, . ; * _ c ' / Th4 *s a i 2 J j Y al A { rl ‘BD 4 j t i i ~~ 5 . $ i q s , ake 2 , i» { ‘ A j ia . pst é he’ f Me Ly } : rai D ’ ee J] nV ‘ io, 4 Ahad " ; 0 P A Tie r Hab f a> are , ie Foy, . i ee As fey sf) wi) VoLuME 19 PART 1 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA (XYRIDALES) MAYACACEAE ALBERT CHARLES SMITH XYRIDACEAE GusraF OSKAR ANDERSSON MALME ERIOCAULACEAE HarouD NORMAN MOLDENKE PONTEDERIACEAE EDWARD JOHNSTON ALEXANDER Subscription Price, $1.20 Separate Copies, $1.60 PUBLISHED BY THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN NOVEMBER 27, 1937 V YORK SOTANICAR JAKDEN Family MAYACACEAE By ALBERT CHARLES SMITH Slender herbs, the stems submerged or floating in fresh water or growing in swamps. Leaves spirally arranged, the blades sessile, flaccid, narrow, I-nerved, minutely notched at apex. Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, axillary, and solitary or several toward apices of shoots, the pedicels slender, subtended by membranous bracts, often reflexed after flowering. Perianth double, the sepals 3, distinct, subvalvate, deltoid-lanceolate, the petals 3, broadly imbricate, obovate, about as long as the sepals. Stamens 3, hypog- ynous, opposite the sepals, the filaments free, filiform, slightly broader at base, the anthers erect, basifixed, oblong or ellipsoid or ovoid, 4-celled, opening by a single subapical or apical pore. Ovary superior, 1-celled, the ovules several, biseriate on 3 parietal placentas, orthotropous, the style filiform, undivided, the stigma small, terminal. Fruit a 3-sided capsule, the style persistent until dehiscence, the valves 3, each bearing a placenta in the middle; seeds ovoid or globose, scrobiculate-reticulate, with endosperm and small embryo at the top. One genus 1. Mayaca 1. MAYACA Aubl. Pl. Guian. 1:42. 1775. Syena Schreb. Gen. 39. 1789. Moss-like aquatic herbs, the stems copiously leafy. Calyx herbaceous or soft-carnose, persistent. Petals membranaceous, violet to white, often pink, frequently persistent. Type species, Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl. Stems weak, trailing, elongate, often submerged; leaves 4-20 mm. long (occa- sionally 30 mm.); pedicels shorter than the leaves; capsule oblong-ellipsoid, nearly twice as long as broad. 1. M. fluviatilis. Stems tufted or matted; leaves 3-5 mm. long (occasionally to 7 mm.); pedicels usually longer than the leaves; capsule subglobose or ovoid, nearly as broad as long. 2. M. Aubleti. 1. Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl. Pl. Guian. 1:42. 1775. Syena Mayaca J. F. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 121. 1791. Syena fluviatilis Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 254. 1797. Mayaca Wrightii Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 224. 1866. Mayaca caroliniana Gandoger, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 66: 293. 1920, Stems lax, often 40 cm. long; leaves very numerous, the blades linear-lanceolate or linear- filiform, flaccid, 0.3-0.6 mm. broad at base; pedicels 1-5 mm. long (rarely to 7 mm.); sepals 3—4 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. broad at base, obtuse or obtusely acuminate at apex; petals 3-4 mm~ long, about 2 mm. broad, narrowed at base, rounded at apex; stamens about 2.5 mm. long, the anthers 0.6—-1 mm. long, narrowed at base, opening by oblique introrse pores; capsule oblong- ellipsoid, 3.5—5 mm. long, 1.5—3 mm. broad; seeds 6-10. TYPE LOCALITY: French Guiana. DISTRIBUTION: North Carolina to Mississippi and Florida; West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica, Santo Domingo); also in Trinidad and northern South America. ILLUSTRATIONS: Aubl. Pl. Guian. 3: pl. 15; Lam. Tab. Encyc. 1: pl. 36; Ann. Mus. Paris 16: 433. pl. 1; Baillon, Hist. Pl. 13: f. 151-156. 1 bo NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 2. Mayaca Aubleti Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 26. 1803. Syena Nuttalliana Schultes, in R. & S. Syst. Veg. Mant. 1: 343. 1822. Mayaca Michauxti Schott & Endl. Melet. 24. 1832. Syena Aubleti Michx.; Schott & Endl. Melet. 24, as synonym. 1832. Mayaca longipes Gandoger, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 66: 293. 1920. Stems tufted or matted, 2-20 cm. long; leaves densely crowded, the blades narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, about 0.4 mm. broad at base; pedicels 4-15 mm _ long (rarely 2-35 mm.); flowers essentially as preceding; capsule subglobose or ovoid, 2.5—-4.5 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. broad; seeds 6-10. TYPE LocaLity: Carolina to Florida. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Virginia to Florida and Texas; Cuba; eastern Mexico to Panama. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 892; ed. 2. f. 1131; Small, Man. SE. FI. 251. Family XYRIDACEAE By GustTaF OsKAR ANDERSSON MALME* | Perennial or sometimes annual, tufted herbs, usually growing in damp or | wet situations. Leaves most often basal, isolateral, linear, terete, or lanceo- late, sheathing at the base. Peduncles erect, simple, terminated by a solitary dense spike or head and usually embraced by one or several bladeless sheaths at the base. Spikes or heads globose, ovoid, obovoid, or elongate; bracts glumaceous, somewhat rigid or thin and papery, spirally imbricate and not completely overlapping, concave or complicate, the lower usually barren. Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary and sessile in the axils of the bracts, commonly of small size, yellow or blue, rarely white. Perianth inferior. Calyx zygo- morphic, with two lateral, boat-shaped, persistent sepals and with or without an anterior one. Corolla usually actinomorphic, marcescent; petals 3, the claws free or united, the blades obovate-cuneate, spreading. Stamens 3, opposite the petals and concrescent with them as far as the summit of the claws. Filaments usually short and flattened. Anthers basifixed, 2-celled, opening by longitudinal slits. Pollen ellipsoid or globose. Staminodes (when present) 3, alternating with the petals, usually bifid at the apex, the branches usually ending in dense or lax brush-like tufts of moniliform hairs. Ovary 1-celled, or imperfectly or perfectly 3-celled. Placentas 3, parietal (Yyris § Euxyrts), or 1, free and erect from the base (Xyrizs § Nematopus), or 3, central (Abolboda). Style filiform, usually trifid at the apex. Ovules numerous, orthotropous. Capsule loculicidal. Seeds minute, ovoid, ellipsoid, fusiform, or globose, apiculate. Embryo minute, depressed-conic. Endosperm farina- ceous, copious. foXY RIS 1 Sp. Pl 42.2 1753. Kotsjiletti (“ Kotsjilettia’’) Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 60, 544. 1763. Perennial or annual herbs. Peduncles as a rule with one basal sheath. Sepals 3, two of them lateral, boat-shaped, persistent, the other external, obtusely calyptriform, membrana- ceous, caducous. Petals with free claws, but united above by the branches of the staminodes. Pollen ellipsoid. Staminodes 3, alternate with the petals, usually bifid at the apex, the branches usually ending in brush-like tufts of moniliform hairs. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 3-celled. Placentas (in ours) 3, parietal. Capsule with pericarp papery, or thickened at the apex. Seeds ovoid or ellipsoid to fusiform. Type species, XY yris indica L. The only section represented in North America is Euxyris Endl. (Gen. Pl. 124. 1836), having the ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas, and the funicles usually short. Keel oes lateral sepals ciliate-scabrid, lacerate-dentate, fimbriate, or Keel of the lateral sepals ciliate-scabrid or dentate, especially at the middle or only at the apical part. Plants annual or perennial, not bulbous. * Deceased March 5, 1937. Three changes in nomenclature (Xyris Smalliana var. Olneyi, Xyris flexuosa, and Xyris flexuosa var. pallescens) were subsequently made by the editors. 3 4 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 Species low, the peduncles rarely as much as 35 em. tall; keel of the lateral sepals ciliate-scabrid or dentate especially at the middle, rarely toward the apex. I. BREVIFOLIAE. Species of middle size or tall; keel of the lateral sepals ciliate- scabrid only from the middle to the apex. Leaves 8-14 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. broad; spike 6—9 mm. long; dorsal area of the flowering bracts indistinct or none. II. MEXICANAE. Leaves 15-25 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad; spike usually 10-15 mm. long; dorsal area of the flowering bracts distinct. 14. X. ambigua,in IV. COMMUNES. Plants bulbous; keel of the lateral sepals ciliate-scabrid from near the base to the apex. III. Torrae. Keel of the lateral sepals entire from the base to the middle, lacerate- dentate, fimbriate, or villous above. Leaves usually 2 mm. broad or more; sheath occupying one third to one half (rarely only one fourth) the length of the leaf. Lateral sepals included. IV. COMMUNES. Lateral sepals exserted. V. FIMBRIATAE. Leaves narrow, rarely as much as 2 mm. broad; sheath occupying one sixth to one fifth the length of the leaf. Plants not bulbous, of low or middle size; leaves usually less than 20 em. long; spike ellipsoid or obovoid-globose, 5—9 mm. long; lateral sepals included or somewhat exserted. VI. BALDWINIANAE. Plants bulbous; leaves usually 25-40 cm. long; spike ellipsoid or fusiform, 10-15 (-20) mm. long; lateral sepals long-exserted. VII. CONOCEPHALAE. Keel of the lateral sepals entire or nearly so. Lateral sepals lanceolate, faleate, about 3 mm. long and 0.75 mm. broad; spike obovoid or subglobose; sheath occupying one fourth to one third the length of the leaf. 4. X. intermedia in I. BREVIFOLIAE. Lateral sepals linear, 4-5 mm. long, 0.5—0.7 mm. broad; sheath occupying about one half the length of the leaf. 19. X. montana and 20. X. Ekmaniiin IV. COMMUNES. I. BREVIFOLIAE Usually low and annual. Leaves linear, the sheath occupying one third to one half the length of the leaf, rarely only one fifth (X. navicularis). Spike few-flowered, ellipsoid, ovoid, or nearly globose, usually 4-7 mm. long, the flowering bracts thin, papery, rounded, rarely acute (X. longi- bracteata) at the apex, keeled, asa rule with a distinct dorsal area. Lateral sepals lanceolate, falcate, ne back; strongly curved; keel exceedingly narrow, ciliate-scabrid, especially at the middle or toward the apex. Flowering bracts acute; outer barren bracts mucronate or awned. 1. X. longibracteata- Flowering bracts rotund at apex. Peduncular sheath usually longer than the leaves (or equaling them). Flowering bracts entire or nearly so at the apex. Keel of the lateral sepals ciliate-scabrid. Plants annual; leaves very short (1-2 cm. long), laterally curved; dorsal area of the flowering bracts lanceolate. 2. X. flabelliformis. Plants perennial; leaves usually 3-5 cm. long and 2-3 mm. broad; dorsal area of the flowering bracts elliptic. 3. X. Drummondii. Keel of the lateral sepals entire or nearly so; leaves 5—7 em. long : (about 1 mm. broad). 4. X. intermedia. Flowering bracts lacerate and usually purple at the apex; leaves usually 2-4 cm. long. 5. X. brevifolia. Peduncular sheath shorter than the leaves. Leaves 4-6 cm. long, ciliate-scabrid at margins, the sheath long; dorsal area of the flowering bracts indistinct. 6. X. subnavicularis. Leaves usually 10-20 cm. long, smooth on the margins, the sheath short (occupying about one fifth the length of the leaf); dorsal area of the flowering bracts ovate. 7. X. navicularis. II. MEXICANAE Perennial or rarely annual, not bulbous, of middle size or rather low. Leaves linear, the sheath occupying one third to one half the length of the leaf. Peduncles terete or slightly compressed above. Spike rather few-flowered, ellipsoid or at length globose, 6-9 mm. long, the flowering bracts broadly ovate or elliptic, rounded or nearly so at the apex, obtusely carinate, very dark, without a distinct dorsal area. Lateral sepals included, lanceolate, slightly faleate; keel narrow, ciliate- scabrid in the middle, shortly ciliate-fimbriate toward the apex. Single species. 8. X. mexicana. III. Torrar Bulbous, of middle size or rather tall. Leaves narrowly linear, usually spirally twisted, the sheath occupying about one fifth the length of the leaf. Spike few-flowered or rather many-flowered, ellipsoid, obovoid, or nearly globose, the flowering bracts broadly elliptic or nearly orbicular, ecarinate, with an elliptic or nearly orbicular dorsal area. Lateral sepals included, lanceolate, faleate, bearded at the apex; keel ciliate-scabrid from near the base to the apex. Single species. 9. X. torta. Part 1, 1937] XYRIDACEAE 5 IV. COMMUNES Tall or of middle size, tufted, rarely annual or somewhat bulbous. Leaves comparatively broad, the sheath occupying one third to one half the length of the leaf, rarely only one fourth. Spike usually many-flowered, the flowering bracts rounded at the apex, ecarinate, as a rule with a distinct dorsal area. Lateral sepals included; keel dentate, lacerate, or shortly lacerate-fimbriate in the upper half or from near the base to the apex, rarely ciliate-scabrid. Keel of the lateral sepals ciliate-scabrid; peduncles multistriate or multi- costate below. 10. X. ambigua Keel of the lateral sepals dentate, lacerate, or lacerate-fimbriate. Peduncles multistriate or multicostate below, or multicostate especially above. Spikes rather few-flowered, comparatively thick, 5-7 mm. long. ll. X. Curtissit. Spike many-flowered, ovoid or ellipsoid, 10-20 mm. long. Leaves tuberculate-scabrid on the margins; peduncles (especially above) multicostate; dorsal area of the flowering bracts ovate. 12. X. serotina. Leaves smooth; peduncles multistriate or multicostate below; dorsal area of the flowering bracts transversely elliptic or orbicular. 13. X. platylepis. Peduncles unicostate or bicostate. : Keel of the lateral sepals dentate, lacerate, or lacerate-fimbriate only in the upper half. ; Leaves and peduncles transversely rugose. 14. X. scabrifolia. Leaves smooth, rarely tuberculate-scabrid on the margins. Dorsal area of the flowering bracts small, lanceolate, often indistinct; plant sparsely tufted, with elongate rhizomes. 15. X. montana. Dorsal area of the flowering bracts broad, distinct; plant densely tufted or annual. Bracts of the spike loosely imbricate. Spike fusiform-ellipsoid or nearly cylindric; lateral sepals narrowly linear, the keel indistinctly dentate. 16. X. Ekmanii. Spike ellipsoid or obovoid; lateral sepals narrowly spatulate-linear, the keel lacerate or lacerate-fim- | briate in the upper half. 17. X. caroliniana. Bracts of the spike densely imbricate. Leaves linear-lanceolate, broadest at the middle; spike usually rounded at the apex, the outer barren bracts 3—4 mm. long. 18. X. difformis. Leaves linear; outer barren bracts of the spike 2-3 mm. | long. Spike ovoid or ellipsoid, 8-13 mm. long, usually rounded at the apex. 19. X. Jupicat. Spike ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 12—20 mm. long, usually acute at the apex. 20. X. elata. Keel of the lateral sepals lacerate-fimbriate from near the base to the apex, rust-colored or dull-purple. 21. X. iridifolia. V. FIMBRIATAE Tall, tufted, rarely annual. Leaves comparatively broad, the sheath occupying one third to one half the length of the leaf. Spike many-flowered, ovoid, ellipsoid, or obovoid, at least 10 mm. long, the flowering bracts rounded at the apex, ecarinate, with a distinct dorsal area. Lateral sepals exserted; keel serrate, lacerate, lacerate-fimbriate, or bearded from about the middle to the apex. Peduncles bicostate or multicostate below, usually smooth; lateral sepals serrate, lacerate, or short-lacerate-fimbriate. Barren bracts few; lateral sepals lacerate or short-lacerate-fimbriate. 22. X. Smalliana. Barren bracts rather numerous (about 10); lateral sepals serrate. 23. X. grandiceps. Peduncles usually multicostate above, scabrid on ridges; lateral sepals bearded or long-lacerate-fimbriate. 24. X. fimbriata. VI. BALDWINIANAE Perennial, rather low or of middle size. Leaves narrowly linear or terete, the sheath occupying one sixth to one fifth the length of the leaf, usually wider than the blade. Peduncles terete or nearly so. Spike few-flowered or rather many-flowered, ellipsoid, obovoid, or nearly globose, the flowering bracts more or less coriaceous, rounded at the apex, ecarinate, usually with a distinct dorsal area. Lateral sepals included or somewhat exserted, lanceolate; keel lacerate-fimbriate, lacerate-dentate. or serrulate-ciliate from the middle to the apex or toward the apex. Leaves linear. Leaves with thickened and smooth margins; flowering bracts entire or nearly so, without a distinct dorsal area. 25. X. bicarinata. Leaves tuberculate-scabrid on the margins, these not thickened; flowering bracts lacerate at the apex, with a very distinct dorsal area. 6. X. Elliottit. Leaves terete or nearly so, filiform. 7 . X. Baldwiniana. toh NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 for) VII. CONOCEPHALAE Perennial, tall, bulbous. Leaves narrowly linear, the sheath occupying one sixth to one fifth the length of the leaf, much dilated at base. Peduncle slightly compressed, multicostate below. Spike many-flowered, ellipsoid or fusiform, at least 10 mm. long, the flowering bracts rounded at the apex, ecarinate, with a distinct dorsal area. Lateral sepals exserted; keel lacerate-fimbriate or bearded in the upper half. Single species. 28. X. conocephala. 1. Xyris longibracteata Britton & Wilson, Bull. Torrey Club 43: 462. 1916. - Tufted; leaves linear, 4-6 (—10) cm. long, 1—-1.5 mm. broad, acute, with ciliate-scabrid margins, the sheath occupying one fourth the length of the leaf, rusty, dilated and chestnut- colored at the base; peduncles 6-12 (—15) em. tall, terete or nearly so, smooth, the peduncular sheath half as long as the leaves; spike few-flowered, obovoid-ellipsoid, 5—8 mm. long, about 4 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts ovate-lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long, abruptly ending in a grayish-green awn usually equaling the spike, the flowering bracts ovate, 4-5 mm. long, 3—-3.5 mm. broad, acute at the apex, entire, tawny or rusty, with a large ovate or deltoid grayish- green dorsal area; lateral sepals lanceolate, falceate, about 3 mm. long and 0.75 mm. broad; keel narrow, ciliate-scabrid from the middle to the apex. TYPE LOCALITY: White sands, vicinity of Los Indios, Isla de Piflos, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. 2. Xyris flabelliformis Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 499. 1860. Annual; leaves linear, often curvate, 1-2 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. broad, obtuse, smooth; sheath occupying about one half the length of the leaf, somewhat dilated at the base; peduncles 7-15 em. tall, 0.3-0.5 mm. broad, terete or nearly so, smooth, the peduncular sheath 1.5—2.5 cm. long, often violaceous at the base; spike few-flowered, ellipsoid or ovoid, 3-5 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts ovate or ovate-elliptic, about 2 mm. long, obtuse, the flowering bracts elliptic, about 3 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, obtusely carinate above, straw- colored or tawny, with a grayish-green or purple-colored lanceolate dorsal area; lateral sepals lanceolate, faleate, about 2.5 mm. long, acute at the apex; keel very narrow, ciliate-scabrid from near the base to the apex; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.4 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Low pine barrens, near the coast, western Florida. DISTRIBUTION: Florida to Mississippi. ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Torrey Club 19: pl. 124, f. 2. 3. Xyris Drummondii Malme, Ark. Bot. 25A!: 14. 1933. Perennial, tufted; leaves linear, usually 3-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, acute or nearly so, smooth; sheath occupying one third to one half the length of the leaf, somewhat dilated at the base, straw-colored or chestnut-colored; peduncles straight, 9-13 cm. tall, about 0.5 mm. broad, terete or nearly so, bicostate above, smooth, the peduncular sheath equaling the leaves; spike few-flowered, ellipsoid or obovoid, 5—6 mm. long, 2.5—-3 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts ovate, about 3 mm. long, carinate, the flowering bracts elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 4-4.5 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. broad, entire, chestnut-colored or rusty, with an oblong or elliptic dorsal area 1.5—2 mm. long; lateral sepals lanceolate, falcate, 3.5-4 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. broad, acute; keel narrow, ciliate-scabrid from near the base to the apex; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.4 mm. long and 0.2 mm. thick. Type LocaLity: Alabama. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. 4. Xyris intermedia Malme, Ark. Bot. 1919: 2. 1925. 7 (~8) cm. long, about 1 mm. broad, acute, smooth or with slightly scabrid margins; sheath occupying one fourth to one third the length of the leaf, somewhat dilated and rusty at the base; peduncles 15-22 (—28) em. tall, about 0.5 mm. broad, terete or Tufted; leaves linear, 5 “J Part 1, 1937] XYRIDACEAE somewhat compressed, slightly bicostate, smooth or scabrid above on the ridges, the peduncular sheath equaling the leaves, somewhat rusty at the base; spike few-flowered, obovoid or globose, 4-5 mm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts elliptic, about 3 mm. long, rounded at the apex, obtusely carinate, the flowering bracts elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 3.5—4 mm. long, 2—2.5 mm. broad, entire or nearly so, indistinctly carinate above, tawny, with an ovate-lanceolate dorsal area 1.5-2 mm. long; lateral sepals lanceolate, somewhat falcate, about 3 mm. long and 0.75 mm. broad, obtuse at the apex or nearly so; keel very narrow, entire or indistinctly scabrid. Type LOCALITY: In sandy pine-woods, Sabalo, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. 5. Xyris brevifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 23. 1803. Xvyris caroliniana var. brevifolia Wood, Class-Book ed. 2.564. 1847. Annual (at least often); leaves linear, 2-4 (—5) em. long, 0.8-1.5 (—2) mm. bread, acute or nearly so, smooth or slightly scabrid; sheath occupying one third to one half the length of the leaf, somewhat dilated and rusty at the base; peduncles 15-30 (rarely—40) em, tall, about 0.5) mm. broad, terete or nearly so, smooth, the peduncular sheath 4-5 cm. tong, somewhat rusty at the base; spike few-flowered, ellipsoid, obovoid, or nearly globose, 4-5 (-6) mm. long, 2.5—4 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts elliptic, about 3 mm. long, carinate, the flowering bracts elliptic or obovate, 3.5—4.5 (—5) mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, rounded and lacerate at the apex, obtusely carinate above, rusty-purple at the apex, elsewhere straw-colored or tawny, with a grayish-green or purple lanceolate dorsal area about 3 mm. long; lateral sepals lanceolate, somewhat falcate, 3-4 mm. long, about 0.6 mm. broad, lacerate and often rusty-purple at the apex; keel very narrow, ciliate-scabrid from near the base to the apex, especially in the middle; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.4 mm. long and 0.2 mm. thick. TYPE LOCALITY: Wet meadows, coastal Georgia. DISTRIBUTION: North Carolina to Florida; also in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro; introduced). Accord- ing to Poiret: Santo Domingo and the Antilles (certainly erroneous). ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Torrey Club 19: pl. 124, f. 1. 6. Xyris subnavicularis Malme, Ark. Bot. 13°: 15. 1913. Tufted; leaves linear, 4-6 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. broad, somewhat obtuse, ciliate-scabrid on the margins, elsewhere smooth; sheath occupying about one half the length of the leaf, pale-rusty and shining at the base; peduncles 10-15 em. tall, 0.5-0.75 mm. broad, terete or nearly so, bicostate especially above, scabrid on the ridges, elsewhere smooth, the peduncular sheath about 4 cm. long; spike few-flowered, ellipsoid, obovoid, or nearly globose, 5-7 mm. long, the outer barren bracts ovate, about 3 mm. long, acute or nearly so, carinate, the flowering bracts elliptic, 4-5 mm. long, about 3 mm. broad, rounded at the apex or nearly so, entire, carinate above, rusty or tawny, without a distinct dorsal area; lateral sepals lanceolate, falcate, about 35 mm. long and 0.8 mm. broad, acute; keel narrow, ciliate-scabrid in the middle and often also toward the apex. TYPE LOCALITY: Stann Creek, British Honduras. DISTRIBUTION: British Honduras. 7. Xyris navicularis Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 223. 1866. Tufted (often annual); leaves linear, 10—20 (—30) cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, acute, smooth or somewhat scabrid beneath; sheath occupying only about one fifth the length of the leaf, straw-colored or pale-violaceous, dilated and somewhat rusty at the base; peduncles 25-35 (—40) cm. tall, about 1 mm. broad, slightly compressed, bicostate, scabrid on the ridges, the peduncular sheath 7-10 cm. long, pale-rusty and somewhat shining at the base; spike rather few-flowered, ellipsoid, 7-10 mm. long, 4—5.5 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts ovate, about 3 mm. long, obtuse, carinate, the flowering bracts elliptic, 4-5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, rounded at the apex or nearly so, entire, obtusely carinate above, tawny or pale-rusty, with an ovate dorsal area about 1.5 mm. long; lateral sepals lanceolate, falcate, about 3.5 mm. long 8 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 and 0.8 mm. broad; keel narrow, ciliate-scabrid from near the base to the apex, especially in the middle part; seeds ellipsoid, 0.4—0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: [Pinar del Rio], western Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Western Cuba (Santa Clara, Pinar del Rio) and Isla de Pifios; also in Colombia (Magdalena Valley). ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 138: f. Je. 8. Xyris mexicana S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 163. 1890. Rather tufted; leaves linear, 8-14 cm. long, 2-4 mm. broad, obtuse or nearly so, smooth, the sheath straw-colored or tawny, dilated and slightly shining below; peduncles 25-40 (—50) em. tall, 1-1.5 mm. broad, bicostate, smooth, the peduncular sheath pale-rusty and shining below; spike 6-9 (-10) mm. long, 4-6 (—8) mm. thick, the outer barren bracts ovate or ovate- elliptic, about 4 mm. long, obtuse, carinate, the flowering bracts 6-7 mm. long, about 4 mm. broad, coriaceous, entire or slightly lacerate at the apex, minutely tuberculate, dull-chestnut- colored, greenish, or golden; lateral sepals about 6 mm. long and 1 mm. broad, acute; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.6 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Swampy places near Guadalajara [Jalisco]. DISTRIBUTION: Jalisco and Hidalgo. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 138: f. 3a. 9. Xyris torta Smith, in Rees, Cycl. 39: Xyris no. 11. 1818. Xyris indica L. Sp. Pl. 42, in part (as to the American plant). 1753. Xyris flexuosa Chapm. FI. S. U.S.500. 1860. Xyris bulbosa Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 11. 1843. ?Kotsjilettia flexuosa Nieuwl. Am. Midl. Nat. 3:99. 1913. Leaves 10-25 (—30) em. long, 1-2 mm. broad, acute or nearly obtuse, smooth or minutely tuberculate, the sheath pale-rusty, opaque, much dilated and thickened at the base; peduncles usually 30-50 em. tall, about 1 mm. broad, terete or nearly so, bicostate above, often indistinctly many-costate below, smooth, the peduncular sheath 5-10 cm. long, pale-rusty below; spike 5—8 (-10) mm. long, 4-7 (—8) mm. thick, the outer barren bracts elliptic or oblong, about 3 mm. long, rounded or nearly so at the apex, the flowering bracts very convex, usually 4~-4.5 mm. long, 3.5-4 mm. broad, rounded, usually minutely fimbriate at the apex, otherwise entire, tawny or rusty, slightly shining, with an elliptic or nearly orbicular grayish-green dorsal area 1.5-2 mm. long; lateral sepals about 4 mm. long and 0.8 mm. broad, acute; seeds ellipsoid, 0.4-0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: North America. DISTRIBUTION: Maine to Minnesota, and southward to Georgia and Missouri. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 19: pl. 124, f. 4; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 893; ed. 2. f. 1132; Ark. Bot. 138: f. 3f. Xyris torta var. occidentalis Malme, Bull. Torrey Club 64:45. 1937. Taller; leaves 45-65 cm. long, 2-3.5 mm. broad, smooth; sheath about 12 cm. long, opaque, much dilated at base; peduncles 60-75 cm. tall, about 1.5 mm. broad, smooth, the peduncular sheath 12-15 cm. long; spike many- flowered, ellipsoid, 10-15 mm. long, about 7 mm. thick, acute or nearly so, the flowering bracts 5—6 mm. long, 4-5 mm. broad, truncate-rounded and usually fimbriate at the apex; lateral sepals about 5 mm. long and 0.75 mm. broad. TypPE LocaLity: Near Swan, Smith County, Texas. DisTRIBU- TION: Texas and Arkansas. Intermediate forms are found in Georgia and Virginia. 10. Xyris ambigua Beyr.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4:13. 1843. Xyris stricta Chapm. F1.S. U.S. 500. 1860. Xyris rhombipetala Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 7: 611. 1871. Tall, tufted; leaves linear, 15-30 (-40) cm. long, 3-5 (-6) mm. broad, somewhat obtuse at the apex, scabrid or rarely smooth on the margins, elsewhere smooth; sheath occupying about one half the length of the leaf, somewhat dilated and opaque below, pale-rusty at base; peduncles 50-90 em. tall, 1.5-2 mm. broad, nearly terete, bicostate above, multistriate or multicostate below, scabrid on the ridges, elsewhere smooth, the peduncular sheath 10-15 (—20) em long, rusty and shining below; spike many-flowered, ellipsoid or ovoid, 10-20 (—25) mm. long, 5—6 (-7) mm. thick, the outer barren bracts 2—2.5 mm. long, ovate-deltoid, acute or Part 1, 1937] XYRIDACEAE 9 somewhat obtuse, the flowering bracts obovate-elliptic, 7-8.5 mm. long, 5-6 mm. broad, rounded, entire or somewhat lacerate at the apex, straw-colored, tawny, or pale-rusty, some- what shining, with a deltoid or ovate dorsal area about 2 mm. long; lateral sepals lanceolate, about 6 mm. long and 1.5 mm. broad, acute at the apex; keel broad, especially at the middle, ciliate-scabrid from about the middle to the apex; seeds ellipsoid, 0.4—0.5 mm. long. Type LOCALITY: Margins of swamps, Georgia. DiIstTRIBUTION: North Carolina to Florida and Texas; Cuba (Pinar del Rio) and Isla de Piifios; British Honduras. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 19: pl. 124, f. 3; Ark. Bot. 138: f. 3h. 11. Xyris Curtissii Malme, Ark. Bot. 13°: 24. 1913. Xyris neglecta Small, Bull. Torrey Club 21: 300. 