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AMBROSIACEAE By Per AXEL RYDBERG Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs, usually with bitter or aromatic, often more or less glandular-puberulent or glandular-punctate and rough-pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate or both alternate and opposite. Flowers through abortion monoecious, inconspicuous in small heads; these either unisexual or androgynous. Staminate or androgynous heads nodding with few distinct or more or less united bracts. Receptacle chaffy; paleae either dilated, usually scarious, sometimes accrescent and becoming larger than the bracts, or else filiform, or filiform with dilated or clavate tips. Staminate flowers several (3-50) in each head; corolla funnelform, with a short narrow tube, hyaline, often angled, with 5 ovate or triangular, acute lobes; stamens monadelphous; filaments united into a hyaline tube; anthers oblong, distinct or slightly coherent at first, with acute or acuminate incurved apices; pistil abortive; style usually shorter than the stamens; stigma usually peltate or capitate, hispidulous, penicillate, or fimbriate, rarely obsolete and without hairs. Pist- illate flowers either few, marginal in the same head as the staminate ones, or else in separate heads, and then enclosed in a bur-like involucre formed of one or several series of united bracts, those of the different series coalescent, usually spiny or with scale-like appendages and prolonged into 1—7 beaks, from which the styles protrude; corolla absent or represented by a fleshy ring or short truncate tube; pappus none or a mere vestige; styles and stigmas elongate. Heads androgynous, not bur- or nut-like, bearing 1-10 pistillate margi- nal flowers and more numerous staminate ones in the center (or in some heads all the flowers rarely staminate). Tribe 1. IVEAE. Heads unisexual, the pistillate ones bur- or nut-like, the involucre wholly enclosing the 1-7 pistillate flowers or achenes. Tribe 2. AMBROSIEAE. Tribe 1. IVEAE. Herbs or shrubs with small androgynous nodding heads, in racemes, spikes, or panicles; staminate flowers numerous, in the center, usually subtended by spatulate or filiform-clavate paleae; anthers with short, rarely pointed tips, pistillate flowers few, 1-10, marginal, with no corollas or rudimentary ones; achenes free. Achenes neither strongly flattened nor surrounded by a wing or margin. Pistillate flowers not enclosed by broad hyaline paleae. Corolla of the pistillate flowers evident, consisting of a truncate tube; fruit not woolly. Heads spicately or racemosely disposed in the axils of leaf-like bracts. Vo wae Heads paniculate, not bracted. 2. LEUCIVA. Corolla of the pistillate flowers none, represented by a fleshy ring; achenes woolly. 3. OXYTENIA. Pistillate flowers subtended and usually partly embraced by broad hya- line, concave paleae. Corolla of the pistillate flowers present; heads solitary, scattered along leafy branches, mostly supra-axillary; achenes tubercled on the inner face. 4. CHORISIVA. Corolla of the pistillate flowers rudimentary; heads paniculate; achenes equally muricate on both faces. 5. CYCLACHAENA. Achenes strongly flattened, either margined or winged; pistillate flowers sub- tended by broad paleae. VOLUME 33, ParT 1, 1922] w 4 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 Achenes with corky margins; styles of the essentially staminate flowers long; stigma with a hair- pencil; leaves bipinnatifid. 6. EUPHROSYNE. Achenes with toothed wing-margins; styles of the essentially staminate flowers short; stigma minute, without hair-pencil; leaves toothed or ; entire. 7. Dicorta. 1. EVA OSps P9884 1753. Denira Adans. Fam. P1.2:118. 1763. Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs, with at least the lowest leaves opposite. Heads nodding, racemosely or spicately arranged, each in the axil of bractlike leaves; these either like the foliage-leaves and somewhat smaller, or of a different shape. Involucre hemispheric or turbinate; bracts usually 3-6, in one species 6—9, distinct or somewhat united, usually in a single series, but often somewhat imbricate. Staminate flowers 3—20,subtended by spatulate to filiform paleae, in the latter case these usually with clavate or dilated tips; corolla funnel- form, hyaline, glabrous or glandular-puberulent, with 5 acute lobes; style usually short; stig- ma capitate or slightly peltate, hispidulous-penicillate, or obsolete. Pistillate flowers 1-8, mar- ginal, not enclosed by the paleae, which if present are flat and narrow; corolla censisting of a hyaline truncate tube. Achenes only slightly compressed dorsiventrally, but neither mar- gined nor winged. ‘ Type species, Iva frutescens L. Annuals or the last perhaps of longer duration; bracts of the involucre 3, rarely 4 or 5 Foliage leaves broad, petioled, more or less dentate; the floral ones dissimilar and sessile. Floral leaves ovate to lanceolate, short-acuminate, hispid-ciliate along nearly the whole margin. 1. J. ciliata. Floral leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, cili- ate only at the base. 2. I. caudata. Foliage and floral ieaves similar, though the latter somewhat smaller, all linear to oblong, entire. Bracts of the involucre distinct; pistillate and staminate flowers each 3; leaves linear. 3. I. microcephala. Bracts of the involucre more or less united; pistillate flowers usu- ally solitary. Leaves narrowly linear. 4. I. angustifolia. Leaves oblong. 5. I. asperifolia. Perennials with fleshy leaves; bracts of the involucre 5—9, rarely 4. Involucral bracts 4-6, practically i in a single series, at most only over- lapping by the margins. Involucral bracts distinct. Leaves, at least the lower ones, toothed. , Lower leaves ovate or broadly lanceolate; involucre 5-6 mm. broad; achenes fully 3 mm. long. 6. I. oraria. Lower leaves narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate; involucre - mm. broad; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long. 7. I. frutescens. Leaves all entire. Involucre 5—6 mm. broad, in leafy racemes. Pacific species. 8. I. Hayesiana. Involucre about 4 mm. broad, in leafy panicles. West Indian species. 9. I. cheiranthifolia, Involucral bracts more or less united; leaves entire. 10. I. axillaris. Involucral bracts 6-9, imbricate, in two more or less distinct series; leaves entire. 11. I. imbricata. 1. Iva ciliata Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 2386. 