V4 a

A

Vel

<a

VoLUME 18 ParT I

NORTH AMERICAN FLORA

(POALES)

CYPERACEAE
CYPEREAE (pars)

KENNETH KENT MACKENZIE

PUBLISHED BY

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

DECEMBER 5, 1931

Family 2, CYPERACEAE
By KENNETH KENT MACKENZIE

Perennial or annual grass-like or rush-like herbs, often monoecious, very
infrequently dioecious. Roots fibrous, the rootstock when present from very
short to elongate. Stolons frequently strongly developed. Culms usually
solid or nearly so, sometimes hollow, usually triangular but occasionally terete
or flattened, rarely quadrangular. Culms annual, making growth in one year,
or frequently biennial, making growth in two years and bearing the dried-up
leaves of the first year at the base. Sterile shoots very often developed, sim-
ilar to the fertile culms or more frequently with larger leaves. Culm-leaves
(when present) three-ranked, rarely two-ranked, sheathing the culm, the
sheaths almost invariably closed, very rarely absent, more or less strongly
hyaline opposite the blade, the ligule at the base of the blade (concealed by the
culm) usually scarious, very rarely wanting. Leaf-blades usually long and
narrow, occasionally wanting or much reduced; with well-developed midvein
(very rarely wanting) and often with the mid-lateral veins well developed.
Flowers perfect or imperfect, in spikes, each flower (or rarely two or more
together) in the axil of a scale, the spikes one to very many, often in clusters
or more or less strongly compound or decompound umbels, sessile or peduncled,
and usually with more or less strongly developed bracts at base, usually several-
to many-flowered, infrequently but one-flowered. Scales imbricate, spirally
arranged in several to many rows, or sometimes two-ranked, usually long per-
sistent, infrequently early deciduous. Perianth wanting or with hypogynous
bristles or scales in its place; in some genera the pistillate or rarely both
flowers within a closed or partly closed sac-like scale called the perigynium,
sometimes open to the base on one side. Stamens usually three, rarely two
or one or more (four, six, eight, or twelve). Filaments long, sometimes very
long, usually long persistent. Anthers two-celled, usually linear, often
acute or strongly mucronate, emarginate at base and there affixed to the
filament. Ovary one-celled with a single erect anatropous ovule, the styles
one, two, or three, the stigmas two or three or very rarely more. Style articu-
lated to the ovary or sometimes continuous with it. Achenes lenticular or
plano-convex (in species with two stigmas) or triangular (in species with three
stigmas). Fruit an achene. Embryo minute at the base of the somewhat
mealy endosperm.

Achene enclosed in a sac-like organ, called the perigynium, this some-

times partly or wholly split on one side. Flowers unisexual.

Achene not on a hard disk. Tribe 1. CaRICEAR.
Achene not enclosed in a sac-like organ. Flowers not unisexual

(except in Sclerieae, in which the bony achene is supported on a

hardened disk).

Spikes all of one sort, the flowers all perfect, or rarely the stamens
or pistils abortive in some. Achene not borne on a hardened
disk.
Scales not two-ranked, spirally imbricate in several to many rows.
Spikes usually many-flowered, the flowers perfect or mainly
so, with none or but one (rarely more) of the lower scales
empty. Tribe 2, SciRPEAE.

[VotumE 18, Part 1, 1931] 1

2 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

Spikes usually with but one or two flowers, two to many of the : is

lower scales being empty. Tribe 3. RyNCHOSPOREAE.
Scales strictly two-ranked. ‘Tribe 4. CyPEREAE.
Spikes unisexual. Achene borne on a hardened disk. Tribe 5. SCLERIEAE.

Tribe 1. CARICEAE

By KENNETH KENT MACKENZIE

Elyneae Nees, Linnaea 9: 304. 1834.

Cariceae Nees, Linnaea 9: 305. 1834.—Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 746. 1837 —Bock. Linnaea 39: 1.
1875.—Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. 3: 1039. 1883.—Pax, in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 27: 121. 1887.—
Rob. & Fern. Man. 172. 1908.

Caricineae Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 368. 1837.

Caricinae Steud. Syn. Cyp. 182. 1855.

Caricoideae Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 1. 1909.

Perennial herbs, densely cespitose or with rootstocks more or less strongly prolonged.
Culms triangular or rarely terete, solid or sometimes hollow, usually not nodulose but some-
times so, leafy at base or to beyond the middle, rarely nearly leafless. Leaves three-ranked,
grass-like, sessile, keeled below, the blade with its margins and keel generally rough or serru-
late towards apex, the sheath closed or very rarely absent. Flowers staminate or pistillate,
monoecious or rarely dioecious, in the axils of glume-like scales, forming one to very many
spikes, the spikes sessile or peduncled, often forming a compound or decompound inflorescence.
Pistillate flowers surrounded by a scale-like organ called the perigynium, closed to the top or
split down one side partly or to the base, the staminate flowers generally not surrounded by the
perigynium, but in some groups the achene and a staminate flower or flowers surrounded by a
common perigynium. Perianth none. Stamens three, very rarely two. Filaments free, or
very rarely connate at base, very slender or very rarely dilated. Anthers linear, basifixed.
Staminate scales with margins free or very rarely somewhat connate at base. Ovary one-
celled (but formed from two or three carpels). Style one, but branched above and with two or
three elongate stigmas. Fruit indehiscent, either compressed-lenticular or triangular. Seed
solitary, erect, with copious endosperm. Embryo small, obtusely obconic, situate in the en-
dosperm and borne near its middle and near the base.

Perigynium split on one side either part way down or to the base, enclosing an
achene and sometimes also a staminate flower or flowers. 1. KosrgsIa.
Perigynium completely closed, enclosing an achene only, never a staminate
flower, although sometimes a rachilla.
Rachilla long-exserted and conspicuous, hooked at the end; spike solitary. 2. UNcINIA.
Rachilla usually absent, or included (save in one species), rudimentary and
inconspicuous, never hooked at the end; spikes one to very many.
Developed leaves one to a culm, without midvein, sheath, or ligule;

spike solitary, its scales milk-white. 3. CYMOPHYLLUS.
Developed leaves several to many to a culm, with strongly developed
midvein, sheath, and ligule; scales in our species never milk-white. 4. CAREX.

1. KOBRESIA Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 205. 1805.

Froelichia Wulfen (Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 205, as synonym. 1805), Fl. Norica Phan. 729. 1858. (Type
species, Froelichia caricoides Wulfen [Kobresia Bellardi (All.) Degland].)

Elyna Schrad. Fl. Germ. 1: 155. 1806. (Type species, Elyna spicata Schreb. [Kobresia Bellardi
(All.) Degland].)

Trilepis Nees, Edinb. New Phil. Jour. 17: 267. 1834. (Type species, Trilepis Royleana Nees
(Kobresia Royleana Nees].)

Triticoides (‘‘ Friticoides’’) Griff. Itin. Notes 140. 1848. (A mere name without description, said by
ee = i eamea in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 698, to apply to Kobresia uncinoides (Boott) C. B.

arke.

Kobria St.-Lag. Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 8: 175. 1880. (A reformation of the name Kobresia, on the
ground that Kobres should Latinize to Kobrius.)

Hemicarex Benth. Jour. Linn. Soc. 18: 367. 1881. (Type species, Carex linearis Boott [Kobresia
alr edirie aad Kiikenth.], the only species a figure of which is cited in Benth. & Hook. Gen.

Grass-like perennial sedges, the culms densely cespitose (in one Asiatic species slenderly
stoloniferous). Culms obtusely triangular, smooth, strict, solid, either (1) leafy at the base
and then densely clothed at base with the old dried-up leaves of the previous year; or (2) leafy

[VoLuME 18, Part 1, 1931] 3

4 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumME 18

up to the middle and then surrounded at base by blade-bearing sheaths. Leaf-blades narrow,
often convolute. Flowers unisexual, monoecious or sometimes dioecious, arranged in spikes,
the spikes solitary or forming a compound or sometimes somewhat paniculate head. Terminal
few to several flowers in monoecious species usually staminate, the lateral or rarely all androgy-
nous, either (1) with one pistillate basal flower and with one to six staminate flowers on a very
short scarcely conspicuous secondary rachilla, or (2) reduced to one pistillate flower and an
included or rarely exserted setiform rudimentary rachilla or sometimes even without a ra-
chilla. Staminate flowers borne in the axils of more or less concave scales, with three stamens,
the filaments filiform, the anthers linear. Pistillate flowers and accompanying staminate
flowers surrounded by a membranaceous perigynium, the margins either free to the base or
more or less united but always partly open. Achenes triangular or rarely lenticular, included
or slightly exserted, jointed with the slender, generally long-persistent style; base of style slend-
er or conic; stigmas three or rarely two, slender, exserted.

A genus of which about thirty species are known, all being confined to the higher moun-
tains of western, central, and eastern Asia (especially the Himalayas) except those enumerated
herein. Species have been referred to Carex L. by many authors; Schoenus 1. by Smith, Engl.
Bot. pl. 1410 (1805); Scirpus 1. by Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 15 (1812); and Uncinia Pers. by Nees, in
Wight, Contr. Bot. Ind. 129 (1834). The name is frequently spelled Cobresia.

Type species, Kobresia scirpina Willd. [Kobresia Bellardi (All.) Degland].

Spikes solitary; lower leaves of previous year’s growth mostly reduced to
bladeless sheaths at flowering time.
Spike 2-3 mm. wide; scales small, 2-3 mm. long, shining; perigynia 3—3.5
mm. long; achenes 2.5—2.75 mm. long, very nearly beakless; culms
slender, mostly exceeding the leaves. 1. K. Bellardi.
Spike 4-5 mm. wide; scales much larger, 4-5 mm. long, dull; perigynia 5.5
mm. long; achenes 3.5 mm. long, conspicuously short-beaked; culms
stoutish, exceeded by the leaves. 2. K. macrocar pa.
Spikes several to many; lower leaves of previous year’s growth with con-
spicuous dried blades at flowering time; scales small; culms slender;
achenes 3 mm. long, somewhat abruptly short-apiculate. 3. K. simpliciuscula.

1. Kobresia Bellardi (All.) Degland, in Loisel. Fl. Gall.
626. 1807.

Carex Bellardi All. Fl. Ped. 2: 264. pl. 92, f.2. 1785. (Type from northern Italy.)

Carex myosuroides Vill. Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2: 194. pl. 6. 1787. (Type from southeastern France.)

Carex dioica var. B Lam. Encyc. 3: 378, in part. 1791. (Merely a questioned reference of
Carex myosuroides Vill.)

Carex hermaphrodita J. F. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2:139. 1791. (Based on C. myosuroides Vill.)

Kobresia scirpina Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 205. 1805. (‘‘Habitat in summis alpibus Sabaudiae, Tyrolis,
Carinthiae, Styriae et Delphinatus.’’)

Froelichia caricoides Wulfen (Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 205, assynonym. 1805), Fl. Norica Phan. 729. 1858.
(Based on Carex Bellardi All.)

Elyna spicata Schrad. Fl. Germ. 1: 155. 1806. (Type from central Europe.)

Scirpus Bellardi Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 15. 1812. (Based on Carex Bellardi All.)

Elyna Bellardi Hartm. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1814: 107. 1814. (Based on Carex Bellardi All.)

Core. SE oe Br.; Richards. in Frankl. Journey 763. 1823. (Type from 54°-64° northwestern

anada.

Kobresia filiformis Torr.; Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 29:253. pl. Z,f.85. 1836. (Type from Carleton
House, northwestern Canada.)

Carex lucida Dicks.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 292. 1840. (Based on Elyna spicata Schrad.)

Elyna stricta Hoppe; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 551. 1840. (Based on E. spicata Schrad.)

one LAGS Dewey” Steud. Syn. Cyp. 245. 1855. (Based on Kobresia filiformis ‘‘ Dewey”

orr.].
Elyna scirpina Pax, in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 27: 122. 1887. (Based on Kobresia scirpina Willd.)
noes Fiori & Paol. Ic. Fl. Ital. 52. f. 441. 1896. (Based on Carex myosuroides

Cae ne Missb. & Krause, in Sturm, Fl. Deuts. ed. 2.2:63. 1900. (Based on Kobresia scirpina
1 .

Very densely cespitose, in large to small clumps, the rootstocks very short, not at all
creeping, tough, thick, lignescent, the culms 0.5-3.5 dm. high, slender but strict, stiff and wiry,
obtusely triangular, smooth, from about equaling to exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, but the
lowest sheaths bladeless, dull-cinnamon-brown-tinged at base, the persistent dried-up leaves
of the previous year conspicuous, mostly reduced to bladeless sheaths; leaves with well-de-

Part 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE

on

veloped blades 7-15 to a culm, densely clustered on lower fifth or sixth, the blades acicular,
dull-green, 0.2-2 dm. long, 0.25-0.5 mm. wide, erect to strongly curved, long-attenuate,
roughened towards apex, the tips usually dried-up, tapering into the strongly striate, char-
taceous, very conspicuous, smooth, somewhat shining, cinnamon-brown sheaths, sparingly
fibrillose in age, hyaline and reddish-brown-tinged and concave at mouth ventrally, the ligule
little wider than long; spike solitary, bractless, linear, subclavate, 1-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide,
closely flowered above, somewhat loosely at base, the terminal spikelet with several staminate
flowers, the lateral 10-20 appressed, androgynous with one pistillate and one staminate flower,
or rarely with pistillate flower only; scales small, 2-3 mm. long, obtuse or subcuspidate, char-
taceous, closely appressed, brown, shining, with midvein sharply defined below, conspicuously
whitish-hyaline and scarious above, exceeding the perigynia; perigynia oblong-obovoid, 3-3.5
mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, broadly stipitate, light-chestnut-brown, smooth, shining, very
thin and chartaceous, the apex hyaline, entire, closely enveloping the achene, the margins free
to base or very nearly so; achenes shorter than perigynia, oblong-obovoid, 2.5—2.75 mm. long,
1.1 mm. wide, at first greenish, soon brownish and shining, triangular and slightly concave
towards base, with conspicuous, blunt, greenish angles, broadly short-stipitate, very nearly
beakless, jointed with the straight slender style, its base somewhat enlarged; stigmas three,
long, slender, brown; rachilla sometimes present, very slender, greenish, roughish, about
equaling achene.

TYPE LOCALITY (of Carex Bellardi All., on which Kobresia Bellardi is based) : ‘‘ loc. Nascitur in
alpibus di Ussey prope L’Antaret in saxorum rimis Cl. Belardi’’; northern Italy.

DISTRIBUTION: Moist open places in calcareous soil, Greenland to Alaska, and southward in the
western mountains to Colorado and eastern Oregon; also in Europe. (Specimens examined from
Greenland, Ellesmereland, Yukon, Alaska, Alberta, Colorado, eastern Oregon.)

ILLusTRATIONS: Vill. Hist. Pl. Dauph. pl. 6; All. Fl. Ped. pl. 92, f. 2; Am. Jour. Sci. 29: pl. Z,
f. 85; Fl. Dan. pl. 2427; Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 37. f. 8, A, B; Karst. Deuts. Fl. f. 161, 47;
Sv. Bot. pl. 527 (right hand); Lindm. Bild. Nord. Fl. pl. 429, f. B; Garcke, Fl. Deuts. ed. 17. no.
2263; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 425; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 193 (left hand); Britt. & Brown, III.
Fl. f. 668; ed. 2. f. 867; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 676.

2. Kobresia macrocarpa Clokey, sp. nov.

Very densely cespitose, in large to small clumps, not stoloniferous, the rootstocks very
short, not at all creeping, tough, thick, lignescent, the culms 0.3—1 dm. high, stiff, strict, stout-
ish, wiry, obtusely triangular, smooth, exceeded by the leaves, phyllopodic, dull-cinnamon-
brown-tinged at base, the persistent dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous, mostly
reduced to bladeless sheaths; leaves with well-developed blades 7-15 to a culm, densely clus-
tered on lower fifth or sixth, the blades acicular, dull-green, 0.2-1.5 dm. long, 0.25—0.5 mm.
wide, erect to strongly curved, long-attenuate, roughened towards apex, the tips usually
dried-up, tapering into the strongly striate, chartaceous, very conspicuous, smooth, somewhat
shining, cinnamon-brown sheaths, sparingly fibrillose in age, hyaline and somewhat reddish-
brown-tinged and concave at mouth ventrally, the ligule about as long as wide; spike solitary,
bractless, linear-oblong, often somewhat clavate, 1-2 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, closely 8-15-
flowered, the terminal flowers staminate, the lateral pistillate; scales broadly obovate, 4-5
mm. long, obtuse, persistent, closely appressed, rounded on back, dull-brown with midvein
conspicuous below only, not extending to tip, the upper margins conspicuously whitish-
hyaline and scarious, entirely concealing the perigynia; perigynia narrowly oblong-elliptic,
5.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, membranaceous, smooth, shining, whitish below, yellowish-
brown above, finely many-nerved, sessile, tapering at base, hyaline at apex, the margins
united towards lower part; achenes shorter than perigynia, narrowly oblong-obovoid, 3.5 mm.
long, 1 mm. wide, greenish, soon dull-brown, triangular, with sides slightly concave below, the
angles rounded and not conspicuous, broadly short-stipitate, tapering into the short greenish
beak, obscurely jointed with the straight, slender, brownish style; stigmas three, long, slender,
brown, reflexed; rachilla present, slender, whitish, about equaling achene.

Type collected in fairly moist soil among rocks, Pike’s Peak, El Paso County, Colorado, alt. 3590
m., August 30, 1920, Clokey 3651 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.).

DisrrisuTion: Fairly moist, calcareous soil, summits of high peaks, central Colorado. (Speci-
mens examined from central Colorado only.)

6 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

3. Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wahl.) Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey
Club 50: 349. 1923.

Carex simpliciuscula Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 141. 1803. (Type from Westmore-
land, England.)

Schoenus monoicus Smith, Engl. Bot. pl. 1410. 1805. (Type from County of Durham, England.)

Kobresia caricina Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 206. 1805. (‘‘Habitat in Monte Cenisio.’’)

Carex lacustris Balbis; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 266, as synonym. 1805.

Carex hybrida Schkuhr; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 206, as synonym. 1805.

Carex mirabilis Host, Gram. Austr. 4: 44. pl. 78. 1809. (‘‘In alpibus tyrolensibus, carinthiacis.’’)

Elyna Bellardi Hartm. Sy. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1814: 107. 1814. (As to plant described only; not
as to Carex Bellardi All.)

Elyna caricina Mert. & Koch, in Roehling, Deuts. Fl. ed. 3. 1: 458. 1823. (Based on Kobresia
caricina Willd.)

Carex lobata Willd.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 533, assynonym. 1837.

Kobresia bipartita Dalla Torre, Anl. Beob. Alpenpfl. 216. 1882. (As to plant described; not as to
Carex bipartita All.)

Very densely cespitose, in large to small clumps, the rootstocks very short, not at all creep-
ing, tough, thick, lignescent, the culms 0.5—3.5 dm. high, slender but strict, stiff, wiry, obtusely
triangular, smooth, from about equaling to strongly exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, the
persistent dried-up leaves of the previous year bearing conspicuous dried blades, strongly
cinnamon-brown-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades many to a culm, densely
clustered on lower fifth or sixth, the blades acicular, dull-green, 0.2-2 dm. long, 0.25—0.5 mm.
wide, erect to strongly curved, long-attentuate, roughened towards apex, the tips usually
dried-up, tapering or contracted into the strongly striate, chartaceous, very conspicuous,
smooth, shining, deep-cinnamon-brown sheaths, sparingly filbrillose in age, hyaline and red-
dish-brown-tinged and concave at mouth ventrally, the ligule much wider than long; head
compound, 1—3.5 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, the spikes typically approximate and appressed or
the lower rarely somewhat remote and rarely more or less spreading-ascending, the bracts
oblong-ovate or ovate, chestnut-brown with white-hyaline upper margin, several-nerved,
obtuse to cuspidate, chartaceous, closely appressed, shorter than the spikes; spikes 3-10,
linear-oblong, 3-8 mm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, sessile or nearly so, the terminal spikelets
staminate, the lateral androgynous or pistillate and one-flowered; scales small, ovate, obtuse or
slightly cuspidate, chestnut-brown, with upper margins white-hyaline, thin, chartaceous, ap-
pressed, keeled, the keel slightly rough; perigynia narrowly oblong-elliptic, 2.5—-2.75 mm. long,
0.75 mm. wide, substipitate, chestnut-brown, smooth, shining, very thin and chartaceous,
closely enveloping achene, the margins free to base or very nearly so; achenes slightly exceeding
perigynia, narrowly linear-oblong, 3 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, at first pale, at length brownish,
triangular with sides somewhat concave below, broadly short-stipitate, somewhat abruptly
short-apiculate, jointed with the style; stigmas three, long, slender, dark-brown; rachilla
sometimes present, short, very slender.

TYPE LocaLity (of Carex simpliciuscula, on which Kobresia simpliciuscula is based) : ‘‘ Hab. in
Westmorlandia Angliae, unde misit Cl. Turner ad Swartz.’

DISTRIBUTION: Sunny flats and slopes (usually more or less strongly moist), in strongly calcareous
districts, Greenland to Alaska, and southward to western Newfoundland and Quebec and in the
western mountains to Colorado; also in Europe and Asia. (Specimens examined from Greenland,
Ellesmereland, Labrador, Newfoundland, Anticosti, Quebec, Alberta, Colorado, Alaska.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Fl. Dan. pl. 2426; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Rrr, f. 161; Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 37.
f.8, C-E; Karst. Deuts. Fl. f. 161, I- 3; Sv. Bot. pl 527 (left hand); Lindm. Bild. Nord. Fl. pl. 429.
fe 4; Baxter, Brit. Bot. pl. 484; Garcke, Fl. Deuts. ed. 17. no. 2264; Engl. Bot. pl. 1410; ed. 2. pl. 1609;
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 193 (right hand); Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 669; ed. 2. f. 866; Host,
Gram. Austr. 4: pl. 78.

Nore: The original specimen of Carex simpliciuscula Wahl. was identified by Almquist with
Kobresia caricina. (See A. Benn. Jour. Bot. 35: 263; Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 50: 349.)

2. UNCINIA Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 534. 1807.
Fusarina Raf. Good Book 28. 1840. (Type species, Uncinia gracilis Thouars.)
Agistron Raf. Good Book 28. 1840. (Type species, Uncinia phleoides (Cav.) Pers.)

Perennial herbs, the rootstock lignescent, short or sending forth slender stolons. Culms
erect, clothed at base with leafless often early-broken sheaths. Leaf-blades linear, flat or
convolute, rough above. Flowers unisexual, monoecious, arranged in solitary, androgynous,
dense or lax, bracted or bractless spikes, the greater part pistillate, the apical staminate part
short. Scales in few to several rows. Perianth none. Staminate flowers many or at least
several, each in the axil of a more or less concave scale. Stamens three (or in one species two),

Part 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 7

the filaments linear or dilated, the anthers linear. Pistillate flowers each borne in the axil
of a scale and surrounded by the perigynium, closed except for the minute orifice. Perigynia
obscurely triangular, smooth or rough or hispid, truncate at orifice. Achenes triangular.
Style slender, generally thickened at base, included, jointed with achene. Stigmas three,
exserted. Rachilla at the side of the achene conspicuous, exserted, setiform, terminating in
a hook at the apex.

A genus of which about thirty species are known, confined to Australasia (including New
Guinea) and the mountains of South America, with the exception of the two species herein
enumerated. Species have been referred to Carex I,. by various authors.

Type species, Carex uncinata L,. f.

Upper part of pistillate seales soon disarticulating, the lower part persistent as

rachis- -wings; perigynia glabrous; scales few-nerved, smooth, not rigid. 1. U. tenuis.
Scales persistent, the upper part not disarticulating; perigynia conspicuously
hispid-ciliate; scales many-nerved, ciliate, rigid. 2. U. hamata.

1. Uncinia tenuis Poepp.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 525. 1837.

“‘Uncinia gracilis Poepp.’’ Decaisne, in Urv. Voy. Péle Sud Bot. 2: 14. Monocot. pl. 6, f. B. 1853.

Loosely cespitose and short-stoloniferous, the rootstock slender, light-yellowish-brown,
the culms 1.5—3.5 dm. high, slender, not stiff, erect or more or less curved, smooth or slightly
roughened beneath spike, obtusely triangular below, more sharply so above, from shorter
than to somewhat exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, light-yellowish-brown and somewhat
fibrillose at base; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a
fertile culm, on lower third, the sheaths somewhat loose, not septate-nodulose, minutely
granular-roughened dorsally, white-hyaline ventrally, concave and reddish-brown-tinged at
mouth, the ligule short, much wider than long, the blades light-green, thinnish but firm,
0.5-2.5 dm. long, 1.5—-2.5 mm. wide, long-attenuate, strongly rough-margined, flat below,
somewhat channeled toward tip; spike solitary, androgynous, bractless, narrowly linear, 2.5—8
em. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide (excluding awns), the pistillate part loosely flowered below, more
closely flowered above, the 20-60 perigynia closely erect-appressed in few rows, the terminal
staminate part very short, 4-8 mm. long, few-flowered; pistillate scales firm but not rigid,
oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, pale-green, the tip reddish-brown, the midvein green, sharply
defined, the scales glabrous, not ciliate, articulate and somewhat cucullate at tip, obtuse or
acutish, slightly exceeded by perigynia, the base conspicuously saccate and persistent as wings
1 mm. long on the rachis of the spike, the upper part articulated to base and breaking off,
early deciduous; staminate scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, rounded dorsally, persistent; peri-
gynia oblanceolate, 3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, obtusely triangular, somewhat flattened,
membranaceous, smooth, the margins not at all ciliate, green or in age brownish-green, one nerve
sharply defined, otherwise nerveless except at base, tapering at base into a short stipe, somewhat
contracted towards apex into a beak 0.5 mm. long, the orifice truncate, whitish; achenes oblong-
obovoid, closely enveloped and about filling upper part of perigynium, 2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm.
wide, obtusely triangular, finely puncticulate, dark-yellowish-brown, rounded at base, truncate
at apex; style short, straight, its base strongly bulbous-thickened, jointed with achene; stigmas
three, short-exserted, reddish, slender, short; rachilla long-exserted, conspicuous, 3 times as
long as the perigynium, the exserted part erect or ascending, smooth, slender but rigid, very
strongly uncinate.

Tyre Loca.ity: “Chile australis, in sylvis imperviis, supra saxa.”’

DISTRIBUTION: High mountains from Costa Rica to southern Patagonia. (Specimens ex-
amined from Costa Rica, Pittier & Durand, 1904.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Kunze, Spel. Riedgr. pl. 21; C. Gay, Hist. Chile Bot. Fan. pl. 72, f. 4; Engler,
Pflanzenreich 49: pl. 13, f. H-J

2. Uncinia hamata (Sw.) Urb. Symb. Ant. 2: 169. 1900.

Carex hamata Sw. Prodr. 18. 1788. (Type from Joneses)

Carex uncinata var. hamata Sw. F\. Ind. Occ. 84. 1797. (Based on C. hamata Sw.)

hades uncinata 1,.f."" Schkuhr, Riedgr. 13. pl. G,f. 30. 1801. (In part, i.e., as to West Indian
plant.)

Uncinia jamaicensis Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 534. 1807. (Type from Jamaica.)

“ Uncinia phleoides Pers.”’ C. A. Meyer; Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Brux. 97: 249. 1842.

Uncinia mexicana Steud. Syn. Cyp. 243. 1855. (Type from Mexico.)

Uncinia Galeottii Boott; C. B. Clarke, Jour. Linn. Soc, 20:400,as synonym. 1883. (Type from
Oaxaca, Mexico.)

8 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

Uncinia multifolia Bock. Bot. Jahrb. 8: 207. 1887. (Type from Tocola, Colombia.)

Uncinia hamata var. mexicana Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 54. 1909. (Based on U.
mexicana Steud.)

Uncinia hamata var. mexicana f. angustifolia Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 54. 1909.
(Type from Oaxaca, Mexico.)

