space between dorsal condyles of mandibles.

Submentum attached to the collar; maxillae movable, cardo visible; maxillary articulating
lobe full; palpifer small, jointlike; lacinia borne on stipes.

Antennae frail, retractile.

Prothorax with presternum and epipleurum anteriorly fused. Epipleurum large, rectangular;
eusternum not sharply defined; coxae small, widely separated, and situated at extremities of
sternellum. Mesothoracic spiracles not protruding into prothorax. Legs moderate in size,
weak.

Epipleurum protuberant only on last three abdominal segments; pleural disc never present.
Spiracles in a well-defined, elliptical, protruding region.

DISTENIA UNDATA Oliver
[PI. IV, fig. 5; PI. XI, fig. 7; PI. XXX, figs. 1 and 2]

Form very elongate, slender, anteriorly depressed, posteriorly cylindrical; prothorax rela-
tively much wider than the other cerambycid larvae, suggesting a buprestid in general shape;
integument thin, shining, very sparsely beset with short fine hairs.

Head depressed, widest about the middle, slightly tapering anteriorly and posteriorly,
rather deeply embedded in the prothorax; mouth-frame darkly chitinized; epistoma nearly
straight, rather abruptly raised; clypeus and Labium thin, latter semi-elliptical, widest at base,
finely and densely haired; mandibles narrow from side, about twice as long as basal width,
cutting edge short, truncate, dorsal angle slightly toothed; no ocelli; antennae conical, first and
second joints short, transverse, subequal, terminal joint slender and longer; antennal ring
closed behind. Ventral mouthparts rather fleshy, densely and finely haired; palpi conical, last
joint longest; process of palpifer small, fleshy; lacinia short, fleshy; mentum longer than
wide; labial palpi slender, terminal joint shortest; ligula large, fleshy; neither gula nor hypo-
•stomal sutures distinct.

Prothorax depressed, transversely oval; pronotum trapezoidal, widest at base, a narrow
hand of short hairs across anterior margin, posteriorly velvety pubescent; presternum bearing
two small, fleshy lobes on anterior margin at base of submentum; eusternum widely trapezoidal,
widest at base, posteriorly velvety pubescent; sternellum also velvety pubescent; mesonotnin,
unetanotum, mesosternum, and metasternum transverse, velvety pubescent; scutal and hypo-
pleural areas protuberant. Legs small, slender, three distinct joints; tarsus attenuate, claw-like.

Abdominal segments very elongate, slender, cylindrical, intersegmental skin very long; am-
pullae widely separated, flat, transverse, dull, velvety pubescent, present on only six segments;
parascutal and coxal lobes protuberant laterally; ninth segment longer than any other, cylindri-
cal; anus transverse, two lobes ventral, one dorsal; spiracles small, orbicular.

Pupa. Head, pronotum, mesonotum, and metanotum covered with numerous long, slender
hairs; each abdominal tergum bearing two circular groups of acute points, becoming more
slender on last segments, a long hair arises from the base of each point.

This larva feeds in the roots of recently killed hickory (Hiroria), especially
those infested by hickory barkbeetles. It has also been found in Cercis and
Ulmus. The mines are extended in a meandering manner beneath the bark
and tightly packed with coarse granular frass. Pupation occurs in the sapwood,
normally two years are required to complete development. The larva assumes

101

a folded position while burrowing similar to the buprestids. Adults have been
observed at night ovipositing in the base of the trees.

Range, throughout eastern United States. Observations by A. B. Cham-
plain, H. S. Barber, and the author.

DISTENIA RUGISCOPIS Bates

This larva can only be distinguished from D. undata by the denser and coarser velvety
pubescence on pronotum and ampullae.

These specimens were collected by August Busck, May, 1911, along the
Trinidad river, Panama, "under the bark of fallen trees."

SUBFAMILY LAMIINAE

The Lamiinae larvae show a greater divershVy of structural characters, form,
and biological habits than any other subfamily. They are all characterized by
the oblong head, the sides of which are parallel or converge posteriorly. This
form of the head sets them in sharp contrast to all other cerambycids. With
one exception (Michthysoma) they are all legless.

CHARACTERIZATION OF LARV.E OF THE SUBFAMILY LAMIINAE
The characters of the Lamiinae may be briefly summarized as follows:

Head elongate, sides parallel or converging posteriorly; dorsal margins of epicranial halves
behind front fused for the entire distance and jointly round behind; tentorial cross-arm internal
in a plane at right angles to hypostoma (i.e., occipital foramen not apparnetly divided into an
anterior and a posterior portion).

Mandible rather elongate, cutting edge shortly oblique, apex produced.

Epestoma not produced over clypeus, three to many setae on each side; clypeus trapezoidal,
filling space between dorsal condyles of mandible; labrum transverse to cordate.

Maxillae rigid (only movable from stipes) ; cardo, maxillary sclerite, and submentum fused
and attached for the entire distance between ventral articulations of mandible; palpifer large,
distinct, bearing lacinia.

Antennae frail, short, very retractile.

Prothorax having presternum and epipleurum usually distinctly separated; eusternum dis-
tinct or indistinct; coxae indistinct, usually legless.

Postnotal fold absent. Mesothoracic spiracle protruding into prothorax. Legs absent
(rarely present).

Abdomen with region surrounding spiracle not protruding; epipleurum protruberant on
from three to all segments; pleural tubercle usually bearing a chitinous pit at each extremity;
hypopleurum small, coxal lobe large.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF LAMIINAE

Legs well developed; two distinct ocelli on each side of head; ninth tergum bearing two

chitinous spines Michthysoma .

Legs absent; never more than one ocellus or one caudal spine 1

1. Antennal ring open behind (at least deeply angulate), bisected by frontal suture 2

Antennal ring closed behind, not bisected by frontal suture 15

2. Anterior margin of front normal 3

Anterior margin of front bearing a transverse row of carinae 14

3. Head depressed, at least twice as wide as thick 4

Head thicker, not twice as wide as thick 12

4. Ampullae irregularly tuberculate 5

Ampullae bearing two regular rows of tubercles 11

5. Never both ampullae and pronotum velvety pubescent 6

Both ampullae and pronotum velvety pubescent 9

6. Gular sutures protuberant : ninth abdominal tergum extended into an acute deflexed

spine Pleclrura

Gular sutures not protuberant 7

7. Hypostoma transversely protuberant; front behind epistoma bearing striae extending

from a row of punctures Synaphoeta

Hypostoma and front normal 8

8. Pronotum rugose on posterior half ; ampullar tubercles very large; form robust. A canthoderes
Pronotum either plainly striate or velvety pubescent; tubercles of ampullae smaller;

chitnious pore of pleural tubercle very small; form depressed. . .Liopus and Leptostylus

Posterior area of pronotum varying from dull granulate to velvety pubescent usually only

on hind margin; pores of pleural tubercle very distinct Hyperplatys

102

9. Head widest across anterior border; ampullae velvety pubescent, dull 10

Head widest just before middle; ampullae shining Nyssodrys

10. Mandibles very slender; no caudal armature Acanthocinus

Mandibles shorter; a flattened chitinous process on ninth abdominal tergum. . .Graphisurus

11. Maxillary palpi two-jointed, or, if three-jointed, ninth tergum bearing a long spine .Lepturges
Maxillary palpi three- jointed; no caudal spine Eupogonius

12. Maxillary palpi three-jointed; form elongate 13

Maxillary palpi two-jointed; form robust; ampullae bearing very large, irregular tuber-

cules; body densely and coarsely hairy; breeds in the roots of Asclepias. . . .Tetraopes

13. Molar portion of mandible sharply toothed; pronotum normal Dectes

Molar portion of mandible normal; anterior margin of prothorax bearing a transverse row

of carinae Psenocerus

14. Pleural tubercle having two distinct chitinous pits; pronotum rugulose; ampullar tubercles

irregular Hoplosia

Pleural tubercle having no pits; pronotum smooth; ampullar tubercles in two or three

regular rows Oncideres .

15. Gula protuberant; posterior area of pronotum finely asperate 16

Gula not protuberant; pronotum variable 19

16. Tubercles of ampullae finely asperate; chitinous pits of pleural tubercle distinct 17

Tubercles of ampullae glabrous; chitinous pit of pleural tubercle absent; anus two-lobed,

a group of chitinous setae beneath ventral lobe Ptychodes

17. Sides of head suddenly constricted behind middle Monochamus

Sides of head gradually narrowing to base 18

18. Body hairs long, not continuous across anterior margin of pronotum Goes

Body hairs short, rather dense, a continuous band across anterior margin of

pronotum Plectrodera

19. Chitinous pore at extremities of pleural tubercle distinct; head depressed 20

Chitinous pore of tubercle absent; head variable 22

20. Last joint of maxillary palpi rarely more than one-half length of penultimate; form cylin-

drical, dorsally hairy; ampullae strongly protuberant, several with conical papillae ;

cactus feeders Monilema

Last joint of maxillary palpi as long as or longer than penultimate 21

21. Hypostoma transversely bulging; ampullae normal; often a chitinous spine on

ninth terga Dorcaschema .

Hypostoma normal; ampullae deeply bilobed Heloemis.

22. Head depressed; twice or more as wide as thick 23

Head oval in cross-section 25

23. Posterior area of pronotum glabrous or velvety pubescent 24

Posterior area of pronotum coarsely asperate, as also ampullae; epipleurum protuberant on

all segments; spiracles oval Saperda

24. Posterior area of pronotum strongly protuberant, pinnately striate; tubercles of ampullae

in two regular rows; maxillary palpi two-jointed Cyrtimts

Posterior area of pronotum normal; ampullae obscurely tuberculate, having a deep median

furrow; ninth tergum bearing a chitinous process; maxillary palpi often

two-jointed Pogonocherua and Ecyrus.

Posterior area of pronotum variable; ampullae bearing two regular rows of tubercles; no

caudal armature; maxillary palpi two-jointed Leptwgea querei (group)

25. Pronotum shining; ampullae bearing two transverse ridges or rows of tubercles; last ab-

dominal segment swollen; spiracles orbicular 26

Pronotum asperate, bearing two heavy oblique lateral impressions; ampullae finely asperate
or irregularly tuberculate; spiracles lenticular 29

26. Hypostoma protuberant in two conical processes; head less salient; all dorsal and ventral

ampullae present, protruding 27

Hypostoma not protuberant; head more salient; ventral ampullae absent on all or many
abdominal segments 28

27. Eusternum distinct, elliptical; mesosternum and metasternum not tuberculate; last four

abdominal segments bearing only one row of tubercles (posterior row); caudal spine

incurved ventrally Adetus

Eusternum not distinct; mesosternum and metasternum tuberculate; abdominal ampullae
all bearing two rows of tubercles; caudal spine directed straight backward. . . .Ataxia

28. Pronotum entirely smooth, lateral sutures not impressed; mandibles bifurcate at apex;

sternellum distinct; all ventral ampullae absent ; no caudal spine Hippopsis

Pronotum posteriorly embossed, faintly striate, lateral sutures impressed; mandibles normal;
eusternal and sternellar areas fused; latter posteriorly projecting; ventral ampullae
present on sixth and seventh segments; ninth tergum bearing a projecting
process Spdlacopaia

29. Abdominal ampullae finely asperate Oberea

Abdominal ampullae irregularly tuberculiform Mtcas

103

MICHTHYSOMA LeConte

This larva, from the material at hand, strongly suggests the Aseminae,
especially the genus Opsimus. In fact, the writer believes that it should be
placed in this position. However, since the characterization is based only on
the larval skins, it is retained where the adult systematists have placed it.

The head structure cannot be definitely determined, but the two-jointed
maxillary palpi, the presence of well-developed legs, the bilobed prominent
ampullae and the Atimia-like caudal spines all strongly suggest affinities to the
Aseminae.

MICHTHYSOMA HETERODOXUM LeConte

1P1. V, fig. 2; PL II, fig. 12; PL XII, fig. 8; PL XXIV, fig. 10; PL XVII, fig. 15; PL VII, fig. 10]

Form semi-robust, slightly tapering posteriorly; integument thin, shining, very sparsely
clothed with rather stiff yellowish-brown hairs.

Head depressed, about as wide as long, sides subparallel; mouth-frame corneous; epistoma
straight, thin; clypeus trapezoidal; labrum about twice as wide as long, anterior margin broadly
curved; mandible slender from side, smooth, apical angle rounded, cutting-edge oblique, dorsal
angle rounded, deflexed or sometimes abruptly toothed; antennae very small, two- jointed, with
a small supplementary joint; antennal ring not open behind; two prominent white ocelli placed
below antennae. Ventral mouth-parts not strongly chitinized, fused for entire width of hypo-
stoma; joints of maxillary palpi subequal, last shorter than last labial, ligula broad, distinct ;
gula not distinct, anterior margin confluent with submentum.

Prothorax transverse, widest in front; a yellowish band, divided in middle, extending across
anterior dorsal margin; pronotum entirely smooth, shining, lateral sutures entire, bearing a
few scattered hairs; eusternal area distinct, roundly trapezoidal, smooth, shining. Legs well-
developed, two-jointed, second twice length of basal, tarsus attenuate, longer than second joint.

Abdomen bearing very prominent, shining ampullae, these deeply bilobed and transversely
marked by two impressions, somewhat suggesting large tubercles. Ninth tergum armed with
two conical, acute spines, separated somewhat more than their height.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9784a;.]

The larvae were collected in the dead sapwood of hickory stumps (Hicoria)
at Cedar Mountain, N.C., and reared April 15, 1913, by the author.

MONILEMA Say.

[PL XXIX, fig. 5]

Cylindrical, robust, coarsely haired species; head depressed, sides parallel, broadly rounded
posteriorly; clypeus and labrum thick, latter about twice as wide as long; mandible scarcely
tapering, about twice as wide as basal width, cutting edge short, roundly emarginate, outline
similar to Michthysoma; antennal ring entire. Ventral mouth-parts fleshy; mentum distinct
from submentum, narrowly transverse, not sunken; chitinization entire across base of labial
stipes; last joint of maxillary palpi minute, scarcely one-half the length of second. Posterior
area of pronotum narrowly transverse, four times as wide as deep, limited anteriorly by a short
impression at each side, often bearing numerous short hairs; dorsal abdominal ampullae irregu-
larly tuberculate or covered with conical palpillae, strongly projecting and deeply bilobed,
having a single transverse impression, epipleurum protuberant on all segments, tubercle broadly
oval, bearing many setae but lacking the chitinous pore at each extremity; spiracles orbicular,
peritreme distinct; no caudal armature.

[Described from six specimens in the U. S. National Museum labelled: Encinal, Texas, April
11, 1908, J. D. Mitchell, Coir.; Brownsville, Tex., June 8, 1908, C. R. Jones and F. C. Pratt;
Texas, F. C. Pratt; Austin, Nev., April 23, 1908.]

A number of specimens of this genus representing several species have been
studied, but none have been reared so as to establish their specific identity.
One collected by Hubbard, No. 827, labelled M. giganteum (?), differs from the
above in having chitinous asperities on the ampullae and pronotum. So far as
known, all feed in the stems of cactus and to this peculiar environment the
body has become well-adapted. The texture is coarse, covered with stiff hairs,
and the ampullae are often covered with projecting papillae. The living larvae
strongly suggest some Scaraebidae, often assuming the curved form of body.
They superficially more closely resemble the larva of Tetraopes than that of
any other Lamiinae. This probably is a development due to similar methods
of feeding.

104

PLECTRURA Mannerheim

The form of the adult would suggest something more aberrant than the
true Lamiine type of larvae. It is in no way suggestive of Monilema, but most
closely resembles Synaphoeta. The peculiar extension of the last tergum into
a pointed process is the most distinctive characteristic.

PLECTRURA SPINICAUDA Mannerheim
[PL XXIV, fig. 2; PL XVII, fig. 16; PL VII, figs. 6 and 7]

Form depressed, elongate, sides parallel; integument firm, shining, sparsely clothed with long,
fine, whitish pubescence.

Head depressed, sides suddenly constricted near base; epistoma straight; labrum roundly
rectangular, about one and one-half times as wide as long; mandible about twice as long as
basal width, dull granulate, cutting-edge obliquely truncate, apex truncate; antennal ring open
behind; one pair of prominent ocelli. Ventral mouth-parts not chitinized; mentum twice as wide
as long, distinct from submentum; maxillary palpi slender, ultimate joint sharply conical, longer
than either first or second, slightly longer than last labial; ligula large, fleshy, cylindric; gular
sutures distinct, slightly protuberant.

Prothorax trapezoidal, slightly wider behind; pronotum with lateral sutures undefined,
entirely glabrous, shining, very finely rugulose; eusternum triangular, distinct, smooth, shining.
Mesonotum smooth, shining; metanotum, mesosternum, and metasternum tuberculate.

Abdomen depressed; epipleurum distinctly protuberant on all segments, tubercles oval
bearing two long setae and a chitinous pore at each extremity; ampullae seven, shining, beset
with two rows of irregular tubercles. Ninth segment gradually extended into a sharp, short,
deflexed spine. Spiracles orbicular. Anus trilobed.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 4203a.]

This larva has been collected and reared from Alnus and Rhamnus in Wash-
ington State by H. E. Burke. The larva mines under the dead wet bark,
pupating from May to July in the sapwood.

SYNAPHOETA Thomson

The pronotum, the tuberculation of the ampullae, and the protuberant
epipleurum on all segments resemble those of Plectrum. Perris (25) describes
and figures the related European species Mesosa nubila. Both these species,
so widely separated geographically, have the peculiar longitudinal striae on the
epistoma and the protuberant hypostoma. The larvae are very similar in
other respects also.

SYNOPHOETA GEUXI LeConte

[PL XIII, fig. 9; PL XVI, fig. 16]

Form robust, slightly depressed; integument firm, shining, sparsely clothed with long, slender,
golden hairs.

Head depressed, sides suddenly constricted behind; mouth-frame heavily chitinized; epi-
stoma nearly straight, distinct, smooth, bearing four pairs of deep Betigerona punctures from
each of which extends posteriorly a series of fine striae; labrum about twice as wide as long,
widest behind, densely haired; mandible short, robust, dull black, about one and one-half times
as long as basal width, cutting edge obliquely emarginate; antennal ring open behind; one pair
of distinct ocelli. Ventral mouth-parts rather strongly chitinized; mentum not entirely dis-
tinct; palpi rather slender, conical, last joint of maxillary shorter than others, about equal to
last labial; ligula very large, cylindrical. Hypostoma transversely protuberant behind; gula,
a faint white line.

Prothorax depressed, rather strongly chitinized, widest behind; pronotum having lateral
sutures impressed behind, entirely glabrous, smooth, shining, except for an anterior border of
hairs; sternum anteriorly coarsely hairy, laterally smooth, chitinized; eusternum not distinct.
Metanotum, mesosternum, and metasternum tuberculate.

Abdomen bearing seven pairs of ampullae, dorsally with two or four irregular rows of large
tubercles, central ones largest. Epipleurum strongly protuberant on all segments, tubercles
orbicular, small, having two setae and one chitinous pore on ventral margin. Last tergum
bearing a very minute chitinous tubercle. Anus trilobed.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9587.]

This larva feeds in dead and dying wood of Salix and Acer throughout the
Pacific Coast region. The burrows are large, extending through the sapwood

105

and heartwood and loosely filled with fibrous frass. The writer found them
ovipositing in Salix dying from the attack of Saperda hornii, in August, 1911,
at Walker, Oregon. The adult gnaws through the bark before ovipositing.
Observations by G. Hofer, F. B. Herbert, and the author.

Group MONOCHAMIDES

The following genera are all closely allied and can be distinguished by the
following characters:

Head depressed; gula distinct and protuberant; antennal cavity closed behind; posterior
area of pronotum finely velured or asperate; ampullae bearing dorsally four rows of tubercles
usually velured or asperate; epipleurum strongly protuberant on all except first two segments,
tubercle having one or two chitinous pits.

The larvae feed for a short time beneath the bark, later going into the
wood, where they either feed for several years as in Goes, Ptychodes, and Plec-
trodera, or only to construct short mines and pupal cells as in Monochamus.

PTYCHODES TRILINEATUS Linnaeus
[PL V, fig. 5; PL XXIII, fig. 7; PL VII, fig. 15]

Form large, elongate; integument firm, shining, beset with rather stiff brownish hairs.

Head depressed, about one and one-half times as long as wide, sides gradually tapering
behind; mouth-frame heavily chitinized; epistoma straight, abruptly raised; labrum roundly
rectangular, about one and one-half times as wide as long, anterior half densely hairy ; mandible
about twice as long as basal width, dull, black, cutting-edge obliquely emarginate; antennal
ring entire; one pair of distinct ocelli. Ventral mouth-parts somewhat chitinized, palpi slender,
each maxillary palpal joint successively longer from base outward, last shorter than last labial,
one-half length of first labial; ligula cylindrical, prominent; lacinia cylindrical, fleshy; mentum
not distinctly defined; hypostoma heavily chitinized; gula protuberant.

Prothorax rectangular, depressed; pronotum defined posteriorly by lateral impressions,
anteriorly light yellowish, shining, with an anterior border of hairs, posteriorly densely velvety
pubescent, spotted with minute lenticular glabrous spots; sternum anteriorly hairy, laterally
yellowish, chitinized; eusternum shining, sparsely haired. Mesonotum anteriorly velvety pu-
bescent, posteriorly shining; metanotum, mesosternum, and metasternum tuberculate. Legless.

Abdomen having seven pairs of well developed ampullae, these transversely oval, bearing
dorsally four irregular rows of shining tubercles, ventrally two. Epipleurum distinctly pro-
tuberant on all segments, tubercle rectangularly oval, bearing four to five setae, no chitinous
pores. Spiracles large, oval, chitinous rimmed. Anus transverse, two-lobed, the lower one bear-
ing beneath a group of five to eight short, acutely subulate setae or spines.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10543a.]

The larva feeds in living branches and trunks of Ficus, Alnus, and Morus
often killing the trees. The work and habits resemble those of Goes. It occurs
along the Gulf States into the southwestern United States and Mexico. Ob-
servations by M. Chrisman and W. D. Edmonston.

MONOCHAMUS Serville

Head strongly depressed, sides suddenly constricted behind middle; mandible slender,
about three times as long as condylar width; antennal ring entire; mentum distinct from sub-
mentum; gula protuberant. Posterior area of pronotum finely asperate; dorsal abdominal
ampullae bearing four rows of finely asperate tubercles. Epipleurum protuberant on all segments ;
pleural tubercle elongate oval, having a chitinous pit at each extremity and three or more setae.
Spiracles oval.

The species of Monochamus are characteristically pine (Pinus) feeders,
but in the northern part of the range are common in Picea and Abies. Mr.
R. Hopping tells me that in British Columbia the larvae are not common in
Pinus ponderosa. The eggs are laid in recently dead, dying, or living (marmor-
ator) trees. The female gnaws an irregular hole through the bark, inserting
from one to six eggs. The larvae feed from one to two months between the
bark and wood, and during this time they are very much depressed. The entire
bark is loosened from the wood and this space is packed with long fibrous frass.

106

Later the larva enters the wood through an oval hole, which soon becomes
circular as the larva fills out. This chamber is constructed into the pupal cell.
It is usually extended parallel to the grain, and then upward to the bark, several
inches from the point of entrance, making a U-shaped cell. After pupation the
adult emerges by gnawing through the bark. In more northern parts of the
range two years are required to complete the life cycle. Rarely the larva will
make a Rhagium-like pupal cell between the bark and wood. A dipterous
(tachinid) parasite commonly attacks these species, killing them in the pupal
cells.

The adult beetles feed extensively before ovipositing on the needles of
conifers. Scutellatus and marmorator have been observed gnawing off the bark
on small twigs, many of which later die. The red foliage of balsam on these
twigs is a very characteristic feature. On spruce trees surrounding logging
operations sufficient branches are sometimes killed to cause serious defoliation
and malformation of the trees.

KEY TO THE KNOWN SPECIES OF LARVAE OF
MONOCHAMUS

Dorsal anal lobe decidedly protruding posteriorly M. titillator

Dorsal anal lobe not decidedly protruding posteriorly.

Tubercles on ventral ampullae glabrous M. macula* us

Tubercles on ventral ampullae beset with fine asperities.

Matured larvae more robust, hairs coarse, a continuous band of hairs across anterior

area of pronotum . . M . confusor

Matured larvae less robust, hairs finer, the band of hairs not continuous across pro-
notum.

Body hairs less numerous M .scutellatus

Body hairs more numerous (See description) M. marmorator

MONOCHAMUS TITILLATOR Fabricius
[PI. VII, fig. 12]

Form very elongate, slightly depressed; integument firm, shining, rather densely clothed
with yellowish brown hairs.

Head strongly depressed, suddenly constricted behind middle; labrum roundly oval, slightly
wider than long, densely hairy in front; antennal ring entire; mandible slender, about three
times as long as basal width, cutting edge broadly emarginate. Ventral mouth-parts rather
strongly chitinized; mentum distinct, one and one-half times as wide as long; palpi slender,
joint of last maxillary acute, shorter than second or last labial; gula protuberant.

Prothorax depressed, rectangular; posterior area of pronotum velvety asperate, spotted
with small glabrous areas, anteriorly glabrous and having a dense group of hairs at anterior
extremities. Mesonotum anteriorly dull pubescent, posteriorly shining; metanotum tubereulate;
mesosternum and metasternum bearing two transverse rows of velvety asperities on broken
tubercles.

Abdomen depressed; dorsal ampullae bearing four rows of tubercles, these more or less
confluent in the middle, and all asperate pubescent; ventral ampullae bearing two rows of tu-
bercles. Epipleurum protuberant on all segments; pleural tubercle elongate oval, bearing a
chitinous pit at each extremity and about ten setae. Spiracles oval, chitinous rimmed. Dorsal
anal lobe large, projecting posteriorly beyond others.

Pupa: Form as in adult; antennae folded over wing in several coils. Beset with acute
chitinous spines as follows: Groups on front of head and labrum, and on anterior margin, disc,
base and lateral tubercles of protergum; two converging rows on mesonotum and metanotum;
two transverse bands on posterior border of first six abdominal segments. Last abdominal
deeply divided beneath, dorsally projecting into a large acute, ehitinous-tipped process.

This species, commonly known as "the southern pine sawyer," has been
found from Maine south through Texas. It is very destructive to storm-
felled trees, in one season's time often rendering the timber practically valueless.
In the extreme south several generations occur each year. Webb (34) gives a
detailed account of the habits and economic status of this species.

107

MONOGHAMUS SGUTELLATUS Say

[PI. XIII, fig. 5; PI. XXIII, fig. 8, PL XLIII]

Distinguishable from titillator by the fact that the dorsal anal lobe does not project
perceptibly, and from confusor by characters given in key.

Pupa. Distinguished by the smaller, though similarly disposed, spines except that the
transverse band across the anterior border of the protergum is lacking.

Including the western variety, this species occurs throughout the northern
pine-growing regions of the United States and Canada. It feeds in Pinus, Picea
and Abies. Its habits are similar to M. titillator. In Massachusetts it has been
found commonly pupating between the bark and wood.