1804. Iva annua Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 184. 1803. Not J. annual. 1753. Ambrosia Pitcheri Torr.; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag.1:99. 1835. Iva ciliata latifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 529. 1836. A rather stout annual; stem 5—20 dm. high, angled, striate, hispidulous and hispid; leaves, except the uppermost, opposite; petioles hispid, 1-2 cm. long; blades ovate or the upper lanceo- late, 3-10 cm. long, triple-ribbed, hispidulous and glandular-punctate on both sides, acumi- nate, dentate or subentire; heads in elongate spikes, terminating the stem and branches; floral leaves ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, hispidulous on the back, and hispid-ciliate on the mar- gins; involucre turbinate, about 5 mm. broad; bracts 3 or 4 (rarely 5), cuneate, rounded or truncate at the apex, hispid on the back and hispid-ciliate; paleae of the receptacle filiform with clavate tips; staminate flowers 10-15; tips of anthers acute, inflexed; style about half as long Part 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE 5 as the stamens; stigma penicillate; pistillate flowers 3-5; achenes 2.5—-3 mm. long, dark-brown, muriculate and towards the apex hispidulous, broadly obovate, lenticular. TYPE LOCALITY: North America. DistTRIBUTION: Alluvial soil, from Illinois to Nebraska, New Mexico, and Louisiana; introduced in Maine and Massachusetts. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3589; ed. 2. f. 4123. 2. Iva caudata Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 290. 1899. Iva annua Lam. Tab. Encyc. 3: 354, 1823. Not J. annua Ll. 1753. Ambrosia Pitcherit B Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 100. 1835. Iva ciliata B T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 2: 287. 1842. A tall annual; stem 4-10 dm. high, branched, angled, hispid and strigose-hispidulous; leaves mostly opposite; petioles 1-2 cm. long, hispid; blades ovate or elliptic, lanceolate, rather thin, triple-ribbed, 4-10 cm. long, coarsely serrate-dentate, acuminate, hispidulous and glan- dular-punctate on both sides; heads in spikes, terminating the stem and branches; floral leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 7-15 mm. long, caudate-acuminate, hispidulous, but hispid-ciliate only near the base; involucre turbinate, about 5 mm. broad; bracts usually 3, cuneate, hispid- ciliate; paleae of the receptacle filiform with clavate tips; staminate flowers 10-15; corolla funnelform; anthers with acute tips; pistillate flowers 3-5; achenes broadly obovate, muri- culate, dark-brown. TYPE LOCALITY: Louisiana. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Illinois and Missouri to Mississippi and Louisiana. ILLUSTRATION: Lam. Tab. Encye. pl. 7060, f. 1 (as I. annua). 3. Iva microcephala Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7: 346. 1840. A slender annual; stem 4-10 dm. high, terete, striate, sparingly strigose or glabrate, branched above; leaves alternate. linear, 2-5 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, sparingly strigose and glandular-punctate; those of che inflorescence shorter and spreading; heads numerous, in slen- der, leafy spikes; involucre h=mispheric, 3 mm. broad; bracts 4 or 5, distinct, obovate, glabrous, glandular-punctate, with narrow margins; paleae filiform with clavate tips, glandular-granuli- ferous; staminate and pistillate flowers usually 3 each, the corollas of the former funnelform; anthers with acuminate incurved tips; style half as long as the stamens; stigma minute; corolla- tube of the pistillate flowers truncate, shorter than the ovary; achenes lenticular, obovate, pilosulous when young, in age muriculate, a little more than 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Florida. DISTRIBUTION: Pine barrens, from South Carolina to subtropical Florida. 4. Iva angustifolia Nutt.; DC. Prodr. 5: 529. 1836. A slender annual; stem 5—12 dm. high, striate, sparingly strigose, branched above; leaves mostly alternate, linear or the lower linear-lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, acute at each end, hispidulous, striate, entire or rarely denticulate; those of the inflorescence almost filiform; heads in slender leafy spikes; involucre turbinate, 2-3 mm. broad; bracts obovate or oblanceolate, scarious-margined, united into a cup, hispidulous-strigose on the back, villous- ciliate; paleae filiform; staminate flowers 2-5; corolla elongate-funnelform, glabrous; anthers with acuminate incurved tips; style slender, half as long as the stamens; stigma minute; pis- tillate flowers mostly solitary; corolla-tube truncate, as long as the ovary; achenes lenticular, cuneate-obovate, black, slightly pilose towards the spex, glandular-muricate, 2 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Arkansas. DISTRIBUTION: Gravelly banks, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas. 5. Iva asperifolia Less. Linnaea 5: 151. 1830. A slender annual or perhaps perennial; stem branched, decumbent at the base, often root- ing, terete, 2-4 dm. high, sparingly hispidulous-strigose; lower leaves opposite, 1-2 em. long, 2-4.mm. broad, oblong or linear-oblanceolate, short-petioled, entire, hispidulous-strigose and glandular-punctate, obtuse; those of the inflorescence smaller and linear; heads numerous in , 6 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 leafy spikes; involucre turbinate, 2-3 mm. wide; bracts 3, more or less united into a cup, his- pidulous-strigose without, with scarious villous-ciliate margins; chaffs filiform; staminate flowers 3—5; corollas elongate, funnelform; anthers with acuminate tips; style half as long as the stamens; stigma minute; pistillate flowers usually solitary; corolla-tube as long as the ovary; achenes obovate, glandular-muriculate and somewhat pilose at the apex. TYPE LOCALITY: Near Veracruz. ; DISTRIBUTION: Sand dunes, states of Veracruz and Tamaulipas; reported from Pensacola, Florida. 6. Iva oraria Bartlett, Rhodora 8: 26. 1906. Iva frutescens Bigel. Fl. Bost. 204. 