1894. Not X. neglecta A. Nilsson, 1892. Tufted or annual; leaves linear, 5-10 (-12) cm. long, 2-4 mm. broad, somewhat obtuse at the apex, smooth or minutely tuberculate beneath; sheath occupying one third to one half the length of the leaf, straw-colored, tawny, or violaceous, opaque, somewhat dilated below; peduncles 20-30 (—40) cm. tall, 0.8-1 mm. broad, nearly terete, multicostate, scabrid on the ridges, elsewhere smooth, the peduncular sheath 3—5 cm. long, chestnut-colored and shining below; spike somewhat few-flowered, ellipsoid or ovoid, 5—8 mm. long, 3—4.5 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts elliptic or ovate-elliptic, about 2 mm. long, rounded at the apex, the flowering bracts obovate-elliptic, about 4 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, entire, tawny or pale- rusty, opaque, with a grayish-green or rusty, ovate or elliptic dorsal area 1.5—2 mm. long’ lateral sepals narrowly lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, about 0.6 mm. broad, acute at the apex; keel narrow, lacerate or shortly lacerate-fimbriate from about the middle to the apex; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.4 mm. long. ‘TYPE LOCALITY: Moist pine woods about Jacksonville, Florida. DISTRIBUTION: North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. 12. Xyris serotina Chapm. Fl. S$. U. S. 500. 1860. Tufted or annual; leaves linear, usually 20-35 cm. long, 5—7 mm. broad, obtuse at the apex, tuberculate-scabrid on the margins, elsewhere minutely tuberculate or nearly smooth; sheath occupying about one half the length of the leaf, straw-colored, scabrid, opaque, some- what dilated at the base; peduncles 40-70 cm. tall, 1.25—2 mm. broad, multicostate above, seabrid on the ridges, the peduncular sheath usually 10-15 cm. long, chestnut-colored and somewhat shining below; spike many-flowered, ellipsoid or obovoid, 10-16 mm. long, usually 5-7 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts broadly elliptic, 25-3 mm. long, rounded at the apex, the flowering bracts broadly obovate or nearly orbicular, 6-7 mm. long, 4.5-6 mm. broad, entire, tawny or pale-chestnut-colored, with a large, ovate, usually grayish-green dorsal area 2.5-3 mm. long; lateral sepals narrowly lanceolate-linear, about 5 mm. long and 0.6 mm. broad, acute at the apex; keel narrow and entire below, somewhat broader and shortly lacerate- fimbriate from the middle to the apex; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Pine-barren swamps, western Florida. DISTRIBUTION: Florida to Mississippi. ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Torrey Club 19: pl. 124, f. 8. 13. Xyris platylepis Chapm. Fl. S. U.S. 501. 1860. Tall, somewhat bulbous; leaves linear, 25-50 cm. long, 5—8 (-10) mm. broad, somewhat obtuse at the apex, smooth; sheath occupying one third to one half the length of the leaf, tawny or violaceous, opaque, much dilated at the base; peduncles 50—90 cm. tall, 1.5—2 mm. broad, bicostate or indistinctly multicostate above, many-striate beneath, often scabrid on the ridges, elsewhere smooth, the peduncular sheath 10-15 cm. long, rusty and shining below; spike many-flowered, ellipsoid or oblong, 12—25 mm. long, 8-10 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts ovate-orbicular, 2-3 mm. long, the flowering bracts obovate-orbicular, 6-7 mm. long and broad, rounded-truncate, entire at the apex, pale-tawny or rusty, with a usually trans- versely elliptic or orbicular dorsal area 1.5—2 mm. long and 2—3 mm. broad; lateral sepals linear- 10 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, 0.5—1 mm. broad, acute at the apex or nearly so; keel narrow and entire below, somewhat broader and lacerate or shortly lacerate-fimbriate from the middle to the apex; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Low sandy places, Florida. DISTRIBUTION: Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Torrey Club 19: pl. 124, f. 11. 14. Xyris scabrifolia Harper, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 325. 1903. Solitary (according to Harper); leaves linear, 25-40 cm. long, 3-4 (-5) mm. broad, some- what incrassate and obtuse at the apex, tuberculate-scabrid at margins, elsewhere transversely rugose; sheath occupying one fourth to one third the length of the leaf, scabrid, opaque, some- what dilated at the base; peduncles 50-70 cm. tall, 1-1.75 mm. broad, terete or nearly so, bicostate above, transversely rugose, the peduncular sheath 10-15 em. long, rusty or chestnut- colored and somewhat shining below; spike many-flowered, ellipsoid, 10-14 mm. long, about 7 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts broadly elliptic, 2.5-3 mm. long, rounded at the apex, the flowering bracts broadly obovate, about 7 mm. long, 5-6 mm. broad, entire, tawny or pale- chestnut-colored, somewhat shining, with a large ovate dorsal, area 2.5-3 mm_ long; lateral sepals narrowly lanceolate-linear, acute at the apex; keel narrow, serrulate or lacerate only above; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Open bog, near Woodbury, Meriwether County, Georgia. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. 15. Xyris montana Ries, Bull. Torrey Club 19: 38. 1892. Xyris flexuosa var. pusilla A. Gray, Man. ed. 5.548. 1867. Sparsely tufted; rhizome elongate, ascending; leaves linear, 4-10 (—15) em. long, 1.5—-2 mm. broad, somewhat obtuse, smooth; sheath occupying one third to one half the length of the leaf, pale-tawny, opaque, somewhat dilated at base; peduncles 15-30 (40) cm. tall, 0.8-1 mm. broad, somewhat compressed and bicostate above, smooth, the peduncular sheath nearly equaling the leaves; spike rather few-flowered, ellipsoid or obovoid, 5-8 (-10) mm. long, 3-4.5 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts broadly ovate, about 3 mm. long, nearly rounded at the apex, the flowering bracts broadly obovate, 4.5—5.5 mm. long, about 4 mm. broad, entire or nearly so, chestnut-colored, somewhat shining, with a lanceolate often rather indistinct dorsal area 1-1.5 mm. long; lateral sepals lanceolate-linear, about 4.5 mm. long, 0.5—0.7 mm. broad, acute at the apex; keel very narrow, sparsely lacerate-dentate above or nearly entire; seeds fusiform, 0.6—0.7 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Pocono Mountain, Pennsylvania. DISTRIBUTION: Newfoundland to Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New Jer ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 19: pl. 124, f. 5; Britt. & Brown, Ill. FL io 304 ed) 2542-1133: 16. Xyris Ekmanii Malme, Ark. Bot. 1919: 4. 1925. Tufted or annual; leaves linear, 5-10 (—15) cm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. broad, acute at the apex, minutely scabrid on the margins, elsewhere smooth; sheath occupying one third to one half the length of the leaf, tawny or rusty and opaque below, somewhat dilated at the base; peduncles 15-25 em. tall, about 1 mm. (rarely 1.5 mm.) broad, somewhat compressed and bicostate above, minutely scabrid on the ridges, elsewhere smooth, the peduncular sheath nearly equaling the leaves; spike rather few-flowered, fusiform-ellipsoid or nearly cylindric, 8-10 (-12) mm. long, about 4 mm. thick, the bracts loosely imbricate, the outer barren bracts ovate-elliptic, about 3 mm. long, rounded at the apex, the flowering bracts elliptic, about 5 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, straw-colored or pale-tawny, with a large ovate grayish-green dorsal area; lateral sepals narrowly linear, 4.5-5 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. broad, acute and often rusty or dull-purple at the apex; keel very narrow, remotely and often indistinctly dentate toward the apex; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.4 mm. long. Type LocALity: Herradura, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Western Cuba (Pinar del Rio). Part 1, 1937] XYRIDACEAE 11 17. Xyris caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 69. 1788. Xyris anceps Pers. Syn. Pl. 1:56. 1805. Xyris canadensis Schnizl. Ic. pl. 47, f. 1. 1845. Xyris caroliniana f. phyllolepis Fernald, Rhodora 36: 194. 1934. Tufted, rarely annual; leaves linear-lanceolate, 8-25 (—40) cm. long, usually 2-4 mm. broad, broadest at the middle, acute or somewhat obtuse at the apex, smooth; sheath occupying about one third the length of the leaf, straw-colored or tawny, opaque, somewhat dilated at the base; peduncles 20—40 (—50) em. tall, 1-2 mm. broad, somewhat compressed above, bicostate, smooth, the peduncular sheath 4-10 (—12) em. long, pale-tawny or rusty and somewhat shining below; spike somewhat many-flowered or rather few-flowered, ellipsoid or obovoid, usually 7-10 (—12) mm. long, 5—8 mm. thick, rounded at the apex, the outer barren bracts ovate or elliptic, 3-4 mm. long, rounded at the apex or nearly so, the flowering bracts broadly obovate, usually 5-6 mm. long, 3.5—-4.5 mm. broad, minutely lacerate or nearly entire, tawny or rusty, somewhat shining, with a green or grayish-green ovate or elliptic dorsal area 2—2.5 mm. long; lateral sepals narrowly spatulate-lanceolate, 4.5—5 mm. long, 0.75—1 mm. broad, somewhat obtuse at the apex; keel very narrow and entire below, somewhat broader and lacerate or lacerate- fimbriate in the upper half; seeds ellipsoid, 0.4-0.5 mm. long. Very variable in size. TYPE LOCALITY: South Carolina. DISTRIBUTION: Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, and southward to Florida and Louisiana. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 19: pl. 124, f. 9; Britt. & Brown. Ill. Fl. f. 896; ed. 2. f. 1134; Ark. Bot. 138: f. 3c. 18. Xyris difformis Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 500. 1860. Tufted; leaves linear-lanceolate, usually 20-35 cm. long and 4-10 mm. broad, broadest at the middle, somewhat obtuse at the apex, smooth; sheath occupying about one third the length of the leaf, straw-colored or pale-tawny, shining, somewhat dilated at the base; peduncles 30-55 cm. tall, 1.5-2 mm. broad, somewhat compressed above, bicostate or nearly bialate, smooth, the peduncular sheath 15—20 cm. long, pale-tawny, shining below; spike many-flowered, ovoid or ellipsoid, usually 12-16 mm. long, 7-9 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts ovate or elliptic, 3-4 mm. long, rounded at the apex, the flowering bracts broadly obovate, 6-7 mm. long, about 5 mm. broad, entire, tawny or pale-rusty, somewhat shining, with a grayish-green ovate or elliptic dorsal area about 2.5 mm. long; lateral sepals lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, 0.8-1 mm. broad, somewhat obtuse at the apex; keel narrow and entire below, broader and lacerate or lacerate-fimbriate in the upper half; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.4 mm. long. ‘TYPE LOCALITY: Swamps near the coast, western Florida. DISTRIBUTION: South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Perhaps only a variety of X. caroliniana. 19. Xyris Jupicai Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 106. 1792. Xyris communis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4:12. 1843. Xyris surinamensis Miq. Linnaea 17: 58. 1843. Xyris arenicola Miq. Linnaea 18:75. 1844. Xyris acuminata Miq.; Steud. Syn. Cyp. 284. 1855. Xyris gymnoptera Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 223. 1866. Somewhat tufted or annual; leaves linear, 12-30 (—40) cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad, acute, smooth, or rarely minutely tuberculate beneath; sheath occupying one third to one half the length of the leaf, tawny or somewhat rusty below, somewhat dilated at the base; peduncles usually 30-50 (—65) cm. tall, 1-2 mm. broad, bicostate or unicostate, smooth, the peduncular sheath usually 8-15 cm. long, rusty or chestnut-colored and shining below; spike many-flowered, ovoid or ellipsoid, 8-13 mm. long, 5—7 (—8) mm. thick, the outer bracts ovate-elliptic, 2-3 mm. long, nearly rounded at the apex, the flowering bracts obovate, 5-6 (-7) mm. long, 3.5—4.5 mm. broad, entire, tawny or rusty and somewhat shining, with a grayish-green or green, ovate or elliptic dorsal area about 2 mm. long; lateral sepals narrowly spatulate-linear or lanceolate, 3.5-5 mm. long, about 0.6 mm. broad, acute at the apex; keel narrow and entire below, broader 12 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 and lacerate-dentate or shortly lacerate-fimbriate from somewhat above the middle to the apex; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.5 mm. long. Very variable in size. ‘TYPE LOCALITY: Cayenne. DISTRIBUTION: Maryland to Florida and Texas; southward to British Honduras; Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and Puerto Rico; also widely distributed in South America to Uruguay ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 19: pl. 124, f. 7; Britt. & Brown. Ill. FI. F695 sede if. 1135. 20. Xyris elata Chapm. Fl. S. U.S. 501. 1860. Tufted; leaves linear, 20-40 (—60) cm. long, 2-5 mm. broad, somewhat obtuse at the apex, smooth; sheath occupying about one third the length of the leaf, straw-colored or violaceous, opaque, somewhat dilated at the base; peduncles 40-80 (—100) cm. tall, 1.5-—2 mm. broad, nearly terete, bicostate above, smooth, the peduncular sheath 15—25 cm. long, tawny or rusty and somewhat shining below; spike many-flowered, ellipsoid or oblong-ovoid, 12-20 (—23) mm. long, 6-8 mm. thick, somewhat acute at the apex, the outer barren bracts ovate-elliptic, 2—3 mm. long, nearly rounded at the apex, the flowering bracts obovate or elliptic, 6-7 mm. long, about 4 mm. broad, rather entire, tawny or rusty, somewhat shining, with a grayish-green elliptic or nearly orbicular dorsal area about 2 mm. long; lateral sepals narrowly lanceolate or spatulate-linear, 4.5-6 mm. long, about 0.7 mm. broad, obtuse at the apex or nearly so; keel narrow and entire below, somewhat broader and lacerate-dentate above; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.4 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Sandy swamps near the coast, western Florida. DISTRIBUTION: Virginia to Florida, Texas, and Oklahoma. ILLUSTRATION: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1136. Nore: Scarcely distinct from X. Jupicai Rich., which is not mentioned by Chapman. 21. Xyris iridifolia Chapm. Fl. S. U.S. 501. 1860. Tufted, rarely annual; leaves linear, 40-60 (—80) cm. long, 5—8 (-10) mm. broad, somewhat obtuse at the apex, smooth; sheath occupying about one half the length of the leaf, tawny or pale-violaceous, opaque, somewhat dilated at base; peduncles 60—100 cm. tall, 2-3 mm. broad, somewhat compressed and bicostate above, smooth, the peduncular sheath 15—22 cm. long, rusty and shining below; spike very many-flowered, ellipsoid or oblong, 12-30 (—35) mm. long, 8-12 mm. thick, the barren bracts rather numerous (about 10), the outer bracts oblong or ovate-elliptic, about 3 mm. long, rounded at the apex, the flowering bracts obovate-elliptic, about 7 mm. (rarely 8 mm.) long, 5-6 mm. broad, entire, tawny or pale-chestnut-colored, shining, with a grayish-green ovate (rarely ovate-lanceolate) dorsal area 2.5-3 mm. long; lateral sepals narrowly linear-lanceolate, about 6 mm. long and 0.75 mm. broad, acute at the apex; keel narrow, shortly lacerate-fimbriate from near the base to the apex, rusty or dull- purple; seeds fusiform, about 0.9 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Shallow ponds, Apalachicola, Florida. DISTRIBUTION: South Carolina to Florida and Texas; Honduras; Costa Rica. ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Torrey Club 19: pl. 124, f. 10 22. Xyris Smalliana Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 159. 1895. Tufted; leaves linear, 25-60 cm. long, 3-6 mm. broad, somewhat obtuse at the apex, smooth, somewhat shining especially beneath; sheath occupying about one half the length of the leaf, somewhat dilated, often violaceous and shining below; peduncles 50-100 cm. tall, about 2 mm. broad, somewhat compressed, bicostate especially above, smooth, the peduncular sheath nearly equaling the leaves, pale-rusty and shining below; spike ovoid or ellipsoid, 12-— 20 (—22) mm. long, 6-9 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts elliptic, about 3 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, the flowering bracts elliptic, about 7 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, nearly entire, tawny or pale-rusty, somewhat shining, with a grayish-green ovate or elliptic dorsal area 2.5—3 mm. long; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, 7-8 mm. long, 0.8-1 mm. broad, obtuse at the apex; keel very narrow and entire below, somewhat broader and lacerate or lacerate- fimbriate from the middle to the apex; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.5 mm. long. Parr 1, 1937] XYRIDACEAE 13 TYPE LOCALITY: Shallow water, Lake Ella, Lake County, Florida. DISTRIBUTION: Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Xyris Smalliana var. Olneyi (Wood) Gleason. Xvyris caroliniana var. Olneyi Wood, Class-Book ed. 2.564. 1847. Xyris Congdoni Small; Britton, Man. ed. 2.1057. 1905. Xyris Smalliana var. Congdoni Malme, Bull. Torrey Club 64: 45. 1937. Somewhat lower (peduncle 45-75 ecm. tall); keel of the lateral sepals thicker and less obviously lacerate-fimbriate; seeds about 0.6 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cumberland, Rhode Island. DisrrRisuTION: Massachusetts to New Jersey. ILLUSTRATION: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1137. 23. Xyris grandiceps Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 223. 1866. Xyris falx Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 223. 1866. Tufted, rarely annual; leaves linear, 40-60 cm. long, 5—7 mm. broad, somewhat obtuse at the apex, smooth; sheath occupying about one half the length of the leaf, dilated, dull-rusty and opaque below; peduncles 50—100 em. tall, 1.5—2 mm. broad, unicostate or bicostate above, multicostate or multistriate below, smooth, the peduncular sheath 20-30 cm. long; spike obovoid or ellipsoid, 12-22 mm. long, 8-12 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts elliptic, 4-5 mm long, 2—2.5 mm. broad, nearly rounded at the apex, the flowering bracts obovate, about 7 mm. long, 4-5 mm. broad, entire, pale-rusty or tawny, with a grayish-green or dull-purple, ovate or deltoid dorsal area 2.5—3 mm. long; lateral sepals linear, 7-9 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. broad, acute, somewhat falcate above; keel very narrow, dull-purple above, serrate from the middle to the apex or nearly entire; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Western Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Western Cuba. 24. Xyris fimbriata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:52. 1816. Tufted, rarely annual; roots filiform; leaves linear, 40-60 cm. long, 6-10 mm. broad, ob- tuse, smooth; sheath occupying about one half the length of the leaf, somewhat dilated below, pale-rusty and opaque at the base; peduncles 60-100 cm. tall, 1.5—2.5 mm. broad, bicostate above, multicostate at the middle, scabrid on the ridges, elsewhere smooth, the peduncular sheath 25—40 cm. long; spike obovoid or ellipsoid, 10-15 mm. long, 6-9 mm. thick, the barren bracts numerous (10-15), the outer bracts ovate-orbicular, about 3 mm. long, the flowering bracts obovate-orbicular, about 7 mm. long, 5-6 mm. broad, coriaceous, entire or minutely lacerate-fimbriate at the apex, straw-colored or pale-rusty, somewhat shining, with a grayish- green ovate or ovate-deltoid dorsal area about 2.5 mm. long; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, 7—9 mm. long, 0.8-1 mm. broad, somewhat bearded at the apex; keel narrow, bearded or long lacerate-fimbriate from the middle to the apex; seeds fusiform, about 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Georgia. DISTRIBUTION: New Jersey to Florida and Mississippi. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 19: pl. 124, f. 12; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 897; ed. 2. f. 1138. 25. Xyris bicarinata Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 223. 1866. Xyris cubana A. Nilsson, Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 24'4: 27. 1892. Xyris navicularis var. abbreviata Malme, Ark. Bot. 135: 16. 1913. Xyris bicarinata var. abbreviata Malme, Ark. Bot. 1919: 4. 1925. Perennial, densely tufted; leaves narrowly linear, 15-20 cm. long, 1—-1.5 mm. broad, often spirally twisted, acute, smooth or somewhat scabrid beneath, with thickened margins; sheath occupying one sixth to one fifth the length of the leaf, tuberculate-scabrid, dark-chestnut- colored below, much dilated at the base; peduncles usually 30-40 cm. tall, about 0.75 mm. broad, terete or nearly so, bicostate, scabrid on the ridges, elsewhere smooth, the peduncular sheath 5-7 cm. long, chestnut-colored and slightly shining beneath; spike few-flowered, obovoid or ellipsoid, 7-9 mm. long, 3—4.5 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts ovate-elliptic, about 2.5 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at apex, the flowering bracts elliptic, 5-6 mm. long, about 3.5 mm. broad, rounded at the apex or nearly so, entire, ecarinate, pale-rusty, with a rather indistinct elliptic somewhat rusty dorsal area; lateral sepals included, lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, 14 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 i-1.25 mm. broad, acute; keel narrow, serrulate-ciliate toward the apex; seeds oblong-ellipsoid, 0.5—0.6 mm. long. Tyre Loca.ity: [Pinar del Rio], western Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Western Cuba and Isla de Pifios. ILLUSTRATION: Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand. 24": pl. 3, f. 4. 26. Xyris Elliottii Chapm. Fl. S. U.S. 500. 1860. Xyris brevifolia “‘Michx.’’; Elliott, Bot. S.C. & Ga. 1:52. 1816. Not X. brevifolia Michx. 1803. Perennial, tufted; leaves narrowly linear, 10-20 (—25) cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, acute, scabrid at margins, elsewhere smooth; sheath occupying about one fifth the length of the leaf, often violaceous above, chestnut-colored or rusty and somewhat shining below, much dilated at the base; peduncles usually 40-50 cm. tall, 1-1.5 mm. broad, slightly compressed, bicostate, especially above, often scabrid on the ridges, elsewhere smooth, the peduncular sheath 7-11 cm. long, rusty or chestnut-colored and shining below; spike many-flowered, obovoid or ellipsoid, 6-10 mm. long, 3.5-5.5 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts elliptic, 2-3 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, the flowering bracts obovate, about 5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, ecarinate, rounded, very lacerate and usually dull-purple at the apex, elsewhere straw-colored or tawny, with a grayish-green or dull-purple elliptic or ovate dorsal area about 2 mm. long; lateral sepals somewhat exserted, spatulate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, about 0.75 mm. broad, acute or nearly so; keel lacerate-fimbriate or lacerate-ciliate from the middle to the apex and often purple at the apex; seeds ellipsoid, 0.4—0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: South Carolina. DISTRIBUTION: South Carolina to Florida and Texas; western Cuba (Pinar del Rio); Haiti; Santo Domingo; Puerto Rico; Martinique. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 19: gl. 124, f. 6; Ark. Bot. 13*: f. 3b. Xyris Elliottii var. stenotera Malme, Bull. Torrey Club 64:45. 1937. Leaves 12-16 cm. long, 0.7-1 mm. broad, the margins not thickened, smooth; peduncles 35-45 mm. tall, about 1 mm. broad, smooth, the peduncular sheath about 10 cm. long; spike rather few-flowered, 6-8 mm. long, 3.5-4.5 mm. thick, the flowering bracts about 5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, lacerate and often dull-purple at the apex; lateral sepals somewhat exserted or included, about 5 mm. long; keel lacerate-fimbriate from the middle to the apex; seeds usually shrunk. Type LocaLity: Lake County, Florida. Dits- TRIBUTION: Florida. Often confused with X. Baldwiniana var. tenutfolia. 27. Xyris Baldwiniana Schultes, in R. & S. Syst. Veg. Mant. 1: 351, 1822 Xyris juncea Baldwin; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:53. 1816. Not X.junceaR. Br. 1810. Xyris setacea Chapm. F1.S. U.S. ed. 2.658. 1883. Perennial, tufted; leaves terete, filiform, 10-20 cm. long, 0.3-0.5 mm. thick, often twisted, smooth; sheath occupying about one sixth the length of the leaf, chestnut-colored and shining below, dilated at the base; peduncles 25-40 cm. tall, 0.7-1 mm. thick, terete, unicostate above, smooth, the peduncular sheath 7-10 cm. long, rusty and opaque below;. spike rather few- flowered, obovoid or ellipsoid, 4-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts ovate or elliptic, 2-3 mm. long, rounded at the apex, the flowering bracts ovate or elliptic, 4-5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, ecarinate, rounded and somewhat lacerate or entire at the apex, tawny or chestnut-colored, with a grayish-green ovate or elliptic dorsal area about 2 mm. long; lateral sepals included, lanceolate, 4-4.5 mm. long, about 0.75 mm. broad, acute; keel lacerate-serrate from the middle to the apex; seeds oblong-ellipsoid, 0.5—0.6 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Wet pine-barrens near St. Mary's, Georgia. DISTRIBUTION: North Carolina to Florida and Texas. ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Torrey Club 19: pl. 124, f. 14. Xyris Baldwiniana var. tenuifolia (Chapm.) Malme, Bull. Torrey Club 64: 45. 1937. Xyris tenuifolia Chapm. F1.S.U.S.502. 1860. Leaves somewhat compressed, 8-16 cm. long, 0.6—1 mm. broad, rather obtuse, the margins thickened; peduncles straight, 30-40 cm. tall, about 1 mm. thick, smooth, the peduncular sheath 6-9 cm. long, rusty and nearly opaque below; spike rather few- flowered, obovoid, usually 6-8 mm. long, the outer barren bracts ovate or elliptic, about 3 mm. long, the flowering bracts elliptic, about 5 mm. long, entire at the apex or nearly so; lateral sepals linear- lanceolate, 4.5-5 mm. long, included or somewhat exserted; keel lacerate-serrate from the middle to the apex or shortly lacerate-fimbriate in the upper part; seed usually shrunk. TyPE LOCALITY: Pine-barren swamps, Florida. DistripuTion: Georgia to Florida and Texas. Perhaps a hybrid between X. Baldwiniana and X. Elliottit. Part 1, 1937] XYRIDACEAE 15 28. Xyris flexuosa Muhl. Cat. 5, hyponym. 1813; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. Penh Sabo: Xyris torta Kunth, Enum. P!. 4: 14. 1843. Not X. lorta Smith, 1818. Xyris caroliniana var. scabra Engelm. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 5: 233. 1845. Xyris scabra Engelm. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 5: 233, assynonym. 1845. Not X. scabra R. Br. 1810. Xyris conocephala Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 7: 610. 1871. Xyris arenicola Small, Fl. SE. U.S. 234. 1903. Not X. arenicola Miq. 1844. Roots rather thick, spongy; leaves 20—40 (—50) cm. long, 1—2 (—3) mm. broad, rather thick, usually twisted, rather obtuse, mainly scabrid on the margins, elsewhere smooth; sheath chest- nut-colored or brown and shining below; peduncles 40-80 (—90) cm. tall, 1-2 mm. broad, slightly compressed, scabrid on the ridges, elsewhere smooth, the peduncular sheath 9-12 cm. long; spike 10-15 (—20) mm. long, 5—7 mm. thick, the outer barren bracts about 3 mm. long, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, obtuse, the flowering bracts obovate-elliptic, 7-8 mm. long, about 5 mm. broad, coriaceous, entire, straw-colored, tawny or pale-rusty, somewhat shining, with a grayish-green or dull-purple ovate or elliptic dorsal area 2—3 mm. long; lateral sepals linear or nearly so, about 8 mm. long and 0.6 mm. broad; keel narrow, entire below, lacerate-fimbriate or rusty-bearded from near the middle to the apex; corolla yellow or white, the lobes obovate; seeds oblong-fusiform, about 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Georgia or South Carolina. DISTRIBUTION: Pinelands, mostly near the coast, New Jersey to Florida, Texas, and Arkansas; western Cuba (Pinar del Rio). ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 19: pl. 124, f. 13; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 898; ed. 2. f. W139: Arko Bot. 13°: f. 3d. Xyris flexuosa var. pallescens (C. Mohr) Barnhart. Xvyris torta var. pallescens C. Mohr, Contr. U.S. Nat.Herb.6:428. 1901. Xvyris pallescens Small, F1.SE.U.S.234. 1903. Xyris conocephala var. pallescens Malme, Bull. Torrey Club 64: 45. 1937. Spike and upper part of the peduncle glaucescent; corolla white. TypE LocaLiry: Alabama. DISTRIBUTION: Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. EXCLUDED SPECIES XYRIS PUBESCENS Poir. in Lam. Encyc. 8: 819. 1808. Certainly not Xyris. Family ERIOCAULACEAE By Harotp NORMAN MOLDENKE Perennial or rarely annual aquatic or marsh herbs, mostly short-stemmed, usually monoecious, rarely dioecious. Roots tufted, fibrous, knotty or spongy, often septate. Leaves mostly basal and tufted, narrow, grass-like, usually crowded, often pellucid and loosely cellular, sometimes membranous. Inflores- cence capitate, in terminal solitary or umbellately aggregate involucrate heads, borne on long slender often scapose peduncles, which are sheathed at base. Florets mostly actinomorphic, numerous, small, sessile or short-pedicellate on a variously shaped receptacle, each borne in the axil of a scarious scale-like colored or colorless receptacular bractlet, unisexual, mostly androgynous, the staminate and pistillate mixed or the staminate in the center and the pistillate on the periphery, the sexes very rarely in separate heads. Perianth (peri- gonium) scafious (chaffy) or membranous, rarely hyaline, its segments 2- or 3-merous, usually in 2 distinct series, the outer (calyx) free or rarely partially connate, the inner (corolla) often united in an infundibular fashion, rarely absent. Stamens as many as the outer perianth-segments and alternate with them, or twice as many, inserted on the corolla (when present). Filaments distinct. Anthers small, 2- or 4-celled, composed of 1 or 2 thecae, opening by longitudinal slits, introrse. Staminodes rarely present in pistillate florets. Ovary superior, 2- or 3-locular. Style terminal, often appendaged. Stigmas 2 or 3, simple or lobed. Ovules solitary and pendulous in each locule, ortho- tropous. Fruit a 2- or 3-celled, 2- or 3-seeded, membranous capsule, loculici- dally dehiscent. Seeds solitary, pendulous, with a small embryo borne at the apex of a copious mealy endosperm. Stamens 4 or 6, twice as many as the outer perianth-segments (rarely 3 in E.. Parker). 1. ERIOCAULON. Stamens 2 or 3, as many as the outer perianth-segments. Anthers 4-celled, composed of 2 thecae. Inner perianth-segments of pistillate florets free. 2. PAEPALANTHUS. Inner perianth-segments of pistillate florets connate at the middle. 3. SYNGONANTHUS. Anthers 2-celled, composed of | theca. Inner perianth of staminate florets present, its segments united into a tube; stems elongate, floating. 4. TONINA. Inner perianth of staminate florets absent; stems very short, not floating. 5. LACHNOCAULON. I ERIOCAULON L. Sp: Pl. 87: 1753; Gen: Pl. ed. 5.38. 1754. Cespa Hill, Herb. Brit. pl. 66. 1769. Randalia Petiv.; Desv. Ann. Sci. Nat. 13:47. 