MONOGHAMUS CONFUSOR Kirby

The dorsal anal lobe does not noticeably protrude; the body hairs are coarse, resembling
titillator. Distinguished from scutellatus by the fact that the two groups of hairs on the anterior
lateral angles of the pronotum extend in a less dense though continuous band across the area.

Pupa. Distinguished by the almost total absence of spines on the protergum.

A northeastern species, common throughout the higher mountains of West
Virginia, north into Canada. As far as known, it attacks only Pinus strobus.
Packard (23) and Hopkins record this species attacking living balsam fir (Abies
balsamea) at Brunswick, Maine, probably confusing it with marmorator.

MONOCHAMUS MAGULOSUS Haldeman

Dorsal anal lobe not protruding; tubercles of ventral ampullae glabrous, not bearing fine
asperities.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12593.]

This species occurs throughout the western United States and Canada,
attacking all species of the western pines (Pinus). Habits similar.

MONOCHAMUS MARMORATOR Kirby

This larva is very difficult to separate from scutellatus. In the earlier stages the asperities
are much coarser on the pronotum and ampullae. Matured larvae are considerably more hairy,
the tubercles on the ampullae are broader and less projecting and the abdominal spiracles are
nearly orbicular with a very heavy peritreme usually more darkly coloured. The hairiness can be
expressed by comparison of the group of hairs at the extremity of the lateral suture of pronotum
(see "a" fig. 8, PI. XXIII). In scutellatus this group varies from 6 to 10, while in marmorator
from 12 to 20.

[Described from specimens No. 15041 Dominion Entomological Branch.]

This insect is of much economic importance in balsam following spruce
budworm outbreaks in eastern Canada and northeastern United States. It
attacks the defoliated and weakened trees, causing their death. The adults
are active at night, ovipositing under the balsam pustules on the trunk. The
large egg punctures and copious flow of balsam from the wounds are very
characteristic features of their attack The larval mines are more transverse
than other species, thus more quickly girdling the tree. A more detailed dis-
cussion of the habits will be published later.

GOES LeConte

Head strongly depressed, sides very weakly constricted behind middle; mandible robust
about twice as long as condylar width (seen from side); antennal ring entire; mentum distinct
from submentum; gula protuberant (less pronounced than in Monochamus). Posterior area of
pronotum finely asperate, dense group of hairs at anterior lateral angles absent; dorsal ampullae
bearing four rows of tubercles, these finely asperate except in oculata. Epipleurum protuberant,
on all abdominal segments; pleural tubercle broadly oval, bearing a chitinous pore at each ex-
tremity and rarely more than two setae. Spiracles oval.

108

The species of Goes are essentially less hairy than those of Monochamus. The degree can
be best indicated by the dense group of hairs on the anterior area of the pronotum being reduced
in Goes to a very few. The asperate area of the pronotum is deeply notched by a right angle
at the anterior lateral extremities. These asperities do not extend forward over the impression
(in this notch) made by muscular attachments, as they do in Monochamus.

These larvae are all hardwood feeders. They all attack living trees, except
oculatus, mining beneath the bark a very short time and excavating large mines
deep into the heart wood. The larval stage extends over a period of from two
to four years. At the point where the egg is laid an opening is maintained
throughout the larval existence from which fibrous frass is extruded. Pupation
occurs at the top of the larval mine deep in the heartwood, the adults gnawin?
out through the intervening sapwood and bark.

The much stronger veluring, or rather asperities of pronotum and ampullae
is well contrasted with that of the larvae of Monochamus, which attack only
dying trees. One species, a dead-wood feeder, G. oculatus, has not the ampullae
so covered.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GOES

Tubercles of ampullae covered with fine asperities; breeds in living trees.
Asperities on ampullae coarse, individual points visible with a hand lens.

Asperities on prosternellar area in a continuous transverse band; breeds in trunks and

branches of Quercus G. tigrinus

Asperities on prosternellar area broken for a short distance in middle breeds in the base or

roots of Quercus G. tesselatus

Asperities on ampullae finer, individual points not visible with hand lens.

First thoracic spiracles twice or more as long as wide; body hairs reddish brown; breeds in

hickory (Hicoria) G. pulcher

First thoracic spiracle not twice as wide as long; body hairs whitish or lemon-coloured.
Median oval of tubercles on ampullae three or four times as wide (transversely) as long;
breeds in the stems and large branches of Quercus, Fagus, Carpinus and

Ostrya G. pulverulentus

Median oval of tubercles about twice as wide as long, breeds in the small branches

of Quercus G. debilis

Tubercles of ampullae glabrous, shining; found in dead wood G. oculatus

GOES TIGRINUS DeGeer

[PI. II, fig. 2; PI. XXIV, figs. 11 and 12; PI. XVI, fig. 12; PI. XXVIII, figs. 1 and 3; PI. XXXIII,

fig. 1; PI. XL, fig. 3, PI. XLIII]

Form subcylindrical, elongate, robust; yellowish-lemon tinged; integument tough, shining,
very sparsely clothed with coarse brownish-yellow hairs.

Head strongly depressed, side slightly constricted behind middle; labium transverse,
widest behind, slightly notched in front, densely haired on anterior half; mandible robust, from
side not twice as long as condylar width, cutting edge obliquely emarginate; antenna] ring
entire; one pair of distinct ocelli. Ventral mouth-parts rather ehitinized; palpi slender, last
joint of maxillary palpi acute, shorter than last labial; anterior edge of hypostoma broadly
curved; gula protuberant.

Prothorax rectangular, depressed, strongly so anteriorly; pronotum anteriorly smooth,
posteriorly very finely asperate pubescent; eusternum well defined, a group of hairs in centre;
sternellum entirely finely asperate. Mesonotum smooth or anteriorly finely asperate; meta-
notum, mesosternum, and metasternum tuberculate, these asperate pubescent.

Abdomen nearly cylindrical; dorsal ampullae bearing four rows of asperate tubercles, the
ventral two rows ; epipleurum protuberant on all segments; pleural tubercle broadly oval to
roundly rectangular, bearing a chitinous pit at each extremity and two setae. Spiracle oval,
strongly ehitinized.

Pupa. Body beset with yellowish-brown bristles, those of abdominal terga arranged in
two very prominent, closely sst blotches; last segment armed with a strong, recurved, chitinous
spine, bearing several minute teeth on the margins.

[Described from specimens Hopk. 12066, 11839, and 12673.]

This species has only been taken in Quercus and very rarely in any except
the white oaks. The life cycle extends over a period of four years. It occurs
through the eastern and central United States.

109

GOES TESSELATUS Haldeman

This species is distinguished from tigrinus by the asperities of the prosternellar area not
being continuous across the fold but broken in the middle.

Pupa. Can be distinguished from tigrinus only by the coarser and darker coloured bristles
of the body; those of the pronotum are about twice as numerous.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9785/1.]

This larva bores in the base of young Quercus saplings and rarely in Cas-
tanea and Amelanchier. Often the entire base of the tree is hollowed out,
causing its death. It occurs throughout the eastern and central United States.

This material and biological notes were furnished by Mr. Fred E. Brooks,
of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.

GOES PULCHER Haldeman

In general similar to tigrinus, but the asperities of the pronotum and the ampullae are much
finer and the tubercles of the ampullae not so prominent; body clothed with coarse reddish-
brown hairs; median oval of tubercles on dorsal ampullae three to four times as wide as long;
first thoracic spiracle twice as wide as long; living, matured larvae of a distinct yellowish colour.

Pupa. Similar to pulverulentus but with fewer bristles on labrum and pronotum; those
of sixth abdominal tergum very few and sparser than on first.

[Described from specimens labelled Annandale, Md., July 23, 1915.]

The larva had been found only in hickory (Hicoria). The eggs usually
are laid in crotches of branches and the larvae feed a greater porportion of the
time under the bark. They mature more rapidly than most other species of
the genus, requiring two or three years to complete the life cycle. Found
throughout the eastern and central United States and southern Canada.

GOES PULVERULENTUS Haldeman
[PI. XII, figs. 5 and 6, PI. XLIV]

Distinguished from pulcher only by the finer, light lemon-coloured hairs on the body and
by the fact that the thoracic spiracles are more broadly oval, not twice as wide as long.

Pupa. Bristles arranged in two groups on anterior portion of labrum; front of head sparsely
covered; pronotum sparsely beset with shorter bristles; mesonotum and metanotum bearing
two irregular blotches of still shorter ones; first six abdominal terga beset with two transverse
bands of short, dense, reddish bristles, those of sixth scarcely sparser than the first; last tergum
extending dorsad in a fleshy triangular process, suddenly acutely conical and chitinous tipped.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11867a.]

The larva has been found in the main stems of smaller trees or the branches
of larger trees of Fagus, Carpinus, Ostrya, Quercus, Ulmus, and Platanus. The
life cycle is normally completed in four years.

GOES DEBILIS LeConte

Resembles pulverulentus, but has still finer and lighter coloured body-hairs; the thoracic
spiracle is not twice as wide as long and the median oval of the ampullae is little more than
twice as wide as long.

Pupa. Similar to pulverulentus except that the bristles are finer and on labrum and front
of head they are less numerous.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11808.]

This larva has only been found in the lateral branches, from one-half to
one inch in diameter, of oak trees (Quercus). The life cycle normally is com-
pleted in two years.

GOES OCULATUS LeConte
[PL V, fig. 8.]

Integument thin, shining; body sparsely covered with whitish silky hairs. Gula distinct but
scarcely as protuberant as in other species; mandible more slender; posterior area of pronotum
covered with velvety pubescence; ampullae tuber culate, the tubercles smooth and shining
pleural tubercle orbicular; spiracles small, broadly oval.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9789ft.]

110

This is the only species of the genus which does not attack living trees. It
feeds beneath the bark, going into the wood to pupate. It is found in the dead
wood of Cornus, Oxydendron, Fagus, and Castanea throughout the eastern
States, but more commonly south. Observations by A. D. Hopkins, W. F.
Fiske, and the author.

PLECTRODERA SCALATOR Fabricius

Form robust, cylindrical; integument very thin shining, rather densely covered with short,
golden-brown hairs.

Head as Goes, but the mouth-frame much more heavily chitinized and the anterior edge of
hypostoma thickened so as to almost obscure the gula. Pronotum anteriorly bearing a con-
tinuous transverse row of short golden brown hairs, posteriorly velvety pubescent ; eusternum beset
with short hairs evenly distributed on anterior half; sternellum velvety pubescent for entire
width. Ampullae bearing four rows of very fine velvety pubescent tubercles, these tubercles
almost obsolete; pleural tubercle broadly oval, bearing a number of short hairs and two chitinous
pits; spiracles broadly oval, a little larger than antennal ring; peritreme heavy.

This larva resembles that of Goes in all essential characters. It is distin-
guished from species of that genus by the short, golden-brown hairs, which are
much more thickly set. The anterior margin of the pronotum bears a con-
tinuous transverse band of hairs.

These specimens were collected from the base of living Populus by F. B.
Milliken, Garden City, Kans. Mr. Milliken (21) has described the seasonal
history and the injury to Cottonwood caused by these larvae. The habits are
very similar to those of Goes.

DORCASCHEMA LeConte

The genera Doraschema and Hetoemis have been placed in the group Monoc-
hamides by LeConte and Horn, but Lacordaire retains them in a separate
group, Dorcaschemides, which seems to be justified by the larvae. These
species have no essential larval characters in common with the genus Monoc-
hamus. The larvae of Hetoemis also suggest affinities to Dectes, and this
relationship has been indicated by Gemminger and Harold.

Head depressed, sides not sensibly constricted behind middle; mandible short; hypostoma
transversely bulging; mentum distinct, sunken; antennal ring entire; palpi very slender, atten-
uate. Posterior area of pronotum shining, smooth to finely reticulated; eusternum not distinct;
pleural tubercle bearing a very small, chitinous pit at each extremity; dorsal abdominal ampullae
bearing only two rows of irregular tubercles. Epipleurum protuberant on last three segments.
Anal spine present or absent.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DORCASCHEMA

Dorsal anal lobe unarmed; posterior area of pronotum smooth. Lives in hickory D. nigrum

Dorsal anal lobe bearing a chitinous protuberance; posterior area of pronotum reticulate.
Lives in mulberry (Moras).

Chitinous process laterally compressed D. altematum

Chitinous process conical, reflexed D irildii

DORCASCHEMA NIGRUM Say

Form elongate, subcylindrical; integument rather firm, shining, sparsely clothed with
yellowish-white hairs.

Head depressed, sides scarcely constricted behind middle; epistoma straight, rather abruptly
declivous; labrum thin, fungiform, but little wider than long, anterior margin densely cilia te;
mandible short, about one and one-half times as long as basal breadth, dull black, cutting-edge
obliquely truncate; antennal ring entire; one pair of white ocelli. Ventral mouth-parts rather
extended, hairs very fine; mentum twice as wide as long, sunken, distinct; palpi slender, max-
illary longer than lacinia, last joint of maxillary equal to second, slightly longer than last Labial;
anterior edge of hypostoma thin, curved, hypostoma transversely bulging; gula not distinct.

Prothorax trapezoidal, depressed, widest behind; pronotum entirely smooth, shining, or
very indistinctly longitudinally striate, lateral sutures impressed behind, anteriorly a group of
fine hairs at each side. Mesonotum smooth, shining; metanotum, mesosternum, and meta-
sternum tuberculate.

Ill

Abdomen cylindrical; ampullae sensibly bilobed, dorsal and ventral with two rows of
irregular tubercles divided along median line; pleural tubercle elongate rectangular, a chitinous
pore at each extremity; epipleurum protuberant on last three segments. Spiracles orbicular,
distinctly rimmed.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 978463.]

This species has been collected only from dead hickory (Hicoria) branches
throughout the eastern United States. The larvae feed between the bark and
wood, making a curved pupal cell in the sapwood and emerging by a hole at
the opposite end from which it entered the wood. The adults emerge during
May and June. Based on observations of A. D. Hopkins, J. L. Webb, A. B.
Champlain, and the author.

DORGASGHEMA ALTERNATUM Say.

Distinguished from nigrum by the compressed chitinous protuberance on the dorsal anal
lobe; the hairs on the body are finer; the labrum is slightly longer and less sparsely ciliate ;
posterior area of pronotum very finely and irregularly striate to reticulate; tubercles of ampullae
less confluent.

Pupa. Form as in adult; remarkably glabrous, except for eight to ten small chitinous
points on posterior edge of dorsal abdominal segments; last segment bearing a conical, acute
reflexed spine.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 5829 and 9791m.]

The larva feeds exclusively in mulberry (Moms) branches, sometimes
attacking green limbs that have been slightly injured. Habits otherwise similar
to those of nigrum. Adults fly throughout May and June. Observations by
A. D. Hopkins, J. L. Webb, A. B. Champlain, and the author.

DORCASCHEMA WILDII Uhler
[PI. XXIV, fig. 9; PL XVI, fig. 2; PI. VII, fig. 9]

Matured larvae much larger and more robust than those of other species of the genus; anal
process conical, blunt (not compressed), but suddenly constricted above base; posterior area of
pronotum distinctly reticulated; mandible deeply notched or emarginate at apex.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12807.]

Dr. A. D. Hopkins records this insect as causing the death of small living
mulberry trees (Morus) at Kanawha Station, W. Va., Sept. 25, 1898. The
larvae were working in healthy bark 2 feet above ground. Another record from
the Bureau of Entomology files, by J. G. Barlow, in Missouri, Mar. 16, 1887,
contains similar observations. This species feeds also in osage orange (Toxylon).

Range: Throughout the eastern and central United States.

HETOEMIS CINEREA Olivier
[PI. V, fig. 1]

Form slender, tetragonal, slightly tapering; integument thin, shining, very sparsely clothed
with fine whitish hairs.

Head slightly depressed, sides rapidly narrowed posteriorly and slightly anteriorly, con-
stricted behind middle, widest just before middle; epistoma thin, slightly curved; labrum
widest at middle, anterior margin broadly rounded, densely and finely ciliate; mandible rather
slender from side, about twice as long as basal width, strongly curved; cutting edge obliquely
emarginate; antennal ring closed; one pair of ocelli; ventral mouth-parts fleshy; mentum dis-
tinct, one and one-half times as wide as long, sunken; last joint of maxillary palpi very slender,
equal to second and last labial; ligula large; hypostoma rather strongly transversely protuberant.

Prothorax trapezoidal, thick, widest behind; pronotum posteriorly smooth, shining or very
finely rugulose, having lateral angles clothed with fine whitish hairs; sternum anteriorly regu-
larly and finely hairy; eusternum not distinct, glabrous, shining. Mesonotum glabrous, shining;
metanotum, mesosternum, and metasternum tuberculate.

Abdomen slender, ampullae bearing two irregular rows of tubercles, third, fourth, fifth,
sixth and seventh very deeply bilobed, forming two projecting lobes and giving body tetrahedral
form; epipleurum protuberant only on last three segments; pleural tubercle elongate, having
two large, distinct, chitinous pits and one long slender seta. Spiracles small, nearly orbicular.
No caudal spine.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 978462.]

112

The larva mines for the greater part of the time under the bark, going into
the wood, often quite deeply, to make a long, curved pupal cell, closed at both
ends by a plug of fibrous frass. Larvae have been collected from Hicoria,
Celtis, Morus, and Tilia. The adults are found throughout the eastern United
States during July and June.

Here again occur in the Lamiinae the peculiar bilobed ampullae and similar
development of the abdominal areas found in all subfamilies excepting the
Prioninae. For example, Atimia in the Aseminae; Heterachthes in the Ceram-
bycinae, and Encyclops in the Lepturinae. The food habits among these are
radically different, however, and the character seems to have no taxonomic
significance.

Group ACANTHODIDES

The genera Acanthoderes, Leptostylus, Liopus, Lepturges ; Dectes, Hyper-
platys, Graphisurus, Nyssodrys, Certographus, and Acanthocinus probably do
not comprise a natural group, yet the characters merge into one another so that
it is difficult to draw any line of separation. The Acanthocinus-\ike form seems
to be most distinct.

Acanthoderes has very large, irregularly arranged tubercles on the ampullae,
and a ruglose pronotum. Leptostylus, Hyperplatys, and Liopus have similar
ampullae though small tubercles, but the pronotum is smooth or velvety
pubescent. Lepturges has the tubercles arranged in two regular rows. In this
genus appear two distinct species groups, those with normal palpi and a chitin-
ous spine on last tergum, and those with two-jointed maxillary palpi and no
spine. Dectes in form alone is quite aberrant. As it is cylindrical, even to the
thickening of the head, it departs from the usual depressed type, but this is
no doubt due to its peculiar food habits. All of the foregoing genera have the
antennal ring plainly bisected by the frontal suture, while in Graphisurus,
Acanthocinus, and Nyssodrys it is only angulate behind; but this is probably
due to the heavy chitinization of the head obscuring the suture, which is dis-
tinct in Certographus. These last genera also all have the velured pronotum.
Nyssodrys suggests Leptostylus, and both it and Graphisurus have caudal arm-
ature.

The food habits are quite as variable as the anatomical characters.

ACANTHODERES Serville

Robust species; head depressed, slightly constricted before middle; mandibles relatively
short; antennal annulae open; mentum sunken into submentum, not distinct at base; gula
indistinct. Pronotum posteriorly rugulose; ampullae bearing two rows of large irregular and
confluent tubercles; epipleurum distinct only on last segments; pleural tubercle oval, bearing
two or three setae and two chitinous pores. Spiracles large, orbicular.

The species of Acanthoderes can be considered as deadwood feeders; all
except morrisii feed exclusively in any hardwood which has reached a certain
stage of decay. The wood must be soft and pulpy, usually decomposed by
fungi. The larval mines are extended between the bark and wood and are not
very extensive. The pupal cell is shallow and constructed in the outer sap-
wood. A coarse fibrous wad of frass protrudes. The four species can be separ-
ated as follows.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ACANTHODERES

Pronotum shining, rugulose, dead-wood feeders.

Mandibles about twice as long as basal width; eastern.

Labrum sparsely hairy, these hairs whitish 1 . </< cipxent

Labrum very densely hairy, these reddish 1 . qiuulrigibbus

Mandibles about one and one-half times as long as basal width; ampullar tubercles very

large; southwestern I . sp, 1 0528

Pronotum dull, velvety pubescent, rugulose; feeds in living trees 1. morrisii

113

ACANTHODERES DECIPIENS Haldeman
[PI. XIII, fig. 8; PI. XXIII, fig. 4; PL XXIV, fig. 13; PI. XVI, fig. 5]

Form short, rather robust, cylindric; integument firm, white, shining, sparsely clothed with
dirty brownish hairs.

Head depressed, sides slightly constricted before middle; epistoma straight; labrum about
one and one-half times as long as wide, anterior half sparsely hairy; mandible black, shining,
from side about twice as long as condylar width, cutting edge very obliquely emarginate; anten-
nal ring open; one pair of rather indistinct ocelli. Ventral mouth-parts thick, rather hairy;
mentum not defined at base, sunken; maxillary palpal joints subequal, last equal to last labial;
ligula large; anterior edge of hypostoma curved, distinct; gula not distinct.

Prothorax rectangular, thick, widest about middle; pronotum anteriorly smooth, chitinized,
a dense row of hairs across front, posteriorly shining, rugulose; prosternum hairy; eusternum
and sternellum rugulose, shining, former faintly distinct. Mesonotum shining, metanotum,
mesosternum, and metasternum shining, tuberculate.

Abdomen cylindric, slightly narrowing posteriorly; ampullae bearing two rows of large,
irregularly defined tubercles; epipleurum protuberant only on last segments; tubercle broadly
oval, bearing two or three setae and two large distinct, chitinous pits. Spiracles orbicular,
peritreme slightly chitinized. No caudal spine.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10914a.]

Habits are described under the genus. It occurs throughout the eastern
United States and Canada in Quercus, Betula, Castanea, Nyssa, Ulmus, Hicoria,
Prunus, Acer, Cornus, Ostrya and apple (Malus). Pupation take place in the
sapwood from April to June.

ACANTHODERES QUADRIGIBBUS Say

A few specimens studied show the anterior half of the labrum very densely beset with
ferruginous hairs; the pleurostoma below the ocellus and the anterior edge of the hypostoma
are dull and finely granulate. The mandible is more slender.

Habits similar to those of decipiens. Occurs throughout the eastern United
States and southern Canada in Quercus, Castanea, Betula, Fagus, Tilia, and
Acer. Based on observations of W. S. Fiske and the author.

ACANTHODERES sp.

Distinguished from decipiens by the much more robust mandible, one and one-half times
as long as basal width, and the much larger ampullar tubercles. Form more robust.

Pupa. Form as in adult; labrum bearing two transverse chitinous protuberances at base;
front of head and pronotum bearing several chitinous setigerous points, as do also the meso-
notum and metanotum, on the latter in a v-shaped figure; a short anterior and broader posterior
row on each abdominal tergum. Anal segment squarely truncate, with several such points on
its perimeter.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. and 12283/l]

Habits similar. It has been reared from Populus and Salix in Arizona.
Collected by M. Chrisman.

ACANTHODERES MORRISII Uhler

Form very much more robust than in others of the genus; pubescence much coarser, stiff
and very much sparser. Mandible shorter and more robust. Prothorax more chitinized on
sides; posterior two-thirds of pronotum rugulose, dull, covered with sparse velvety pubescence.
Ampullar tubercles very large. Spiracles very large and peritreme very strongly chitinized.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9786^.]

This species exhibits a character which is considered as developed through
its environment, namely, the velured pronotum. All other species are dead-
wood feeders, while this one attacks living trees, and has the armature so com-
mon among forms with similar habits.

The habits of this species are exceptional to the genus. The larva was
taken at Greenville, S.C., from living Nyssa. It was found making extensive
galleries in the heartwood, very similar to those of Goes. Adults were reared
in June. Observations by the author.

57951—8

114

DEGTES SPINOSUS Say.

[PL V, fig. 7; PL XII, fig. 4; PL XVI, fig. 3]

Form slender, cylindrical, slightly curved ; integument very finely granulate, shining, sparsely
clothed with fine whitish hairs.

Head rather thick, exposed portion bearing very long hairs; sides narrowing very slightly
posteriorly; labrum about twice as wide as long, widest at base, shortly and coarsely ciliate;
mandible rather short, about one and one-half times as long as at base, apex acute, molar angle
sharply toothed; antennal ring open behind; one pair of ocelli. Ventral mouth-parts fleshy;
mentum distinct, narrow, transverse; last joint of maxillary palpi conical, longer than second,
shorter than last labial, basal joints transverse; anterior margin of hypostoma fused with sub-
mentum, not distinct in middle; gula not distinct.

Prothorax thick, rectangular; pronotum posteriorly very finely rugulose, anteriorly smooth,
shining, having a very sparse anterior border of hairs; eusternum not distinct, finely reticulated,
very sparsely haired; sternellum smooth, shining. Mesonotum smooth, metanotum, meso-
sternum, and metasternum faintly tuberculate.

Abdomen cylindrical; ampullae strongly protuberant, with a strong median impression,
laterally tuberculate in two indistinct rows; epipleurum protuberant only on last three segments,
tubercle narrowly oval, having several fine setae and no distinct pits. Spiracles orbicular, small,
not strongly chitinous rimmed. No caudal armature, ninth segment sparsely fringed with
hairs.

Pupa. Form as in adult; remarkable for all absence of spines on head and thorax merely
fine setae; abdominal terga armed with a few chitinous tipped papillae, growing more numerous
on posterior segment, anal segment tipped with six larger dorsal and smaller lateral points.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9784c1.]

This larva attacks the living stems of Ambrosia, Enpatorium, and Xanthium
and probably other composites. The egg is laid at a leaf base high on the stem
and the larva mines down through the pith into the base of the roots, where
pupation takes place. The life-cycle is completed in one year. The adult
occurs through the eastern and central-western United States during July to
August.

LEPTOSTYLUS LeConte and LIOPUS Serville
Form depressed; head depressed, sides slightly constricted for posterior two-thirds; labrum
transverse, anterior margin semicircular; mandible about twice as wide as basal width; antennal
ring open behind; mentum distinct, but little sunken into submentum; gula not distinct.
Prothorax depressed, posterior area of protergum smooth and shining or velvety pubescent;
ampullae irregularly tuberculate; epipleurum protuberant on last three segments, tubercle
having two chitinous pores and from two to four setae.

Liopus can be separated from Leptostylus only by the fact that the posterior
area of the pronotum is glabrous, shining; but as this characterization will not
hold for Liopus variegatus, the two genera are treated together. The species
are difficult of separation.

The species of Leptostylus and Liopus are nearly all bark feeders in the
larva stage. The usual habit is to feed entirely in the bark proper or between
the bark and wood. The burrows are loosely packed with fibrous frass. Pupa-
tion occurs in the bark proper, between the bark and wood, or rarely (when the
bark is thin) in the outer layers of the sapwood. One year is required to
complete the life cycle though occasionally several generations or parts of gener-
ations may develop in the same season.

The following key will aid in distinguishing the known species.

KEY TO THE KNOWN SPECIES OF LARVAE OF LEPTOSTYLUS

AND LIOPUS

Posterior area of pronotum velvety pubescent.

Velvety pubescence covering at least one-half of area.
Labrum not twice as long as wide.
Head widest in front.

Pubescence on pronotum and body hairs lighter Leptostylus macula

Pubescence on pronotum and body hairs much darker.