Very densely cespitose, not stoloniferous, the culms 2.5—6 dm. high, erect, slender or
stoutish, stiff, smooth, bluntly triangular, exceeded by leaves, phyllopodic, dull-reddish-brown-
tinged and sometimes slightly fibrillose at base; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-
developed blades 6-15 to a fertile culm, on lower third, the sheaths tight, not septate-nodulose,
usually reddish-brown-blotched ventrally, concave and minutely hispidulous at mouth, the
ligule from nearly as long as wide to very short, the blades light-green, thick, coriaceous, 1—4
dm. long, 2-12 mm. wide, long-attenuate, smooth beneath, rough above, keeled beneath and
channeled above towards base, otherwise flat; spike solitary, androgynous, bractless, linear-cy-
lindric, 6-18 em. long, 2.5—3.5 mm. wide (excluding awns), the pistillate part closely or at base
often loosely 50—150-flowered in several rows, the scales closely erect-appressed, the staminate
part short, relatively few-flowered; pistillate scales obovate-orbicular to oblong-obovate, 4-6
mm. long, rounded on back, the margins united at base, many-nerved, obtuse or acutish, con-
cealing perigynia or nearly so, rigid, persistent, green with yellowish-white cartilaginous margin,
the tip narrowly purplish-margined and minutely ciliate; staminate scales smaller, fewer-
nerved, more strongly purplish-margined; perigynia oblanceolate, 4.5—6 mm. long, 1.5 mm.
wide, plano- or concavo-convex, membranaceous, slenderly rather many-nerved, hispidulous
above, the margins setulose-ciliate, especially above, dull-brownish-straw-colored, tapering at
base into a short stipe, short-tapering at apex but beakless, the orifice truncate; achenes ob-
long-obovoid, closely enveloped and about filling upper part of perigynium, 3.5 mm. long, 1.25
mm. wide, obtusely triangular, yellowish-white, rounded at base, truncate at apex; style short,
strongly conic at base, jointed with achene; stigmas three, short-exserted, reddish, slender,
rather short; rachilla long-exserted and very conspicuous, the exserted part 3-6 mm. long,
ascending, ascending-spreading, or spreading, smooth, slender but rigid, very strongly un-
cinate.

Type Locaity (of Carex hamata, on which Uncinia hamata is based): Jamaica.

DISTRIBUTION: Moist woodlands at higher elevations, Jamaica; Haiti; Cuba; southern Mexico
to southern Brazil and northern Argentine. (Specimens examined from Jamaica; Haiti; Cuba;
Vera Cruz; Oaxaca; Costa Rica; Guatemala; Panama.)

ILLUSTRATION: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. G, f. 30 (in part).

3. CYMOPHYLLUS Mackenzie, in Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2.

1 3 ie 2) I

Carex eet ialae L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 132, in part. 1886. (As to first species
cited only.
Carex § Leucocephalae Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. 1V. 14:62. 1902. (Based on Carex Fraseri Andr.)

A perennial sedge, with short rootstocks and culms flattened in drying. Culms with four
to six overlapping striate bladeless sheaths, and after flowering developing one large blade-
bearing leaf without sheath, ligule, or midrib, and with undulate margins appearing minutely
serrulate. Spike solitary, bractless, androgynous, the flowers monoecious, solitary in the
axils of the scales. Perianth none. Staminate flower of three stamens, the filaments filiform.
Pistillate flowers of a single pistil, a style, and three stigmas, the pistil and style enveloped by
the somewhat swollen perigynium, the stigmas exserted. Achenes triangular, jointed with
the slender style. Stigmas three, clavate-thickened. Rachilla often developed.

A monotypic genus, confined to the higher Alleghenies of the southeastern United States.
The phylogenetic position of this genus is very obscure. It has no near relatives.

Type species, Carex Fraseri Andr.

1. Cymophyllus Fraseri (Andr.) Mackenzie, in Britt. & Brown,
Tl, Fl. ed. 2: 1: 441. 1913:

Carex Fraseri Andr. Bot. Repos. pl. 639. Je 1811. (Type from North Carolina.)

Carex Fraseriana Ker, Bot. Mag. pl. 1391. Jl 1811. (Type from North Carolina.)

“ Mapania sylvatica Aublet’’ Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 47. 1814. (From the “Cherokee mountains.’’)

Carex lagopus Muhl. Deser. Gram. 265. 1817. (Type from ‘‘ Tygher-valley,’’ West Virginia, errone-
ously given as being in Pennsylvania.)

Olamblis Fraseri Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex Fraseri Andr.)

Part 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 9

Rootstock very short-creeping, stout, tough, blackish, the culms erect, slender at first,
1.5—4.5 dm. high, elongating and becoming 4-6 dm. high, obscurely triangular, smooth, fibril-
lose and brownish at base and with about 4-6 bladeless overlapping striate sheaths covering
the lower portion and concealing the solitary undeveloped leaf; sterile shoots none; leaves de-
veloping after flowering, one to a culm, the blade very flat, thick and coriaceous, light-green,
without midrib, finely very many-striate, at times up to 6 dm. long, 2.5—5 em. wide, obtusish or
acutish, the margin undulate, minutely serrulate, infolded at base, without sheath or ligule;
spike solitary, erect, 1.2—2.5 cm. long, bractless, androgynous, the upper half oblong, staminate,
the oblong-obovate obtuse staminate scales milk-white, the midrib very faint; filaments
orange-yellow, elongate; anthers linear-oblong, 2 mm. long, acute; pistillate portion of spike
ovoid-globose, very dense, the perigynia 20-30, in many rows, ascending or soon spreading,
the scales ovate-orbicular, obtuse to acute, half the length of the perigynia, the midvein very
faint; perigynia elliptic-ovoid, inflated, compressed-orbicular in cross-section, 5-6 mm. long,
2.25-2.5 mm. wide, obscurely nerved, milk-white, very membranaceous, glabrous, shining,
round-tapering at base, round-tapering above, the apex contracted into a very short-cylindric,
slightly obliquely cut tip; achenes ovoid or obovoid, triangular, loosely enveloped in the lower
two thirds of the perigynium, strongly stipitate, jointed with the slender, often flexuous or bent,
persistent style; stigmas three, short, thick, enlarged upward; rachilla setiform, white, half
the length of the achene.

Type Loca.ity (of Carex Fraseri Andr. on which Cymophyllus Fraseri is based) : Table Mountain,
and banks of Catawba River near Morgantown, North Carolina.

DISTRIBUTION: Rich mountain woods, southwestern Virginia, West Virginia, eastern Tennessee,
and western North and South Carolina. (Specimens examined from West Virginia, western Virginia,
western North Carolina, western South Carolina, eastern Tennessee.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Andr. Bot. Repos. pl. 639; Bot. Mag. pl. 1391; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 803;
ed. 2. f. 1110; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 427; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: f. 20, A-G; Addisonia pl. 30;
Boott, Ill. Carex 150. pl. 484; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 3: 120. pl. 4.

Note: See ‘‘ Carex Fraseri Andrews, a morphological and anatomical study.’’ T. Holm, Am.
Jour. Sci. IV. 3: 120-128.

4. CAREX L. Sp. Pl. 972. 1753.

Ulva Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 496. 1763. (Type species, Carex gracilis Curt.)

Physiglochis Neck. Elem. 3: 245. 1790. (No type species designated. Rafinesque in Good Book
27 (1840) designates Carex dioica I,.)

Cyperoides Tourn. Elém. Augm. 3: 196. pl. 300. 1797. (Type species [Carex riparia Curt.].)

Schelhammeria Moench, Meth. Suppl. 119. 1802. (Type species, Carex cyperotdes 1,.)

Triplima_ Raf. Am. Mo. Mag. 4: 195. Ja 1819. (No species given; includes all tristigmatic
species, restricted to species with perigynium-beak entire in Jour. de Phys. 89: 106.)

Scuria Raf. Jour. de Phys. 89: 106. Au 1819. (No species given: includes all distigmatic species
with perigynium-beak not bidentate.)

Triodex Raf. Jour. de Phys. 89:106. Au 1819. (No species given: includes all tristigmatic species
with Besey ent bere bidentate.)

Vignea Beauv.; Lestib. f. Ess. Fam. Cyp. 22. 1819. (No type species given. In Reichenbach’s
treatment in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1604 (1829), Carex dioica L. is to be taken as the type.)

Trasus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:53. 1821. Gype species, Carex pauciflora Lf.)

Phyllostachys Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 404. 1836. (Type species, Carex Willdenovii Schkuhr.)

Olotrema Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Type species, Carex stenophylla Wahl. [C. juncifolia Host. }.)

Loxotrema Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Type species, Carex tuberosa Degland.)

Loxanisa Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Type species, Carex atrata 1.)

Anithista Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Type species, Carex clavata Thunb.)

Edritria Raf. Good Book. 26. 1840. (Type species, Carex mucronata All.)

Olamblis Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Type species, Carex virescens Muhl.)

Facolos Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Type species, Carex canescens L. [C. curta Gooden. }.)

Deweya (also Melirema) Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Type species, Carex plantaginea Lam.)

Diemisa Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Type species, Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. [C. filiformis authors].)

Onkerma Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Type species, Carex globularis L.)

Loncoperis Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Type species, Carex scoparia Schkuhr.)

Kolerma Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Type species, Carex alata Torr.)

Temnemis Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Type species, Carex Lyngbyei Hornem. [C. Scouleri Torr.].)

Neskiza Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Type species, Carex salina Wahl.)

Osculisa Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Type species, Carex acuta I,.)

Itheta Raf. Good Book 28. 1840. (Type species, Carex filifolia Nutt. [Uncinia breviseta Torr.}.)

Forexeta Raf. Good Book 28. 1840. ype species, Carex nepalensis (Nees) Kiikenth. [Uncinia
nepalensis Nees].)

Maukschia Heuffel, Flora 27: 527. 1844. (Type species, Carex dioica L,.)

Psyllophora Heuffel, Flora 27: 528. 1844. (Type species, Carex pulicaris I.)

Leucoglochin Heuffel, Flora 27: 528. 1844. (Type species, Carex pauciflora Lightf.)

Callistachys Heuffel, Flora 27: 528. 1844. (Type species, Carex pyrenaica Wahl.)

10 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

Genersichia Heuffel, Flora 27: 528. 1844. (Type species, Carex obtusata LAlj.)

Cryptoglochin Heuffel, Flora 27: 528. 1844. (Type species, Carex curvula All.)

Pseudocarex Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2: 146. 1865. (Type species, Pseudocarex plantaginea
Miq. [Carex siderosticta Hance].)

Vignantha Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 705. 1866. (Carex rigida Gooden. is taken as the type).

Neilreichia Kotula, Spraw. Kom. Fizyogr. Krakéw 17: 136. 1883. (Type species, Carex caryo-
phyllea Latourr.)

Caricina St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude Fl. ed. 8. 2: 854, 872. 1889. (Type species, Carex foetida All.)

Caricinella St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude Fl. ed. 8. 2: 855, 880. 1889. (Type species, Carex dioica L.)

Echinochlaenia Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 264. 1913. (Type species, Carex tasmanica
Kiikenth.)

Dapedostachys Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 265. 1913. (Type species, Carex Steudelii
Kunth.)

Kukenthalia Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 266. 1913. (Type species, Carex secalina Wahl.)

Proteocar pus Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21:266. 1913. (Typespecies, Carex sylvatica Huds.)

Limivasculum Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 268. 1913. (Type species, Carex cespitosa L.)

Bitleria Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 269. 1913. (Type species, Carex digitata L.)

Manochlaenia Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 271. 1913. (Type species, Carex grisea Wahl.)

Lamprochlaenia Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 272. 1913. (Type species, Carex nitida Host.)

Rhaptocalymma Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 272. 1913. (Type species, Carex imcurva

. Lightf.)

Rhynchopera Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 272. 1913. (Type species, Carex paniculata Ty)

Leptovignea Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 273. 1913. (Type species, Carex elongata L.)

Desmiograstis Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21:274. 1913. (Type species, Carex contigua Hoppe.)

Thysanocarex Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 274. 1913. (Type species, Carex muskingumen-
sis Schw.)

Indocarex Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 275. 1913. (Type species, Carex indica 1,.)

Vignidula Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 275. 1913. (Type species, Carex nikkoensis Franch.

Sav.)

Chionanthula Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 275. 1913. (Type species, Carex baldensis 1.)
The names Polyglochin, Psyllophora, Ammorrhiza, Caricella, A gastachys, Heleonastes, Ptacoseta,

Leptostachys, Drymeia, Limonaetes, Chordorrhiza, and Baeochortus Ehrh. (Beitr. 4: 146, 148, 149.

1789), cited as generic names in Index Kewensis, were not published as such, but are ‘‘ nomina usualia’’

(see Barnhart, Rhodora 22: 180-182). Others of the same kind, Leucoglochin and Phaeolorum, are

not mentioned in the Index Kewensis.

Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks. Culms mostly triangular, rarely terete or
nearly so, solid or sometimes hollow, the flowering culms often strongly phyllopodic (7.e., the
lower leaves with well-developed blades) or aphyllopodic (i.e., the lower leaves bladeless or
nearly so); making growth in one year and then without dried-up leaves at base at flowering
time, or making growth in two years and then with dried-up leaves at base at flowering time,
arising centrally or laterally, in a very few species branching; sterile shoots sometimes little or
not at all developed, often resembling the fertile culms, often with the blades much longer
or wider. Leaves three-ranked, the upper (bracts) subtending the spikes, elongate or short
or sometimes wanting. Plants monoecious or in a very few species dioecious, the flowers
arranged in spikes, but in a few species the spikes much reduced. Spikes one to many, either
wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, androgynous (i.e., with staminate flowers above and
pistillate flowers below) or gynaecandrous (7.e., with pistillate flowers above and staminate
flowers below), sessile or peduncled, the base of the peduncle often with a perigynium-like or
spathe-like organ (cladoprophyllum) surrounding it. Flowers unisexual, solitary in the axils
of scales. Perianth none. Staminate flowers of three (or rarely two) stamens, the filaments
filiform and free below (in all our species), the anthers linear, the staminate scales free to base
or rarely with the margins connate towards base. Pistillate flowers surrounded by a sac-like
organ (the perigynium) and consisting of a single pistil with a style two- or three-branched
above, and with two or three stigmas, very rarely with four stigmas. Style either (1) jointed
with the apiculate-tipped or rounded achene, and withering and at length deciduous, or (2)
continuous with achene, persistent, indurated and not withering. Achenes triangular, lenti-
cular, or plano-convex, sessile or stipitate, rarely constricted at the base, completely surrounded
by the perigynium or rarely rupturing it in ripening; stigmas and frequently part of the style
protruding through the small terminal orifice. Perigynia chartaceous, membranaceous, or
coriaceous, from closely enveloping the achene and not at all inflated to strongly inflated,
sessile or stipitate, nerveless or nerved or ribbed, glabrous or pubescent or hispid or rarely
vesicular-papillose, often granular or papillose, frequently puncticulate, sometimes spongy at
base, frequently flattened and more or less winged, beakless to strongly beaked, the beak at
apex entire or obliquely cleft or bidentate, the dorsal suture in many species developed
and conspicuous, in others entirely absent. A short setiform very inconspicuous rachilla
developed in a very few monostachyous species.

Type species, Carex acuta [a] L.

Part 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 21

1. Nardinae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 7. 1843; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 119.
1917. Purtcares O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 498, in part, not as to type. 1851. CAPITATAE
Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24°: 20, in part, not as to type. 1885. NEUROCHLAENAE Holm,
Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 456, in part, not as to type. 1903. By L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad.
22: 142. 1886) referred to the Diorcare Tuckerm.; by Kiikenthal (in Engler, Pflanzenreich
4°0:69. 1909) referred to the MicROcEPHALAE Holm.

Very densely cespitose; leaf-blades filiform, stiff, the basal sheaths striate, very con-
spicuous; spike solitary, androgynous, ovoid to oblong, densely flowered, bractless, the stamin-
nate part short; scales usually not strongly hyaline-margined; perigynia appressed-ascending,
plano-convex or flattened-biconvex, not inflated, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, sharp-edged,
membranaceous, glabrous, obscurely striate, slenderly short-stipitate or substipitate, the beak
weakly serrulate, minutely hyaline-tipped, in age emarginate or slightly bidentate, obliquely
cut dorsally, and with a dorsal suture; achenes lenticular or triangular, in lower half or two
thirds of perigynium-body, apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas two or three.
Rachilla setiform, shorter than achene.

Two species; one circumpolar in arctic Eurasia and North America; the other alpine in
northwestern North America.

Sheaths tapering into the blades; spikes ovoid-orbicular; scales ovate-orbicular,

obtuse, with lighter-colored midvein; achenes lenticular. 1. C. nardina.
Sheaths abruptly contracted into the blades; spikes oblong; scales ovate or

obovate, obtusish or acutish, the center lighter-colored, conspicuous; achenes

usually triangular. 2. C. Hepburnii.

1. Carex nardina Fries, Mant. 2:55. 1839.

Carex mes dine var. alriceps Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 7. 1910. (Type from west Green-
land.)

Very densely cespitose, the culms erect or curving, 1-12 cm. high, slender, wiry, obtusely
triangular, smooth, usually shorter than and hidden among the leaves, at base yellowish-brown
and with the old sheaths of the previous year conspicuous, shining, sometimes sparingly fila-
mentose; leaves of the year with well-developed blades only 1 or 2 to a culm, the blades seta-
ceous, very narrow (0.25 mm. wide) and stiff and wiry, resembling the culms, 1-10 cm. long,
erect or somewhat curving, more or less roughened, the sheaths conspicuously striate dorsally,
tapering into the blades, very thin ventrally and oblique at mouth, the ligule short; spikes
solitary, androgynous, bractless, ovoid-orbicular, 4-10 mm. long, 3-6 mm, wide, closely
flowered, the apical staminate flowers inconspicuous, the perigynia few to several, appressed-
ascending; scales ovate-orbicular, dark-chestnut-brown, the lighter midvein usually incon-
spicuous, obtuse, slightly wider and slightly shorter than perigynia; perigynia plano-
convex, oblong-obovate, membranaceous, brownish or straw-colored, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.5-2
mm. wide, finely and obscurely several-striate on both sides, tapering at base into a short stipe,
narrowly margined ventrally to base, contracted into a short (0.5 mm. long), slender, dark-
tipped beak membranaceous at mouth, cleft dorsally and at length bidentate, the margins
sparingly ciliate-serrulate; achenes lenticular, in lower half of perigynium, loosely enveloped,
brownish-black, obovate, 1.75-2 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, tapering at base, substipitate,
apiculate; style slender, not enlarged at base, jointed with achene, deciduous, dark-colored;
stigmas two, slender, elongate; rachilla green, setiform, a little shorter than the achene.

Type Locatity: “In Junkersdalen Lapponiae lulensis detexit J. Angstrom 1837.”

DistRIBUTION: Dry sunny localities, in calcareous districts, alpine regions, Greenland to Hudson
Bay and Alaska, and southward to the mountains of the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec, where very local;
also in extreme northern Eurasia. Apparently avoiding acid soils. (Specimens examined from
Greenland, Labrador, Ellesmereland, Robertson’s Bay, McCormick Bay, Hudson Bay, Alaska,
Gaspé.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 814; ed. 2. f. 868; Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 23, f. 2;
Engler, Pflanzenreich 4”: 71. f. 15, E-J; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. f. 14; Jour. Russe Bot.}1911: 30. f. 5; Anderss.
Cyp. {Sante Spiers: \ 5

Nore: The name Kobresia nardina BLE: in Hornem. Nom. Fl. Dan. 74 (1827) was a mis-
taken application of the name to plate 1529 in Flora Danica, which is Carex gynocrales Wormsk.
(Fries, Mant. 3: 134 (1842); Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. 97). This same plate is erroneously cited by
Fries in describing Carex nardina, but his excellent description applies to the plant to which all
authors have since applied his name.

22 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

2. Carex Hepburnii Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 209.

pl. 207. 1839.

“ Carex nardina Fries’’ L.. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 142. 1886. (Except reference to Green-
land specimen.)

Carex nardina var. Hepburnii Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 70. 1909. (Based on C. Hep-
burnii Boott.) -

Carex stantonensis M. E. Jones, Bull. Univ. Mont.61:20. 1910. (Type from Stanton Lake, Mont.)

Very densely cespitose, the culms very slender, but wiry and erect, triangular, 2-15
cm. high, smooth, at base yellowish-brown and with the old sheaths of the previous year con-
spicuous, and occasionally somewhat filamentose; leaves of the year with well-developed blades
only 1 or 2 to a culm, the blades setaceous, 1-10 cm. long, very narrow (0.25 mm. wide) and
stiff and wire-like, resembling the culms, erect or somewhat curving, more or less roughened,
the sheaths abruptly contracted into the blades, conspicuously striate dorsally, very thin ven-
trally, and truncate at mouth, the ligule much wider than long; spikes solitary, oblong, 5-15
mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, closely flowered, bearing the 5-15 erect-appressed perigynia below
and the short cone of staminate flowers above; bracts absent; scales of pistillate flowers ovate
or obovate, reddish-brown or brownish, with conspicuous straw-colored center and narrow
or even wide white-hyaline margins, obtusish or acutish, rather wider than and from slightly
longer to noticeably shorter than the perigynia; scales of staminate flowers narrower; perigynia
biconvex or plano-convex, lanceolate, flattened, sharp-edged but not margined, 3.5-4.5 mm.
long, 1.25-1.75 mm. wide, glabrous, very thin and membranaceous, the upper half empty, very
obscurely several- to many-striate on both sides, whitish except at apex, substipitate, tapering
at base, round-tapering at apex and abruptly and minutely beaked, the beak about 0.5 mm.
long, chestnut-brown, cylindric, emarginate, hyaline, the upper part of the body remotely
weakly serrulate under a lens; achenes lenticular or triangular, not tightly enveloped, about
2.5 mm. long, apiculate, tapering at base, brown, when lenticular obovoid, when triangular
more or less flattened; style short, slender, straight, jointed with achene; stigmas two or three,
long, slender, light-reddish-brown; rachilla green, setiform, somewhat shorter than achene.

Type Locatity: “‘Hab. Rocky Mountains, Drummond.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry alpine summits and slopes in calcareous districts, Alberta to Colorado, and
westward to Washington and southern Alaska. (Specimens examined from Colorado, Wyoming,
Montana, Alberta, British Columbia, Washington, southern Alaska.)

InLustTraTions: Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 207; Bull. Univ. Mont. 61: 19. pl. 3 (left hand); 70. 7.
5-8; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 677.

2. Capitatae Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 242: 20, in part. 1885; Mackenzie, in Rydb.
Fl. Rocky Mts. 120. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 22. 1922. Punicares O. F. Lang,
Linnaea 24: 498, in part, not as to type. 1851. NarprNnak Kiikenth. Bot. Jahrb. 27: 496,
in part, not as to type. 1899. MicrocEPHALAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 456. 1903;
Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 69, in part. 1909. By L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am.
Acad. 22: 141. 1886) referred to the Drorcak Tuckerm.

Cespitose, the rootstocks somewhat elongate; culms dull-purplish-red at base; leaf-blades
filiform, stiff; spike solitary, androgynous, ovoid, densely flowered, bractless, the staminate
part short; perigynia spreading-ascending, plano-convex, ovate, sharp-edged, membranaceous,
not inflated, nerveless or very nearly so, the beak smooth, conspicuously hyaline-tipped, in
age slightly bidentate, the dorsal suture short; achenes loosely enveloped in the lower three
fourths of the perigynium-body, lenticular, apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas
two. Rachilla setiform, shorter or somewhat longer than the achene.

Two species; one an arctic and alpine one of northern Eurasia and North America, ex-
tending very locally southward in isolated stations on high mountain summits to northern
Mexico; also reported as found in southern South America; the other species in the mountains
of western Asia.

3. Carex capitata L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1261. 1759.

Vignea capitata Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1606. 1829. (Based on Carex capilata L.)
Diemisa capitata Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex capitata L.)

Psyllophora capitata Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 697. 1866. (Based on Carex capitata 1.)
Carex rahuiensis Kurtz; Kiikenth. Bot. Jahrb. 27:497. 1899. (Type from Argentina.)

i}
Oe

ParT 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE

Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks rather short-creeping, ascending obliquely, slender,
scaly, purplish-red, the culms slender but wiry, 1—3.5 dm. high, aphyllopodic, erect, triangular,
roughened on the angles above, and usually somewhat longer than the leaves, dull-purplish-red
at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves of the year with well-
developed blades usually 2-4 to a culm, on lower third, the blades involute, light-green, stiff,
2 dm. long or less, very narrow (0.5 mm. wide or less), erect or recurving, more or less roughened,
the lowest sheaths very sparingly filamentose, the upper very tight, hyaline ventrally, and
truncate at mouth, the ligule very short; spike solitary, orbicular or oblong-orbicular,
4-10 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, with about 6-25 ascending or at length spreading perigynia at
base and a short cone of staminate flowers at the apex, bractless; pistillate scales orbicular or
ovate-orbicular, obtuse, the body chocolate-brown with broad hyaline apex and margin, much
shorter and somewhat narrower than the developed perigynia, the staminate narrower, more
acute, lighter-colored, narrowly hyaline-margined; eee plano-convex, ovate, thin, mem-
branaceous, pale-green, smooth, 2-3 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, flat and nerveless ventrally,
rounded and finely few-nerved dorsally, sessile, sharp-edged to base but not serrulate, abruptly
contracted into a slender, smooth, dark-colored beak less than 1 mm. long, the apex hyaline,
entire or at length bidentulate; achenes lenticular, yellowish-brown, obovoid or oblong-subor-
bicular, loosely enveloped, apiculate, tapering below and truncate at base, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm.
wide; style slender, jointed with achene, not enlarged at base; stigmas two, slender, short, light-
reddish-brown; rachilla green with white tip, setaceous, rather shorter than achene.

TYPE LocALIty: Northern Europe (Fl. Dan. pl. 372).

DISTRIBUTION: Open sunny slopes and summits, in the far northern portions of North America
from Greenland to Hudson Bay and Alaska, and southward very locally on mountain summits in
New Hampshire, Alberta, Wyoming, Nevada, California, and northern Mexico; widely distributed
in the boreal and alpine regions of northern Eurasia; also found in southern South America. (Speci-
mens examined from Greenland, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, Quebec (Gaspé), New Hampshire
(White Mountains), Methye River, Yukon, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, California, Chihuahua.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 813; ed. 2. f. 869; Rob. & Fern, Man. f. 418; Engler,
Pflanzenreich 47°: 71. f. 15 K-N; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Y, f. 80; Fl. Dan. pl. 372, 2060; Erythea 8:
21. f. 3; Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 211. f. 29 a-c; Jepson, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. f. 161; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif.
St. f. 683; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 30. f. 6; Sturm, Deuts. FI. 50: pl. 2; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 23: 425.
te 7, 2; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. f. 15; Reichenb. Ic. FI. Germ. 8: pl. 195, f. 525; Anderss. Cyp. See eh Safe
6; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. f. 210; Hallier, Deuts. FI. pl. 423; Thome, Fl. Deuts. pl. 88, f.C

3. Inflatae Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 96. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl.
Rocky Mts. 119. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 18. 1922. PHysocEPpHaALAE L. H. Bailey,
Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 132, in part, not as to first species given. 1886; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci.
IV. 16: 464. 1903. C. Engelmannii is referred to the PHysocARPAE Drejer by Holm (Am.
Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 464. 1903).

Cespitose, the rootstocks elongate, slender; culms phyllopodic, central; leaf-blades filiform;
spike solitary, androgynous, ovoid, densely flowered, bractless; scales not strongly hyaline-mar-
gined; perigynia ascending, very membranaceous, inflated, smooth, little nerved, rounded at
base, tapering or with smooth short beak, hyaline-tipped, obliquely cut, or becoming minutely
bidentate; achenes very loosely enveloped, small, triangular with concave sides, apiculate,
jointed with the very slender style; stigmas three, slender. Rachilla slender, exceeding
achene.

Two dry-ground species confined to isolated stations on the summits of high peaks in the
western part of the United States,

Pistillate scales l-nerved; perigynia ovoid, inflated, tapering at apex;

staminate part of spike scarcely conspicuous; achenes 1.25-1.5 mm. Tan 4. C. Engelmannii.
Pistillate scales 3-nerved; perigynia broadly ovoid, strongly inflated,

abruptly minutely beaked; staminate part of spike conspicuous;

achenes 2 mm. long. 5. C. Breweri.