1828. Symphachne Beauv.; Desv. Ann. Sci. Nat. 13:47. 1828. Sphaerochloa Beauv.; Desv. Ann. Sci. Nat. 13:47. 1828. Lasiolepis B6ck. Flora 56: 90. 1873. Stems mostly very short, rarely elongate and equally covered with leaves throughout. Leaves mostly tufted, membranous or very thin and pellucid, more or less linear or linear- lanceolate and grass-like, sessile and clasping at base, very often fenestrate. Florets dimerous or trimerous, the staminate mixed with the pistillate or segregated on separate heads or (rarely) on separate plants; perigonium almost always double. Staminate florets with the sepals free 17 18 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 at the base or often more or less connate into a split spathe, the 2 or 3 petals united into a tube below, free at apex, the lobes usually bearing a small black gland on the inner surface near the apex. Stamens twice as many as the sepals (or rarely 3) and exserted; anthers 4-celled, mostly black, composed of 2 thecae. Pistillate florets with free or (rarely) spathaceous-connate sepals; petals free or rarely none, usually each bearing a small black gland slightly below the apex within; style-appendages none; stigmas 2 or 3, simple. Type species, Eriocaulon decangulare \.. Pistillate florets without petals. 1. E. bilobatum. Pistillate florets with petals. Both staminate and pistillate florets dimerous; stamens 4 (rarely 3); stigmas 2; ovary 2-ovulate. Heads when mature always white-villose at the summit. Sepals of the pistillate florets broadly winged on the back. Wing on sepals of pistillate florets crest-like, to 0.8 mm. wide; receptacle glabrous. 2. E. cubense. Wing on sepals of pistillate florets not crest-like, only to 0.25 mm. wide; receptacle pilose. 3. E. arenicola. Sepals of the pistillate florets not winged on the back or but slightly so. Receptacular bractlets surpassing the florets, long- acuminate; heads very tough and hard, not at all compressed in drying; leaves mostly rigid. 4. E. decangulare. Receptacular bractlets about equaling or shorter than the florets; heads more or less compressed in drying; leaves mostly lax. Heads often entirely flowerless, otherwise only very few-flowered. 5. E. olivaceum. Heads many-flowered, never entirely flowerless. Staminate florets with the anterior petal much larger than the posterior one; plants often dioecious or practically so. Involucral bractlets obovate; sepals of the staminate florets narrowly linear; Cuba. 6. E. dioecum. Involucral bractlets oblong-ovate or elliptic; sepals of the staminate florets subcuneate- oblong; United States. 7. E. compressum. Staminate florets with the petals equal or subequal; plants always plainly monoecious. Involucral bractlets light, subhyaline, scarious, or pale-stramineous in anthesis. Sepals of staminate and pistillate florets hyaline at base only, gray or dark-gray toward apex; petals of pistillate florets linear; receptacular bractlets hyaline at base, dark-gray toward apex; south- eastern United States. 8. E. lineare. Sepals of staminate and pistillate florets hyaline throughout; petals of pistillate florets obovate; receptacular bractlets hyaline throughout; British Honduras. 9. E. Kinlochii. Involucral bractlets dark, flavescent, oliva- ceous, or brunneous in anthesis. Heads loose-flowered, greatly compressed in drying. Sepals of the pistillate florets slightly alate, hyaline at base, short-apicu- late; leaves mostly 1—7 cm. long and 1-3.5 mm. wide at the middle, 3-7- nerved; northeastern North America. 10. E. septangulare. Sepals of the pistillate florets not alate, nigrescent throughout, long-acumi- nate; leaves mostly 10-25 cm. long and 4-5 mm. wide at the middle, 9-16- nerved; Cuba. 11. E. pseudocompressum. Heads dense-flowered, scarcely compressed in drying; Texas. 12. E. texense. Heads when mature (or mostly even from the beginning) glabrous or glabrate (rarely scattered-pilose), stramineous, grayish- olivaceous, flavescent, or nigrescent, at least not white- villose. Heads not elongate; involucral bractlets dull. Sepals of staminate florets broadest at or below the middle. Sepals of staminate florets linear-oblong to lanceolate- oblong. Heads nigrescent, glabrous, soft (compressed in drying). ART 1, 1937] HRIOCAULACEAE 19 Mature plants 1.2—3 em. tall. 13. E. minulissimum. Mature plants 15-30 em. tall. 14. E. pinarense. Heads stramineous, scattered-pilose, very hard (not compressed in drying). 15. E. sclerocephalum. Sepals of staminate florets oblong-ovate. 16. E. echinospermum. Sepals of staminate florets broadest above the middle, spatulate to cuneate. Involucral bractlets broadest at or below the middle. Mature heads mostly 4-7 mm. in diameter. Involucral bractlets large, chaffy, lustrous, con- spicuous, spreading or reflexed; sepals of staminate florets glabrous throughout; South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. 17. BE. Ravenelii. Involucral bractlets smaller, not lustrous nor chaffy, mot especially conspicuous, ap- pressed; sepals of staminate florets sparsely pubescent at apex; Quebec to Virginia. 18. E. Parkeri. Mature heads 1—3 mm. in diameter. Involucral bractlets acute; heads loose. Sepals of pistillate florets ovate. 19. E. echinospermoideum. Sepals of pistillate florets obovate. Petals of pistillate florets notched. Peduncles 5-—7-costate, to 40 per plant; mature sheaths mostly 2— 3.5 em. long; receptacular bract- lets obovate or spatulate; sepals of pistillate florets broadly alate or crested. 20. E. fuliginosum. Peduncles 3-costate, 4-12 per plant; mature sheaths 1—1.5 cm. long; receptacular bractlets sublanceo- late; sepals of pistillate florets narrowly or not at all alate. 21. E. insulare. Petals of pistillate florets not notched. 22. E. Seemannii. Involucral bractlets acuminate; heads stiff. 23. E. sigmoideum. Involucral bractlets broadest above the middle. Petals of pistillate florets oblong-spatulate or spatulate, equal or subequal. Mature plants 2-10 cm. tall; leaves 0.6—1 mm. wide at the middle. Leaves recurved, about 0.6 mm. wide at the middle; Cuba. 24. E. miserrimum. Leaves erect, about 1 mm. wide at the mid- dle; United States. 25. E. Koérnickianum. Mature plants 12—20 cm. tall; leaves 2.5—3 mm. wide at the middle. 26. E. Ekmannii. Petals of pistillate florets oblong, conspicuously unequal. 27. E. heteropetalum. Heads elongate; involucral bractlets very lustrous. Heads rotund-ovoid, widest at base, obtuse at apex. 28. E. ovoideum. Heads ellipsoid or fusiform, widest at middle, acute at apex. 29. E. fusiforme. Both staminate and pistillate florets trimerous; stigmas 3 (very rarely 2); ovary 3- (very rarely 2-) ovulate. Sepals of the mature staminate florets not spathaceous. Sepals of the staminate florets olivaceous-nigrescent toward apex, densely villose or tufted-pilose; petals of stami- nate florets long-villose at apex. Involucral bractlets fuscous-nigrescent; Panama. 30. E. panamense. Involucral bractlets whitish- or greenish-flavescent; Mexico. Peduncles mostly subsolitary; involucral bractlets ovate; sepals of the staminate florets about 0.8 mm. wide; petals of the staminate florets with hairs about 0.75 mm. long. 31. E. Benthami. Peduncles mostly aggregate; involucral bractlets broadly obovate; sepals of the staminate florets about 0.4 mm. wide; petals of the staminate florets with hairs about 1.2 mm. long. Sepals of the staminate florets stramineous toward apex, sparsely pilose; petals of staminate florets short-pilose at apex (hairs about 0.32 mm. long). 33. E. mexicanum. Sepals of mature staminate florets connate into a split spathe. Stems elongate, floating. Receptacular bractlets glabrous; Cuba. Pistillate florets with the sepals obovate and the petals spatulate. 34. E. melanocephalum. Pistillate florets with the sepals ovate and the petals linear. oR) ne) by . Palmeri. ww on ey . lacustre. 20 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 }) Receptacular bractlets tufted-pilose at apex; British Honduras. 36. E. Schippii. Stems abbreviated, not floating. Petals of the pistillate florets black-glanduliferous. Sepals of the pistillate florets alate or subalate. Plants very dwarf, densely tufted, 1—4 cm. tall; pe- duncles equaling or slightly surpassing the leaves. 37. E. microcephalum. Plants larger, 7-32 cm. tall; peduncles usually many times the length of the leaves. 38. E. Ehrenbergianum. Sepals of the pistillate florets not at all alate. Sepals of the staminate florets hyaline, grayish at apex; receptacle glabrous; petals of staminate and pistillate florets merely ciliate. 39. E. guadalajarense. Sepals of the staminate florets olivaceous-nigrescent throughout; receptacle villose; petals of stami- nate and pistillate florets long-villose. 40. E. tepicanum. Petals of the pistillate florets not glanduliferous. Sepals of the pistillate florets narrow, not alate; ovary long-stalked. 41. E. Williamsii. Sepals of the pistillate florets broad, alate; ovary sessile or subsessile. Sepals of the pistillate florets with a conspicuous membranous whitish wing. 42. E. Schiedeanum. Sepals of the pistillate florets with a heavy black wing. 43. E. Pringlei. 1. Eriocaulon bilobatum Morong, Bull. Torrey Club 19: 226. 1892. Stems very short; leaves rather densely tufted, narrowly linear, 1.5—2.5 cm. long, about © 1.2 mm. wide at the middle, often involute along the margins, subulate at apex, 2- or 3-nerved, glabrous; peduncles closely aggregate, 2-8, 1.5-8.5 cm. long, twisted, 5-costate, glabrous; sheaths close-fitting, very small, shorter than the leaves, glabrous, obliquely split at apex; heads nigrescent, ovate-globose, 2—3.5 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets grayish, oblong to lanceolate-oblong, acute or subacute, glabrous; receptacle subglabrous; receptacular bract- lets olivaceous toward apex, hyaline below, lanceolate-oblong, longer than the florets and hiding them, acute or acuminate; staminate florets: sepals 2 or 3, connate into a glabrous grayish-white or stramineous spathe, which is very shortly 3-fid at apex; petal-tube bearing at its apex very small, slightly unequal lobes, which are marked with fuscous glands; stamens 6; anthers white, rotund; pistillate florets: sepals 2 or 3, free, pale-olivaceous toward apex, white- hyaline at base, very narrowly linear, acute or subacute, unequal, glabrous, finally deciduous; petals absent; style rather long; stigmas 3, filiform; ovary 3-ovulate. TYPE LOCALITY: Wet places near Guadalajara, Jalisco (Pringle 3855). DISTRIBUTION: Jalisco. 2. Eriocaulon cubense Ruhl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 22:29. 1925. Stems very short; leaves thin-membranous or subpellucid, linear, 1.5-3.5 em. long, mostly about 0.8 mm. wide at the middle, acute, fenestrately 3-nerved, glabrous; peduncles slender, 1 or 2, 4-11.5 cm. long, 5- or 6-costate, scarcely or but slightly twisted, glabrous; sheaths rather close-fitting, about equaling the leaves, 2—2.7 cm. long, glabrous, obliquely split, the blade short, erect, and acuminate; heads at first hemispheric, finally subglobose, 4-5 mm. in diameter at maturity, white-villose; involucral bractlets pale-flavidulous, obovate, obtuse, pilose at apex on the back; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets whitish, cuneate, acute, densely pilose above the middle on the back; staminate florets: sepals 2, pale-gray at apex, hyaline below, ovate, concave, acute or blunt, scarcely 1 mm. long, long-pilose at apex on the back; petals 2, minute, equal, non-glanduliferous; anthers 4, black; pistillate florets: sepals 2, whitish, navic- ular, broadly crested-carinate on the back, long-pilose at apex; petals 2, white, spatulate, rounded or acute, glabrous, non-glanduliferous; style long; stigmas 2, short; ovary 2-ovulate. Type LOCALITY: In alkali flats or on white sand, Santa Barbara, Isle of Pines, Cuba (Ekman 120065). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. BART 1; 1937] ERIOCAULACEAE 21 3. Eriocaulon arenicola Britton & Small; Britton, Bull. Torrey Club aaa: 21917; Stems very short; leaves ascending or spreading, linear-attenuate, 1—8.5 em. long, convex beneath, slightly concave above, fenestrately 5—7-nerved (the fenestrations conspicuous only beneath), whitish punctulate-pulverulent above or glabrate; peduncles solitary or usually in clusters of 2—25, slender, 4-26 cm. long, stramineous, slightly spirally twisted, mostly 6-angled, zlabrous; sheaths very close-fitting, shorter than the leaves, 2.5—4.8 cm. long, many-striate, ot twisted, obscurely punctulate-pulverulent or glabrescent, obliquely split at apex, the blade rather elongate, acute or acuminate, scarious at apex; heads dense, at first depressed-globose, later subglobose or ovoid, 4-6 mm. in diameter, whitish-gray, pubescent, not much compressed in drying when mature; involucral bractlets pale-flavidulous to light-brown, cuneate or obovate, the outer ones about 1.5 mm. long, ciliate; receptacular bractlets stramineous toward apex, yaline at base, very broadly cuneate, fully 1.5 mm. long, short-pilose at and near apex; staminate florets: sepals 2, very pale gray, cuneate to obovate, concave, about 1.5 mm. long, exceeding the corolla, pubescent at apex; corolla-lobes ovate to oblong-ovate, minute, obtuse; anthers 4, black, about 0.25 mm. long; pistillate florets: sepals 2, gray, navicular, about 1.5 mm. long, widest below the middle, alate-carinate, not crested, pubescent toward apex; petals 2, hyaline, oblong to oblong-spatulate, fully | mm. long, sparsely pilose at apex; ovary reniform, fully 0.5 mm. wide, 2-ovulate. TYPE LOCALITY: White sand in the vicinity of Los Indios, Isle of Pines, Cuba (Britton, Britton, & Wilson 14179). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 4. Eriocaulon decangulare L. Sp. Pl. 87. 1753. Eriocaulon statices Crantz, Inst. 1: 360. 1766. ‘Eriocaulon serotinum Walt. Fl. Car. 83. 1788. Randalia decangularis [“ decangulare’’| Beauv.; Desv. Ann. Sci. Nat. 13:47. 1828. Symphachne xyroides Beauy.; Desv. Ann. Sci. Nat. 13:48. 1828. Plants monoecious; stems very short; leaves tufted, rather rigid, not pellucid, linear, 4.5— 35 cm. long, 3-11 mm. wide at the middle, gradually narrowed from the dilated base, at first mucronulate-acute, finally obtuse, fenestrately many-nerved beneath, especially toward the base, the fenestrations often inconspicuous, the margins often revolute; peduncles 1-3, rigid, 20-100 em. long, glabrous, prominently many-costate; sheaths rather loose, 9-16 cm. long, 2—5 mm. wide, prominently striate, slightly or not at all twisted, glabrous, mostly bilobed at apex; heads dense-flowered, tough, not at all compressed in drying, hemispheric or globose, 7-12 mm. in diameter, white-villose; involucral bractlets stramineous, ovate, acute, very densely tomen- tellous toward apex; receptacle large, tough, long-villose; receptacular bractlets stramineous, oblong-spatulate, rather rigid, surpassing the florets, long-acuminate, densely pilose toward apex on the back, glabrescent in age; staminate florets: sepals 2, grayish-flavidulous, broadly spatulate, navicular, carinate or subcarinate, rather acute, densely villose toward apex on the back, sparsely villose within; petal-tube stramineous, its lobes 2, small, whitish, slightly unequal, pilose, glanduliferous; anthers 4, black; pistillate florets: sepals 2, grayish-flavidulous, oblong, acute, densely long-villose on the back, navicular; petals 2, white, rather thick, spatulate, obtuse, pilose, glanduliferous; style shorter than the ovary; stigmas 2, more than twice as long as the ovary. TYPE LOCALITY: In swamps, North America. DISTRIBUTION: Moist pinelands and acid swamps on the Coastal Plain and rarely adjacent Bees from New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. Erroneously reported rom Cuba. ILLUSTRATIONS: Ann. Sci. Nat. 13: pl. 5, f. 2 & 3; Bot. Cab. pl. 1310; Bot. Mag. pl. 3126; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 901; ed. 2. f. 1143; Ann. N. Y. Acad. 17!: pl. 24, f. 1; G. T. Stevens, Ill. Guide pl. 9, f. 5; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 28, f. 2. Eriocaulon decangulare var. latifolium Chapman, var.nov. Differing from the typical form of the species in its very thick and elongate rootstock, its mature leaves to 50 cm. long and 13-20 mm. wide at the middle, and its mature heads 13-16 mm.in diameter. Type collected probably near Apalachi- cola, Franklin County, Florida, A. W. Chapman (herb. Columbia Univ.). DistTRipuTION: North- western Florida and southwestern Alabama. A forma typica speciei recedit caule subterraneo percrasso elongato, foliis maturis usque ad 50 cm. longis et medio 13—20 mm. latis, et capitulis maturis 13-16 mm. diametro. bo bo 5. Eriocaulon olivaceum Moldenke, sp. nov. Plants dioecious; stems very short; leaves olivaceous, erect or the lowest slightly recurved- spreading, broadly linear, 6.5—13.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide at the middle, gradually narrowed from base to apex, sharply acute, many-nerved, not noticeably fenestrate, glabrous; peduncles about 5 per plant, slender, 12.5—22 cm. long, about 7-costate, twisted, glabrous; sheaths rather loose, olivaceous, 6-7 cm. long, obscurely striate, not fenestrate, glabrate, obliquely split at apex, the blade rather long, erect, blunt; heads densely white-villose, compressed in drying, obconic, 2-4 mm. in diameter, often completely flowerless or with but 1 or 2 florets; involucral bractlets olivaceous or stramineous, oblong-obovate, slightly concave, obtuse, subcucullate at apex, glabrous; receptacular bractlets nigrescent at base, white toward apex, ovate or ob- ovate, sharply acuminate, the central portion and upper half densely villose; florets dimerous; pistillate florets: sepals 2, stramineous, long-ciliate at apex, not alate; petals present. Caule perbrevi; capitulis maturis dense albido-villosis, in siccitate compressis, paucifloris vel saepe sine floribus (!); bracteis receptaculi flores aequantibus vel brevioribus; floribus dimeris; floris 2 sepalis non alatis, petalis nonnullis. NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Volume | : | Type collected in wet places in moist white sand barrens, Santa Barbara, Isle of Pines, Cuba, November 2, 1920, E. L. Ekman 12029 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 6. Eriocaulon dioecum Ruhl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 22:29. 1925. Plants dioecious; stems very short; leaves tufted, erect, linear, 8-12 cm. long, 2.5—3 mm. wide at the middle, pellucid, very long-attenuate, mostly filiform at apex, fenestrately 9-nerved, glabrous; peduncles solitary, 45-60 cm. long, many-costate, compressed in drying, not twisted; sheaths loose, about equaling the leaves, fenestrate, obliquely split, the blade elongate and erect; heads hemispheric or depressed-globose, densely white-villose, 6-9 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets membranous, fuscous-nigrescent, obovate, very short-cuspidate or abruptly acute, glabrous; receptacular bractlets membranous, grayish-nigrescent, linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, pilose at apex on the back, otherwise glabrous; staminate florets: long-pedicellate; sepals 2, nigrescent, narrow-linear, angustate at base, densely villose at apex on the back; petals 2, whitish, glanduliferous, pilose, the anterior one much longer than the posterior one; anthers 4, black; pistillate florets: sepals 2, nigrescent, cuneate-spatulate, acute, subcondupli- cate, pilose at apex on the back; petals 2, unequal (one obovate-spatulate, the other narrower), each with a small black gland. TYPE LOCALITY: In the Eleocharis belt at Laguna Santa Barbara, south of Mendoza, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (Ekman 12807). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 7. Eriocaulon compressum Iam. Encyc. 3: 276. 1789. Eriocaulon decangulare Walt. Fl. Car. 83. 1788. Not E. decangulare . 1753. Eriocaulon gnaphalodes Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 165. 1803. ; Eriocaulon cephalotes Michx.; Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. 3: 161. 1813. Sphoerochloa compressa Beauv.; Desv. Ann. Sci. Nat. 13: pl. 5, f. 1. 1828. ?Eriocaulon filiformis Raf. Atl. Jour. 121. 1832. Plants mainly dioecious, sometimes monoecious; stems very short; leaves tufted, mem- branous, dull, ensiform-linear from a dilated base or plane, 3—25 cm. long, 1.5—6.5 mm. wide at the middle, subulate-acute or long-attenuate, often almost filiform at apex, fenestrately 8—25- nerved (the fenestrations conspicuous), glabrous; peduncles mostly solitary, rarely 2 or 3, 19- 85 cm. long, 10-striate, more or less twisted, mostly subcompressed in drying, glabrous; sheaths loose, mostly equaling or surpassing the leaves (except in submerged plants), 4-22 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, fenestrately nerved, many-striate, glabrous, spathaceous at apex, the blade blunt; heads mostly composed of florets of one sex, with rudiments of the other, loose-flowered, 5-14 mm. in diameter, greatly compressed in drying, densely white-villose at the summit; involucral bractlets nitid, grayish-green or brown-flecked, oblong-ovate or elliptic, acute or rarely obtuse, glabrous; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets membranous, brown, equaling or shorter than the florets, cuneate-oblong, acute, sparsely pilose toward apex on the back; Part 1, 1937] EHRIOCAULACEAE 23 staminate florets: sepals 2, free, subhyaline throughout or only at base and darker above, subcuneate-oblong, very obtuse, apiculate, often erose, villose toward apex on the back; petal- tube whitish, its lobes 2, conspicuously unequal (the anterior one much larger than the posterior one), glanduliferous, pilose at apex; pistillate florets: sepals 2, olivaceous-nigrescent, very broadly spatulate-oblong (1.7—2 mm. wide), navicular, acute, erose, sparsely pilose on the back; petals 2, whitish-hyaline, unguiculate-spatulate, obtuse, pilose on the inner surface; style and the 2 stigmas much exserted in anthesis. TYPE LOCALITY: South Carolina (Fraser). DISTRIBUTION: In still shallow water of acid ponds, swamps, and low pinelands on the Coastal Plain, from southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Erroneously reported from Cuba. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 900; ed. 2. f. 1142; Rep. N. J» Mus. 1910: pl. 64, f. 2. Eriocaulon compressum var. Harperi Moldenke, var. nov. Differing from the typical form of the species in its leaves being shining, not fenestrate, often more or less revolute (at least toward the apex), 1.5—8.5 em. long, and abruptly acute, its peduncles being 1—4 per plant, and the sepals of the pistillate florets hyaline toward the base, brown-spotted toward apex, narrowly oblong (0.7—0.9 mm. wide), and slightly navicular. TyPr collected in moist sloping pine-barrens in lime-sink country near Sneads, Jackson County, Florida, April 28, 1910, R. M. Harper 79 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Coastal Plain of southwestern Georgia, western Florida, and Mississippi. A forma typica speciei recedit foliis nitidis non fenestratis plerumque plusminus revolutis (saltem versus apicem) 1.5—-8.5 cm. longis abrupte acutis, pedunculis 1—4, et floris Q sepalis versus basin hyalinis, versus apicem brunneo-maculatis, anguste oblongis (0.7-0.9 mm. latis) parum naviculariis. 8. Eriocaulon lineare Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 236, 1328. 1903. Plants monoecious; stems very short; leaves very thin and pellucid, erect or recurved, 1.3-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide at the middle (in deep water often elongate to 29 em. and to 4 mm. wide), long-attenuate at apex, fenestrately 3—5-nerved (the fenestrations conspicuous), sparingly pubescent or subglabrate; peduncles deep-green, 3.5—30 cm. long, about 1 mm. in diameter (in deep water elongate to 63 cm. and to 5 mm. wide), 4-7-costate, often compressed in drying, frequently merely several-striate and fenestrate, obscurely twisted; sheaths equaling or surpassing the leaves (except in submerged plants), 1-7.5 cm. long (to 18 cm. long in deep water); heads depressed-hemispheric or subglobose, 5-10 mm. in diameter, white-villose; involucral bractlets subhyaline or scarious, puberulent toward apex, the inner ones rhombic and acute, the outer ones subrotund; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets hyaline below, dark-gray toward apex, spatulate or cuneate, subnavicular, acuminate, pilose toward apex; staminate florets: sepals 2, free, hyaline below, dark-gray toward apex, obovate or spatulate, navicular, acute, narrowly carinate-winged, sparsely pilose toward apex; petal-tube white, its lobes 2, small, linear, slightly unequal, glanduliferous within at apex, ciliate at apex; pistillate florets: sepals 2, hyaline at base, gray toward apex, broadly spatulate, navicular, acute, pilose at apex, with a subhyaline wing wider than that on the staminate florets; petals 2, free, linear, glanduliferous at apex within, pilose on both surfaces at apex, style about as long as or shorter than the ovary; stigmas 2, about as long as the ovary. TYPE LOCALITY: Wet woods, Eocene geologic formation, overlaid by Lafayette and Columbia, Bullock County, Georgia (R. M. Harper 830). DISTRIBUTION: Wet woods and moist pinelands on the Coastal Plain from North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. ILLustrations: Ann. N. Y. Acad. 171: pl. 23 & 25, f. 2; Small, Man. SE. Fl. 258. 9. Eriocaulon Kinlochii Moldenke, sp. nov. Plants monoecious; stems very short; leaves tufted, spreading or recurved, light-green, pellucid, broadly linear, 3-8 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide at the middle, plane (or the lower ones ensiform at base), long-attenuate and filiform at apex, fenestrately 6- or 7-nerved (the fenestra- tions conspicuous), glabrous; peduncles mostly solitary, slender, 5.5-14 cm. long, 3-costate, very slightly twisted, glabrous; sheaths loose, 1-3 cm. long, striate, not twisted, obliquely split and spathaceous at apex, the blade blunt; heads hemispheric or globose, 4.5—7 mm. in diameter, white-villose, compressed in drying; involucral bractlets pale-stramineous, broadly elliptic- obovate, acute, or obtuse, glabrous; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets hyaline spatulate, concave-cucullate, acute, densely short-pilose toward apex; staminate florets: short-pedicellate; sepals 2, hyaline, obovate, navicular, cucullate, tufted-pilose at apex 24 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 on the back; petal-tube whitish, its lobes 2, slightly unequal, brown-glanduliferous at apex, short-pilose with unicellular hairs on both surfaces and on the rim of the tube; anthers 4, black, elliptic; pistillate florets: very short-pedicellate; sepals 2, hyaline, obovate, navicular, acute, shortly winged-carinate on the upper half, short-pilose toward apex; petals 2, obovate, subacute, entire, short-pilose toward apex, glanduliferous at apex, sparingly pilose within; ovary long-stalked, 2-celled; style about the same length as the ovary; stigmas 2, twice as long as the style or longer. Planta monoica; caule perbrevi; capitulis maturis albido-villosis dense multifloris, in siccitate compressis; bracteis involucri pallide stramineis; bracteis receptaculi flores aequantibus vel brevioribus hyalinis; floribus dimeris; floris o& sepalis hyalinis, petala subaequantibus; floris 2 sepalis breviter alatis hyalinis, petalis obovatis. Type collected in Stann Creek Valley, British Honduras, March 29, 1933, J. B. Kinloch 213 (herb. Field Museum). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 10. Eriocaulon septangulare With. Veg. Brit. 784. 1776. ?Cespa aquatica Hill, Herb. Brit. pl. 66. 1769. Nasmythia articulata Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2.415. 1778. Eriocaulon pellucidum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 166. 1803. Eriocaulon pumilum Raf. Atl. Jour. 121. 1832. Nasmythia septangularis Mart. Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 17: 58, pl. 2,f.2. 1835. Eriocaulon articulatum Morong, Bull. Torrey Club 18: 353. 1891. Eviocaulon aquaticum Druce, Pharm. Jour. IV. 29: 700. 1909. Not E. aquaticum Sagot, in syn. 1863 Plants monoecious; stems very short; leaves tufted, thin-membranous or mostly pellucid, linear, plane, 1-18 (mostly 2-6) cm. long, 1—3.5 mm. wide at the middle, subulate-acute, fenes- trately 3-8-nerved (the fenestrations conspicuous), glabrous; peduncles mostly solitary (rarely aggregate), 3.5-56 cm. long (to 3 m. long in deep water, according to Britton), 7-sulcate, usually not twisted, compressed in drying, mostly fenestrate, glabrous; heads hemispheric, loose-flowered, 3-5 mm. in diameter, compressed in drying, white-villose at the summit; involucral bractlets thin-membranous, gray-green or olivaceous, ovate or obovate, mostly rounded-obtuse, glabrous; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets membranous, hyaline at base, grayish at apex, cuneate-obovate, acute or acuminate, pilose on the back toward apex; staminate florets: sepals 2, free, grayish, cuneate-spatulate, concave-navicular, more or less obtuse, very narrowly carinate-winged, puberulent at apex on the back or finally calvescent; petal-tube white, its lobes 2, pale-stramineous, equal, pilose, glanduliferous; pistillate florets: sepals 2, nigrescent (hyaline at base), cuneate-obovate, concave, truncate, slightly apiculate, very narrowly carinate-winged, pilosulous at apex on the back; petals 2, whitish, spatulate, obtuse, pilose, glanduliferous, equal when young, subequal when mature. TYPE LOCALITY: In lakes on the Island of Skye, Scotland (Walker). DISTRIBUTION: Instill water and on shores of ponds, Newfoundland to New Jersey, and westward to Ontario, Minnesota, and Indiana; also in the Hebrides and adjoining islands of northern Scotland and Ireland. ILLUSTRATIONS: Hill, Herb. Brit. pl. 66; Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 59: pl. 12; Engl. Bot. pl. 733; ed. 3. pl. 1546; Curtis, Fl. Lond. ed. 2. 4: pl. 52; Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 17: pl. 2; Baxter, Brit. Bot. pl. 465; Trans. Linn. Soc. 22: pl. 68, f. 11-15; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1066; Le Maout & Dec. Traité Gén. 597, 598; ed. 2. 611, 612; Baillon, Hist. Pl. 12: f. 371; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 899; ed. 2. f. 1140; Creevey, Fl. Field 129; Rendle, Classif. Fl. Pl. 1: f. 132; G. T. Stevens, Ill. Guide pl. 9, f. 9; Jour. Hort. Soc. London 36: f. 107; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 28, f. 1; House, Wild Fl. N. Y. pl. 6. f. A; Marie-Vict. Fl. Laurent. f. 244. 11. Eriocaulon pseudocompressum Ruhl. Symb. Ant. 1: 492. 