Breeds in hardwoods Leptostylus aculiu rus

Breeds in conifers Leptostylus nebulosus

Head tapering slightly anteriorly from middle Leptostylus sexguttatus

Labrum twice as wide as long, feeds in mangrove seeds Leptostylus terraecolor

Velvety pubescence only on posterior border Liopus variegatus

Posterior area of pronotum smooth, shining.

Anterior edge of labrum regularly rounded Liopus alpha

Anterior edge of labrum straight Liopus punctatu

115

LEPTOSTYLUS MACULA Say.
[PI. XVI, fig. 7; PI. XXXI, fig. 3]

Form depressed, semi-robust; integument firm, shining, sparsely clothed with long, whitish*
silky hairs.

Head depressed, sides slightly constricted about middle; epistoma slightly curved; labrum
thin, about one and one-half times as wide as long, semicircular, rounded from basal extremities,
sparsely and finely ciliate; mandible slender, little more than twice the length of basal width,
cutting edge dull, obliquely truncate; antennal ring open behind; one pair of distinct ocelli.
Ventral mouth-parts thin, pubescence fine and silky; palpi slender, last joint of maxillary palpi
equal to second, shorter than first, or last labial; mentum distinct, scarcely sunken; hypostoma
slightly curved; gula indistinct.

Prothorax rectangular, strongly depressed, widest at middle; protergum anteriorly shining,
finely reticulated, posteriorly finely velvety pubescent; eusternum and sternellum shining,
finely wrinkled, the latter velvety pubescent at extremities. Mesonotum velvety asperate on
anterior half. Metanotum, mesosternum, and metasternum irregularly tuberculate.

Abdomen depressed; ampullae irregularly tuberculate, the tuberculate area constricted at
middle and having a median longitudinal impression; epipleurum protuberant on last three
segments, tubercle having a chitinous pore at each extremity and two or three setae. Spiracles
orbicular, peritreme scarcely chitinized.

Pupa. Form as in adult; slender, chitinous, setigerous points along front of head, a dense
row across anterior margin of pronotum, and a few on lateral tubercles, several on mesonotum
and metanotum and smaller ones, densely set, over abdominal terga (these not setigerous); last
two segments bearing larger ones, and the caudal segment two incurved, slender spines.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11810 and 9778p.]

This is one of the most common species of the genus. The larvae are found
in a great variety of hardwoods, although chestnut is probably the most com-
mon host. In thick bark the larvae will often mine exclusively in it, or, if
thinner, between the bark and wood. In small twigs and vines such as Celastrus
the wood itself is mined, but then only when much decayed. Pupation nor-
mally takes place in the bark or between the bark and wood in an oval cell of
fibrous frass. The species has been collected from Castanea, Cornus, Acer,
Hicoria, Celastrus, and apple (Malus). Observations on the adult of this species
show that it lives for several weeks to a month feeding on spores of bark fungi.
The pustules of the chestnut bark disease (Endothia parasitica) are practically
favoured. The adult is common throughout the eastern United States and
Canada. It flies from May through July.

LEPTOSTYLUS ACULIFERUS Say

This species can only be separated from macula by the more robust form of the matured
larvae and by the darker coloured, denser pubescence of the protergum; the labrum is widest
about the middle instead of at base.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11831a.]

Habits similar to those of macula. The writer has found it in living bark
of apple trees. It normally prefers dead tissue. Adults have been reared from
Liriodendron, Rhus, Cornus, Hicoria, Ulmus, Juglans, and apple (Malus). The
adult flies from May to October.

LEPTOSTYLUS COLLARIS Haldeman

Body hairs much longer than in macula, otherwise similar.
[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11817.]

Habits similar to those of macula. It has been found only in Castanea.
Adults collected from May to June.

LEPTOSTYLUS NEBULOSUS Horn

Resembles macula, but larger, the pubescence on posterior area of pronotum much darker,
and the body hairs much coarser.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12593.]

The larvae feed entirely within the bark of dead Abies. Collected by
J. M. Miller at Colestin, Oregon.

57951—81

116

LEPTOSTYLUS PARVUS LeConte

Adults of this species have been reared from Celastrus and Morus, but only
larval skins are available, and by these it can not be distinguished from the other
species.

Collected by A. B. Champlain, H. B. Kirk, and the author.

LEPTOSTYLUS PINI Schaeffer

A single larval skin can not be separated from the other species. Hopk. U.S.
122416. It was reared from dead branches of Pinus in the Catalina mountains
of Arizona. Collected by M. Chrisman.

LEPTOSTYLUS TERRAECOLOR Horn

Resembles macula, but the labrum is twice as wide as long; the spots of velvety pubescence
at the extremities of the prosternellar area are not conspicuous; the body hairs are coarser.
[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10081w.]

These larvae were collected by T. E. Snyder at Miami, Fla., in the seeds
of mangrove. (Rhuophora mangle).

LEPTOSTYLUS SEXGUTTATUS Say.

Easily distinguished by the coarse, reddish hairs on the body and the head tapering anteri-
orly and posteriorly from a point a little before the middle; last joint of maxillary palpi longer
than second, equal to last labial; pubescence on protergum verv dark reddish brown.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. IOO8O0 and 12295a.]

The larva feeds between the bark and wood, pupating in the outer layer
of sapwood. It is often associated with Acanthocinus and Monochamus. Adults
have been reared from Picea and Pinus throughout the eastern United States.
It flies in April and May.

LEPTOSTYLUS BIUSTUS LeConte

Several specimens in the forest insect collection of the U.S. Bureau of
Entomology are in too poor shape to describe. Hopk. U. S. 7540.

The larvae feed under the bark of Morus, Rhus, Mimosa, Liquidambar, and
Celtis. It has been collected in May and June from Virginia southward. Ob-
servations of W. F. Fiske and II. W. Van Horn.

LEPTOSTYLUS ALBIDUS LeConte

A single specimen reared from Populus in Arizona. The larva feeds in
the bark. Collected by M. Chrisman. Onlv the larval skin is available
Hopk. U. S. 10339a.

LIOPUS VARIEGATUS Haldeman

[PI. XXIV, fig. 6]

Form more robust; integument finely alutaceous, shining. Mandible slender, twice as long as
basal width; pronotum anteriorly shining, bearing hairs only across anterior border and lateral
anterior angles, posteriorly faintly reticulated except for a very narrow transverse band of vel-
vety pubescence, extending farther forward along median line; ampullae irregularly tubereula e
pleural tubercles normally bearing three setae.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9784a1.]

This species is an intermediate form between Leptostylus and Liopus, the
posterior velvety pubescence of the pronotum and the absence of hairs over the
entire anterior area suggesting a closer affinity with Leptostylus.

The larval habits of this species are similar to those of Leptostylus macula
It has been reared from Castanea, Juglans, Morus, Ulmus, Robinia, and Celas
trus. Range, throughout the eastern United States and Canada.

117

LIOPUS ALPHA Say

Form slender, subdepressed ; integument firm, often finely granulate, shining, sparsely clothed
with very fine whitish hairs.

Head slender; twice as long as anterior width, depressed, sides slightly constricted about
middle; labrum transverse, about one and one-half times as wide as long, gradually rounded
from just before posterior extremities, anterior half finely hairy; mandible rather robust, from
side about one and one-half times as long as basal width, base dull granulate, cutting edge
obliquely emarginate; antennal ring open behind; one pair of prominent ocelli. Ventral
mouth-parts thin, mentum transverse, last joint of maxillary palpi one and one-half times as
long as second, first and second subequal, shorter than last labial; ligula slender; anterior edge
of hypostoma slightly curved; gula indistinct.

Prothorax trapezoidal, slightly depressed, widest behind; pronotum anteriorly shining,
regularly and sparsely haired, posteriorly shining, irregularly reticulated and striate; prosternum
hairy, eusternum and sternellum shining, roughened; mesonotum and metanotum finely alu-
taceous to granulate, the latter faintly tuberculate, mesosternum and metasternum alutaceous
to faintly tuberculate.

Abdomen. Dorsal ampullae irregularly tuberculate in two indistinct rows, broken in middle;
epipleurum protuberant on last three segments, tubercle oval, and bisetose, a faint chitinous pit
at each end. Spiracles orbicular, about size of ocellus, not chitinous rimmed.

Pupa. Form as adult, in life pinkish red in colour; body covered with slender setigerous
points as follows: two at each angle of base of labrum, and fourteen on front of head;
five across anterior pronotum, middle ones small, two on lateral protuberance; mesonotum and
metanotum glabrous; fine points on abdominal terga, last segment bearing four large ones.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12298.]

A number of colour forms of this species have been reared, notably brown
from Rhus, gray from Hicoria, and black from Castanea and Quercus. The
larvae show some slight differences, but until more material is available for a
thorough study no attempt will be made to separate them. These forms all
breed in small dead twigs, pupating in the wood. They have been reared also
from Acer, Celastrus, Celtis, Morus, Diospyros, Robinia, Juglans, and Ampe-
lopsis.

LIOPUS PUNCTATUS LeConte

Similar to L. alpha] the mandibles are shorter and entirely finely granulate; labrum twice
as wide as long, anterior edge nearly straight for a short distance; posterior area of pronotum
marked with large reticulations though lines are fine; eusternum also so marked; tubercles on
ampullae confluent.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9789e.]

This larva is commonly found in persimmon twigs girdled by Oncideres.
It feeds under the bark and in the outer sapwood, extending the burrow into
the pith, where it pupates. It has been reared also from Virginia creeper
(Ampelopsis) , Cornus, and plum trees (Prunus).

Range, from Virginia southward.

HYPERPLATYS ASPERUS Say

Form subcylindrical, slender; integument very finely granulate, shining, sparsely clothed with
fine whitish hairs.

Head depressed, exposed portion finely granulate, sides slightly tapering; anterior margin
of labrum roundly curved from behind middle, one and one-half times wider than long; mandible
slender, twice as long as wide, basal half finely granulate; antennal cavity open; one pair of
ocelli. Maxillary palpi slender, last joint slightly shorter than two basal joints, shorter than
last labial; mentum distinct, transverse, not sunken; anterior edge of hypostoma roundly
curved; gula not protuberant.

Pronotum smooth, shining except for very narrow posterior border of dull fine granulations,
sometimes extending over one-third of the area.

Ampullae tuberculate, the tubercles arranged in two irregular rows; pleural tubercle, with
two very distinct chitinous pits and several setae. Spiracles orbicular, about the size of the
ocellus, rather strongly rimmed. No caudal spine.

Pupa. Form as in adult; about 20 small setigerous points on front of head (including base
of antennae), a row of 10 on anterior margin of pronotum, and a group on anterior lateral angles;
mesonotum and metanotum glabrous; an irregular median group on abdominal terga (these
very small), larger ones on penultimate segment and still larger ones (about 8) on last segment.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9778m.]

118

A large series of this material has been reared in which two forms of adults
are found, each being constant in the same food plant in the same locality. An
equally large series of larvae, however, show no constant differences. The
larvae mine under moist bark, making a short pupal cell in the sapwood plugged
with a wad of fibrous frass. The adult emerges through the same hole through
which the larvae entered the wood. One complete and a partial second gener-
ation occur each year under favourable conditions. Larvae and adults have
been collected throughout the eastern and central western United States and
Canada from Rhus, Castanea, Cornus, Tilia, Juglans, Celtis, Alnus, Celastrus,
and Prunus. Adults fly from April to June.

LEPTURGES SYMMETRIGUS Haldeman
[PI. XVI, fig. 1; PL VII, fig. 5]

Form sub-depressed, slender; integument firm, shining, very finely wrinkled, sparsely clothed
with fine whitish-yellow pubescence.

Head depressed, exposed parts finely granulate, sides tapering gradually posteriorly; labrum
very broadly oval, little wider than long; mandible slender, finely granulate at base, about twice
as wide as basal width, cutting edge dull, obliquely rounded; antennal cavity open behind, a
slight projection above; one pair of large ocelli. Ventral mouth-parts thin; mentum distinct,
not sunken, twice as wide as long, it and stipes finely granulate; last joint of maxillary palpi
longer than second, about equal to or slightly shorter than basal and last labial; anterior edge
of hypostoma slightly curved; gula not distinct.

Prothorax trapezoidal, widest behind; pronotum entirely shining, finely reticulated to
alutaceous, a few scattered hairs anteriorly: sternum shining, rugulose, wrinkled, hairy, euster-
num and sternellum glabrous. Mesonotum shining, finely wrinkled; metanotum, mesosternum,
and metasternum tuberculate.

Abdomen shining, subcylindric; ampullae bearing two transverse rows of tubercles; epi-
pleurum protuberant on last three segments; pleural tubercles large, oval, having two chitinous
pits and from 3 to 4 setae. Spiracles orbicular, smaller than ocellus, peritreme slightly chitin-
ized. The last abdominal tergum bears a long, very slender, acute, curved, chitinous spine.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9778v.]

Working under moist decayed bark the larvae either enter the sapwood
or bark to pupate. This species breeds most commonly in Juglans but also in
Hicoria, Celtis, Morus, and Castanea. The adults are found throughout the
Eastern United States and Canada during June and July.

LEPTURGES SIGNATUS LeConte

A single specimen of this larva, Hopk. U. S. 9789s, shows no decided differ-
ences from symmetricus. It was collected at Cedar Mountain, N.C., under the
bark of Acer by the author.

LEPTURGES QUERCI Fitch

Form subdepressed, slender; integument firm, smooth, shining, sparsely clothed with fine,
whitish hairs.

Head depressed, sides gradually tapering posteriorly, exposed parts finely granulate; man-
edible slender, finely granulate at base; antennal cavity closed; one pair of very large ocelli.
Ventral mouth-parts thin; mentum distinct, not sunken; maxillary palpi two-jointed, last
joint longer than basal; gula not distinct.

Prothorax trapesoidal, widest behind; pronotum anteriorly finely granulate and hairy,
posteriorly faintly and sparsely striate; eusternum shining, glabrous. Mesonotum shining.
Metanotum tuberculate.

Abdomen shining; dorsal ampullae bearing two rows of regular tubercles; epipleurum pro-
tuberant on last three segments; pleural tubercle large, subrectangular, no chitinous pits. Spir-
acles very small, orbicular, peritreme chitinized; no caudal spine.

Pupa. Form as in adult; a group of 18 to 20 long setae on front of head and at base of
antennae; a few scattered finer ones on pronotum; mesonotum and metanotum glabrous; first
few abdominal terga with a very few very small chitinous points, becoming more dense on post-
erior ones, last segment armed with 4 or 5 longer points.

The larva feeds under the bark and often through the sapwood, constructing
the pupal cell in the wood or bark of Juglans, Castaneaflxydendron^Celastrus^
and apple (Malus). Adults are collected throughout the eastern United States
from May to June. Observations by A. D. Hopkins, W. F. Fiske, A. H.
Champlain, and the author.

119

LEPTURGES SPERMOPHAGUS Fisher

Distinguished from querci by the more robust form and fine velvety pubescence on the
posterior area of the pronotum. The ampullar tubercles are not so regular and are more deeply
divided by a longitudinal depression.

[Described from specimens in the United States National Museum collected by D. L. Craw-
ford at Tampico, Mexico.]

The larvae feed on the seeds of cowpeas (Vigna).

These species, L. querci and L. spermophagus , are strikingly different from
symmetricus-like forms. The closed antennal ring, two-jointed maxillary palpi,
absence of chitinous pits on pleural tubercle, and absence of caudal spine are
certainly of generic value, and would be sufficient criteria for separating them
into a new genus. They are very closely allied to Pogonocherus and Ecryus.

AGANTHOCINUS Stephens

Form depressed; head strongly depressed, sides suddenly constricted before middle; man-
dible slender from side, length about three times basal width; antennal ring slightly notched
or angulate but not distinctly bisected by frontal suture; men turn distinct; gula not protuberant.
Posterior area of pronotum finely, velvety pubescent; ampullae not tuberculate, velvety pubes-
cent, dull; pleural tubercle broadly oval, bearing two chitinous pits and numerous setae. Spir-
acles orbicular.

The species of this group, like Monochamus, are all pine feeders and are
invariably associated in the same trees with them. Although often confused
with Monochamus, Acanthocinus is strictly a genus of bark-feeding species.
The whole larval period is passed in the bark proper, or in some species beneath
the bark, the larvae never penetrating into the sapwood, except occasionally in
one species, A. obliquus, to pupate. The eggs are laid in a deep pit gnawed by
the female, or in scolytid holes, the young larvae soon penetrating into the
deeper layers of bark. Pupation takes place near the surface in the dryer
tissues. All species normally mature in one season. Many larvae are de-
stroyed by predatory enemies, clerids and trogositicls. They are important
in destroying Dendroctonus spp. Attacking the trees shortly after the bark-
beetles, their extensive mines destroy the inner bark and food supply of these
beetles. Large numbers of the broods are thus destroyed.

KEY TO DESCRIBED SPECIES OF ACANTHOCINUS

Last joint of maxillary palpi much shorter than second; first joint of labial palpi twice as long
as last; mentum with four or more setae on each side.

Anterior margin of labrum regularly rounded. (Western) A. spectabilis

Anterior margin of labrum straight or emarginate. (Eastern) A. nodosus

Last joint of maxillary palpi about as long as second; first joint of labial palpi not twice as long
as last; mentum never bearing more than two setae on each side.

Eusternum and sternellum of prothorax smooth, shining. (Eastern) A. obsoletus

Eusternum and sternellum of prothorax roughened. (Western) A. obliquus

AGANTHOCINUS NODOSUS Fabricius

Form elongate, strongly depressed, slighting tapering posteriorly; integument firm, rather
densely beset with fine yellowish-white hairs.

Head very strongly depressed, sides suddenly constricted before middle; anterior margin
very darkly chitinized; epistoma abruptly declivous, faintly carinate; labrum transverse, about
twice as long as wide, anterior margin very finely and densely ciliate; mandible very slender,
elongate from side, three times the condylar breadth, apex squarely emarginate; antennal ring
angulate behind; ocelli not conspicuous. Ventral mouth-parts elongate; mentum twice as wide
as long, distinct; maxillary palpi acutely conical, last joint little more than one-half length of
second, shorter than last labial, first labial twice as long as last; anterior edge of hypostoma
straight, abrupt; gula not distinct.

Prothorax strongly depressed, about twice as wide as long; pronotum anteriorly shining,
bearing a dense row of very short and fine hairs, posterior two-thirds velvety pubescent, except
for numerous small glabrous spots; presternum densely hairy anteriorly; eusternum and ster-
nellum shining, strongly reticulated; mesonotum shining except for anterior margin, reticulated;
metanotum, mesosternum and metasternum bearing two transverse rows of velvety pubescence.

120

Abdomen: Ampullae broad, flat, very finely asperate, pubescent; epipleuram strongly
protuberant only on last three segments, tubercle oval, a chitinous pit at each extremity and
numerous setae; middle abdominal spiracles orbicular, last rarely broadly oval. Anus trilobed.

Pupa. Form as in adult. Pronotum bearing a few short chitinous points and many long
slender hairs; mesonotum and metanotum glabrous; each abdominal tergum bearing a trans-
verse row of chitinous reflexed points, more numerous at each side of median line; a group on
ovipositor near base, and extremity of ovipositor bearing a circle of small incurved points.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 3475.]

The larval habits have been described under the genus. The species occurs
from Virginia southward through Texas. The larvae are very abundant, but
the adult so closely resembles the bark on which it occurs that it is not com-
monly collected. Pupation takes place from May until July. Based on
observations of A. D. Hopkins, J. L. Webb, H. E. Burke, and the author.

ACANTHOCINUS SPECTABILIS LeConte
[PI. XIII, fig. 4]

The hairs covering the body are usually whitish and much finer (silky) than in nodosus
(this is best observed on the anal lobes). The fine asperities of the ampullae are not individually
distinguishable with a "Zeiss-4 eyepiece," A° objective; while in nodosus tfoay can be. The
anterior margin of the labrum is uniformly rounded, while in nodosus it is straight or slightly
emarginate for a short distance.

Pupa. Similar to nodosus, but the chitinous points on the abdominal segments do not
extend across and are not so numerous.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10077c]

This species occurs through the western United States and Canada, but is
more abundant in the southwest. The adult flies from April to August.

ACANTHOCINUS OBSOLETUS Olivier

In form and general structure bimilar i<> nodosus, but much smaller. Last joint of maxillary
palpi equal in length to second (not shorter); first joint of labial palpi not twice as long as last.
Proeusternum and sternellum smooth, shining; anterior border of hairs across protergum rela-
tively longer.

Pupa. Distinguished from spectabilis by the smaller size and absence of chitinous points
on the pronotum.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 6332a.]

This species has a wider range than the other species of the genus, extending
from Texas northward through the New England States and west into Michigan.
Pupation occurs from April to July, according to latitude.

ACANTHOCINUS OBLIQUUS LeConte

Structually similar to obsoletus. The matured larva is much smaller, and both the velvety
asperities and the pubescence are coarser and darker. Proeusternum and sternellum of pro-
thorax slightly roughened.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11917a.]

This species occurs through the Rocky Mountains and Pacific ('oast regions
in Pinus. It often works in the inner bark of pines, pupating in the outer
layers of sapwood. The adults fly from April to August. A. B. Champlain
has recorded it from Picea parryana.

GRAPHISURUS Kirby

In general similar to Acanthodnus. Readily distinguished by the Battened chitinous process

on the last abdominal tergum. Mandibles shorter, rarely more than twice the condylar width.
Head relatively narrower.

The species of Graphisurus are all hardwood feeders. The larvae feed
between the bark and wood, pupating in the sapwood, in the bark, or between
the bark and wood.

121

GRAPHISURUS FASGIATUS DeGeer
[PI. XVI., fig. 6; PL VII, figs. 3 and 4; PL XXXII, fig. 3.]

Form depressed, elongate; integument firm, very finely rugulose, rather densely clothed with
yellowish white hairs.

Sides of head narrowed before middle; labrum thin, anterior edge broadly rounded, densely
hairy; antennal ring angulate; ocelli not visible; last joint of maxillary palpi equal to second,
longer than last labial.

Prothorax rectangular, depressed; pronotum anteriorly shining, bearing a transverse band
of dense hairs, posteriorly velvety pubescent; eusternum velvety pubescent, as also sternellum
except for a median glabrous area. Mesonotum, metanotum, mesosternum and metasternum
dull velvety pubescent.

Abdomen. Ampullae velvety pubescent; pleural tubercle broadly oval, bearing two chitin-
ous pits (ventral often obscure) and numerous fine hairs. Posterior dorsal margin of ninth
abdominal segment bearing a small transverse, flattened, chitinous process. Spiracles orbicular.

Pupa. Form as in adult; groups of chitinous points arranged as follows: A group at each
basal angle of pronotum; a curved band across metatergum; an irregular, transverse posterior
band and an anterior median group on each abdominal tergum, and a group on basal half of
ovipositor.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11806a.]

The larvae feed between the bark and wood of a great variety of hardwoods.
They prefer to attack trees the season after their death, provided a certain
amount of moisture is present. They are often found in great numbers in a
single tree. It has been collected from Castanea, Fagus, Quercus, Hicoria,
Liquidambar, Acer, Juglans, Tilia, and Betula throughout the eastern United
States and Canada. Pupation takes place from March to July, usually in the
earlier months.

GRAPHISURUS HEBES Casey

Closely resembling G. fasciatus. The specimens examined have the anterior edges of the
epistoma and hypostoma produced in a faint carina; proeusternum shining; ampullae wrinkled
or semi-tuberculate.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9771.]

The adult of this species is of a much lighter colour. It has been taken
only from Hicoria and pupates in the bark proper. Range, Northeastern United
States and Canada.

GRAPHISURUS TRIANGULIFER Haldeman

Resembles G. fasciatus but the caudal process is much larger and the eusternum and the
central area of the sternellum are shining and wrinkled.

[Described from a single poor specimen in the U. S. National Museum.]

Collected under the bark of Celtis, Columbus, Texas. Probably this is the
same specimen which Packard (23) described. Riley (27) gives a brief note on
the food habits of this species.

NYSSODRYS HALDEMANI LeConte
[PL XII, fig. 7]

Head depressed, widest a little distance behind the epistoma (i.e., slightly tapering both
anteriorly and posteriorly); mandible slender, several times the length of the condylar width;
labrum twice as wide as long, sparsely haired; antennal ring closed; ocelli not distinct; gula
indistinct, very shallow.

Posterior area of pronotum velvety, having a border of hairs across anterior area; euster-
num and median area of sternellum glabrous, wrinkled; metanotum, mesosternum, and meta-
sternum faintly tuberculate, bordered with velvety pubescence.

Ampullae irregularly tuberculate; spiracles orbicular. Ninth tergum bearing a very minute
flattened median process on posterior border.

Pupa. Resembles Graphisurus except that the pronotum, mesonotum, metanotum, head at
base of antennae and the femoral-tibial articulation are beset with a group of long stiff setae;
abdominal terga beset with fleshy papillae, each bearing a silky hair.

[Described from specimens in the U. S. Bureau of Entomology collection No. 3342.]

The larvae were taken from Celtis in Missouri.

122

Very similar to Graphisurus except that the caudal spine is extremely
minute, scarcely distinguishable with a high-power lens. The ampullae are
distinctly tuberculate, consisting of several irregular rows, the dorsal bordered
with velvety pubescence.

GRAPHISURUS sp.

A larva is present in the collection very similar to Graphisurus fasciatus,
but it may be distinguished by the absence of a caudal spine, the somewhat
coarser pubescence on pronotum and ampullae and by the fact that the last
joint of the maxillary palpi is shorter than the penultimate and still shorter
than the last labial. The texture is finely granulate.

The antennal ring is distinctly open behind and suggests that this is a nor-
mal feature of the group.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10075g.]

Collected from Quercus in Arizona.

CERATOGRAPHUS sp.

From a larval skin (the only available material) this species plainly is
related to Graphisurus, etc. The antennal ring is open behind and the last
joint of the maxillary palpus is longer than either of the basal joints; the basal
joints are about as wide as long.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 99012.]

Collected from Pinus in Colorado.

The species of P ogonocherus , Ecyrus, and Cyrtinus all show many characters
in common and are here considered related. They have the robust cylindrical
from; closed antennal ring; last joint of maxillary palpus exceptionally long ;
glabrous, striate pronotum and eusternum; bilobed ampullae indistinctly
tuberculate; and usually a caudal process or spine.

ECYRUS DASYGERUS Say.
[PL V, fig. 9; PL XII, fig. 1; PL XXIV, fig. 4; PL XXXI, fig. 2]

Form subcylindrical, tapering posteriorly, then laterally compressed; integument very smooth,
shining, sparsely clothed with fine whitish hairs.

Head rather thick, sides parallel; labrum thin, broadly oval, widest at middle, nearly
glabrous; mandible short, shining except for a band of coarse granulation on outer face, very
acute, dorsal angle abruptly toothed; antennal cavities closed; one pair of small ocelli. Ventral
mouth-parts fleshy; mentum distinct, narrow, transverse, sunken; maxillary palpi slender, last
joint much longer than second, longer than last labial; hypostoma somewhat bulging transversely ;
gula indistinct.