4. Carex Engelmannii L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad.
22: 132. 1886.

Carex paddoensis Suksd. Allg. Bot. Zeits. 12:43. 1906. (Type from Mt. Adams (Paddo), Wash-
ington.)

Carex Engelmannii var. paddoensis Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 17: 90. 1911. (Based on C. pad-
doensis Suksd.)

24 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

Rootstock stoloniferous, slender but tough, brown, scaly, the culms numerous, erect,
slender but stiff, obtusely angled and smooth or nearly so, 5—20 cm. high, from shorter than
to exceeding leaves, brown at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year,
the lower bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades 5-9 to a fertile culm, bunched on lower
fourth, the blades involute-filiform, erect or sometimes curved, stiff, 3-15 cm. long, 0.3-0.5
mm. wide, smooth or nearly so, the sheaths loose, strongly striate dorsally, hyaline ven-
trally, truncate at mouth, the ligule very short; spike solitary, androgynous, bractless, densely
flowered, ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, the upper fourth staminate, scarcely conspicu-
ous, the perigynia 15-40, appressed-ascending or at length spreading-ascending in many rows;
pistillate scales ovate, sharply acute or slightly cuspidate, 1-nerved, shining, reddish-brown
or straw-colored with lighter center and conspicuous hyaline margins, at base wider than
perigynia, and all except lower slightly shorter than perigynia; staminate scales narrower;
perigynia ovoid, 4.5-5 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide, more or less strongly inflated, very mem-
branaceous, nerveless and smooth, shining, straw-colored or brownish, slightly stipitate,
rounded at base, and tapering at apex into a minute, smooth, white-hyaline, obliquely cleft, at
length bidentulate beak 0.5 mm. long or less; achenes oblong-obovoid, triangular with concave
sides, apiculate, brownish, stipitate, very minute for size of perigynia, very loosely enveloped,
1.25-1.5 mm. long, 0.6 mm. wide; style slender, jointed with achene, not enlarged at base,
deciduous; stigmas three, slender, yellowish-brown; rachilla slender, exceeding achene; an-
thers 1.75 mm. long, sharp-tipped.

Type Locality: Gray’s Peak, Colorado (Engelmann).

DISTRIBUTION: Open sunny slopes and summits, isolated stations on high mountains, Colorado,
Wyoming, Washington, and California (Tulare County). (Specimens examined from Colorado,
Wyoming, Washington, California.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 14: 60. f. 1-4; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 678.

5. Carex Breweri Boott, Ill. Carex 142. pl. 455. 1867.

Rootstock stoloniferous, slender but tough, brown, scaly, the culms numerous, 1—2.5 dm.
high, smooth on the angles, strict and stiff, obtusely triangular, more or less exceeding the
leaves, brown at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower
bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades 3-10 to a fertile culm, clustered towards the base,
the blades involute-filiform, erect, stiff, 5-10 cm. long, 1 mm. wide, roughened towards the
attenuate apex, the sheaths loose, strongly striate dorsally, hyaline ventrally, truncate at
mouth, the ligule very short; spike solitary, androgynous, bractless, ovoid or oblong-ovoid,
1-2 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, densely flowered, the upper third or more staminate, conspicu-
ous, the perigynia ascending or at length spreading in many rows; staminate scales ovate-
oblong, short-acuminate, reddish-brown with hyaline margins; pistillate scales ovate, broader,
3-nerved and sometimes striate, tapering-acute or short-acuminate, narrower and shorter than
the mature perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, 5-6.5 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, strongly in-
flated, brownish-yellow, smooth, shining, very membranaceous, nerveless or nearly so, slightly
stipitate, rounded at base, abruptly minutely beaked, the beak 0.5-1 mm. long, smooth,
white-hyaline, obliquely cut, at length bidentulate; achenes oblong-obovoid, triangular with
concave sides, apiculate, brownish, stipitate, 2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, much smaller than
perigynia and very loosely enveloped; style slender, jointed with achene, not enlarged at base,
deciduous; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown; rachilla slender, exceeding achene; anthers
1.75 mm. long, sharp-tipped.

Typx LocaLity: Mt. Shasta, California (Brewer 1422).

DISTRIBUTION: Open sunny slopes and summits, high alpine peaks, Washington, Oregon, and
southward in California on the higher summits of the Sierra Nevada to Mt. Whitney. (Specimens ex-
amined from Washington, Oregon, California.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 142. pl. 455; Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: f. 20; H, J, K; Erythea

8: 18. f. 1; Jepson, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. f. 159; Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 210. f. 28; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif.
St. f. 679; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 14: 60. f. 5, 6.

4. Circinatae Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 308. 1901; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzen-
reich 42°: 96. 1909. By L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 131. 1886) referred to the
LEPTOCEPHALAE L. H. Bailey; by Pax (in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 27: 123. 1887) referred to the

Part 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 25

ScrRPOIDEAE Tuckerm.; and by Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 460. 1903) referred to the
STENOCARPAE Holm.

Loosely cespitose or with elongate rootstocks; leaf-blades narrow; spike solitary, androgy-
nous or sometimes entirely pistillate or staminate, bractless, elongate, narrow, rather loosely
several- to many-flowered, the perigynia in few rows; scales persistent; perigynia appressed,
compressed-triangular, nerved, glabrous, membranaceous, empty above, lanceolate, much nar-
rowed and stipitate at base, beaked, the beak at length obliquely cut; achenes triangular,
rather closely enveloped, linear-oblong or oblong-obovoid, minutely apiculate, jointed with
the slender, slightly flexuous style; stigmas three, rarely two, slender.

Two North American species, near the Pacific Coast from northwestern Washington to the
Pribilof Islands; and two Japanese species.

Plants with slender, long-creeping rootstocks; leaf-blades flat; perigynia short-

beaked; scales chestnut-brown-tinged. 6. C. anthoxanthea.
Plants densely cespitose, the rootstocks little elongate; leaf-blades involute;
perigynia long-beaked; scales red-tinged. 7. C. circinata.

6. Carex anthoxanthea Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 203. 1828.

Carex leiocarpa C. A. Meyer, Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. Sav. Etr.1:208. pl. 5. 1831. (Type from
Unalaska.)

Carex anthoxanthea var. leiocarpa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°:97. 1909. (Based on C. leio-
carpa C. A. Meyer.)

Rootstocks tough, slender, long-creeping, light-yellowish-brown, very scaly, the culms
slender, 0.5—4 dm. high, erect, obtusely triangular, arising singly, usually exceeding the leaves,
roughened above, aphyllopodic and light-yellowish-brown at base, the dried-up leaves of the
previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades usually 2—4 to a culm, inserted
towards the base, the blades deep-green, thickish, flat, 4-40 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide,
sometimes very long and slender, erect or more or less recurved, roughened at the attenuate
apex, the sheaths tight, truncate at mouth, the lower conspicuously striate dorsally, the ligule
very short, much wider than long; spike solitary, 1-3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, usually entirely
pistillate or sometimes androgynous or entirely staminate; perigynia 6-12, erect-ascending,
the lowermost alternate, the upper overlapping; bracts none; lowest pistillate scales ovate-
lanceolate, cuspidate or even awned, the upper broadly obovate and very obtuse, chestnut-
brown with broad 1—3-nerved straw-colored or greenish center, the lower exceeding, the
upper exceeded by the perigynia; staminate scales similar; perigynia spindle-shaped, not in-
flated, obscurely compressed-triangular in cross-section, 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, yellowish-
green, membranaceous, smooth, lightly many-nerved, short-stipitate, tapering at base, and
tapering at apex into a smooth, short (0.5-1 mm. long), chestnut-brown-tinged beak, with
obliquely cleft orifice; achenes rather closely enveloped, triangular with obtuse angles, oblong-
obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, apiculate, jointed with the slender, slightly flexuous,
strongly exserted, deciduous style; stigmas three, rarely two, brownish, slender.

Type Locauity: “ Hab. in Nootka-Sund.”

DistriBuTion: Along or near the northwestern coast of North America, from British Columbia to
the Pribilof and Shumagin islands, growing on grassy banks. (Specimens examined from Queen
Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Alaska (coast).)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 142. pl. 456; Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. Sav. tr. 1: pl. 5 (fig-
ure copied by Boott as cited).

7. Carex circinata C. A. Meyer, Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. Sav. Etr.
1/209) DI On sel:
Carex arida Cham.; Bock. Linnaea 39: 28, as synonym. 1875. Not C. arida Schw. & Torr. 1825.
Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks slender, tough, brownish, very short, the culms 5-15
em. high, erect or recurved, slender, triangular, smooth or little roughened on the angles,
usually exceeded by the leaves, phyllopodic, light-brownish-tinged at base, the dried-up
leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades several to a culm,
densely clustered towards the base, the blades light-green, stiff, strongly recurved-spreading,
involute, filiform, 2-10 cm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, roughened towards the attenuate stiff apex,

26 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

the sheaths tight, concave at mouth, the lower strongly striate dorsally, the ligule much wider
than long; spike solitary, androgynous, 1.5—2.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the upper fourth
staminate, the lower three fourths closely flowered above and more loosely below and con-
taining 8-15 erect-ascending perigynia in few rows; bracts none; pistillate scales reddish, with
broad 1-3-nerved straw-colored center and narrow white-hyaline apex and margins, wider
than the perigynia, the lowest lanceolate, cuspidate, and exceeding the perigynia, the middle
and upper obovate, very obtuse, exceeded by the perigynia; staminate scales like the upper
pistillate scales; perigynia spindle-shaped, obscurely compressed-triangular in. cross-sec-
tion, not inflated, 4.5-6 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, straw-colored, membranaceous, glabrous,
smooth, lightly striate, stipitate, tapering at base, and tapering at apex into a somewhat
serrulate reddish-tinged beak 1.5 mm. long, the orifice white-hyaline, obliquely cleft; achenes
obtusely triangular, rather closely enveloped, narrowly linear-oblong, 2.5 mm. long, 1 mm.
wide, bluntly apiculate, jointed with the slender, straight, deciduous style; stigmas three, rarely
two, red, slender, long.

TYPE Loca.itTy: ‘‘ Habitat in rupibus Unalaschkae.”’

DisTRIBpuTION: Along or near the northwestern coast of North America from northwestern
Washington to the Aleutian Islands. (Specimens examined from Washington (Clallam County),
Queen Charlotte Islands, Alaska (coast).)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 105. f. 21, A, B; Boott, Ill. Carex 133. pl. 429; Mém.
Acad. St.-Pétersb. Sav. Etr. 1: pl. 6 (figure copied by Boott as cited); Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif.
St. f. 682.

5. Callistachys (Heuffel) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2°: 17. 1902; Kiikenth.
in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 104. 1909. CaLoGLocHINEs O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 503, in
part. 1851. ATHROCHLAENAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 459. 1903; Mackenzie, in Rydb.
Fl. Rocky Mts. 120. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 18. 1922. ‘Treated as a genus Callista-
chys by Heuffel (Flora 27: 528. 1844); as a section Dornera by Heuffel (Verh. Zool-Bot.
Ges. Wien 8: 217. 1858). Referred to the PuLicarEs by Tuckerman (Enum. Caric. 7. 1843)
and by L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 129. 1886); and to the RUPESTRES by Pax (in E.
& P. Nat. Pfl. 2?: 123. 1887).

Cespitose or with creeping rootstocks; leaf-blades narrow; spike solitary, androgynous,
bractless, narrow, densely many-flowered; pistillate scales soon falling; perigynia slenderly
strongly stipitate, widely spreading or the lower reflexed, obscurely triangular, nerveless, mem-
branaceous, long-beaked, the beak sutured dorsally, obliquely cut, becoming bidentate; achenes
in lower two thirds of body, usually triangular, slightly apiculate; style very slender, straight,
slightly enlarged upward at base, jointed with the achene; stigmas three or occasionally two,
slender. Rachilla sometimes present, short. Perigynia rarely enveloping two achenes
(Boott, Ill. Carex pl. 474, 475.)

Three dry-ground, calcareous, arctic-alpine or arctic, coastal species in the western part
of North America north of Mexico, one of which is also widely distributed in northern and
alpine Eurasia. A fourth very closely related species is found in New Zealand and southern
Australia.

Stigmas normally three; perigynia 3-4 mm. long.
Plants densely cespitose; leaves mostly 4 toa fertile culm, the blades 0.25-
1.5 mm. wide, strongly channeled; staminate flowers few; perigynia
erect until full maturity. 8. C. pyrenaica.

Plants short-stoloniferous; leaves 4~—9 to a fertile culm, the blades 1.5—2
mm. wide, flat or channeled; staminate flowers many, conspicuous;

_ Perigynia early deflexed. 9. C. nigricans.
Stigmas always two; perigynia 2.25-3 mm. long; plants densely cespitose;
leaves 4-8 to a fertile culm, the blades 1.25—2 mm. wide, flat above. 10. C. micropoda.

8. Carex pyrenaica Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Acad. Nya Handl.
24: 139. 1803.

Carex Ramondiana DC. Fl. Fr. 3: 101. 1805. (Type from the higher Pyrenees.)

Carex pulicarioides Ramond; DC. Fl. Fr. 3: 101. 1805. (As synonym of C. Ramondiana.)

Carex Fontanesiana DC. Fl. Fr.3:102. 1805. (Type from the higher Pyrenees.)

Sa hek Lah a Riedgr. Nachtr. 35. 1806. (Habitat in Pyrenaeis.) Not C. spicata Schkuhr,
edgr. 11. :

ParT 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE Di

Carex acutissima Degland, in Loisel. Fl. Gall.628. 1807. (Type from the Pyrenees.)

Carex denudata Lapeyr. Hist. Abr. Pl. Pyr. 562. 1813. (As synonym of C. pyrenaica.)

Carex Marchandiana Lapeyr. Hist. Abr. Pl. Pyr. Suppl. 141. 1818. (Type from the Pyrenees.)

“Carex Davalliana Smith’? Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 28: 271. 1835. (From the Rocky Mountains.)

Callistachys pyrenaica Heuffel, Flora 27: 528. 1844. (Based on Carex pyrenaica Wahl.)

Psyllophora pyrenaica Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 697. 1866. (Based on Carex pyrenaica Wahl.)

Carex Grosseckii Heuffel; Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 697, assynonym. 1866.

Dornera alpina Heuffel; Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 697, as synonym. 1866. (Based on Carex
pyrenaica Wahl.)

Carex penance var. longibracteata Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 698. 1866. (Type from Transyl-
vania.

Carex pyrenaica var. 6 Boott, Ill. Carex 148. pl. 476,f.2. 1867. (Type from Transylvania.)

“Carex pulicaris 1.."’ Boiss. Fl. Orient. 5: 397. 1882. (From eastern Caucasus.)

Carex pyrenaica f. longibracteata ‘“‘Schur’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 106. 1909. (Based
on C. pyrenaica var. longibracteata Schur.)

Carex pyrenaica var. arliculata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 106. 1909. (Based on C.
pyrenaica var. B Boott.)

Carex Crandallii Gand. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 66: 295. 1920. (Type from Gray’s Peak, Colo.)

Very densely cespitose, the culms 3-25 em. high, wiry, slender, smooth, obtusely triangular,
from about the length of to exceeding the leaves, the old sheaths conspicuous, yellowish-brown
at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lowest bladeless; leaves
best developed on the sterile culms, usually only 2—4 with well-developed blades on a fertile
culm, but at times more numerous, inserted near the base, the blades 2-10 cm. long, 0.25—1.5
mm. wide, strongly channeled, light-green, slightly roughened towards the attenuate apex, the
sheaths tight, obliquely truncate at mouth, the ligule very short; spike solitary, androgynous,
erect, linear-oblong, closely many-flowered, 5-20 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the uppermost part
containing a few usually inconspicuous staminate flowers, the lower part pistillate; bracts none;
staminate scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate, straw-colored or brownish with narrow hyaline
margins; pistillate scales ovate, brownish or blackish-chestnut, with very narrow hyaline mar-
gins and lighter center, obtuse, shorter than and rather wider than the perigynia; perigynia 10
to many, jointed to the rachis, erect but spreading or even deflexed at full maturity when breaking
away from the rachis, compressed-triangular in cross-section, not inflated, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate at maturity, 3-4 mm. long, 0.8—1.5 mm. wide, nerveless, shining, glabrous, mem-
branaceous, soon brownish-straw-colored, stipitate, rounded at base, tapering at apex into a
smooth beak about 0.5 mm. long, with hyaline orifice obliquely cut or at length bidentulate,
suleate dorsally; achenes triangular, oblong-obovoid, 1.25 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, short-
stipitate, apiculate; style slender, straight, jointed with achene; stigmas three, slender, elongate,
light-brownish.

TyPE LocALity: ‘‘Hab. in Pyrenaeis, La Peyrouse: ex herb. Thunbergiano.”

DISTRIBUTION: Sunny slopes in alpine localities in calcareous regions, from Mackenzie to
Colorado, and westward to Oregon and British Columbia; also widely distributed in Eurasia. (Speci-
mens examined from Mackenzie, Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, Oregon,
Washington, British Columbia.)

ILLustRATIONS: Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: f. 21, L, M; Boott, Ill. Carex 148. pl. 475; pl. 476,
f. 1; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 680; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 198, f. 530; ela Fi. Fr. wife
3805; Linnaea 31: pl. 4,f. 2a, and 2b (poor); Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. Sav. Etr. 1: pl.

Nore: In this and the following species the achenes rarely are lenticular and the eee two.

9. Carex nigricans C. A. Meyer, Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb.
Savi Btr. 1: 2ii) paar 1931;

Carex pyrenaica var. majuscula Kurtz, Bot. Jahrb. 19:415. 1894. (Type from Alaska.)
Carex nigricans f. feminea Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 17: 90. 1911. (Type from Mt. Adams,
Washington.)

Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks creeping, lignescent, stout, brownish-black, scaly, the
culms obtusely triangular, smooth, 0.5-3 dm. high, stiff, striate, usually strongly exceeding the
leaves, dark-brown at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the
lowest bladeless; leaves about equally developed on both sterile and fertile culms, usually
4-9 with well-developed blades to the culm, inserted near the base, the blades 4-10 em. long,
1.5-2 mm. wide, flat or canaliculate, roughened towards the attenuate apex, shorter or longer
than the culm, thickish, stiff, light-green, the sheath yellowish-tinged, truncate at apex, the
ligule very short; spike solitary, androgynous, erect, oblong or oblong-ovoid, 8-15 mm. long,
6-9 mm. wide, densely many-flowered, the upper part staminate, the staminate flowers con-

28 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

spicuous, the lower part pistillate; bracts none; staminate scales persistent, oblong or ovate,
obtusish to acutish, reddish-brown with lighter midvein and very narrow hyaline margins,
in age straw-colored; pistillate scales similar, but dark-brown and wider, much shorter than
the perigynia, deciduous; perigynia 20-50, conspicuously jointed to the rachis, at first closely
appressed, at maturity deflexed and early breaking away from the rachis, compressed-
triangular in cross-section, little inflated, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3.5—4 mm. long, 1-
1.5 mm. wide, nerveless, glabrous, shining, membranaceous, yellowish-brown or brownish,
stipitate, the stipe 0.5 mm. long, rounded at base, tapering at apex into a smooth brown
beak about 0.5 mm. long, with hyaline orifice, obliquely cut at maturity; achenes triangular,
oblong-elliptic, 1.5—2 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, short-stipitate, strongly apiculate, yellowish-
brown; style slender, jointed with achene, straight, deciduous; stigmas three, slender, elongate,
brownish.

TYPE Loca.ity: “Habitat in Unalaschka.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Sunny places in boreal or alpine localities in calcareous regions; Colorado to
California, and northwestward to the Aleutian Islands and the Commander Islands off the Siberian
Coast. (Specimens examined from Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, California,
Oregon, Washington, Vancouver, British Columbia, Alaska.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. Sav. Etr. 1: pl. 7; Boott, Ill. Carex 148. pl. 474;
Erythea 8: 22. f. 2; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 160; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 681; Am. Jour,
Sci. 29: pl. Y, f. 79.

10. Carex micropoda C. A. Meyer, Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb.
Sav: Mtr. 1: 210. pi. 6. 1831.

Carex nivalis Cham.; Steud. Syn. Cyp. 184. 1855. (Type from Unalaska.) Not C. nivalis
Boott, 1846.

Very densely cespitose, the culms 5-20 cm. high, wiry, slender, smooth or nearly so,
strict, obtusely triangular, sulcate, shorter than the leaves, the old sheaths conspicuous,
yellowish-brown at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lowest
bladeless; leaves best developed on the sterile culms, usually 4-8 with well-developed blades
on a fertile culm, alternate on the lower half, not bunched at base, the blades 5-15 em. long,
1.25—2 mm. wide, channeled at base, flat above, light-green, rough on the margins towards the
attenuate apex, the sheaths tight, oblique at mouth, the ligule very short; spike solitary, andro-
gynous, erect, ovoid or in fruit oblong-ovoid or oblong, closely many-flowered, 8-15 mm. long,
4-8 mm. wide, the uppermost part containing a few usually inconspicuous staminate flowers,
the lower part pistillate with 10—20 perigynia; bracts none; staminate scales oblong-lanceolate,
sharp-pointed, dark-reddish-brown with lighter center, the tip slightly hyaline; pistillate scales
ovate, obtuse or the lower acute, smooth, dark-reddish-brown with lighter center and very
narrowly hyaline margins, much shorter than the perigynia, but concealing their lower parts;
perigynia jointed to the rachis, at first appressed-ascending, widely spreading only at full
maturity when breaking away from the rachis; perigynia unequally biconvex, ovoid-lanceolate,
2.25—3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, brownish-straw-colored, nerveless, shining, very smooth, mem-
branaceous, sutured towards apex, not inflated, conspicuously slenderly stipitate, rounded
at base, tapering at apex into a very smooth beak scarcely 0.5 mm. long, the orifice hyaline,
obliquely cut; achenes lenticular, oblong-ovate, 1.5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, short-stipitate,
apiculate, punctate, brown; style slender, straight, exserted, jointed with achene; stigmas
always two, slender, elongate, brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: “‘Habitat in Unalaschka.”

DISTRIBUTION: Coast of Alaska from Unalaska to the Pribilof Islands. (Specimens examined
from Pribilof Islands.) ;

ILLUSTRATION: Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. Sav. Etr. 1: pl. 6.

6. Foetidae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 10. 1843; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 133,
in part. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 114. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl.
Rocky Mts. 120. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 23. 1922. CaprraTar O. F. Lang, Linnaea
24: 506, in part. 1851. GLomeRaTAE Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 782, in part. 1882.
CEPHALOSTACHYAE and SPHAEROSTACHYAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 456, in part. 1903.
IncuRVAE Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 112. 1909. Referred to the CHoRDOR-

Part 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 29

RHIZEAE Fries by Pax (in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 27: 123. 1887); and to the VuLPINAE Kunth by
Ascherson & Graebner (Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27: 35. 1902). Treated as a genus Rhaptocalymma
by Borner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 272. 1913).

Rootstocks long- or short-creeping, usually dark-colored, tough, the culms arising singly
or in small clumps at intervals, dark-tinged at base; leaf-blades narrow; spikes few to several,
androgynous, very densely aggregated into.a globose, ovoid, or oblong-ovoid bractless head,
and becoming undistinguishable; perigynia spreading, plano-convex, membranaceous or sub-
membranaceous, loosely or not closely enveloping the achene, obscurely to strongly nerved
dorsally, nerveless to strongly nerved ventrally, rounded at base, stipitate, the beak sutured
and obliquely cut dorsally, sometimes at length slightly bidentate; achenes small, lenticular,
apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas two.

Dry-ground arctic-alpine species widely distributed in Eurasia. In North America
represented by one arctic species and three alpine species in the western part, north of Mexico.
The group is also well represented in the higher Andes of South America; it is absent from
Australasia and Africa.

Leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; perigynia little exceeding the scales at maturity,
not inflated. 11. C. vernacula.
Leaf-blades 1.5 mm. wide, or less.
Perigynia very membranaceous, little exceeding the scales at maturity,
markedly inflated, at most substipitate; rootstocks very slender; culms
slender, light-brown at base; head very globose. 12. C. perglobosa.
Perigynia membranaceous or submembranaceous, usually much exceeding
the scales at maturity, more or less inflated, slenderly short-stipitate;
rootstocks stouter, lignescent; culms stoutish, brown at base; head
capitate, usually ovoid.
Pistillate scales lance-ovate, narrowly hyaline-margined, acuminate
or acute; perigynia oblong-oblanceolate, with many slender but
conspicuous impressed nerves on both sides, scarcely inflated. 13. C. incurviformis.
Pistillate scales ovate-orbicular, silvery-hyaline-margined, obtuse or
acutish; perigynia ovate or ovate-elliptic, nerveless ventrally, ob-
scurely striate dorsally, somewhat inflated. 14. C. incurva.

11. Carex vernacula L. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 417. 1893.

“Carex foetida All.’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 232. 1880.

“Carex incurva Lightf.” L. H. Bailey; Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4: 214. 1893.

Carex foetida var. vernacula Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°; 115. 1909. (Based on C. ver-
nacula L,. H. Bailey.)

Loosely cespitose, in small clumps, from long-creeping, rather slender but tough, blackish,
scaly rootstocks, the culms erect, 0.5—2 dm. high, slender but stiff, obtusely triangular, smooth,
usually exceeding the leaves, brown at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous
year; sterile shoots numerous; leaves with well-developed blades 5-9 to a culm, clustered
towards the base, the blades erect-ascending, light-green, thickish, flat or slightly channeled,
slightly roughened towards apex, 5-12 cm. long, those of the fertile culms 2-4 mm. wide,
those of the sterile slightly narrower; sheaths tight, truncate at mouth, the ligule wider than
long; spikes numerous, androgynous, entirely undistinguishable, very densely aggregated into
an ovoid-orbicular head about 1 cm. thick and slightly longer, the staminate flowers apical,
very inconspicuous (except the anthers), the perigynia several to a spike, appressed; bracts
absent or the lowest cuspidate-prolonged; scales ovate-lanceolate, dark-brown or blackish, with
sharply defined green midvein and narrow hyaline margin above, acute to acuminate-aristate,
about the width of and from a little shorter to a little longer than the perigynia and largely
concealing them; perigynia flattened-plano-convex, the upper part empty, ovate-lanceolate,
3.5-4.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, membranaceous, yellowish-straw-colored with chestnut beak,
or brownish in age, not inflated, sharp-edged but not margined, not serrulate, finely several-
nerved dorsally, obscurely few-nerved ventrally, stipitate, round-tapering at base, con-
tracted into a smooth beak one third the length of the body or less, obliquely cut dorsally,
at length bidentulate, the orifice slightly hyaline; achenes lenticular, oblong, apiculate,
tapering at base, yellowish-brown, 1.25 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide; style slender, straight, not
enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, slender, light-reddish-brown; anthers 2
mum. long.

30 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘ Mountains from Colorado and Wyoming westward.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Open sunny places, alpine slopes, from Washington south to Mt. Whitney,
California, and east to Wyoming and Colorado. (Specimens examined from Washington, Wyoming,
Colorado, Oregon, California.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythea 8: 23. f. 4; Jepson, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. f. 162; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif.
St. f. 684.

Note: The European Carex foetida All., to which this species has been referred, has longer, less
rigid leaves; the globose-ovoid heads are less dense; the scales are lighter-colored, chestnut-brown,
and more strongly exceed the perigynia; the anthers are longer (3 mm. long), the perigynia narrower,
and the stigmas more elongate.

12. Carex perglobosa Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 606. 1908.

“Carex incurva Lightf.’’ L. H. Bailey, in Coult. Man. 390. 1885.
Carex incurva var. chartacea Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 114. 1909. (Type from Middle
Park, Colorado.)