1900. Plants monoecious; stems very short; leaves tufted, thin, often pellucid at base, linear, 4-25 em. long, dilated at base, 3-5 mm. wide at the middle, about 10 mm. wide at base, often slightly revolute, long-attenuate to a filiform apex, fenestrately 9-16-nerved (the fenestrations very conspicuous on both surfaces), glabrous; peduncles solitary, 33-65 cm. long, usually about 4 times as long as the leaves, many-costate, not twisted, glabrous; sheaths loose, 6.5-11 cm. Part 1, 1937] ERIOCAULACEAE to ' long, usually slightly shorter than the leaves, striate-nerved, glabrous, obliquely split and spathaceous at apex, the blade rather long and obtuse, finally bilobed-lacerate: heads hemi- spheric or finally subglobose, 9-10 mm. in diameter, densely white-villose at the summit, greatly compressed in drying; involucral bractlets membranous, yellowish-brown, broadly ovate or obovate, navicular-concave, rather acute or obtuse, glabrous; receptacle sparsely pilose: receptacular bractlets hyaline at base and margins, olivaceous-nigrescent in the middle, oblong- obovate or spatulate, acute, carinate, pilose at apex; staminate florets: sepals 2, hyaline, cuneate- spatulate, rather acute, slightly carinate, scarcely connate at base, long-ciliate and pilose at apex; petal-tube white, its lobes 2, subequal, glanduliferous, pilose; stamens 4; pistillate florets: sepals 2, olivaceous-nigrescent throughout, obovate, long-acuminate, conduplicate-carinate, densely long-ciliate, sparsely long-pilose at the very apex; petals 2, spongy, whitish, spatulate, obtuse or subacute, glanduliferous, ciliate; stigmas 2. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba (C. Wright 3741). DISTRIBUTION: Western Cuba. 12. Eriocaulon texense Korn. Linnaea 27: 594. 1856. Plants monoecious; stems very short; leaves tufted, spreading, membranous, plane, 1.5-6.5 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide at the middle, linear, subulate-acute, fenestrately 10—13- nerved, obscurely puberulent or becoming glabrate; peduncles solitary or 2—4, 11.5—34.5 cm. long, slender, 5- or 6-costate, slightly twisted, glabrous; sheaths surpassing the leaves, 4-9 em. long; heads dense-flowered, hemispheric or subglobose, 4-7 mm. in diameter, densely white-villose at the summit, only slightly compressed in drying; involucral bractlets flavescent, rather rigid, ovate, acute, glabrous; receptacle long-pilose; receptacular bractlets hyaline below, brown toward apex, cuneate-oblong, about equaling the florets, rather rigid, acute or sub- acuminate, long-pilose toward apex; staminate florets: sepals 2, free, yellowish or brown, spatulate, navicular, obtuse, pilose and slightly thickened toward apex; petal-tube whitish, its lobes 2, small, slightly unequal, pilosulous, glanduliferous; anthers 4, black; pistillate florets: sepals 2, yellowish or brown, oblong, deeply concave, obtuse, densely long-pilose on the back toward apex, cucullate at apex; petals 2, whitish, rather thick, spatulate, obtuse, glanduliferous, pilose; style short; stigmas 2. TYPE LOCALITY: Texas (T. Drummond 409). DISTRIBUTION: In wet soil of moist pinelands, Texas. 13. Eriocaulon minutissimum Ruhl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 22: 32. 173. Plants extremely dwarf; stems much abbreviated; leaves thin-membranous, few, tufted, spreading, linear, 5-8 mm. long, 0.5—0.6 mm wide at the middle, plane, acute, fenestrately 3-nerved, glabrous; peduncles mostly solitary, rarely 2, filiform, 1.2—3 cm. long, not at all or but slightly twisted, obscurely 3-costate, glabrous; heads nigrescent, at first obconic, later subcylindric, about 0.5 mm. in diameter, few-flowered, glabrous; involucral bractlets very few (4-6), membranous, greenish-hyaline, lanceolate-obovate, concave, acute, glabrous; receptacle subglabrate; receptacular bractlets similar to the involucral ones, greenish-olivaceous, concave; florets very minute; staminate florets: about 0.5 mm. long; sepals 2, linear-oblong, acute, glabrous, olivaceous at apex; petals none; anthers 4, black; pistillate florets: sepals 2, gray, linear-lanceolate, rather acute, minutely alate-carinate, glabrous; petals grayish toward apex, obovate, blunt, glabrous; ovary 2-seeded; stigmas 2, simple. _ TYPE Locaity: In moist places among “‘bell grasses” at Arroyo Mateo Sanchez, Mateo Sanchez, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (Ekman 17948). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 14. Eriocaulon pinarense Ruhl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 22:32. 1925. Stems very short; leaves tufted, erect or laxly spreading, very thin and pellucid throughout, linear-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide at the middle, acute, fenestrately 7-nerved, glabrous; peduncles aggregate, 7-20, very lax, 3.5-30 cm. long, very slightly twisted, 3-6- 26 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 costate, glabrous; sheaths rather loose, scarious or pellucid, 3-4 cm. long, mostly shorter than the leaves, obliquely split at apex, the blade acute or acuminate; heads blackish, hemispheric or finally subglobose, 2-3 mm. in diameter, glabrous, compressed in drying; outer involucral bractlets stramineous, inner ones nigrescent, all thin-membranous, oblong-obovate, subacute, glabrous; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets nigrescent, spatulate-obovate, concave, acute or subacute, often erose, glabrous; staminate florets: long-pedicellate; sepals 2, nigrescent, linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, about 0.25 mm. long; petals none; anthers 4, black; pistillate florets: sepals 2, nigrescent, linear-lanceolate, navicular, subacute, very shortly alate-carinate, glabrous; petals whitish at base, nigrescent toward apex, linear-lanceolate, unequal, often erose, glabrous; ovary 2-ovulate; stigmas 2, simple. TYPE LOCALITY: In mud at a small lagoon in pinelands between Palmarejo and Remates, Men- doza, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (Ekman 18769). DISTRIBUTION: Pinar del Rio and Isle of Pines Cuba. 15. Eriocaulon sclerocephalum Ruhl Repert. Sp. Nov. 22: 31. 1925: Plants dwarf, matted; stems greatly abbreviated; leaves thin-membranous, recurved or appressed to the ground, linear, 1.5—2.8 cm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide at the middle, narrowed to the acute apex, fenestrately about 8-nerved (the fenestrations obscure, except at base be- neath), glabrous; peduncles aggregate, 6—40 per plant, often very rigid, 3—9.8 cm. long, twisted, many-costate, glabrous; sheaths rather lax, 0.8—1.4 cm. long, glabrous, obliquely split at apex, the blade very short and cuspidate; heads stramineous, conic or subeylindric, very hard, 2.5—3 mm. in diameter at base, about 4 mm. long, rather acute at apex, not compressed in drying; involucral bractlets chartaceous, pale-stramineous, spatulate-obovate, navicular, subacute or acuminate, glabrous; receptacle densely villose; receptacular bractlets rhomboid, stramineous, subacuminate, concave, subcarinate, glabrous; staminate florets: long-pedicellate; sepals 2, hyaline, lanceolate-oblong, navicular, acute, pilose toward apex; petals 2, rather obtuse, non- glanduliferous, the anterior one much larger than the posterior one; anthers 4, black; pistillate florets: sepals 2, sigmoid, broadly obovate, hyaline, navicular-concave or concave, acute, pilose toward apex, broadly winged-crested along the whole back; petals 2, hyaline below, stramineous toward apex, spatulate, acute, non-glanduliferous, glabrous; ovary 2-ovulate; stigmas 2, simple. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba (Ekman). DISTRIBUTION: Pinar del Rio and Isle of Pines, Cuba. 16. Eriocaulon echinospermum C. Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 7: 716. sve Stems very short; leaves tufted, spreading-recurved or appressed to the ground, 1—3 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide at the middle, lanceolate-linear, sharply acute, fenestrately 7—10-nerved, finely punctulate-pulverulent or glabrate; peduncles mostly fasciculate-congested, 12-75, 1.3- 13.5 cm. long, twisted, 5- or 6-costate, glabrous; sheaths very thin, pellucid, close-fitting, usually about one third as long as the leaves, 0.6—1.7 cm. long, obliquely split and spathaceous at apex, the blade erect, acute or acuminate, appressed to the peduncle; heads dark-gray or nigrescent, globose, 1.5—3 mm. in diameter, glabrous; involucral bractlets grayish-olivaceous, broadly ovate, concave, the outer ones obtuse, the inner ones acute; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets grayish, ovate, acute, glabrous; staminate florets: sepals 2, grayish, oblong-ovate, concave, rather obtuse, glabrous; petal-tube with 2 very small non-glanduliferous glabrous lobes; anthers 4, black, rotund; pistillate florets: sepals 2, olivaceous-nigrescent, oblong-ovate, navicular, acute, very slightly winged-carinate, glabrous; petals 2, grayish-hyaline, oblong- spatulate, rather obtuse, glabrous. TYPE LOCALITY: On margins of lakes in pine woods at La Vuelta de Abajo, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (C. Wright 3738). DISTRIBUTION: Western Cuba. a ea |) Parr 1, 1937] ERIOCAULACEAE 27 17. Eriocaulon Ravenelii Chapm. Fl. S. U.S. 503. 1860. Stems very short; leaves rather thick or thin and pellucid, spreading or reflexed, linear or linear-lanceolate, 2.5—-10.5 cm. long, 1—3.5 mm. wide at the middle, plane, sharply acute or attenuate-subulate at apex, fenestrately 5—10-neryed (the fenestrations often obscure), gla- brous; peduncles aggregate, slender, 3-20 cm. long, 5- or 6-costate, glabrous; sheaths 1.5—4.5 em. long, striate, glabrous, obliquely split at apex, the blade acute; heads small, globose, gray or black, 2-7 mm. in diameter, glabrate; involucral bractlets few, in 1 or 2 rows, scarious, pellucid, light straw-colored or whitish, oblong, very obtuse, lustrous, longer than the immature head, conspicuous, glabrous, spreading or reflexed in age; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets dark-brown, oblong or obovate, a little narrower than the involucral ones, concave, often obtuse or subacute and denticulate, glabrate; staminate florets: sepals 2, free, gray, obovate, subdentate, obtuse or subacute, glabrous throughout; petal-tube whitish, glabrous throughout, its lobes 2, very small, white, glabrous; anthers 4, round, black; pistillate florets: subsessile, dark-brown, glabrous throughout or with a few hairs at the base, shorter than the receptacular bractlets; sepals 2, free, very slender, falcate, non-alate, mucronate; petals 2, somewhat broader, minutely toothed, slightly unequal; style occasionally simple or else with 2 stigmas; ovary sessile or short-pedicellate; seeds minutely pubescent or glabrous. (R ae LOCALITY: Wet places, Northampton field, St. John’s, Berkeley County, South Carolina avenet). DISTRIBUTION: Swamps and low pinelands on the Coastal Plain from South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. 18. Eriocaulon Parkeri B. L. Robinson, Rhodora 5: 175. 1903. Plants tufted, dwarf, 4-16 cm. tall, monoecious; stems very short or almost obsolete; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, 1.9-6 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide at base, gradually narrowed to the very acute apex, plane, 7—9-nerved with a semi-fenestrate reticulum; peduncles aggregate, 3—22, rather rigid, 2-10 cm. long, obscurely about 4-angled, often compressed in drying, often fenes- trate, slightly or not at all twisted, glabrous; heads depressed-hemispheric, 3-6 mm. in diam- eter; involucral bractlets numerous, subhyaline (or pale-greenish-griseous toward the center), broadly elliptic, not nitid, equaling the florets, closely appressed, glabrous; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets gray, obovate, obtuse, glabrous; staminate florets: sepals 2, hyaline at base, nigrescent above, narrow-spatulate, blunt, sparsely pubescent at apex; petals very short, black-glanduliferous; stamens 3 or 4; anthers quadrate, about as long as wide; pistillate florets: sepals 2, cymbiform, griseous or fuscous toward apex, subhyaline below, about 1.7 mm. long, glabrous or obscurely and sparingly pubescent near the subtruncate or retuse apex; petals hyaline, narrowly oblanceolate-oblong, about 1.5 mm. long, sparsely white-pubescent on the back, black-glanduliferous within; style about 0.8 mm. long; stigmas 2, filiform; ovary com- pressed, about 1 mm. long and wide; seeds ovoid, red-brown, about 0.7 mm. long, truncate at base. ¥ aes LOCALITY: On the shore of the Delaware River near Cooper’s Creek, New Jersey (T. P. ames). DISTRIBUTION: Tidal mud-flats, pools, and river-shores, Quebec to Virginia. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 11/41; Marie-Vict. Fl. Laurent. f. 244. 19. Eriocaulon echinospermoideum Ruhl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 22: i, L925. Tufted; stems very short; leaves membranous, linear-lanceolate, 2—3 cm. long, about 2.3 mm. wide at the middle, plane; peduncles aggregate, 3-8, 6-8 cm. long, 3-costate, slightly twisted, glabrous; sheaths rather broad, slightly shorter than the leaves, glabrous, obliquely split at apex; heads at first obconic, later hemispheric, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter, glabrous; involucral bractlets membraneous, grayish-stramineous, broadly ovate, obtuse or subobtuse, glabrous; receptacular bractlets narrowly spatulate-ovate, acute, otherwise similar to the involucral ones; staminate florets: sepals 2, olivaceous-nigrescent, oblong-cuneate, rather acute, short-puberulent on the back near apex; petals subobsolete; anthers 4, rather pale, becoming 28 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 nigrescent in age; pistillate florets: sepals 2, membranous, olivaceous-nigrescent, navicular- ovate, broadly winged-carinate from base to middle; petals 2, unequal, sordid-grayish-stramine- ous, spatulate, rather acute, non-glanduliferous. TYPE LOCALITY: In damp sand on the border of Laguna Yaiti, Mordazo, Santa Clara, Cuba (Ekman 17082). : DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 20. Eriocaulon fuliginosum C. Wright; Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 226;~ 866: Eriocaulon scirpoides Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 226. 1866. Eriocaulon trichosepalum C. Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 7: 715. 1871. Eriocaulon sphaerospermum C. Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 7: 716. 1871. Stems very short; leaves membranous, spreading or recurved, narrowly or rather broadly linear, often ensiform, narrowed from base to apex, attenuate and acute or subulate at apex, fenestrately 5—9-nerved (the fenestrations conspicuous beneath), glabrous; peduncles numerous, congested, up to 40, usually 3 or more times as long as the leaves, 2.5-18 cm. long, scarcely or not at all twisted, 5—7-costate, glabrous; sheaths shorter than the leaves, 0.6—3.5 cm. long, glabrous; heads very small, hemispheric, blackish, 1.5—3 mm. in diameter, glabrous; involucral bractlets membranous, yellowish-hyaline or grayish-brown, dull, broadly ovate or ovate- elliptic, subacute or rather obtuse, glabrous throughout; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets grayish or olivaceous toward apex, stramineous below, obovate or spatulate, ecute, glabrous; staminate florets: sepals 2, grayish or brownish toward apex, hyaline or whitish below, cuneiform-spatulate or obovate, concave, glabrous, slightly connate at base; petal-tube white, its lobes 2, minute, rather acute, non-glanduliferous; anthers 4, rounded, black; pistillate florets: sepals 2, dark-olivaceous or fuscous, obovate, navicular-concave, falcate, acute, con- spicuously winged-carinate or crested with a variable gray wing, glabrous; petals 2, sooty and lighter at base or else almost hyaline, oblong-spatulate or obovate, unequal, rather acute, notched at apex, non-glanduliferous, glabrous; style short; stigmas 2, longer than the style. ce ee LOCALITY: Wet savannas, Hato Grenada, Los Almacijos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (C. Wright es Tere Cuba and British Honduras. 21. Eriocaulon insulare Ruhl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 22:32. 1925. Stems very short; leaves recurved, sublanceolate-linear, 1.5—4 cm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide at the middle, acute, fenestrately 5-nerved, glabrous; peduncles aggregate, 4-12, mostly numerous, slender, 1.5—14 cm. long, 3-costate, slightly twisted, glabrous; sheaths rather lax, 1—1.5 em. long, somewhat shorter than the leaves, glabrous, obliquely split at apex, the blade short, erect, and acute; heads hemispheric or globose, stramineous-nigrescent, 1-3 mm. in diameter, compressed in drying, glabrous; involucral bractlets stramineous, ovate, acute, glabrous; receptacle sparsely pilose; receptacular bractlets greenish-stramineous, sublanceolate, narrower than the involucral ones, acute, glabrous; staminate florets: sepals 2, greenish-stra- mineous, oblong-spatulate, acute, often erose, glabrous; petals 2, small, non-glanduliferous, the anterior one slightly longer and acute, the posterior one smaller and rounded-obtuse; anthers 4, black; pistillate florets: sepals 2, olivaceous-nigrescent, obovate, navicular, keeled, glabrous, narrowly or scarcely at all alate on the back; petals 2, hyaline at base, grayish toward apex, lanceolate-spatulate, rather acute, unequal, notched, non-glanduliferous, glabrous; stigmas 2. TYPE LOCALITY: In wet grassy places in pine woods about 12 km. along the highway to Loma Coloma, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (Ekman 17808). DISTRIBUTION: Pinar del Rio and Isle of Pines, Cuba. 22. Eriocaulon Seemannii Moldenke, sp. nov. Stems very short; leaves olivaceous, tufted, spreading or recurved, linear-lanceolate, 2.3-6 cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide at the middle, very thin-membranous or subpellucid, subulate- acute or acuminate at apex (the tip itself bluntish), fenestrately 5—7-nerved (the fenestrations Part 1, 1937] ERIOCAULACEAKE™ 29 very conspicuous on both surfaces), glabrate; peduncles aggregate, very numerous, 19-40, slender, olivaceous, 4—9.5 cm. long, 3-costate, glabrous; sheaths loose, 1.5—4 em. long, rather obscurely striate and fenestrate, bilobed at apex, the blades short and sharply acute, scarious- margined; heads dark-gray, hemispheric or globose, 2.5—4 mm. in diameter, slightly compressed in drying; involucral bractlets light-brown, broadly elliptic, acute, glabrous; receptacle long- pilose; receptacular bractlets light-brown (or hyaline at base), spatulate, acute or acuminate, sparsely pubescent on the back; staminate florets: pedicellate; sepals 2, light-brown toward apex, hyaline below, oblong or subobovate, concave, bluntish; petal-tube pale-stramineous, its lobes very minute; anthers 4, black, roundish; pistillate florets: short-pedicellate; sepals 2, brown, spatulate, navicular, subacute, broadly winged-carinate at the middle, not crested, sparsely pilose at apex; petals 2, pale-stramineous, unequal, obovate, blunt, not notched, glabrous; ovary long-stalked, 2-ovulate; style shorter than the ovary; stigmas 2, longer than the ovary. Caule perbrevi; capitulis laxis glabratis non elongatis; bracteis involucri sordidis late ellipticis acutis; floribus dimeris; floris co’ sepalis oblongis vel subobovatis; floris 2 sepalis spathulatis, petalis integris. TYPE collected in meadows near Panama City, Canal Zone, Panama, B. C. Seemann 295 (herb. Kew). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 23. Eriocaulon sigmoideum C. Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 8:48. 1871. Stems very short; leaves tufted, recurved or appressed to the ground, broadly linear, 1.5— 2.5 cm. long, 1.5-1.6 mm. wide at the middle, acute, fenestrately 5—7-nerved, glabrous; pe- duncles aggregate, very rigid, 3-6.5 cm. long, twisted, about 6-costate, glabrous; sheaths close- fitting, 1—-1.5 cm. long, striate, glabrate, obliquely split at apex, the blade short, erect, and acute; heads hard, nigrescent, globose, 2.5—3 mm. in diameter, glabrous, not compressed in drying; involucral bractlets brownish-fuscous, ovate, concave, acuminate, very sparsely pilose with minute hairs on the back, becoming glabrate; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets similar to the involucral ones, fuscous, almost rhomboid-ovate, acuminate, sparsely pilose on the back, becoming glabrous; staminate florets: sepals 2, olivaceous-fuscous, oblanceolate or spatulate, rather obtuse and erose, glabrous, slightly connate at base; corolla-lobes 2, inconspicuous, non- glanduliferous, glabrous; pistillate florets: sepals 2, olivaceous-fuscous, oblong-ovate, navicular, sigmoid-falecate, acute or acuminate, broadly winged-carinate, glabrous; petals 2, brownish, narrowly oblanceolate, unequal, blunt, often erose at apex, glabrous; stigmas 2. 97 TYPE LOCALITY: In savannas and wet ground of pine woods, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (C. Wright 3737). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 24. Eriocaulon miserrimum Ruhl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 22:30. 1925. Plants very dwarf; stems greatly abbreviated; leaves recurved, linear, 3-11 mm. long, about 0.6 mm. wide at the middle, plainly narrowed from base to apex, acute, fenestrately 3- or 4-nerved, glabrous; peduncles aggregate, 3-20, very slender or filiform, 2—3 cm. long, twisted, 3-6-costate, glabrous; sheaths rather loose, 8-12 mm. long, glabrous, obliquely split at apex; heads stramineous, at first obconic, finally hemispheric, few-flowered, 0.8—2 mm. in diameter, glabrous; involucral bractlets membranous, the outer ones stramineous, the inner ones sub- nigrescent, all obovate, concave, acute, glabrous; receptacle glabrate; receptacular bractlets few or none, narrow, subnigrescent, otherwise similar to the involucral ones; staminate florets: sepals 2, olivaceous at apex, narrowly subspatulate-oblong, acute, glabrous; corolla-lobes subobsolete; anthers 4, black; pistillate florets: sepals 2, rather thick, olivaceous, navicular, broadly winged-carinate, glabrous; petals 2, hyaline at base, olivaceous at apex, oblong- spatulate, rather obtuse, glabrous; stigmas 2. TYPE LOCALITY: In a moist locality along the road from Santa Ana to Santa Barbara, Isle of Pines, Cuba (Ekman 11956). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 30 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 25. Eriocaulon Kornickianum Van Heurck & Miill.-Arg. in Van Heurck, Obs. Bot: 101. 1870: Stems very short; leaves tufted, erect, membranous, linear, 1.5—2.5 em. long, about 1 mm. wide at the middle, somewhat broadened (to 2.5 mm.) at base, long-cuspidate or subulate-acute at apex, mostly fenestrately 3-nerved, glabrous; peduncles aggregate, 9-26, mostly numerous, slender, stramineous-greenish, 2-10 cm. long, twisted, 3- or 4-costate, minutely puberulent or glabrate; sheaths loose, 1.5—2.5 cm. long, 1-1.3 mm. wide, striate, obliquely split at apex, the blade more or less obtuse; heads small, olivaceous, more or less globose or hemispheric, 2—4 mm. in diameter, compressed in drying, puberulent when young, eventually glabrescent; involucral bractlets membranous, pale-olivaceous-flavescent or subgriseous-hyaline, relatively small, obovate, concave, the outer ones rather obtuse, the inner ones acute, ciliolate when young, finally glabrescent; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets hyaline below, brown toward apex, obovate, narrower than the involucral ones, concave, equaling the florets or slightly surpassing them, sparingly pilose at apex, becoming glabrescent; staminate florets: pedicellate; sepals 2, free, light-brown or yellowish toward apex, hyaline below, oblong-spatulate, concave, falcate, keeled, short-apiculate, short-ciliolate at apex; petal-tube whitish, its lobes 2, very small, white, subacute, subglabrous, very minutely glanduliferous at apex; anthers 4, black; pistillate florets: subsessile; sepals very similar to those of the staminate florets, but smaller; petals 2, pale stramineous, rather thick, broadly spatulate-obovate, obtuse, very minutely glanduliferous, pilose toward apex on inner surface only, longer than the sepals when mature; ovary 2-seeded; style half as long as the ovary; stigmas 2, simple. TYPE LOCALITY: Eastern Texas (C. Wright). DISTRIBUTION: Springy places and swamps on the Coastal Plain, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas. 26. Eriocaulon Ekmannii Ruhl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 22:30. 1925. Stems very short; leaves membranous, linear, 3.5-6.5 cm. long, mostly about 2.5 mm. wide at the middle, very long-acuminate, fenestrately 9-nerved (the fenestrations conspicuous on both surfaces), glabrous; peduncles aggregate, 4-11, very slender or filiform, 4-20 cm. long, slightly twisted, 3—-6-costate, glabrous; sheaths rather loose, 2—4 em. long, not plainly costate nor striate, obscurely pulverulent or glabrescent, obliquely split at apex, the blade erect, sharply acuminate, scarious at apex; heads stramineous, hard, at first obconic, finally hemispheric, 1.5-2.5 mm. in diameter, glabrous; involucral bractlets chartaceous, brownish, obovate, navicular-concave, acute, glabrous; receptacle long-pilose; receptacular bractlets stramineous with a central brownish blotch, cuneate-obovate, acute; staminate florets: sepals 2, yellowish or grayish toward apex, hyaline at base, spatulate, concave, acute; corolla-lobes none; anthers 4, black; pistillate florets: sepals 2, hyaline or grayish, navicular, acute, broadly crested on the back, with a few extremely short hairs at the apex; petals 2, hyaline, lanceolate or spatulate, acute, non-glanduliferous, glabrous; stigmas 2. TYPE LOCALITY: In quagmires in a swamp to the east of Laguna de la Maquina, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (Ekman 17888). DISTRIBUTION: Western Cuba. 27. Eriocaulon heteropetalum Ruhl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 22:33. 1925. Stems very short; leaves tufted, spreading, membranous, lanceolate-linear, plane, 3-4 cm. long, about 3.5 mm. wide at the middle, attenuate toward apex, acute, fenestrately 7-nerved, glabrous; peduncles aggregate, 7 or 8, 5-6 cm. long, twisted, 3-costate, glabrous; sheaths rather loose, 1—1.5 cm. long, glabrous, obliquely split at apex; heads obconic, about 2 mm. long, 1—1.2 mm. in diameter at apex, glabrous; involucral bractlets membranous, grayish-nigrescent, obovate, concave, subacute; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets grayish-nigrescent, narrowly obovate-spatulate, acute, glabrous; staminate florets: long-pedicellate; sepals 2, short, nigrescent, narrowly lanceolate or spatulate, glabrous, slightly connate at base, often erose at apex; petals 2, very short, non-glanduliferous, glabrous, the anterior one larger, the posterior one very minute; anthers 4, olivaceous-nigrescent; pistillate florets: sepals 2, membranous, Par 1, 1937] ERIOCAULACHAE 31 black, obovate, navicular, acute, glabrous, crested on the back; petals 2, unequal, the larger one oblong, rather obtuse, and nigrescent at apex, the smaller one whitish and spatulate; stigmas 2; ovary 2-ovulate. TYPE LOCALITY: On moist white sand in the Paratheria belt on the shore of Laguna Santa Maria south of Rio Feo and not far from Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (Ekman 17253). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 28. Eriocaulon ovoideum Britton & Small; Britton, Bull. Torrey Club; 44: 32. 1917. Stems very short; leaves tufted, rather thin or pellucid, erect or ascending, narrowly linear- lanceolate to linear-attenuate, 1-3 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide at the middle, concave, fenestrately nerved, glabrous; peduncles densely aggregate, 12-30, rather stout, 4.5-11 em. long, spirally twisted, sharply 5-angled, obscurely and minutely puberulent; sheaths very close-fitting, very thin or even scarious, 1.4-3 cm. long, bilobed at apex, the blades short and acute; heads very dense, tan-colored, ovoid or globose-ovoid, very nitid, 3.5-5 mm. in diameter, becoming 6-8 mm. long, obtuse; involucral bractlets stramineous to light-brown, chartaceous, ovate to oblong, 1.5—3 mm. long, obtuse, glabrous; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets rhombic, mostly wider than long, abruptly acute at apex, scarious, minutely pubescent; staminate florets: sepals 2, hyaline (light-brown at apex), obovate or cuneate, concave, fully 1 mm. long, erose at apex, mostly exceeding the corolla; anthers 4, ovoid, black; pistillate florets: sepals 2, hyaline (brown at apex), navicular, abruptly acute, glabrous, fully 1 mm. long, winged-carinate and crested on the back; petals 2, hyaline at base, stramineous at apex, spatulate, about 1.5 mm. long, often erose at apex; stigmas 2; ovary globose, about 1 mm. wide, 2-ovulate; seeds broadly oval, fully 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: In white sand, vicinity of Los Indios, Isle of Pines, Cuba (Britton, Britton, & Wilson 14220). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 29. Eriocaulon fusiforme Britton & Small; Britton, Bull. Torrey Cla 44:32... L917. Stems very short; leaves ascending or recurved, rather thick, linear-lanceolate, 1—2.5 cm. long, plane (or subensiform at base), subulate at apex, not noticeably. fenestrate, glabrous; peduncles densely aggregate, 19-50, relatively stout, stiff, 2.2-6.5 cm. long, spirally twisted, prominently 5-costate; sheaths very close-fitting, thin, gray, 0.9-1.3 cm. long, not costate nor twisted, obliquely split at apex, the blade short, acute, and scarious; heads dense, brownish, fusiform, 2-3 mm. in diameter, becoming 7—8.5 mm. long, nitid, acute at apex, glabrous; involucral bractlets chartaceous, stramineous, ovate to oblong, 2-3 mm long, obtuse, glabrous; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets scarious, rhombic-ovate or rhombic-cuneate, mostly about 2 mm. long, acute or short-acuminate, glabrous or obscurely fine-pubescent; staminate florets: sepals 2, hyaline (pale brunneous at the very tip), spatulate to oblong-spatulate, about 1 mm. long, navicular-concave, acuminate, sometimes laciniate at apex, about equaling the corolla or exceeding it; corolla-lobes small, ovate; anthers 4, black; pistillate florets: sepals hyaline, navicular, acuminate, about 1.5 mm. long, strongly keeled, crested at the middle; petals 2, hyaline, linear-elliptic to linear-spatulate, 1.5-2 mm. long; ovary suborbicular or orbicular-ovoid, about 0.5 mm. wide; style shorter than the ovary; stigmas 2, more than twice as long as the ovary; seeds narrowly oval, about 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: In pinelands at Siguanea, Isle of Pines, Cuba (Britton, Britton, & Wilson 14951). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 30. Eriocaulon panamense Moldenke, sp. nov. Stems very short; leaves tufted, erect, olivaceous, brunneous in drying, broadly linear, 3.5-7.7 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide at the middle, very blunt, fenestrately many-nerved (the fenestrations plainly discernible, more conspicuous beneath and at base), glabrate; peduncles aggregate, 3 or 4, slender, brunneous, about 5-costate, slightly or not at all twisted, glabrous; 32 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 sheaths loose, 4.5-6 em. long, very obscurely fenestrate and striate, not twisted, obliquely split at apex, the blade short and blunt, scarious-margined; heads hemispheric, 4-7 mm. in diameter, compressed in drying; involucral bractlets fuscous-nigrescent, obovate (or the outermost sub- rotund), rounded at apex, glabrous; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets stramineous below, olivaceous-nigrescent toward apex, obovate, acute, short-pilose toward apex; staminate florets: sepals 3, connate at the very base only, nigrescent, plane or subnavicular, spatulate, ob- tuse, sparingly pilose on the back at apex; petal-tube stramineous, its lobes 3, short, unequal, ciliate; stamens 6; anthers black, oblong; pistillate florets: sepals 3, nigrescent throughout, spatulate, navicular-concave, not alate, rounded to subacute at apex, short-pilose on the back for the upper third and at apex; petals 3, free, obovate, pale-stramineous, black-glanduliferous at apex, short-pilose within; style as long as the ovary; stigmas 3, twice as long as the style; ovary 3-celled. Caule perbrevi; foliis olivaceis; bracteis involucri fusco-nigrescentibus; floribus trimeris; floris o& sepalis nigrescentibus non spathaceis, ad apicem pilosis, petalis ad apicem villosis; floris 2 petalis nonnullis. Type collected in a wet meadow at Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama, March 1, 1918, BE. P. Killip 3614 (herb. Field Museum). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 31. Eriocaulon Benthami Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3:545. 1841. Stems very short; leaves loosely tufted, ensiform-linear, 3-14 cm. long, 1.6—3.5 mm. wide at the middle, acuminate (the apex itself obtuse), fenestrately 7—9-nerved, glabrous; peduncles 1-4, mostly solitary, greatly surpassing the leaves, 6-30 cm. long, deeply and conspicuously 6—9-sulcate, glabrous; sheaths rather loose, 2.5—7 cm. long, 1.5—2.6 mm. wide, slightly inflated toward apex, faintly striate, glabrous, obliquely split at apex, the blade obtuse; heads hemi- spheric or subglobose, 4-7 mm. in diameter, densely white-villose throughout; involucral bractlets soon hidden by the reflexed florets, whitish- or greenish-flavescent, membranous, ovate, obtuse or subobtuse, glabrous; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets whitish-hyaline below, grayish toward apex, acute, puberulous on the back toward apex; staminate florets: sepals 3, olivaceous toward apex, whitish toward base, oblong-spatulate, erect, about 0.8 mm. wide, keeled, concave, conduplicate, obtuse or subacute, tufted-pilose at apex, slightly connate at base (but not spathaceous); corolla-lobes 3, subequal, villose at apex, glanduliferous; anthers 6, black; pistillate florets: sepals 3, blackish-olivaceous, erect, narrowly oblong, rather obtuse, ciliate, pilose on the back from above the middle to apex, keeled, not winged; petals 3, whitish, spatulate, rather obtuse, glanduliferous, densely pilose on both surfaces; stigmas 3. TYPE LOCALITY: In swamps at Lagos, Jalisco (Hartweg 258). DISTRIBUTION: From Chihuahua to Jalisco and Mexico (state). 32. Eriocaulon Palmeri Ruhl. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 48. 1903. Stems very short; leaves tufted, erect, thin-membranous, bright-green even in drying, lanceolate-linear, 5—15.5 em. long, about 1 cm. wide at the dilated base, about 3 mm. wide at the middle, subulate toward apex (the apex itself rounded-obtuse), fenestrately 9—16-nerved (the fenestrations conspicuous), glabrous; peduncles aggregate, 2-5, rather stout, 14-33 (mostly about 28) cm. long, twisted, conspicuously 6-costate, the ribs stramineous, the channels green; sheaths very loose, slightly shorter than the leaves, 5.5—9 cm. long, fenestrately striate, obliquely split at apex, the blade rounded-obtuse and finally lacerate; heads at first hemispheric, finally globose with reflexed involucral bractlets, 5-7 mm. in diameter, densely white-villose, sub- compressed in drying; involucral bractlets beautifully greenish-flavescent, comparatively few, broadly obovate, concave, rounded-obtuse or subacute, glabrous; receptacle villose; receptacu- lar bractlets stramineous at base, grayish-olivaceous at apex, oblong-spatulate, acute or acumi- nate, concave toward apex, shortly comose-pilose on the back at apex; staminate florets: pedicel- late; sepals 3, white at base, nigrescent-olivaceous toward apex, narrowly oblong-spatulate, erect, rather acute, slightly connate at base (not spathaceous), shortly white-puberulent on Part 1, 1937] ERIOCAULACEAE 33 the back at apex; corolla-lobes whitish, subequal, rather long, obtuse, long-villose at apex, glanduliferous within; anthers 6, black; pistillate florets: subsessile; sepals 3, greenish-nigrescent, obovate, erect, navicular-concave, acute, winged-carinate, ciliate, puberulent on the back toward apex; petals 3, spongiose-thickened, oblong-spatulate, obtuse, glanduliferous within, pilose on both surfaces; ovary globose-ovate, 3-ovulate; style as long as the ovary; stigmas 3, filiform, simple, much longer than the style. TYPE LOCALITY: At an altitude of 1850 meters in the vicinity of Durango, Durango (Edw. Palmer DLADi« DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 33. Eriocaulon mexicanum Moldenke, sp. nov. Stems very short; leaves tufted, spreading or recurved, small, bright-green, not pellucid, 1—2.5 cm. long, 2—2.5 mm. wide at the middle, plane, fenestrately many-nerved (the fenestra- tions conspicuous beneath), whitish punctulate-pulverulent above, glabrate beneath, rather bluntly acute or acuminate at apex; peduncles slender, | or 2, 13.5—22 cm. long, rather obscurely 3—5-costate, slightly twisted, glabrous; sheaths loose, 1.5—2.5 cm. long, not conspicuously ribbed, not twisted, glabrous, bilobed at apex, the blades short and blunt; heads subglobose, 4—7 mm. in diameter, densely white-villose, compressed in drying; involucral bractlets com- paratively few, thin-membranous, stramineous-flavescent toward apex, hyaline below, obovate or spatulate, acute, the inner ones pilose on the upper third of the back, the outermost ones glabrous; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets very pale, spatulate, pilose on the upper third of the back, acute; staminate florets: subsessile or short-pedicellate; sepals 3, recurved or erect, stramineous toward apex, hyaline below, narrowly oblong-cuneate, about 0.4 mm. wide, acute, short-pilose on the back at apex (hairs about 0.32 mm. long), glabrous below, slightly connate at base; petals 3, subequal, pale-stramineous, ciliolate, black-glanduliferous; anthers 6, black; pistillate florets: pedicellate; sepals recurved or erect, light-brown or stramine- ous toward apex, stramineous or hyaline below, oblanceolate, slightly concave, pilose on the upper half of the back; petals 3, hyaline or stramineous around the gland above, pilose on both surfaces; ovary 3-celled; style equaling the ovary; stigmas 3, as long as the style. Caule perbrevi; floribus trimeris; floris o’ sepalis non spathaceis apicem versus stramineis parce pilosis, petalis ad apicem breviter pilosis; floris Q petalis nonnullis. TYPE collected in springy places near Guadalajara, at 1500 meters altitude, Jalisco, Mexico, July 11, 1902, C. G. Pringle 11202 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 34. Eriocaulon melanocephalum Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 549. 1841. Stems elongate, floating, simple, whitish, 7-30 cm. long, about 1.5 mm. in diameter, densely leafy throughout; leaves very narrowly linear, alternate, lax, fenestrately 1-nerved, 4-10 cm. long, uniformly 0.2—0.5 mm. wide, glabrous; peduncles borne in umbels of 10-30 at apex of stems, 2.5—15 cm. long, 5-costate, glabrous; sheaths membranous, 2—3 cm. long, many-striate, not twisted, glabrous, obliquely split at apex, finally incised-lacerate; heads small, nigrescent, hemispheric or subglobose, 2.5—4 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets grayish-nigrescent, obovate, very obtuse, glabrous; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets similar to the involucral ones, concave and acute; staminate florets: sepals 3, olivaceous-nigrescent toward apex, obovate-spatulate, very obtuse, glabrous, spathaceous-connate toward base; petals 3, subequal, oblong-ovate, glanduliferous, glabrous; stamens 6; anthers black; pistillate florets: sepals 3, obovate, nigrescent, concave, slightly connate, glabrous; petals 3, hyaline, spatulate, obtuse, black-glanduliferous, glabrous; style and stigmas short. TYPE LOCALITY: S40 Paulo, Brazil (Sellow). DISTRIBUTION: Cuba; also in French Guiana and Brazil. ILLUSTRATION: Mart. Fl. Bras. 31: pl. 63. Eriocaulon melanocephalum var. longipes Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 226. 1866. Differing from the typical form of the species in its peduncles up to 34 cm. long and its sheaths about 3.5 em. long. TyPr LOcALIty: In lagoons, Jurisdiccion de Guanes, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (C. Wright 3241). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 34 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 35. Eriocaulon lacustre Ruhl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 22: 33. 1925. Stems greatly elongate, floating, densely leafy throughout; leaves very narrowly linear, capillaceous toward apex, plane, lax, 7-12 cm. long, 0.5—0.6 mm. wide at the middle, fenestrate, glabrous; peduncles numerous, umbellate-congested in groups of 10-16 at apex of stem, com- pressed in drying, lax, not twisted, 3.5—6[—25?] cm. long, erect, 3-costate, glabrous; sheaths rather close-fitting, 3-4 em. long, fenestrately many-nerved, glabrous, obliquely split at apex, the blade short, erect, and acute; heads nigrescent, hemispheric or finally depressed-globose, compressed in drying, 2-4 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets olivaceous-nigrescent, broadly obovate or suborbicular, acute or subacute, glabrous; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets similar to the involucral ones, but narrower, navicular, puberulent at the very apex on the back, calvescent in age; staminate florets: sepals 3, olivaceous-nigrescent, unequal, spathaceous- connate at the very base, slightly puberulent at apex, finally glabrescent, the central one broader and obtuse, the lateral ones subacute; petals 3, small, the central one largest, black-glandulif- erous and puberulent at apex, the lateral ones inconspicuous; anthers 6, black; pistillate florets: sepals 3, subhyaline, ovate, very slender, rather acute, glabrous; petals 3, linear, whitish, rather obtuse, glanduliferous, slightly puberulent at apex; ovary 3-ovulate. TYPE LOCALITY: Laguna de la Maquina (‘‘ Maquina de Tarafa’’), Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (Ekman 17877). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 36. Eriocaulon Schippii Standley | Standley & Record, Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 12: 90, hyponym. 1936], sp. nov. Stems elongate, floating, very densely leafy throughout; leaves very narrowly linear, capillaceous toward apex, plane, lax, 4-8 cm. long, about 0.4 mm. wide at the middle, glabrous; peduncles numerous, umbellate-congested in groups of 6-16 at apex of stems, erect, compressed in drying, faintly 5—7-striate, very slightly twisted, glabrate; sheaths rather close-fitting, 1.5— 2 cm. long, rather conspicuously striate, not twisted, glabrous, bilobed at apex, the blades short and acute; heads nigrescent, hemispheric, 2—3.5 mm. in diameter, compressed in drying; involucral bractlets nigrescent, ovate, blunt, glabrous; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets grayish, obovate, cucullate at apex, acute, tufted-pilose on the back at apex; staminate florets: sepals 3, grayish, spathaceous for about half their length, subacute, glabrous; petal-tube white, its lobes very small, hyaline, black-glanduliferous, glabrous; anthers 6, black; pistillate florets: sepals 3, nigrescent, connate at base, obovate, blunt, navicular-concave, not keeled, not alate, sparsely pilose on the back; petals 3, hyaline, narrowly spatulate, black-glanduliferous, glabrous; ovary 3-celled; style shorter than the ovary; stigmas 3, about as long as the ovary. Caule elongato fluitante; bracteis receptaculi ad apicem pilosis; floribus trimeris; floris 0” sepalis spathaceis; floris 2 petalis nonnullis. Type collected in shallow pools of brackish swamp, All Pines, British Honduras, September 11, 1930, W. A. Schipp 647 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 37. Eriocaulon microcephalum H.B.K. Noy. Gen. & Sp. 1: 2592 2 ASUS: Plants very dwarf, densely tufted; stems very short; leaves tufted, spreading, lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide at base, 1—-1.5 mm. wide at the middle, subulate-narrowed toward apex, fenestrately 7—9-nerved, punctulate-pulverulent above or glabrate; peduncles aggregate, 2-6, equaling the leaves or exceeding them, stramineous- or greenish-flavescent, 1—4 cm. long, 3-costate, glabrous; sheaths lax, slightly shorter than the leaves, obliquely split at apex; heads loose-flowered, compressed in drying, 2—3.5 mm. in diameter, sparsely white-villose at the summit; involucral bractlets pale-stramineous or greenish-flavescent, obovate, very obtuse, glabrous; receptacle subglabrate; receptacular bractlets olivaceous-nigrescent at apex, whitish at base, obovate, with a prominent midrib, acute, puberulent at the summit on the back; staminate florets: very short-pedicellate; sepals 3, olivaceous-nigrescent, subspatulate, navic- Qo Tt Part 1, 1937] ERIOCAULACEAE ular, rather obtuse, connate into a spathe on the anterior side, pilose toward apex; corolla- lobes 3, slightly unequal, ovate-oblong, glanduliferous, slightly pilose; anthers 6, nigrescent: pistillate florets: sepals 3, grayish, lanceolate or obovate, acute, navicular-carinate, pilose above, subalate on the back; petals 3, whitish or pale-stramineous, subequal, spatulate, somewhat spongy, obtuse, glanduliferous (the gland borne at the very apex, above the tuft of hair!), tufted-pilose within. TYPE LOCALITY: Between Loja and Mt. Pulla, at 2770 meters altitude, Loja, Ecuador (Humboldt & Bonpland). DISTRIBUTION: Kern County, California; Mexico to Costa Rica and Ecuador. 38. Eriocaulon Ehrenbergianum Klotzsch; Korn. in Mart. FI. Bras. 31: 491. 1863. Eriocaulon Benthami Seem.; Hems!. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 443, in syn. 1885. Not E. Benthami Kunth, 1841. Eriocaulon microcephalum H. & A.; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 443, in syn. 1885. Not E. microcephalum H.B.K. 1816. Eriocaulon anceps Sessé & Moc. Fl. Mex. 17. 1893. Not E. anceps Walt. 1788. Stems very short; leaves often almost pellucid (especially at base), linear-lanceolate, often ensiform, 1—8 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide at the middle, obtusely subulate at apex, fenestrately 5-10-nerved, glabrous; peduncles solitary or aggregate, 1-5, greatly exceeding the leaves, 7— 32 cm. long, 6-sulcate, glabrous; sheaths rather loose, about equaling the leaves, 2.5—4.5 cm. long, obliquely split at apex, the blade thin, finally lacerate; heads subglobose, 5-8 mm. in diameter, white-villose; involucral bractlets membranous, golden-brown or yellowish-green, ovate, very short-cuspidate, glabrous; receptacle subglabrate; receptacular bractlets narrower than the involucral ones, dark-olivaceous toward apex, paler at base, broadly spatulate, sharp- cuspidate, pilose on the back at apex; staminate florets: sepals 3, spathaceous-connate, oliva- ceous-nigrescent, spatulate-oblong, rather acute, pilose at apex; corolla-lobes 3, short, subequal, pilose, black-glanduliferous; anthers 6, black; pistillate florets: sepals 3, olivaceous-nigrescent, broadly lanceolate, acute, pilosulous on the back, narrowly alate-carinate; petals 3, whitish, obtuse, glanduliferous, the upper half pilose on both surfaces. TYPE LOCALITY: In swamps in the valley of Toluca near La Ventilla, Mexico (Schiede). DIsTRIBUTION: Chihuahua to Guatemala. 39. Eriocaulon guadalajarense Ruhl. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 605 —.1903: Stems very short; leaves tufted, recurved, linear-lanceolate, pellucid at base, slightly thicker toward apex, slightly glaucescent in drying, 3-7.5 cm. long, 2—-3.5 mm. wide at the middle, obtuse, whitish punctulate-pulverulent above, fenestrately 7—1l-nerved at base be- neath; peduncles | or 2, yellowish-stramineous, many times as long as the leaves, 30-50 cm. long, rather lax, 8-costate, slightly twisted above, glabrous, finally hollow and compressed; sheaths about equaling the leaves or slightly shorter, very loose, 3.5—7 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, striatulate, obliquely split at apex, the blade membranous, short, finally lacerate; heads loose, hemispheric or globose, 5-7 mm. in diameter, compressed in drying, densely white-villose at summit; involucral bractlets flavescent-hyaline, obovate, acute, glabrous, soon hidden by the depressed florets; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets hyaline, spatulate-obovate, acuminate, short-villose on the back at apex; florets long-pedicellate; staminate florets: sepals 3, hyaline, subacute, connate posteriorly into a spathe almost to apex, split anteriorly, pilose on the back above, subgriseous at apex; petals slightly unequal, glanduliferous, ciliate; stamens 6; anthers richly olivaceous-green or nigrescent, ovate-globose; pistillate florets: sepals 3, free, griseous toward apex, hyaline at base, obovate, concave, keeled, pilose, not winged, rather obtuse; petals 3, oblong-spatulate, slightly longer than the sepals, glanduliferous within, ciliate; ovary globose, 3-seeded; style equaling or longer than the ovary; stigmas 3, about half longer than the style. Type LocaLity: In damp places at Guadalajara, Jalisco (Pringle 1734). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 36 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 40. Eriocaulon tepicanum Moldenke, sp. nov. Stems very short; leaves tufted, erect or the lowest spreading-reflexed, gray-green, rather thick, linear-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, 3—4.5 mm. wide at the middle, ensiform toward the greatly dilated base, rather bluntly acute, fenestrately many-nerved (the fenestrations very conspicuous beneath, indiscernible above), short-puberulent on both surfaces; peduncles 1-4, slender, 4-13 em. long, conspicuously 5—7-costate, twisted, slightly puberulent; sheaths rather loose, 2.5—5 cm. long, many-striate, twisted, puberulent throughout, obliquely split and spa- thaceous at apex, the blade elongate and acute; heads hemispheric or subglobose, 4-5 mm. in diameter, densely white-villose, compressed in drying; involucral bractlets stramineous, often with a light-brown spot at the middle, broadly elliptic, subacute, glabrous; receptacle villose; receptacular bractlets nigrescent toward apex, pale-stramineous below, spatulate-oblanceolate, densely short-pilose toward apex; staminate florets: long-pedicellate; sepals 3, olivaceous- nigrescent, spathaceous-connate, rounded, very heavily tufted-pilose at apex; petal-tube hyaline, its lobes 3, very small, densely villose; anthers 6, black; pistillate florets: pedicellate; sepals 3, nigrescent toward apex, obovate, connate toward base, slightly concave, pilose in a median line on the back, densely tufted-pilose at apex, subcarinate, not alate; petals 3, hyaline, very densely long-villose throughout, conspicuously black-glanduliferous at apex; ovary 3- ovulate; style shorter than the ovary; stigmas 3, as long as the ovary. Caule perbrevi; receptaculo villoso; floribus trimeris; floris 67 sepalis ubique olivacec- nigrescentibus spathaceis, petalis longe villosis; floris Q petalis longe villosis atro-glanduliferis. Type collected at Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico, in January or February, 1892, Edw. Palmer 2029 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 41. Eriocaulon Williamsii Moldenke, sp. nov. Dwarf plants; leaves tufted, erect or spreading, thin-membranous or pellucid, light-green, linear, 1—4.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide at the middle, subulate at apex, often slightly revolute on old leaves, fenestrately many-nerved (the fenestrations especially conspicuous beneath), glabrous; peduncles 3 or 4, slender, 1.2-6.5(—10) cm. long, usually rather obscurely 3-costate or striate, subglabrate; heads hemispheric or ovate-conic, dark-gray, 2.5-4 mm. in diameter, compressed in drying; involucral bractlets rather few, light-stramineous, ovate, blunt, glabrous; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets hyaline, with a grayish median line at the middle on the back, obovate, acute, glabrous; staminate florets: long-pedicellate; sepals 3, nigrescent, spathaceous, the lobes short, often incurved and acute, glabrous; petal-tube pale-stramineous, its lobes very minute, glabrous; anthers 6, white, rotund; pistillate florets: pedicellate; sepals 3, hyaline (or grayish toward apex), narrowly linear, glabrous; petals hyaline, narrowly linear, glabrous; style elongate, longer than the long-stalked ovary; stigmas 3, longer than the ovary. Caule perbrevi; floribus trimeris; floris o’ sepalis spathaceis; floris Q sepalis angustis non alatis, petalis non glanduliferis, ovario longe stipitato. Type collected on clay of dried-up pond at Penonome and vicinity, at 15-300 meters altitude, Coclé, Panama, between February 23 and March 22, 1908, R. S. Williams 299 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: British Honduras to Panama. 42. Eriocaulon Schiedeanum Korn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 31: 492. 1863. Eriocaulon jaliscanum S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 26: 157. 1891. Stems very short; leaves tufted, linear, plane, 1—5 cm. long, 1-1.3 mm. wide at the middle, subulate, 4- or 5-nerved, fenestrate (often very obscurely so), glabrous or slightly puberulent; peduncles very slender, aggregate, 2-22, usually numerous and 3 or more times as long as the leaves, 2-11.5 cm. long, 5-sulcate, glabrous; sheaths loose, membranous, often pellucid, usually about equaling the leaves, 0.8—2.5 cm. long, obliquely split at apex; heads nigrescent, hemi- spheric or finally subglobose, 2-4 mm. in diameter, glabrate; involucral bractlets membranous, yellowish-stramineous, oval or obovate, always conspicuous, glabrous, the outer ones subacute, a Parr 1, 1937] ERIOCAULACEAE 37 the inner ones acute or subacuminate; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets similar to the involucral ones, but narrower, pale, lanceolate, acuminate, short-puberulent on the back at apex; staminate florets: sepals 3, spathaceous-connate, olivaceous toward apex, white below, acute, very sparsely puberulent on the back; corolla-lobes 3, small, subequal, non-glanduliferous, slightly puberulent or glabrate; anthers 6, black; pistillate florets: sepals 3, olivaceous, spatulate- obovate, concave, acute or acuminate, pilosulous, conspicuously winged-carinate on the back with a membranous wing; petals 3, whitish, linear-spatulate, obtuse, non-glanduliferous, glabrate; ovary 3-ovulate. TYPE LOCALITY: In swamps near Hacienda de La Laguna, near Jalapa, Veracruz (Schiede 967). DISTRIBUTION: Veracruz to Jalisco. 43. Eriocaulon Pringlei S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 283. 1888. Stems very short; leaves tufted, erect or spreading, thin-membranous, narrowly linear, 1.2-4.5 cm. long, 0.2-0.5 mm. wide at the middle, 3-nerved, obscurely fenestrate, protracted into a very long setaceous acumen, glabrous; peduncles aggregate, 2-10, filiform, erect or grace- fully nutant, greenish-stramineous in drying, 1.5—24 cm. long, usually many times as long as the leaves, 3-costate, twisted, glabrous; sheaths loose, green, 1-4 cm. long, about equaling the leaves, striate, glabrous, obliquely split at apex, the blade acute, finally lacerate; heads small, nigrescent, hemispheric, 2.5-4 mm. in diameter, compressed in drying, glabrous; involucral bractlets lax, membranous, olivaceous-nigrescent, including the disk, broadly ovate, concave, acute, glabrous; receptacle glabrous; receptacular bractlets olivaceous-nigrescent, obovate- spatulate, concave, curved, acute, glabrous; staminate florets: short-pedicellate; sepals 3, connate posteriorly into a short spathe, grayish-olivaceous, glabrous, acute, the spathe split anteriorly; petals 3, very small, equal, non-glanduliferous, glabrous; stamens 6; anthers black, rotund-ovate; pistillate florets: subsessile; sepals 3, free, olivaceous-nigrescent, obovate, con- cave, acute, glabrous; petals 3, free, grayish-green or whitish, narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute, non-glanduliferous, glabrous; ovary globose-ovate, 3-ovulate; style slender, slightly shorter than the ovary; stigmas 3, about 3 times as long as the style. TYPE LocaLity: Damp places on plains at the foot of the Sierra Madre mountains, Chihuahua (Pringle 1533). DISTRIBUTION: Chihuahua. EXCLUDED SPECIES ERIOCAULON LEPTODICTYON A. Gray; Durand & Jacks. Ind. Kew. Suppl. 1: 158. 1902. Error for Eupatorium leptodictyon A. Gray. 2. PAEPALANTHUS Mart. Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 17: Eel S35: Dupatya Vell. Fl. Flum. 35. 1825. (Nomen rejiciendum.) Stems and branches very variable. Leaves thin-membranous to thick-coriaceous, usually not fenestrate. Heads villose; receptacular bractlets present. Florets mostly polygamous, 2- or 3-merous; perianth (perigonium) double and involute. Staminate florets with the sepals more or less connate toward the base, the petals connate into a membranous, hollow, glabrous (or rarely pilose within), slightly 2- or 3-lobed, eglandular, infundibular tube, which is finally almost always involute. Stamens of the same number as the petals (2 or 3) and opposite them, exserted; anthers 4-celled (of 2 thecae), and in the center a double or triple papillose rudimentary pistil. Pistillate florets with the sepals usually connate at the very base and becoming rigid in age; petals free and eglandular; ovary 2- or 3-celled, the style-appendages mostly 2 or 3, papillose at apex, inserted at about the same height as the stigmas and placed between them; the stigma simple or more often bifid; hairs of the receptacular bractlets and perigonium granulose within, almost always clavate-obtuse, often tuberculate. Type species, Eriocaulon corymbosum Bong. 38 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 19 Heads numerous at the apex of the peduncle, sessile. 1. P. costaricensis. Heads solitary at the apex of the peduncle. Florets trimerous. Leaves all in a basal tuft. Peduncles much longer than the leaves. : Sheaths long-pubescent; Cuba. 2. P. seslerioides. Sheaths glabrate; Mexico. 3. P. chiapensis. Peduncles only slightly longer than the leaves; Cuba. 4. P. retusus. Stems erect, tufted, leafy. Leaves nearly subulate; Cuba. 5. P. alsinoides. Leaves flat, linear. 5 Heads dark-brown. 6. P. Lamarckii. Heads white or gray. Heads gray, cylindric-elongate; British Honduras. 7. P. Gentlei. Heads white, hemispheric, subglobose, or obconic. Involucral bractlets pale-stramineous; Mexico. 8. P. Mellii. Involucral bractlets brunneous, fuscous, or olivaceous; Hispaniola. Peduncles 5—10 (mostly 8) em. long. 9. P. domingensis. Peduncles 12—25 em. long. 10. P. Tuerckheimii. Florets dimerous; Cuba. Stems greatly abbreviated, not obvious, not woody. 1l. P. pungens. Stems elongate, conspicuous, woody. Leaves tufted at apex of stems, to 7.5 cm. long, long-villose when young. 12. P. riparius. Leaves densely aggregate over the entire upper portion of stems, to 14 cm. long, glabrous throughout. 13. P. montanus. 1. Paepalanthus costaricensis Moldenke, sp. nov. Stems very short; leaves tufted, linear-lanceolate, 8-18 cm. long, 6-20 mm. wide at the middle, sharply acute, many-nerved, not fenestrate, glabrous except for the long-ciliate margins (eventually entirely glabrous); peduncles about 5, robust, stramineous, 14-35 cm. long, many- striate or -costulate, not much twisted, glabrous and nitid except at apex, where it is spreading- pilose; heads numerous at the apex of each peduncle, sessile, black, forming a hemispheric inflorescence 8-13 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets light-brown, broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute, ciliate, very shortly puberulent on the back, becoming glabrous; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets brunneous, oblong, acute, pilose at apex; staminate florets: short- pedicellate; sepals 3, connate into a short tube at base, brunneous, obovate, acute, pilose at apex on the back; petal-tube hyaline, glabrous; stamens 3; anthers brown; pistillate florets: short-pedicellate; sepals 3, slightly connate at the very base, dark-brown above, light-brown below, obovate, very sparsely pilose at apex on the back; petals 3, stramineous, obovate, blunt, ciliate; style-appendages 3, hyaline, elongate; stigmas 3, shorter than the style-appendages, brown; ovary 3-celled. Caule perbrevi; foliis elongatis latissimis; pedunculis multicapitatis, capitulis sessilibus; floribus trimeris. Type collected in sphagnum bog at Laguna de la Chonta, northeast of Santa Maria de Dota, at 2000-2100 meters altitude, San José, Costa Rica, December 18, 1925, P. C. Standley 42326 (herb. Field Museum). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 2. Paepalanthus seslerioides Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 224. 1866. Stems very short, more or less incrassate and woody; leaves tufted, rigid, erect or recurved, greenish-glaucous, linear, 3.5—8 cm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide at the middle, greatly dilated at base, membranous-winged, very sparsely puberulent on both surfaces with rather long fragile hairs, soon becoming glabrate; peduncles 1-16, 8-30 cm. long, 6-costate, glabrous; sheaths softly pubescent with spreading hairs, obliquely split at apex, the blade short and acute; heads subglobose, whitish-villose, 6-9 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets reddish-fuscous, sparsely pilose on the margins and back, the outer ones lanceolate and long-acuminate, the inner ones broadly lanceolate or ovate and acute; receptacular bractlets fuscous, oblong or rather broadly lanceolate, acuminate, keeled, densely pilose at apex; hairs on the bractlets and florets sub- hyaline, rather acute, scarcely or not at all clavulate, smooth outside, densely granulose within; staminate florets: sepals 3, brown above, stramineous below, spatulate, short-acuminate, pilose ae PART 1, 1937] ERIOCAULACEAE 39 at apex; petal-tube light-brown, elongate; pistillate florets: sepals 3, free, similar to those of the staminate florets, but rounded at apex; petals 3, free, brownish above, hyaline at base, oblong- obovate, cuspidate, ciliolate and involute at apex; style very short, its appendages proportion- ately very long and papillose at apex; seeds cancellate. TYPE LOCALITY: In pine woods, Hato Quemado, Los Almacijos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (C. Wright 3234). DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. 