Prothorax thick, trapezoidal, widest behind; pronotum posteriorly shining, very finely
striate, anteriorly regularly, densely and finely haired; sternum hairy except for embossed dia-
mond-shaped, smooth, shining eusternum and shining sternellum. Metanotum, mesosternum,
and metasternum finely wrinkled, shining.

Abdomen rather compressed; ampullae with a broad median longitudinal furrow, sub-
tuberculate at lateral extremities; epipleurum protuberant on last three segments, tubercle
very small, abruptly projecting, oval, no chitinous pits and only one slender seta. Ninth terguin
armed with a short, small, triangular process.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12254.]

This larva is a true wood-feeder, mining small but extensive burrows
through the dry sapwood and heartwood of branches and larger limbs. The
mines are tightly packed with fine, rather granular frass. Dry seasoned limbs
on the trees are preferred. It has been collected throughout the eastern and
southwestern United States from Castanea, Quercus, Robin in, Prosopi$J Celt is,
Acer, Paulownia, and Ampelopsis. The adult flies from April to July.

123

POGONOCHERUS Latreille

Small, sub-cylindrical species; head thick, sides slightly constricted behind middle; mandible
short, granulate on outer face; antennal ring closed; mentum distinct, sunken, narrow, maxil-
lary palpi two-jointed (in P. negundo, three-jointed) ; gula not evident; posterior area of pronotum
shining; ampullae with a broad longitudinal median furrow, feebly tuberculate; pleural tubercle
abruptly protuberant, no chitinous pits and one seta; ninth tergum bearing a chitinous process
or plate.

The species of Pogonocherus are very similar in habits to those of Eupogonius.
They feed under the bark of recently dead hardwoods and conifers (chiefly the
latter), making a small Monochamus-\ike pupal cell in the sapwood, plugged at
both ends with fibrous chips. The larval period extends through one season.
Rather moist conditions are required.

POGONOCHERUS NEGUNDO Skinner

Distinguished from Ecyrus dasycerus by the coarser body hair and the absence of all tuber-
culation on the metanotum and ampullae, which are smooth and shining; last joint of maxillary
palpi twice as long as second and mandible entirely granulate on outer face.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10386a.]

These larvae were collected by M. Chrisman mining in dead and dying
branches of boxelder (Acer) in the Catalina mountains of Arizona. The mines
were rather extensive, meandering through the heartwood. Pupation takes
place in a cell in the sapwood. The work is very suggestive of that of Ecyrus
dasycerus.

The fact that this species of Pogonocherus so closely resembles Ecyrus
dasycerus and like it, has the three-jointed maxillary palpi, would suggest
either that it should be included in that genus or that the two genera should
be grouped.

POGONOCHERUS MIXTUS Haldeman

[PI. XVII, fig. 19; PL VII, figs. 1 and 2]

Form cylindrical; integument very finely granulate, shining, sparsely clothed with fine,
whitish-yellow hairs.

Head rather thick, sides slightly constricted behind middle; clypeus finely granulate;
labrum roundly rectangular, about one and one-half times as wide as long, sparsely ciliate in
front; mandible not twice as long as basal width, finely granulate on outer face, cutting-edge
obliquely truncate; antennal ring closed; one pair of distinct ocelli. Ventral mouth-parts
rather thick; mentum little wider than long, distinct, sunken; maxillary palpi two-jointed,
last joint longer than last labial; hypostoma slightly bulging transversely.

Prothorax trapezoidal, thick, widest behind; pronotum posteriorly finely reticulated, shining,
anteriorly very finely rugulose, regularly and finely haired; sternum hairy, shining; sternellum
rather broad, smooth, shining; mesonotum and metanotum finely rugulose, reticulated, shining;
mesosternum and metasternum smooth.

Abdomen: Ampullae with a deep, broad, longitudinal median impression, wrinkled but not
tuberculate; epipleurum protuberant on last segments, tubercle small, oval, abruptly projecting,
no chitinous pits, one seta; ninth abdominal tergum bearing a large, oval, longitudinally carinate
plate considerably smaller than labrum. Spiracles very small, orbicular, slightly chitinous
rimmed.

Pupa. Form as in adult; remarkable for not having a chitinous process or spine or body
except an acute conical one on last abdominal tergum. Coarse hairs in two groups on meso-
notum and metanotum.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 118536.]

This species feeds in various branches of Pinus and Picea throughout the
eastern and central western United States and Canada. The adult flies
throughout June and July.

POGONOCHERUS PENCILLATUS LeConte

Similar to mixtus but the ampullae are more decidedly tuberculate and the caudal spine
is reduced to a mere point or one or two carinae.
[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 3771.]

These larvae were collected in Picea at Grand Island, Michigan, by W. F.
Fiske.

124.

POGONOCHERUS sp.

This larva resembles mixtus but the carinae on the caudal plate are very pronounced, five
or six in number, and the ampullae are more tuberculate than wrinkled.
[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 100616.]

The larvae feed under the bark of dead branches of Pinus flexilis, working
as mixtus. Collected by A. B. Champlain at Cascade, Colo.

POGONOCHERUS SALIGOLA Casey
[PI. VII, fig. 8]

Differs from mixtus in the finer whitish hairs on body and in the fact than the caudal plate
is about the same size as labrum and the carinae much coarser and from six to ten in number;
spiracles hardly visible, peritreme not chitinous rimmed.

Pupa. Hairs very fine whitish, caudal spine not chitinous.

These specimens were kindly given the author by C. A. Frost. They were
collected in dying Salix at Framingham, Mass. This species has also been
collected by A. B. Champlain in Salix at Colorado Springs, Colo. (Hopk. U.S.
10072a.)

POGONOCHERUS CALIFORNICUS Schaeffer

Form more robust; posterior area of pronotum finely and irregularly longitudinally striate;
eusternum glabrous, very smooth; caudal process a blunt triangular point.
[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 2771.]

This larva has been reared from Pinus and Picea in Ventura Co., California.
Notes by A. D. Hopkins.

CYRTINUS LeConte

LeConte and Horn (20) have placed this genus in a distinct tribe near
Psenocerus. Lacordaire (19) has retained this tribe, but places it following the
Acanthocinides. Its larval affinities are evidently close to Psenocerus, and since
the Apodasyides of Lacordaire, including Psenocerus and Ewpogonius, are re-
lated to the Pogonocherides, it is placed near them.

CYRTINUS PYGMAEUS Haldeman
[PL XII, fig. 9; PI. XXIV, fig. 1; PI. XLII]

Form cylindrical, cuneato; integument thin, shining, very sparsely beset with fine, short
whitish hairs.

Head depressed, twice as long as wide, sides suddenly constricted near base: epistoma thin,
straight; labrum roundly rectangular, about one and one-half times as wide as long, widest at
base; mandible slender from side, about, twice as Long as basal width, shining, cutting edge
deeply emarginate, dorsal angle bluntly toothed; antenna] ring closed) no ocelli. Ventral
mouth-parts not chitinized; maxillary palpi two-jointed, last joint twice as long as basal, longer
than last labial; ligula wide; gula indistinct.

Prothorax roundly quadrate; pronotum anteriorly smooth, shining, posteriorly not well
defined at sides, with a median, smooth, shining, protuberant area, bounded by two rows of
pinnately oblique striae on each side, these arising from two longitudinal impression.

Ampullae bearing two transverse rows of very small tubercles. Spiracles orbicular. No
caudal spine.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 100S2A- and 11846a.]

This larva lives under the dry dead bark of a variety of hardwood twigs.
It has been collected from Quercus, Hicoria, Cornus, LiriodendronJ Robinia, and
Acer. The larvae make a very short meandering gallery before pupating in a
convex oval cell scarred into the wood. Several generations of adults appear
during the summer, the first emerging about the time the oak Leaves are half-
formed. Observations by A. B. Champlain and the author.

125

HOPLOSIA Mulsant

The striking resemblance of this larva to Acanthoderes, both in form and
general structure, is at once apparent, and the author believed at first that it
was related to this genus. The large pores on the pleural tubercle also con-
firmed this opinion, but the ampullae resemble those of such forms as Pogono-
cherus, while the open antennal cavity suggests Eupogonius; so also do the
pupal characters. It may be regarded as representing a form intermediate
between these genera. The peculiar carina on the anterior margin of the front
is found nowhere else in the subfamily except in Oncideres.

HOPLOSIA NUBILA LeConte

Form robust, cylindrical; integument tough, shining, rather thickly beset with coarse red-
dish hairs.

Head depressed, sides very slightly constricted before middle; epistoma abrupt, bearing a
transverse row of 18 to 20 coarse carina; labrum thin, roundly rectangular, anterior half beset
with short stiff hairs; mandible about twice as long as basal width, cutting-edge weakly emar-
ginate; antennal ring closed; ocelli distinct. Ventral mouth-parts thick; mentum distinct,
sunken, about twice as wide as long; last joint of maxillary palpi conical, about equal to pen-
ultimate, shorter than last labial; gula indistinct.

Prothorax rectangular; pronotum rectangular, posteriorly rugulose; eusternum distinct,
triangular, rugulose and coarsely haired; metanotum and metasternum tuberculate.

Abdomen. Ampullae rather flat, broad, with a shallow impression in middle, dividing two
groups of very large, irregularly disposed tubercles; epipleurum protuberant only on last three
segments, tubercles very large, broadly oval, having two exceptionally large chitinous pores and
two setae, one much longer than the other. Spiracles orbicular, large, peritreme strongly chitin-
ous.

Pupa. Form like that of adult; head bearing a few long setae; setigerous tubercles on
pronotum in a dense row on anterior margin, a few on lateral margin, two groups on disc, and
one on median posterior margin; mesonotum and metanotum each with a scattered group;
abdominal terga armed with a transverse row of short, acute, recurved, subulate, chitinous
points; last tergum bearing an acuminate, erect spine, and a smaller one on lateral margin.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11869/.]

The larva feeds between the bark and wood of decaying linden (Tilia) logs.
The matured larva enters the moist sapwood to make a short, broad pupal cell
plugged at the entrance with a wad of coarse fibrous frass. It is often asso-
ciated with Acanthoderes, and the work can scarcely be distinguished from
species of that genus. The adult occurs throughout the northeastern
United States and Canada. Larvae have been collected by H. S. Barber, J. N.
Knull, and the author.

Tribe APODASYIDES

Lacordaire (1869) has included in this tribe our genera Psenocerus and
Eupogonius. The larvae resemble each other in form, in the shining, weakly
striate pronotum, and in the two rows of tubercles on the ampullae. For the
present this position is held tenable. Psenocerus, however, very strongly sug-
gests Oncideres, and might equally well be placed as a related genus, while
Eupogonius shows affinities to the Pogonocherides.

EUPOGONIUS LeConte

Form cylindrical, elongate; head depressed, widest just behind anterior margin, sides strongly
constricted behind middle; antennal cavity open; one pair of ocelli; mentum distinct, sunken;
pronotum posteriorly shining, strongly longitudinally striate. Ampullae bearing two rows of
regular tubercles; epipleurum protuberant on last abdominal segments, tubercles 4-setose, no
chitinous pits.

The species of Eupogonius feed in the dead branches and twigs of both
hardwoods and conifers. The young larvae mine the first season under the
bark, the following season entering the wood to form a U-shaped pupal cell
lying in the same plane as the grain of the wood; both ends are plugged with
fibrous chips. The adult emerges from the opposite end through which it
entered. The work resembles that of a minute Monochamus. Observations on
all caged material show that the species often pass two seasons in the larva stage

126

EUPOGONIUS TOMENTOSUS Haldeman
[PL V, fig. 3; PL XIII, fig. 6; PL XXIV, fig. 14; PL XVI, fig. 7]

Form cylindric, elongate; integument firm, smooth, shining, very sparsely clothed with yellow-
ish brown hairs.

Head depressed, widest just behind anterior margin, tapering anteriorly and strongly con-
stricted about middle; labrum widest at base, roundly rectangular, a very few short hairs on
anterior margin; anterior margin of clypeus flatly granulate; antennal cavity open; one pair
of distinct ocelli; mandible about one and one-half times as long as basal width, finely granulate,
cutting edge deeply emarginate. Ventral mouth-parts rather thick; mentum distinct, one and
one-half times as wide as long, finely granulate; stipes finely granulate; last joint of maxillary
palpi longer than second, about equal to basal, shorter than last labial; anterior edge of hypo-
stoma strongly curved, finely granulate; gula indistinct.

Prothorax rectangular, thick, widest behind; protergum anteriorly smooth, shining, having
a border of short, stiff hairs and a few just in front of posterior striate area; prosternum beset
with stiff hairs, finely granulate except for shining eusternum and sternellum; mesonotum
shining; metanotum, mesosternum, and metasternum tuberculate.

Abdomen cylindrical, ampullae having two well marked rows of regular tubercles, not
divided in middle; epipleurum protuberant on all segments, tubercle very large, oval, four setae,
no chitinous pits. Spiracles orbicular, smaller than ocellus, chitinous rimmed.

Pupa. Form like that of adult; armed with stiff, short setae as follows: A central group
on pronotum, two on each side of anterior margin, and two groups of about four on posterior
margin; mesonotum and metanotum each with two converging rows; two transverse bands of
three or four each on first six abdominal terga; last segment bearing a strong acute, recurved
spine.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 122956.]

The habits are as described under the genus. It occurs throughout the
eastern United States and Canada in Pinus, Picea, and Cedrus deodar. Adults
fly in July and August.

EUPOGONIUS VESTITUS Say.

Very similar to tomentosus, except that the band of hair on anterior protergum is not con-
tinuous across the segment and these hairs are finer.

Pupa. Similar to tomentosus, except that only the disc of pronotum has setae and these
are arranged in more or less of a circular manner.

Habits similar to those of tomentosus. Reared from Moras, Cornus, Juglans,
Cercis, Celastrus, Acer, Fraxinus, and Asimina.

PSENOCERUS SUPERNOTATUS Say.
[PL XIII, fig. 1; PL XXIV, fig. 8; PL XVI, fig. 4]

Form cylindrical, elongate; integument firm, shining, or very finely wrinkled, beset with very
short, fine, whitish hairs, denser and reddish-brown on prothorax and last abdominal segments.

Head rather thick, oval in cross section, suddenly constricted near base; mouth-frame,
gena, and hypostoma rather heavily chitinized, yellowish brown; epistoma straight, thin;
labrum roundly rectangular, twice as wide as long, widest at middle: mandible dull granulate,
rather short, about one and one-half times as long as basal width, (an ting-edge obliquely emar-
ginate, angles rounded; antennal ring open behind; one pair of distinct ocelli. Ventral mouth-
parts rather full, last joint of maxillary palpi as long as two basal joints, equal to last labial,
both chitinized; ligula large, distinct; mentum not distinct : hypostoma! area sharply rectangu-
lar, transversely protuberant, quite heavily chitinized, finely granulate; gular suture a faint
line.

Prothorax roundly rectangular, thick; pronotum defined by lateral sutures behind, anteriorly
marked by broad, light ochraceous band, longitudinally carinate in middle, posteriorly protu-
berant, white, shining, bearing a few faint longitudinal striae; sternum anteriorly and laterally
bearing two pairs of light ochraceous spots; eusternum distinct, shining, beset with a number
of hairs; mesonotum smooth; metanotum, mesosternum and metasternum tuberculate.

Abdomen bearing prominent ampullae on seven segments, these armed with two rows of
regular tubercles; epipleurum protuberant only on last three segments, tubercle narrowly oval,
elongate, no chitinous pits; ninth segment fringed with long dense hairs, the tergum bearing a
very short, cylindrical, truncate process; anus trilobed. Spiracles orbicular, strongly chitinous
rimmed, distinct.

Pupa. Form as in adult; pronotum bearing two anterior transverse rows of hairs; meso-
notum and metanotum glabrous, shining; abdominal terga bearing two rows of setigerous
papillae, last segment more densely hairy, ventral areas glabrous.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9784/.1]

This larva feeds in dead decaying branches of Celastrus, Hicoria, Castanai,
Liquidambar, Rhus, Lonicera, Euonymus, Cornus, and Ribes. It is most abund-

127

ant in Celastrus. The larvae extend their mines under the bark for a short time,
then go into the wood, and pupate in early spring in a cylindrical cell in the
pith. Range, throughout the eastern and central western United States and

Canada.

SAPERDA Fabricius

Elongate, cylindrical species; head depressed, sides nearly parallel, base broadly rounded;
antennal annulae closed; mandible slender, about twice as long as basal width, cutting edge
obliquely emarginate; mentum not defined posteriorly, sunken. Pronotum oblique, anteriorly
chitinized, posteriorly covered with coarse recurved asperities; eusternum roundly trapezoidal,
usually asperate, distinct; ampullae finely asperate, bearing two transverse impressions meeting
distally; epipleurum protuberant on all segments, tubercles oval, multisetose, no chitinous pits,
piracies broadly oval, peritreme rather heavy; no caudal armature.

The species of Saperda are easily recognized as larvae in which the body
armature of chitinous asperities has reached its highest development. This
characteristic seems to be confined to those species or genera in which the larvae
attack living tissue and is no doubt more of an adaptive character than almost
any other. This armature superficially would confuse them with Oberea, Mecas,
and such genera, but they suggest quite a different relationship and appear to
have branched from a Goes-like stock.

Taken as a whole, the species feed principally on living plants and, as
would be expected, are very strictly confined to a certain host. A wide variety
of habits is exhibited, from gall-making to bark, sapwood, and heartwood
feeding. In this case the causation of galls is probably due only to the smaller
size of the branches attacked, in which the tissues are more readily affected,
for in the same species, when it attacks thicker branches, the swelling is often
scarcely noticeable. The galleries are rather loosely packed with fibrous frass.

The adults of any species live for a long time and feed on the midribs of
leaves and the bark of young twigs.

Felt and Joutel (10) have admirably discussed the habits of this genus.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SAPERDA

The following key will aid in separating the larvae of the known species:

Proeusternum bearing few or no asperities; sternellum bearing very few 1

Proeusternum bearing at least three rows of asperities extending over half or entirely across the
area; sternellum densely asperate • 5

1. Asperities of pronotum of the same texture throughout; proeusternum and sternellum bearing

no asperities; breeds in vines of Virginia creeper (Ampelopsis) S. puncticollis

Asperities of pronotum diminishing in size posteriorly; at least some on prosternellar area. . 2

2. Asperities in a continuous band of several rows across prosternellum, these very coarse; body

hairs coarse; breeds in Populus S. calcarata.

Asperities of prosternellar area in two groups of only one row each, these finer; body hairs
finer 3

3. No asperities on proeusternum; breeds in the trunks of Salix S. hornii

Few asperities present on proeusternum 4

4. Asperities on eusternum in a single transverse row; causes galls on twigs of Salix and Populus.

Spiracles twice as long as wide S. moesta

Spiracles not as long as wide S. concolor

Asperities on proeusternum in two very small groups; pleural tubercles finely rugulose ;
causes galls on base of Alnus S. obliqua

5. Asperities of pronotum coarser, extending over two-thirds to three-fourths the length (to

border of hairs) ; body hairs coarse, stiff, light castaneous # 6

Asperities of pronotum finer; extending but little more than one-half the length; body hairs
very fine, whitish 7

6. Asperities of proeusternum extending over about two-thirds the breadth S. Candida

Asperities of proeusternum extending entirely across S. vestita

7. Mesonotum bearing a continuous transverse band of dense, fine hairs; peritreme of spiracles

thin; breeds under bark of Hicoria S. discoidea

Mesonotal hairs sparse or not continuous; peritreme of spiracles thick 8

8. Median disc of dorsal ampullae elliptical; lives in base of Hicoria and rarely Quercus,

etc S. lateralis

Median disc of dorsal ampullae little wider than long; asperities more sparsely

placed S. tridentata and S. imitans

128

SAPERDA GALGARATA Say.
[PL XXX, fig. 3; PI. XXIX, fig. 4; PI. XXXVI, figs. 3 and 4]

Large, robust; integument finely rugulose, clothed with coarse, castaneous hairs; labrum semi-
circular, widest at base, densely and coarsely haired; pronotum slightly wider than long, asper-
ities very coarse, extending over three-fourths of length; eusternum coarsely haired, bearing a
very few (about 20) asperities; sternellum having a very narrow band entirely across. Ampullae
coarsely asperate; pleural tubercle bearing two strong setae and fine pubescence. Spiracles
oval, peritreme strongly chitinized.

Pupa. Form as in adult; head bearing stiff setae on inner margin of eyes, a transverse
row at base of clypeus and about base of antennae; anterior median two-thirds of pronotum,
scutellum mesonotum, and posterior median disc of metanotum bearing a few short, setigerous
chitinous points, such points also occur on abdominal terga in a scattered transverse band more
numerous at sides and increasing posteriorly, on lateral ventral parts of last segment very dense.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10075n.]

The larva of this species is a very serious pest to Populus throughout
the eastern United States and Canada and west through the Rocky Mountain
region. The eggs are laid in June and July on the trunks or larger branches
of trees. They are inserted into the cambium in an irregular hole gnawed
through the bark. For the first season the young larvae extend transverse
galleries between the bark and wood which often entirely cut the cambium,
killing the tree. During the second and third seasons large extensive mines
are made in the heartwood, where pupation takes place. The trees are so
honeycombed that great numbers of them break off in the wind. A knotty
swelling is often caused at the point where the young larvae are feeding. Piles
of frass several inches deep are noticed below infested trees.

SAPERDA HORNII Joutel
[PI. XXIII, fig. 9]

Less robust than calcarata; integument smooth, shining, thickly clothed with fine whitish
pubescence; labrum semicircular, finely and densely haired; pronotum slightly wider than long,
asperities extending over three-fourths of length; eusternum densely haired, no asperities; ster-
nellum bearing only a few asperities on median region; ampullae coarsely asperate; pleural
tubercles bearing two long slender setae and fine pubescence; spiracles narrowly oval, peritreme
heavy.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9584.]

The habits of this species are similar to those of &. calcar<it<t. It is found
only in the Pacific Coast region. Adults were observed ovipositing at Yreka,
Cal., in 1911, on young willow (Salix) trees. Three to four eggs were placed
in a single egg-scar at equal angles from one another. The voting larvae often
devoured one another, so that rarely more than a single one developed. The
trees were thickly covered with egg scars and were killed by the young larvae1
before fall. The larvae construct long, straight galleries in the heart wood at
the top of which the pupal cell is constructed. Observations by the author.

SAPERDA PUNCTIGOLLIS Say.

Form rather slender; integument very finely wrinkled, rather densely covered with very light
castaneous hairs; labrum thin, transversely oval, sparsely haired; pronotum distinctly wider
than long; asperities of same texture throughout, extending over but little more than one-half
the length; eusternum densely and coarsely hairy in front, no asperities; sternellum bearing a
very few (scarcely visible) asperities on lateral extremities; asperities of ampullae very tine;
pleural tubercles suborbicular, many setae: spiracles small, oval, peritreme strongly chitinized.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 1039S.]

The larvae kill the vines of Virginia creeper (Ampclopsis). They mine
under the bark, pupating in the sapwood. The adult has been collected on
Rhus toxicodendron and may live in this vine. Range, throughout the ('astern
and middle western United States. Observation by A. B. Champlain and the
author.

129

SAPERDA CONCOLOR LeConte
[PL XXIII, fig. 10; P\. XLI]

Form slender; integument smooth, shining, clothed with fine, long, whitish hairs; labrum trans-
versely oval; anterior margin of head finely granulate; pronotum about as wide as long, as-
perities finer, extending over three-fourths the length; eusternum bearing a single row of asperi-
ties, and sternellum a few on median area; ampullae finely and rather sparsely asperate; pleural
tubercles bearing two long slender setae; spiracles oval, peritreme strongly chitinized.

Pupa. Form as in adult; no chitinous points on thoracic segments and but few on abdominal
ones; setae fine and slender.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9783a.]

The larva of this species causes a gall from l\ to 2 inches in diameter on
the young stems of Populus and Salix. The larva mines under the bark and
into the wood, completing its burrow by a short, straight gallery in the wood
parallel to the stem. Pupation occurs at the top of this chamber. Range,
throughout the eastern and central western United States and Canada.

SAPERDA MOESTA LeConte

The larva of the species closely resembles concolor, but the body asperities are coarser and
the spiracles are more narrowly oval.

Pupa. Distinguished from concolor only by the stronger asperities on abdomen.
[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 12322.]

Mr. Josef Brunner records this species as attacking and killing young trees
of Populus trichocarpa at Riggins, Idaho. Pupae, adults, and parasites were
found in March, 1914.

SAPERDA OBLIQUA Say.

Form rather robust; integument very finely wrinkled, clothed with fine, whitish hairs; labrum
sub trapezoidal, widest behind, clothed with very short dense hairs; pronotum wider than long,
asperities extending over three-fourths the length; eusternum bearing a group of very long,
slender hairs, asperities in two small groups of about ten each; sternellum bearing two small
median groups of asperities; ampullae finely and sparsely asperate; pleural tubercles finely
rugulose, broadly oval, bearing two long setae; spiracles narrowly oval, peritreme strongly
chitinized.

Pupa. Form as adult; stiff hairs on head about base of antennae and at inner margin of
eyes, two longitudinal rows at base of clypeus, and several on tip of labrum; setigerous chitinous
points distributed as in calcarata, but much smaller and setae slender; no armature on scutellum
or metanotum.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10928a.]

This larva has been found only in the base of Alnus, where it makes a large
gall, often killing the bushes. Its work resembles that of the other gall-making
forms. The larvae mine under the bark, later through the wood, and finally a
straight upward burrow is made at the top of which pupation takes place. The
adults are found throughout the central and eastern United States during May
and June. When found it is locally abundant.

A tachinid parasite was found killing about 50 per cent of the larvae at
Charter Oak, Pa.

SAPERDA CANDIDA Fabricius

[PL XXIV, fig. 15]

Large, robust; integument very finely wrinkled, shining sparsely clothed with coarse, light,
castaneous hairs; labrum coriaceous, semicircular, about twice as wide as long, covered with
short stiff hairs; pronotum strongly chitinized, asperities coarse, extending over three-fourths
of length; eusternum coarsely haired, asperities in a lenticular group, not quite reaching lateral
limits; sternellum strongly asperate for its entire width; ampullae rather coarsely asperate;
pleural tubercles oval, bearing two strong setae and usually two finer ones; spiracles very large,
broadly oval to nearly orbicular.

Pupa. Form as in adult; immediately recognized by presence of a few small chitinous
points on head, those on body strong; setae coarse, irregularly disposed on pronotum, a group
on scutellum of mesonotum and in a V-shaped group on metanotum; a dense transverse row
across abdominal terga.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9776.]

57951—9

130

The habits of this species have been much discussed in literature as injurious
to fruit trees, apple (Malus), peach {Amy dolus) , etc., one of the latest popular
accounts being that of Brooks (3). The author has found it in a dense wood
in the mountains of Pennsylvania, feeding in the base of living Crataegus. The
mines are extended under the bark, and later a straight gallery from 4 to 6
inches long is extended up through the sapwood before pupation. Range,
throughout the eastern and central western United States and Canada.

SAPERDA VESTITA Say.

Very similar to Candida) body hairs slightly finer; asperities coarser; labrum not coriaceous,
finely haired; asperities extending entirely across eusternum, hairs, whitish; pleural tubercles
bearing four or five setae; spiracles narrowly oval, peritreme strongly chitinous.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11838 and 11847r.]