Loosely cespitose, from creeping, slender (1.5 mm. thick), brown rootstocks, the culms
erect, 6-15 cm. high, slender, striate, smooth on the angles, usually exceeding the leaves, light-
brown, clothed at base with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves clustered towards
the base of the culms, the blades erect or somewhat spreading, 2-8 cm. long, 0.75—1.5 mm. wide,
flattened at base, narrower but hardly involute above, light-green, not rigid, slightly roughened
towards the apex, the sheath very thin ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule about as long
as wide; spikes about 6-15, entirely undistinguishable, densely aggregated into a globose
head about 1 cm. in diameter, the staminate flowers apical, very inconspicuous, the perigynia
several to many, ascending or spreading; bracts absent; pistillate scales ovate-orbicular, very
thin, brownish with silvery-hyaline apex and margin and lighter midvein, obtusish or acutish,
rather wider than, exceeding or exceeded at maturity by the perigynia, the staminate scales
narrower, sharper-pointed, lighter-colored; perigynia plano-convex, very membranaceous,
straw-colored or yellowish-brown at maturity, ovate-elliptic, 4 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide, very
slightly sharp-margined, the margins smooth, inflated, finely many-nerved dorsally, obscurely
finely several-nerved ventrally, substipitate, round-tapering at base, gradually tapering
into a very sparingly serrulate or smooth beak one third of the length of the body or less, ob-
liquely cleft dorsally, dark-colored, bidentulate, the orifice slightly hyaline; achenes lenticular,
broadly oblong-obovate, 1.75 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, substipitate, apiculate, very loosely
enveloped by the perigynia; style straight, slender, not enlarged at base, jointed with the
achene; stigmas two, slender, light-brown.

TYPE LocaALity: Mt. Baldy, Summit County, Colorado (Mackenzie 167).

DISTRIBUTION: Sunny slopes on alpine peaks, in calcareous districts, high mountains of central
Colorado, and La Sal Mountains, Grand County, Utah. (Specimens examined from Mt. Baldy,
Mt. McClellan, Gray’s Peak, Mt. Harvard, Lake Creek, Silver Plume, Clear Creek, Arapahoe Peak,
Colorado, and La Sal Mountains, Utah.)

13. Carex incurviformis Mackenzie, in Rydb.
Fl. Rocky Mts. 120. 1917.

Rootstocks slender, brownish or blackish, long-creeping, scaly, the culms few together,
low, 2-6 cm. high, erect or curved, slender, smooth, sharply triangular above, shorter than the
leaves, brownish-tinged and fibrillose at base, the old leaves not conspicuous, the lower blade-
less; leaves 4-8 to a culm, clustered near the base, thick, stiff, light-green, 1-4 cm. long, 0.75—-
1.5 mm. wide, flattened at base, involute above, the sheaths hyaline, truncate at mouth, the
ligule very short; head globose-ovoid, 6-9 mm. long, 5-8 mm. thick, bractless, the spikes few,
androgynous, densely aggregated and scarcely distinguishable, the staminate flowers incon-
spicuous, the perigynia few, ascending or in age spreading; scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate or acute, shorter and somewhat narrower than the perigynia, brown, with narrow
hyaline margins and sharply defined lighter midvein or center; perigynia thick-plano-convex,
oblong-oblanceolate, 3.25 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, very narrowly sharp-edged ventrally to
base, the margins not serrulate, shining, membranaceous, scarcely inflated, with many slender
but conspicuous impressed nerves on both sides, the upper part empty, dark-chestnut-brown at
maturity, slenderly short-stipitate, round-tapering at base, contracted into a smooth
beak scarcely one third the length of the body, obliquely cleft dorsally, at length bidentulate,

Part 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 31

minutely hyaline at the orifice; achenes lenticular, quadrate-orbicular, yellowish-brown, 1.5
mm. long, 1 mm. wide, very short-stipitate, truncately apiculate, loosely enveloped; style short,
slender, scarcely enlarged at base, jointed with the achene, deciduous; stigmas two, slender,
elongate, light-brown.

TYPE Locatity: National Park, Banff, Alberta (Macoun, July 31, 1891).

DISTRIBUTION: Sunny places in calcareous districts, on alpine peaks of the Canadian Rocky

Mountains, in Alberta and British Columbia. (Specimens examined from Alberta and British
Columbia.)

14. Carex incurva Lightf. Fl. Scot. 544. pl. 24, f. 1. 1777.

Carex juncifolia All. Fl. Ped. 2: 264. pl. 92, f.4. 1785. (Type from northern Italy.)

Carex banata Smith, in Rees, Cycl. 39: Carex. 1819. (Type from Scotland.)

Vignea incurva Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb.ed.2. 1607. 1829. (Based on Carex incurva Lightf.)

Olotrema juncifolia Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Based on Carex juncifolia All.)

Carex amphilogos K. Koch, Linnaea 21: 615. 1848. (Type apparently European.)

Carex incurva var. erecta O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 507. 1851. (Type from Switzerland.)

Carex Ate var. pratensis Hartm. f. in Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 6.302. 1854. (Type from Scandin-
avia.

Carex psammogaea Steud. Syn. Cyp. 187. 1855. (Type from Straits of Magellan.)

“Carex hyalinolepis Steud.’’ Lechler, Berb. Am. Centr. 56. 1857.

Carex incurva var. setina Christ; Scheutz, Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. II. 22!°: 174. 1888. (Type from
northwestern Siberia.)

pcors Sy niin C. A. Meyer" Lange, Fl. Dan. 48: 10. pl. 2843. 1871. (Specimens from Green-
an

Caricina incurva St. -Lag. in Cariot, Etude Fl. ed. 8.2: 873. 1889. (Based on Carex incurva Lightf.)

“Carex arctica Deinb.’’ Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 315, in part. 1901.

Carex incurva var. inflata Simmons, Vasc. Pl. Ellesmereland 146. 1906. (Type from Cape Viele,
Ellesmereland.)

Carex incurva f. pallens Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 113. 1909. (Type from Greenland.)

Carex incurva f. erecta “‘O. F. Lang”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 113. 1909. (Based on
C. incurva var. erecta O. F. Lang.)

Rootstocks long-creeping, forking, slender (2.5 mm. thick) but tough, brown, conspicu-
ously scaly, the culms low, solitary at intervals, usually 2-10 cm. high, but at times as much
as 17 cm., erect, or slightly curving at times, obtusely triangular, stoutish, smooth, sulcate,
and from shorter than to exceeding the leaves, brown at base and clothed with the old leaves
of the previous year; leaves clustered towards the base of the culms, the blades rigid, light-
green, from erect to recurved-spreading, 2-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide at base and flattened»
narrower and involute above and slightly roughened towards the apex, the sheaths tight,
truncate at mouth, the ligule wider than long; spikes about 4-12, androgynous, densely ag-
gregated in a short-ovoid or subglobose head 5-15 mm. long, 5-10 mm. thick, none of the
spikes distinguishable, the staminate flowers few, inconspicuous, the perigynia few or several,
ascending or soon spreading; bracts absent; pistillate scales ovate-orbicular, thin, brownish-
straw-colored or chestnut with silvery-hyaline margin and 1-3-nerved center, obtusish or
acutish, about width of but exceeded at maturity (usually strongly) by the perigynia; stamin-
ate scales narrower and more acute; perigynia plano-convex, ovate or ovate-elliptic, 3.25—-4 mm.
long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, yellowish-brown or brownish-black at maturity, submembranaceous,
the upper half empty, slightly inflated, flattish and nerveless ventrally, and rounded and
very obscurely striate dorsally, very narrowly sharp-edged, smooth on margins, stipitate,
round-tapering at base, contracted into a sparingly serrulate beak one third the length of the
body or less, at length bidentulate, obliquely cut dorsally, sometimes curved, minutely hyaline
at the orifice; achenes lenticular, suborbicular, 1.5 mm. long, very short-stipitate, truncately
apiculate, brownish, loosely enveloped; style short, slender, scarcely enlarged at base, jointed
with achene; stigmas two, slender, elongate, light-brown.

Type Loca.iry: “ Mouth of the water of Naver, and near Skelberry, in Dunrossness in Shetland.”

DisrripuTion: Along the sea-coast or on tundra and dry moraines in limestone districts,
Greenland to northern Newfoundland, eastern Quebec, Hudson Bay region, and the Alaska coast;
widely distributed in boreal and high alpine regions in Eurasia; also in southern South America.
(Specimens examined from Greenland, Ellesmereland, northern Newfoundland, eastern Quebec,
Mackenzie, Hudson Bay, arctic America, Alaska.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 8/8; ed. 2. f. 870; Lightf. Fl. Scot. Pie 24; Schkuhr,
Riedgr. pl. Hh, f. 95; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4*°: 116. f. 22, A-C; Fl. Dan. pl. 432, 2843; Jour. Russe
Bot. 1911: 42.4. 21; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 47: pl. 1; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. f. 16; Reichenb, Ic. Fl. Germ.
8: pl. 198, f. 5 3; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 3, f. 12; Hegi, Ill. Fi. Mittel-Eur. f. 213; Coste, Fl.
Fr. f. 3809; Engl. Bot. if 927; ed. 3. pl. 16 5; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1109; Hallier,
Deuts. Fl. pl. 423; All. Fl. Ped. “pl. 92, f. 4.

32 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

7. Divisae Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 242: 18. 1885; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich
4207 119. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 121. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 23.
1922. CurvuLAE Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 10, in part. 1843. CHORDORRHIZEAE Fries, Sum-
ma Veg. Scand. 73, in part, not as to type species. 1845. CaprraTar O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24:
506, in part. 1851. SprcaTak O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 510, in part. 1851. BRIZOIDEAE
Meinsh. Acta Hort Petrop. 18: 315, in part. 1901. XEROCHLAENAE and CEPHALOSTACHYAE
and SPHAEROSTACHYAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 455, 456, in part. 1903. Species are
referred to the Forrmar Tuckerm. and MuLTIFLORAE Kunth by L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am.
Acad. 22: 133, 135. 1886). ‘Treated as a subgenus of Vignea, PSEUDOVIGNEA, by Borner
(Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 274. 1913).

Rootstocks long-creeping, dark-colored, tough, the culms arising singly or in small clumps
at intervals, stiff, dark-tinged at base, aphyllopodic; leaf-blades narrow; spikes few to many,
ovoid or oblong, androgynous or dioecious, more or less closely aggregated into an oblong or
oblong-ovoid head; heads in some species dioecious or nearly so; lower one to several bracts
developed, short-prolonged, the others bract-like; perigynia appressed-ascending, plano-
convex or unequally biconvex, ovate, smooth and often shining, coriaceous, more or less nerved
dorsally and from nerveless to nerved ventrally, sharp-edged but not wing-margined, rounded
and spongy at base, the achene filling upper part of body, closely enveloped, the perigynia
beaked, the beak sutured and obliquely cut dorsally, at length slightly bidentate; achenes
lenticular, apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas two.

Sun-loving species of either dry or swampy places, very widely distributed and abundant
in the western part of North America, extending as far north as Yukon, and southward in the
drier and more open parts of Mexico. A few species of the group are also widely distributed
in Eurasia, reaching northern Africa, and several are widely distributed in the western part
of South America. The group is not represented in Australasia.

Rootstocks slender, light-brownish; culms obtuse-angled or obtusely tri-
angular, normally smooth; leaf-blades narrowly involute or canaliculate,
at least above.
Perigynia long-beaked; heads dioecious or nearly so; styles elongate. 15. C. Douglasii.
Perigynia short-beaked; spikes androgynous; styles short. 16. C. Eleocharis.
Rootstocks stout (or slender in C. simulata); culms sharply triangular, nor-
mally rough above; leaf-blades flat or channeled.
Perigynia chestnut-colored, unequally biconvex, the beak one fifth to one
third as long as the body; rootstocks slender and lower sheaths light-
brownish. 17. C. simulata.
Perigynia blackish in age, plano-convex, the beak one third to one half as
long as the body; rootstocks stout and lower sheaths dark-brown or

black.
Scales very dark-chestnut-brown, shining; perigynia 3.5—4.5 mm. long,

polished, scarcely hyaline at orifice. 18. C. pansa.
Seales lighter-colored, dull; perigynia 3-4 mm. long, dull, strongly

hyaline at orifice. 19. C. praegracilis.

15. Carex Douglasii Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
2: 213. pl. 214, 1839.

Carex Nuttallii Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci.43:92. pl.Cc,f.97. 1842. (Type from Rocky Mountains.)
Carex Meekii Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 24:48. 1857. (Type from Nebraska Territory.)
Carex Douglasii var. densispicata Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 32:41. 1861. (Type from Idaho.)
Carex Douglasii var. minor Olney, in S. Wats, Bot. King’s Expl. 363. 1871. (Type from Nebraska.)
Carex Fendleriana Bock. Linnaea 39: 135. 1875. (Type from New Mexico.)
Corey pee var. laxiflora L,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 20. 1889. (Type from Utica,
ontana.
Cores Hes L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 25: 271. 1898. (Based on C. Douglasii var. laxiflora L. H.
ailey.
Carex Douglasii f. laxiflora ‘1. H. Bailey’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°:122. 1909. (Based
on C. Douglasii var. laxiflora L. H. Bailey.)
Carex meee f. Meekii Kiikenth, in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 122. 1909. (Based on C. Meekii
Dewey.

Rootstocks long-creeping, slender (1-2 mm. thick), brown with fibrillose scales, the culms
6-30 em. high, slender but stiff, rather obtusely triangular, smooth, usually exceeding leaves
but sometimes shorter, arising 1 to few together, brown at base, and clothed at base with dried-
up leaves of previous year; leaves with well-developed blades 3-8 to a culm, clustered at the

ParT 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 33

base, the blades erect to spreading, involute above and flattened or canaliculate towards the
base, or involute throughout, 5-15 cm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide, triangular and long-attenuate
above, roughened towards apex, thick, light-green, the sheaths tight, truncate and thickened
at mouth, the ligule very short; heads usually dioecious, the staminate and pistillate flowers
normally on separate culms; staminate heads from oblong-orbicular to linear-oblong, 1.5—4
em. long, 7-15 mm. thick, the many spikes closely aggregated, but usually readily distinguish-
able, linear-elliptic, about 8-15 mm. long and 2.5—4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-ovate, acute
or short-acuminate, straw-colored or brownish with a broad hyaline margin; filaments slender,
exserted, the anthers very conspicuous, elongate-linear, 3.5 mm. long, mucronulate; bracts
inconspicuous, the lower short-cuspidate; pistillate heads from suborbicular to oblong, 1.5—5
em. long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, the many spikes closely aggregated, but usually readily distinguish-
able, at maturity oblong-elliptic, 5-15 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, the scales lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, straw-colored with hyaline margin or often yellowish-brown-tinged, the center
3-nerved, green, acuminate to cuspidate, wider than, exceeding, and covering the perigynia;
lowest bract often conspicuous; perigynia closely appressed, plano-convex, ovate-lanceolate,
3.5—4 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, straw-colored, at length light-brownish, sharp-edged above,
lightly many-striate ventrally, more or less strongly many-striate dorsally, stipitate,
round-tapering at base, tapering into a serrulate beak about 1.75 mm. long, obliquely cut
dorsally, in age bidentulate, the apex and orifice hyaline; achenes lenticular, obovate, closely
enveloped, 1.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, tapering at base, truncately apiculate, yellowish-
brown, shining; style very long, projecting at flowering time, slender, straight, not enlarged
at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, dark-reddish-brown, very long.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘Hab. N. W. Coast, Douglas. Rocky Mountains. Drummond.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry, more or less alkaline soil, in open sunny places on the plains, foothills, and
lower mountains, from Manitoba to New Mexico, westward to California and British Columbia.
Very widely distributed. (Specimens examined from New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, Nebraska,
South Dakota, North Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana, Idaho, Utah, Nevada,
California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 820; ed. 2. f. 875; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 214; Abrams,
Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 685; Am. Jour. Sci. 43: pl. Cc, f. 97.

16. Carex Eleocharis L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:6. 1889.
“Carex stenophylla Wahl.’’ Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 211. 1839.

Rootstocks very slender, 1-2 mm. thick, long-creeping, brown, scaly and fibrillose, the
culms low, 2.5—20 cm. high, slender but stiff, growing in small clumps containing one to
several culms, obtusely angled, smooth, brownish at base, from shorter than to exceeding the
leaves; leaves with well-developed blades usually 1-4 to a culm, on the lower third, the
blades from erect to recurved-spreading, light-green, stiff, short on the fertile culms and 3-15
em. long on the sterile shoots, 1-1.5 mm. wide at base and canaliculate-flattened, much nar-
rower and involute above, and slightly roughened towards the apex, the sheaths tight, very
thin ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule dark-margined, wider than long; spikes several,
densely aggregated in a solitary ovoid to linear terminal head 5-20 mm. long, 5-10 mm.
thick, none of the spikes readily distinguishable; each spike ovoid or orbicular, bearing the
conspicuous, cylindrically arranged staminate flowers above and the few (1-8) appressed-
ascending perigynia below; staminate flowers conspicuous at flowering time, the upper spikes
largely staminate; bracts ovate, cuspidate, and about the length of the lower spike or rudi-
mentary; scales ovate-orbicular, chestnut or reddish-brown with a white-hyaline margin,
conspicuous towards apex, varying from rounded at apex and abruptly short-cuspidate to
obtusish, acutish, and tapering-short-cuspidate, rather wider than and about the length of
the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, ovate-orbicular, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5-1.75 mm. wide,
straw-colored at first, black at maturity, coriaceous, flattish and nerveless or obscurely few-
nerved at base ventrally, high-convex and few- to many-striate dorsally, the margins slightly
elevated ventrally and serrulate at base of beak, substipitate, rounded at base, contracted
into a serrulate beak one third to one fourth the length of the body, at length bidentulate, ob-
liquely cleft dorsally, the orifice hyaline; achenes lenticular, orbicular-obovate, 1.75 mm. long,
1.5 mm. wide, sessile, apiculate; style short, slender, jointed with achene; stigmas two, slender,
light-reddish-brown.

34 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

TYPE LocaLity: Saskatchewan plains.

DISTRIBUTION: In dry sunny places on the plains, prairies, and foothills of the interior, from
Manitoba to Yukon, and southward to Iowa, New Mexico, Utah, and eastern Oregon. (Specimens
examined from northwestern Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, Alberta, Yukon, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, eastern Oregon.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa 4: fl. 6; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 819; ed. 2.

f. 873; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 416; Clements, Rocky Mt. FI. pl. 45, f. 3; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St.
f. 086.
: Norte: This species has usually been treated as the same as the Eurasian Carex stenophylla Wahl.
That species, however, has the perigynia many-ribbed ventrally, while in the American one they
are nerveless ventrally or obscurely nerved at base. Other related Asiatic plants with long-beaked
perigynia are also consistently distinct.

17. Carex simulata Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 604. 1908.

“Carex marcida Boott”’ Boott, Ill. Carex 16, in part. pl. 45. 1858.
“Carex Gayana Desv.” Boott, Ill. Carex 126. pl. 411. 1862.

Rootstocks slender, 1.5-2 mm. thick, long-creeping, brown, scaly, fibrillose, the culms
3-5 dm. high, one or few together, sharply triangular and roughened on the angles above,
slender, much exceeding the leaves, light-brownish at base, the old leaves of the previous year
inconspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 2—5 to a culm, all on its lower third, but
not bunched, the blades erect-ascending, 8-30 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or canalicu-
late, light-green, not thick, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths
tight, truncate at mouth, the ligule about as wide as long; spikes 5-15, densely aggregated
into a linear-oblong, oblong, or oblong-ovoid head 12-25 mm. long, 6-10 mm. thick, the in-
dividual spikes not separated, but the lower distinguishable, the more strongly pistillate
oblong-ovoid, 7 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, with about ten perigynia beneath and the incon-
spicuous staminate flowers above; other spikes almost entirely staminate with an occasional
perigynium, and whole heads almost entirely staminate or little staminate, as the case may
be; bracts absent or the lower one or two if present shorter than the head, more or less strongly
cuspidate, and enlarged at base; scales ovate-trianguiar, brown with narrow hyaline margin
and prominent lighter midvein, strongly cuspidate or short-awned, wider and noticeably
longer than the perigynia and concealing them completely; perigynia unequally biconvex,
broadly ovate, 1.75-2.25 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, ascending, yellowish-brown when young,
chestnut-colored at maturity, shining, coriaceous, rounded-truncate, short-stipitate, little
spongy at base, not thickened on margins or winged above, high-convex and slenderly few-
nerved dorsally, flat or at length low-convex and nerveless or obscurely nerved at base ven-
trally, not margined, but sharp-edged, the upper part of the body and the beak serrulate,
sometimes only sparingly so, abruptly narrowed into a very short beak 0.25—-0.5 mm. long,
obliquely cleft dorsally, at length scarcely bidentulate, the margins of the orifice overlapping
and slightly hyaline; achenes lenticular, obovoid, 1 mm. long, tapering at base, bluntly
apiculate, yellowish-brown; style short, slender, not enlarged at base, jointed with achene;
stigmas two, slender, light-brown.

TYPE Locatity: Chug Creek, Albany County, Wyoming (A. Nelson 7316).

DISTRIBUTION: Wet swales and swamps, Montana to Washington, and southward to New Mexico
and the Sierra Nevada of California. (Specimens examined from New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming,
Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, California.)

ji Boott, Ill. Carex 16. pl. 45 (as C. marcida) ; 126. pl. 411; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St.

Note: The South American C. Gayana Desy. (C. Gay, Hist. Chile Bot. 6: 205. pl. 73, f. 3.
1853), with which this has been confused, has the heads that are entirely pistillate or nearly so on
very low stiff culms 4-15 cm. high; the heads that are staminate or nearly so are on taller culms
1.5-3 dm. high; the leaf-blades are rigid and thickish, 2-15 cm. long, and except towards apex are
smooth or sparingly serrulate; the perigynia are narrowly green-margined above. The original il-
lustration here cited is good.

18. Carex pansa L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13: 82. 1888.

Rootstocks long-creeping, stout, tough, brownish-black, scaly, fibrillose, the culms
arising singly or few together, 1.5—3 dm. high, sharply triangular, stiff, roughened on the angles,
especially above, much exceeding the leaves, dark-brown or blackish at base and clothed with
leaves of previous year; leaves of the season’s growth about 3 to a culm, clustered at its base,
the blades from ascending to recurved-spreading, 1-2 dm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, stiff, light-
green, flat or channeled at the base, somewhat nodulose, roughened on the margins and

=. —™"

ParT 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 35

towards the apex, the sheaths tight, truncate at apex, the ligule very short; spikes about
6-12, ovoid-lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long and about 5 mm. wide, aggregated (but distinguishable)
in a terminal head 1.5—2.5 cm. long and about 1 cm. thick, the several to many appressed-erect
perigynia beneath and the inconspicuous staminate flowers terminal; lowest bract scale-like
or occasionally short-prolonged; scales broadly triangular-ovate, very dark-chestnut-brown or
blackish with a white-hyaline margin and lighter midvein, shining, acuminate or cuspidate,
wider and longer than and completely concealing the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, ob-
long- or ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, 1.5—-2 mm. wide, coriaceous, shining, yellowish-
brown or brownish-black at maturity, rounded and slenderly many-nerved dorsally, flat and
nerveless or nearly so ventrally, with sharp-edged, thickened, slightly raised margin, serrulate
above middle, stipitate, round-tapering at base, tapering at apex into a serrulate beak
about 1 mm. long, obliquely cut dorsally, at length bidentulate, the margins of the orifice
slightly overlapping and very slightly hyaline; achenes lenticular, quadrate-suborbiculat,
1.5 mm. long, 1.3 mm. wide, truncately apiculate, short-stipitate; style slender, straight, nor
enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, slender, long, dark-reddish-brown.

A more handsome plant than Carex praegracilis W. Boott, to which it is closely related.

TYPE Loca.ity: ‘Clatsop, Oregon, and Ilwaco, Washington Territory’’ (L. F. Henderson).

DIsTRIBuTION: Drifting sands along the seacoast from Monterey County, California, to south-
western Washington. (Specimens examined from California, Oregon, Washington.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythea 8:25. f. 5; Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 212. f. 29, d-f; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif.
f. 163; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 688.

19. Carex praegracilis W. Boott, Bot. Gaz. 9:87. 1884.

Carex marcida Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.2:212. pl.213. 1839. (Type from Columbia River.)
Not C. marcida J. F. Gmel. 1791.

Carex Douglasii var. brunnea Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 363. 1871. (Type from Cali-
fornia.) Not C. brunnea Thunb. 4.

Carex Gayana var. hyalina L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 135. 1886. (Type from Sonora,
Mexico.) Not C. hyalina Boott. 1845.

Carex marcida var. debilis 1. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 136. 1886. (Type from Harney
Valley, Oregon.)

ea 2 H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 20. 1889. (Based on C. Douglasii var. brunnea

ney.

Carex Sartwellii var. occidentalis .. H. Bailey; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 5: 374. 1890. (Type from
Guichon Creek, British Columbia.)

Carex marcida var. alterna L,. H. Bailey; Macoun, Cat. Can. P1.5:374. 1890. (Type from Shuswap
Lake, British Columbia.)

“Carex canescens L.’’ Speg. Revista Fac. Agron. La Plata 3:579. 1897.

“Carex Hookeriana Dewey”’ Parish, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 5:26. 1906.

“Carex siccata Dewey”’ Parish, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 5:50. 1906.

gen 3 B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8:69. 1908. (Based on C. marcida var. alterna L.

. Bailey.

Carex cng Seana Bull. Torrey Club 34: 603. 1908. (Based on C. Gayana var. hyalina
L. H. Bailey.

Carex marcida f. debilis ‘1. H. Bailey’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4": 124. 1909. (Based
on C. marcida var. debilis 1,. H. Bailey.)

Carex marcidaf. alterna ‘‘1,.H. Bailey’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°:124. 1909. (Based
on C. marcida var. alterna 1,. H. Bailey.)

Carex Sartwellii f. occidentalis ‘‘1,. H. Bailey’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°; 137. 1909.
(Based on C. Sartwellii var. occidentalis L.. H. Bailey.)

Carex Douglasii f. brunnea ‘‘Olney’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4*°: 122. 1909. (Based on
C. Douglasii var. brunnea Olney.)

Carex siccata var. obscurior Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 133. 1909. (Type from Lincoln
County, Washington.)

Carex camporum Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 244. 1910. (Based on C. marcida Boott.)

Rootstocks long-creeping, stout, thick, black, fibrillose, the culms 2—7.5 dm. high, arising
singly or in small clumps, sharply triangular and slender but stiff, usually roughened on the
angles above and more or less strongly exceeding the leaves, dark-brown or black and clothed
at base with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves all near the base of the culm,
those of the year’s growth with well-developed blades 2-5 to a culm, the blades erect-
ascending, flattened or somewhat channeled, 1—2.5 dm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, light-green,
thickish, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths truncate and some-
times slightly thickened at mouth, the ligule very short; spikes 5-15, densely aggregated into
a linear-oblong, oblong, or obong-ovoid head 1—5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick, the individual

36 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

spikes (especially the lowest) rather readily distinguishable, but little separated (or the lower
several more or less markedly separate), obtusish, 4-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, containing
about 10 perigynia, the terminal staminate flowers inconspicuous; bracts absent or the lower
one or two present, 5-30 mm. long, normally much shorter than the heads, very narrow but
somewhat enlarged at base, brownish-straw-colored (at least in age) the upper scale-like;
scales ovate, light-chestnut-brown with conspicuous hyaline margins and lighter midrib, the
lower cuspidate, the upper acuminate, wider and longer than the perigynia and usually com-
pletely concealing them, at maturity dull-brownish-straw-colored or frequently straw-colored ;
perigynia plano-convex, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, erect-ascending,
straw-colored or at maturity brownish-black, coriaceous, dull, rounded and lightly several-
nerved dorsally, flat and nerveless ventrally, sharp-margined, the edges slightly elevated and
serrulate above middle, short-stipitate, spongy and rounded at base, tapering into a serrulate
beak half the length of the body or more, obliquely cut dorsally, at length bidentulate, the
orifice with overlapping hyaline edges; achenes lenticular, obovoid, about 1.25 mm. long,
tapering at base, bluntly apiculate; style slender, short, jointed with achene, not enlarged at
base; stigmas two, reddish-brown, slender.

TYPE LOCALITY: San Diego, California (Miss Scott).