3. Paepalanthus chiapensis Moldenke, sp. nov. Stems very short; leaves olivaceous, broadly linear, spreading, 2—6 cm. long, 2.5—3.8 mm. wide at the middle, clasping at base, blunt, fenestrately many-nerved, obscurely puberulent or glabrescent; peduncles aggregate, 2—8, 9.5—25 cm. long, deeply many-sulcate, twisted, gla- brate; sheaths loose, 2—4 cm. long, striate, glabrate, the blade bilobed and short; heads hemi- spheric, 4-7 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets stramineous, elliptic, ciliate, the outer ones acute, the inner ones acuminate; receptacle villose; receptacular bractlets nigrescent, linear, ciliate, acuminate; staminate florets: long-pedicellate; sepals 3, nigrescent, connate at base, but not spathaceous, spatulate, blunt, densely tufted-pilose toward apex; petal-tube stramine- ous, its lobes 3, small, glabrous; anthers 3, white; pistillate florets: long-pedicellate; sepals 3, nigrescent, obovate, long-pilose on the back and margins; petals 3, free, hyaline, obovate, blunt, long-pilose on the back (especially at apex); ovary 3-celled; style elongate, with 3 appendages; stigmas 3. Caule perbrevi; pedunculis unicapitatis; foliis caespitosis quam pedunculo valde breviori- bus; vaginis glabratis; floribus trimeris. TYPE collected in shallow water at Monserrate, Chiapas, Mexico, in May, 1925, C. A. Purpus 10565 (herb N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Chiapas. 4. Paepalanthus retusus C. Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana totem ORs nal si7 fl be Stems very short; leaves densely tufted, rigid, faleately recurved, linear, 1.5—5 cm. long, 1.3-2 mm. wide at the middle, greatly ampliate and clasping at base, canaliculate above, convex beneath, rather thick, villose on both surfaces (especially above) with rather long and soft subpatent hairs, becoming subglabrate in age; peduncles solitary or aggregate, 1-3 per plant, subequaling or but slightly longer than the leaves, 3-costate, long-pilose or villose like the leaves, glabrescent in age; heads hemispheric or subglobose, 4-9 mm. in diameter, white- villose at the summit; involucral bractlets dark-olivaceous, rather rigid, broadly ovate, acute, long-pilose from about the middle to apex; receptacular bractlets fuscous, oblong or oblong- lanceolate, acute, long-pilose from about the middle to apex; hairs as in P. seslerioides; staminate florets: sepals 3, olivaceous, oblong-obovate or subspatulate, acute, ciliate at apex; petal-tube very short, stramineous; anthers 3, whitish; pistillate florets: sepals 3, similar to those of the staminate florets; petals 3, hyaline, ciliate at apex; stigmas 3, bifid. TYPE LocALity: Sandy pinewoods between La Grifa and Guanes, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (C. Wright 3744). DISTRIBUTION: Western Cuba. 5. Paepalanthus alsinoides C. Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 8:49. 1871. Stems branched, 1.5—3 cm. long, the branches very similar to and often longer than the stems; leaves mostly densely congested on stems and branches, linear, rather thickened and rigid, 6-15 mm. long, 1-1.3 mm. wide at the middle, dilated-clasping at base, acute or sub- mucronulate, becoming obtuse, ciliate when young, canaliculate above, convex beneath, very obscurely strigillose-puberulent with closely appressed hairs or glabrate; peduncles solitary in the axils of mostly the upper leaves, 3-50, 2-6 cm. long, slightly twisted, 3-costate, at first very sparsely spreading-puberulent, later glabrescent; sheaths very close-fitting, usually about 40 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 equaling the leaves, 10-15 mm. long, glabrous, obliquely split at apex, the blade noticeably long-acuminate; heads sordid-gray, hemispheric, 3-6 mm. in diameter, villose; involucral bractlets membranous, fuscous, broadly ovate or obovate, cuspidate, glabrous; receptacular bractlets thin-membranous, hyaline, with a brownish midrib, broadly oblong, acute, keeled, ciliate at apex; hairs of the bractlets and perigonium subhyaline, acute, smooth outside, granu- lose within, nodulose at the septae; florets subsessile; staminate florets: sepals 3, hyaline, ob- ovate, subacute, slightly keeled, glabrous; petal-tube hyaline; pistillate florets: sepals 3, hyaline, lanceolate-oblong, rather obtuse, glabrous, finally stiffened; petals 3, very thin, hyaline, ob- ovate, ciliate and subtruncate at apex; style elongate, its appendages 3, short, similar to the 3 stigmas. TYPE LOCALITY: In sandy pinewoods near La Grifa, Vuelta de Abajo, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (C. Wright 3743). DISTRIBUTION: Western Cuba. Paepalanthus alsinoides var. minimus O. Jennings, Ann. Carnegie Mus. 11: 89. 1917. Differing from the typical form of the species in its leaves only 5-10 mm. long and less than 1 mm. wide at the middle, the peduncles only about 1—3 cm. long, the heads only 2—3.5 mm. in diameter, the hairs of the florets scarcely or not at all granulose within, and the sepals of the staminate florets light- brown. ‘TyPE LOCALITY: On gravelly soil in the pine barrens one mile north of Los Indios, Isle of Pines, Cuba (Jennings 387). DISTRIBUTION: Pinar del Rio and Isle of Pines, Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ann. Carnegie Mus. 11: pl. 17, f. E-H. 6. Paepalanthus Lamarckii Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 506. 1841. Eriocaulon fasciculatum lam. Encyc. 3: 276. 1789. Not E. fasciculatum Rottb. 1778. Eriocaulon Lamarckii Steud. Syn. Cyp. 276. 1855. Dupatya Lamarckii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 746. 1891. Stems simple, 2-8 cm. long; leaves dull or grayish-green, the older ones olivaceous, plane, linear-lanceolate or broadly linear, 1.3—3 cm. long, 0.5—2.3 mm. wide at the middle, ampliate- clasping at base, narrowed to a rather acute or obtuse apex, many-striate, sparsely puberulent or pilose, soon glabrescent; peduncles fasciculate at apex of stem, 2-20, usually numerous, 1.5—7 em. long, irregularly and more or less densely spreading-pilose; sheaths rather loose, 9-13 mm. long, long-pilose, the blade rather rigid, often lobed or bifid, attenuate and sharply acute at apex, often somewhat patent, long-ciliate, at first puberulent, eventually calvescent; heads sordid gray-brown, globose, 2-3 mm. in diameter, villose; involucral bractlets gray-brown, with a lighter midrib, obovate, subacute, densely pilose at apex; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets brown, with a white midrib, spatulate, acute, densely long-pilose above the middle on the back; staminate florets: sepals 3, stramineous at base, dark-brown at apex (except for a broad white central band), spatulate, obtuse, ciliate at apex; petal-tube stramineous; stamens 3; pistillate florets: sepals similar in color and texture to those of the staminate florets, obovate, pilose along the margins and at apex, spreading; petals 3, tiny, white or hyaline, linear, blunt, sparsely ciliate at apex; ovary 3-celled; style-appendages long and hyaline; stigmas 3, shorter and brown; seeds slightly curved, cancellate. TyPE LocaLity: French Guiana (Aublet). _ DISTRIBUTION: Hispaniola, Cuba, and British Honduras to Panama, Trinidad, and Brazil. ILLUSTRATION: Lam. Tab. Encyc. pl. 50, f. 3. 7. Paepalanthus Gentlei Moldenke, sp. nov. Stems simple, 3-4 cm. long, leafy; leaves dull-green, thin, plane, broadly linear, 2—4.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide at the middle, attenuate to the sharply acute apex, ampliate-clasping and thin-membranous at base, fenestrate with prominulent lines or dots, very sparsely strigillose or pilose-ciliolate, soon glabrescent; peduncles fasciculate at apex of stem, 4-10, 3—-8.5 cm. long, 3-costulate, slightly twisted, glabrate; sheaths rather loose, 10-15 mm. long, striatulate, very minutely strigillose, soon glabrescent, the blade attenuate-acuminate and sparingly pilose- ciliate; heads gray, cylindric-elongate, 3-7 mm. long, about 3 mm. in diameter; outer involucral bractlets stramineous, elliptic-obovate, acuminate, ciliolate, the inner ones similar, but darker- brown; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets light-brown, narrowly obovate, acute, pilose on the back; florets minute; staminate florets: about two-thirds as long as the receptacular bract- ae ae ee Part 1, 1937] ERIOCAULACEAE 41 lets; sepals 3, light-brown, narrowly spatulate, acute, ciliate; petal-tube hyaline: filaments elongate; anthers 3, white, roundish; staminate florets: sepals 3, free, gray-hyaline, oblong, blunt, glabrous; petals 3, hyaline, narrowly oblong, rounded and ciliolate above; seeds light- yellow, cancellate, the striae minutely puberulent. Caule elongato erecto folioso; foliis planis; capitulis solitariis griseis cylindrico-elongatis: floribus trimeris. Type collected at Maskall, British Honduras, in December, 1933, Percy Gentle 992 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 8. Paepalanthus Mellii Moldenke, sp. nov. Stems elongate, slender, simple, 7—8 cm. long, equally foliose throughout; leaves alternate, rather dark-green, broadly linear, 1.5—2.5 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide at the middle, spreading, clasping at base, abruptly acute, many-nerved, sparsely long-pilose and minutely puberulent on both surfaces, glabrescent in age; peduncles densely aggregate at apex of the stem, about 17, 2-7.5 em. long, 3-costate, twisted, pilose with short appressed whitish hairs; sheaths rather loose, 1-2 cm. long, slightly twisted, spreading-pilose, the blade erect and acute; heads small, white, obconic, 2-4 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets pale-stramineous, elliptic, acute or acuminate, glabrous; receptacle villose; receptacular bractlets whitish, elliptic, acuminate, glabrous; staminate florets: sepals 3, connate toward base, stramineous at apex, hyaline below, elliptic, concave-conduplicate, acuminate, glabrous; petal-tube hyaline, its lobes 3, hyaline; Ss ens 3; anthers white; pistillate florets: sepals 3, almost free, pale-stramineous above, hy- aline*below, elliptic, conduplicate-concave, acuminate, glabrous; corolla-lobes tiny, hyaline, glabrous. Caule erecto folioso; foliis planis linearibus; capitulis albis solitariis obconicis; bracteis involucri pallide stramineis; floribus trimeris. TYPE collected at Minatitlan, Veracruz, Mexico, November 28, 1928, C. D. Mell (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 9. Paepalanthus domingensis Ruhl. Symb. Ant. 1: 485. 1900. Stems short or elongate, simple or branched, slender, 0.5—9 cm. long, the base more or less denuded of leaves; leaves spreading, rather firmly membranous, greenish in drying (except the scarious base), linear, 0.8—3 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide at the middle, conspicuously dilated to about 3 mm. at the clasping base, muicronate-acute, mostly longitudinally striate-nerved, whitish sericeous-lanate at base when young, glabrous or very lightly puberulent toward the margins above when immature, eventually glabrous throughout; peduncles solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, 1—5 per plant, 4.5-10 (mostly 8) cm. long, obsoletely 5- or 6-costulate, slightly twisted, puberulent with short, rather sparse, appressed or spreading hairs, or glabrate; sheaths rather loose, green, slightly longer than the leaves, striatulate, puberulent, obliquely split at apex, the blade short, ovate, subacute, ciliate-barbulate, eventually mostly bifid; heads broadly obconic or finally hemispheric, 3—6.5 mm. in diameter, densely yellowish- or whitish- villose on the summit; involucral bractlets membranous, brown (or olivaceous in drying), equal, acute, ciliate, puberulent on the back, the inner ones broadly ovate or orbicular, the outer ones slightly narrower; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets light greenish-yellow, rather broadly oblong, somewhat narrowed at base, blunt, pilose on the back and margins toward apex; hairs of the bractlets and perigonium yellowish, clavulate-obtuse, conspicuously tuberculate, lightly granulose within; staminate florets: sepals 3, pale greenish-brown, connate at base, subacute, pilose, with a dense tuft of hairs at apex; petal-tube infundibular at apex, glabrous, its lobes 3, acute; stamens 3; anthers whitish; pistillate florets: sepals 3, similar to those of the staminate florets, but broader, subconduplicate; petals 3, free, white, subspatulate or clavulate, rather obtuse, ciliate; ovary ovate, 3-ovulate; style-appendages brownish, columnar- oblong, papillose; stigmas 3, bifid. TYPE LocaLity: Among rocks at Valle Nuevo, at 2270 meters altitude, Dominican Republic (Eggers 2216). DISTRIBUTION: Dominican Republic. 42 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 10. Paepalanthus Tuerckheimii Ruhl. Symb. Ant. 7: 173. 1912. Stems elongate, rather slender, 5-13 cm. long, sterile at apex, bearing similar branches which are densely and equally foliose; leaves appressed at base, spreading or recurved at apex, linear, 1-3 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide at the middle, dilated and somewhat clasping at base, acute, at first densely long-pilose, later merely strigillose or glabrescent; peduncles solitary in the leaf-axils, very numerous below the apex of the stem and branches, up to 50, erect, 7=25 cm. long, costate, twisted, strigillose or glabrescent; sheaths rather close-fitting, 2-4 cm. long, strigillose or finally glabrescent, obliquely split at apex, the mouth ciliolate, the blades erect and acute; heads subglobose, 4-7 mm. in diameter, densely white-villose at the summit; involucral bractlets fuscous, rhombeid-ovate, subacute or subacuminate, pilose on the back, glabrescent in age; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets membranous, olivaceous-fuscous, spatulate-oblong, pilose at apex on the back; staminate and pistillate florets mixed; staminate florets: sepals 3, equal, almost free, olivaceous, subobovate-oblong, subacute or obtuse, villose at apex on the back; petal-tube stramineous, membranous at apex and finally involute, glabrous, its lobes 3; stamens 3; anthers whitish, rotund-ovate or oblong; pistil-rudiment triple, thickly columnar, brownish, papillose at apex; pistillate florets: sepals 3, brown, spatulate-oblong, ciliate, sparsely pilose on the back; petals 3, free, grayish-hyaline, lanceolate-oblong, long- ciliate; style-appendages oblong-columnar, papillose; stigmas 3, bifid; seeds cancellate. TYPE LOCALITY: In pine woods between Constanza and Rio Jimenoa, Loma del Hato Quemado, at 1400 meters altitude, Dominican Republic (Tiirckheim 3327). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 11. Paepalanthus pungens Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 224. 1866. Dupatya pungens Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 44: 33. 1917. Stems very short; leaves densely tufted, rather bright-green and rigid, broadly linear, 3-7.5 em. long, 2 5—6 mm. wide at the middle, ampliate and clasping at base, attenuate to the sharply acute or mucronate apex, persistently long-villose with whitish hairs or becoming glabrous; peduncles fasciculate, 2-30, usually numerous, 6-26 cm. long, several-costate, twisted when mature, rather densely long-pilose with spreading hairs, becoming glabrescent toward the base; sheaths close-fitting, equaling or slightly shorter than the leaves, slightly twisted, striate, glabrous, obliquely split at apex, the mouth barbellate-ciliate, the blade rather rigid, elongate, attenuate-acuminate or subulate-tipped; heads white, at first depressed-hemispheric, finally subglobose, 3.5-6 mm. in diameter, whitish- or yellowish-villose at the summit; in- volucral bractlets fuscous, rigid, the outer ones lancéolate, concave, subacute, and glabrate, the inner ones ovate, almost plane, slightly longer, densely pilose at apex, and ciliolate; recep- tacle very densely villose; receptacular bractlets membranous, stramineous toward the margins, with a brown midrib, ovate or obovate, subtruncate and short-cuspidate or acute at apex, densely pilose from the middle to apex with caducous hairs; hairs of the bractlets and peri- gonium subolivaceous-grayish, clavate, obtuse, smooth outside, conspicuously granulose within; staminate florets: sepals 2, olivaceous, rather rigid, obovate or broadly spatulate, only slightly connate at base, concave, subacute, densely pilose from middle to apex on the back; pistillate florets: shorter than the receptacular hairs; sepals 2, free, stramineous, obovate or spatulate, rather rigid, long-villose with hairs equaling the receptacular ones; petals 2, hyaline or yellowish, rather rigid, spatulate, acute, ciliate; ovary 2-celled, ovate-globose; style long and thick, its appendages 2, rather thick, papillose; stigmas 2, deeply bifid, much shorter than the style. Typr Locaity: Along the coast by Baracoa, Oriente, Cuba (C. Wright 3233). DISTRIBUTION: Oriente, Cuba. 12. Paepalanthus riparius Moldenke, sp. nov. Stems elongate, woody, up to 15 cm. long, often shortly branched at apex; leaves densely tufted at apex of stem and branches, the young ones bright-green, the older ones olivaceous, all rigid, broadly linear, 2-7.5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide at the middle, narrowed from the am- pliate-clasping base to the sharply acute or subulate apex, the older ones recurved, long-villose a = a te ede ow Part 1, 1937] ERIOCAULACEAE 43 when young, becoming glabrescent; peduncles few, 2-7, 11-24 cm. long, twisted, sparsely pilose, glabrescent in age; sheaths rather loose, about 2.5 cm. long, pilose, glabrescent in age, the mouth sparsely ciliolate, the blade rather elongate, subulate-acute; florets dimerous (?) Caule elongato incrassato; foliis caespitosis, ad apicem caulis orientibus, juventute longe villosis; floribus probabiliter dimeris. Tyre collected on moist banks bordering a stream along the trail from Camp La Barga (alt. 450 meters) to Camp San Benito (alt. 900 meters), Oriente, Cuba, February 22-26, 1910, J. A. Shafer 4106 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 13. Paepalanthus montanus (Britton) Moldenke, Revista Sudam. Botrar1% ° 1937. Dupatya montana Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 44: 33. 1917. Stems simple, elongate, to 7 dm. long, stout, woody, densely leafy; leaves rigid, broadly linear, 6-18 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide at base, narrowed to the acute apex, striate-nerved, glabrous; peduncles erect, axillary, often numerous, 9-40 cm. long, loosely pubescent with long soft white hairs or finally glabrescent; sheaths rather close-fitting, shorter than the leaves, 3.5—-8 em. long, glabrous, deeply split (often 1-4 cm.) at apex, the blade acuminate; heads solitary on the peduncles, conic or hemispheric, 7-8 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets brown, rigid, acute, glabrous, the outer ones ovate, the inner ones broadly oval or orbicular; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets membranous, obovate-cuneate, 1.8-2 mm. long, 0.6— 0.8 mm. wide, with a tuft of short hairs on the back at apex; staminate florets: sepals 2, brown, spatulate-obovate, concave, about 1.9 mm. long, ciliate at apex; petals 2, stramineous; stamens 2; pistillate florets: sepals 2, brown, elliptic, concave, densely pilose at apex; petals stramineous, very small; ovary ovate-globose; stigmas 2. TYPE LOCALITY: On compact red iron ore along the trail from Rio Yamaniguey to Camp Toa, at 400 meters altitude, Oriente, Cuba (Shafer 4473). DISTRIBUTION: Oriente, Cuba. DOUBTFUL SPECIES PAEPALANTHUS BIFIDUS (Schrad.) Kunth, differing from all the above-mentioned species in its greatly elongate and conspicuous involucral bractlets arranged in star-like fashion beneath the head, has been recorded from Hispaniola on the basis of a Mayerhoff specimen, which, however, was more probably collected in French Guiana. 3. SYNGONANTHUS Ruhl. Symb. Ant. 1: 487. 1900. Stems very short or elongate, sterile or fertile, simple or branched. Roots rather thick or incrassate, porous, whitish. Heads pilose or subglabrate, the hairs always acute and smooth; receptacular bractlets almost always none. Florets trimerous; sepals mostly free or almost so. Staminate florets with the petals connate into an infundibular, 3-lobed, glabrous, finally almost always involute (rarely 3-parted) tube and the anthers 4-celled, composed of 2 thecae. Pistil- late florets with the petals connate by their margins at or above the middle, the base and apex free, the apex finally mostly involute; style terete, its appendages non-papillose, sometimes obsolete; stigmas simple, inserted at the same height on the style as its appendages. Type species, Eriocaulon umbellatum Lam. Sheaths equaling or surpassing the leaves; sepals of staminate florets densely hirsute at apex; U.S. 1. S. flavidulus. Sheaths about half as long as the leaves; sepals of staminate florets merely ciliolate, not hirsute; Cuba. Young leaves glabrate, puberulent, or sparsely strigillose-hirtellous. _ Involucral bractlets fulvous-flavidous; mature leaves mostly 2.5—3.5 cm. long. 2. S. androsaceus. Involucral bractlets pale stramineous-flavous; mature leaves mostly about 2 cm. long. 3. S. lagopodioides. Young leaves spreading-hirsute or hirsutulous. Young leaves very densely hirsute, incanous. 4. S. insularis. Young leaves laxly hirsutulous, not incanous. 5. S. Wilsonii. dd NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 1. Syngonanthus flavidulus (Michx.) Ruhl. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 256. “1903. Eriocaulon flavidulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 166. 1803. ?Eriocaulon spathaceum Raf. Atl. Jour. 121. 1832. : Paepalanthus flavidulus Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 532. 1841. Paepalanthus flavidus Kunth; A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 489. 1856. Eriocaulon flavidum Michx.; A. Gray, Man. ed. 2.489, in syn. 1856. Dupatya flavidula Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 745. 1891. Stems very short; leaves densely tufted, often recurved, very narrowly linear, 1.5—5.5 cm. long, 0.6-1 mm. wide at the middle, subacute, finely puberulent-strigillose on both surfaces or merely very obscurely puberulent; peduncles solitary or aggregate, 1-14, 7-40 cm. long, 5- or 6-costate, twisted, densely short-pilose with appressed hairs; sheaths rather narrow, usually surpassing the leaves, slightly ampliate toward apex, striatulate, twisted, very densely puberulent, becoming calvescent, obliquely split at apex, the blade often rather conspicuous, ovate, acuminate, often more or less divergent; heads broadly hemispheric, 5.5-7 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets stramineous-flavidous, spatulate-oblong, nitid, obtuse or (es- pecially the inner ones) subacute, glabrous; staminate florets: long-pedicellate; sepals 3, hyaline, obovate, densely hirsute at apex; pistillate florets: sepals 3, divergent, narrow-lanceolate, hyaline, tapering to the acute apex. TYPE LocaLity: ‘“‘Carolina”’ (Michaux). DISTRIBUTION: Low pinelands, margins of sandhill ponds, and bogs on the Coastal Plain from Virginia (?) and North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 902; ed. 2. f. 1144; Small, Man. SE. Fl. 257. 2. Syngonanthus androsaceus (Griseb.) Ruhl. Symb. Ant. 1: 488. 1900. Paepalanthus androsaceus Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 225. 1866. Paepalanthus androsaceus var. flavescens Griesb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 225. 1866. Stems very short; leaves densely tufted, olivaceous-green, membranous, linear, mostly about 3 cm. long and 1 mm. wide, plane, straight, subacute, sparsely puberulent on both sur- faces with very short and obscure glanduliferous hairs, the venation mostly not prominent beneath or only the midrib more or less prominulent; peduncles aggregate, 2-16, mostly rather few, 2.5-11 cm. long, 6-costate, puberulent with short subappressed hairs; sheaths rather close-fitting, about half as long as the leaves, striatulate, twisted, very sparsely or even obscurely puberulent, the blade elongate and conspicuously acuminate; heads hemispheric, 3-6 mm. in diameter, loose-flowered; involucral bractlets flavescent, obovate, acute; receptacular bractlets none; staminate florets: long-pedicellate; sepals 3, obovate, acute, sparsely ciliolate; pistillate florets: sepals 3, flavidulous, ciliate, similar to those of the staminate florets, but narrower; petals 3, thin-membranous or subhyaline, obovate, acute, ciliate, connate-margined at the middle; style short. TYPE LOCALITY: Western Cuba (C. Wright 3235). DISTRIBUTION: In wet sandy pinelands and savannas, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. 3. Syngonanthus lagopodioides (Griseb.) Ruhl. Symb. Ant. 1: 489. 1900. Paepalanthus lagopodioides Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 225. 1866. Stems very short; leaves very densely tufted, membranous, linear, mostly about 2 cm. long, usually scarcely 1 mm. wide at the middle, plane, straight, rather acute, commonly marked beneath with 1 or several more or less prominulent veins, sparsely puberulent on both surfaces with very short and obscure glanduliferous hairs or sparsely strigillose-hirsutulous (especially above) with short subappressed hairs, becoming glabrescent; peduncles aggregate, 3-40, mostly very numerous, often filiform, 2-13.5 em. long, 6-costate, puberulent-strigillose with short subappressed hairs; sheaths rather close-fitting, half,as long as the leaves, striatulate, not twisted, softly and densely spreading-puberulent, the blade elongate and conspicuously acu- Part 1, 1937] ERIOCAULACEAE 45 minate; heads hemispheric, 2—5 mm. in diameter, close-flowered; involucral bractlets mem- branous, flavidulous-brunnescent, hyaline at the margins and apex, oblong-obovate or broadly lanceolate, somewhat surpassing the florets, acute; receptacular bractlets none; staminate florets: pedicellate; sepals 3, membranous, pale-flavidulous, obovate, acute; pistillate florets: pedicellate; sepals 3, free, grayish-hyaline, broadly lanceolate, subnavicular, acute, ciliate; petals 3, oblong or lanceolate, grayish, rather obtuse, connate by their margins at the middle; ovary globose; style short, without appendages; stigmas 3, long. fiat TYPE LOCALITY: Sandy pine woods, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (C. Wright 3237). DISTRIBUTION: Pinar del Rio and Isle of Pines, Cuba. 4. Syngonanthus insularis Moldenke, sp. nov. Stems very short; leaves very densely tufted, membranous, usually somewhat recurved when mature, the young ones incanous, the older ones olivaceous, linear, 1-2 cm. long, mostly less than 1 mm. wide at the middle, plane, the young ones very densely hirsute with spreading incanous hairs, the older ones more sparsely so or even merely puberulent-strigillose; peduncles aggregate, rather few, 2—7, very slender, 2-4 cm. long, softly and densely pubescent with ap- pressed or slightly spreading whitish hairs, obscurely 5-costate, not twisted; sheaths close- fitting, about half as long as the leaves, densely hirsute with spreading incanous hairs, obliquely split at apex, the blade acuminate; heads hemispheric, 5-7 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets stramineous, with a brunnescent midrib, obovate, acute or subacuminate, glabrous; receptacular bractlets none; staminate florets: sepals 3, stramineous, narrowly obovate, acute, ciliolate; petal-tube stramineous, 3-lobed and involute at apex, its lobes acute; stamens 3; anthers cream- colored; pistillate florets: sepals 3, hyaline, very narrowly obovate, acute, conspicuously ciliolate from just above the base to the apex, longer and narrower than those of the staminate florets; petals 3, hyaline, connate at the middle only, easily separating, very narrowly linear, acute; style very short, its appendages 3, about twice as long as the stigmas; stigmas 3, minute. Foliis immaturis densissime patenteque hirsutis incanis; vaginis quam foliis dimidio brevioribus; floris @ sepalis ciliolatis. Type collected in white sand, vicinity of Los Indios, Isle of Pines, Cuba, February 13, 1916, N.L. Britton, E. G. Britton, and P. Wilson 14162 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 5. Syngonanthus Wilsonii Moldenke, sp. nov. Stems very short; leaves densely tufted, membranous, the young ones bright-green, the older ones olivaceous, linear, mostly not conspicuously recurved, 1—3.5 cm. long, about | mm. wide at the middle, plane, at least the young ones laxly spreading-hirsutulous, not incanous; peduncles aggregate, rather numerous, 6-15, rather slender, 2-7 cm. long, 4-costate, twisted, softly and rather densely pubescent with appressed whitish hairs; sheaths close-fitting, about one third as long as the leaves, striatulate, not twisted, laxly or rather densely hirsutulous- pubescent, obliquely split at apex, the blade attenuate; heads hemispheric or finally subglobose, 4-7 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets stramineous-flavous, uniformly colored throughout, acute or subacuminate, glabrous; receptacular bractlets none; florets practically as in the preceding species. Foliis immaturis laxe hirsutulis viridibus vel olivaceis; vaginis quam foliis dimidio breviori- bus ; floris @ sepalis cioliolatis. | ) | Tyre collected in white sand, vicinity of Siguanea, Isle of Pines, Cuba, March 12, 1916, V. L. Britton, E.G. Britton, and P. Wilson 15789a (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. DOUBTFUL SPECIES SYNGONANTHUS UMBELLATUS (Lam.) Ruhl., with terminal instead of axillary peduncles, has been recorded from Hispaniola on the basis of a Mayerhoff specimen, which, however, more probably was collected in French Guiana. 46 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 4. TONINA Aubl. Pl. Guian. 856. 1775. Stems elongate, slender, floating, equally foliose throughout. Peduncles apparently supra-axillary. Florets trimerous, pedicellate; receptacle pilose. Staminate florets with the sepals connate to the middle, the 3 petals connate into a short membranous shortly 3-lobed tube, which is concave above, 3 stamens, and 2-celled anthers, composed of 1 theca. Pistillate florets with 3 rather thick and somewhat porous sepals, which are connate at the base, very small free long-pilose petals, 3 non-papillose style-appendages, and 3 shorter bifid stigmas. Type species, Tonina fluviatilis Aubl. 1. Tonina fluviatilis Aubl. Pl. Guian. 857. 1775. Stems greatly elongate, slender, lax, 20-80 or more cm. long, often branched, about 1 mm. in diameter, equally and persistently foliose; leaves rather dense, spreading, lanceolate or oblong, 0.8-1.5 em. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide at the middle, sessile and more or less clasping at base, acute and often recurved at apex, long-ciliate along the margins throughout or sparsely ciliate at base only and otherwise glabrous on both surfaces; peduncles dispersed over the stem and branches, 2-13 mm. long (mostly about 1 cm. long when mature), glabrous; heads echinulate- globose, 4-8 mm. in diameter, subglabrate; involucral bractlets ovate or obovate, long-cuspi- date, glabrous except for the pilose-ciliate base and apex, the outer ones broader; receptacular bractlets narrowly oblong-obovate, cuspidate-acuminate, ciliate below the apex; staminate. florets: sepals 3, fuscous, broadly obovate, connate to the middle, involute above, abruptly acute, very concave within; pistillate florets: sepals ovate, concave within, long-cuspidate, ciliate; petals linear. TYPE LOCALITY: In the Caux river, French Guiana (Aublet). DISTRIBUTION: In marshes, swamps, and streams from Cuba and British Honduras to Colombia, ‘Trinidad, and Brazil. ILLUSTRATIONS: Aubl. Pl. Guian. pl. 330; Acta Lit. Univ. Hafn. 1: pl. 1, f. 1; Lam. Tab. Encyce. pl. 772, f. 1; Ann. Sci. Nat. 13: pl. 5, f. 4; Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 17!: pl. 4, f. 2; Schnitzl. Ic. 1: pl. 46, f. 13-19; Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 122, f. 82; Mart. Fl. Bras. 31: pl. 38, f. 1; E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 24: 24, f. 13; Bot. Tidssk. 18: pl. 20, f. A; Baillon, Hist. Pl. 12: 399, f. 372-374; Engler, Pflanzenreich 43025239) fz 35). 5. LACHNOCAULON Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 497. 1841. Stems short or abbreviated. Leaves more or less tufted. Peduncles elongate, aggregate, sheathed. Heads more or less villose, not conspicuously involucrate, varying from white or gray to brown or black; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets present. Florets trimerous. Staminate florets with 3 sepals, no petals, 3 stamens, the filaments united below and coalescent with a rudimentary corolla or pistil, free above, and oblong 2-locular anthers, composed of 1 theca; pistillate florets with 3 free sepals, petals reduced to hairs, a single style, 2 or 3 style- appendages, 2 or 3 simple or bifid stigmas, and a 2- or 3-locular ovary. Type species, Eriocaulon villosum Michx. Peduncles glabrous. Gynoecium 3-carpellary; stigmas 3. Heads dark-brown or black. Leaf-blades and sheaths sparsely ciliolate on the margins when young; heads very sparsely villose or calvescent; bractlets olivaceous; Florida. 1. L. Engleri. Leaf-blades and sheaths always completely glabrous; heads more densely villose; bractlets brown; Cuba. 2. L. Ekmannii. Heads white or gray. Involucral bractlets obtuse; southern United States. Heads dark-gray, globose at maturity; sepals about 1 mm. long; anthers as long as the filaments. 3. L. floridanum. Heads white, spheroidal at maturity; sepals about 1.5 mm. long; anthers shorter than the filaments. 4. L. glabrum. Involucral bractlets cuspidate; Cuba. 5. L. cubense. Gynoecium 2-carpellary; stigmas 2. 6. L. digynum. Peduncles pubescent. Mature seeds smooth. 7. L. Beyrichianum. Mature seeds cancellate. Bractlets and sepals of the pistillate florets not ciliate. 8. L. eciliatum. Bractlets and sepals of the pistillate florets ciliate. Part 1, 1937] ERIOCAULACEAE 47 Heads gray or brownish-gray, 4 mm. in diameter or less: seeds oval or ovoid, about 0.5 mm. long. 9. L. minus. Heads white, 5 mm. in diameter or more; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.8 mm. long. 10. L. anceps. 1. Lachnocaulon Engleri Ruhl. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 241. 1903. Stems much abbreviated; leaves few, tufted or subrosulate, mostly erect, olivaceous, rather broadly linear, 1.5—3 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide at the middle, gradually narrowed from base to the rather acute apex, obsoletely many-nerved, not fenestrate, several-sulcate beneath, the margins on young leaves very sparsely ciliate with rather long soft hairs, soon glabrescent; peduncles densely aggregate, 7-30, mostly very numerous, greenish-stramineous, 3—9 cm. long, deeply 3-costate with the costae again sulcate, twisted, glabrous; sheaths rather loose, about equaling the leaves or somewhat shorter, rather obscurely striate, glabrous, obliquely split at apex, the blade acuminate, the mouth at first very sparsely and loosely ciliolate, soon glabres- cent; heads hard, nigrescent, cylindric-elongate when mature, subglobose when young, 3—7 mm. long, 3-5 mm. in diameter, very sparsely villose; involucral bractlets grayish-olivaceous, obovate, obtuse or subacute, white-villose toward apex on the back, becoming calvescent; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets dark-olivaceous, spatulate, about equaling the florets, subcarinate, comose toward apex; hairs of the perigonium and receptacular bracilets grayish- flavidulous, clavate-obtuse, non-tuberculate, conspicuously granulose within; staminate florets: sepals obovate or spatulate, greenish-fuscous (lighter in color at base), obtuse, concave, connate at base, pilose on the back toward apex, finally calvescent; anthers whitish, oblong-ovate; pistillate florets: sepals olivaceous-fuscous, obovate, concave, rather obtuse, subconduplicate- carinate, pilose on the back at apex when young, finally calvescent; petals reduced to hairs; style shorter than the ovary, its appendages 3, short, papillose at apex; stigmas 3, simple, longer than the style-appendages; ovary globose-ovate, 3-locular. es LOCALITY: Ditches and lake shores in the vicinity of Eustis, Lake County, Florida (Nash oe Damp sandy and springy places, Florida. Erroneously reported from the West Indies. ILLUSTRATION: Small, Man. SE. FI. 256. 2. Lachnocaulon Ekmannii Rub. Repert. Sp. Nov. 22: 34. 1925. Stems abbreviated; leaves tufted, linear, rather rigid and usually erect, not pellucid, 1.2— 2.5 cm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide at the middle, gradually narrowed from the broad base, acute, glabrous throughout at all times; peduncles aggregate, 2—7, rigid, 3.5-8.5 cm. long, many- costate, twisted, glabrous throughout; sheaths rather loose, about as long as the leaves, always glabrous throughout, obliquely split at apex, the blade attenuate and acute; heads nigrescent, conic or subcylindric-elongate, 3-6 mm. long, 2—3.5 mm. in diameter, densely villose; involucral bractlets brown, obovate, subacute, white-villose on the back toward apex; receptacle very pilose; receptacular bractlets brown, lighter at base, spatulate, very concave, subcarinate; staminate florets: sepals similar to those of the pistillate florets, but narrower, united to one- third their length; anthers white, oblong; pistillate florets: sepals brown, merely concave, not conduplicate; style-appendages 3; stigmas 3, bifid; ovary ovate-spheroid, 3-lo_ular. TYPE LOCALITY: On sandy bank of a lake in pinelands southward of Palmarejo, Mendoza, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (Ekman 18757). DISTRIBUTION: Pinar del Rio, Cuba. 3. Lachnocaulon floridanum Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 235, 1328. 1903. Stems abbreviated; leaves linear, 2-4.5 cm. long, less attenuate than in the following species, manifestly cellular at base, sparingly ciliate; peduncles aggregate, 3-18, mostly numer- ous, 3-11 cm. long, twisted, glabrous; heads dark-gray, globose, 2.5—3.5 mm. in diameter at maturity; involucral bractlets light-brown, darker at apex, obovate, acute, comose at apex on the back; receptacle very pilose; receptacular bractlets light-brown, with a whitish midrib, 48 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 spatulate or obovate-spatulate, concave, slightly subcarinate, ciliate with clavate hairs; staminate florets: sepals united only at the base, brown, obovate, concave, rounded or obtuse; anthers white, oblong; pistillate florets: sepals brown, obovate, conduplicate-carinate, subacute, ciliate; style-appendages 3; stigmas 3, bifid; ovary spheroid, 3-locular; seeds about 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Eustis, Lake County, Florida (Nash 1981). DISTRIBUTION: Low sandy places in peninsular Florida. 4. Lachnocaulon glabrum Korn. Linnaea 27: 568. 1856. Stems abbreviated; leaves tufted, spreading and ascending, bright-green, linear-lanceolate, 2.5—5 cm. long, up to 2.6 mm. wide at the middle, gradually attenuate toward apex, rather obtuse, plane, longitudinally striate, glabrous; peduncles aggregate, 2-15, mostly few, 6.5—30 cm. long, twisted, 3-costate, glabrous; sheaths rather loose, 4-6 cm. long, glabrate, often deeply split, the blade rather short, abruptly long-attenuate, often patent, often more or less sparsely ciliate; heads at first hemispheric, finally vertically elongate, sordid-white or grayish-villose, 3—5 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets grayish-fuscous, obovate, obtuse, ciliate, glabrous on the back; receptacle very pilose; receptacular bractlets fuscous, spatulate-obovate, rather obtuse, comose-pilose on the upper portion of the back; staminate florets: sepals nigrescent- olivaceous, obovate, very obtuse, paler at base, comose with long clavate hairs in an apical tuft on the back; anthers white, oblong; pistillate florets: sepals light-brunneous or stramineous, hyaline at base, oblong-obovate, rather obtuse, comose on the upper portion of the back; style- appendages 3; stigmas 3, bifid; ovary elliptic-spheroid or subrotund, 3-locular; seeds cancellate. TYPE LOCALITY: Florida (‘‘Cabanis;’’ probably Leitner). DISTRIBUTION: Pinelands, damp woods, and wet sandy places on the Coastal Plain in Florida and Alabama. 5. Lachnocaulon cubense Ruhl. Repert. Sp. Now, 22-34) 1o2>- Stems abbreviated; leaves linear, 3.5—4.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide at the middle, often recurved at apex in drying, acute, glabrous; peduncles aggregate, 2—5, usually few, 8.5-15 cm. long, 6-costate, twisted, glabrous; sheaths rather loose, 3.5—4 cm. long, glabrous, obliquely split at apex, the blade abruptly narrowed, 7-8 mm. long, acute; heads at first hemispheric, finally subcylindric, sordid-white, up to 4 mm. in diameter, villose; involucral bractlets char- taceous, fuscous, obovate, concave, cuspidate, pilose on the back toward apex; receptacular bractlets pilose on the back at apex, the outer ones narrowly obovate and becoming fuscous, the inner ones oblong or spatulate-oblong, brownish at apex, hyaline at base, navicular-concave, and acute; staminate florets: sepals fuscous or more or less olivaceous, obovate or oblong- obovate, navicular, acute, puberulous on the back, finally calvescent; anthers whitish; pistillate florets: sepals light brownish, hyaline at base, oblong-spatulate, acute, at first ciliolate, finally glabrous; style-appendages 3; stigmas 3, bifid; ovary spheroid, 3-locular. TYPE LOCALITY: Sandy savannas west of the station, Manacas, Santa Clara, Cuba (Ekman 17118). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection. 6. Lachnocaulon digynum Korn. Linnaea 27: 570. 1856. Lachnocaulon diandrum Van Heurck & Miill.-Arg. in Van Heurck, Obs. Bot. 1: 108. 1870. Lachnocaulon anceps Benth. & Hook.; Ruhl. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 242, in syn. 1903. Not L. anceps Morong, 1891. Stem epigeous, slightly elongate; leaves alternate, dense, broadly linear, 0.8-1.5 cm. long, up to 2 mm. wide at the middle, plane, narrowed toward the rather acute apex, longitudinally striate, glabrous; peduncles aggregate, 2-5, usually few, 3.5-15 cm. long, 3-sulcate, twisted, glabrous; sheaths 1-1.5 em. long, pilosulous, obliquely at apex, the blade short and ciliate; heads globose or subglobose, about 2 mm. in diameter, grayish-villose; involucral bractlets light-fuscous, oblong-obovate, acute, pilose on the back along the margins and at apex, be- coming calvescent; receptacular bractlets light-brown, spatulate, concave, slightly keeled with a ParT 1, 1937] ERIOCAULACEAE 49 nerve-like keel, comose at apex; staminate florets: sepals fuscous, spatulate, concave, very obtuse, comose on the back at apex; pistillate florets: sepals free, whitish, oblong-obovate, rather thick, obtuse, puberulous on the back from the middle to apex; style-appendages 2; stigmas 2; ovary 2-locular. TYPE LOCALITY: Alabama (‘‘ Bentham’’). DISTRIBUTION: Sandy soil, often in pinelands, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. 7. Lachnocaulon Beyrichianum Sporleder; Korn. Linnaea 27: 567. 1856. Stems abbreviated; leaves tufted, mostly olivaceous, very narrowly linear or linear-filiform, 1.5—5 em. long, mostly less than 1 mm. wide at the middle, plane, gradually attenuate toward the rather obtuse apex, nervose-striatulate, varying from densely ciliate to nearly glabrous: peduncles aggregate, 3-22, mostly numerous, 3-20 cm. long, rather rigid, 3-sulcate, twisted, sparingly hairy with long soft erect hairs; sheaths 2—2.5 cm. long, obliquely split at apex, the mouth ciliate, the blade elongate, attenuate, sparsely pilose; heads globose, becoming somewhat elongate, 3-3.5 mm. in diameter, grayish-villose; involucral bractlets, fuscous, obovate-oblong, obtuse, comose-pilose toward apex; receptacle conspicuously pilose; receptacular bractlets fuscous, spatulate, narrowed from the middle to the base, rounded and comose-pilose or ciliate at apex; florets very short-pedicellate; staminate florets: sepals free, obovate, rather thick, fuscous, rounded-obtuse and comose-pilose at apex with conspicuously clavate hairs (not merely ciliate); anthers whitish, oblong; pistillate florets: longer than the receptacular hairs; sepals free, whitish, spatulate, rounded-obtuse and comose-pilose at apex with conspicuously clavate hairs; style slightly shorter than the ovary, its appendages 3, rather heavy, non-papillose, coherent at apex; stigmas 3, simple, very slender, slightly longer than the style-appendages; ovary 3-locular; seeds fuscous, ovate, slightly apiculate, not cancellate. TYPE LOCALITY: Very abundant at the edges of a swamp near Ebenezer, Effingham County, Georgia (Beyrich). : DISTRIBUTION: Sandy shores and springy places on the Coastal Plain of Georgia and Florida. 8. Lachnocaulon eciliatum Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 235, 1328. 1903. Stems abbreviated; leaves tufted, bright-green or olivaceous in age, linear-attenuate, 1—4.5 em. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide at the middle, sparingly ciliate; peduncles aggregate, 5-40, mostly very numerous and dense, 3—11.5 cm. long, pubescent; heads gray, globose, becoming somewhat elongate, 3-3.5 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets light-brown, stramineous below, oblong- obovate, obtuse, ciliate; receptacle pilose; receptacular bractlets light-brown, spatulate, not ciliate; staminate florets: sepals brown, united at base, obovate-spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse, not ciliate, minutely pubescent at apex; anthers white, oblong; pistillate florets: sepals stramineous or subhyaline, very narrowly spatulate, wholly glabrous; style-appendages 3; stigmas 3, bifid; ovary subobovate, 3-locular; seeds ovoid, cancellate. TYPE LOCALITY: On sandy shores, northwestern Florida (Curtiss 3022). DISTRIBUTION: Sandy shores, northwestern Florida. 9. Lachnocaulon minus (Chapm.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 235, 1328. 1903. Lachnocaulon Michauxii var. minor Chapm. Fl. S. U. S.ed. 3.531. 1897. ° Stems short; leaves tufted, bright-green, linear-attenuate, 1-5.5 cm. long, 1.5—-2 mm. wide at the middle, sparingly ciliate; peduncles aggregate, 3-65, mostly very numerous, densely congested, 4-25 cm. long, densely long-pubescent; heads gray or grayish-brown, globose to cylindric, 3-4 mm. in diameter; involucral bractlets hidden, fuscous, obtuse, ciliate; re- ceptacle densely long-villose; receptacular bractlets olivaceous-fuscous, obtuse, ciliate with relatively short hairs; staminate florets: sepals fuscous, olbong-obovate, connate at base, con- cave within, involute above, rounded-obtuse, ciliate with inconspicuous clavate hairs; pistillate florets: sepals very small (shorter than the receptacular hairs), hyaline, oblong-spatulate, 50 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 obtuse, ciliate with inconspicuous hairs; style-appendages 3; stigmas 3, bifid; ovary elliptic- or ovate-spheroid, 3-locular; seeds oval or ovoid, about 0.5 mm. long, apices cancellate. TYPE LOCALITY: Low pine barrens, Bristol, Liberty County, Florida (Chapman). DISTRIBUTION: Moist soil, often on margins of ponds, on the Coastal Plain from North Carolina to Florida. 10. Lachnocaulon anceps (Walt.) Morong, Bull. Torrey Club 18: 560.1891 Eriocaulon anceps Walt. Fl. Car. 83. 1788. Eriocaulon villosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 166. 1803. ?Eriocaulon pubigerum Bong. Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. VI. 1: pl. 42. 1831. Lachnocaulon Michauxii Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 497. 1841. Stems abbreviated; leaves tufted, bright-green, olivaceous in age, linear-lanceolate, 3—7 cm. long, 2—2.5 mm. wide at the middle, plane, gradually narrowed toward the rather obtuse apex, striatulate, sparsely long-ciliate on the margins or entirely glabrous in age; peduncles solitary or aggregate, 1-12, usually few, 10-39 cm. long, 3-costate, glabrous, twisted, densely pubescent with long erecto-patent hairs; sheaths 2-7 cm. long or longer, pilose, obliquely split at apex, the blade long, rather obtuse, ciliate; heads white or pale-gray, obconic-globose or hemispheric, 3-6 mm. in diameter, villose; involucral bractlets fuscous or olivaceous-grayish, ovate or obovate, obtuse or subacute, long-villose on the back at apex; receptacle densely vil- lose; receptacular bractlets olivaceous fuscous, spatulate, very obtuse, pilose on the back at apex; staminate florets: sepals fuscous, oblong-obovate, connate at base, rounded-obtuse and comose at apex; pistillate florets: sepals free, whitish, oblong-spatulate, longer than the recepta- cular hairs, obtuse or acute, pilose at apex; style-appendages 3; stigmas 3, bifid; ovary elliptic- spheroid, 3-locular; seeds ellipsoid, about 0.8 mm. long, conspicuously cancellate. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Carolina’”’ (Walter). DISTRIBUTION: Sandy places and low or moist pinelands on the Coastal Plain from Virginia to Florida and Texas and on the Appalachian Plateau in os also on the Isle of Pines, Cuba. ILLUSTRATIONS: Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. VI. 1: pl. 42; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 903; ed. 2 f. 1145; Engler, Pflanzenreich 49: f. 36. Family PONTEDERIACEAE By Epwarp JOHNSTON ALEXANDER Perennial, bog or aquatic herbs, the rootstocks floating or creeping in the mud. Leaves vaginate, the ultra-vaginal portion strap-like or differentiated into petiole and blade, both types of leaf sometimes on the same plant. In- florescence axillary from the rootstock or stem, spathaceous, the two valves of the spathe similar, or when different, the lower leaf-like, the upper rarely with a small blade; flowers spicate or paniculate, rarely solitary, the bracteoles minute or absent. Perianth marcescent, salverform or funnelform, six-parted or with six-parted limb, nearly regular or zygomorphic, usually showy, the tube well-developed (none in the Old World Monochoria). Flowers frequently heteromorphous. Androecium of 3 or 6 mostly unequal and dissimilar stamens (1 in the South American Hydrothrix), the anthers introrse. Gynoecium free, superior, the terminal stigmas 3—6-lobed or 3—6-toothed; style slender or clavate; ovary 1- or 3-celled, the ovules anatropous, numerous or one by abortion. Inflorescence usually decurved in fruit. Fruit a 1- or 3-celled capsule, or a l-seeded achenoid body enclosed in the fleshy, accrescent base of the perianth. Stamens 3. Filaments not markedly dilated; stipules free above the base, prominent: perianth regular or nearly so. Anthers all alike, coiled after anthesis; spathe sessile, completely en- veloping the perianth-tube; seeds relatively few. 1. ZOSTERELLA. Anthers unequal and usually dissimilar, not coiling; spathe peduncled; J seeds very numerous. Filaments of the two short stamens obliquely globular-inflated; stipules absent, represented by a small ligular structure; perianth zygomorphic. 3. EURYSTEMON. Stamens 6. Ovary with 3 fertile cells, the ovules numerous in each cell; fruit a dehiscent capsule. Ovary with | fertile cell, the ovule solitary; fruit achenoid. bo . HETERANTHERA. . EICHHORNIA. . PONTEDERIA. On 1. ZOSTERELLA Small; Small & Carter, Fl. Lanc. Co. 68. 1913. Perennial, submerged aquatic herbs. Leaves all grass-like. Inflorescence 1-flowered, the one-valved spathe sessile in the leaf-axils, the spathe completely encircling the base of the tube. Perianth salverform, its limb 6-parted, the 3 outer lobes narrower than the three inner, all pale- yellow. Stamens 3, all alike, the filaments dilated, the anthers basifixed, narrowly sagittate, coiling downward after anthesis. Stigma capitate; style filiform, abruptly clavate near the apex. Ovary l-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, the ovules in 2 rows on each placenta, erect, anatropous. Fruit an indehiscent capsule. Seeds more than 1 mm. long, comparatively few, the seed-coat finely striate horizontally. Type species, Commelina dubia Jacq. Perianth-tube much less than twice as long as the spathe; seeds ellipsoid, yellow- brown, the 10-12 membranous wings evanescent. 1. Z. dubia. Perianth-tube twice as long as the spathe, or longer, seeds nearly orbicular, black- brown, the 14-16 wings persistent. 2. Z. longituba NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 Or bo 1. Zosterella dubia (Jacq.) Small; Small & Carter, Fl. Lane. Co. 687 319. Om: Commelina dubia Jacq. Obs. Bot. 3:9. 1768. Schollera graminifolia Willd. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin Neue Schr. 3: 438. 1801. Leptanthus gramineus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:25. 1803. Heteranthera graminea Vahl, Enum. 2:45. 1805. Schollera graminea Raf. Am. Mo. Mag. 2: 175. 1818. Schollera dubia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 719. 1891. Heteranthera dubia MacM. Metasp. Minn. Valley 138. 1892. Phrynium dubium Farwell, Papers Mich. Acad. 3:92. 1924. Phrynium dubium var. terrestre Farwell, Papers Mich. Acad. 3:92. 1924. Submerged aquatic with continually growing and branching stems; leaves all grass-like, linear, 2-6 mm. wide, up to 15 cm. long, obtuse, the stipules with truncate ligules and two lateral, broadly lanceolate, acuminate projections directed upwards; spathe-valve solitary, tightly rolled around the lower part of the perianth-tube, 1-5 ecm. long, with a spreading, caudate tip; perianth-tube 1.5—7 cm. long, not more than twice as long as the spathe, its limb spreading, pale-yellow, 12-20 mm. across, the three outer lobes linear, the three inner linear- lanceolate; stamens all alike, 4-7 mm. long; anthers linear, coiling downward after anthesis; filaments glabrous, dilated centrally, tapering at either end; style clavate, but contracted again below the nearly capitate stigma, which has a terminal brush of gland-tipped purple hairs; capsule indehiscent, conic or narrowly ovoid, 8-10 mm. long; seeds yellow-brown, narrowly ellipsoid, 1.2-1.5 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, with 10-12 membranous evanescent wings. TYPE LOCALITY: The James River, Virginia, not far from the mountains. DISTRIBUTION: Quebec to North Dakota, and southward to Oklahoma, Arkansas, and North Carolina; southern Arizona, northern California, Oregon, and Washington. ILLUSTRATIONS: Small, Man. SE. Fl. 266; Jacq. Obs. Bot. pl. 59; Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. #1. 5, f. 2; Hook. Exot. Fl. pl. 94 W. Barton, Fl. N. Am. pl. 94 Tore BlZeNe Y. pl. 133; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 918; ed. 2. f. 1165; Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa 73: pl. 11. 2. Zosterella longituba Alexander, sp. nov. Potamogeton Liebmanni Buch. Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 3: 349. 1873. Plant similar to Z. dubia, the spathe 1.5—6 cm. long; perianth-tube 5—12 em. long, always more than twice as long as the spathe, its limb 2—3 cm. across; stamens 6-10 mm. long; seeds nearly orbicular, 1.3 mm. long and 0.9 mm. broad, black-brown, with 14-16 persistent membran- ous wings. Differt a Z. dubia in tubo perigonii longiore, limbo majore, seminibus atro-fuscis, 14-16 alis membranaceis persistentibus ornatis. TyPer collected at Rio Hondo, Cameron County, Texas, September, 1913, Harley P. Chandler 7060, (Britton Herb., N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Southern Texas and Mexico; near Mobile, Alabama; Florida (?); Cuba; Hispaniola. 2. HETERANTHERA R. & P. FI. Per. Prodt. 9.” 1794-58 Pea 43. 1798. Phrynium ofl. Iter Hisp. 178, as synonym. 1758. Schollera Schreb. Gen. 785. 1791. Heterandra Beauv. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 4: 175. 1799. Leptanthus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 24. 1803. Buchosia Vell. Fl. Flum. 33. 1825. Lunania Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 106. 1830. Triexastema Raf. Fl. Tell. 4: 121. 1838. Perennial, submerged or floating aquatics or mud plants. Leaves erect, ascending or floating; blades narrow or broad, strap-shaped or petioled. Inflorescence 1-flowered or spicate, pedunculate or sessile, the lower flowers sometimes cleistogamous, the spathe two- valved, the lower valve leaf-like, the upper bract-like. Perianth nearly regular, salverform, the three outer lobes narrower than the three inner. Stamens 3, the middle one with much larger anther and longer filament than the other two, the anthers basifixed, erect. Ovary incompletely 3-celled by the intrusion of the placentae, many-ovuled, the ovules erect in several Par?1; 1937] PONTEDERIACEAE 53 rows on each placenta. Fruit a dehiscent capsule. Seeds very numerous, the seed-coat finely striate horizontally except in H. limosa. Type species, Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. Spathe 1|-flowered. 1. H. limosa. Spathe 2—many-flowered. Peduncle not exserted from the spathe, the flowers short-spicate. Leaf-blades ovate or cordate; flowers light-violet. 2. H. oblongifolia. Leaf-blades reniform; flowers white or pale. 3. H. reniformis. Peduncle exserted from the spathe, the flowers long-spicate. 5 Flowers all perfect, blue. ; H. peduncularis. Flowers of two types, the lower cleistogamous; normal flowers whitish. H. spicata. On 1. Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin Neue Schr. 3: 439. 1801. Pontederia limosa Sw. Prodr. 57. 1788. Leptanthus ovalis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:25. 1803. Heteranthera alismoides Link, Jahrb. Gewachsk. 1%: 73. 1820. Lunania uniflora Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 106. 1830. Triexastema uniflora Raf. Fl. Tell. 4: 121. 1838. Schollera limosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 719. 1891. Phrynium limosum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 33: 318. 1898. Plants rooting in mud, sometimes with a creeping stem; leaves erect, the petioles up to 20 cm. long, the blades lanceolate to nearly orbicular, 1-5 cm. long, rounded at the apex, short- cuneate, truncate, rounded or shallowly cordate at the base, the stipules up to 5 cm. long, rounded or emarginate at the apex, and usually minutely caudate; lower spathe-bract like the leaves, the upper ones oblong, 1.5—4 cm. long, tapering to a markedly caudate apex, erect or slightly curved above; inflorescence 1-flowered; perianth 2—6 cm. long, the tube 1—4 cm. long whitish, the lobes violet-blue with a white triangle at the base, or all white, linear-lanceolate, nearly alike; filaments glabrous; anthers linear-lanc_olate, nearly alile, the thecae somewhat spreading at the base; style glabrous; stigma three-parted, each branch with a tuft of hairs at the apex; capsule oblong or narrowly ellipsoid, 1—2.5 cm. long; seeds 0.6—0.8 mm. long, 0.3-0.4 mm. wide, columnar, 10—12-ridged, gray-brown, the seed-coat coarsely striate hori- zontally. TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica. DISTRIBUTION: Virginia to South Dakota, Colorado, Texas, and New Mexico; Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies; also in South America. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bot. Mag. pl. 6192; Small, Man. SE. FI. 266; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 917; ed. 2. f. 1164; Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. #1. 5, f. 1. 2. Heteranthera oblongifolia Mart.; R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1148. 1830. Heteranthera rotundifolia Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 252. 1866. Heteranthera hydrocleifolia Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 253. 1866. Heteranthera limosa var. oblongifolia Solms, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 519. 1883. Plant floating or rooting in mud; stem elongate, branching; leaves erect, the petioles up to 2 dm. long, the blades oblong-elliptic to ovate-cordate, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long; lower spathe- bract leaf-like, the upper one broadly ovate, sharply curved above, 1.5-3 cm. long, its tip abruptly and minutely caudate; inflorescence 2-flowered, the lower flower sessile, the upper one pedunculate or absent; perianth-tube whitish, 1-1.5 cm. long, the limb about 2 cm. across, purple, whitish below, the three outer lobes oblanceolate, the three inner obovate; stamens unequal, the filaments pubescent, dilated downward, the larger one 6 mm. long, the smaller ones about 3 mm. long, the anthers linear; style about as long as the small stamens, the stigma three-parted, papillose; capsule 9-15 mm. long, oblong-ellipsoid; seeds narrowly ellipsoid, yellow-brown, 0.4-0.5 mm. long, 0.3 mm. wide, with 10 membranous wings. TYPE LOCALITY: Sao Francisco River, Province Bahia, Brazil. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba; also in South America. 54 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 3. Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. Fl. Per. 1:43. 1798. Heterandra reniformis Beauv. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 4: 175. 1799. Heteranthera acuta Willd. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin Neue Schr. 3: 438. 1801. Leptanthus reniformis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:25. 1803. Leptanthus virginicus Pers. Syn. Pl. 1:56. 1805. Leptanthus peruvianus Pers. Syn. Pl. 1:56. 1805. Heteranthera acuta Vahl, Enum. 2:42. 1805. Buchosia aquatica Vell. Fl. Flum. 33. 1825. Heteranthera virginica Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 29, as synonym. 1841. Schollera reniformis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 719. 1891. Phrynium reniforme Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3%: 318. 