The habits of this species are somewhat variable, as it attacks both dead
and living trees, but so far it has been found only in Tilia. Felt and Joutel (9)
state that it feeds only on bases of trees, but the writer has observed it in limbs
high from the ground. A great part of the larval mine is constructed under
the bark. It is very injurious, often causing the death of the trees. Range,
eastern United States and Canada.

SAPERDA DISCOIDEA Fabricius

[PI. XLIV]

Rather larger; integument smooth, shining, very densely clothed with fine whitish, silky hairs;
labrum widest about middle, densely hairy in front; asperities of pronotum finer, covering little
more than one-half the length; a continuous band across eusternum and sternellum but not
reaching lateral limits in eusternum; pleural tubercles bearing many slender setae; spiracles
rather large, oval, peritreme not strongly chitinous.

Pupa. Form as in adult; setigerous points arranged as in other Saperda pupae, but these
long and slender; on posterior area of pronotum a Y-shaped group occurs, as also on metanotum;
a single transverse row on each abdominal tergum and eight to twelve, on last abdominal segment
these long.

[Described from specimens Hopk. I". S. 7517. ]

The larvae feed almost entirely in Hicoria, although W. F. Fiske, at Tyron,
N.C., records it from Juglans. It is a very serious post to trees weakened by
the hickory barkbeetle (Scolytus quadrispinosus Say), often attacking them
simultaneously with this insect. The mines are extended almost exclusively
between the bark and wood, pupation taking place either in the sapwood or
bark. Normally the larva matures and transforms in one year. The adults
are collected from April to late July throughout the eastern United States and
Canada.

SAPERDA LATERALIS Fabricius

[PI. XVI, fig. 9]

Differs from discoidca in that the body is much less hairy ; integument very finely wrinkled;
spiracles more strongly chitinized and the asperities on ampullae coarser; median disc of am-
pullae elliptical.

[Described from specimens labelled State College. Pa., Mar. 16, 1912.]

This is also a dead-wood feeder, mining hot ween the hark and wood. It
is rather an omnivorous species for the genus, living in Hicoria, Ulmus, Tilia,
Acer, Fraxinus, Quercus, and Primus, but more commonly in Hicoria. Very
moist wood, preferably at the base of trees, is preferred. The larvae4 mature4 in
one year. Range, throughout the eastern and central United States and Canada.

SAPERDA TRIDENTATA Olivier

Integument smooth, shining; more hairy than lateralis, the median disc of dorsal ampullae
little wider than long, and asperities more sparsely placed; otherwise similar.

Pupa. Form as in adult; remarkable for very long, stiff setae on head; points small and
irregularly disposed on thoracic terga, but setae coarse: abdomen as in discoidea, but points
shorter and setae coarser; a group of hairs on apical angle of femora.

[Described from specimen labelled Belle Vernon, Pa., March :>(), 1912.]

131

The larva feeds between the bark and wood of dead, dying, and living
Ulmus, often causing serious injury and death. The work resembles that of
discoidea and lateralis. Trees which have just been felled are preferably at-
tacked. Pupation takes place either in the sapwood or bark. Range, through-
out the eastern and central United States and Canada.

SAPERDA IMITANS Felt and Joutel

Integument dull, very finely granulate; nearly as hairy as discoidea, otherwise similar to tri-
dentata.

Pupa. Resembles tridentata in the strong chitinous points and long setae arising from the
base; on the anterior margin of the pronotum is a row of such points and a V-shaped group on
posterior half as well as on mesonotum and metanotum; the abdominal terga bear two groups
in a transverse row, and a border around last abdominal segment.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11845r.]

This species, usually considered rare, has been taken rather abundantly by
W. S. Fisher, A. B. Champlain, and H. B. Kirk at Harrisburg, Pa. They record
it from Salix, Hicoria, and Tilia. It has also been taken by the writer in Prunus.
The larva mines between the bark and wood, pupating in the sapwood.

ONGIDERES Serville

Cylindrical, semi-robust species; head rather thick but depressed, sides parallel, then
suddenly converging to base; epistoma bearing a transverse row of carinae; antennal annulae
open (rarely apparently closed); mentum distinct, very slightly sunken, narrow, transverse;
maxillary palpi, very slender; posterior area of pronotum elliptical, embosssd, white, finely
striate; eusternum distinct; ampullae bearing two rows of regular tubercles (and rarely an irreg-
ular middle row) ; epipleurum protuberant on nearly all segments, tubercle oval, no chitin-
ous pores; no caudal armature.

The described species can be separated as follows:

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ONCIDERES

Last joint of maxillary palpi as long as or longer than second; posterior row of tubercles on
last ventral ampullae normal.

Epistomal carina coarse, about ten on each side of median suture 0. cingulata

Epistomal carina fine, about twenty on each side of median suture O. sp.

Last joint of maxillary palpi shorter than penultimate; posterior row of tubercles on last

ventral ampullae chitinous 0. putator.

The larva of only one genus of the large group to which it belongs has been
studied; as such the affinities are well marked in two directions. The cylin-
drical form, thickened, somewhat salient head, embossed pronotum, two rows
of tubercles on ampullae, and absence of chitinous pits on pleural tubercle
show an intermediate position between such genera as Psenocerus and Eupo-
gonius on the one hand and Ataxia and Hippopsis, etc., on the other. The
antennal cavity seems to be variable in this genus. In cingulata it is apparently
closed, but in other species distinctly open.

The adults of this genus, so far as known, have the peculiar habit of girdling
the twig in which eggs are deposited. These branches, breaking off, fall
to the ground, so that the larvae have dead wood in which to feed. The gal-
leries are constructed under the bark, the larvae eating much of the wood, or
in large twigs penetrating entirely into the centre. The frass is pushed out
and the burrow left open. Pupation take place in the late summer. These
species often become very injurious, completely deforming the tree.

ONCIDERES CINGULATA Say.

[PI. II, fig. 9; PL XIII, fig. 3; PI. XXXI, fig. 5; PL XXXII, fig. 2]

Form cylindrical semi-robust; integument smooth, shining, sparsely clothed with whitish silky
hairs.

Head rather thick, somewhat salient, sides converging behind, often slightly constricted;
epistoma abruptly raised, bearing a transverse row of short longitudinal carinae; clypeus and
labrum thin, latter broadly oval, narrowed behind; anterior margin finely ciliate; mandibles
short, little longer than basal width, shining, cutting edge very obliquely truncate; antennal

57951— 9h

132

cavity angulate behind; one pair of small black ocelli. Ventral mouth-parts rather fleshy;
mentum distinct, narrowly transverse, very slightly sunken; maxillary palpi very slender,
last joint acute, slender, longer than second, shorter than last labial; anterior edge of hypostoma
not distinct in middle, transversely slightly bulging; gula indistinct.

Prothorax subrectangular, thick; pronotum not well defined at sides, posterior area ellip-
tical, embossed, white and finely striate, anteriorly smooth, shining, laterally with a few fine
silky hairs; eusternum shining, well defined, triangular; sternellum well defined, shining. Meso-
notum dull granulate; metanotum, mesosternum, and metasternum bearing two regular rows
of distinct small tubercles.

Abdominal segments nearly cylindrical; ampullae very narrow, protuberant, bearing two
regular rows of small beadlike tubercles; epipleurum more or less protuberant on seven segments,
tubercles oval, abruptly protuberant, several slender setae and no chitinous pits; spiracles very
small, orbicular, peritreme thin.

Pupa. Form as in adult; front of head bearing numerous fine hairs, and a dense group at
base of antennae and on mandibles; scape of antennae bearing a recurved fleshy process; pro-
notum thickly beset with slender hairs as are also the mesonotum and metanotum; abdominal
terga rather densely covered with small, chitinous, setose points, much thicker on caudal segments.

[Described from specimens labelled Hummelstown, Pa., May 24, 1912.]

It is a peculiar circumstance that the pupa of 0. cingulata has the well-
developed spine at base of antennae, while it is absent in the adult of this
species, although well developed in adults of some of the larger species.

This insect has been recorded from Hicoria, Diospyros, Ulmus, Populus,
Nyssa, Tilia, Gleditsia, Cornus, Malus, and Pyrus throughout the eastern and
southern United States. The adult flies from late July to September. W. F.
Fiske has made some interesting observations on this species at Tyron, N.C.,
and states that " about ninety per cent of girdled twigs are hickory; persimmon
is next favoured. The adults often cut off entirely young seedling trees in the
forests. Those twigs which were buried in moist humus are the ones from which
adults emerged, while in a large percentage of those cut the larvae died. The
adult feeds on the bark of young twigs."

ONGIDERES sp.

Similar to 0. cingulata, except that the carinae across the epistoma are very fine, averaging
about twenty on each side of the median suture, while about ten occur in cingulata. Body
clothed more densely with fine hairs, especially on last abdominal segments.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10513a.]

Habits similar. This species has been reared from girdled twigs of Prosopis
and greasewood (Sarcobatus) .

Range, throughout the southwestern United States. Observations by
G. Hofer and M. Chrisman.

ONGIDERES PUTATOR Thomson
[PI. XII, fig. 3]

A much more robust species, hairs coarser; mandibles more slender; epistoma] carina coarser
fthan in cingulata; last joint of maxillary palpi not as long as second; eusternum densely hairy;
•dorsal ampullae bearing three rows of Large tubercles, middle row irregular, last ventral ampullae
having posterior row of tubercles, chitinized.

[Described from specimens in the U. S. National Museum taken in the branches of Sidero~
icarpus flexicaulis, from Brownsville, Tex., by H. IS. Barber.]

It also attacks Acacia and Prosopis.

ATAXIA Haldeman and ADETUS LeConte.

Lacordaire (19) has placed Ataxia in a separate tribe and LeConte and
Horn (20) have likewise retained this group, placing Adetus in a closely allied
tribe. The affinities of these two larvae are very close; in fact they differ only
in minor details. The author regards them as belonging to the same tribe,

closely allied to the Hippopsini. The assembling in one tribe of these two
genera, together with Spalacopis, would constitute4 a more natural group of
larvae than many other larval groups, as they are denned on the characters oi
the adults.

133

ATAXIA GRYPTA Say.

[PI. V, fig. 6; PL XXIII, figs. 1 and 2; PL XVI, fig. 13; PL VII, fig. 14; PL XXXI, fig. 4]

Form cylindrical, slender, elongate; integument smooth, shining, rather densely clothed with
fine yellowish white hairs.

Head very salient, thick, oval in cross section, sides parallel, then suddenly constricted at
base; clypeus and labrum thin, latter fungiform, somewhat stalked; mandibles about one and
one-half times as long as basal width, acute, cutting-edge obliquely emarginate; antennal ring
closed; one pair of small black ocelli. Ventral mouth-parts rather thick; mentum little wider
than long, not distinct at base, sunken; last joint of maxillary palpi longer than beadlike second,
shorter than last labial; palpifer having a small fleshy process on outer face; ligula large; gula
not distinct; hypostoma strongly protuberant, posteriorly developed into two obtuse conical
protuberances.

Prothorax cylindrical; pronotum defined by complete lateral sutures, posterior area embos-
sed, white, very finely striate, anterior smooth; sternum glabrous except posterior angles,
eusternum, and lateral angles of deep sternellum. Mesonotum with x-shaped sutures, lateral
triangular areas densely hairy; metanotum, mesosternum and metasternum finely hairy, bearing
two rows of tubercles.

Abdomen cylindrical; ampullae very narrow, bounded by two lateral impressed lines, and
bearing two rows of regular tubercles; epipleurum protuberant on all segments, tubercles very
large, oval, having several setae but no chitinous pits; ninth segment swollen, very densely
ciliate; tergum bearing a chitinous tipped, suddenly constricted spine, tip truncate; spiracles
small, orbicular, peritreme slightly chitinized.

Pupa. Form as in adult; front of head bearing a number of fine setae, and a group on man-
dible; pronotum sparsely setose, more abundantly on lateral margins; mesonotum and meta-
notum glabrous; abdominal terga bearing two transverse patches of dense, chitinous, setose
points, much coarser and thicker on seventh tergum; caudal tergum reflexed in a thin broad
flange, nearly as wide as segment, ventrally this segment very densely clothed with chitinous
setae.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 103116.]

Specimens from the southern and southwestern States show a form in
which the caudal spine is sharply acute instead of truncate, and the ampullar
tubercles larger. The pupa of this form has the reflexed flange not one-half
as wide as the segments and very few chitinous points on the seventh tergum.
(Hopk. U. S. 9901s.)

This species has been reared from Quercus, Castanea, and Pyrus in Virginia.
Farther south and into the southwest it attacks a variety of herbaceous or
shrubby plants, namely, Xanthium, Verbesina, Ambrosia, Thurberia, Smilax,
and cotton (Gossypium) . The larvae feed in the dead or, rarely, living branches
mining a long, narrow tunnel, sometimes several feet in length. The pupal cell
is constructed in the fall by placing two fibrous plugs of frass in the hollowed
chamber. The adults emerge in May and June.

ATAXIA SULCATA Fall

Form larger hypostomal protuberance much larger and more confluent; posterior area of
pronotum faintly striate; tubercles of ampullae large and distinct, posterior row of last ventral
ampullae bearing two large projecting tubercles, while those of anterior row are elongate, oval;
caudal spine deflexed, acute.

Pupa. More hairy than A.crypta, especially on the thoracic segments; chitinous setose
hairs of the abdominal terga more slender, and on anterior margin of third and fourth abdominal
terga two groups of two or three chitinous spines; flange on last tergum bearing a small point
in the middle and the extremities projecting much higher than the middle.

These larvae (Hopk. U. S. 10081w and 14935) collected by T. E. Snyder
from the seeds of mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) in Florida, closely resemble
those of Ataxia crypta. The adults are much more robust.

ADETUS SUBELLIPTIGUS Bates

[PL II, fig. 8; PL XXIV, fig. 5; PL XVI, fig. 10; PL VII, fig. 13]
Form cylindrical, slender; sparsely clothed with fine yellowish- white hairs.
Head similar to that of Ataxia, but protuberances on hypostoma not so sharply conical.
Prothorax cylindrical; pronotum rectangular, entirely smooth, shining, somewhat chitinized
or posteriorly indistinctly striate; alar area a chitinous plate; sternum trapezoidal, widest in
front, laterally bearing an oval chitinous spot; eusternum elliptical; sternellum well defined;
mesonotum bearing x-shaped suture, with the lateral elliptical areas well defined; metanotum
bearing two regular rows of large tubercles; mesosternum not tuberculate, metasternum bearing
a few large irregular ones.

134

Abdomen cylindrical, segments short; seven ampullae bearing large regular tubercles, the
first three of two rows, the remainder of one, posterior row of about five or six tubercles, ventral
similar; epipleurum protuberant on all segments, tubercles large, elongate oval, chitinous pits
not distinct; ninth segment swollen, densely ciliate, tergum produced into an inflexed conical,
chitinous tipped process.

These larvae in the U. S. National Museum were collected and adults reared
by Mr. E. A. Schwarz in a cucurbit vine from Panzos, Guatemala.

HIPPOPSINI

This remarkable tribe, represented by four North American genera, the
larvae of two of which have been found, are strikingly aberrant forms. At first
appearance the larvae would rarely be taken for cerambycids. The salient,
oval head having the foramen situated almost posteriorly, the protuberant
mesosternum and metasternum, the peculiar ampullae and the swollen ninth
abdominal segment immediately characterize this group. They are evidently
related to Ataxia and to the larvae of the European genus Agapanthia, from
which it differs only in minor details. Our genera are pith feeders, mostly in
herbaceous stems, and are very active, crawling up and down the hollowed
stem with great rapidity. On being exposed they squirm and wriggle actively.

HIPPOPSIS LEMNISCATA Fabricius

[PL XIII, fig. 7; PL XXIV, fig. 13; PL XVII, figs. 17 and 18; PL VII, fig. 11; PL XXXI, fig. 1;

PL II, fig. 13.]

Form very elongate, slender, curved, cylindrical; integument very finely granulate, shining,
very sparsely clothed with hairs.

Head extremely salient, oval in cross-section, sides parallel until suddenly constricted at
base, foramen posterior and ventral; clypeus and labium thick, latter transversely fungiform,
stalked, sparsely haired; mandibles short, triangular from side, little longer than basal width
apex bidentate, dorsal angle abruptly toothed; antennal ring closed; one pair of small ocelli.
Ventral mouth-parts thick, sunken; mentum distinct, about twice as wide as long; last joint of
maxillary palpi longer than second, equal to last labial, second transverse; hypostoma bulging;
no trace of gula.

Prothorax cylindrical; protergum smooth, shining; pronotum not defined by lateral sutures,
slightly chitinized; presternum uniformly chitinized, glabrous; eusternum and sternellum rather
firmly fused, indicated by two transverse foveae. Mesonotum smooth; metanotum obscurely
tuberculate in two rows; mesosternum and metasternum strongly protuberant, a transverse row
of setae between sternum and sternellum.

Abdominal segments elongate, cylindrical; no ventral ampullae, dorsal strongly protuberant,
composed of two transverse, finely striate ridges; epipleurum somewhat protuberant on all
segments, pleural tubercles distinct only on eighth, bearing two strong setae; ninth segment
swollen, very densely ciliate, sternal area protuberant; spiracles orbicular, scarcely chitinized;
no caudal process.

Pupa. Form as in adult ; head having a dense group of setae at base of antennae; lateral
margin of protergum ciliate; thoracic segments glabrous; abdominal terga armed with minute
chitinous points, except for a transverse glabrous band, posterior margins with a closely set row
of flat setae.

[Described from specimen Hopk. U. S. 9784c2.]

The larvae have been collected in the stems of Ambrosia, which they com-
pletely hollow from the top to the surface of the ground. In a cell at the base
the larvae pupate. The life cycle is completed in one year, adults emerging
in June and July. Observations by A. B. Champlain, and the author. R. W.
Van Horn records taking an adult under bark in December at Great Falls. Va.

SPALAGOPSIS STOLATA Newman

[PL VII, fig. 16]

Very similar in form to Hippopsis. Head more strongly narrowed posteriorly; lateral
sutures of pronotum impressed, posterior area white, shining, embossed; entire presternum
strongly fused and protuberant posteriorly in a rounded projection. Dorsal ampullae six. these
bearing two rows of regular tubereles, ventral ampullae absent except on sixth and seventh seg-
ments; ninth abdominal segment swollen, densely eiliate; tergum bearing a fleshy, cylindrical
projection, obliquely truncate, having a chitinous point on the ventral margin oi the truncate
face.

135

[Described from three poor specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection trom San
Mateo, Fla., April 19, 1881, boring in the stalk of Jerusalem oak (Chenopodium botrys). No
collector given.]

Group PHYTOGGIDES

In this group Lacordaire (19) has placed a number of genera, including,
among other North American forms, Oberea, Mecas, and Tetraopes, of which
the larvae are known. He has placed Tetraopes in a division of equal rank with
Oberea. Tetraopes may be related to Oberea, etc., but it has become so peculiarly
adapted to its environment (root-feeder) that it is difficult to say where the
larvae should be placed. The head in no respect suggests Oberea, but more
nearly a Saperda, and it is here regarded as a development from such a type.
In general form it suggests Monilema.

Mecas likewise has assumed a root-feeding habit, but the larva confines
itself more strictly to the inside of the root. The characters of the head clearly
show its affinities to Oberea, and if Tetraopes was related to these genera it
would no doubt still retain the peculiar conical type of head.

Mecas and Oberea larvae seem more closely allied to Ataxia and Hippopsi
like forms than to any other Lamiinae.

TETRAOPES TETRAOPHTHALMUS Forster
[PI. V, fig. 4; PL XII, fig. 2; PL XVI, fig. 11; PL XXXII, fig. Ij

Form robust, fleshy, cylindrical or slightly tapering posteriorly; integument very line y wrinkled
shining, densely clothed with long, whitish lemon-coloured hairs.

Head rather thick but depressed, sides narrowing posteriorly, suddenly constricted about
middle, widest across posterior limit of front; epistoma thick, rugulose; clypeus and labrum
thick, latter transverse, roundly semicircular from base, densely haired; mandible from side
about twice the basal width, outer face rather rugulose, cutting-edge obliquely truncate, dorsal
angle distinctly toothed; antennal cavity bisected by frontal suture; ocelli not distinct. Ventral
mouth-parts fleshy; thick; mentum distinct, transverse; maxillary palpi two-jointed, last joint
slender, shorter than the basal, equal to the last labial; hypostoma transversely bulging, finely
wrinkled; gula less corneous.

Prothorax very thick, about twice as wide as long; protergum densely hairy on sides and
across anterior border; pronotum posteriorly finely velvety pubescent; prosternum densely
hairy, lateral areas swollen; eusternum distinct, swollen; sternellum very narrow, transverse.
Mesonotum and metanotum densely hairy, mesonotum with an anterior transverse band of
hairs, posteriorly glabrous.

Abdomen very densely hairy; ampullae narrow, projecting in large, dull tuberculiform
lobes; epipleurum slightly protuberant on all segments, tubercles elongate oval, bearing very
many hairs and no chitinous pits; spiracles large, orbicular.

The larva feeds in the base of stems and roots of Asclepias. It more usually
does not enter the root but burrows in the earth and eats from without the root
often only eating the bark, much like some scarabaeids. Galleries were found
extending from root to root through the earth, then continued up to near the
surface of the ground, where pupation occurs. Infested plants can be recognized
by withering tops in late summer. The adult occurs throughout the eastern
United States and Canada, in June and July.

The tendency to develop a strong, dense body covering of hairs is true of
all forms having somewhat similar habits, while the opposite extreme is repre-
sented in those forms which mine in living tissue and develop the strong chiti-
nous asperities.

OBEREA Mulsant

Head thick, conical, sides strongly converging posteriorly, ending rather acutely; antennal
annulae closed; mandible shortly triangular; mentum' indistinct posteriorly, transverse; palpi
rather short; pronotum very oblique, posterior area strongly asperate, laterally bearing a deep,
oblique sulcus; eusternum roundly trapezoidal, large; ampullae very finely asperate, bearing
two transverse impressions, one rather indistinct; epipleurum protuberant on all segments;
tubercles without chitinous pits; spiracles oblique, lenticular; no caudal armature.

So far as known, all attack living plants, usually the smaller branches,
which they completely hollow and kill. The eggs of many species are laid

136

near the top of the branch or stem just beneath a spiral incision which girdles
and kills the tip. This girdling suggests Oncideres. The most characteristic
feature of their work is a series of circular holes extending through the bark
in a straight line along the branch, from which the frass is expelled. In this
respect they resemble some of the species of Elaphidion. The larvae are very-
active in their open burrow, moving with remarkable rapidity by the use of
the strongly protruding ampullae, armed with asperities. The pupal cell is
constructed by plugging off a chamber of the mine by two fibrous wads of frass.
The species of Oberea are very difficult to separate as larvae. Beside the
usual ocellus near the antennae these larvae have several secondary ocelli far-
ther back on the head. These ocelli are merely pigment spots beneath the
chitin and rarely protrude. They have been used as descriptive characters, but
might be found to be variable if a large series were studied. There are many
varieties of the species described, and it is probable that when the biology of
more of these is known they can be ranked as good species.

KEY TO DESCRIBED SPECIES OF OBEREA

Asperities of pronotum covering one-half or more the length, i.e., from posterior asperities to
anterior row of hairs.

Outer face of mandible, near base, granulate 0. ocellata

Outer face of mandible smooth.

Three secondary ocelli; asperities of ampullae coarser (see description).

Two upper secondary ocelli approximate, just behind primary; feeds in the

branches of Sahx 0. ferruginea

Secondary ocelli not so placed; feeds in the twigs of Populus 0. schaumii

Two secondary ocelli; asperities of ampullae finer; feeds in stems and base of

sassafras ... O. ruficoUis .

Asperities extending over less than one-half length of pronotum.

Usually no secondary ocelli, or rarely one O. tri punctata

Usually three secondary ocelli 0. bimaadata

OBEREA RUFICOLLIS I abricius
[Pis. II, XIII, XXIV. XXXII]

Form very elongate, slender, cylindrical; integument smooth, shining, covered with extremely
few short, stiff, yellowish-brown hairs.

Head thick, conical, sides rapidly converging posteriorly; epistoma narrow, abrupt; cly-
peus swollen; labrum thin, little wider than long, roundly rectangular, thickly haired; mandible
from side, short, triangular, cutting edge oblique often having a very small, acute dorsal tooth;
one pair of small distinct ocelli; antenna! ring closed. Ventral mouth-parts thick, rather fleshy;
mentum distinct, transverse; maxillary palpi conical, last joint acute, equalling second and
shorter than last labial; hypostoma narrow, transverse, anterior edge deeply curved and sunken;
gula not distinct.

Prothorax. Pronotum very oblique, long and narrow, anteriorly smooth, shining, chitinized.
posterior one-half strongly asperate, the asperities flat, reflexed, becoming smaller posteriorly,
just inside lateral suture a strong, deep, oblique fovea; paranotum shining, glabrous, almost
perpendicular; presternum narrow, transverse, lateral areas chitinized, extending behind sier-
nellum; eusternum large, roundly trapezoidal; sternellum very narrow. Metanotuin. meso-
sternum, and metasternum very finely asperate.

Abdomen elongate, cylindrical; ampullae very narrow, abruptly projecting, having a deep
posterior suture and less distinct anterior transverse one meeting distally, surrounding folds
very finely asperate; epipleurum strongly protuberant on all segments, tubercles oval, bearing
two setae, no chitinous pits; spiracles oblique, lenticular, chitinous rimmed.

Pupa. Form like that of adult; a group of short, stiff hairs on disc of pronot tun: a v-shaped
row of hairs on metanotuin; each abdominal lergum bearing a few strong, chitinous-tipped
papillae; epipleurum bearing two strong, reflexed. chitinous, tipped papillae.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9729.]

The larva feeds in the stems and roots of young living sassafras one-half
to two inches in diameter. The eggs are laid at the tip of a small branch just
beneath a small portion girdled by the adult. The larvae work downward
through the centre of the stem to the base and thence often deep into the root.
The entire gallery, often several feet long, is kept open, the Larvae crawling

137

about in it and when disturbed entering the root. At intervals along the stem
the perpendicular holes are opened to the surface through which the frass is
exuded. These holes are evident long after as scars on the trees. Pupation
takes place near the surface of the ground during May and June. The work
of this insect is very abundant through the eastern United States and often
causes extensive death of the younger growth. Two or three years are required
to complete the development.

OBEREA FERRUGINEA Casey

This is a more slender form than ruficollis; body hairs coarser and darker brown; secondary
ocelli three, irregularly placed; asperities of pronotum covering one-half the length from poste-
rior asperities to anterior border of hairs; asperities of ampullae much coarser, individually
distinguishable with a strong hand lens, while in ruficollis they are not so distinguishable.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10072a.]

These larvae were collected by A. B. Champlain in the branches and twigs
of Salix at Colorado Springs, Colo. The larval work is not so characteristic
as with other species, as often the holes for extruding frass are absent. The
egg scar of the adult resembles an elongate print of a horse's foot.