DISTRIBUTION: Moist open places, plains, prairies, foothills, and mountains, very widely dis-
tributed and variable, Manitoba, Iowa, and Kansas to Yukon, British Columbia, California, and
central Mexico; also in South America. Adventized eastward, western Missouri, eastern Kansas.
(Specimens examined from Manitoba, Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska,
Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado, Montana, Saskatchewan, Wyoming, Alberta, Idaho,
Utah, Arizona, Yukon, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Lower California,
Chihuahua, Durango, Hidalgo, Michoacan, Federal District.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 826; ed. 2. f. 874; Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 5: pl. 22;
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 213 (not Boott, Ill. Carex pl. 45); Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 689; Am. Jour.
Sci. 49: pl. EE, f. 108

Note: This is, I believe, the most widely distributed species of Carex in the western part of the
United States. Its European relative is Carex divisa Hudson, which is found in similar situations.
It and Carex pansa are distinguished from the species with which they are most apt to be confused
by their blackish stout rootstocks. Young plants of this species present an aspect markedly
different from mature specimens. Also plants in which the pistillate flowers are well-developed often
contrast strongly with those in which the staminate flowers are well-developed. In some localities
too the plants are often desiccated. Asa result of these factors a considerable number of different
names have been applied to this species.

8. Intermediae Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 782. 1882. CHORDORRHIZEAE Fries, Summa
Veg. Scand. 73, in part. 1845. SrccaTaE Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 539, in part. 1848;
Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 132, in part. 1909. HoLARRHENAE Doll, Fl. Bad.
245, in part. 1856. DustTrcHAk Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24°: 17, in part. 1885. XERO-
CHLAENAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. [V. 16: 455, in part. 1903. Referred by Tuckerman (Enum.
Caric. 9. 1843) to the ARENARIAE Kunth; by L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 137. 1886)
to the MuLTIFLORAE Kunth; by Mackenzie (in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 121. 1917) to the

DivisakE Christ.

Rootstocks long-creeping, darkish-colored, tough, the culms arising singly or in small
clumps at intervals, stiff, dark-tinged at base, aphyllopodic; leaf-blades narrow, the sheaths
green-striate ventrally nearly to mouth; spikes very many, ovoid or oblong, androgynous or
dioecious, rather closely aggregated into an oblong or oblong-ovoid head; lower one to several
bracts developed, short-prolonged, the others bract-like; perigynia appressed, plano-convex,
broadly ovate, smooth, dull, membranaceous, many-nerved both dorsally and ventrally,
sharp-edged, substipitate, spongy and rounded at base, abruptly beaked, the beak sutured and
obliquely cleft dorsally, at length bidentate; achenes closely enveloped in upper part of peri-
gynium-body, lenticular, apiculate; style enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two.

A small group of species growing in open swamps, two in the temperate parts of Eurasia,
and one in North America.

20. Carex Sartwellii Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 43: 90.
pl. CC, f. 95. 1842.

““Carex intermedia Gooden.’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 4: 343. 1847.
“Carex disticha Huds.”’ Boott, Ill. Carex 125. (pl. 410, in part). 1862.

ParT 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 37

pape uisticke var. Sartwellii Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 41: 330. 1866. (Based on C. Sariwellii
Carex Seon: var. occidentalis L.. H. Bailey; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 5: 374, in part. 1890. (As to

Kamloops specimen only.)

“Carex Sartwelliana Dewey’”’ B. D. Jackson, Ind. Kew. 1: 438. 1893. (Error for C. Sartwellii

Dewey.)

Rootstocks long-creeping, slender but tough, black, fibrillose, the culms 4-8 dm. high,
arising singly or in small clumps, stiff, sharply triangular above, bluntly so below, roughened
on the angles, especially above, much exceeding the leaves, strongly aphyllopodic, brown at
base; leaves with well-developed blades about 3 to a culm, all on its lower third or half,
widely separated, the lower nodes exposed, the blades erect-ascending, 1.5-3 dm. long, flat,
light-green, 2.5-4 mm. wide, long-tapering, roughened on the margins and towards the apex,
the sheaths loosely enveloping the stem, green-striate ventrally to base of blade, short-
prolonged, thin and hyaline and truncate at mouth, the margins adnate; sterile shoots con-
spicuous, the leaves bunched at apex; spikes numerous, densely aggregated into an elongate
oblong head 3-6 cm. long and about | cm. thick, the upper spikes hardly distinguishable, the
lower distinguishable but little separated, androgynous, broadly ovoid, 6-9 mm. long, 4-6
mm. wide, the larger containing 15-20 appressed perigynia, the staminate flowers apical,
usually conspicuous; most of the middle and upper spikes entirely staminate or some-
times only the middle ones; bracts broadly ovate, hyaline, conspicuous in the young heads,
the lower short-cuspidate; scales ovate-triangular, slightly shorter and slightly narrower than
the perigynia, dull-reddish-brown with green midvein and white-hyaline margins, obtuse to
short-cuspidate; perigynia thick-plano-convex, ovate-orbicular, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5-
1.75 mm. wide, straw-colored or light-brownish, substipitate, rounded at base, membrana-
ceous, sharp-edged to base, serrulate above middle, the body not spongy at base, finely many-
nerved dorsally, and flat and finely several- to many-nerved ventrally, abruptly contracted into
a serrulate beak about one fourth the length of the body, dorsally cleft, at length bidentulate,
the orifice minutely hyaline; achenes lenticular, broadly oblong-obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, less
than 1 mm. wide, substipitate, apiculate; style slender, short, straight, enlarged at base,
jointed with achene; stigmas two, slender, elongate, light-reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Junius, Seneca County, New York (Dr. “S. P.” [H. P.] Sartwell).

DISTRIBUTION: Marshes and bogs in calcareous regions, Ontario and western New York to British
Columbia, and southward to Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, and Colorado. (Specimens examined
from New York, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota,
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana,
Alberta, British Columbia.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 833; ed. 2. f. 876; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 415; Boott,
Ill. ae 125. pl. 410 (except perigynia marked ‘‘2’’) (as Carex disticha) ; Am. Jour. Sci. 43: pl. CC,

. 9.
“ Norte: Carex intermedia Gooden., the European ally of this species, is a very slender plant with
narrow glaucous-green leaf-blades; the lower nodes are not exposed, the sheaths are scarcely pro-
longed beyond base of blade, the spikes are very unequal in size and ovoid or oblong, the scales
are reddish, the perigynia are 4-5 mm. long, coriaceous, strongly nerved, spongy at base, and witha
beak one third to one half the length of the body. The two species are well-marked.

9. Arenariae Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2:376. 1837;L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 137.
1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4*°: 128. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky
Mts. 122. 1917. OvaLes Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 394, in very small part. 1837; L. H. Bailey,
Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 147, in very small part. 1886. L&PoRINAE Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 72,
in part. 1845. CHORDORRHIZEAE Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 73, in part. 1845. SrccaTar
Carey, in A. Gray Man. 539, in greater part. 1848. HERPORRHIZAE O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24:
522, in greater part. 1851. HoLARRHENAE DOIll, Fl. Bad. 245, in part. 1856. INTERMEDIAE
Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 782, in part. 1882. DisricHak Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24*: 17,
in part. 1885. HyPARRHENAE Pax, in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 2?: 124, in part. 1887. BrizomImEAE
Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 315, in part. 1901. X®ROCHLAENAE and ATHROSTACHYAE
Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 455, in part. 1903. AusTRaLeEs Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzen-
reich 4°: 139. 1909. Species are referred to the genus Vignea Beauv. by Rafinesque (Good
Book 27. 1840). Treated asa subgenus of Vignea, ViGNEA, by Borner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen
21: 274. 1913).

Rootstocks ongl-creeping, dark-colored, tough, the culms arising singly or in small clumps

38 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

at intervals, mostly stiff, dark-tinged at base, aphyllopodic; leaf-blades narrow, the sheaths
hyaline ventrally; spikes numerous, more or less closely aggregated, some or all gynaecandrous
or staminate, some usually pistillate or androgynous; heads in some species with a tendency
to be dioecious; lower one to several bracts short-prolonged, the others bract-like; perigynia
appressed-ascending, plano-convex, narrowly margined or winged (at least above), serrulate,
closely enveloping the achenes, conspicuously beaked, the beak sharply bidentate, sutured
dorsally; achenes lenticular, bluntly apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas two.

A small group of dry-ground species, widely distributed in the temperate parts of Eurasia.
In North America represented by one widely distributed species and one very sparingly ad-
ventized. Some half dozen species occur in New Zealand and southern Australia.

Spikes numerous; head heavy; perigynia abruptly green-winged from below the

middle to the apex; perigynia shorter than the scales; terminal spike staminate. 21. C. arenarta.
Spikes fewer; head slender; perigynia narrowly margined to base and serrulate

from below the middle; perigynia exceeding the scales; terminal spike gynae-

candrous. 22. C. siccata.

21. Carex arenaria L. Sp: Pl. 973. 1753.

Carex spadicea Gilib. Exerc. Phyt. 546. 1792. (Type from Grodna, Lithuania.)

Carex Witheringii S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:48. 1821. (Type from England.)

Vignea arenaria Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1618. 1829. (Based on Carex arenaria L.)

Carex arenaria var. remota Marsson, Fl. Neu-Vorpomm. 523. 1869. (Type European.)

Carex arenaria var. pseudoarenaria Marsson, Fl. Neu-Vorpomm. 523. 1869. (Type European.)

Carex arenaria f. pallida Lackowitz, Fl. Berlin ed. 12.21. 1900. (Type from Berlin, Germany.)

Carex arenaria f. pumila Lackowitz; Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits.7: 171. 1901. (Type from Meck-
lenburg, Germany.)

Carex arenaria var. typica Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2?: 30. 1902. (Type European.)

Carex arenaria var. tenuis Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27: 30. 1902. (Type European.)

Carex arenaria var. spiralis Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27:30. 1902. (Type European.)

Carex arenaria-f. remota ‘‘Marsson”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 138. 1909. (Based on
C. arenaria var. remota Marsson.)

Rootstocks long-creeping, slender (2.5-3.5 mm. thick) but tough, clothed with brown
fibrillose scales, the culms 1—5 dm. high, slender but stiff, sharply triangular, smooth or slightly
roughened on the angles above, exceeding the leaves, arising one to few together, brown at base,
the dried-up leaves of the previous year very inconspicuous; well-developed leaves 3-6 to a
culm, or rather more on the sterile culms, clustered towards the base, the blades flat or
somewhat channeled, 5—20 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, light-green, thick, erect or recurving,
smoothish towards the base, scabrous towards the apex, long-attenuate, the sheaths very tight,
yellowish-hyaline ventrally, thickened and yellowish-brown at mouth, truncate or concave
and scarcely prolonged beyond base of blade, the ligule as long as wide, with colored margin;
heads oblong or linear-oblong, 2-6 cm. long, 7-20 mm. thick, containing numerous closely
aggregated spikes or the lower somewhat separated; spikes pistillate, staminate, or androgynous,
6-12 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, the upper usually oblong-elliptic and staminate, the middle
ones androgynous, and the lower ovoid and pistillate; lower spike or spikes provided with a
cuspidate-prolonged scale-like bract from much shorter to longer than the head; scales ovate-
triangular, thin, light-reddish-brown or in age straw-colored, the margins hyaline, the center
3-nerved, green, acuminate-aristate, about as wide as and slightly longer than and con-
cealing the perigynia; filaments conspicuously exserted, the anthers linear, 3 mm. long,
mucronulate; perigynia appressed or at length spreading-ascending, flattened-plano-convex,
4-5.5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, coriaceous, straw-colored or light-ferruginous-tinged, the
body ovate-lanceolate, flat and many-striate ventrally and rounded and many-striate dorsally,
rounded, minutely stipitate, more or less spongy at base, abruptly strongly wing-margined
above from below the middle, the wings green, serrulate, wingless towards base, rather
abruptly contracted into a serrulate beak one third the length of the body, hyaline at
mouth, very strongly bidentate, the teeth subulate, very sharp; achenes lenticular, broadly
oblong-quadrate, 1.75 mm. Iong, 1.25 mm. wide, slightly ridged, substipitate, bluntly minutely
apiculate; style short and little exserted at flowering time, slender, straight, scarcely enlarged
at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, slender, light-reddish-brown.

TypE Loca.ity: ‘‘Habitat in Europae arena praesertim mobili.”
DISTRIBUTION: Sea beaches near Norfolk and Buckroe, Virginia; in ballast, Linnton, Oregon;

Part 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 39

adventive from Europe, where widely distributed. Scarcely well enough established to be treated
as a member of the North American flora. (Specimens examined from Virginia and Oregon.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 821; ed. 2. f. 877; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 414; Engler,
Pflanzenreich 4°°: 130. f. 23, A, B; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. B; pl. Dd, f. 6; Fl. Dan. pl. 1766; Sturm,
Deuts. Fl. 69: pl. 3; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 209, f. 551; Leers, Fl. Herborn. pl. /4, f. 2; Anderss.
Cyp. Seand. pl. 3, f. 16; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 49; Engl. Bot. pl. 928; ed. 3. pl. 1618; Benth.
Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1107; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3815; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 424; Karst. Deuts. Fl.
f. 168; Lindm. Bild. Nord. Fl. pl. 432; Sv. Bot. pl. 156; Thomé, Fl. Deuts. pl. 91, f. B.

22. Carex siccata Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 278.
pls FE; f. 18 1826:

Vignea siccata Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex siccata Dewey.)
“Carex Liddoni Boott”’ Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 545. 1848.
Carex siccata var. hispida Olney (Caric. Bor.-Am. 9, name only. 1872); L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am.

Acad. 22: 147, as synonym. 1886.

Rootstocks long-creeping, slender (2.5 mm. thick) but tough, clothed with brown fibrillose
scales, the culms arising one to three together, phyllopodic, 2-9 dm. high, slender, sharply
triangular above, exceeding the leaves, roughened on the angles above, brown and clothed at
base with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves with well-developed blades 4—7
to a fertile culm, rather bunched on lower fourth, the sheaths much overlapping, the
erect-ascending blades flat or somewhat channeled, 1-3 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, light-green,
firm; sterile culms very leafy, the blades elongate; sheaths tight, thin and hyaline ventrally,
truncate and scarcely prolonged beyond base of blade at mouth, the ligule wider than long;
spikes 6-12, in a linear-oblong head 2-3.5 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick, the lower 1-3 slightly
separate, the upper closely aggregated, the lowest spikes usually pistillate with a few peri-
gynia, the middle linear-oblong, 6-10 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, and staminate, and the terminal
spike larger and with more perigynia and staminate at base; bracts scale-like with broad hy-
aline margins, the lower short-cuspidate; scales ovate-lanceolate, obtusish to acute, light-red-
dish- or yellowish-brown with green 3-nerved center and often conspicuous silvery-white-
hyaline margin and apex, as wide as but shorter than perigynia; perigynia appressed-ascending,
plano-convex, oblong-lanceolate, 4.5-6 mm. long, 1.75—2 mm. wide, coriaceous, smooth, pale-
green or soon ferruginous-tinged, narrowly green-margined to base, serrulate from below
middle, strongly many-nerved on both sides, substipitate, round-tapering to a spongy base,
somewhat abruptly contracted into a serrulate beak nearly or fully the length of the body,
obliquely cleft dorsally, bidentate, the teeth sharp, reddish-brown-tinged, the orifice minutely
hyaline; achenes lenticular, quadrate-orbicular, brownish, substipitate, short-apiculate, closely
enveloped, 2 mm. long; style slender, straight, jointed with achene, slightly enlarged at base;
stigmas two, slender, light-reddish-brown.

TYPE Loca.ity: ‘“‘Grows on the sandy plains in Westfield, Mass., where it was found by Mr.
E. Davis, principal of the academy.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry sterile open soil, Maine to New Jersey, westward to Washington (Kittitas
County) and Mackenzie, and southward to Indiana and Nebraska and in the mountains to Arizona;
erroneously recorded from California. (Specimens examined from Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin,
Illinois, Minnesota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Mackenzie, South Dakota, Nebraska, Colo-
rado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Washington.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 860; ed. 2. f. 878; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 345; Proc.
Am. Acad. 37: pl. 1, f. 9-11; Boott, Il]. Carex 19. pl. 52, pl. 146 (perigynia only); Abrams, III.
Fl. Pacif. St. f. 690; Clements, Rocky Mt. FI. pl. 45, f. 5; Am. Jour. Sci. 10: pl. F, f. 18; 30: pl. BB,
f. 93; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. f. 19.

Nore: This species is frequently confused with Carex praegracilis W. Boott. ‘That species has
stout blackish rootstocks, while this has slender brown rootstocks.

10. Potosinae Mackenzie. XEROCHLAENAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 455, in small
part. 1903. By L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 138. 1886) referred to the ARENARIAE
Kunth; by Kiikenthal (in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 148. 1909) referred to the BRACTEOSAE
Kunth.

Rootstocks short- or long-creeping, dark-colored, tough, the culms in small clumps, wiry,
dark-tinged at base, phyllopodic; leaf-blades narrow; spikes few, androgynous, with few
perigynia; lower one to three spikes with conspicuous bracts, usually exceeding head; perigynia
at length spreading, plano-convex, thick, spongy at base, thick-walled, closely enveloping

40 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumE 18

achene in upper part of body, narrowly margined or sharp-edged, tuberculate, conspicuously
rough-beaked, the beak sutured dorsally, bidentate; achenes lenticular, strongly apiculate,
jointed with the style; style-base slightly thickened; stigmas two, very slender.

Dry-ground species in open sunny places, one Mexican, the remainder South American.

23. Carex potosina Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 474. 1885.

Carex Schaffneri W. Boott; S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 18:172. 1883. (Type from San Luis Potosi.)

Not C. Schaffneri Bock. 1878.
Carex sa Bock. Bot. Jahrb. 7: 278. 1886. (Type from San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Schaffner

Cespitose in small clumps, from deep-seated, long-running, slender but tough, brown, scaly
rootstocks, the culms 1.5—3 dm. high, slender but stiff, roughened on the angles above, from
shorter than to noticeably exceeding the leaves, brownish at base and clothed with the dried-up
inconspicuous leaves of the previous year; leaves with well-developed blades usually 4-10
to a culm, more or less clustered on the lower fourth, the blades ascending or spreading,
1-2 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat, canaliculate, light-green, thickish, roughened on the margins
and towards the apex, the sheaths tight, thin and hyaline ventrally, slightly thickened at
mouth and short-prolonged beyond base of blade, the ligule much wider than long; heads 1-3
em. long, about 7 mm. thick, composed of usually few (2-5) spikes, the lowermost often more
or less strongly separate; spikes oblong-ovoid, about 7 mm. long and 5 mm. wide, androgynous,
the perigynia few, erect-ascending or in age somewhat spreading, the starninate flowers in-
conspicuous; lower two or three bracts conspicuous and much elongate, 3-12 cm. long, about
1 mm. wide, green, slightly enlarged at base, much exceeding the heads; upper bracts much
shorter and scale-like; scales ovate, acuminate, cuspidate or short-awned, yellowish-brown
with 3-nerved green center and very narrow hyaline margins, narrower and rather shorter
than the mature perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, 5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, very
thick, coriaceous, spongy, very short-stipitate, truncate at base, sulcate-nerved dorsally,
nerveless or obscurely nerved at base ventrally, sharp-edged ventrally to base, serrulate to
middle, dark-chocolate-brown with green upper margins, strongly granular-tuberculate,
rather abruptly narrowed into a serrulate beak about 2 mm. long, obliquely cut dorsally,
sharply bidentate, the tip light-reddish-brown, the orifice slightly hyaline; achenes lenticular,
short-oblong, substipitate, narrowed at base, strongly apiculate, thick, closely enveloped by
perigynia, 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide; style jointed with achene, slightly enlarged at base, de-
ciduous; stigmas two, very slender, 4-9 mm. long, reddish-brown.

TYPE LocALItTy (of Carex Schaffneri W. Boott, on which C. potosina is based): San Luis Potosi,
Mexico (Schaffner 546).

DISTRIBUTION: Dry plains, San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas. (Specimens examined from San
Luis Potosi and Zacatecas.)

11. Chordorrhizeae Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 73, as to type species. 1845; Carey, in
A. Gray, Man. 543, in part. 1848; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 121. 1917.
CEPHALOSTACHYAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 456, in part. 1903. Referred to the
ForETIDAE Tuckerm. by L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 133. 1886); to the Divisak Christ
by Kiikenthal (in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 119. 1909).

Culms aphyllopodic, elongate, prostrate, branching, sending up at apex and from some
lower nodes fertile culms and from other lower nodes sterile culms, which in succeeding seasons
become prostrate and branching; rootstocks and roots little developed; leaf-blades narrow;
spikes few to rather many (3-10), ovoid-oblong, androgynous, rather few-flowered, closely
aggregated into an ovoid or ovoid-oblong head; bracts absent or inconspicuous; perigynia
appressed-ascending, very thick-plano-convex, oblong-ovate, smooth, shining, coriaceous,
closely many-nerved, rounded on margins, rounded and spongy at base, the achene closely
enveloped in upper part of body, the beak short, hyaline-tipped, sutured dorsally and obliquely
cut, not becoming bidentate; achenes lenticular, bluntly apiculate, jointed with the slender
style; stigmas two.

Two species of sphagnum bogs, found in northern Eurasia, extending southward in the
mountains; one of these also occurring in northern North America in the Canadian and
Hudsonian zones.

Part 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 41

24, Carex chordorrhiza L. f. Suppl. 414. 1781.

Carex funiformis Clairv. Man. 287. 1811. (Type from ‘‘les marais prés de Neufchatel.’’)
Vignea chordorrhiza Reichenb. in Moéssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1608. 1829. (Based on Carex chordor-

rhiza L,. f.)

Carex fulvicoma Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 29:249. 1836. (Type from arctic seacoast, North America.)
Carex chordorrhiza var. sphagnicola Laest.; Th. Fries, Bot. Notiser 1857: 208. 1857. (Type from

Lapland.)

“Carex uliginosa L.’’ Wulfen, Fl. Norica Phan. 734. 1858. (Plant from Central Europe.)
Carex chordorrhiza var. genuina Trautv. Acta Hort. Petrop. 5: 123. 1877. (Based on C. chordor-

rhiza L. f.)

Carex chordorrhiza var. aestivalis Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27: 23. 1902. (Type Euro-
pean; not definitely given.)

Culms branching, flattened-triangular, the very long prostrate old culms of the previous
year retaining the old brown leaves of the previous year and bearing erect branches from the
nodes; fertile culms terminal or from the upper nodes, 1-3 dm. high, smooth, slender but firm,
obtusely triangular, bearing 1 or 2 short-bladed leaves above the base, if lateral leafless at
base, if terminal with several to many dried-up leaves of the previous year at base; sterile culms
from the lower nodes, leafy, erect, geniculate, the second year prostrate and branching; leaves
several to each sterile culm, the blades more or less scabrous, erect, slender, long-attenuate,
5-25 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide above, slightly wider at base, or in age up to 2.5 mm. wide,
light-green, canaliculate, the sheaths tight, concave at mouth, in age becoming loose, the ligule
very short; fertile-culm blades very short, 1-5 cm. long; spikes few to several, distinguishable
but densely aggregated into a short-oblong head 5-12 mm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, bearing the
few (usually 1-3) erect-ascending or at maturity spreading-ascending perigynia beneath and
the usually conspicuous staminate flowers above; bracts absent; scales ovate-orbicular,
chestnut-brown with a hyaline apex and margin and lighter center, acute or short-acuminate,
wider below and rather shorter than and partly enveloping and largely concealing the perigynia
until broken in age; perigynia thick-plano-convex, oblong-obovate, coriaceous, glabrous,
shining, yellowish-brown or brownish at maturity (at least upper half), the body 2.5-3.5 mm.
long, 2 mm. wide, strongly many-nerved on both sides, rounded, short-stipitate, spongy
at base, sharp-edged but not margined to base, the margins slightly thickened, not serrulate,
rounded and very abruptly short-beaked at apex, the beak 0.5 mm. long, very slender, sparingly
serrulate, obliquely cut dorsally and finally emarginate, hyaline-tipped; achenes lenticular,
thick, suborbicular or short-oblong, 1.75—2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, sessile, bluntly apiculate,
closely enveloped, brownish, densely punctate; style straight, very short, jointed with achene,
exserted; stigmas two, slender, short.

TYPE Locatity: “Habitat in Suecia. Ehrhart.”’

DISTRIBUTION: A species with an unusual and very well-marked habit of growth, found in
very wet sphagnum bogs and lake-borders in calcareous districts, Labrador and Newfoundland to
Keewatin, south to Maine, New York, Indiana, Iowa, and Saskatchewan: also widely distributed
in northern Eurasia. Recorded from Pennsylvania. (Specimens examined from Labrador, New-
foundland, Quebec (including Anticosti), Maine, Vermont, New York, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, In-
diana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Keewatin, Saskatchewan.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 817; ed. 2. f. 872; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 417; Engler,
Pflanzenreich 4: 116. f. 22, M; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. G; pl. Ti, f. 31; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 48.
f. 27; Fl. Dan. pl. 1408; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 55: pl. 1; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. f. 18; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
8: pl. 200, f. 535; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 3, f. 14; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3811; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur.
pl. 46, f. 6; Karst. Deuts. Fl. f. 162 (3, 4); Hallier, Deuts. Fl. 1. 423; Am. Jour. Sci. 29: pl. Y, f. 78;

Jour. Bot. 36: pl. 383 ‘ ; :
Note: A specimen of this species exists in the Linnaean herbarium under the name Carex

uliginosa 1., but the Linnaean name properly applies to a species of Scirpus.

12. Bracteosae Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 378. 1837; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich
4: 148. 1909. VuLPINOIDEAE Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 381,in part. 1837. VuLprnar Kunth,
Enum. Pl. 2: 383, in part. 1837. MuLtTIFLORAE Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 387, in part. 1837.
MoricaTak Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 73, in part. 1845. MUHLENBERGIANAE Tuckerm.
Enum. Caric. 9. 1843; Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 542. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad.
22: 138. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4*°: 152. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl.
Rocky Mts. 122. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 26. 1922. ACANTHOPHORAE Holm, Am.
Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 454, in part. 1903. Species are referred to the STELLULATAE Kunth by
Meinshausen (Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 323. 1901). Species are referred to the genera Vignea

42 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

Beauv. and Diemisa Raf. by Rafinesque (Good Book 27. 1840). ‘Treated as a genus Des-
miograstis by Borner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 274. 1913).

Densely cespitose, or in some species the rootstocks short-elongate, tough and dark-
colored; spikes three to fifteen, usually ten or less, androgynous (or pistillate) but never gynae-
candrous, rarely at all compound; bracts from little to strongly developed; perigynia plano-
convex or unequally biconvex, green or brownish, from appressed to reflexed, little to strongly
spongy at base, usually ribbed or nerved dorsally, sometimes nerveless, nerveless to strongly
nerved ventrally, narrowly sharp-margined, conspicuously beaked, the beak sutured dorsally,
usually sharply bidentate, rarely only obliquely cleft; achenes lenticular, nearly filling upper
part of perigynium-bodies; style jointed with the achene, its base more or less thickened;
stigmas two.

A group of dry-ground species, of which twenty-six are native in the temperate and warmer
parts of North America; three European species are also adventized or sparingly introduced.
The group is represented in Europe by four or five species which extend into western Asia
and northern Africa. One endemic species occurs in the Canary Islands, and a few in the
more open parts of South America. It is not represented in eastern Asia or in Australasia.