1814. Not I. frutescens L. 1753. A frutescent perennial, growing in clumps; stems 0.5—1 m. high, branched above, angled, striate, somewhat strigose-hispidulous; leaves mostly opposite, short-petioled; blades ovate or broadly lanceolate, or some on the branches narrower, coarsely serrate, acute or obtuse, thick, strigose-hispidulous, triple-ribbed, 5-12 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide; those of the inflorescence linear-lanceolate and often entire; heads numerous in leafy panicles; involucre hemispheric, 5-6 mm. broad, strigose; bracts 5 or 6, rounded-obovate, erose on the margin; paleae from cuneate-spatulate to linear-oblanceolate; staminate flowers up to 20; corollas funelform: an- thers with acute tips; style shorter than the stamens; stigma capitate, penicillate; pistillate flowers 5 or 6; achenes lenticular, obovate, glandular-muricate, fully 3 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Banks of Charles River, Boston, Massachusetts. DISTRIBUTION: Banks of tidal streams and salt marshes, along the coast, from Massachusetts to Virginia. ILLUSTRATION S: Lam. Tab. Encyc. #1. 766, f. 2; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3586; ed. 2. f. 4120 (as I. frutescens). 7. Iva frutescens 1. Sp. Pl. 989° Viva A shrubby perennial; stem branched, 1-3.5 m. high, strigose-hispidulous, somewhat angled, striate; leaves mostly opposite, short-petioled; blades of the main stem lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, dentate, 4-10 cm. long, thick, triple-ribbed, strigose and glandular-punc- tate; those of the branches linear-lanceolate and denticulate, those of the inflorescence linear; heads numerous, in leafy panicles; involucre hemispheric, 4-5 mm. broad; bracts 4 or 5, obovate or oval, rounded and somewhat erose at the apex, strigulose; paleae narrowly spatulate or those subtending the pistillate flowers broadly so or elliptic; staminate flowers up to 20; corolla fun- nelform; anthers with acute tips; style much shorter than the stamens; stigma capitate, peni- cillate; pistillate flowers 4 or 5; achenes lenticular, obovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, glandular-muri- cate. TYPE LOCALITY: Virginia. DISTRIBUTION: Virginia to Florida and Texas. 8. Iva Hayesiana A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.11: 78. 1876. A fruticose perennial; stem about 1 m. high, with simple branches, puberulent and hispid- ulous; leaves of the stem mostly opposite, short-petioled, 3-6 cm. long, thick, oblanceolate to oblong-spatulate, obtuse, entire, hirsutulous and glandular-punctate; those of the inflorescence alternate, linear-cblong, rather short; heads numerous in leafy racemes; involucre hemispheric, 5—6 mm. broad; bracts 5 or 6, distinct, somewhat imbricate, rounded-ohovate; paleae spatulate; staminate flowers up to 20; corolla trumpet-shaped; anthers with acute tips; pistillate flowers about 5; achenes Jenticular, obovate, about 2 mm. long, glandular-muricate. TYPE LOCALITY: San Diego County, California. DISTRIBUTION: Southern California, Lower California, and adjacent islands. 9. Iva cheiranthifolia H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 276. 1820. A fruticose perennial; stems 1-2 m. high, much-branched, angled, striate, hirsute-puberu- lent; leaves of the stem and branches opposite, short-petioled, oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, triple-ribbed, thick, entire, obtuse or acute, hirsutulous-pubescent and glandular-punctate, 4~—8 cm. long; those of the inflorescence alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate; heads very numer- ParT 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE 7 ous, in leafy panicles; involucre hemispheric, about 4 mm. broad; bracts 3-5, distinct, orbicular or obovate, rounded at the apex, pubescent, somewhat imbricate, slightly membranous-mar- gined; outer paleae oblong-cuneate, the inner ones linear-spatulate, obtuse; staminate flowers 6-15; corolla funnelform, glabrous; anthers with acute tips; style shorter than the stamens; stigma subcapitate; pistillate flowers 3-5; achenes broadly obovate, 2 mm. long, glandular- muricate. TYPE LOCALITY: Near Havana, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Banks and coastal plains, Cuba and the Bahamas. 10. Iva axillaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 743. 1814. Iva foliolosa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7: 346. 1840. Iva axillaris pubescens A. Gray, in Torr. Bot. U. S. can 17: Exp. 350. 1874. Iva axillaris normalis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 348. 189 Iva axillaris brevifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 348. isot. Iva axillaris linearifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 348. 1891. A perennial, with a creeping rootstock, woody only at the base; stems ascending, 3-6 dm. high, striate, strigose or hirsute; branches simple, erect; lower leaves opposite, those of the in- florescence alternate, all subsessile, oblong, elliptic, or obovate, obtuse, entire, indistinctly triple-ribbed, hirsute; heads in leafy racemes, solitary in the axils of the floral leaves, which are similar to and not much smaller than the foliage leaves; involucre hemispheric, about 5 mm. broad; bracts 4 or 5, more or less united into a cup, rounded at the apex; paleae subtending the pistillate flowers oblong-spatulate, the inner ones oblanceolate or narrow with spatulate tips; staminate flowers about 20; corolla funnelform; anthers with acute tips; style short; stigma capitate, penicillate; pistillate flowers 5-8; achenes obovate, somewhat rounded, trigonous, glandular-muriculate. about 3 mm. long. I. foliolosa Nutt. is a stout form of the Northwest with large heads and less deeply lobed involucre; J. axillaris pubescens A. Gray, is one from San Francisco south, with long loose pubescence. TYPE LOCALITY: “‘Upper Louisiana”’ [North or South Dakota]. a DISTRIBUTION: Saline soil, from Saskatchewan to British Columbia, California, and New exico. ILLUSTRATIONS: Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. I. 106; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. eee Gok Aaa CHIAe Clark & Fletcher, Farm Weeds Can. pl. 22; pl. 55. f. 54; ed. 2. pl. 55; pl. 735, f. 77; Clark & Fletcher, Mauv. Herbes Can. $l. 22; pl. 55; f. ape Bull. Agr. Coll. Colo. 23: $1.5, 0; Bull. Nev. Exp. Sta. 22: pl. 3; Bull. Wyo. Exp. Sta. 31: pl. 1 11. Iva imbricata Walt. Fl. Car. 232. 1788. Iva integrifolia Banks; Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 580, as synonym. 