OBEREA SCHAUMII LeConte

Similar to ferruginea except that the two upper secondary ocelli are set very close together
and directly behind the primary ocellus.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9906r.]

These larvae were reared from Populus twigs submitted by a correspondent
from Wellington, Kans. The work resembles that of ferruginea. Riley (28)
described the habits of this species.

OBEREA OCELLATA Haldeman
[PI. XLIV]

More slender than ruficollis; asperities of ampullae a little coarser and body hairs much
coarser and darker in colour; readily recognized from all other species by the granulate outer
face of mandible; two secondary ocelli, the upper situated farther posteriorly, the other below
so as to form an equilateral triangle with primary.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9791c and 10080A;.]

This larva has been found in two species of Rhus. The work in all respects
resembles that of ruficollis, but the larva bores more extensively in the roots.
Two years are required for the larva to mature. The adult flies while the
laurel is in bloom. Observations by J. J. Davis, A. B. Champlain, H. B. Kirk,
and the author.

OBEREA TRIPUNCTATA Fabricius

[PI. XLIV]

More slender than ruficollis and the asperities of pronotum extending not more than one-
third the length; secondary ocelli usually one or often indistinct.

Pupa. Scarcely distinguishable from that of ruficollis except by the smaller size and the
finer chitinous papillae on the abdominal terga.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 9749.]

The larvae mine and girdle small living branches of plum (Prunus), quince
(Cydonia), apple (Malus), peach (Amygdalus) , Ulmus, and Cornus. The eggs
are placed just beneath the girdled tip near the end of the branch, through
this branch the larvae mine, hollowing it out and eventually causing it to break
off, though it is not cut in the same sense as by Elaphidion villosum. Numerous
small holes are cut to the exterior along the hollowed portion. Fruit trees are
sometimes seriously damaged. The adult emerges during May and June. It
occurs throughout the eastern United States. Ruggles (29) gives a good account
of the life history.

138

OBEREA BIMAGULATA Olivier
[PI. XVI]

This larva cannot be distinguished from that of tripunctata except that on all forms examined
three secondary ocelli are present.

[Described from specimens in the U. S. National Museum labelled as from raspberry (Rubus),
Rome, N.Y., October 1, 1872.]

The habits are similar to those of tripunctata.

MECAS PERGRATA Say.
[Pis. XVI, XXXIII]

Form short, somewhat robust, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly; integument finely granulate to
wrinkled, sparsely clothed with rather stiff hairs.

Head thick, conical, tapering posteriorly; cylpeus rather narrow; labrum broadly oval, an-
terior margin beset with short golden hairs; mandible shortly triangular, cutting-edge very
oblique, dorsal angle sharply toothed; ocellus distinct; antennal ring closed. Ventral mouth-
parts thick, fleshy; mentum not defined posteriorly, transverse; maxillary palpi conical, second
joint shortest, last shorter than last labial; anterior edge of hypostoma deeply curved; gula
not distinct.

Prothorax quadrangular; similar to that of Oberea except that no asperities are present on
the ventral surface. Mesothorax and metathorax having no asperities or tubercles.

Ampullae very narrow, projecting, smooth, shining, dorsal with a lateral short impression
and two transverse ones meeting distally, deeply furrowed in the middle; epipleurum protuber-
ant on all segments, tubercles narrow, oval, bearing two hairs but no pores; spiracles lenticular.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10071a.]

These larvae have been collected in the stems of wild asters (Aster) from
Colorado. The larva feeds in the stems and down into the roots, completely
hollowing the latter. Subsequently that portion of the stem of the plant breaks
off at the surface of the ground. Small heaps of frass are exuded about the
base of the plant. Only one larvae is found in each stem. Observations by
A. B. Champlain.

APPENDIX
ADDITIONAL SPECIES

Since compiling the data on the preceding species others have come to the
author's attention and are here described with notes suggesting their relation-
ship to those in the previous discussion. Several of these are from the United
States National Museum collection and the identifications have not been
verified; the others have been reared.

AGHRYSON SURINAMUM Linnaeus

Form elongate, subcylindrical; integument thin, shining, sparsely covered with fine yellowish-
white hairs.

Head subtrapezoidal, about as wide as long (to tip of mandibles), tapering rather strongly
in front, mouth-frame chitinized, dark reddish with a much darker semicircular chitinization on
pleurostoma below antennae; labrum roundly trapezoidal, narrowed in front, hairs short; inau-
dible entirely black, basal piece shorter than apical, latter bearing a slight fovea; antennae
salient, joints 1 and 3 subequal, second longer; one very small ocellus contiguous with base of
antennae; gena receding, not setose; maxillary palpal joints subequal, last equal to last labial,
process of palpifer indistinct; hypostoma transversely wrinkled, sutures distinct; gula narrow,
slightly longer than wide.

Prothorax trapezoidal, bearing slender fine hairs on sides: pronotum anteriorly strongly
and regularly punctate, posteriorly shining, finely reticulate and broken with irregular striae,
median suture deep, entire; eusternal plates rectangular, the anterior half punctate, the posterior
striately reticulate; extremities of sternellar fold distinct, passing spiracle. Mesonotum and
metanotum finely granulate, the latter bearing transverse impressions. Legs small, about equal
in size to maxillary palpi.

Ampullae shining, finely granulately reticulate, the dorsal ones bearing two lateral and
in front a connecting transverse impression, and two snail foveae on disc; pleural discs distinct
on first three abdominal segments, largest on second, consisting of a deep pore surrounded by
fine granulations and then by fine striae. Spiracles small, narrowly oval, peritreme thin. Ninth
tergum bearing two faint, elongate, chitinous carinae or tubercles.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10083e and 10083 to. ]

139

The larva feeds in the wood of Cercidium, also Acacia, and Prosopis, work-
ing much as does Neoclytus. Specimens have been collected by G. Hofer in
Arizona.

The presence of chitinous tubercles on the ninth abdominal tergum is
very unusual in this subfamily; in fact this is the only species in which it
occurs, as far as known. In the key given to the Cerambycinae the larva runs
down to the Callidini, from which it can be separated by the cerci. It does
not suggest the Callidini, but more closely resembles Malcopterus and is quite
distinct from Oeme and its allies.

AGHRYSON CONGOLOR LeConte

Form elongate, rather slender; integument firm, shining, very sparsely covered with fine whitish
hairs.

In general similar to surinamum, except that the head is proportionately wider and more
triangular, slightly wider than long (length to tip of mandible) ; buccal margin uniformly darkly
chitinized; ocellus larger, contiguous with base of antennae; hypostomal sutures not so distinct;
gula not distinct ; pronotum posteriorly distinctly striate; ampullae alutaceous, shining, the
posterior ventral ones divided in middle by a band of dull granulation; prosternal spots
anteriorly punctured, posteriorly rugulose to alutaceous; pleural discs finely granulate, most
distinct on second and third abdominal segments; abdominal spiracles narrowly oval, some-
what smaller than ocellus; no cerci.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 15128.]

These larvae were collected by T. E. Snyder at Browns ville, Tex., inlimbs
of huisache {Acacia) girdled by Oncideres putator. They feed beneath the
bark, pupating in the sapwood. In this same stick of wood 1 foot in length
and 1| inches in diameter six species of cerambycid larvae were feeding.

AGMAEOPS DIREGTA Newman

This larva in many respects resembles that of Pachyta monticola. The following
characters are present: Three small, distinct ocelli and just behind them, a black pigment spot
beneath the chitin; mandibles deeply notched, almost bidentate at apex; labrum twice as wide
as long; dorsal ampullae bearing four rows of very small but distinct tubercles and not asperate;
spiracles small, orbicular, the opening situated anteriorly, i.e., the peritreme is very thick and
the posterior margin much wider than the anterior margin; ninth segment bearing a short,
acute spine, surrounded by a few stiff hairs, the remainder of the body hairs fine and silky.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 10625.]

These larvae were secured by caging adults on various species of wood cut
at different dates. The adults oviposited on Liriodendron and Castanea, the
resulting larvae boring in the bark. Whether they go into the ground to
pupate has not yet been determined.

A large larva in the U.S. Forest Insect Collection (Hopk. U. S. 42416), col-
lected by H. E. Burke under the bark of Abies, state of Washington, has nearly all
the important characters in common with this species except that the ampullae
are not tuberculate but entirely finely asperate. It is hardly possible to base
generic characters on the larvae of the few species described in this paper in
the genera Anthophilax, Toxotus, Pachyta, and Acmaeops. Many of the char-
acters run together in the species studied, suggesting that if more material
were available good generic distinctions in these larvae could not be drawn or
that the larvae would suggest other generic groupings.

ACROGINUS LONGIMANUS Linnaeus

Form elongate, strongly depressed; integument firm, covered with short, rather stiff hairs.

Head very strongly depressed, sides regularly and strongly converging posteriorly; epistoma
straight; labrum a little wider than long, broadly rounded, widest near base; mandible slender,
elongate, length about three times condylar width, cutting-edge shallowly emarginate, antenna!
ring faintly bisected by frontal suture. Ventral mouth-parts elongate; mentum twice as wide
as long, distinct; last joint of maxillary palpus shorter than penultimate, much shorter than
last labial; anterior edge of hypostoma straight; gula not distinct.

140

Prothorax depressed; pronotum posteriorly beset with chitinous, conical papillae, as also
are the ampullae; pleural tubercles broadly oval, having a chitinous pit at each extremity and
five or six setae; spiracles broadly oval, peritreme thin.

[Described from several specimens in the United States National Museum collection labelled
Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, April, 1906, H. S. Barber, collector.]

This larva has been described previously by Chapuis and Candeze (5), but
is here re-described to make the description conform to the terminology here used.

Acrocinus is undoubtedly closely related to Acanthocinus. From the head
alone it can scarcely be separated, while the peculiar asperities on the pronotum
and ampullae seem to be only a difference of degree from the veluring of
Acanthocinus.

GYLLENE INFAUSTA Lee

Distinguished from the other species of Cyllene by having dull finely granulate ampullae,
the posterior margin of pronotum shining (lacking band of velvety pubescence) and large oval
conspicuous spiracels; body hairs coarse, castaneous.

[Described from specimens No. 8294, Dominion Entomological Branch.]

These specimens were collected and reared by Mr. Norman Criddle at
Aweme, Manitoba. The larvae feed in the roots of Petalostemon Candida.

EUCROSSUS VILLICORNIS LeConte

Form elongate, robust; integument thin, dull, rather thickly covered with short golden-yellow
hairs.

Head subtrapezoidal, somewhat depressed; mouth-frame darkly chitinized; epistoma
suddenly emarginate in middle; labrum suborbicular, the disc glabrous; mandible black at
tip, basal half lighter and shorter than apical, latter with a slight impression on outer face; one
pair of large ocelli enclosed by the strongly shouldered and tuberculate gena; genal setae short,
dense; antennae salient, first joint shorter than second, a little longer than third; last joint of
maxillary palpi shorter than others, shorter than last labial; process of palpifer distinct, as well
as the process on first maxillary joint; hypostoma smooth; gula very short, wider than long;
no subfossal spine.

Prothorax rectangular, densely and coarsely haired at sides and across anterior margin of
pronotum; posterior area of pronotum shining and finely alutaceous, projecting forward in mid-
dle, hind margin velvety pubescent, no median suture; eusternal spots large, shining, separated
by a fine, dull granulate band. Mesonotum and metanotum dull, very finely velvety pubescent;
extremity of sternellar fold distinct, passing beyond spiracles. Legs four-jointed.

Ampullae broad, dull, very finely granulate, dorsal bearing two lateral and two transverse
impressions. Pleural discs very large and dull granulate, bearing a very deep pore, distinct on
five segments, largest on third; spiracles broadly oval, peritreme very thin.

Pupa. Disc of prothorax bearing scattered, acute, chitinous points, projecting anteriorly;
posterior portion of metanotum and each abdominal tergum also bearing much stronger conical
chitinous points, projecting posteriorly, arranged on the anterior segments in transverse rows,
and the middle points often set on a chitinized disc; two small curved spines on last tergum.

[Described from specimens Hopk., I". S. 100830.]

The larvae were collected by F. P. Keen beneath the bark of dead Pi mis
torreyana at San Diego, Cal. The work resembles that of Callidium arUennatum.
The adults were reared at Falls Church, Va.

Eucrossus has been placed in the group with Gone, etc., but the larva ap-
pears in all respects to belong to the Callidini. In the keys given here it runs
down to Physocnemum, from which it can be separated by the characters given.

IBIDION TOWNSENDI Linell

This larva more closely resembles that of Heterachtes than that of Ibid ion. It is distin-
guished from H. quadranulatus by the gena not being corneous. Striae of pronotum finer and
more regular; prosternal plates fused in middle, forming a transverse triangle and finely striate;
pleural discs distinct on second and third abdominal segments, largest on third; spiracles orbi-
cular, not larger than ocellus, peritreme thin.

Pupa. Head unarmed, pronotum bearing a transverse row of small acute spines at middle,
a few on anterior margin, a group of four between these, and two groups near posterior margin ;
mesonotum, metanotum, and first abdominal tergum unarmed: remaining abdominal terga
bearing 6 to 8 small, chitinous papillae, except the eighth, which bears only two longer ones.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 15128, collected by T. E. Snyder at Brownsville,
Tex.]

The larvae were feeding beneath the bark of an Acacia limb girdled by
Oncideres. They pupate in the sap wood.

141

LAGOCHEIRUS ARANEIFORMIS Linnaeus
[PL XVII, fig. 14]

Form rather robust, sub-depressed; integument rather firm, shining, sparsely clothed with
coarse brownish-yellow hairs.

Head depressed, sides very slightly constricted behind middle; buccal margin darkly chitin-
ized and roughened; labrum wider than long, densely haired on anterior half; mandible dull
black, over twice as long as condylar width, cutting edge obliquely emarginate, dorsal broadly
projecting; antennal ring open behind; one pair of prominent ocelli; maxillary palpi slender,
last joint shortest, acute, shorter than last labial; ligula widest at apex, truncate; anterior edge
of hypostoma curved; gula roughened, not protuberant.

Prothorax rectangular, depressed; pronotum posteriorly finely asperate except for a longi-
tudinal median glabrous streak, anteriorly glabrous, shining, except for a transverse row of
short hairs; eusternum shining and anteriorly hairy. Mesonotum, metanotum, mesosternum,
and metasternum having a transverse band of velvety pubescence.

Abdomen. Ampullae seven, velvety pubescent, dorsal bearing two transverse impressions
meeting externally; epipleurum protuberant on last five or six abdominal segments, pleural
tubercle broadly oval, bearing three to five setae and a chitinous pore at extremities; spiracles
very large, oval, peritreme heavily chitinized.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 100856.]

These larvae were collected in quarantine at New York City, in the stems
of living Ficus from the Isle of Pines, Cuba. An adult was reared by the
writer at Falls Church, Va. The affinities are suggestive of such forms as
Acanthoderes and other genera related to Liopus.

OBEREA MYOPS Haldeman

This larva resembles that of tripunctata and that of bimaculata, falling in that division as
described in the key. One distinct secondary ocellus is present and above it a fainter, purplish-
black blotch beneath the chitin. The body hairs are much coarser and darker, those on the
epistoma considerably longer than the clypeus; the asperities of the amupllae are longer and
stronger than in almost any other species of Oberea.

Pupa. No chitinous points on thoracic terga and very few on abdominal, these becoming
stronger and more conspicuous on last three segments; otherwise as in rufwollis.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 100841]

These larvae have been found only in Rhododendron and related shrubs.
The adult girdles the tip of the stems, inserting an egg in the living portion
beneath the girdle. During the first summer the larva bores down the stalk,
hollowing out the centre and exuding frass through numerous holes cut to the
surface. The second summer the roots are attacked and likewise hollowed,
until late summer, when the pupal cell is constructed near the surface of the
ground and the stem above is cut off by an oblique incision. The adults fly
about the time the host plants are in flower.

OBEREA FLAVIPES Haldeman

Resembles the preceding, but two secondary ocelli usually are distinct; the asperities of
the ampullae are finer and the body hairs as coarse.

This larva feeds in the stems of Phlox, the habits being quite similar in
all respects to those of myops. Only one year is required for completing the
entire development. Observations by A. B. Champlain and the author in the
vicinity of Washington, D.C.

PAGHYTA MONTICOLA Randall.
[PL I, fig. 3; PL XXII, fig. 15]

Form elongate, depressed, parallel; integument tough, smooth, shining, sparsely clothed with
coarse castaneous hairs.

Other characters than those defined under the genus are: Hypostoma transverse, having
anterior edge not distinct from submentum ; gula not indicated ; anterior half of mesonotum and
metanotum dull, finely asperate; tubercles of ampullae irregular, confluent, and finely sparsely
asperate; ninth abdominal tergum bearing an acute chitinous spine suddenly turned upwards
and immediately surrounded above by six long setae.

142

Pupa. Form as in adult, beset with groups of reddish-brown hair as follows : A transverse
border on anterior and posterior margin of pronotum; two groups of arching hairs on mesono-
tum, metanotum, and first four abdomianl terga, more dense on first abdominal tergum, be-
coming thinner posteriorly and again present on eighth; last segment ending in a short, acute
spine and a dense group of hairs.

[Described from specimens Hopk. U. S. 11813.]

In June, 1917, the author found prepupal larvae in earthen cells 6 inches
below the surface of the ground beneath a hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) log
felled 19 months previously. One of the larvae pupated. Adults of Pachyta
monticola were found nearby and caged on hemlock boughs. Eggs and, later,
larvae were secured which agree in all respects with the prepupal larva, thus
connecting and completing the life history. After mining for about a year beneath
the bark, making meandering burrows, the larvae leave by an elliptical hole
through the bark and burrow into the ground to pupate.

Similar larvae have been collected by W. F. Fiske in Abies and Picea.
Range, throughout the mountains of the eastern United States and Canada.

POGONOGHERUS GRINITUS LeConte

Form elongate, cylindrical; integument tough, shining, sparsely clothed with rather sitff golden
hairs.

Head depressed, rather thick, sides not restricted behind, widest just behind anterior mar-
gin; mouth-frame darkly chitinized; labrum transversely oval, densely ciliate in front, posterior
half more darkly coloured; mandible from side about one and one-half times as long as condylar
width, cutting edge broadly emarginate, dorsal angle slightly toothed; one indistinct ocellus;
antennal ring open behind. Ventral mouth-parts nearly glabrous; palpi darkly chitinized,
maxillary three-jointed, apical joint conical, about equal to basal and to cylindrical last labial;
men turn distinct, sunken; hypostoma very strongly protuberant posteriorly, anterior margin
curved; gular line distinct.

Protergum subtrapezoidal, bearing a row of hairs on anterior margin : pronotum rectangular,
posteriorly faintly marked with shallow striae; sternum hairy; eusternum triangular; meta-
notum smooth, shining; mesonotum tuberculato.

Abdomen strongly annulated; ampullae seven, protuberant, dorsal bearing three irregular
rows of large confluent tubercles; epipleurum protuberant only on last segments, tubercle very
elongate oval, no chitinous pits; spiracles quite small, orbicular, peritreme dark; a short conical
chitinous spine on ninth tergum; anus trilobed.

[Described from specimens Hopk. 14492a.]

This larva feeds in dead dry branches of Quercus. It excavates irregular
mines deep in the wood, often in the centre of the branch, tightly packed with
fine frass. The pupal cell is constructed deep in the wood, having a projection
at right angles to it, extending almost to the surface. The work much resem-
bles that of P. negundo, and the life cycle probably extends over more than a
year. The material was collected by F. B. Herbert, Los Gatos, Cal.

This species will not run down to Pogonocherus in the preceding key of
genera. It differs from the other species in the open antennal cavities, three-
jointed palpi, and protuberant hypostoma. Under the discussion of P. negundo
it was stated the genus Pogonocherus is composed of two larval types, the mixtus
type with two-jointed maxillary palpi and a carinate cereal plate, and the
negundo type, resembling Ecyrus, having three-jointed palpi and a spinelike
cercus. This species forms a third distinct type. These types represent
decidedly better defined genera, from the larval characters, than such genera
as Arhopalus, Calloides, and Cyllene.

ROPALOPUS SANGUINIGOLLIS Horn

Form elongate sub-cylindrical, slightly depressed anteriorly; integument firm, shining,
reticulated, sparsely beset with short castaneous hairs.

Head trapezoidal, widest just behind middle; epistoma straight, thick; Labrum thin, sub-
triangular, sparsely haired; mandibles slightly longer than basal width, distal half pieeous,
basal dark castaneous granulate; second joint of antennae Longest, supplementayr minute; one
distinct, black, protuberant ocellus; gena receding, glabrous except for a few scattered hairs;
ventral mouth-parts somewhat coriaceous; palpifer process and subfossal spine wanting; palpi
joints subequal in length.

143

Prothorax about twice as wide as long with a dull granulate spot on sides; pronotum an-
teriorly coarsely punctured, posteriorly coarsely striate to alutaceous; median suture faint;
sternum alutaceous, shining, not differentiated into areas; legs four-jointed, including tarsus
and somewhat longer than maxillary palpus.

Abdomen. Dorsal ampullae shining alutaceous, bounded by two lateral converging folds
connected anteriorly by a transverse one; ventral divided in middle by a broad, shallow de-
pression; pleural discs distinct on first four abdominal segments; spiracles narrowly oval.

[Described from specimens 15045s Dominion Entomological Branch.]

Mr. J. N. Knull called the writer's attention to this species breeding in
the trunks of wild cherry (Prunus) near Bathurst, N.B. Many smaller trees
up to two, three and four inches in diameter had been killed. The eggs are
laid under scales of bark and the larvae mine extensively beneath the bark,
killing areas from two inches wide to eight inches long. The mines are packed
with granular frass. Later the larvae enter the wood like Romaleum rufulum,
boring up the stem in the heartwood from six to twelve inches. At the upper
end of this tunnel the pupal cell is made and the emergence hole is cut out at
the same end. Large masses of gum on the trunks are characteristic of the
attack. The life-cycle extends over two seasons.

STEIROSTEMA DEPRESSUM Linnaeus

Form elongate, subcylindrical; integument thin, shining, very sparsely clothed with coarse
hairs.

Head depressed, sides not constricted behind, anterior margin darkly chitinized and very
finely granulate; labrum thin, transversely oval, widest at middle, anterior half densely hairy;
mandible from side about twice as long as condylar width, cutting-edge emarginate, dorsal angle
toothed; antennal ring open behind; one pair of ocelli. Ventral mouth-parts beset with coarse
hairs; maxillary palpi slender, last joint shortest, truncate at tip, shorter than last labial; an-
terior edge of hypostoma curved; gula not distinct.

Prothorax widest behind; pronotum posteriorly beset with rather coarse, erect, chitinous
asperities, except for a large, full, central, finely rugose area, on which these asperities are very
fine or absent, also bearing two longitudinal, glabrous, darker spots on the anterior part of this
area; anteriorly the lateral angle bears a group of hairs, extending more sparsely across pro-
tergum. Metanotum, mesosternum, and metasternum tube^rculate.

Abdomen. Seven ampullae bearing dorsally four irregular rows of large, glabrous, shining
tubercles, ventrally two rows; epipleurum protuberant, tubercle broadly oval, bearing two setae
and two chitinous pores; anus trilobed; spiracles large, nearly orbicular.

[Described from specimens in the United States National Museum collection labelled 1189,
from cocoanut trees (Cocos nucifera), Surinam.]

Steirostema seems to suggest Acanthoderes from characters of the head and
ampullae.

TETROPS JUNCUNDA LeConte

This larva in all essential characters resembles that of Tetraopes tetraophthalmus. It differs
as follows: Form more slender, body hairs short, few except on last segment, where they form
a dense ring; hypostoma very faintly wrinkled; one distinct black ocellus; labrum transversely
semicircular, about twice as wide as long, anterior margin fringed with short hairs. Pronotum
posteriorly velvety pubescent, darkest on two median projecting patches, eusternum bearing a
few hairs along sides; metanotum tuberculate. Ampullae strongly projecting, seven dorsal ones
bearing two transverse rows of prominent regular tubercles.

[Described from specimens Hopk. IT. S. 10626.]

The author collected larvae of this species feeding in the stem of wild
morning-glory (Ipomoea sp.) in the vicinity of the District of Columbia. It
does not enter the tubers, as has been reported, but feeds only in the long
creepers above the ground. The work resembles that of some species of Oberea
in that it hollows the stems, ejecting the frass through small holes. Eggs were
found in small scars gnawed through the bark, and inserted deep in the stems.
Matured larvae were found in September by A. B. Champlain and the writer,
hence the life-history is completed in one year. Adults are found on the flowers
of the host.

The fact that this larva resembles that of Tetraopes in all essential charac-
ters further corroborates the belief that these genera constitute a group quite
distinct from Oberea.

144

TETROPIUM sp.

Much smaller than cinnamopterum and differing from velutinum in having the caudal spines
represented by very minute, scarcely visable blunt tubercles, separated at least three times
their basal thickness; pronotum and ampullae more finely vellured, that on the former, covering
two-thirds of the area, labrum only hairy in front.

[Described from specimens No. 15044s Dominion Entomological Branch.]

The larvae feed in the outer bark of living spruce. The mines are very
meandering and tightly packed with dark brown granular frass. They were
collected by the author at Gaspe Basin, Quebec, and one adult was reared.
This larva is quite distinct from the other species and the adult is extremely
small.

145

LITERATURE CITED

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1912. Coleopterorum catalogus. Part 39. Cerambycidae ; Cerambycinae. Berlin.

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1914. On the abdominal structure of certain beetle larvae of the campodeiform type?
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1914. Apple root borer {Saperda Candida Fab). In U. S. Dept. Agr. Jour. Agr
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(4) Casey, T. L.

1912. Memoirs of the Coleoptera, v. 3, 386 pp. Lancaster, Pa.

(5) Chapuis, F. and Candeze, E.

1853. Catalogue des larves des coleopteres. In Mem. Soc. Roy. des Sci. Liege,
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(6) Craighead, F. C.

1915. Larvae of the Prioninae. U. S. Dept. Agr. Off. Soc. Rept. 107. 24 p.,
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(7) " 1916. The determination of the abdominal and thoracic areas of the cerambycid

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(8) Crampton, G. C.

1909. A contribution to the comparative morphology of the thoracic sclerites of
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(9) Fabre, J. H. C.

1915. The Hunting Wasps. Tr. by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. 427 p. New
York.

(10) Felt, E. P. and Joutel, L. H.

1904. Monograph of the genus Saperda. New York State Mus. Bui. 74 (Ento-
mology 20). 86 p., 14 pi. Albany.

(11) Gahan, C. J.

1906. Fauna of British India. Coleoptera, v. 1 (Cerambycidae), 329 pp. London.

(12) Ganglbauer, Ludwig

1881. Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europaischen coleopteren, VII, Cerambycidae.
In Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Gesell, Wien, v. 31, p. 681-758, 1 pi.

(13) Gemminger, Max and Harold B. de

1872-3. Catalogue Coleopterorum, v. 9 and 10. Monachii.

(14) Hess, W. N.

1917. The chordotonal organs and pleural discs of cerambycid larvae. In. Ann.
Ent. Soc. Amer., v. 10, No. 1, p. 63-74, pi. 4-7, March.

(15) Hopkins, A. D.