Sheaths tight, inconspicuously if at all green-and-white-mottled or septate-
nodulose dorsally.
Perigynium-body with lower third to half corky-thickened; perigynia
usually widely radiating or reflexed at maturity.
Beak of perigynium smooth; scales acuminate, deciduous; spikes ex-
cept lower 1—3 aggregated.
Body of perigynium broadly ovate, unequally biconvex, deep-
green, many-striate at base ventrally, abruptly short-beaked;
leaf-blades 1—3 mm. wide. 25. C. retroflexa.
Body of perigynium lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex,
light-green, nerveless, tapering to a conspicuous beak; leaf-
blades 0.75-1.5 mm. wide. 26. C. lexensis.
Beak of perigynium serrulate; scales obtuse or acutish, persistent;
spikes except the upper ones separate.
Stigmas slender, usually not twisted, elongate, light-brownish-red;
perigynia light-green, tapering or but little contracted into the
beak, inconspicuously white-hyaline at the orifice. 27. 1G. rosea.
Stigmas stouter, twisted, short, deep-brownish-red; perigynia
deep-green, abruptly contracted into the beak, conspicu-
ously white-hyaline at the orifice.
Leaf-blades 1.5-3 mm., averaging 2.5 mm. wide; spikes with
6-20, usually 9-12, perigynia; perigynia 3.25—4.5 mm. long,
widely spreading. 28. C. convoluta.
Leaf-blades 1-1.75 mm., averaging little more than 1 mm. wide;
spikes with 2-6 perigynia; perigynia 2.25—3 mm. long, more
ascending; lowest bract very strongly developed. 29. C. radiata.
Perigynium-body inconspicuously corky-thickened at base.
Beak of perigynium obliquely cleft dorsally, little or not at all biden-
tate; spikes with few (1-6, rarely 10) erect or ascending perigynia.
Perigynium- body not serrulate; scales with conspicuous 1-—3-
nerved green center, acuminate to awned, little brown-tinged;
culms densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short. 30. C. Rusbyt.
Perigynium-body serrulate above; scales 1—3-nerved, acute to
short-cuspidate, strongly brown-tinged; rootstocks conspicu-
ously short-creeping. 31. C. vallicola.
Beak of perigynium bidentate, usually strongly so.
Inflorescence ovoid, oblong-ovoid, or suborbicular, the spikes
densely capitate.
Perigynia soon brownish (green-margined); scales strongly
chestnut-brown-tinged. 32. C. Hoodit.
Perigynia green or straw-colored; scales green (except in 35.
C. onusta).
Scale (excluding awn) much exceeded by perigynium-body.
Perigynia with raised margins ventrally, narrowly to
broadly ovate, round-tapering at base, broadest
below middle; scales acuminate to aristate; sheaths
slightly thickened at mouth; culms densely cespitose. 33. C. cephalophora.
Perigynia flat ventrally, broadly ovate, broadest at the
truncate-cordate base; scales acute to cuspidate.
Head 8-20 mm. long; scales greenish-hyaline with
green midvein; culms densely cespitose; sheaths
not thickened at mouth, not cross-rugulose ven-
trally. 34. C. Leavenworthii.

ParT 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE

Head 1.5—3 cm. long; scales yellowish-brown-tinged;
rootstocks short-creeping; sheaths strongly thick-
ened at mouth, cross-rugulose ventrally.

Scale (excluding awn) from little shorter than to exceeding
perigynium-body; sheaths thickened at mouth; root-
stocks short-creeping.

Lower 1+4 bracts leaf-like, much exceeding head.

Lower bracts not leaf-like, usually inconspicuous and
usually shorter than head.

Culms normally spreading; perigynia lightly nerved
dorsally; stigmas short.

Culms stiff, erect; perigynia ribbed dorsally;
stigmas long. Depauperate forms of

Inflorescence oblong or linear-oblong to elongate and interrupted,
not capitate.

Perigynia almost entirely covered by the scales, inconspicuous
in head; scales strongly brownish or reddish-brown; peri-
gynia soon brownish; head presenting a brownish appear-
ance.

Head oblong or linear-oblong, the bracts not strongly de-
veloped; perigynia loosely ascending or spreading-
ascending at maturity.

Head linear, the bracts very strongly developed; perigynia

appressed. :

Perigynia 2.75-3.5 mm. long, very membranaceous,
serrulate to base of beak only, nerveless ventrally,
the teeth subulate, whitish within; achenes 1.25 mm.
long; scales strongly awned.

Perigynia 3.5-5 mm. long, submembranaceous, the
body serrulate to middle, often nerved ventrally, the
teeth triangular-subulate, reddish-brown; achenes
2.25 mm. long; scales acute to short-awned.

Perigynia conspicuous in the head, the upper parts not covered
by the scales. J

Lower 2-4 bracts much prolonged and leaf-like, much
exceeding head; culms densely cespitose, obtusely tri-
angular, smooth.

Lower bracts not leaf-like, not at all or little exceeding the
head; rootstocks short-prolonged, the culms sharply
triangular, rough above.

Spikes all aggregated.

Scales reddish-brown or yellowish-brown or purplish-

red-tinged; perigynia few-nerved dorsally.

Seales very thin, yellowish-brown-tinged, two

thirds length of perigynium-bodies; perigynia
strongly bidentate; sheaths strongly thickened
at mouth.

Seales firmer, reddish-brown or purplish-red-
tinged, about length of perigynium-bodies;
perigynia less strongly bidentate; sheaths
slightly or not at all thickened at mouth.

Perigynia 3-3.5 mm. long; sheaths slightly
thickened at mouth; scales reddish-brown-
tinged; ligule wider than long.

Perigynia 4~-4.5 mm. long; sheaths very thin
at mouth; scales purplish-red-tinged;
ligule much longer than wide.

Scales greenish; perigynia strongly ribbed dorsally.

Perigynia strongly ribbed and very low-convex

ventrally, the margins slightly raised; achenes
suborbicular.

Perigynia nerveless or short-nerved at base and
flat ventrally, the margins not raised.

Perigynia spreading, 3-3.5 mm. long; bracts
not broadly dilated at base; scales about
length of and narrower than bodies of peri-
gynia, cuspidate or aristate.

Perigynia ascending, 3.5-4 mm. long; bracts
broadly dilated at base; scales (especially
lower) exceeding and as wide as perigynia,
strongly awned.

Spikes not at all aggregated, the lower ones more or less
strongly separate; sheaths thickened and concave
or truncate at mouth. (Species very sparingly
adventized.)

Perigynia widely spreading, suborbicular; ligule

wider than long; achenes orbicular.

Perigynia appressed or ascending, ovate; ligule
longer than wide; achenes ovoid-quadrate.

39.

40.

41.

35.

42.

43.

45.

46.

47.
48.

cE

ae

(Ge

(6

G

CG.

(Es

G

G

- onusta.

involucratella.

”. mesochorea.

plana.

occidentalis.

Hookerana.

tumulicola.

arkansana.

. onusta.

xalapensis.

spicata.

Muhlenbergii.

plana.

austrina,

. Pairaei,

. virens.

44 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

Sheaths conspicuously green-and-white-mottled and septate-nodulose dor-
sally, loose, membranaceous and usually easily breaking ventrally.
Perigynia not deep-green, the beak one third to one fourth length of the
ovate or suborbicular body.
Perigynia with ovate body tapering into beak, at most faintly nerved
dorsally; beak very sharply bidentate, the teeth about 1 mm. long;
pistillate scales usually strongly awned; leaf-blades 3.5-5 mm.
wide; ligule wider than long. 49. C. gravida.
Perigynia with orbicular body abruptly beaked, strongly several-
ribbed dorsally; beak less sharply bidentate, the teeth about 0.5 mm.
long; pistillate scales acuminate to short-awned; leaf-blades 4-8
mm. wide; ligule longer than wide. 50. C. Lunelliana.
Perigynia deep-green, the beak one third length of ovate body or more.
Perigynia membranaceous, flat ventrally; leaf-blades 3-7 mm. wide;
spikes approximate or lower separate.
Seales half length of perigynium-bodies, acute to obtusish;
sheaths truncate at mouth, not thickened and not reddish-
brown-tinged, the lower transversely rugulose; ligule longer
than wide; stigmas rather short. 51. C. cephaloidea.
Scales about length of perigynium-bodies, acuminate to cuspidate;
sheaths concave at mouth, thickened and reddish-brown-tinged,
usually not at all transversely rugulose; ligule wider than long;
stigmas long. 52. C. aggregata.
Perigynia submembranaceous, with raised border ventrally; leaf-
blades 5-10 mm. wide; lower sheaths usually transversely rugulose;
lower spikes usually separate; ligule wider than long; stigmasshort. 53. C. sparganioides.

25. Carex retroflexa Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 235. 1805.

Carex rosea var. retroflexa Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 389. 1836. (Based on C. retroflexa Muhl.)
Diemisa retroflexa Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex retroflexa Muhl.)
ieee aes Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 9. 1872. (Based on C. retroflexa Muhl., as treated by
Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short-prolonged, slender, dark-colored, fibrillose,
the culms 1.5—4.5 dm. high, slender, but erect and rather stiff, sharply triangular, smooth, or
rough immediately beneath the head, usually somewhat exceeding the leaves, light-brownish
at base; leaves with well-developed blades 3-6 to a fertile culm, on the lower fourth, the blades
flat, green, erect or ascending, 5—25 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, roughened on the margins and
towards the apex, the sheaths very tight, not septate-nodulose, concave at mouth, not cross-
rugulose nor readily breaking, the ligule very short; spikes 4-9, in an elongate terminal head 1—4
cm. long, 5 mm. thick, the lower 1—3 separated, the upper close together; staminate flowers
apical, usually inconspicuous, except sometimes in the terminal spike; perigynia usually less
than 10 to a spike, ascending, spreading, or at maturity much reflexed; lower bract bristle-
form, 0.5-5 cm. long, the upper much smaller; scales ovate, hyaline, with a green midrib,
acuminate to cuspidate, usually a little narrower and shorter than the perigynia, falling before
the perigynia; perigynia unequally biconvex, broadly ovate, 3 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, mem-
branaceous, deep-green or brownish-green at full maturity, rounded at base, very narrowly
smooth-margined to base, finely and faintly several-striate dorsally, finely many-striate at
base ventrally, fully one half of the lower part of the body spongy and empty, the achene being
borne in the upper part, contracted into a smooth bidentate beak one third to one fourth
length of body, the teeth short, sharp, hyaline; achenes lenticular, ovoid, 1.3 mm. long,
rounded at base and tapering to the apex; style short, slender, strongly enlarged at base,
jointed with achene; stigmas two, slender, light-reddish-brown.

TYPE Loca.ity: ‘“‘ Habitat in Pennsylvania.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woods and thickets, Vermont and Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan,
and southward to Florida and Texas. (Specimens examined from Massachusetts, Vermont, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Co-
lumbia, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana,
Texas, Mississippi, Florida.)

ILLustRations: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Kkk, f. ee pate & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 836; ed. 2. f. 879;
Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 396; Boott, Ill. Carex 81: pl.

26. Carex texensis (Torr.) L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 97.
10 Mr 1894; Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2: 483. 10 My 1894.

Carex rosea var. texensis Torr. (Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 389, name only. 1836); L. H. Bailey, Mem.
Torrey Club 1:57. 1889. (Type from Texas.)
Carex retroflexa var. texensis Fernald, Rhodora 8: 166. 1906. (Based on C.rosea var. texensis Torr.)

ParT 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 45

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short-prolonged, slender, dark-colored, fibrillose,
the culms 1.5—3 dm. high, very slender but erect and rather stiff, smooth, sharply triangular,
exceeding the leaves, light-brownish at base; leaves with well developed blades 3-6 to a fertile
culm, on the lower fourth, the blades flat, light-green, erect or ascending, mostly 4-8 dm. long,
0.75-1.5 mm. wide, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths very tight,
not septate-nodulose, truncate or concave at mouth, not cross-rugulose nor readily breaking,
the ligule very short; spikes 3-8, in an elongate terminal head 1-3 cm. long and about 5 mm.
thick, the lower 1-3 separate and subglobose, the upper close together; staminate flowers
apical, conspicuous except in the lower spikes; perigynia usually 3-10 to a spike, erect or ascend-
ing, or soon widely spreading or reflexed; lowest bract bristle-form, short, the others much
reduced; scales ovate, hyaline with a green midrib, acuminate to cuspidate, usually a little
narrower than and about the length of the bodies of the perigynia, falling before the perigynia;
perigynia plano-convex lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, light-green,
membranaceous, very narrowly margined to base, the margins not serrulate, slightly raised,
nerveless, rounded and strongly spongy at base, tapering into a bidentate smooth beak about
one third length of body, the teeth short, sharp, hyaline; achenes lenticular, ovoid, 1.3 mm.
long, rounded at base and tapering to apex; style short, slender, strongly enlarged at base,
jointed with achene; stigmas two, slender, light-reddish-brown.

ae LOCALITY (of C. rosea var. texensis Torr., on which C. texensis is based) ; ‘‘ Texas, T. Drum-
DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands, Georgia to Texas, and northward to North Carolina and in
the Mississippi Valley to southern Illinois and Kentucky. Adventized in Ohio. (Specimens ex-
amined from North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Arkansas,
Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 837; ed. 2. f. 880.

27. Carex rosea Schkuhr; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 237. 1805.

““Carex echinata var. rosea Wahl.” Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 36, assynonym. 1814.

Diemisa rosea Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex rosea Schkuhr.)

Carex flaccidula Steud. Syn. Cyp. 199. 1855. (Type from Miami, Ohio.)

Carex rosea var. minor Boott, Ill. Carex 81. pl. 224. 1860. (Type from eastern United States.)

Carex rosea var. staminata Peck; Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 132. 1897. (Type not
given but from Cooperstown Junction, New York, in herb. E. C. Howe.)

Carex nate var. minor f{. debilis Farwell, Papers Mich. Acad. 2:19. 1923. (Type from Trenton,
Michigan.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, dark, fibrillose, the culms 2-5 dm. high,
slender, 1-1.75 mm. wide at base, aphyllopodic, smooth or slightly serrulate above, sharply
triangular, usually exceeding but at times equaled by the leaves, light-brownish-tinged and
fibrillose at base; leaves with well-developed blades 3-6 (usually 4 or 5) to a culm, on lower
fourth, but not bunched, the blades erect-ascending, 3 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, light-
green, flat, strongly minutely serrulate on the margins and on the veins towards the apex,
the sheaths tight, not septate-nodulose, concave and slightly thickened at mouth, the ligule
about as long as wide; spikes 4-8, androgynous, in an elongate terminal head 3-5 cm. long,
5-8 mm. thick, the lower 3—5 separate, the upper 3 or 4 aggregated; staminate flowers apical,
inconspicuous, with the 4-12 ascending or at maturity widely radiating perigynia below;
bracts bristle-form, that of the lowest spike conspicuous, 10 cm. long or less, those of the
upper spikes much smaller and often rudimentary; scales triangular-ovate, greenish-hyaline,
thin, rounded, the midrib not strong, green, the scales obtusish, about width of and half length
of bodies of perigynia; perigynia soon widely spreading, plano-convex with slightly raised
margins ventrally, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, submembranaceous, light-green, nerveless on
both sides or obscurely striate, serrulate on margins above, spongy and rounded at base,
tapering or somewhat contracted into a bidentate beak one fourth length of body, inconspicu-
ously hyaline between teeth, the teeth short, triangular, only the dorsal suture conspicuous;
achenes lenticular, broadly obovoid, filling perigynia, 1.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, substipi-
tate and minutely apiculate; style short, slender, enlarged at base, jointed with achene, de-
ciduous; stigmas two, elongate, slender, usually not twisted, light-reddish-brown.

Tyre Locauitry: “ Habitat in America boreali.””
Distrisution: Dry woodlands, Nova Scotia and Quebec, westward to North Dakota, and
southward to Georgia and Louisiana. (Specimens examined from Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario,

46 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Alabama, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, Michigan, Indiana, Wiscon-
sin, Illinois, Minnesota, South Dakota, North Dakota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Zzz, f. 139; Boott, Ill. Carex 81. pl. 224.
Note: See “Carex rosea Schk. and its allies.’ Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 43: 423-434.
1916.

28. Carex convoluta Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 43: 428. 1916.

“Carex rosea Schkuhr”’ Boott, Ill. Carex 81. pl. 223. 1860.
Carex rosea var. pusilla Peck; Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 132. 1897. (Type net given,
but from Portage, New York, in herb. E. C. Howe.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstock very short, the culms 3—6 dm. high, strict, 2.5 mm. wide
at base, aphyllopodic, roughened above, sharply triangular, equaling leaves, light-brownish-
tinged and fibrillose at base; leaves with well-developed blades 4-6 to a fertile culm, on lower
fourth, but not bunched, the blades flat, 1.5-3 mm. wide, thin, deep-green, the sheaths tight,
somewhat septate-nodulose, concave and somewhat thickened at mouth, the ligule very short,
much wider than long; spikes 4-7, androgynous, the upper closely contiguous, the lower
strongly separate, with 6-20 perigynia, the staminate flowers few and inconspicuous; lowest
bract setaceous, prolonged, and often overtopping the culm, the others less developed; scales
broadly ovate, obtuse, thin, rounded, white-hyaline with green midvein, about width of and
half length of bodies of perigynia; perigynia soon widely spreading, plano-convex with slightly
raised margins ventrally, 3.25-4.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, deep-green, submembranaceous,
nerveless on both sides, or obscurely striate, serrulate on margins above, spongy and rounded
at base, abruptly contracted into a bidentate beak one third length of body, conspicuously
white-hyaline between teeth, the teeth short, see both sutures conspicuous; achenes
lenticular, orbicular-obovoid, filling perigynia, 2 mm. long, 1.6 mm. wide, broadly substipitate,
very minutely apiculate; style slender, short, enlarged at base, jointed with achene, deciduous;
stigmas two, short, thickish, twisted, dark-brownish-red.

TYPE LOCALITY: Budd’s Lake, Morris County, New Jersey (Mackenzie 2088).

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woods, Nova Scotia and Quebec to Manitoba and South Dakota, and south-
ward to Alabama, Tennessee, and Arkansas. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Nova Scotia, Maine,
New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Alabama, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Wisconsin, Illinois,
Minnesota, Manitoba, Iowa, northeastern Nebraska, South Dakota, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 81. pl. 223; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 395; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl.
f. 835; ed. 2. f. 881; Wood, Bot. & Fl. 368. f. 13-15 (all as C. rosea Schkuhr).

Nore: See ‘‘Carex rosea Schk. and its allies.’”” Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 43: 423-434. 1916.

29. Carex radiata (Wahl.) Dewey; Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 534. 1860.

Carex stellulata 8 C. radiata Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 147. 1803.
Carex radiata Wahl.; Muhl. Descr. Gram. 224, as synonym. 1817;Small, F1.SE. U.S. 218. 1903.
mais var. radiata Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 276. 1826. (Based on C. stellulata 8 C. radiata

sa Be aerate Dewey’ A.Gray, N.Am.Gram.&Cyp. 151. 1835. (Specimen from Utica, New
ork.
Carex neglecta Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 19. 1843. (Type from Montpelier, Vermont.) Not C.
neglecta Degland, 1807.
“‘Carex disperma Dewey’’ Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. 131. pl. 33. 1844.
ead var. radiata B.S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 63. 1888. (Based onC. stellulata 6 C. radiata

Densely cespitose, the rootstock very short, the culms 2.5—5 dm. high, very slender, 1.5
mm. thick at base, weak, aphyllopodic, sharply triangular and roughened above, equaling
leaves, from light-brownish to blackish-tinged and fibrillose at base; leaves with well-developed
blades 4-6 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth, but not bunched, the blades flat, thin, 1-1.75
mm. wide, light-green, the sheaths tight, not septate-nodulose, very thin ventrally, concave
and scarcely thickened at mouth, the ligule very short, much wider than long; spikes mostly
4, androgynous, the two upper closely contiguous, the lower strongly separate, with 2-6 peri-
gynia, the staminate flowers few and inconspicuous; lowest bract setaceous, erect, prolonged,
and often overtopping the culm, the others less developed; scales ovate, obtuse, thin, rounded,
white-hyaline with green midvein, about width of but shorter than bodies of perigynia;
perigynia at first erect, at maturity more or less strongly spreading, plano-convex with slightly

ParT 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 47

raised margins ventrally, 2.25-3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, deep-green, submembranaceous,
nerveless on both sides or obscurely striate, serrulate on margins above, spongy and rounded
at base, abruptly contracted into a bidentate beak half length of body, conspicuously white-
hyaline between teeth, the teeth short, triangular, both sutures conspicuous; achenes len-
ticular, orbicular-obovoid, filling perigynia, 1.5 mm. long, nearly as wide, substipitate and
minutely apiculate; style short, slender, enlarged at base, jointed with achene, deciduous;
stigmas two, short, twisted, dark-brownish-red.

Type Locaity (of C. stellulata 8 C. radiata Wahl., on which C. radiata is based): ‘‘Hab. in
America boreali, Rev. Huligren; secundum herbarium Thunbergianum.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woods, especially in the Appalachian system, Quebec and Maine to Michigan,
and southward to North Carolina and Tennessee. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Ontario, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Maryland, District of Columbia, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky,
western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 10: pl. H, f. 24; Boott, Ill. Carex 81. pl. 225; Kunze, Suppl.
Riedgr. pl. 33.

Note: See ‘‘ Carex rosea Schk. and its allies.’” Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 43: 423-434. 1916.

30. Carex Rusbyi Mackenzie, Smithson. Misc. Coll. 657: 2. 1915.

Densely cespitose, the culms strictly erect, 2.5-3.5 dm. high, sharply triangular, much
exceeding the leaves, roughened above, dark-brown at base, the rootstocks very short-pro-
longed and dark-fibrillose; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3 or 4 to a culm, clustered
near the base, the blades erect-ascending, light-green, flat, with somewhat revolute margins,
1-2 dm. long, 1.5—3 mm. wide, roughened on margins, the sheaths tight, not readily breaking,
not septate-nodulose, the opaque part neither transversely rugulose nor red-dotted, but thin
and truncate or concave at mouth, the ligule wider than long, not dark-margined; spikes about
5, all aggregated into a rather stiff head 1.5—2.5 cm. long and about 7.5 mm. thick, the
upper spikes scarcely distinguishable, the lower readily distinguishable but little separated,
each spike bearing the rather inconspicuous staminate flowers above and the 1—5 ascending
perigynia below; bracts (except lowest) inconspicuous and resembling the scales, the lowest
bract exceeding its spike, 1 cm. long, enlarged at base and terminating in a long cusp; scales
ovate, white-hyaline, with conspicuous 1—3-nerved green center, faintly tinged with light-
chestnut-brown, acuminate to awned, about the width of and rather shorter than the perigynia,
these not completely concealed, but half enveloped at base; perigynia strongly plano-convex,
narrowly ovate, 4 mm. long, about 1.75 mm. wide, with slightly raised borders, ventrally ex-
tending nearly to base and not serrulate, somewhat spongy at base, nerveless ventrally, ob-
scurely many-striate dorsally, deep-green, submembranaceous, substipitate, round-tapering to
the base, tapering to a minutely serrulate or nearly smooth beak about one third the length
of the body, minutely hyaline-tipped, obliquely cut or in age very shallowly bidentate; achenes
lenticular, with short-oblong face, 2.75 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide; style slender, straight, not
enlarged at base; stigmas two.

TYPE LOCALITY: Yavapai County, Arizona (Rusby 859). :
DISTRIBUTION: Dry soil, mountains of Arizona and New Mexico. (Specimens examined from
Arizona, New Mexico.)

31. Carex vallicola Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 32:40. 1861.

Carex vagans Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 301. 1904. (Type from Stein mountains, Oregon.)
Carex phaeolepis Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. 1V. 17: 302. 1904. (Type from eastern Oregon.)
Carex brevisquama Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 152. 1907. (Type from Sweetwater County,

Wyoming.)

Cespitose, from short-prolonged, tough but not thick, dark, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms
erect, slender, sharply triangular, roughened on the angles immediately beneath the head,
2.5-6 dm. high, much exceeding the leaves, dark-brown-tinged at base; leaves with well
developed blades about 3 to a culm, on lower fifth, the narrow blades erect or somewhat
recurved, thin, light-green, 8-30 cm. long, | mm. wide, roughened on the margins and especi-
ally towards the long-attenuate apex, the sheaths tight, not septate-nodulose nor cross-rugulose,
thin ventrally but not readily breaking, truncate or concave and scarcely thickened at mouth,
the ligule very short, broader than long; spikes closely aggregated in a dense terminal head

48 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

1.5-3 em. long, 5-7 mm. thick, the individual spikes poorly defined and having from 2 or 3
to about 10 ascending or somewhat spreading perigynia at the base of the rather inconspicuous
terminal staminate flowers, these forming a short cylinder; bracts absent or occasionally the
lowest one present, 8 mm. long or less, awl-shaped, long-attenuate; scales broadly triangular,
hyaline with the central portion brownish or straw-colored and 1—3-nerved, greenish, acute
to short-cuspidate, noticeably exceeded by the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, flat on the
inner surface and margined except at base, oblong-elliptic, 3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, deep-
green, submembranaceous, serrulate above middle, round-tapering at base, obscurely nerved
dorsally, nerveless ventrally, more or less polished at maturity, rounded and abruptly narrowed
into a short, minutely serrulate beak about 1 mm. long, obliquely cut and bidentulate,
the teeth very short, reddish-tinged within; achenes lenticular, orbicular, short-apiculate,
substipitate, 2 mm. long, 2 mm. wide; style short, slender, jointed with achene, scarcely
enlarged at base; stigmas two, light-reddish-brown, slender, elongate.

Typr Locauiry: “ Jackson’s Hole on Snake River, June 18, 1860, 6000 ft. altitude, Dr. F. V.
Hayden.” [Southeastern Idaho.]

DISTRIBUTION: Dry slopes, Black Hills of South Dakota to eastern Oregon and Nevada.
(Specimens examined from South Dakota, Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon, Nevada.)

ILLusTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 693.

Nore: Erroneously recorded from California by W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 235.

32. Carex Hoodii Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
72S PANG, 7k, BILLS AMtSSeKo),

Carex muricata var. confixa 1,. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 203. 1885. (Type from Wyoming.)

Carex Hoodii var. nervosa .. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:14. 1889. (Type from California.)

Carex Hoodii var. neurocarpa Piper, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11: 167. 1906. (Based on C. Hoodii
var. nervosa L,. H. Bailey.)

Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, black, fibrillose, stout and tough,
the culms slender but strict, 2.5—8 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular, roughened
above, dark-brown-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades usually 2 or 3 to a culm,
on lower fifth, the blades erect-ascending, 1-3.5 dm. long, 1.5-3.5 mm. wide, green, flat or
channeled at base, roughened especially on the margins; sheaths tight, not cross-rugulose
nor septate-nodulose, very thin and truncate at mouth ventrally, the ligule wider than long,
colored on the margin; spikes 4-8, closely aggregated in an orbicular or ovoid-oblong,
dense, erect head 1—2 cm. Jong and 8-15 mm. thick, the lowermost rarely slightly separate;
staminate flowers apical, not conspicuous, with the 5—10 ascending or at length somewhat
spreading perigynia beneath; bracts absent or occasionally a small awl-shaped one (1 cm. long)
at the base of the head; scales ovate-triangular, chestnut-brown with conspicuous hyaline
margins and sharp green midrib, acute, acuminate, or short-cuspidate, about the width of and
from slightly shorter to slightly longer than the perigynia and largely concealing them; peri-
gynia flat, or slightly concave and nerveless ventrally, rounded and nerveless or more or
less nerved dorsally, ovate-elliptic, 3.5—5 mm. long, 1.75-2 mm. wide, green or soon brown-
ish, membranaceous, green-margined nearly to base, serrulate from above middle, somewhat
spongy, round-tapering at base but scarcely stipitate, tapering or contracted into a serrulate
beak about one third the length of the body, bidentate, the teeth triangular-subulate, sharp
but short, colored within, both sutures conspicuous; achenes lenticular, quadrate-orbicular,
yellowish-brown, 2 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, minutely truncately apiculate and short-sub-
stipitate; style slender, straight, jointed with achene, scarcely enlarged at base; stigmas two,
reddish-brown, slender, elongate.

TYPE Loca.iry: ‘‘Hab. Columbia River. Douglas, Scouler.”’

DIsTRIBUTION: Mountain meadows and slopes, from Alberta to South Dakota and Colorado,
and westward to California (the Sierra Nevada) and north to British Columbia. (Specimens
examined from South Dakota, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Alberta, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Cali-
fornia, Washington, Oregon, British Columbia (including Vancouver Island).) Erroneously recorded
from Alaska.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 17. pl. 46; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 211; Am. Jour. Sci. 49: pl. EE,

f. 106; Erythea 8: f. 6; Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 213. f. 30 a—c; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 164; Abrams,
Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 692.