1814. A perennial, with suffruticose base; stem terete, glabrous, decumbent at the base, 3-10 dm. high, branched; leaves mainly alternate, sessile, fleshy, oblong, acute, 1-5 cm. long, in- distinctly triple-ribbed; heads in leafy spikes; floral leaves similar to the lower leaves but some- what smaller; involucre hemispheric, 5-8 mm. broad; bracts 6-9, more or less imbricate, broadly obovate or orbicular, glabrous, glandular-punctate, with membranous, yellowish, erose mar- gins; paleae of the receptacle spatulate or oblanceolate; staminate flowers many; corolla elongate- funneliform; anthers with acute tips; rudimentary style half as long as the stamens: pistillate flowers 2—4; achenes elliptic-obovate, only slightly compressed, glandular-muriculate, 5 mm. long, olive-brown. TYPE LOCALITY: Carolina. nN DISTRIBUTION: Sand-dunes and beaches, from Virginia to Florida and Louisiana; Bahamas; uba. ILLUSTRATION: Britt. & Brown, I'l. Fl. f. 3588; ed. 2. f. 4122 DOUBTFUL SPECIES Iva ANNUA L. Sp. Pl. 988. 1753. This was described from South America but has also been credited to Central America. In our herbaria there is no specirnen from either Central or South America like this plant, if Schmidel’s figure [Ic. p/. 16] represents it correctly. This may represent an abnormal J. ciliata, perhaps changed through cultivation. In such a case I. annua J,. should be substituted for J. ciliata Michx. 8 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 33 2. LEUCIVA Rydberg, gen. nov. Tomentose annuals, with alternate pinnately cleft leaves. Heads numerous, nodding, in panicles, ebracteolate.. Involucre hemispheric; bracts 5 or 6, distinct. Paleae of the re- ceptacle obsolete. Staminate flowers 8-12; corolla funnelform, hyaline, 5-toothed; anthers oblong, with acute incurved tips; style as long as the stamens; stigma peltate, fimbriate. Pistillate flowers usually 5, marginal, sometimes wanting; corolla a short truncate tube. Achenes terete, pear-shaped, neither flattened, margined, nor winged. Type species, Iva dealbata A. Gray. 1. Leuciva dealbata (A. Gray) Rydberg Iva dealbata A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 1: 104. 1852. A tomentose annual; stem 3-6 dm. high, slightly angled, villous-tomentose; leaves al- ternate, subsessile, 5-10 cm. long, oblanceolate or cuneate-obovate in outline, pinnately 3-7- cleft, tomentose on both sides; divisions lanceolate or the terminal one ovate; heads short- peduncled, in terminal and axillary panicles; involucre hemispheric, about 3 mm. broad, villous; bracts 5 or 6, obovate, scarious-margined, somewhat villous without; staminate flow- ers 8-12; corolla hyaline, glandular-puberulent; achenes pear-shaped, glandular-muricate, about 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Between Limpia and Rio Grande, New Mexico [now Texas]. DISTRIBUTION: Texas, New Mexico, Coahuila, and Chihuahua. 3. OXYTENIA Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phila. II. 1: 172. 1848. Monoecious shrubs, with canescent leaves pinnatifid with linear-filiform divisions. In- florescence paniculate. Heads androgynous. Involucre of 5 distinct bracts. Receptacle with narrow paleae subtending the staminate flowers or these wanting in thecenter. Staminate flowers 10-20; corolla elongate-funnelform, pubescent, 5-toothed; stamens monadelphous; anthers distinct or slightly coherent, oblong, with acute incurved tips; pistil rudimentary; style filiform; stigma peltate, hispidulous. Pistillate flowers about 5, marginal; corolla repre- sented by a fleshy annular ring; ovary villous; style elongate; stimgas oblong, Achenes obovate, turgid, villous. Type species, Oxytenia acerosa Nutt. 1. Oxytenia acerosa Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phila. II.1:172. 1848. A shrub 1-2 m. high, with erect, striate and grayish-strigose branches; leaves canescent, pinnatifid with 3-7 linear-filiform divisions, 5-10 cm. long, 1 mm. wide, or the upper entire, filiform; heads very numerous, paniculate; involucre hemispheric, 5 mm. broad; bracts 5, canescent, ovate, abruptly short-acuminate; paleae of the receptacle slender with cuneate dilated tips, villous; achenes obovate, villous, compressed, 2 mm. long. TypE LOCALITY: “Rocky Mountains, near Upper California.” DISTRIBUTION: Dry and sandy places, southwestern Colorado, southern Utah, Arizona, and southeastern California. , 4. CHORISIVA (A. Gray) Rydberg, gen. nov. Iva § Chorisiva A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. 12: 247. 1884. Diffusely branched annuals, with alternate, pinnately cleft, canescent leaves. Heads solitary, scattered along the leafy branches, but mostly supra-axillary. Involucre hemis- pheric; bracts 3, with foliaceous oblong appendages; paleae of the receptacle present; those subtending the pistillate flowers broad, orbicular, hyaline, more or less embracing the achenes; those of the staminate flowers filiform. Staminate flowers 8-10; corolla funnelform, villous; filaments monadelphous; anthers distinct, oblong, with acute incurved tips; style nearly as long as the stamens; stigma peltate, penicillate. Pistillate flowers marginal, usually 3, rarely 4: corolla represented by a truncate tube; style and stigmas elongate. Achenes obovate, somewhat compressed, the outer face convex and muriculate, the inner flat or concave and tubercled. Type species, Iva nevadensis M. E. Jones. Par? 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE 9 1. Chorisiva nevadensis (M. E. Jones) Rydberg. Iva nevadensis M. E. Jones, Am. Nat. 17: 973. 1883. A low diffusely branched annual, with a stout tap-root; stems 1-2 dm. high, hirsutulous; leaves obovate in outline, pinnately 3—7-parted, 1-2 cm. long, cinereous-hispidulous; lobes ovate or obovate, obtuse; involucre hemispheric, about 2 mm. broad; bracts 3, hispidulous- canescent, ovate with oblong obtuse foliaceous tips; staminate flowers 8—10; corolla villous, fun- nelform; pistillate flowers usually 3; corolla-tube truncate, villous; achenes 2 mm. long, ob- ovate. TYPE LOCALITY: Hawthorn, Nevada. DISTRIBUTION: Deserts, Nevada. 5. CYCLACHAENA Fresen. Ind. Sem. Hort. Frankf. 4. 1836.—Linnaea 12: Litt.-ber. 78. 1838. Iva § Picrotus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7: 347. 1840. Annuals, with opposite and alternate leaves. Heads numerous in panicles, ebracteate. Involucre turbinate or hemispheric; bracts 5, distinct. Receptacle chaffy; paleae subtending the pistillate flower broad, hyaline, nearly as large as the involucral bracts, very concave and partly embracing the achenes; those subtending the staminate flowers filiform or nearly so. Staminate flowers 8—20; corolla hyaline, funnelform, 5-nerved, 5-toothed: filaments monadel- phous; anthers oblong, with acute incurved tips; style thick; stigma peltate, fimbriate. Pis- tillate flowers about 5, marginal; corolla wenting or represented by a mete ring. Achenes cuneate or obovate, only slightly compressed dorsiventrally. Type species, Iva xanthifolia Nutt. Leaves canescent beneath, merely toothed. Heads sessile or subsessile. 