1909. The genus Dendroctonus. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. 17, Pt. 1.
164 p., 8 pi. June 30.

(16) " 1915. Preliminary classification of the superfamily Scolytoidea. U. S. Dept. Agri.

Bur. Ent. Tech. ser. 17, Pt. II, p. 165-232, pi. 9-16. Jan. 9.

(17) Jensen Haarup, A. C, and Henriksen, K.

1914. Biller III: Traebukke Danish Cerambycidae, 114 p., Copenhagen.

(18) Kincaid, Trevor.

1900. The metamorphoses of some Alaska Coleoptera. In Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.,
v. 2, p. 367-388, pi. 22-26. (See p. 376.)

(19) Lacordaire, J. T.

1869. Genera des Coleopteres, v. 8-9. Paris.
57951—10

146

(20) LeConte, J. L., and Horn, G. H.

1883. Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. 576 p., Washington.
(Smithsonian Misc. Coll., v. 26).

(21) MlLLIKEN, F. B.

1916. The cottonwood borer. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 424, 7 p., 1 pi., 3 fig. November 9.

(22) Osten-Sacken, R.

1862. Description of some larvae of North American Coleoptera. In Proc. Ent.
Soc. Phila., v. 1, No. 5, p. 105-130. January.

(23) Packard, A. S.

1890. Fifth report of the U. S. Entomological Commission. [Being a revised and
enlarged edition of Bulletin No. 7 on Insects injurious to forest and shade trees.]
955 p., 40. pi. Washington.

(24) Perris, Edouard.

1856. Histoire des insectes du pin maritime. In Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 3, v. 4,
p. 423-486.

(25) " 1877. Larves des coleopteres. 590 p., 14 pi. Paris. Extrait de la Soc. Linn, de

Lyon, v. 22, 1876.

(26) Rath von, S. S.

1861. Entomology and its relation to the vegetable productiveness of the soil, with
reference to both destructive and beneficial insects. In Rept. U. S. Com.
Patents for 1861, p. 585-620. Washington.

(27) Riley, C. V.

1890. Insects injurious to hackberry. In Fifth Report of the U. S. Ent. Com.,
p. 601-622. Washington.

Page 610-611; Description of Graphisurus triangulifer (Hald.).

(28) " 1892. Cerambycid larva in cotton stems {Oberea schaumii Lee). In Proc. Ent. Soc.

Wash., v. 2, p. 323-324.

(29) Ruggles, A. G. Life history of Oberea iripunctata Swed. In Jour. Econ. Ent., v. 8,

1915, No. 1, p. 79-85. February. (See p. 79.)

(30) Schiodte, J. M. C.

1863. Danmarks cerambyces. In Xaturhistotisk Tidsskrift, ser. 3, v. 2, p. 483-576,
pi. 20. Translated in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, v. 15, p. 182-209, 1865.

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historisk Tidsskrift, ser. 3, v. 10-13.

(32) Snodgrass, R. E.

1909. The thorax of insects and the articulation of the wings. In Proc. V . S. Nat.
Mus., v. 36, p. 511-595, pi. 40-69.

(33) Tutt, J. W.

1895. An attempt to correlate the results arrived at in recent papers on the classi-
fication of Lepidoptera. In Trans. Ent. Soc, London for 1895, p. 343-362.

(34) Webb, J. L.

1909. The southern pine sawyer (Mo7ioham>nus tilillator Fab.). U.S. Dept Agr.
Bur. Ent. Bui. 58, Pt, 4, p. 41-56, fig. 13-24. November, 10.

(35) " 1910. Injuries to forests and forest products by roundheaded borers. In I'. S. Dept.

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147

INDEX TO SPECIES, GENERA AND HIGHER GROUPS

PAGE

abietis, Tetropium 34

Acanthocinus 119

Acanthoderes 112

Acanthoderes sp 113

Acanthodides 112

aceris, Xylotrechus 58

Achryson 138

Acmaeops 139

Acrocinus 139

aculiferous, Leptostylus 115

acuminata, Strangalia 93

Adetus 132

aeneolus, Heterachthes 77

aereum, Callidium 44

albidus, Leptostylus 116

albofasciatus, Clytoleptus 59

alienum, Elaphidion 72

alpha, Liopus 117

alternatum , Dorcaschema Ill

americana, Leptura 96

amethystinus, Hylotrupes 43

amoenus, Phymatodes 46

Anaglypti 60

andreae, Physocnemum 47

Aneflus 73

annosus, Xylotrechus 57

antennatum, Callidium 47

antennatus, Cyllene 53

Anthophilax 85

Apodasyides 125

araneiformis, Lagocheirus 141

Arhopalus 51

arizonense, Elaphidion 71

armatum, Tragidion 79

Aseminae 30

Asemum 31

aspera, Leptura 99

aspera, Nothorhina 33

asperus, Hyperplatys 117

Ataxia 132

Atimia 34

atomarium , Romaleum 68

atrum, Asemum 32

attenuatus, Anthophilax 85

axillaris, Purpuricenus 79

bajulus, Hylotrupes 43

batesi, Metaleptus 80

Batyle 80

Bellamira 90

bicolor, Strangalia 93

biforis, Leptura 93

bimaculata, Oberea 138

bimaculatus, Molorchus 62

bimaculatus, Tylonotus 65

biustus, Leptostylus 116

brevilineum, Physocnemum 48

Brothylus 67

brunnea, Parandra 29

caeruleus, Encylops 89

calcarata, Saperda 128

californicus, Pogonocherus 124

californicus, Prionus 29

Callichroma 64

Callidiini 42

Callidium 44

Callimoxys 63

Calloides 51

canadensis, Leptura 97

Candida, Saperda 129

capraea, Neoclytus 53

caryae, Cyllene pictus 52

cavipennis, Necydalis 84

Centrodera 85

Cerambycinae 36

Ceratographus 122

57951— m

PAGE

Ceratographus sp 122

Chion 78

chrysocoma, Leptura 94

cinctus, Chion 78

cinerea, Hetoemis Hi

cingulata, Oncidercs 131

cinnamopterum, Tetropium ' 34

Clytanthus 59

Clytini 49

Clytoleptus 59

Clytus 55

collaris, Gonocallus 48

collaris, Leptostylus 115

colonus, Xylotrechus 57

concolor, Achryson 139

concolor, Saperda 129

confusa, Atimia 35

confusor, Monochamus i07

conicola, Paratimia 35

conjunctus, Neoclytus 54

convergens, Xylotrechus 56

coquus, Tragidion 80

cordifer, Neoclytus , 54

cortiphagus, Romaleum 69

costata, Oeme 39

crassipes, Leptura 98

cribripennis, Desmocerus 87

crinitus, Pogonocherus 142

Criocephalus 31

Crossidius 81

crypta, Ataxia 133

cucujiforme, Smodicum 38

Curiini 63

Curius 63

cyanipennis, Gaurotes 88

Cyllene 52,140

Cyllenes 50

Cyrtinus 124

Cyrtophorus 60

dasycerus, Ecyrus 122

debilis, Goes 109

decipiens, Acanthoderes H3

decolorata, Centrodera 85

Dectes 114

decussatus, Phymatodes 46

Dendrobias 81

dentatus, Curius 63

depressum, Steirostema 143

Derobrachus 81

Desmocerus 86

dimidiatus, Phymatodes 46

directa, Acmaeops 139

discoidea, Saperda 130

Distenia 1°°

Disteniinae 99

Dorcaschema 116

dorsalis, Atimia 34

Dysphaga 40

ebenus, Heterachthes 77

Eburia 66

Eburia sp 67

Eburiini 66

Ecyrus 122

Elaphidion 67,69,73

Elaphidion sp. 9901q and 9903s 74

Elaphidion sp. 10055 71

Elaphidion sp. 10500a 71

Elaphidion sp. 10961d 71

Elaphidion sp. 12283i 71

Elaphidion sp. 122831 71

Elaphidion spp 73

emarginata, Leptura y6

emarginata, Homaesthesis 28

Encyclops 89

Ergates 27

148
INDEX TO SPECIES, GENERA AND HIGHER GROUPS— Continued

PAGE

erythrocephalus, Neoclytus 55

Eucrossus 140

Euderces 64

Eupogonius 125

Eustroma 69

exclamationis, Ibidion 77

exigua, Leptura 96

famelica, Strangalia 93

fasciatus, Graphisurus 121

ferruginea, Oberea i37

flavipes, Oberea i41

frigidum, Callidium 47

fulminans, Arhopalus 51

fulvipenne, Tragidion 80

fuscipennis, Callimoxys 63

Gaurotes 88

gazellula, Microclytus 60

geminata, Tillomorpha 60

gemmulatus, Brothylus 67

Goes 107

Gonocallus 48

Graphisurus 120

guexi, Synaphoeta 104

haldemani, Nyssodrys 121

Haplidus 40

harisii, Tragosoma 29

hebes, Graphisurus 121

Heterachthes 76

heterodoxum, Michthysoma 103

Heterospini 72

Hetoemis Ill

Hipposini 134

Hippopsis 134

hirtellum, Callidium 45

hoffmani, Anthophilax 86

Homasthesis 28

Hoplosia 125

hornii, Saperda 128

humeralis, Purpuricenus 79

Hylotrupes 43

Hyperplatys 117

Ibidion. 77.140

Ibidionini 76

Idoemea 41

Idoemea sp 41

ignieollis, Batyle 81

imbricornis, Prionus 29

imitans, Saperda 131

incertum, Elaphidion 70

inerme, Elaphidion 70

insignis, Xylotrechus 58

integer, Homaesthesis 28

jucunda, Tetrops 143

juniperus, Hylotrupes 44

laevicollis, Necydalis 84

Lagocheirus 141

Lamiinae 101

lateralis, Saperda 130

lemniscata, Hippopsis 134

leoninus, Ulochaetes 83

Leptalia 89

Leptostylus 114

Leptura 90

Lepturges 118

Lepturges qucrei (group) 118

Lepturinae 82

ligneus, Hylotrupes 44

lineatum, Rhagium 88

lineatus, Malacopterus 41

lineola, Leptura 97

Liopus 114

longimanus, Acrocinus 139

longipes, Neoclytus 55

longipes, Rhopalophora 65

lunatus, Typocerus 92

luscus, Neoclytus 54

luteicornis, Strangalia 93

PAGE

Malacopterus 41

Mallodon 27

macilenta, Leptalia 89

macula, Leptostylus 115

maculatum, Obrium (Phyton pallidum) 62

maculosus, Monochamus 107

mandibularis, Dendrobias 81

marginicollis, Clytus 55

marmorator, Monochamus 107

Mecas 138

mellitus, Necydalis 84

Merium 48

Metaleptus 80

Methia 41

Methini 38

Michthysoma 103

Microclytus 60

mixtus, Pogonocherus 123

moesta, Saperda 129

moestum, Asemum 31

Molorchini 60

Molorchus 62

Monilema 103

Monochamides 105

Monochamus 105

montanus, Criocephalus 33

monticola, Pachyta 141

morrisii, Acanthoderes 113

mucronatum, Elaphidion 69

muricatulus, Neoclytus 55

mutabilis, Leptura 98

mutica or ovicollis, Eubria 67

myops, Oberea 141

nauticus, Xylotrechus 57

nebulosus, Leptostylus 115

Necydalini 83

Necydalis 83

negundo, Pogonocherus 123

Neoclytus 53

nigrella, Leptura 95

nigrum , Dorcaschema 1 10

nitens, Leptura 99

ait id urn, Asemum 32

nitidus, Phymatodes 45

nobilis, Calloides 51

nodosum Acanthocinua 119

notatus, Stenosphenus "-

Not horhina 31

nubilia, Hoplosia 125

Nyssodrys ' - 1

Oberea 135.141

obliqua, Saperda 129

obliquus, Acanthocinus 120

obliterate, Leptura 95

obliteratus, Xylotrechus 58

Obrium 62

obsoletus, Acanthocinus l|J

obsoletus, Criocephalus 33

ocellata, Oberea W

oculatus, Goes If '9

Oeme 3

Oemini •!

Onciderea l»|

Oncideres sp 1*1

Opsimus 3

Orthosoma H

ovicollis or mutica, Eburia u'

Pachyta 88,141

palliatus, Desmocerus |j

pallidum, Phyton J*j-

Parandra 9

Palatini ia '^

parvus, Leptostylus ' H

pearsalii, Batyle M

penicillatus. Pogonocherus jg

pergrata, Mecas ^JJ

Phoracanthini

149

INDEX TO SPECIES, GENERA AND HIGHER GROUPS— Concluded

PAGE

Phymatodes 44

Physocfoemum 47

Phytoccides 135

Phyton 62

picipes, Euderces 64

pictus, Cyllene 52

pini, Leptostylus 116

piperi, Desmocerus 87

plagifera, Leptura 95

Plagionotus 52

Plectrodera 110

Plectrura 104

plicatum, Callichroma 64

Pogonocherus 123, 142

Pogonocherus sp 124

Prioninae 26

Prionus 29

productus, Criocephalus 32

propinqua, Leptura 95

protensus, Aneflus 75

proteus, Merium 48

proxima, Leptura 94

Psenocerus 126

Ptychodes 105

pulchellus, Crossidius 81

pulcher, Goes 109

pulverulentus, Goes 109

punctatus, Liopus 117

puncticollis, Saperda 128

Purpuricenus 79

pusilla, Methia 4i

putator, Oncideres 132

pygmaeus, Cyrtinus 124

quadrigeminata, Eburia 66

quadrigibbus, Acanthoderes 113

quadrilineatus, Opsimus 35

quadrimaculatus, Heterachth.es 76

quadrimaculatus, Xylotreehus 59

querci, Lepturges 118

querci, Lepturges (group) 118

Rhagium 88

Rhopalophora 65

Rhopalophorini 65

Rhopalopus 142

rigida, Oeme 39

robiniae, Cyllene 52

Romaleum 68

Romaleum sp. 11871 69

rubrica, Leptura 97

rubrum, Obrium. See rufulum, Obrium 62

ruficollis, Oberea 136

rufulum Gahan (rubrum Newman), Obrium. 62

rufulum Haldemann, Romaleum 68

rugiscopis, Distenia 101

ruricola, Clytanthus 59

sagittatus, Xylotreehus 57

salicola, Pogonocherus 124

sanguinea, Leptura 95

Saperda 127

scalaris, Bellamira 90

scalator, Plectrodera 110

schaumii, Oberea 137

scutellaris, Neoclytus 54

scutellatus, Monochamus 107

senax, Shizax 80

sexguttatus, Leptostylus 116

Shizax 80

signatus, Lepturges 118

Smodicum 37

soror, Leptura 95

Spalacopsis 134

speciosus, Plagionotus 52

spectabilis, Acanthocinus 120

PAGE

spermophagus, Lepturges 119

Sphenostethus 29

sphaericollis, Leptura 99

spinicauda, Plectrura 104

spinosus, Dectes 114

Spondylis 33

Steirostema 143

Stenaspini 77

Stenodontes 27

Stenosphenus 72

Stenosphenus sp. 10356 73

stolata, Spalacopsis 134

Strangalia 90

strangulata, Oeme 40

subellipticus, Adetus 133

subhamata, Leptura 94

subpubescens, Elaphidion 75

sulcata, Ataxia 133

supernotatus, Psenocerus i26

surinamum , Achryson 138

suturalis, Batyle 80

symmetricus, Lepturges 118

Synaphoeta 104

taslei, Sphenostethus 29

tenebrosus Anthophilax 86

tenue, Elaphidion 75

tenuipes, Dyshpaga 40

terraecolor, Leptostylus 116

tesselatus, Goes 109

testaceous, Haplidus 40

Tetraopes 135

tetraophthalmus, Tetraopes 135

Tetropium 33, 144

Tetrops 143

tigrinus, Goes 108

Tillomorpha 60

titillator, Monochamus 106

tomentosus, Eupogonius 126

townsendi, Ibidion 140

Toxotus 86

Tragidion 79

Tragosoma 29

triangulifer, Graphisurus 121

tridentata, Saperda 130

trilineatus, Ptychodes 105

tripunctata, Oberea 137

Tylonotus 65

Typocerus 90

Ulochaetes. 83

undata, Distenia 100

undulatus, Xylotreehus 58

unicolor, Elaphidion 75

vagans, Leptura 97

valida, Leptura 98

validum, Eustroma 69

variabilis, Phymatodes 45

variegetus, Liopus 116

varius, Phymatodes 46

velutinum, Tetropium 33

velutinus, Typocerus 92

verrucosus, Cyrtophorus 60

vestita, Saperda 130

vestitus, Eupogonius 126

villicornus, Eucrossus 140

villosum, Elaphidion 70

viridis, Anthophilax 86

vittata, Leptura 98

vulneratus, Phymatodes 46

wildii, Dorcaschema HI

Xylotreehus 56

Xylotreehus sp. 10359 58

Xylocrius? 49

zebratus, Typocerus 92

150

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN PLATES AND TEXT FIGURES

I A, first abdominal segment.

II A, second abdominal segment.

III A, third abdominal segment.

1,2, 8, first, second and third joints of antennae.
a, apex of mandible.
aa, anterior area of pronotum.
A A, alar area.
ax, anal spine.
al, anal lobes.

am, basal articulating membrane of antennae.
Amb. Amp, ambulatory ampullae.
ant, antennae.
ar, antennal rings or annuli.
as, alar spots or plates.

asrm, attachment of superior retractor muscles of
head.

c, cardo.

ci, caudal spines or cerci.

cly, clypeus.

co, collar, or skin connection between proth Drax and

head.
cp, chitinous pits of pleura! tubercle,
cw, cuneus.
ex, coxa.
Cxi, coxal lobe.

d, pleural discs.

ds, dorsal angle of cutting-edge of mandible.

dl, dorso-lateral suture.

cp, epistoma.

epic, epicranium.

eps, epistomal setae.

es, eusternal spots or plates.

Est, eusternum.

F, front.

/, femur.

frs, frontal suture of head.

g, gena.

gs, genal setae.

gu, gula.

Hp, hypopleurum.

hs, hypostomal suture.

hy, hypostoma.

InSeg, intersegmental skin.

I, lateral suture of pronotum.

lab, labrum.

lac, lacinia.

li, ligula.

Ip, labial palpi.

Ipal, labial palpifer.

Is, lateral spots or plates.

Lz, epipleurum.

M, median suture of head.

m, mentum.

ma, median area of pronotum.

md, mandible.

Mesn, mesonotum.

mpalj, maxillary palpifer.

ms, median pronotal suture.

MsT, mesothorax.

MtT, metathorax.

mxp, maxillary palpus.

mxsc, maxillary sclerite.

N , notum.

ns, notal spots or plates.

o, ocelli.

occ. for, occipital foramen.

p, palpifer.

PA, proalar area.

pa, posterior area of pronotum.

PaSc, parascutal area.

peca, postcondylar carina

PI, pleural lobe or tubercle.

Pn, pronotum.

PnF, postnotal fold.

po, pleurostoma.

pp, process of palpifer.

PrSt, presternum.

PrT, prothorax.

PrTg, protergum.

ps, presternal spots or plates.

P Sc, prescutum.

S, sternum.

s, spiracle.

sa, skin attachment of ventral mouthparts to pro-
thorax.

Sc, scutum.

Scl, scutellum.

se, spiracular ellipse.

sfsp, subfossal spine or process.

sj, supplementary joint of antennae.

SI, sternellum.

sm, sub mentum.

sp, scutal plate.

Sp A, spiracular area.

st, maxillary stipes.

Stl, sternellum.

T, tergum.

t, tarsus.

ta, tentorial arm.

tb, tentorial bridge.

//, tibia.

tp, tentorial pits.

tr, trochanter.

vl, ventro-lateral suture.

vrm, attachment of ventral retractor muscles of
head .

151

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

152

PLATE I

Mandibles of Larvae of Cerambycidae

Fig. 1. — Leptalia macilenta.

Fig. 2. — Encyclops caeruleus.

Fig. 3. — Pachyta monticola.

Fig. 4. — Rhagium lineatum.

Fig. 5. — Bellamira scalaris.

Fig. 6. — Romaleum rufulum.

Fig. 7. — Neoclylus capraea.

Fig. 8. — Melalcptus batesi.

Fig. 9. — Spondylis buprestoides (from Perris, Insectes du Pin Maritime).

Fig. 10. — Homaeslhesis emarginatus.

Fig. 11. — Elaphidion subpubescens.

PLATE NO. I.

154

PLATE II
Mandibles of Larvae of Aseminae and Lamiinae

Fig. 1. — Telropium cinnamopterum: Outer face of right mandible.

Fig. 2. — Telropium cinnamopterum: Inner face of right mandible. Note the less produced apex and
rounded dorsal angle.

Fig. 3. — Opsimus quadrilineatus: Outer face of right mandible. Note the rounded, gouge-like cutting

edge.
Fig. 4. — Asemum nitidum: Outer face of right mandible. Note the produced apex and flattened dorsal

angle.

Fig. 5. — Asemum nitidum: Inner face of right mandible.

Fig. 6. — Criocephalus productus: Outer face of right mandible. Similar to Asemum, except that the
striated plate is more strongly engraved.

Fig. 7. — Criocephalus productus: Inner face of right mandible.

Fig. 8. — Adetus subellipticus: Outer face of right mandible.

Fig. 9. — Oncideres cingulaia: Outer face of right mandible.

Fig. 10. — Oberea ruficollis: Outer face of right mandible.

Fig. 11. — Goes tigrinus: Outer face of right mandible.

Fig. 12. — Michthysoma heterodoxum, showing tooth that is absent in some forms.

Fig. 13. — Hippopsis lemniscata: Outer face of right mandible.

PLATE NO. II.

156

Plate III

Larvae of Cerambycidae

Fig. 1. — Criocephalus productus: Lateral view of two abdominal segments showing typical structure.
Figs. 2, 3. — Spondylis buprcstoides: antennae and labrum (from Perris, Insectes du Pin Maritime).
Fig. 4. — Alimia dorsalis: Labrum.
Fig. 5. — Asemum atrum: Labrum.
Fig. 6. — Tetropium abietis: Labrum.
Fig. 7. — Asemum nitidum: Labrum.
Fig. 8. — Criocephalus productus: Labrum.
Fig. 9. — Leptura sphaericollis: Labrum.

PLATE No. III.

gr* .

s7t7v rth

C. -pro&uctus

/ As. nu

nvti&ztrrh

S-pondtyus (Ferris)

Q let. ecbietis

Xj. jpk ctericoZZis

158

PLATE IV

Mandibles of Larvae of Lepturixae and of a Disteniixe

Fig. 1. — Gaurotes cyanipennis.

Fig. 2. — Leplura obliterata. Note the dorsal angle flattened into a striated plate.

Fig. 3. — Ulochaetes leoninus. Note the deep, oblique sulcus on the apical portion.

Fig. 4. — Leptura proximo.

Fig. 5. — Distenia undata. The parallel edges of the outer face and the short cutting edge of this mandible
suggest the lamiine type.

PLATE NO. IV.

160

PLATE V

Mandibles of Larvae of Lamiinae

[Note the upper angle of the cutting edge and the texture of the outer face. I

Fig. 1. — Hetoemis cinerea.

Fig. 2. — Michihysoma heterodoxum .

Fig. 3. — Eupogonius tomentosus.

Fig. 4. — Telraopes telraophthalmus.

Fig. 5. — Ptychodes trilineatus.

Fig. 6. — Ataxia crypta.

Fig. 7. — Dectes spinosus.

Fig. 8. — Goes oculatus.

Fig. 9. — Ecyrus dasycerus.

PLATE NO. V.

57951—11

162

PLATE VI

Cerci of Larvae of Aseminae

Fig. 1. — Asemum atrum: Cerci or caudal spines, from behind.

Fig. 2. — Atimia dorsalis: Cerci from behind.

Fig. 3. — Crioccphalus productus: Cerci from side.

Fig. 4. — Asemum nilidum: Cerci from behind.

Fig. 5. — Tetropium velutinum: Cerci from behind.

Fig. 6. — Criocephalus productus: Cerci from behind.

Fig. 7. — Paratimia conicola: Cerci from behind.

Fig. 8. — Asemum moestum: Cerci from behind.

Fig. 9. — Tetropium cinnamopterum: Cerci from behind.

Fig. 10. — Nothorhina aspera: Cerci from behind.

Fig. 11. — S])ondiflis bupresfoiih s: Cerci from above. (Ferris.)

Fig. 12. — Asemum moestum: Lateral view of last three abdominal segments.

PLATE No. VI.

57951— 11|

164

PLATE VII

Last Segment of Larvae of Lamhnae

Fig. 1. — Pogonocherus mixtus: Last segment from side.
Fig. 2. — Pogonocherus mixtus: Last segment from above.
Fig. 3. — Graphisurus fasciatus: Last segment from side.
Fig. 4. — Graphisurus fasciatus: Last segment from above.
Fig. 5. — Lepturges symmetricus: Last segment from side.
Fig. 6. — Plectrum spinicauda: Last segment from above.
Fig. 7. — Plcctrura spinicauda: Last segment from side.
Fig. 8. — Pogonocherus salicola: Last segment from above.
Fig. 9. — Dorcaschcma wildii: Last segment from side.
Fig. 10. — Michthysoma heterodoxum: Last segment from behind.
Fig. 11. — Hippopsis lemniscata: Last segment from side.
Fig. 12. — Monochamus titillator: Last segment from side.
Fig. 13. — Adetiis subellipticus: Last segment from side.
Fig. 14. — Ataxia crypta: Last segment from side.
Fig. 15. — Ptychodes tri Uncut us: Last segment from side.
Fig. 10. — Spalacopsis stolata: Last segment from side.

PLATE No. VII.

Mich, heterodoicum/

jPty. frz/zzieafius

166

PLATE VIII

MOUTHPARTS OF LARVAE OF CERAMBYCINAE

Fig. 1. — Oeme rigida: Ventral view of head.

Fig. 2. — Dysphaga tenuipes: Ventral view of head.

Fig. 3. — Euderces picipes: Ventral view of mouth parts.

Fig. 4. — Methia pusilla: Ventral view of mouthparts.

Fig. 5. — Atimia dorsalis: Dorsal view of head.

Fig. 6. — Opsimus quadrilineatus: Ventral mouthparts. showing large palpifer, 2-jointed maxillary palpus,
and lanceolate lacinia. Note the gula, not distinct.

Fig. 7. — Tetropium abieiis: Ventral mouthparts. Note the short gula.

Fig. 8. — Asemum nitidum: Ventral view of head. Note the long gula.

Fig. 9. — Elaphidion mucrunatum: Epistoma and setae.

Fig. 10. — Elaphidion 10961d: Epistoma and setae.

Fig. 11. — Elaphidion inermc: Epistoma and setae.

Fig. 12. — Elaphidion unicolor: Hypostoma and gula.

Fig. 13. — Romalcum rufulum: Ventral view of head.

Fig. 14. — Chion ductus: Ventral view of head.

PLATE No. VIII.