Part 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 49

33. Carex cephalophora Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 220. 1805.

Diemisa cephalophora Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex cephalophora Muhl.)
Carex cephalophora var. bracteosa Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. 22:180. 1921. (Type from Ypsilanti,

Michigan.)
Carex cephalophora var. anomala Farwell, Papers Mich. Acad. 1:90. 1923. (Type from Wayne

County, Michigan.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short-prolonged, black, fibrillose, the culms erect,
2-5 dm. high, slender but stiff, triangular, the lower fourth leafy, smooth, except immediately
beneath head, shorter than or exceeded by the leaves, light-brownish-tinged at base; leaves
with well-developed blades 3-5 to a culm, ascending or more or less spreading, flat, flaccid,
1-4 dm. long, 2-4.5 mm. wide, pale-green, glabrous, but roughened towards the apex and
on the margins, the sheaths tight, not septate-nodulose nor cross-rugulose, concave and
slightly thickened at the mouth, the ligule longer than wide; spikes 3-8, densely capitate in an
ovoid-oblong or orbicular head 0.75—2 cm. long, 5-9 mm. thick, only the lower one or two
distinguishable, bearing the few inconspicuous staminate flowers above and the several to many
ascending or somewhat spreading perigynia below; bracts bristle-form, 1-5 cm. long, usually
short; scales ovate, greenish-hyaline, with a green midrib, acuminate to aristate, about half
the length of and narrower than the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, lance-ovate to broadly
ovate, broadest below middle, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, light-green or at full maturity
becoming yellowish, sharp-margined to base, the margins forming a raised border ventrally,
substipitate, round-tapering at base, submembranaceous, scarcely spongy at base, nerve-
less on both sides, or lightly 2—3-nerved dorsally, rather abruptly narrowed into a serrulate
beak about one half to one fourth the length of the body, bidentate, the teeth short, tri-
angular, white-hyaline within, the sutures on both sides conspicuous; achenes lenticular, apicu-
late, short-stipitate, suborbicular, 1 mm. long, filling perigynium-body; style slender, straight,
jointed with achene, enlarged at base; stigmas two, slender, short, reddish-brown.

TYPE Loca.ity: ‘‘ Habitat in Pensylvania.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands, Maine and southwestern Quebec to Manitoba, and southward
to Florida and Texas. One of the most characteristic and widely distributed species, of dry wood-
lands, in the eastern United States. (Specimens examined from southwestern Quebec, Ontario,
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois,
cine a Manitoba, Iowa, South Dakota, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana,

exas.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 841; ed. 2. f. 886; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 399; Schkuhr,
Riedgr. pl. Hhh, f. 133; Boott, Ill. Carex 123. pl. 396, 397; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 21, f. 4.

34. Carex Leavenworthii Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 2: 246. 1846.

Carex cephalophora var. angustifolia Boott, Ill. Carex 123. pl. 398. 1862. (Based on C. Leaven-
worthii Dewey.)

Carex cephalophora var. Leavenworthii Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 158. 1909. (Based
on C. Leavenworthii Dewey.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks dark, fibrillose, the culms erect or decumbent, slender,
1-6.5 dm. high, sharply triangular, smooth, except immediately beneath the head, shorter
than or exceeded by the leaves, light-brownish at base; leaves with well-developed blades
3-5 to a culm, on lower third, the blades ascending or spreading, flat, 0.5-2.5 dm. long,
1-3 mm. wide, pale-green, glabrous, but roughened towards the apex and on the margins,
the sheaths tight, not septate-nodulose nor cross-rugulose, concave and not thickened at the
mouth, the ligule longer than wide; spikes 3-8, densely capitate or in an ovoid-oblong head
8-20 mm. long, 5—9 mm. thick, only the lower one or two distinguishable, bearing the few incon-
spicuous staminate flowers above and the rather numerous ascending or somewhat spreading
perigynia below; bracts bristle-form, 2 cm. long or less; scales ovate, greenish-hyaline with a
green midrib, acute to cuspidate, usually about half the length of and narrower than the
perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, broadly ovate, broadest at base, 2-3.5 mm. long, 1.25-
1.75 mm. wide, flat and nerveless ventrally, sharp-margined to base, the margins not serru-
late except at base of beak, obscurely few-nerved dorsally, yellowish-green, submembrana-
ceous, scarcely spongy at base, substipitate, truncate-cordate at base, contracted into a
serrulate beak about one fourth the length of the body, bidentate, the teeth short; achenes

50 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

lenticular, substipitate, apiculate, orbicular, 1-1.5 mm. long, filling body of perigynium;
style slender, straight, jointed with achene, enlarged at base; stigmas two, slender, short,
reddish-brown.

TYPE Loca.ity: “Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth."

DISTRIBUTION: Dry open woodlands, Florida to Texas, and northward to southern New Jersey
and Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, and in the Mississippi Valley to lowa and extreme southwestern
Ontario. This species is becoming introduced northeastward along roads, and the Maryland,
Pennsylvania, and New Jersey records are based on such plants. (Specimens examined from Penn-
sylvania (Lehigh County), southern New Jersey, District of Columbia, Maryland, Ontario (in-
cluding Pelee Island), Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Iowa,
Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 842; ed. 2. f. 887; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 400; Boott,
Ill. Carex 123. pl. 398.

35. Carex onusta Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 42: 618. 1915.

Cespitose, from stout, short-creeping, black, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms aphyllopodic,
2-3.5 dm. high, stiff but rather slender, bluntly triangular below, sharply triangular and
roughened above, exceeding leaves, brownish at base, biennial, the dried-up leaves conspicuous;
leaves with well-developed blades 3 or 4 to a fertile culm, the sheaths tight, very inconspicu-
ously septate-nodulose dorsally, cross-rugulose ventrally and strongly thickened at mouth,
the ligule wider than long, the blades light-green, flat, thick, mostly 1-2 dm. long, 2.5-4.5
mm. wide; head oblong or oblong-ovoid, dense, 1.5—3 em. long, 8-13 mm. thick, containing
8-15 androgynous spikes, only the lower readily distinguishable; lower bracts setaceous,
shorter than head, the upper scale-like; spikes with 5-15 appressed or at length spreading or
ascending perigynia, the apical staminate flowers usually forming a conspicuous but short
cone; scales ovate, very thin, cuspidate, hyaline, yellowish-brown-tinged, with green midvein,
narrower than and about two thirds length of bodies of perigynia; perigynia plano-convex
or slightly biconvex, oblong-ovate, 3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, submembranaceous, green
or in age yellowish-green, nerveless ventrally, obscurely few-nerved dorsally, sharply margined
to the rounded non-spongy base, the margins not elevated, serrulate towards beak, abruptly
beaked, the beak 0.75 mm. long, serrulate, bidentate, the teeth short, the dorsal suture and
false ventral suture conspicuous; achenes lenticular, filling body of perigynium, 2.5 mm. long,
1.5 mm. wide, minutely truncately apiculate, the style short, slender, with much enlarged
base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, short, slender, reddish-brown.

TYPE LocALITY: Sandy woods, Tarrant County, Texas (A. Ruth 458).
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.

36. Carex involucratella Mackenzie, sp. nov.

Rootstocks woody, stout, short-elongate, black, fibrillose, the internodes short, the culms
3-7 dm. high, light-brownish at base, slender but strict, 3 mm. thick at base, biennial, phyllo-
podic, the dried-up leaves conspicuous, sharply triangular with flat sides, rough above, exceed-
ing leaves; leaves with well-developed blades 6-8 to a fertile culm, clustered on lower fourth,
the sheaths tight, not septate-nodulose dorsally nor cross-rugulose ventrally, not red-dotted,
concave and slightly thickened at mouth, the ligule conspicuous, wider than long, colored on
the margin, the blades shallowly channeled or flat, thickish, dull-green, 1.5-3 dm. long, 3-5
mim. wide, smooth except on margins; spikes closely aggregated into an ovoid or oblong-ovoid
head 2-3 cm. long and about 1.5 cm. thick, the individual spikes 12-20, scarcely distin-
guishable, androgynous, with 10-20 appressed or at length spreading perigynia, the stamin-
ate flowers very inconspicuous; lower 1—+ bracts elongate, much exceeding the head, the upper
scale-like; scales ovate, acute or short-cuspidate, somewhat narrower than and about length of
bodies of perigynia, 3-nerved, greenish or whitish with light-yellowish-brown hyaline margins;
perigynia plano-convex, 4.25 mm. long, 2.5—-3 mm. wide, straw-colored, submembranaceous,
the body suborbicular, sharp-margined nearly to base, nerveless ventrally except obsoletely
at base, rounded and more or less ribbed dorsally, short-stipitate, rounded and scarcely
corky-thickened at base, serrulate above the middle, contracted rather abruptly into a
serrulate beak half length of the body, dorsally cleft, bidentate, the teeth short, triangular-
subulate, appressed, somewhat reddish-brown-tinged, the ventral false suture and dorsal suture

Part 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE

wn

conspicuous; achenes lenticular, filling upper part of perigynium-body, quadrate-suborbicular,
2 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, substipitate, short-apiculate; style enlarged at base, slender,
straight, short, jointed with achene; stigmas two, short, slender, light-reddish-brown.

Type collected at Las Canoas, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, C. G. Pringle 3126 (in herb. E.
Brainerd).

DISTRIBUTION: Hillsides, San Luis Potosi and Hidalgo. (Specimens examined from San Luis
Potosi and Hidalgo.)

Nore: Strongly resembles the South American Carex involucrata Boott, but the perigynia are
thicker-walled and not membranaceous as in that species.

37. Carex mesochorea Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 246. 1910.

Carex mediterranea Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 33: 441. 1906. (Type from Washington,
District of Columbia.) Not C. mediterranea C. B. Clarke, 1896.

Cespitose, from lignescent, short-prolonged, dark, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms 1.5—10
dm. high, normally spreading, sharply triangular, rough above, leafy on lower third, exceeding
leaves, light-brownish at base; leaves with well-developed blades 5—7 to a culm, the blades
erect-ascending, thickish, light-green, usually 7-15 cm. long, 2.5—-4 mm. wide, flat, long-acu-
minate, roughened below, especially towards the apex; sheaths tight, not septate-nodulose,
little if at all cross-rugulose, deeply concave and more or less thickened and yellowish-brown-
tinged at mouth, the ligule conspicuous, somewhat wider than long; spikes 4-8, androgynous,
densely capitate, in an ovoid or oblong-ovoid head 10-17 mm. long, 10 mm. thick, the staminate
flowers few, with ovate-lanceolate cuspidate scales, the 8-20 perigynia ascending or at length
spreading; lowest bract or bracts bristle-form, much shorter than head, the upper scale-like;
scales ovate, brownish or greenish-hyaline, with 3-nerved green center, cuspidate or aristate,
narrower than and (excluding awn) about length of bodies of perigynia; perigynia flattened-
plano-convex, ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long, 2—2.25 mm. wide, broadest below middle, round-tapering
and not spongy at base, lightly several-nerved dorsally, nerveless and flat or nearly so ven-
trally, submembranaceous, sharp-edged to base, serrulate above middle, tapering or abruptly
contracted into a serrulate beak about | mm. long, bidentate, the teeth short-triangular,
both sutures conspicuous; achenes lenticular, strongly flattened, nearly orhicular, 1.5 mm. long,
substipitate, minutely apiculate; style short, slender, enlarged at base, jointed with achene;

stigmas two, reddish-brown, short.

TYPE Locality (of C. mediterranea Mackenzie, on which C. mesochorea is based): Washington,
District of Columbia (E. S. Steele).

DISTRIBUTION: Dry open places, sometimes introduced along roads, southern Massachusetts
and New York to the District of Columbia and Tennessee. (Specimens examined from Massa-
chusetts, New York (Long Island), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia,
Tennessee.)

ILLUSTRATION: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 885.

38. Carex occidentalis L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 14. 1889.

“Carex muricata L.”’ Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 362, in part. 1871; W. Boott, in Rothr.
Bot. Wheeler’s Surv. 277. 1878; L. H. Bailey, in Coult. Man. 390. 1885.

Carex muricata var. americana L,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 140. 1886. (Type from Colo-
rado to New Mexico and Arizona.)

Carex neo-mexicana Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 153. 1907. (Type from New Mexico.)

Carex Hookerana var. occidentalis Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 162. 1909. (Based on
C. occidentalis L. H. Bailey.)

Rootstocks conspicuously short-creeping, black, fibrillose, stout and tough, the culms
rather slender but stiff, sharply triangular, 2.5—-7 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, roughened
above, dark-brown-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades about 3 to a culm,
the blades light-green, erect-ascending, 1-2.5 dm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm..wide, flat, the margins
slightly revolute, roughened especially on the margins, the sheaths tight, not septate-nodulose
nor cross-rugulose, thin and concave and not thickened at mouth, the ligule longer than wide;
spikes 5-10, the lower one or two little separate, the upper aggregated and undistinguis‘iable,
the whole head stiff but rather slender, oblong or linear-oblong, 1.5-3 cm. long, 6-8 mm. th ck,
each spike bearing the few inconspicuous staminate flowers above and the few (10 or less)
loosely ascending or in age spreading-ascending perigynia at base; bracts when present usually
much shorter than the head, somewhat enlarged at base and with a short cusp, or acuminate;

52 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

scales ovate-triangular, the bodies brownish with opaque margins and green 3-nerved center,
acuminate to short-awned, rather wider than and about the length of and largely conceal-
ing the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, oblong-elliptic, 2.5—3.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide,
light-green or in age brownish, submembranaceous, flat or slightly convex and sharp-edged to
base ventrally, the margins serrulate at base of beak only, very obscurely nerved on both
sides, stipitate, somewhat spongy and round-tapering at base, abruptly narrowed into a
serrulate beak usually about one third the length of the body of the perigynium, biden-
tate, the teeth short, triangular, the sutures not conspicuous; achenes lenticular, oblong-
orbicular, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, apiculate, substipitate; style slender, straight, short,
enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, slender, light-reddish-brown, elongate.

TYPE Loca.ity: “Mountains, Montana to Arizona.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry places, Wyoming to Utah, and southward to New Mexico and Arizona.
(Specimens examined from Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona.)

ILLUSTRATION: Clements, Rocky Mt. FI. pl. 45, f. 2 (as C. muricata L.).

39. Carex Hookerana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 29:
248. pl. X, f. 75. 1836.

“Carex muricata L.”’ Torr. Ann. Tye. N. Y. 3: 389, in part. 1836.
Carex muricata var. gracilis Boott, Ill. Carex 193. 1867. (Based on C. Hookerana Dewey.)

Cespitose, from short-creeping, stout, tough, black, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms slender,
1.5—2 mm. wide at base, 1.5-3 dm. high, usually exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular,
roughened above, brownish at base; leaves with well-developed blades about 4 to a culm,
on lower fourth, the blades erect-ascending, 1-2.5 dm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, light-green,
flat, thin, roughened, especially on the margins, the sheaths tight, not cross-rugulose nor septate-
nodulose, thin, not thickened, truncate, nor concave at the mouth, the ligule wider than long,
dark-margined; spikes 5-10, the lower 3-6 separate, the upper aggregated and undistinguish-
able, the whole head slender, often rather flexuous, 2—5 cm. long and less than 1 cm. thick, each
spike bearing the few inconspicuous staminate flowers above and the few (10 or less) appressed
perigynia beneath; bracts, especially the lower, well-developed, somewhat enlarged at base,
prolonged into a long cusp, usually or often exceeding their spikes and the lower at times
exceeding the head; scales ovate-triangular, the bodies brown with narrow hyaline margins
and conspicuous green midrib, strongly awned, rather wide and longer than and conceal-
ing the perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 2.75—3.5 mm. long, the
body about 1.25 mm. wide, very membranaceous, light-green or light-brownish-tinged in age,
flat and nerveless ventrally, rounded and obscurely few-nerved dorsally, margined above,
marginless below, short-stipitate, round-tapering at base, serrulate at base of beak only,
rather abruptly narrowed into a serrulate beak scarcely half the length of the body, obliquely
cleft dorsally, deeply bidentate, the teeth subulate, whitish within, both sutures conspicu-
ous; achenes lenticular, quadrate-suborbicular, 1.25 mm. long and a little narrower, truncately
very short-apiculate and minutely substipitate; style short, slender, enlarged at base, jointed

with achene; stigmas two, reddish-brown, slender, elongate.

TYPE Loca.ity: “‘Found at Carlton House by Dr. Richardson.”

DISTRIBUTION: Prairies and plains, Manitoba and North Dakota to Alberta. (Specimens ex-
amined from North Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta.)

ILLustrations: Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 212; Am. Jour. Sci. 29: pl. X, f. 75.

Note: The name of this species was originally spelled ‘“‘Hookerana”’ but it has usually been
given as “‘Hookeriana.””

40. Carex tumulicola Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 154. 1907.

“Carex muricata var. gracilis Boott’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 232. 1880.
“Carex Hi romans Dewey” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 161. 1909. (As to Californian
plant.

Rootstocks conspicuously short-creeping, black, fibrillose, tough, rather stout, the culms
erect, slender, sharply triangular, 2-8 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, roughened above, dark-
brown or blackish-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades about 3 or 4 to a culm,
on lower fifth, the blades erect-ascending, 1-3 dm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, light-green, flat

Part 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 53

or channeled at base, thickish, roughened especially on the margins, the sheaths tight, not
septate-nodulose nor cross-rugulose, thin, not thickened, truncate, nor concave at mouth,
the ligule short, wider than long, dark-margined; spikes 5-10, the lower 3-6 separate, the
upper aggregated and undistinguishable, the whole head slender and often rather flexuous,
2-5 em. long and 6-8 mm. thick, each spike bearing the few staminate flowers above and the
few (10 or less) appressed perigynia beneath; bracts, especially the lower, well-developed,
somewhat enlarged at base, prolonged into long cusps, usually or often exceeding their spikes,
and the lower at times exceeding the head; scales ovate-triangular, the bodies strongly reddish-
brown-tinged with narrow hyaline margins and conspicuous green midrib, acute, cuspidate, or
short-awned, rather wider and from slightly longer to slightly shorter than the perigynia and
usually largely concealing them; perigynia plano-convex, oblong-elliptic to ovate, 3.5—5 mm’
long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, light-green or brownish in age, submembranaceous, flat and nerved or
nerveless ventrally, sharp-edged to base, serrulate to middle, rounded and several-nerved dor-
sally, somewhat spongy and round-tapering at base into a stipe 0.5 mm. long, gradually
or abruptly contracted into a serrulate beak one third to one half the length of the body of the
perigynium, sharply bidentate, the teeth slender, triangular-subulate, reddish-brown, both
sutures conspicuous; achenes lenticular, short-oblong, quadrate, 2.25 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm.
wide, truncately very short-apiculate and minutely substipitate; style short, slender, enlarged
at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, reddish-brown, slender, elongate.

Type LocaLity: Lake Temescal, Alameda county, California (Bioletti).

DISTRIBUTION: Dry soil, from southwestern Washington southward through western Oregon and
the coastal counties of California to Monterey County. (Specimens examined from all parts of
range as given.)

ee ons: Erythea 8: f. 7; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 165; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St.

41. Carex arkansana L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 21:6. 1896.

Carex rosea var. arkansana I,. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13: 87. 1888. (Type from Arkansas.)

Densely cespitose, the culms 2-6 dm. high, slender but firm, obtusely triangular, smooth,
usually noticeably exceeding the leaves, light-brownish-tinged at base; leaves with well-
developed blades usually about 3 to a culm, the blades erect-ascending, 1-2 dm. long, 1.5—2
mm. wide, flat, not thickish, light-green, roughened towards the apex and on the margins,
the sheaths tight, not septate-nodulose nor cross-rugulose, thin and concave at mouth, the ligule
wider than long, colored on the margin; spikes 4-6, subglobose, densely flowered, aggregated
or more or less separate in a solitary terminal head 15-30 mm. long, usually about 1 cm. thick,
all except the upper one or two readily distinguishable, each spike bearing the few inconspicuous
staminate flowers above and the 8-20 ascending or at length strongly spreading perigynia
beneath; lower 2—4 bracts much prolonged and many times exceeding the head, 6-25 cm. long,
1-2 mm. wide, roughened below, often enlarged and strongly nerved at base; scales ovate-
triangular, acutish to short-acuminate or even cuspidate, white-hyaline with several well-
developed central green ribs, narrower and from somewhat shorter than to exceeding the
perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, ovate-orbicular, 3.5-4 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide, sharp-
margined to base, the margins serrulate above the middle, light-green, membranaceous,
few-nerved dorsally, nerveless ventrally, short-stipitate, rounded and rather spongy at base,
abruptly narrowed into a serrulate beak one half the length of the body, bidentate, the
teeth triangular, reddish within, both sutures conspicuous; achenes lenticular, ovate-orbicular,
2 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, bluntly short-apiculate and substipitate; style slender, straight,
enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, reddish-brown, slender, short.

Type Locariry (of C. rosea var. arkansana L. H. Bailey, on which C. arkansana is based):
“Plentiful in the bottom of La Fourche creek, near Little Rock, Ark., growing beneath underbrush
where heavy timber has been cut. Dr. H. E. Hasse.’’

DIstRIBUTION: Woodlands, southwestern Missouri, eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas,
and northeastern Texas. (Specimens examined from all parts of range as given.)

42. Carex xalapensis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 380. 1837.

“Carex glomerata Thunb.” Bock. Linnaea 39: 59. 1875. (As to Mexican plant.)
Carex Muhlenbergii var. xalapensis Britton; L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 5:86. 1894. (Based
on C. xalapensis Kunth.)

54 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

Cespitose, from short-creeping, tough, rather stout, black, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms
6-9 dm. tall, slender but strict, sharply triangular with flat sides, roughened above, much
exceeding the leaves, 2.5-3 mm. thick and dull-brown at base, biennial, the old dried-up leaves
usually conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades about 5 to a culm, all on the lower
third but not crowded, the blades 1-3 dm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, light-green, flat, or shallowly
channeled above, rather stiff, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths tight,
not septate-nodulose nor cross-rugulose, concave, and only slightly thickened and yellowish-
brown-tinged at mouth, the ligule conspicuous but wider than long, dark-margined; heads
narrowly to broadly oblong, 1.5—3.5 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick, composed of 6-12 closely aggre-
gated but usually distinguishable spikes, the spikes androgynous, orbicular or nearly so, 5 mm
long, with 10-20 ascending-spreading (or at maturity spreading) perigynia, and inconspicuous
staminate flowers; two or three of the lower bracts developed, setaceous, 2—4 cm. long, slightly
enlarged at base, shorter than to exceeding the head; scales ovate, acuminate or short-cuspidate,
rather narrower than and about as long as the bodies of the perigynia, reddish-brown or in age
yellowish-brown-tinged, with 3-nerved green center and narrow hyaline margins; perigynia
plano-convex, 3-3.5 mm. long, 2—2.5 mm. wide, the body ovate to nearly orbicular, light-green
or yellowish-brown at maturity, nerveless ventrally, faintly few-nerved dorsally, the lower part
slightly corky-thickened, membranaceous, substipitate, truncate or rounded at base, sharply
margined to base, and serrulate above the middle, rather abruptly narrowed into a serrulate
beak about half the length of the body, dorsally cleft, narrowly bidentate, the teeth subu-
late-triangular, reddish-brown-tinged, very short, erect, the dorsal suture and false ventral
suture conspicuous; achenes lenticular, filling perigynium-body, short-stipitate and apiculate,
suborbicular, 1.5 mm. long; style short, slender, jointed with achene, enlarged at base; stigmas
two, reddish-brown, slender, elongate.

TYPE LOCALITY: Jalapa, Mexico, Schiede & Deppe.
DISTRIBUTION: Dry soil, Hidalgo. (Specimens examined from Hidalgo.)

43. Carex spicata Huds. Fl. Angl. 349. 1762.

Carex muricala L. Sp. Pl. 974, possibly as to some citations, but not as to type. 1753.
Carex muricata var. gracilis S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:48. 1821. (Type from England.)
Carex ah a var. densa Wallr. Sched. Crit. 493. 1822. (Based on “C. muricata L.”’ of most
authors.)
Carex viridis Spenner, Fl. Frib.48. 1825. (Based, as to type, on “‘C. muricata L.”’ of most authors.)
Carex viridis var. muricata Spenner, Fl. Frib. 48. 1825. (Type variety of C. viridis.)
Vignea muricata Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1611, in part, but not as totype. 1829.
Carex contigua Hoppe, in Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 61: pl. 2. 1833. (Type from Germany.)
Carex muricata var. vulgaris Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 65. 1849. (Type from northwestern Europe.)
Carex muricata var. incrassata Crépin, Bull. Acad. Belg. II. 7: 112. 1859. (Type from Belgium.)
Carex muricata var. genuina Gren. Mém. Soc. Emul. Doubs III. 10: 835. 1869. (Based on C.
contigua Hoppe.)
Carex muricata var. fumosa Gren. Mém. Soc. Emul. Doubs III. 10:835. 1869. (Type from France.)
Carex muricata var. remota F. Schultz, Flora 53: 459. 1870. (Type from Germany.)
Caricina muricata St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude FI. ed. 8. 2: 875, mostly, but not asto type. 1889.
Contes mee var. compacta St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude FI. ed. 8. 2: 875. 1889. (Type from
Trance.
Carex era f. pallida Appel; Woerl. Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 3: 164. 1893. (Type from Ger-
many.
Carex muricata subsp. macrocarpa var. typica Neuman, Sv. Fl.716. 1901. (Based on “C. muricata
L.”’ of most authors.)
Coe eh Fei var, submonostachya Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27:39. 1902. (Type from
ermany.
Carex contigua var. pseudo-guestphalica Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27: 39. 1902. (Type
from Germany.)
Cores He var. mediterranea Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27: 39. 1902. (Type from
taly.
Coren te var. typica Vollm. Denks. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 8: 81. 1903. (Based on C. contigua
oppe.
Carex contigua var. typica subvar. pallida Vollm. Denks Bot. Ges. Regensb. 8: 81. 1903. (Based
on C. muricata f. pallida Appel.)
Carex contigua var. remota Vollm. Denks. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 8: 81. 1903. (Based on C. muricata
var. remota F. Schultz.)
Carex contigua var. remota subvar. umbrosa Vollm. Denks. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 8:81. 1903. (Type
from Germany.)
Carex contigua var. longissima Tauscher; Vollm. Denks. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 8: 76, 81. 1903. (Type
from Hungary.)

Part 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 5

on

Carex contigua f. submonostachya *‘ Asch. & Graebn.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 156.
1909. (Based on C. muricata var. submonostachya Asch. & Graebn.)

Carex contigua f. remota “‘F. Schultz’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 156. 1909. (Based
on C. muricata var. remota F. Schultz.)

Carex conligua f{. pallida ‘‘ Appel’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 156. 1909. (Based on
C. muricata {. pallida Appel.)

Carex contigua f. pseudo-guestphalica ‘* Asch. & Graebn.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 156.
1909. (Based on C. conligua var. pseudo-guestphalica Asch. & Graebn.)

Carex contigua f. fumosa ‘“‘Gren.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°": 156. 1909. (Based on
C. muricata var. fumosa Gren.)

Cespitose, from very short-prolonged, dark, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms 2-8 dm. high,
slender but strict, leafy on lower fourth, sharply triangular, serrulate beneath the head, usually
exceeding the leaves, dark-brown-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades 3-6 to
a culm, the blades ascending or erect, thin and not stiff, deep-green, 1-3 dm. long, 1.5-3 mm.
wide, flat, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths tight, not septate-
nodulose nor cross-rugulose, very thin ventrally, varying from deeply concave at mouth to
short-prolonged and convex (in lower sheaths), the ligule conspicuous, much longer than wide,
white, sometimes yellowish-brown-margined; spikes 4-9, aggregated in an oblong terminal
head 1.5—3 cm. long, 1 cm. or less thick, the lower 1-3 slightly separated; staminate flowers
apical, inconspicuous, with the 5—10 ascending or spreading perigynia below; bracts bristle-
like, 2 cm. long or less, often rudimentary; scales ovate-triangular, acuminate to aristate,
about the width of and slightly shorter than the perigynia, narrowly hyaline-margined, green-
ish-hyaline and more or less strongly purplish-red-tinged, the center green, strongly 1—3-ribbed;
perigynia plano-convex, 4~-5.5 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide, ovate, flat on inner surface, sharp-
margined to base, the margins scarcely if at all elevated, not serrulate, green, submem-
branaceous, substipitate, rounded and spongy at base, nerveless ventrally, several-nerved
dorsally, rather abruptly contracted into a serrulate beak about half the length of the
body, bidentate, the teeth triangular, short, hyaline within, both sutures conspicuous;
achenes lenticular, filling body of perigynium, orbicular-quadrate, 2—2.25 mm. long, 2 mm.
wide, substipitate and short-apiculate; style short, slender, jointed with achene, enlarged at
base; stigmas two, red, slender, 2 mm. long.