1 Heads on individual peduncles 4-12 mm. long. Z Leaves green, pinnately lobed to pinnatifid; heads peduncled. Leaves twice pinnatifid. 3. C. ambrosiacfolia. Leaves pinnately 5-lobed. 4. C. lobata. . C. xanthifolia. . C. pedicellata. 1. Cyclachaena xanthifolia (Nutt.) Fresen. Ind. Sem. Hort. Frankf. 4. 1836.—DC. Prodr. 7: 288, as synonym. 1838. Iva xanthifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 185. 1818. Iva paniculata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7: 347. 1840. Euphrosyne xanthifolia A. Gray, Pl. Wright..2: 85. 1853. A tall and coarse annual; stem 0.5—2 m. high, glabrous or nearly so up to the inflorescence, terete; leaves mainly opposite, petioled; petioles 5-15 cm. long; blades ovate or subcordate, 7-15 cm. long, more or less distinctly triple-ribbed, acuminate, coarsely serrate or incised, scabrous above, more or less densely strigose, grayish or sometimes whitish beneath; heads num- erous in axillary spikes or panicles and terminal naked panicles, sessile onthe hirsute branches; involucre turbinate, 4-5 mm. broad; bracts 5, obovate, acuminate, erose-dentate, hyaline on the margin, hispid on the back; paleae of the receptacle hyaline, those subtending the pistil- late flowers obovate, very concave, and somewhat hooded, as large as or larger than the in- volucral bracts sometimes longer than the achenes; those subtending the staminate flowers small, subulate or filiform, usually wanting towards the center; staminate flowers 8-20; corolla elongate-obconic, 5-nerved; anthers with incurved acute tips; style thick; stigma peltate, fimbriate; pistillate flowers 5; corolla wanting; achenes obovate in outline, somewhat lentic- ular, finely muriculate, the tubercles in distinct rows, brown or almost black, 3 mm. long. I. xanthifolia represents the northern smaller form, with the axillary flower-clusters in simple spikes of larger heads; J. paniculata the common form with more branched inflorescence and smaller heads. TYPE LOCALITY: Near Fort Mandan [North Dakota]. DISTRIBUTION: Alluvial soil from Wisconsin to Saskatchewan, Idaho, New Mexico, Texas, and Missouri; rarely introduced in the East, from Maine to Delaware. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3590; ed. 2. f. 4124; Clark & Fletcher, Farm Weeds Can. pl. 55. f. 55; ed. 2. pl. 75, f. 76; Clark & Fletcher, Mauv. Herbes Can. pli 35; f.005 Bulle Agr- Coll. Colo. 23. pl. 7. 10 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 33 2. Cyclachaena pedicellata Rydberg, sp. nov. A tall annual; stem 1 m. high or more, glabrous up to the inflorescence; lower leaves opposite, the upper ones alternate; petioles of the stem-leaves 8-15 cm. long; blades of the lower ones broadly ovate, 1—2 dm. long, dentate; those of the upper rhombic-ovate or rhombic- lanceolate, long-acuminate, serrate or incised, scabrous-hirsutulous above, strigulose and only slightly paler beneath; heads very numerous, in axillary and terminal panicles. most of them on individual peduncles 4-12 mm. long; involucre broadly turbinate, 4 mm. broad; bracts 5, obovate, short-acuminate, sparingly hirsute on the back; paleae subtending the pistillate flowers broadly cuneate, about equaling the achenes, not hooded; those subtending the stam- inate flowers minute or wanting; staminate flowers 8-12; corolla funnelform, 2.5 mm. long; pistillate flowers 5; achenes nearly black, 3 mm. long. Type collected at Santa Fé, New Mexico, September 1895, Isab2l Mulford 1284 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: New Mexico and western Texas. 3. Cyclachaena ambrosiaefolia (A. Gray) Benth. & Hook.; B.D: Jackson; Ind: Kew: 12673)" 269s: Euphrosyne ambrosiaefolia A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 1: 102. 1852. Iva ambrosiaefolia A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. 17: 246. 1884. An annual; stem 3-6 dm. high, terete, hispid; leaves alternate; petioles 3-5 cm. long; blades ovate in outline, 5—8 cm. long, hispid on both sides, bipinnatifid, but the segments confluent, the ultimate ones obovate, toothed; heads numerous, slender-peduncled, in branched leafy panicles; involucre hemispheric, about 5 mm. broad; bracts 5, obovate or oblanceolate, acute, hispidulous on the back, scarcely scarious-margined; paleae subtending the pistillate flowers cuneate-obovate, concave, truncate at the apex; those subtending the stam- inate flowers filiform with clavate tips; corolla of the pistillate flowers obsolete or a mere vestige; achenes cuneate in outline, somewhat flattened, with acute margins, in age muricate. TYPE LOCALITY: Mountains near El Paso, Texas. DISTRIBUTION: Texas to Arizona, Zacatecas, and San Luis Potosi. 4. Cyclachaena lobata Rydberg, sp. nov. An annual; stem reddish, sparingly hispid, striate; lower leaves unknown; upper leaves mostly pinnately 5-lobed; petioles slightly winged, 5-10 mm. long; blades 1—2 em. long, thin, sparingly hispid and granuliferous on both sides; lobes and sinuses rounded, the former entire or sparingly crenate; heads numerous, in branched panicles; involucre hemispheric, 4 mm. broad; bracts 5, ovate, acute, hispidulous, the hairs with pustulate bases; paleae subtending the pistillate flowers broadly obovate, concave, nearly 2 mm. long; those subtending the stam- inate flowers narrowly cuneate, erose at the apex; achenes cuneate in outline, somewhat flat- tened, tuberculate, 1.5 mm. long, black. Type collected at Monterey, Nuevo Leon, August 1911, Bro.G. Arséne 6103 (Bro. Abbon 208) (U.S. Nat. Herb. no. 1003085). 6. EUPHROSYNE DC. Prodr.5: 530. 1836. Glabrate perennials, with alternate bipinnate leaves. Heads numerous in terminal and axillary panicles, ebracteolate. Involucie rotate; bracts 5-7, distinct. Paleae subtending the pistillate flowers cuneate-obovate, concave, membranous; those subtending the staminate flowers spatulate. Staminate flowers 10 or more; corolla whitish, funnelform; anthers acute at the apex; sterile style short; stigma with a hair-pencil. Pistillate flowers 6-10, marginal; corolla rudimentary; style-branches glabrous, subterete, obtuse. Achenes obovate, flattened, glandular, with a corky margin. Type species, Euphrosyne parthenifolia DC. 1. Euphrosyne parthenifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 530. 