1898. Plant floating or creeping in mud, the stems elongate, branching; leaves erect, the petioles up to 15 cm. long, the blades reniform, or rarely orbicular-reniform, up to 5 cm. wide and 3 cm. long; lower spathe-bract leaf-like, the upper one loosely sheathing, 1-3 cm. long, abruptly caudate; inflorescence spicate, up to 5 cm. long, 2—6-flowered; perianth-tube 6—9 mm. long, the limb spreading, white or pale-blue, 8-12 mm. across, its lobes lanceolate, the three outer ones narrower; stamens unequal and dissimilar, the larger one 3 mm. long with linear-oblong anthers, the smaller two 1.5 mm. long with globular anthers; filaments all long-bearded, dilated towards the base; style about the length of the small anthers, pubescent, the stigma appearing capitate, but minutely 3-lobed, papillose; capsule 8-12 mm. long, narrowly conic; seeds columnar, pale- yellow-brown, 0.5—0.8 mm. long, 0.3—0.5 mm. wide, 10-winged, the wings evanescent, leaving ridges at maturity. TYPE LOCALITY: Province of Cercado (now included in Lima), Peru. DISTRIBUTION: Connecticut to Nebraska and Texas; Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies; also in South America. ILLUSTRATIONS: R. & P. Fl. Per. Prodr. pl. 2; R. & P. Fl. Per. pl. 71, f. a, 1-9; Torr. Fl. N. Y. pl. 132; Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. 1: pl. 13, f. 7-9; Nature 27: 364; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 916; ed. 2. f. 1162; Flora 83: 379; Vell. Fl. Flum. Ic. 1: pl. 80; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 4: 172. 4. Heteranthera peduncularis Benth. Pl. Hartw. 25. 1840. Heteranthera reniformis var. multiflora Griseb. Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gétt. 24: 323. 1879. Heteranthera reniformis var. peduncularis Solms, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 520. 1883. Plant floating or creeping in mud, the stem branching; leaves erect, the petioles up to 2.3 dm. long, the blades broadly ovate-cordate, 3—6.5 cm. long, more or less acutish; lower spathe-bract leaf-like, the upper one 3—6 cm. long, tapering to a caudate tip, the two bracts not separated by an internode, the inflorescence appearing to arise from between them; inflorescence spicate, 3-16-flowered, up to 16 cm. long, glabrate; perianth-tube 5—8 mm. long; limb blue, 10-14 mm. across, the lobes linear-lanceolate, spreading, the three outer narrower than the inner; stamens unequal, the larger one 3.5—4.5 mm. long, the smaller two 2.5-3 mm. long; filaments all pilose, dilated at the base; anthers similar, linear; style about as long as the small stamens, the stigma capitate, somewhat papillose; capsule narrowly conic, 8-15 mm. long; seeds columnar, yellow- brown, 0.7—0.8 mm. long, 0.3 mm. wide, with 8-10 striae Type LocaLiry: Aguas Calientes, Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Western Missouri and eastern Kansas; Mexico. ILLUSTRATION: Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1163. 5. Heteranthera spicata Presl, Symb. Bot. 18. 1830. Schollera spicata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 719. 1891. Plant rooting in the mud, 1—2 dm. tall; leaves erect or spreading, the petioles up to 10 cm. long, glandular-pubescent above, the blades ovate, acutish, 2-6 cm. long, cordate at the base and there ciliate with gland-tipped hairs; peduncle of the inflorescence below the spathe 5—6 cm. long, the lower spathe-bract like the leaves, the upper one 1—3 cm. long, caudate-tipped or sometimes developing a leaf-like blade 2—3 cm. long, not separated from the lower spathe by a long node; inflorescence spicate, pubescent, 7-10 cm. long, the lower 1—3 flowers cleistogamous, the upper ones normal; perianth-tube 3—7 mm. long, the limb 4-7 mm. across, greenish-yellow without, whitish within, the lobes linear, the three outer narrower than the inner; stamens unequal and dissimilar, the larger one 3 mm. long with a linear obtuse anther, the smaller two Parr 1, 1937] PONTEDERIACEAE 5! Tt 2 mm. long with round-ovoid, acute anthers; filaments glabrous, dilated towards the base; style as long as the short stamens; stigma capitate, purple; cleistogamous capsules 8-10 mm. long, enclosed within the base of the spathe, the normal capsules 5-6 mm. long, all narrowly ellipsoid; seeds ellipsoid, yellow-brown, 0.3—0.4 mm. long, 0.2 mm. wide, with 10 membranous wings. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba, Hispaniola, and Panama. ILLUSTRATION: Presl, Symb. Bot. pl. 10. 3. EURYSTEMON Alexander, gen. nov. Apparently annual herbs, rooting in mud. Leaves erect or ascending, the blades narrow, grass-like, the vaginal portion sheathing, produced into a small ligule, no stipular structure present. Inflorescence spicate, the two valves dissimilar, the lower one leaf-like, the upper consisting of a much dilated and non-sheathing vagina tipped by a caudiform blade. Perianth markedly zygomorphic, the five upper lobes of the limb erect-spreading, the lower one smaller and sharply deflexed. Stamens 3, the anthers dissimilar, basifixed, the middle one more than twice as long as the other two; filament of the longer one dilated, the filaments of the two smaller ones filiform above and below, centrally obliquely inflated into a yellow, bladder-like body. Stigma capitate. Ovary completely 3-celled, many ovuled. Fruit alaterally dehiscent capsule. Folia graminoidea; stipulae non liberae; filamenta antherarum minorum oblique globoso- inflata; scapus glandulosus; semina globulosa. Type species, Heteranthera mexicana S. Wats. 1. Eurystemon mexicanum (S. Wats.) Alexander. Heteranthera mexicana S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 18: 166. 1883. Plant emersed, rooting in the mud, up to 4 dm. tall; leaves linear, grass-like, 3-4 mm. wide, without separated stipules, but with a ligular projection topping the vaginal portion; lower spathe-bract leaf-like, the upper one ovate-acuminate, spreading; inflorescence glandular- puberulent, spicate; perianth-tube curved, 4-5 mm. long, sparsely glandular-puberulent, white, the limb 15—20 mm. across, the upper two thirds blue, the lower third white, with a dark-blue ring at the mouth of throat, its lobes oblong-ovate, the three outer narrower than the inner, the upper five upright, the lower one sharply bent downward; anthers markedly dissimilar, the larger one with the filament moderately and gradually dilated at the middle and an anther nearly 2 mm. long, the two smaller ones with the filaments nearly orbicularly inflated at the middle and the anthers scarcely 1 mm. long; style clavate, declinate; stigma capitate, pubescent; capsule 5 mm. long, ovoid-ellipsoid; seeds orbicular, brown, 0.5 mm. long and wide, with 12—14 membranous wings. TYPE LOCALITY: Juraz (Juarez) on the Sabinas River, 100 miles north of Monclova, Coahuila. DISTRIBUTION: Near Amarillo and Brownsville, Texas; northeastern Coahuila. 4. EICHHORNIA Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 129. 1843. Piaropus Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 81. 1837. (Nomen rejiciendum.) Leptosomus Schlecht. Abh. Nat. Ges. Halle 6: 174. 1862. Cabanisia Klotzsch; Schlecht. Abh. Nat. Ges. Halle 6: 176. 1862. Perennial floating aquatic herbs. Leaves petiolate, or the submerged ones ligulate, the petioles often inflated, the blades dilated. Inflorescence spiciform, spicate, or paniculate, pedunculate, the two spathe-valves unlike, the lower leaf-like, the upper bract-like, frequently with a small dilated blade. Perianth tubular with a six-parted, somewhat bilabiate limb, the three outer lobes narrower than the three inner, the upper one with a bright-yellow blotch. Stamens 6, the three anterior exserted, the three posterior included in the throat, the filaments of the exserted ones pubescent, of the included ones glabrous, the anthers versatile. Stigma 56 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 subcapitate, shallowly 3- or 6-lobed, hairy; style filiform. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled. Fruit a 3-celled dehiscent capsule. Type species, Pontederia azurea Sw. Inflorescence spiciform; plants floating. Perianth up to 2 cm. in diameter; inflorescence 2—3-flowered; leaf-blades 1—4 cm. long. ; : 1. E. diversifolia. Perianth more than 2.5 cm. in diameter; inflorescence many-flowered; leaf- blades more than 5 cm. long, or, if less, with the petioles inflated at the base. Petioles not inflated ; plants with a continually growing stem, bearing leaves for its entire length; peduncle below the flowers included in the spathe; perianth-lobes erose-margined. 2. E. azurea. Petioles inflated at the base; plants with a short naked stem bearing new plants at the nodes; peduncle below the flowers exserted from the spathe; perianth-lobes entire. 3. E. crassipes. Inflorescence paniculate; plants rooted in the mud. 4. E. paniculata. 1. Eichhornia diversifolia (Vahl) Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 147. 1903. Heteranthera diversifolia Vahl, Enum. 2: 44. 1805. Ejichhornia pauciflora Seubert, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 31:91. 1847. Heteranthera grandiflora Klotzsch; M. R. Schomb. Faun. Fl. Brit. Guiana 1118. 1848. Eichhornia natans var. pauciflora Solms, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 526. 1883. Piaropus diversifolius P. Wilson, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico 5: 149. 1923. Plant floating or occasionally rooting in mud, the stems with continual branching growth, with slender, sparsely plumose roots from the nodes; leaves of two kinds, the submerged ones grass-like, the floating ones with petioles 4-10 em. long and with round-cordate, ovate to orbicu- lar or reniform blades 1.5—4 cm. long; stipules persistent, membranous, purple-veined, with an incrumpled, rounded, erose-margined, blade-like tip; lower spathe-bract leaf-like, the upper one sheath-like, slightly recurved and spreading towards the minutely caudate tip; inflorescence 2-3-flowered spike 1—2 cm. long; flowers sessile, 2-3 cm. long, the tube and limb of equal length, glabrate or nearly so, zygomorphic, light-violet-blue, the upper perianth-lobe with a yellow blotch, the three outer lobes oblanceolate, the three inner obovate; filaments glabrous; anthers linear, the thecae divergent at the base, yellow; style purplish; stigma capitate, pubes- cent; capsule 1 cm. long; seeds columnar, yellow-brown, 0.8 mm. long, 0.4 mm. wide, 10-ridged, not winged, the seed-coat smooth. TYPE LOCALITY: Guiana. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico; also in South America. 2. Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 129. 1843. Pontederia azurea Sw. Prodr. 57. 1788. Pontederia aquatica Vell. F1. Flum. 144. 1825. Piaropus azureus Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 81. 1837. Eichhornia aquatica Schlecht. Abh. Nat. Ges. Halle 6: 177. 1862. Plant floating or rooting in mud, the stems with continual branching growth, with pendent, feathery roots at the nodes; leaves in the juvenile state submerged, grass-like, soon passing into the mature erect form, with fleshy, uninflated petioles up to 3 dm. long, the blades obovate to orbicular, thick, up to 1.5 dm. long, the apex obtuse, emarginate or minutely caudate, the base cuneate; stipules long-persistent, 8-10 cm. long, truncate at the apex, the margin mem- branous, purple-veined; lower spathe-bract like the leaves, the upper one oblong with recurved apex, abruptly short-caudate, sheathing the petiole and often the lower part of the spike; in- florescence spiciform, 5-15 ecm. long, glandular-puberulent; flowers violet-blue, glandular- pubescent without; perianth-tube 2 cm. long, its limb spreading, the lobes 1.5—3.5 cm. long, the upper one deep metallic blue on the lower half with a bilobed yellow spot in the middle, the three outer lobes oblong to oblanceolate, the three inner obovate, all lacerate on the margin; filaments glandular-puberulent, light-violet; anthers lanceolate, blue-green or yellow; style violet towards the apex; stigma 3-parted, pubescent; capsule about 1 cm. long, with two sizes of seeds, 1 mm. long and 0.5 mm. wide, and 1.6 mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide, all columnar, light-yellow-brown, with 10 membranous wings, the seed-coat horizontally striate. TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica. Part 1, 1937] PONTEDERIACEAE or ~J DISTRIBUTION: Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies; also in South America. ILLUSTRATIONS: Vidensk. Meddel. 1871: pl. 6, f. 9-15; Garden 16: 539, 541; 17: 220; Bot. Mag. pl. 6487; Gartenflora pl. 1178; Gard. Chron. III. 25: 17; Ill. Hortic. 34: pl. 20; E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 2': 74; Rev. Hortic. 62: pl. opp. 540; Nichols. Dict. Gard. Suppl. 339; Karsten & Schenck, Veg.-Bild. 11: pl. 12; Vell. Fl. Flum. Ic. pl. 164; Abh. Nat. Ges. Halle 6: 178; Addisonia pl. 74. 3. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 527. 1883. Pontederia crassipes Mart. Nov. Gen. 1:9. 1823. Pontederia azurea Hook. Bot. Mag. pl. 2932, excl. syn. 1829. Not P. azureaSw. 1788. Piaropus crassipes Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 81. 1837. Piaropus mesomelas Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 81. 1837. Piaropus tricolor Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 81. 1837. Ejichhornia speciosa Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 131. 1843. Heteranthera formosa Miq. Linnaea 17:61. 1843. Pontederia elongata Balf. Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 1855: 50. 1855. Eichhornia crassicaulis Schlecht. Abh. Nat. Ges. Halle 6: 177. 1862. Pontederia crassicaulis Schlecht. Abh. Nat. Ges. Halle 6: 177. 1862. Piaropus crassipes Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. 7: 241. 1893. Eichhornia cordifolia Gand. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 66: 294. 1920. Plant flcating, the stems short-branched, a separate plant arising from each node, with many long, pendent, plumose roots; leaves erect or spreading, with petioles varying in length from 2 to 30 cm., the shorter ones much inflated, the inflation decreasing to none in the longest ones; stipules 2-15 cm. long, with a differentiated blade-like portion above which is orbicular- reniform and more or less lacerate; spathe-bracts close together, usually the lower and occasion- ally the upper with blades similar to the leaves but much smaller; inflorescence spiciform, 4~15 em. long, closely puberulent with crisped, often glandular hairs: flowers lilac or rarely white, the upper perianth-lobe with a deep-violet-blue blotch with a bright-yellow spot in its center, the three outer lobes narrowly elliptic, the three inner broadly so, all acutish, the three upper lobes 3 cm. long, the three lower 3.7 cm. long, the tube 16-20 mm. long; filaments pubescent, the hairs sometimes gland-tipped; anthers linear, bluish; style pale, sparsely puberulent; stigma 3-lobed, but appearing capitate and brush-like due to its dense brush of gland-tipped hairs; capsule 1.5 cm. long, the seeds obcolumnar, yellow-brown, 1.2 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide at base, 0.6 mm. wide at top, with 10 membranous wings, the seed-coat horizontally striate. Type Locatity: In still water of the San Francisco River near Malhada in the vicinity of the boundary between Minas Geraes and Bahia, Brazil. DISTRIBUTION: Georgia and Florida to Texas; Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies; also in South America; naturalized in California and in tropical regions throughout the world. _ InLustrations: Ill. Hortic. 34: pl. 14; Gartenflora pl. 1271; E. & P. Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2): 1%; Nichols. Dict. Gard. Suppl. 339; Cycl. Am. Hort. f. 755; Stand. Cycl. Hort. f. 1384; Rev. Hortic. Belge 32: 181 (var. major); Bot. Mag. pl. 2932; Van Géel, Sert. Bot. Pontederia azurea; Schnizl. Ic. 1: pl. 54; Lounsberry, S. Wild Fl. pl. 14, 15; Britton, Fl. Bermuda 65; Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 37: S6uads 39, 40; Small, Man. SE. Fl. 267; Mart. Nov. Gen. pl. 4; Reichenb. Fl. Exot. pl. 40, 255; Ann. FI. Pom. 1839-40: pl. 7; Hort. Franc. 1858: pl. 18; Gard. Chron. IIT. 19: 735; 25: 113; 52: 466 (as Pon- tederia cordata); Meehan’s Monthly 2: 13; Am. Gard. 9: 297; 12: 55; Lindl. Veg. Kingd. f. 139. 4. Eichhornia paniculata (Sp:eng.) Solms, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 530. 1883. Pontederia paniculata Spreng. Neue Entdeck. 3:18. 1822. Pontederia Martiusiana R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1143. 1830. Ejichhornia Martiana Seubert, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3!: 91. 1847. Eichhornia tricolor Seubert, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 31:92. 1847. Pontederia tricolor Mart. Fl. Bras. 31:92. 1847. Eichhornia Martiusiana Walp. Ann. 1: 848. 1849. Eichhornia cordifolia A. Rich in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 273. 1850. Piaropus paniculatus Small, Fl. SE. U.S. ed. 2. 1328. 1913. Cabanisia Martiana Schlecht. Abh. Nat. Ges. Halle 6: 176. 1862. Plant emersed, 3-10 dm. or more tall; leaves erect, the blades ovate and deeply cordate, 5-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate; scapes surpassing the leaves; lower spathe-bract similar to and the same size as the leaves, the upper one lanceolate, 1.5—4 cm. long; inflorescence thyrsoid- paniculate, loosely branched, the branches minutely glandular-puberulent especially towards the tips; flowers sessile, sparsely glandular externally in bud; perianth zygomorphic, the three upper lobes light-blue-violet, the middle one with a bilobed yellow spot at the base, the three 58 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 lower lobes violet, the three outer divisions oblong-lanceolate, the two lateral inner ones ob- ovate, the upper inner one narrowly ovate, all obtuse, about 1.5 cm. long, the tube 0.5 em. long; filaments of the fertile stamens pubescent, lavender; anther-sacs linear, yellow, frequently tinged purplish or greenish-blue; style pilose, light-violet; stigma minutely 3-lobed, appearing capitate, papillose; capsule 6-8 mm. long, narrowly ovoid, beaked with the persistent hardened base of the style, included in the persistent perianth-tube (this disrupted at maturity), septi- cidal; seeds 0.6—0.7 mm. long, 0.6 mm. wide, rotund-ellipsoid, yellow-brown, with 8-10 mem- branous wings, the seed-coat longitudinally striate. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil. DISTRIBUTION: Peninsular Florida; Cuba; Jamaica; also in South America. ILLUSTRATIONS: Mart. Fl. Bras. 3!: pl. 11; Bot. Mag. pl. 5020. 5. PONTEDERIA L. Sp. Pl. 288. 1753: Narukila Adans. Fam. 2:54. 1763. Unisema Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: 352. 1808. Perennial marsh or aquatic herbs. Leaves erect, ascending or floating; blades narrow or broad, many-veined. Inflorescence spiciform, pedunculate, the 2 spathe-valves very different, the lower leaf-like, the upper bract-like. Perianth more or less hairy externally, funnelform with a bilabiate limb, the three lower lobes free from each other their entire length, the three upper adnate for the lower half, the middle upper lobe much the broader and with a bilobed yellow spot. Stamens 6, the three anterior exserted, the three posterior included in the throat, the filaments adnate to the perianth-tube below, free above, the anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled, two cells abortive and empty, the fertile one with a single anatropous, pendulous ovule. Fruit one-seeded, achene-like, enclosed in the accrescent base of the perianth-tube and beaked with the persistent, thickened base of the style, with several wing-like, dissected ridges, best developed on the anterior side. Type species, Pontederia cordata 1,. Inflorescence much longer than broad; rootstock creeping underground, the plant acaulescent; perianth- tube with globular or short-ellipsoid hair- glands or none; fruit with coarsely round-toothed or lacerate, but not spiny crests. Perianth villous in bud, becoming glabrate, rarely with a few gland-bearing hairs; fruit longer than broad. Buds white-villous; perianth-lobes 7-10 mm. long. 1. P. cordata. Buds yellow-villous; perianth-lobes 5—7 mm. long. 2. P. parviflora. Perianth with many gland-bearing hairs; fruit as broad as or broader than long. Perianth-lobes lanceolate to lance-elliptic, 7—8 mm. long, the resin-streaks not prominent; leaves with basal auricles, when present, spreading. 3. P. lanceolata. Perianth-lobes obovate and oblanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, the resin- streaks very prominent; leaves with the basal auricles directed downwards. 4. P. sagittata. Inflorescence as broad as long or nearly so; plant with elongate, floating stems; perianth-tube-with prominent, elongated, blackish glands in the hairs; fruit with spiny-dissected crests. 5. P. rotundifolia. 1. Pontederia cordata L. Sp. Pl. 288. 1753. Unisema obtusifolia Raf. Med. Repos. II. 4: 352. 1808. ?Pontederia lancifolia Muhl. Cat. 34. 1813. Pontederia angustifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 224. 1814. Pontederia cordata var. angustifolia Torr. Fl. U.S. 1: 343. 1824. Unisema deltifolia Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 105. 1830. Unisema latifolia Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 107, in part. 1830. Unisema media Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 107. 1830. Unisema mucronata Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 107. 1830. Unisema obliquata Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 107. 1830. Unisema heterophylla Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 108, in part. 1830. ?Unisema rotundifolia Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 108. 1830. Unisema lancifolia Raf. Atl. Jour. 178. 1833. Pontederia coerulea Maund, Bot. Gard. pl. 551. 1836. Unisema peduncularis Raf. New Fl. 2:75. 1837. Pontederia cordata var. typica Solms, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 532, in part. 1883. Pontederia cordata £. angustifolia Solms, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 532, in part. 1883. Pontederia cordata f. sagittata Solms, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 533. 1883. SS eee Part: 1;°1937] PONTEDERIACEAE 59 Pontederia cordata lancifolia Morong, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 105. 1894. Narukila cordata Nieuwl. Am. Midl. Nat. 3: 101. 1913. Narukila cordata var. lancifolia Nieuwl. Am. Midl. Nat. 3: 101. 1913. Pontederia cordata f{. albiflora House, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 243-244: 62. 1923. Pontederia cordata f. latifolia House, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 243-244: 62. 1923. Unisema cordata Farwell, Papers Mich. Acad. 3:91. 1924. Unisema cordata f. latifolia Farwell, Papers Mich. Acad, 3:92. 1924. Unisema cordata f. angustifolia Farwell, Papers Mich. Acad. 3:92. 1924. Plant emersed, up to 12 dm. tall, the rootstock creeping in the mud; leaves erect, the blades cordate, oblong-cordate, sagittate-cordate, hastate-cordate, hastate, or lanceolate, sometimes more than one form on the same plant, up to 18 cm. long; stipules truncate, the mid- rib produced into a mucro; lower spathe-valve leaf-like, the upper one loosely sheathing, its upper margin somewhat reflexed, 3-6 cm. long, abruptly caudate; inflorescence glabrate to densely pilose, its flowering portion 5—15 cm. long; perianth more or less villous, at least in bud, not or only oceasionally glandular, violet-blue to white, its tube 5—7 mm. long, its limb spread- ing, the lobes 7-10 mm. long, the three outer linear to linear-elliptic, the three inner broadly elliptic to oblanceolate, the middle upper one with a bilobed yellow spot; filaments pubescent; anthers oblong; stigma 3—6-cleft; fruit oblong-ovoid, 7-10 mm. long, the crest-ridges with angular, obtuse divisions. TYPE LOCALITY: Virginia. DISTRIBUTION: Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, and southward at higher elevations to Virginia and Texas. ILLUSTRATIONS: Lam. Tabl. Eneyc. pl. 225; Redouté, Liliac. pl.72; Bot. Mag. pl. 1156; Ann. Mus. Paris 16: pl. 16; Dict. Sci. Nat. Bot. Monocot. pl. 39; Tratt. Thes. Bot. pl. 77; Herb. Gén. Amat. pl. 230; Descourt. Fl. Ant. pl. 598; Mag. Bot. & Gard. 1: pl. 5; Drapiez, Herb. Amat. Fl. pl. 393; Torr. Fl. N. Y. pl. 131; M. Morris, Wild Fl. N.S. pl. 11; Rev. Hortic. IV. 6: 98; Dec. & Naud. Man. Amat. Jard. 2: 670; Le Maout & Dec. Traité Gen. 593; Goodale, Wild Fl. Am. p/. 45; W. Robinson, Engl. Fl. Gard. pl. 204; Nichols. Dict. Gard. 3: 198; Dict. Gard. Suppl. 615; Baillon, Hist. Pl. 12: 460; Iles, Wild Fl. Am. pl. 193; Miller & Whiting, Wild Fl. 597; Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl. f. 9/5; ed. y Begy 1161; Blanchan, Nat. Gard. opp. 4; Cycl. Am. Hort. f. 1905; Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 20: opp. 29; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 27; Mem. Torrey Club 17: pl. 14; House, Wild Fl. N. Y. pl. 8; Lovell, Fl. & Bee f. 53; Small, Man. SE. Fl. 267; Raf. Med. FI. pl. 93; Maund, Bot. Gard. pl. 551. 2. Pontederia parviflora Alexander, sp. nov. Plant emersed, up to 7 dm. tall, the rootstock creeping in the mud; leaf-blades ovate to ovate-cordate, up to 20 cm. long; stipules minutely mucronate; lower spathe-valve leaf-like, the upper one loosely sheathing, its upper margin spreading, 5—9 cm. long, abruptly caudate; inflorescence more or less villous with crisped, yellow hairs, the flowering portion 3-7 cm. long; perianth in the bud villous with yellow hairs, not glandular, white, its tube 5-6 mm. long, its limb spreading, the lobes 6-7 mm. long, the three outer narrower than the inner, all narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate; filaments glabrous; anthers narrowly ovoid; stigma 3-6-cleft; fruit obliquely ovoid, 6-7 mm. long, the crest-ridges with angular divisions. Floribus minoribus 1 cm. longis, villosis comosis croceis; fructu oblique ovoideo. Type collected at Camino del Boticario, near Chepo, province of Panama, Panama, October, 1911, H. Pittier 4556. Cotype for fruit collected near Aguadulce, province of Coclé, Panama, in savannas near sea level, December 3-6, 1911, H. Pittier 4915. (Both in the Britton Herb., N. Y. Bot. Gard.) DISTRIBUTION: Panama; also in South America. 3. Pontederia lanceolata Nutt. Gen. 1: 216. 1818. ?Unisema sagittata Raf. Fl. luidov. 18. 1817. ?Sagittaria cerulea Raf. Fl. Ludov. 18. 1817. eg Pontederia lancifolia Ell. Bot. 1: 382. 1821. Not P. lancifolia Muhl. 1813. Unisema Purshiana Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 107. 1830. Unisema latifolia Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 107, in part. 1830. Unisema acutifolia Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 107. © 1830. Unisema heterophylla Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 108, in part. 1830. Pontederia cordata var. lanceolata Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 252. 1866. ee Pontederia cordata var. typica Solms, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 532, in part. 1883. Pontederia cordata f. angustifolia Solms, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 532, in part. 1883. Pontederia lanceolata f. brasiliensis Fernald, Rhodora 27: 81. 1925. Pontederia lanceolata {. trullifolia Fernald, Rhodora 27: 81. 1925. : Unisema lancifolia £. trullifolia Farwell, Am. Midl. Nat. 11: 73. 1928. 60 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 19 Plant emersed, up to 15 dm. tall, the rootstock creeping; leaves erect, the blades lanceolate, oblong, oblong-cordate, cordate, or hastate, up to 18 cm. long, sometimes more than one form on the same plant; stipules truncate, the midrib produced into a mucro; lower spathe-valve leaf-like, the upper one loosely sheathing, its upper margin more or less recurved, 3—6 cm. long, abruptly caudate; inflorescence glabrate to hirtellous, the flowering portion 5-15 cm. long; perianth glabrate to densely glandular-pilose, not villous, violet-blue to white, its tube 5—7 mm. long, its limb spreading, the lobes 7-8 mm. long, the three outer linear, the three inner linear-elliptic to oblanceolate, the middle upper one with a bilobed yellow spot; filaments pubes- cent; anthers oblong; stigma 3—6-cleft; fruit broad-ovoid, 5—6 mm. long, the crest-ridges with angular, obtuse divisions. TYPE LOCALITY: Near Savannah, Georgia. DISTRIBUTION: Virginia to Missouri and Texas, at low altitudes; Cuba; Mexico; Central America; also in South America. ILLUSTRATION: Bot. Cab. pl. 613. 4. Pontederia sagittata Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 116. 1827. Pontederia cordata f. sagittata Solms, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 533. 1883. Plant emersed, up to 1 m. tall; lower spathe-valve with the blade sagittate, with long basal auricles, the body of the blade up to 18 cm. long and broad, the apex obtuse, the auricles up to 15 em. long, directed downwards, rounded at the tip, the upper spathe-valve loosely sheathing, the upper portion spreading, 5—9 cm. long, abruptly caudate; inflorescence glabrous to pilose, sparsely glandular, the flowering portion 5-15 cm. long; perianth sparsely glandular- hairy or glabrate, the resinous streaks strongly prominent even in bud, lilac-color, its tube 6-7 mm. long, its limb spreading, the lobes 8-10 mm. long, broadly elliptic to ovate, the three outer oblanceolate, the three inner obovate, the middle upper one with a large yellow blotch; filaments glabrous; anthers ovate-sagittate; stigma 3—6-cleft; fruit not seen. ‘TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Vera Cruz to Honduras. 5. Pontederia rotundifolia L. f. Suppl. 192. 1781. Pontederia cordifolia Mart.; R.& S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1142. 1830. Unisema orbiculata Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 108. 1830. Pontederia eriantha Miq. Linnaea 17: 60. 1843. Plant floating or creeping in the mud, the stem branching; leaves erect, the petioles up to 3 cm. or more long, the blades ovate to round-sagittate or reniform-cordate, the basal lobes rounded, obtuse at apex, up to 12 cm. long and 18 cm. wide, the stipules truncate; lower spathe- valve like the leaves, the upper one obovate, acute, erect-spreading, the margin of the upper portion revolute; inflorescence short-spicate, the rachis pilose with long crisped hairs; perianth lilac, pilose externally with long crisped hairs containing oblong resinous granules, the tube 6-8 mm. long, the lobes 9-12 mm. long, spreading, the three outer broadly lanceolate, the three inner ovate, the middle one somewhat the larger and with a prominent central blotch of yellow; sterile stamens barely included in the throat, the fertile stamens exserted, as long as the perianth-lobes; filaments puberulent above; style upwardly curved, dilated in the upper portion; stigma subcapitate, shallowly 3—6-lobed; fruit ovoid, beaked, about 7 mm. long, with spine- crested ridges. TYPE LOCALITY: Surinam. DISTRIBUTION: Guatemala to Panama; also in South America. ILLUSTRATION: Rec. Inst. Bot. Errera 9: f. 5. iT a ¥ } h be OU CR aT Y * = i vA wa} a) _ yh, vec hi 4 4M Al RAAT § 4 Orit “4 Che pe brs bre bene sa iitatecphe hte ved ‘i i I paw Ke ; rarathes. atten hy Nh OND MAO HU wpa. “* eye ag reve er yen Weird x y : \ Ae Oe) + 4 behee be iT . DPW WO Ht Oh bp “ pias hee tale) 8 fy moa We Vyjiat r3/7 tee: > "4 f P Ry f fe ' LID, f ¥! Yi Oh bet Ge * ry * imate lari tat re 6 er ao eit t ised , : . ; } Ha) f On tie, Praetortit ate k PRAM IO Were TE ORICA A Sea J v6 uy saat ee nn pws WGI OE WERTH ALEH WeBrheE ETA beh at yt tty 4 ie eon OURO OCH HA MM pe Vo Lit Py Le) (ey ‘ “a Ay LOW.) 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