TYPE Loca.ity: ‘‘ Habitat in aquosis,’’ England.

DistTR1IBuTION: Fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ohio and Virginia; locally naturalized
from Europe, where it is widely distributed. Also recorded from western Asia and the Canary
Islands. (Specimens examined from Nova Scotia, Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode
Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, District of Columbia, Virginia.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 838; ed. 2. f. 882; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 397; Engler,
Pflanzenreich 47°: 155. f. 26, A-E; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 55. f. 35; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 61: pl. 2;
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 215, f. 561; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 3, f. 19; Host, Gram. Austr. 1:
pl. 54; Engl. Bot. pl. 1097; ed. 3. ‘pl. 1624; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. f. 1106; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3823;
Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 46, f. 4; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 426; Karst. Deuts. Fl. 339. f. 166, 2, 3;
Lindm. Bild. Nord. Fl. pl. 433 A; Micheli, Nov. Pl. Gen. pl. 33, f. 14; Flora 54: pl. 2, in part.

Nore: F. Schultz (Flora 54: 27. pl. 1, 2. 1871) carefully brought out and illustrated the differ-
ences between this and related European species. See also Jour. Bot. 36:74,75. Later, the European
synonymy of this and related species was gone into at length by Vollmann (Denks. Bot. Ges.
Regensb. 8: 55-90. 1903).

The original description of Carex spicata Hudson does not make reference to any illustrations.
However, in the second edition of his ‘‘Flora anglica,’’ published in 1778, Hudson (page 405) added
the reference ‘‘ Mich. gen. 69. t. 33. f. 14.” Micheli’s figure so referred to undoubtedly belongs to
the present species, and English writers have all been unanimous in referring Hudson’s name to the
present species. It does not, however, grow “in aquosis’’ as stated by Hudson, unless he is to be
taken as meaning poorly drained places where water may stand after arain. It seems to me that
we are not justified in abandoning the traditional use of Hudson’s name.

The species has been generally known as “Carex muricata L.’’ but references to it formed very
little if any part of the Linnaean description of that species. Nor is the name “ muricata’’ one which
Linnaeus could ever have applied to a species not at all muricate.

44. Carex Muhlenbergii Schkuhr (Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 231, name only.
1805), Riedgr. Nachtr. 12. pl. Yyy, f. 178. 1806.

Carex pinetorum Willd.; Schlecht. Linnaea 10: 265. 1835. (Type from North Carolina.)

Carex piniaria Bosc; Schlecht. Linnaea 10: 265. 1835. (As synonym of C. pinetorum Willd.)

“ Carex muricata \.’’ Schlecht & Cham. Linnaea 6:29. 1831.

Vignea Muhlenbergii Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex Muhlenbergii Schkuhr.)
Cespitose, from lignescent, short-prolonged, dark, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms 2-9

dm. high, stiff, sharply triangular, very rough above, leafy on lower fifth, much exceeding

56 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumME 18

leaves, light-brownish at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year very conspicuous; leaves

with well-developed blades 5-10 to a culm, the blades ascending or spreading, thick, light-
green, usually 1-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or channeled at base, long-tapering, much
roughened towards apex and on the margins, the sheaths tight, not septate-nodulose, little
if at all cross-rugulose, concave and thickened and yellowish-brown-tinged at mouth, the
ligule about as wide as long; spikes 3-10, androgynous, densely aggregated into an oblong
head 1.5—4 em. long, about 1 em. thick, the lower at least well-defined and distinguishable,
the staminate flowers few and inconspicuous, with lanceolate, cuspidate scales, the 8-20
perigynia ascending or at length spreading; bracts bristle-form, short but usually conspicuous;
scales ovate, greenish-hyaline with 3-nerved green center, cuspidate or aristate, narrower
than and (excluding awn) from somewhat shorter than to about length of bodies of perigynia;
perigynia plano-convex, 3—-3.5 mm. long, 2.25—2.5 mm. wide, broadly ovate or orbicular,
broadest below middle, and round-tapering and scarcely spongy at base, subcoriaceous, pale-
green, the dorsal side strongly many-ribbed, the ventral side many-ribbed, slightly elevated
in the center and with slightly elevated sharp margins to base, serrulate from above the mid-
dle, abruptly short-beaked, the beak 1 mm. long, rather broadly bidentate with short-triangular
teeth, hyaline within, both sutures conspicuous; achenes lenticular, suborbicular, 2 mm. long,
1.75 mm. wide, filling body of perigynium, abruptly substipitate, not at all or very shortly
apiculate; style short, slender, enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, reddish-
brown, slender, long.

TYPE LOCALITY: “Habitat in America boreali,’’ 7. e., Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg).

DISTRIBUTION: Sand hills and dry sterile fields and hills, especially on the coastal plain and
around the Great Lakes, Maine to Minnesota, and southward to Florida and Texas. (Specimens
examined from Ontario, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Kentucky, Ohio,
Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa.)

ILLustrations: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Yyy, f. 178; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 843; ed. 2. f. 883;
Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 398; Boott, Ill. Carex 124. pl. 399; Rep. N. Y. Mus. 1910: pl. 21, f. 3.

45. Carex plana Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 50: 350. 1923.

Carex Muhlenbergii var. enervis Boott, Ill. Carex 124. l.°400. 1862. (Type from Highlands,
New York.) Not C. enervis C. A. Meyer, 1833.

Carex Muhlenbergii var. xalapensis Britton; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1:349. 1896. (As to plant de-
scribed only.)

Cespitose, from lignescent, short-prolonged, dark, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms 3-9 dm.
high, slender but stiff, sharply triangular, rough above, leafy on lower fifth, much exceeding the
leaves, light-brownish at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with
well-developed blades 5-10 to a culm, the blades erect-ascending, thickish, green, usually
1-3 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat or channeled at base, long-tapering, roughened towards apex
and on the margins, the sheaths tight, not septate-nodulose, little if at all cross-rugulose,
concave and thickened and yellowish-brown-tinged at mouth, the ligule conspicuous, about
as wide as long; spikes 5-10, androgynous, densely aggregated into an oblong head 2-4 em.
long, 8-10 mm. thick, the lower at least well-defined and distinguishable, the staminate flowers
few, with ovate-lanceolate cuspidate scales, the 8-20 perigynia ascending or at length spreading;
bracts bristle-form, short but at least the lowest conspicuous; scales ovate, greenish-hyaline
with 3-nerved green center, cuspidate or aristate, narrower than and (excluding awn) from
somewhat shorter than to about length of bodies of perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, 3-3.5
mm. long, 2—2.25 mm. wide, ovate, broadest below middle, round-tapering and slightly
spongy at base, subcoriaceous, light-green or in age yellowish-green, narrowly margined nearly
to base, several- to rather many-ribbed dorsally, nerveless or short-nerved at base ventrally,
flat or nearly so ventrally, serrulate from above the middle, abruptly short-beaked, the beak 1
mm. long, rather broadly bidentate with short triangular teeth, hyaline within, both sutures
conspicuous; achenes lenticular, ovoid-orbicular, 2 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, filling body of
perigynium, abruptly substipitate, not at all or very shortly apiculate; style short, slender,
enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, reddish-brown, slender, long.

TYPE Loca.iry (of C. Muhlenbergii var. enervis Boott, on which C, plana is based): Highlands.
Hudson River, New York (Russell) ; figured by Boott.

ParT 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 57

DisTRIBuTION: Dry hillsides, especially in calcareous regions, Maine and Ontario to Nebraska,
and southward to Alabama and Texas. Especially well distributed and abundant in the strongly
calcareous districts of the Mississippi Valley. (Specimens examined from Maine, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, Ontario, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky,
ae Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, lowa, Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas,

exas.

ILLUSTRATION: Boott, Ill. Carex 124. pl. 400.

46. Carex austrina (Small) Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey
Club 34: 151. 1907.

Carex Muhlenbergii var. australis Olney; (E. Hall, Pl. Tex.25,nameonly. 1873) L. H. Bailey, Proc.

Am. Acad. 22: 141. 1886. (Type from Texas.) Not C. australis Kirk, 1894.

Carex Muhlenbergii var. austrina Small, Fl. SE. U.S. 218. 1903. (Based on C. Muhlenbergii
var. australis Olney.)

Cespitose, from lignescent, very short-prolonged, dark, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms
erect, 2-9 dm. high, usually low, slender but stiff, sharply triangular, more or less roughened
above, leafy on lower fourth, usually noticeably exceeding the leaves, light-brownish at base;
leaves with well-developed blades 3-8 to a culm, the blades ascending, usually 1-3 dm. long,
2.5-4 (rarely 4.5) mm. wide, thickish, light-green, flat or slightly channeled at base, long-
tapering, glabrous, but roughened towards the apex and on the margins, the sheaths tight,
not septate-nodulose nor cross-rugulose, concave and slightly thickened at mouth, the ligule
very short, about as wide as long; spikes 5-10, androgynous, densely aggregated in an oblong
terminal head 1.5-3.5 em. long, 8-15 mm. thick, the lower 2—4 well defined and distinguish-
able, each spike bearing the few inconspicuous staminate flowers above and the 8—20 appressed-
ascending, or in age somewhat spreading-ascending perigynia below, the staminate scales
ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate; lower bracts or all 1-5 cm. long, dilated and much nerved at
the base, long-cuspidate and conspicuous, the upper scale-like; scales broadly ovate, greenish
or whitish-hyaline with strongly 3-nerved green center, strongly awned, about as wide
as and largely covering the perigynia, conspicuous; perigynia plano-convex, ovate or suborbicu-
lar, 3.5—-4 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, broadest below middle, flat, and without raised margins
ventrally, sharp-edged to base and serrulate above middle, light-greenish, submembranaceous,
substipitate, rounded but scarcely spongy at base, nerveless or nearly so ventrally,
strongly several-nerved dorsally, abruptly narrowed into a serrulate beak one third to one
fourth the length of the body, bidentate, the teeth subulate-triangular, hyaline within,
both sutures conspicuous; achenes lenticular, suborbicular, 2.25—2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide,
filling body of perigynium, abruptly short-stipitate, very short-apiculate; style short, slender,
enlarged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas two, reddish-brown, slender, long.

Type Loca.irty (of C. Muhlenbergii var. australis Olney, on which C. austrina is based) : Houston,
Texas (Hall).

DistRrBuTIon: Dry sunny places in calcareous districts, Missouri and eastern Kansas to Ar-

kansas and Texas. (Specimens examined from Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas.)
ILLUSTRATION: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 884.

47. Carex Pairaei F. Schultz, Flora 51: 302. 1868.

Carex muricata L,. Sp. Pl. 974, as to some citations, but not as to type. 1753.

““Carex loliacea \.’’ Schkuhr, Riedgr. 22. pl. Ee, f. 91. 1801. (Probably from Germany.)

Carex muricata L. var. (C.) loliacea Schkuhr, Riedgr. Nachtr. 12. 1806. (Based on “C. loliacea
L.” of Schkuhr.)

Vignea muricata Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1611,in part, but not astotype. 1829.

Vignea virens Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1611, mostly, but not as to type. 1829.

Carex muricata var. virens Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: 9. pl. 215, f. 562, as to plant described and
figured, but not as to type. 1846.

Carex muricata var. monostachya Asch. Fl. Brand. 1: 766. 1864. (Type from Brandenburg.)

Carex muricata var. ‘‘spica depauperata”” Hampe, Fl. Hercyn. 290. 1873. (Type from Germany.)

Carex virens var. Pairaei Garcke, F1. Deuts. ed. 13.418. 1878. (Based on C. Pairaei F. Schultz.)

Carex muricata var. Pairaei Celak. Prodr. Fl). Béhm. 731. 1881. (Based on C. Pairaei F. Schultz.)

Carex muricata subsp. microcarpa Neuman, Bot. Notiser 1894: 107. 1894. (Type from Sweden.)

Carex virens var. monostachya Asch. & Graebn.; Beyer, Nordostd. Schulfl. 81. 1902. (Based on
C. muricata var. monostachya Asch.)

Carex Pairaei var. monostachya Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27: 40. 1902. (Based on
C. muricata var. monostachya Asch.)

8 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

n

Carex Pairaei var. capitata Christ; Chenev. Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 2: 780. 1902. (Type from Swit-
zerland.)

“Carex echinata Murr.”’ C. B. Clarke; Fernald, Rhodora 4: 225. 1902. (From Germany, collected
by Murray; but see Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 161.)

Carex Leersii var. angustifolia Vollm. Denks. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 8:80. 1903. (Based on C. Pairaet
F. Schultz.)

Carex Leersii var. angustifolia subvar. virescens Vollm. Denks. Bot. Ges. 8:80. 1903. (Type prob-
ably from Germany.)

Carex Leersii var. depauperata Vollm. Denks. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 8: 81. 1903. (Based on C.
muricata var. ‘‘spica depauperata’’ Hampe.)

“ Carex echinata Murr.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4": 160. 1909.

Carex echinata f. monostachya ‘‘ Asch. & Graebn.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 161. 1909.
(Based on C. muricata var. monostachya Asch. & Graebn.)

Carex echinata {. capitata ‘‘Christ’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 161. 1909. (Based on
C. Pairaei var. capitata Christ.)

Carex echinata var. tenuior Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 161. 1909. (Type from the
Azores.)

Cespitose, from lignescent, short-prolonged, dark, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms 3-7
dm. high, rather stiff, sharply triangular and strongly serrulate above, leafy on lower third,
exceeding the leaves, dark-brown-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades 4-6 to a
culm, the blades erect, usually 1-3 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat, green, not stiff, roughened on
the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths tight, not septate-nodulose nor cross-rugulose,
truncate or concave and slightly thickened at mouth, the ligule wider than long, white, often
with colored margins; spikes 4-8, androgynous, globose-ovoid, 5—7 mm. long, the upper aggre-
gated, the lower strongly separate, the head 2—3.5 cm. long, about 8 mm. thick, the spikes with
inconspicuous staminate flowers and 5-10 ascending or at length squarrose perigynia; lower
bracts bristle-form, short, the upper scale-like; scales ovate, mucronate, reddish-brown with
3-nerved green center, much shorter and narrower than bodies of perigynia; perigynia plano-
convex, broadly ovate, olive-green, 3—3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, sharp-margined to base, the
margins serrulate at base of beak and scarcely elevated ventrally, nerveless or obscurely few-
nerved on both sides towards base, submembranaceous, rounded, substipitate and slightly
spongy at base, contracted into a serrulate beak about 0.75 mm. long, reddish-tipped, biden-
tate, the teeth triangular-subulate, reddish within, both sutures conspicuous; achenes len-
ticular, filling body of perigynium, quadrate-orbicular, 2 mm. long and nearly as wide,
substipitate, short-apiculate; style short, slender, jointed with achene, enlarged at base;
stigmas two, slender, red, 2 mm. long.

Type LocaLity (of ‘‘C. loliacea L,.’’ of Schkuhr, on which C. Pairaei is based): Probably Ger-
many.

DIstTRIBUTION: A widely distributed species of Europe and western Asia, locally naturalized or
adventized in Kent County, New Brunswick, and at Easton, Pennsylvania. (Specimens examined
from Pennsylvania.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Engler, Pflanzenreich 4”: 155. f. 26, F—K (as C. echinata); Schkuhr, Riedgr.
pl. Ee, f. 91; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 55. f. 36; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 215, f. 562; Leers, Fl. Her-
born. pl. 14, f. 8; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3824; Flora 54: pl. 2, in part.

Norte: The first citation under Carex muricata L. is: ‘‘ Carex spiculis subovatis sessilibus remotis
androgynis, capsulis acutis divergentibus spinosis’’ (FI. Suec. 752). This undoubtedly refers to Carex
stellulata Gooden., and as it is the only one from a work of Linnaeus himself, it should be taken as fixing
the application of the name. In his herbarium specimens labeled Carex muricata represent Carex
stellulata Gooden. and the present species. (See Wulfen, Fl. Norica Phan. 737, 741. 1858; Mac-

kenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 50: 346. 1923.) As to the identity of Carex echinata Murtr., see note
under C. muricata (no. 112).

48. Carex virens Lam. Encyc. 3: 384. 1791.

Carex nemorosa Lumn. Fl. Poson. 418. 1791. (Type from central Europe.) Not C. nemorosa
Schrank, 1789.

Carex divulsa Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 160. 1794. (Type from England.)

“Carex muricata 1,.’’ Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2: 335. 1800. (Northwestern Africa.)

pee B divulsa Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 153. 1803. (Based on C. divulsa

ooden.

Carex viridis var. divulsa Spenner, Fl. Frib. 48. 1825. (Based on C. divulsa Gooden.)

Carex viridis var. longibracteata Spenner, Fl. Frib. 48. 1825. (Based on C. virens Lam.)

Vignea virens Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2.1611. 1829. (Based on Carex virens Lam.)

Vignea divulsa Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2.1619. 1829. (Based on Carex divulsa Gooden.)

Vignea guestphalica Bonningh.; Reichenb. Fl. Germ. Exc. 140’. 1832. (Type from Germany.)

Carex muricata B virens Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 751. 1837. (Based on C. virens Lam.)

Carex guestphalica Bonningh.; O. F. Lang, Flora 26: 147. 1843. (Type from Germany.)

Carex muricata var. subramosa Neilr. Fl. Wien 67. 1846. (Based on C. divulsa Gooden.)

Carex divulsa var. virens Durieu. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 6: 633. 1859. (Based on C. virens Lam.)

ParT 1, 1931] CYPERACEAE 59

Carex subramosa Kit. Linnaea 32:317. 1863. (Based solely on C. nemorosa Laimn.)
Gores, virens var. Duriaet F. Schultz, Pollichia 20/21: 257. 1863. (Based on C. divulsa var. virens
Jurieu.)
Carex virens var. divulsa F, Schultz, Pollichia 20/21: 257. 1863. (Based on C. divulsa Gooden.)
ore divulsa var. intermedia Lange, Haandb. Danske FI. ed. 3. 678. 1864. (Based on C. virens
am.) 3
Carex divulsa f. guestphalica F. Schultz, Etude Car. 8. 1868. (Based on C. guestphalica Bénningh.)
Carex Duriaei F. Schultz, Flora 53: 458. 1870. (Based on C. virens var. Duriaei F. Schultz.)
Not C. Duriaet Steud. 1840.
Carex Chaberti F. Schultz, Flora 54:21. 1871. (Based on C. Duriaei F. Schultz, not Steud.)
Carex virens var. guestphalica Garcke, Fl. Deuts. ed. 11. 421. 1873. (Based on C. guestphalica
Bénningh.) e
Caricina muricata var. elongata St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude FI. ed. 8. 2: 875. 1889. (Based on Carex
guestphalica Bonningh.) B
Caricina muricata var. virens St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude Fl. ed. 8. 2: 875. 1889. (Based on Carex
virens Lam.) =
Caricina divulsa St.-Lag. in Cariot. Etude Fl. ed. 8.2:875. 1889. (Based on Carex divulsa Gooden.)
Carex divulsa var. Chaberti Kneucker; Seubert, Exc.-fl. Baden ed. 5. 52. 1891. (Based on C.
Chaberti F. Schultz.)
ore. eesewa subsp. macropcarpa var. divulsa Neuman, Sv. Fl.716. 1901. (Based on C. divulsa
ooden.)
Sess var. polycarpa Vollm. Denks. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 8: 81. 1903. (Type from central
urope.)
Carex divulsa var. guestphalica Vollm. Denks. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 8: 81. 1903. (Based on C.
guestphalica Bonningh.)
Carex divulsa var. misera Kiikenth.; Vollm. Denks. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 8: 82. 1903. (Type from
central Europe.)
Carex divulsa f. misera Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 163. 1909. (Based on C. divulsa var.
misera Kiikenth.)
Carex divulsa f. polycarpa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 163. 1909. (Based on C. divulsa
var. polycarpa Vollm.)

Cespitose, from thick, woody, black, conspicuously fibrillose, very short-prolonged root-
stocks, the culms 2.5-10 dm. high, slender (3 mm. thick at base) but stiff, sharply triangular,
rough above, exceeding the leaves, brown at base, the old leaves of the previous year not con-
spicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 5—7 to a culm, on lower fourth, but not bunched,
the blades flat or slightly canaliculate, light-green, thin but firm, erect-ascending, usually 1.5—
2.5 dm. long, about 2.5 mm. wide, roughened towards apex, long-attentuate, the sheaths
tight, truncate and slightly thickened at mouth, not prolonged beyond base of blade, the
ligule longer than wide; spikes 5-12, androgynous, forming a head 2.5—8 mm. long, about 8 mm.
thick, the upper spikes closely contiguous, the lower several from little to strongly separate,
suborbicular, the perigynia 3-10, appressed-ascending or at maturity spreading-ascending;
lower few bracts short-prolonged, setaceous, not conspicuous, the upper scale-like; scales ovate,
acute or mucronate, narrower and somewhat shorter than bodies of perigynia, straw-colored
and chestnut- or yellowish-brown-tinged, with 3-nerved green center and narrow hyaline
margins; perigynia plano-convex, rather narrowly ovate, 3.5—4.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide,
light-green, membranaceous, very obscurely nerved on both sides, sharp-margined to base,
the margins slightly elevated, little thickened, serrulate at base of beak, rounded and little
spongy at base, tapering into a serrulate beak 0.75 mm. long, bidentate, the teeth short,
subulate-triangular, reddish-tipped, whitened within; achenes lenticular, yellowish, ovoid-
quadrate, substipitate, apiculate, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide; style slender, straight, en-
larged at base, jointed with achene; stigmas 2, reddish-brown, slender, short.

Type Loca.iry: ‘‘ Cette plante croit dans les lieux humides & couverts, les bois, en Angleterre,
en France, &c.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Sparingly adventized in the eastern United States. (Specimens examined from
a aaa District of Columbia.) Widely distributed in Europe, western Asia, and northern
Africa.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%; 155. pl. 26, L-O; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Dd, f. 89; pl.
Ww, f. 89; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 57: pl. 3; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 220, f. 569, 570; Anderss. Cyp.
Scand. pl. 3, f. 20; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 55; Engl. Bot. pl. 629; ed. 3. pl. 1625; Coste, Fl. Fr. f.
3825; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. 2: 68. /. 2/8; Hallier, Deuts. FI. pl. 426; Thomé, Fl. Deuts. pl. 90, /.
C; Flora 54: pl. 1.

49, Carex gravida L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:5. 1889.

“ Carex cephaloidea Dewey’’ Boott, Ill. Carex 123. pl. 395. 1862.

Carex gravida var. laxifolia 1,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 6. 1889. (Type from northern
IlJinois.)

Carex gravida {. laxifolia ‘‘1.. H. Bailey’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%; 157. 1909. (Based
on C. gravida var. laxifolia L. H. Bailey.)

60 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

Cespitose, from short-creeping, blackish, woody, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms 3-6 dm.
high, aphyllopodic, slender and rather weak, sharply triangular, roughened above, exceeding
leaves, light-brown at base; leaves with well-developed blades 4—6 to a fertile culm, not bunched,
the sheaths green-and-white-mottled and septate-nodulose dorsally, tardily breaking, truncate
or convex and slightly if at all thickened at mouth, the blades erect, scarcely stiff, green,
flat, mostly 1.5—2.5 dm. long, 3.5—5 mm. wide, the ligule wider than long; head ovoid or oblong,
dense, 1—2.5 cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick, containing 6-12 androgynous spikes, only the lower
distinguishable; bracts setaceous, much shorter than head; spikes with 5-15 ascending or
spreading perigynia, the apical staminate flowers inconspicuous; scales ovate, thin, reddish-
tinged, with green midvein excurrent as a long rough cusp, the scales somewhat narrower and
(excluding cusp) shorter than perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, oblong-ovate, 4 mm. long,
2 mm. wide, greenish-straw-colored or at maturity shining and light-yellowish-brown, submem-
branaceous, serrulate to middle, nerveless ventrally, obscurely nerved dorsally, the body ovate,
sharply smooth-margined nearly to the truncate more or less spongy base, the margins green,
not raised, the body tapering into a serrulate beak one third its length, strongly bidentate,
the teeth about 1 mm. long, very sharp, hyaline within, and the sutures on both sides conspicu-
ous; achenes lenticular, filling body of perigynium, 2 mm. long and as wide, brownish-yellow,
very minutely apiculate; style slender, with much enlarged base, jointed with achene; stigmas
two, slender, light-reddish-brown, short.

Type Loca.ity: ‘‘ Northern Illinois, Vasey, Bebb, to northwestern Iowa, Craity.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Prairies and plains in calcareous districts, southwestern Ontario and Ohio to
North Dakota and Wyoming, and southward to northwestern Missouri and Kansas. (Specimens
examined from Ontario, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, lowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota,
Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Wyoming.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 829; ed. 2. f. 888; Rob. & Fern. Man.f. 404; Boott,
Ill. Carex 123. pl. 395.

50. Carex Lunelliana Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 42: 615. 1915.

“Carex gravida L,. H. Bailey’? Mackenzie & Bush, Man. Fl. Jackson Co. 51. 1902.
““Carex gravida var. laxifolia L.. H. Bailey’? Mackenzie & Bush, Man. Fl. Jackson Co. 51. 1902.
Cespitose, from short-creeping, dark-colored, woody, fibrillose rootstocks, the culms 3-6
dm. high, aphyllopodic, stout, 5-8 mm. thick at base, rather stiff, sharply triangular, roughened
above, equaling or exceeding leaves, light-brown at base; leaves with well-developed blades
4-6 to a fertile culm, on lower half, not bunched, the sheaths green-and-white-mottled and
conspicuously septate-nodulose dorsally, tardily breaking, truncate and only slightly colored
or thickened at mouth, the blades light-green, rather stiff, flat, mostly 1-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm.
wide, the ligule longer than wide; head ovoid or oblong-ovoid, dense, 1-3 cm. long, 8-15 mm.
thick, containing 6-12 androgynous spikes, only the lower distinguishable; lower bracts at
least setaceous-prolonged, usually shorter than the head; spikes with 5—15 ascending or, at
maturity, spreading perigynia, the apical staminate flowers inconspicuous; scales ovate,
tawny-tinged with 3-nerved green center, acuminate or cuspidate or short-awned, narrower
and usually shorter than perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, 4.25 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide,
submembranaceous, serrulate to the middle, the body orbicular, greenish-straw-colored, or
at maturity light-yellowish-brown and rather shining, obscurely nerved at base ventrally,
several-ribbed dorsally, sharply smooth-margined nearly to the round-truncate, somewhat
spongy base, the margins green, not raised, the body somewhat abruptly contracted into a
serrulate beak one fourth its length, strongly bidentate, the teeth about 0.5 mm. long, sharp,
hyaline within, the sutures on both sides conspicuous; achenes lenticular, filling body of peri-
gynium, 2 mm. long and as wide, brownish-yellow, minutely apiculate, jointed with the de-
ciduous style, the latter with much enlarged base; stigmas two, light-brown, short, slender.

Type LocaLity: Oak Grove, Jackson County, Missouri (Bush 7020).
DisTRIBUTION: Dry prairies in calcareous districts, Illinois and Iowa to Texas and New Mexico.
(Specimens examined from Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico.)

ic

Weer st ‘a

meal

lbwa

ste

ine
ites

CNR
DX}

é

=

Rs

net

‘Cia
we tr r
‘itis

soe

ata

:

sysnant ! an
Or Say
ean Nit * te Petites
Ga ah te ise
a eel G
ails Riley

ees
SSS
=

i
if Steet
caf ie
Nt

fat,

ee
t

HS

Papas toss

ssid
ee
gi

Mt)
Gan

ve
UA
Cec aye

i

me
eee 1e tC AUNT
Sptatarend aces

ae
aricacrertaeeeteg
eye fh,