1836. Gymnostyles parthenifolia Moc.; DC. Prodr. 5: 530, assynonym. 1836. Perennial with a tap-root; stem 3-8 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so, striate, often pur- plish, branched; leaves sparingly hispidulous and glandular-granuliferous, dark-green above, Part 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE 11 paler beneath, 1-2 dm. long, interruptedly bipinnate with small ovate toothed divisions; in- volucre 4 mm. broad; bracts 5-7, somewhat pilose on the back, and ciliate on the scarious margins; achenes about 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, obovate, retuse at the apex. TYPE LOCALITY: Near City of Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Federal District and state of Mexico. ILLUSTRATION: Deless. Ic. 4: pl. 28. 7. DICORIA T. & G.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 86. 1859. Dicoris T. & G.; Torr. in Emory, Notes Mil, Rec. 143, hyponym. 1848. Annual or biennial herbs, sometimes somewhat woody at the base. Leaves opposite or alternate, petioled, dentate or entire. Heads in leafy panicles, androgynous or some of them sometimes wholly staminate. Involucres of 5, mostly distinct, bracts; paleae subtending the pistillate flowers more or less accrescent, thin, larger than the bracts; those subtending the staminate flowers narrow, filiform with clavate tips. Staminate flowers 5—20; corolla funnel- form, sparingly pilose or glandular; stamens monadelphous; anthers oblong, distinct or slightly adnate, with acutish tips; pistil rudimentary; style shorter than the filament-tube; stigma minute, apparently naked. Pistillate flowers 1-5, marginal; corolla none. Achenes flattened dorsiventraily, with a thin pectinate or toothed wing or margin, and somewhat keeled on the faces, the outer face convex, the inner flat or concave. Type species, Dicoria canescens T. & G. Paleae subtending the pistillate flowers very large, in fruit 6-15 mm. long, orbicular, strongly concave or hooded, hyaline, reticulate, glandular- puberulent. Paleae subtending the pistillate flowers strongly hooded, in fruit more than lcm. long; achenes with a dentate margin; upper leaf-b!ades obovate or spatulate. Pistillate flowers usually solitary; body of the achene oblong, 7-9 mm. long, nearly 4 mm. wide. 1. D. Wetherillii. Pistillate flowers 2-5, usually 3; body of the achene oblanceolate, 6 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. 2. D. Clarkae. Paleae subtending the pistillate flowers not strongly hooded, 6-8 mm. long. : Achenes margined by pectinate wings fully half as broad as the body; upper leaf-blades orbicular. 3. D. canescens. Achenes bordered by a toothed margin about one fourth as broad as the body; upper leaf-blades oblong. 4. D. oblongifolia. Paleae subtending the pistillate flowers not much unlike the involucral bracts but thinner and larger, 4 mm. long, elliptic, not reticulate, strigose or hispidulous. Leaf-blades suborbicular; stem hispidulous; hairs with pustulate bases. 5. D. hispidula. Leaf-blades lanceolate; stem strigose. Pistillate flowers usually 2; margins of the achene irregularly dentate, with teeth horny at the base. 6. D. paniculata. Pistillate flowers usually solitary; margins of the achene with pectin- ate wings. 7. D. Brandegei. 1. Dicoria Wetherillii Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 6: 299. 1896. An annual, resembling D. canescens; stem canescent; upper leaves spatulate, hirsute- canescent; heads numerous in leafy panicles; involucre hemispheric, 3-4 mm. broad; bracts 5, elliptic, white-hispid; paleae subtending the pistillate flowers membranous, intricately veined, glandular-pubescent, orbicular, hooded, 10-15 mm. long, 10 mm. broad, enclosing the achenes; staminate flowers several; corollas funnelform, pubescent, longer than the bracts; pistillate flowers usually solitary; achenes oblong, 8-9 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, motiled with brown, with scattered hairs and yellow glands; margin pectinate, somewhat scarious, about 0.5 mm. wide. TYPE LOCALITY: Along San Juan River [Colorado or Utah]. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. 2. Dicoria Clarkae P. Kennedy, Muhlenbergia 4: 2. 1908. A stout herbaceous annual or biennial; stem 5-8 dm. high, with spreading branches, grayish, hispidulous; leaves alternate, petioled, 3-5 cm. long, 2—4 cm. wide, the blades ovate, strongly hispid, entire or sinuate-dentate; heads in leafy panicles; involucre 5-6 mm. broad; bracts 5, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, grayish-pubescent; paleae subtending the pistil- 12 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 late flowers orbicular, hooded, scarious, densely glandular-puberulent, reticulate-veined, erose on the margins, in age 13 mm. long and 10 mm. wide; those subtending the staminate flowers few, linear, glandular; staminate flowers about 8; corolla funnelform, pubescent; style about one half as long as the corolla-tube; pistillate flowers 2-5, usually 3; achenes oblanceolate, brown, 6 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the toothed margin less than 1 mm. wide, pubescent and glandular-dotted and carinate on both surfaces. TYPE LOCALITY: Soda Lake, Carson Sink, Nevada. DISTRIBUTION: Western Nevada and adjacent California. ILLUSTRATION: Muhlenbergia 4: 3, f. 3. Dicoria canescens A. Gray; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 87. 1859. Dicoria calliptera Rose & Standley, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 16:18. 1912. An annual herb, becoming woody at the base; stem 3-10 dm. high, striate, hispidulous; lower leaves opposite, peticled, with lanceolate dentate blades; upper leaves alternate; petioles about 1 cm. long; blades oval or suborbicular, 1-3 em. long, densely white-hirsute on both sides, those of the flowering branches similar but much reduced; heads numerous in leafy pan- icles; involucre hemispheric, 3-4 mm. broad; bracts 5, elliptic, white-hispid; paleae subtending the pistillate flowers membranous, orbicular, glandular-puberulent, and glandular-erose on the margin, in age becoming 6-8 mm. broad; those subtending the staminate flowers slender, slightly clavate; staminate flowers 5-7; corolla funnelform, sparingly pilose; style very short; stigma minute: pistillate flowers 2; achenes 6 mm. long, cblong, slightly pilose at the apex and along the outer rib, dorsiventrally flattened with dentate wings on the margins and low ribs on the faces, the ridge on the inner face often developed into a low crest near the apex. TYPE LOCALITY: Sandy desert of the Gila, Arizona. DISTRIBUTION: Arizona, southeastern California, and southern Utah. ILI ISTRATIONS: Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. pl. 30; Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16: pl. 12. 