Chion cinctus

^-^Mef/t/a 2 ^s' fenuipes

168

PLATE IX

MOUTHPARTS OF LARVAE OF CeRAMBYCIXAE

Fig. 1. — Phymatodes amoenus: Ventral mouth parts.
Fig. 2. — Cyrtophorus verrucosus: Ventral mouthparts.
Fig. 3. — Curius dentatus: Ventral view of head.
Fig. 4.- — Mulorchus bimaculatus: Ventral view of head.
Fig. 5. — Callichroma plicatum: Ventral view of head.
Fig. 6. — Haplidus tcslaccus: Ventral view of head.
Fig. 7. — Tylonolus bimaculatus: Dorsal view of head.
Fig. 8. — Callichroma plicatum: Dorsal view of head.

PLATE No. IX.

inpalp

Tamomus

Cj/rrerrucows

Curius den fa f us

Cal/ichroma

Mo/orcfius b/macuMus

Jfap/idus

TL/lonotus

Cailicliroma

170

Plate X

Mouth-frame of Larvae of Cerambycinae

[View from in front, showing the position of ocellus with relation to the antennae, the shouldered or
tapering gena, and the setae.]

Fig. 1. — Metaleptus batesi.
Fig. 2. — Romaleum atomarium.
Fig. 3. — Elaphidion tenue.
Fig. 4. — Cyrtophorus verrucosus.
Fig. 5. — Callidium antennatuin .
Fig. 6. — Elaphidion mucronalum .
Fig. 7. — Gonocallus collaris.
Fig. 8. — Hylotrupcs amethystinus.
Fig. 9. — Neoclytus capraea.
Fig. 10. — Calloidcs nobilis.

PLATE No. X.

172

PLATE XI
Head of Larvae of Lepturinae and of a Disteniine

Fig. 1. — Necydalis cavipennis: Dorsal view of head. Note the prominent, dorsally placed antennae.

Fig. 2. — Necydalis cavipennis: Ventral view of head. Note that the dorsal margins of the epicranium
are not entirely emarginate behind the front, as in figure 4. Note also the large lacinia.

Fig. 3. — Rhagium lineatum: Ventral view of head.

Fig. 4. — Rhagium lineatum: Dorsal view of head. Note attachment of inferior retractor muscles of head
and compare with Distenia. Also note that Rhagium has many epistomal setae instead of

the usual number.

Fig. 5. — Cenlrodera decolorata: Ventral view of head, showing wide, prominent gula.

Fig. 6. — Leptura nilcns: Ventral view of head with tentorial structures diagrammatically illustrated;
these extend dorsally to the front of the head.

Fig. 7. — Distenia undata: Ventral view of head to show the structure. Note thai the skin of the prothorax
extends over the entire ventral surface of the head and is attached to the base of the sub-
mentum. The gula and hypostoma are not developed and the ventral bridge of the head
capsule consists of the expanded tentorial bridge.

Fig. 8—Anthophilax sp. 9790/: Dorsal view of head to show division of front.

PLATE No. XI.

Jj.nitens

Ant7wp7ii7a%,'
9790I

174

Plate XII

Head of Larvae of Cerambycidae

Fig. l.—Ecyrus dasycerus: Ventral view of head.

Fig. 2. — Telraopes letraopthalmus: Ventral view of head.

Fig. 3. — Oncideres pulator: Dorsal view of head.

Fig. 4. — Decles spinosus: Ventral view of head.

Fig. 5. — Goes pulverulentus: Ventral view of head.

Fig. 6. — Goes pulverulentus: Dorsal view of head.

Fig. 7. — Nyssodrys haldemani: Dorsal view of head.

Fig. 8. — Michthysoma heterodoxum: Ventral mouthparts and hypostoma.

Fig. 9. — Cyrtinus pygmaeus: Dorsal view of head.

Fig. 10. — Homaesthcsis emarginalus: Labruni.

Fig. 11. — Homacsthesis emarginalus: Ventral mouthparts.

Fig. 12. — Homaeslhesis emarginalus: Dorsal view of head.

PLATE No. XII.

176

Plate XIII

Head of Larvae of Lamiixae

Fig. 1. — Psenocerus supernolatus: Ventral view of head.
Fig. 2. — Oberea ruficollis: Ventral view of head.
Fig. 3. — Oncideres cingulata: Dorsal view of head.
Fig. 4. — Acanthocinus spectahilis: Ventral view of head.
Fig. 5. — Monochamus sculellaius: Ventral view of head.
Fig. 6. — Eupogonius tomentosus: Ventral view of head.
Fig. 7. — Hippopsis lemiscata: Ventral view of head.
Fig. 8. — Acanthodcres d(cipiens: Ventral view of head.
Fig. 9. — Synaphoeta guexi: Dorsal view of head.

PLATE No. XIII.

178

PLATE XIV

Labrum of Larvae of Lepturixae

[Comparative study principally designed to illustrate characters where species are otherwise quite
similar. The line designating the clypeus in living specimens normally appears slightly further forward
over the labrum.]

Fig. 1. — Strangalia luteicornis.

Fig. 2. — Strangalia bicolor.

Fig. 3. — Leptura chrysocoma.

Fig. 4. — Typocerus velutinus.

Fig. 5. — Typocerus lunatus.

Fig. 7 — Leptura americana.

Fig. 8. — Centrodera decolorata.

Fig. 9. — Leptura subhamata.

PLATE No. XIV.

1 S.luteicorms

S. ~bicoZor>

4< Typ.ireZwtinios

8 C.decoZorcttcL

57951—121

g 2j. $xjtfo?i<&nia&L

7 Xj.arnericarvco

5 7$//?. lunatics

Zj. cJhT^T/^OCOTrbOy

180

PLATE XV

Abdominal Structures of Larvae of Cerambycinae

Fig. 1. — Rhopalophora longipes: Lateral view of abdominal segment, showing large pleural disc.

Fig. 2. — Cyllene pictus: Showing pleural disc obscured by tubercle.

Fig. 3. — Romaleum rufulum: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 4. — Elaphidion mucronatum: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 5. — Elaphidion alienum: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 6. — Xylotrechus insignis: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 7. — Xylotrechus aceris: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 8. — Stenosphenus notatus: Pleural disc.

Fig. 9. — Elaphidion subpubesccns: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 10. — Elaphidion subpubesccns: Last ventral ampullae.

Fig. 11. — Callidium aereum: Pleural disc.

Fig. 12. — Rhopalophora longipes: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 13. — Tylonotus bimaculatus: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 14. — Elaphidion subpubesccns: Middle ventral ampullae.

Fig. 15. — Merium protcus: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 16. — Curius dentatus: Ventral view of fifth abdominal segment.

Fig. 17. — Hylotrupcs amethysiinus: Dorsal ampullae.

PLATE No. XV.

ij

///

\[^:^

firufu/u/n

A

&&

n

2 Cp fetus

*4& y/ o-«i^r

I

f 11

"X

"■}•■>,

M 5 Ea/ienu/'i 6 **w/ar

10 Esubpubescens

9 Esubpubescens

11 Caereum

13 : Tylonott/sb.

15 Mproteus

^^^.suJpubescem

Curt us d

JlametAj/Jtinus

182

PLATE XVI
Dorsal Ampullae of Larvae of Lamhnae

Fig. 1. — Leplurges symmetricus.

Fig. 2. — Dorcaschema wildii.

Fig. 3. — Dectes spinosus.

Fig. 4. — Psenocerus supernotatus.

Fig. 5. — Acanlhoderes decipiens.

Fig. 6. — Graphisurus fasciatus.

Fig. 7. — Eupogonius tomentosus.

Fig. 8. — Mecas per grata.

Fig. 9. — Saperda lateralis.

Fig. 10. — Adctus subelliplicus.

Fig. 11. — Tctraopes ietraophthalmus.

Fig. 12. — Goes tigrinus.

Fig. 13. — Ataxia crypta.

Fig. 14. — Oberea bimaculata.

Fig. 15. — Oberea bimaculata: From side.

Fig. 16. — Synaphoeta guexi.

Fig. 17. — Leplostylus macula.

PLATE No. XVI.

X

D. zitil&ih
/? 4 \

f QQQQQ QOQQX \

jRsupe7mota£l£s

O. di/r^zou fates At. crypto,

l\^%^;,, v:;; J'" • ■'; '^0 ■■ £ symrnetricws

jS. Lateralis

Dectes

r y -^[.decipie

ens

10

A.cO. subelliptiacs

Jj.rnacuslcb

Hup. foment osucs
12 _„„Jk

2Z7 £e£7^c&cp?.

G.ticfvz/ri/US

184

PLATE XVII

Abdominal Structures of Larvae of Lepturinae

Fig. 1.- — Leptura rubrica: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 2. — Ulochaetes leoninus: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 3. — Leptura nigrella: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 4. — Bellamira scalaris: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 5. — Leplura nitens: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 6. — Gaurotes cyanipcnnis: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 7. — Rhagium lineatum: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 8. — Leptura emarginala: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 9. — Leptura sphacricollis: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 10. — Leplura oblilcrata: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 11. — Desmoccnis palliatus: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 12. — Leplura riitata: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 13. — Ulochaetes leoninus: Abdominal spiracle, showing carinate posterior border.

Fig. 14. — Lagochirus araneiformis: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 15. — Michthysoma heterodoxum: Dorsal ampullae.

FlG. 16. — Plectura spinicauda: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 17. — Hippopsis lemnisca&a: Dorsal ampullae.

Fig. 18. — Hippopsis /< mniscata: Dorsal ampullae from side.

Fig. 1!). — Pogonocherus mixtus: Dorsal ampullae.

PLATE No. XVII.

JJ.-pcvZZtoctiLS

Zj ayoc7iir*tos a.

,. G.czf<xrviperiT^zs

L. riibrz'czr.

17

SL. &p?iooeT3zco7Zis

-Z". ^ 7 iter at go

16

./? s pint cauda

18

If.ZemnzseatcL

V.leoninus

2$

M.TzeterocLo'xiUTri

i. ernctr^zriatco

/•f Moooooloooooo^

186

PLATE XVIII

Thorax of Larvae of Cerambycinae

Fig. 1. — Obrium rujulum: Prothorax and mesothorax from below.

Fig. 2. — Tylonotus bimaculatus: Prothorax and mesothorax from below.

Fig. 3. — Elaphidion subpubescens: Prothorax and mesothorax from below.

Fig. 4. — Helerachthes quadrimaculalus: Prothorax and mesothorax from below,

Fig. 5. — Xylolrechus colonus: Prothorax and mesothorax from below.

Fig. 6. — Cyllene pictus: Prothorax and mesothorax from below.

Fig. 7. — Smodicum cucujiforme: Prosternum and mesosternum.

Fig. 8. — Hylolrupes amethystinus: Prosternum and mesosternum.

Fig. 9. — Romaleum rujulum: Dorsal view of pupa.

Fig. 10. — Euderces picipes: Prosternum and mesosternum.

Fig. 11. — Malcopterus lineatus: Prosternum.

Fig. 12. — Phymatodes variabilis: Protergum.

PLATE No. XVIII.

188

PLATE XIX

Thorax of Larvae of Cerambycinae

Fig. 1. — Hylolrupes amethijstinus: Protergum. Note the degree of granulation and the striations;
also the median suture.

Fig. 2. — Euderces picipes: Protergum.

Fig. 3. — Malcopterus lineatus: Dorsal view of prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax.

Fig. 4. — Microclytus gazellula: Protergum.

Fig. 5. — Obriurn rufulum: Protergum.

Fig. 6. — Cyrtophorus verrucosus: Protergum.

Fig. 7. — Neoclytus cordifer: Prosternal regions.

Fig. 8. — Curius dentatus: Prothorax, ventral view.

Fig. 9. — Callidium aereum: Protergum.

Fig. 10. — Phymatodcs amoenus: Protergum.

Fig. 11. — Clytanthus.ruricola: Protergum.

Fig. 12. — Merium protcus: Protergum.

Fig. 13. — Romaleum rufulum: Prosternum.

PLATE No. XIX.

M)^vuvrd<- < is'-

#1 s

IBfWBM

Ncordifer

2 ' flameWj/stinus

2- "* Euderves p. g Cur/us d.

3\M /ineatus /

■ SOMummfii/um "4- Mcffi&tia \g. sQ^ verrucosus

?n,$.

ICa/t.aereum

-& Qy.rurico/a

izMeriam fit

12Rrufulum

190

PLATE XX

Thorax of Larvae of Cerambycinae

Fig. 1. — Curius dentatus: Protergum.

Fig. 2. — Oeme rigida: Dorsal view of prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax.

Fig. 3. — Cyllene pictus: Protergum, mesotergum, and metatergum.

Fig. 4. — Oeme rigida: Prosternum.

Fig. b.—Xylotrechus colonus: Protergum.

Fig. 6. — Romalmm rufulum: Protergum, mesotergum and metatergum. Compare the sutures of
the metathorax with those of Cyllene (Fig. 3).

PLATE No. XX.

192

PLATE XXI

Thorax of Larvae of Cerambycinae

Fig. 1. — Rhopalophora longipes: Protergum.

Fig. 2. — Callimoxys fuscipennis: Protergum.

Fig. 3. — Elaphidion villosum: Protergum.

Fig. 4. — Tylonotus bimaculatus: Protergum.

Fig. 5. — Elaphidion subpubescens: Protergum, mesotergum, and metatcrgum.

Fig. 6. — Stenosphenus nolatus: Protergum.

Fig. 7. — Eburia quadrigeminata: Protregum.

Fig. 8.— Elaphidion alienum: Protregum.

PLATE No. XXI.

2 Cauimojg/sj?

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57951—13

194

PLATE XXII

Thorax and Legs of Larvae of Lepturixae

Figs. 1-3. — Comparison of mesonotum and metanotum in different species of lepturine larvae. The
illustrations show also the first abdominal ampullae.

Fig. 1. — Leptura proximo,.

Fig. 2. — Typocervs velutinus.

Fig. 3. — Leptura canadensis.

Fig. 4. — Leptura rubrica: Comparison of prosternum. Note the difference in pubescence on the custernum.

Fig. 5. — Bellamira scalaris.

Fig. 6. — Anthophilax attenuatns: Comparison of slender and robust legs. Note especially the difference in
the tarsus.

Fig. 7. — Bellamira scalaris.

Fig. 8.— Necydalis cavipennis: Pronotum, showing rugose texture

Fig. 9. — Necydalis cavipennis: Prosternum, showing triangular, finely pubescent eusternum and roxae
nearly meeting at middle.

Fig. 10. — Necydalis cavipennis: Dorsal ampullae of third abdominal segment, showing irregularly dis-
posed tubercles.

Fig. 11. — Rhagium lineatum: Prosternum. Note the large, roundly trapezoidal eusternum.

Fig. 12. — Rhagium lineatum: Mesosternum.

Fig. 13.— Rhagium lineatum: Metasternum. Note thai these segments are not tuberculate, as they are

in nearly all other lepturine larvae.

Fig. 14. — Centrodcra decolorata: Caudal spines or cerci.
Fig. 15. — Pachyta monticola: Caudal spines or cerci.
Fig. 16. — Anthophilax sp.: Caudal spines or cerci.
Fig. 17. — Anthophilax attenuatns: Caudal spines or cerci.

PLATE No. XXII.

B.<sccc.-la-r'i3

^A.cctterzztcttui

57951—131

196

PLATE XXIII

Thorax of Larvae of C'era.mbycidae

Fig. 1. — Ataxia crypta: Pronotum.

Fig. 2. — Ataxia crypta: Prosternum.

Fig. 3. — Acanthoderes decipiens: Prosternum.

Fig. 4. — Acanthoderes decipiens: Pronotum.

Fig. 5. — Atimia dorsalis: Protcrgum, showing pronotum, posteriorly velvety pubeseent, and the large
irregular glabrous area.

Fig. 6. — Criocephalus productux: Protergum, showing pronotum, posteriorly finely asperate, and glabrous

spots.

Fig. 7. — Ptychodcs trilineatus: Pronotum.
Fig. 8. — Monochamus scutellatus: Pronotum.
Fig. 9. — Saperda hornii: Prosternum.
Fig. 10. — Saperda concolor: Prosternum.

Fig. 11. — Ulochaetes leoninus: Showing asperities of protergum and well impressed lateral sutures limiting

the pronotum.

PLATE No. XXIII.

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198

PLATE XXIV

Prothorax of Larvae of Lamiinae

Fig. 1. — Cyrtinus pygmaeus: Pronotum.

Fig. 2. — Plectrum spinicauda: Pronotum.

Fig. 3. — Oberea ruficollis: Presternum.

Fig. 4. — Ecyrus dasyccrus: Prosternum.

Fig. 5. — Adetus subellipticus: Prosternum.

Fig. 6. — Liopus variegotus: Pronotum.

Fig. 7. — Oberea ruficollis: Pronotum.

Fig. 8. — Psenocerus supcrnotatus: Pronotum.

Fig. 9. — Dorcaschema wildii: Pronotum.

Fig. 10. — Michthy&oma heterodoxum: Pronotum.

Fig. 11. — Goes tigrinus: Prosternum.

Fig. 12. — Goes tigrinus: Protergum.

Fig. 13. — Hippopsis lemniscata: Prosternum, mesosternum, amd metasternum.

Fig. 14. — Eupogonius tomentosus: Pronotum.

Fig. 15. — ASaperda Candida: Prosternum.

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PLATE No. XXIV.

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200

PLATE XXV

Larvae and Pupa of Abemixae

Fig. 1. — Asemum moestum: Lateral view of larva, showing lateral folds of the body.

Fig. 2. — Asemum moestum: Dorsal view of larva, showing velured pronotum and futures of terga.

Fig. 3. — Atimia dorsalis: Dorsal view of larva.

Fig. 4. — Atimia dorsalis: Latero-dorsal view of larva to sho"\v bilobed ampullae.

Fig. .5. — Criocephalus productus: Dorsal view of pupa.

PLATE NO. XXV.

(mm*

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202

PLATE XXVI
Larvae of Cerambtcinae

Fig. 1. — Cyllene pictus: Dorsal view of larva.

Fig. 2. — Cyllene pictus: Lateral view of larva. Note that the pro.sternellar fold in front of the spiracle
passes beyond it.

Fig. 3. — Dysphaga tenuipes: Dorsal view of pupa.

Fig. 4. — Parandra brunnea: Dorsal view of head and thorax of larva, to show chitinous asperities.

Fig. 5. — Hylotrupes licjneus: Lateral view of larva. Note that the prosternelar fold is broadly fused
at the extremity.

Fig. 6. — Elaphidion subpubescens: Lateral view of larva.

PLATE NO. XXVI

204

PLATE XXVII

Larvae of Lepturinae

Fig. 1. — Leptura obliterata: Dorsal aspect of larva, showing tubercles of ampullae, and pigmentation on-
anterior area of protergum so characteristic of lepturine larvae.

Fig. 2. — Encyclops cacruleus: Lateral aspect of larva, to show the prominent, projecting, bilobed ampullae.

Fig. 3. — Tragidion armatum: Dorsal view of thorax and abdomen, to show the prominent protergal
plates.

Fig. 4. — Curius dentatus: Ventral view of larva.

PLATE NO. XXVII.

206

PLATE XXVIII
Larvae of Cerambycidae

Fig. 1. — Goes tigrinus: Lateral view of larva.

Fig. 2. — Leptura canadensis: Latero-ventral aspect of larva, showing general form, tubercles of ventral
ampullae, and protuberant epipleurum.

Fig. 3. — Eburia quadrigeminata: Dorsal view of larva.

Fig. 4. — Acanthophilax attenuates: Lateral aspect of larva. Note that the tubercle on the epipleurum
is well indicated, as also the caudal spines.

Fig. 5. — Chion cinctus: Lateral view of larva.

PLATE NO XXVIII.

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208

PLATE XXIX

Larvae of Cerambycidae

Fig. 1 .—Physocnemum hndrea: Lateral view of larva.

Fig. 2. — Ulochaetcs Iconinus: Dorsal aspect of larva. Note the texture of the pronotum and the two
lateral impressed lines on the ampullae. The form is abnormally compressed on the left side.

Fig. 3. — Rhagium linealum: Dorsal view of larva, to show depressed form.

Fig. 4. — Saperda calcarala: Lateral view of larva.

Fig. 5. — Monilema sp.: Dorso-lateral view of larva — a robust type.

PLATE NO. XXIX.

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57951—14

210

PLATE XXX

Larvae and Pupa of Cerambtcidae

Fig. 1. — Distenia undata: Dorsal view of larva.

Fig. 2. — Distenia undata: Lateral view of larva.

Fig. 3. — Saperda calcarata: Lateral view of pupa.

Fig. i.—StrangaUa lutdcornis: Lateral aspect of larva, to show general form.

Fig. 5. — Obriiun rufulur»: Lateral view of Larva, showing projecting ampullae

PLATE NO. XXX.

57951—141

212

PLATE XXXI

Larvae of Lamiixae and Pupa of Lepturixae

Fig. 1. — Hippopsis Icmniscala: Lateral view of larva.
Fig. 2. — Ecyrus dasyccrus: Lateral view of larva.
Fig. 3. — Leptostylus macula: Dorsal view of larva.
Fig. 4. — Ataxia crypta: Lateral view of larva.
Fig. 5. — Oncideres cingulata: Lateral view of larva.
Fig. 6. — Bellamira scalaris: Lateral aspecl of pupa.
Fig. 7. — Lcptura nitcns: Dorsal aspecl of pupa.
Fig. 8. — Desmocerus palliatus: Dorsal aspect of pupa.
Fig. 9. — Rhagium lineatum: Ventral aspect of pupa.

PLATE NO. XXXI

5.

2.

&

3

^1

7.

214

PLATE XXXII

Larvae and Pupae of Lamiixae

Fig. 1. — Tdraopcs telraophthalmus: Lateral view of larva. Xote the hairy body
Fig. 2. — Oncidcres cingulata: Lateral view of pupa.
Fig. 3. — Graphisurus fasciatus: Dorsal view of pupa.
Fig. 4. — Oberea ruficollis: Latero-dorsal view of larva.

PLATE NO. XXXII.

216

PLATE XXXIII

Work of Cerambycidae

Fig. 1. — Goes tigrinus: Larval mines in living Quercus alba. Note the open type of mine.

Fig. 2. — Mecas pergrata: Larval mines in stem of Aster.

Fig. 3. — Phymatodes varius: Larval mines beneath bark of Quercus alba.

PI ATE No. XXXIII.

218

PLATE XXXIV

Work of Hylotrupes
Larval mines of Hylotrupes amethystinus under bark of Libocedrus.

PLATE No. XXXIV.

220

PLATE XXXV

Work of Neoclytus

Larval mines of Neoclytus capraea in wood of Fraxinns. These mines are typical of those made
by the true wood-borers, being lightly parked with frass.

PLATE No. XXXV.

222

PLATE XXXVI

EGGS and Prepipal Larva of ( 'ehambycidae

Fig. 1. — Prionus laticollis: Group of eggs inserted about 1 inch Into the ground.
Fig. 2. — Prionus calif ornicus: Prepupal larva in earthen cell which it has constructed.
Fig. 3. — Sapsrda calcarata: View of ego; scar from beneath, showing eggs.
Fig. 4i.—Saperda calcarata: Egg s 'ar on bark of Populus.

PLATE No. XXXVI.

224

PLATE XXXVII
Work of Leptira
Larval mines of Leptura nitens in bark of Castanea.

PLATE No. XXXVII.

57951—15

226

PLATE XXXVIII

Work of Monochamus

Larval mines of Monochamus maculosus under bark of Pinus. Xote several plugs of frass where
the larvae entered the wood, and fibrous frass.

PLATE No. XXXVIII.

57951—151

228

PLATE XXXIX

Work of Cerambycidae

Fig. 1. — Romaleum rufulum: Larval mines in living Quercus.

Fig. 2. — Oberea ocellata: Branch of sumac girdled by adult when ovipositing.

Fig. 3. — Oberea ocellata: Enlargement of girdle, showing more shallow ring beneath point
where egg is placed.

PLATE No. XXXIX.

230

PLATE XL

Work of Cerambycid Larvae

Fig. 1. — Xylotrechus quadrimaculatus: Branch of Fagus cut by larvae.

Fig. 2. — Xylotrechus quadrimaculatus: Branch of Fagus cut by larvae.

Fig. 3. — Goes tigrinus: Frass exuded from larval mine, showing fibrous type.

Fig. 4. — Romalcum rufulum: Frass exuded from larval mine, showing granular type.

Fig. 5. — Prionoxystus robiniac: Frass exuded from larval mine, showing pellet type, for comparison with
that of cerambycid borers. In the case of this and other lepidopterous borers the frass is
of this type, thus being readily distinguished from that of all coleopterous borers, so far as
known.

Figs. 6 and 7. — Larval mines of Paratimia conicola in cones of Pinus attcnuatus.

PLATE No. XL.

232

PLATE XLI
Cerambycid Galls

Galls of Saperda concolor on twigs oi^Populus.

PLATE No. XLI.

234

PLATE XLII

Pupal Cells and Work of Cerambycid Larvae

Fig. 1. — Molorchus bimaculotus: Simple type of pupal cell in sapwood of Cercis. Note the plug of frass in
the cell, and that the adult must gnaw only through the bark to escape.

Fig. 2. — Cyrtinus pygmaeus: Simple type of pupal cell under bark in Quercus — merely the wood surface

scarred.
Fig. 3. — Elaphidion subpubescens: Peculiar series of holes in girdled branch of Quercus for exudation of

frass. Note type of cut where twig is girdled.

Fig. 4. — Elaphidion subpubescens: Pupal cell in Castanea dentata made by two wads of frass.
Fig. 5. — Elaphidion sp. (9901q): Type of cut made by this girdler on twigs of Thurberia.

Fig. 6. — Rhagium lineatum: A more elaborate type of pupal cell made of fibrous frass beneath the bark of

Pinus.
Fig. 7. — Arhopalus fulminans: Angular type of pupal cell in Castanea dentata. The pupal cell is open to

the exterior except for the wad of frass.

Fig. 8. — Oeme rigida: Pupal cell in Juniperus. This is a rather elaborate type, rarely seen in the ceram-
bycids.

Fig. 9. — Hylotrupes ligneus: Simple type of pupal cell in sapwood of Juniperus. Note wad of granular
frass projecting from the surface of the sapwood. Compare with figure 1.

236

PLATE XLIII

Diagrammatic Figures to Illustrate Pupal Cells of Cerambycidae

Fig. 1. — Monochamus scutellatus: Pupal cell in Pinus. Note the plugged entrance into the wood, the
curved type of cell, and the fact that the adult will gnaw through the wood to escape.

Fig. 2. — Romaleum rufulum: Pupal cell in Quercus. Note that the plug is below the pupa and that the
larva has opened an exit hole to the bark.

Fig. 3. — Goes tigrinus: Pupal cell in Quercus alba, showing the plug behind the larva. The adult must
gnaw through the wood to escape.

PLATE No. XLIIT.

238

PLATE XLIV

Feeding by Adults of Cerambycidae

Fig. 1. — Saperda discoides: Feeding of adult on hickory leaves.

Fig. 2. — Goes pulverulenta: Feeding of adult on twigs of ironwood.

Fig. 3. — Romaleum sp.: Pupal cells and healed scars from old pupal cells on white oak. These scars
are very common on large mature oaks.

PLATE No. XLIV,

mm^^M

-v, ■'■mm. %>---,..

WSfLWWLKiAoas

3 9073 00235287 2

OTTAWA
F. A. ACLAND

PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY
1923