4. Dicoria oblongifolia Rydberg, sp. nov. An annual; stem 5-6 dm. high, divaricately branched, canescent-hirsutulous with ascena- ing hairs; leaves alternate; upper leaf-blades oblong or elliptic, dentate, 1-2 cm. long, 3-ribbed, hirsute-canescent on both sides; heads numerous in leafy panicles; involucre hemispheric, 3-4 mm. broad; bracts 5, elliptic, white-hirsute; paleae subtending the pistillate flowers orbicular, about 8 mm. long, glandular-puberulent, white; those subtending the staminate flowers fili- form, hirsute; staminate flowers 5 or 6, the corolla pilose; pistillate flowers mostly 2; achenes oblong, slightly hirsute and glandular-puberulent, dorsiventrally flattened, 5-6 mm. long, somewhat keeled on the faces; margin dcuble-toothed, about one-fourth as broad as the body. Type collected in southern California, 1875, Dr. E. Palmer 636 (U. S. Nat. Herb.). DISTRIBUTION: Southern California and Lower California. 5. Dicoria hispidula Rydberg, sp. nov. An annual herb, becoming woody at the base; stem 2-10 dm. high, divaricately branched, puberulent and hispidulous with pustulate-based hairs; leaves mostly alternate, short-petioled; leaf-blades suborbicular, 1-2 cm. long, canescent-hirsute and with scattered stiff hairs; heads numerous in leafy panicles; involucre hemispheric, 3-4 mm. broad; bracts 5, elliptic, white- hispid; paleae subtending the pistillate flowers elliptic or oval, 4-5 mm. long, hispidulous and somewhat glandular, greenish-white; those subtending the staminate flowers filiform, spar- ingly hairy; staminate flowers 5 or 6; corolla funnelform, sparingly pilose; pistillate flowers mostly 2; achenes somewhat oblanceolate, slightly hairy, 4-5 mm. long, dorsiventrally flattened, slightly ribbed on the faces; margin dentate with small, somewhat horny teeth. ‘Type collected on the Whitewater Desert, California, 1881, S. B. & W. F. Parish 7 (U.S. Nat. Herb.). DISTRIBUTION: Southern California. 6. Dicoria paniculata Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 6: 298. 1896. An annual herb, branched from the base; stem 3-5 dm. high, with ascending branches, hispid-strigose; leaves opposite and alternate, entire or sparingly dentate, 2-8 cm. long, triple- Part 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE 13 ribbed or the upper l-ribbed, canescent, hispid-strigose; heads in leafy panicles; involucre about 4 mm. broad, campanulate; bracts 5, oblong, distinct; paleae subtending the pistillate flowers orbicular, truncate or retuse, glandular, membranous at the edge, ciliate and slightly strigose; those subtending the staminate flowers filiform-clavate; staminate flowers 9 or 10, the corolla slightly hispid; pistillate flowers 2; achenes oblong, hairy, 6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, dark-brown, irregularly dentate on the margin with horny teeth. TYPE LOCALITY: Sandy flats along the San Juan River, near the junction of McEImo Creek, southwestern Colorado. DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico. ILLUSTRATION: Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 6: pl. 45. 7. Dicoria Brandegei A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 76. 1876. A cinereous herb; stem erect, 3-10 dm. high, with nearly erect branches, strigose-canes- cent; leaves mostly alternate, short-petioled, lanceolate, strigose-canescent, entire or slightly dentate, 3-4 cm. long, triple-ribbed; heads numerous in leafy panicles; involucre 3-4 mm. wide; bracts 5, elliptic, canescent-strigose; paleae subtending the pistillate flower elliptic or oblong, thin but not scarious, about half longer than the bracts, hispidulous; those subtending the staminate flowers few, filiform with clavate tips; staminate flowers 6-12; corolla funnelform, sparingly pilose; style shorter than the filament tube; stigma minute; pistillate flower solitary or none; achene flat, oblong, hispidulous; marginal wing cleft into toothed lobes, 6 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Montezuma Creek, near the southwestern corner of Colorado. DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern Colorado, southern Utah, and Arizona. Tribe 2. AMBROSIEAE. Herbs or shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves. Heads unisexual. Staminate heads nodding, open; involucre of few, distinct or united bracts, in a single series; receptacle with narrow paleae. Pistillate heads erect or spreading, of few to many bracts, in one or more series, but wholly united and enclosing the flowers, forming a 1-—7-celled nut or bur, usually covered with tubercles or spines, and with 1—7 beaks, from which the long stigmas protrude; pistillate flowers without corollas. Involucral bracts of the staminate heads more or less united; receptacle flat or slightly convex; stigmas of the sterile flowers peltate, penicillate or fimbriate. Involucres of the pistillate heads with 6-12 dilated, scarious, blade- like transverse wings. 8. HyMENOCLEA. Involucres of the pistillate heads with one or more series of tubercles or spines, or rarely unarmed. Tubercles or spines in a single series; beak of the fruit truncate or equally 3—5-toothed with straight teeth. Pistillate head with a single flower; involucre armed with tuber- _cles or short spines or rarely unarmed. 9. AMBROSIA. Pistillate head 2—5-flowered; involucre armed with long diver- gent spines. 10. ACANTHAMBROSIA. Tubercles or spines in several series; beak or beaks of the fruit 2- toothed; teeth usually more or less incurved, the outer much longer. 11. FRANSERIA. Involucral bracts of the staminate heads distinct; receptacle elongate; stigmas of the sterile flowers small, unappendaged; beaks 2, 2- lipped asin Franseria. 12: XANTHIUM. 8. HYMENOCLEA T. & G.; (Torr. in Emory, Notes Mil. Rec. 143, hyponym. 1848) A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. II.4: 79. 1849. Shrubs, with narrow linear leaves. Staminate heads nodding; involucre saucer-shaped, 4—6-lobed; outer paleae obovate or spatulate, the inner ones filiform or wanting; corolla hyaline, funnelform, pubescent, 5-toothed; filaments distinct above; anthers oblong with incurved tips; rudimentary style slender; stigmas peltate, fimbriate or penicillate. Pistillate heads erect; involucre wholly enclosing the single flower, fusiform, surrounded at the middle and below by 5-12 flat membranous blade-like transverse wings, and produced into a truncate beak at the apex. 14 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 Type species, Hymenoclea Salsola T. & G. Wings of the fruit in several series. Fruit, including the beak, about 8 mm. long; wings with distinct petiolar concave bases, with pits in their axils. 1. H. Salsola. Fruit, including the beak, about 6 mm. long; wings without petiolar bases bases and pits. 2. H. fasciculata. Wings of the fruit in a single radiating series above the middle of the fruit- body. Wings usually 5, broadly obovate-flabelliform; fruit, including the beak, nearly 8 mm. long. 3. H. pentalepis. Wings 7-12, oblanceolate or obovate; fruit, including the beak, about 6 mm. long. 4. H. monogyra. 1. Hymenoclea Salsola T. & G.; (Torr. in Emory, Notes Mil. Rec. 143, hyponym. 1848) A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. II. 4: 79. 1849. Hymenoclea polygyra Delpino, Studi Lign. Anem. 73, hyponym. 1871. A shrub 1-2 m. high, with straw-colored bark; branches more or less spreading; leaves filiform, 3-5 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide, finely pilosulous, and slightly white-tomentulose beneath; staminate heads mixed with or above the pistillate ones, sessile; involucre saucer- shaped, 15—20-flowered, pilose; lobes 5—7, rounded and crenate; paleae of the receptacle broadly spatulate, pinnately veined; corolla funnelform, pubescent; rudimentary style nearly as long as the stamens; stigma fimbriate; pistillate heads subtended by a few linear-oblong bractlets; body of fruit fusiform, about 6 mm. long, with several series of scales; beak about 2 mm. long, hyaline; wings reniform, concave, in dry weather imbricate as a cone, their bases narrowed, concave, having a deep pit in the axils. TYPE LOCALITY: Uplands near the Mohave River, California. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Utah and Arizona to California'and Lower California. ILLUSTRATION: Torr. Pl. Frém. fl. 8. 2. Hymenoclea fasciculata A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz.37: 270. 1904. Hymenoclea fasciculata patula A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 47: 431. 1909. A shrub 3-10 dm. high, with yellowish-green or straw-colored bark; branches often fascicu- late; leaves filiform or linear, 1-4 cm. long, entire or with filiform, divaricate lobes, puberulent, somewhat involute, canescent, tomentulose beneath; staminate heads 15—20-flowered, mostly spicate on the ends of the branches above the pistillate ones, but also mixed with them; in- volucre more or less turbinate, 3-4 mm. wide, puberulent; lobes 6 or 7, ovate; paleae of the re- ceptacle spatulate, nearly as long as the corollas; corollas funnelform, puberulent; style longer than the stamens; stigma penicillate; pistillate heads subtended by 3 or 4 cordate-deltoid ciliate bractlets; body of fruit fusiform, 4-5 mm. long, with about 12 scales in 3—4 series; beak 2 mm. long; wings broadly reniform, concave, when dry imbricate like a cone, without petiole- like bases and pits. TYPE LOCALITY: Kernan, southern Nevada. DISTRIBUTION: Nevada. 3. Hymenoclea pentalepis Rydberg, sp. nov. A shrub about 1 m. high, with straw-colored bark; branches slender, spreading; leaves rather few, filiform, 1-3 cm. long, glandular-punctate, apparently glabrous; staminate heads few, mixed with the numerous pistillate ones or above them; involucre turbinate, about 3 mm. wide, glandular-puberulent; lobes 6 or 7, ovate; paleae of the receptacle oblanceolate, shorter than the corolla; corolla funnelform, puberulent; anthers with acute incurved tips; style of the rudimentary pistil shorter than the stamens; stigma penicillate; pistillate heads subtended by a few short leaf-like bractlets and a single obovate hyaline scale; body of the fruit about 6 mm. long, fusiform; wings usually 5, broadly obovate-flabelliform, usually short-cuspidate, with a very short and broad peticle-like base; beak about 2 mm. long. Type collected in Pima Cafion, Arizona, April 10, 1901, David Griffiths 2630 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Arizona, Sonora, Lower California, and southern California. Part 1, 1922 AMBROSIACEAE 15 4. Hymenoclea monogyra T. & G.; (Torr. in Emory, Notes Mil. Rec. 143, hyponym. 1848) A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. II.4: 79. 1849. A shrub 1-4 m. high, with straw-colored or gray bark; branches ascending, puberulent at first; leaves filiform, or the lower with filiform divisions 2-5 cm. long, about 9.5 mm. broad, puberulent, and somewhat tomentulose beneath, grooved below; heads in small axillary clus- ters, the staminate 8—12-flowered, usually mixed with the pistillate ones; involucre turbinate, 3-4 mm. broad, puberulent; lobes 5 or 6, ovate, indistinctly toothed; paleae of the receptacle with linear-spatulate tips; corolla funnelform, membranous, puberulent; lobes triangular; style nearly as long as the stamens; stigma erose; pistillate heads subtended by scale-like, ovate, erose bractlets; body of the fruit oblanceolate, fusiform, 4-5 mm. long, with a single series of 7-12 wings above the middle; beak hyaline, 2 mm. long; wings scarious, elliptic, obovate, or oblanceolate, acute and erose. TyPE LOCALITY: Valley of the Gila [Arizona]. DISTRIBUTION: Western Texas and Coahuila to southern California, Lower California, and Sinaloa. 9. AMBROSIA L. Sp. Pl. 987. 1753. Hemiambrosia Delpino, Studi Lign. Anem. 57. 1871. Annual or perennial coarse herbs, with opposite or alternate, mostly lobed or dissected leaves. Staminate heads nodding, racemose or spicate, above the pistillate ones; involucre saucer-shaped or rarely turbinate, 5—12-lobed; paleae of the receptacle filiform, often with clavate or dilated tips; corolla funnelform, puberulent or glabrous, 5-toothed; filaments mona- delphous; anthers distinct, oblong with acuminate or cuspidate incurved tips; pistil abortive; style shorter than the stamens; stigma peltate, penicillate. Pistillate heads erect; involucre nut-like, obovoid, usually with a single series of tubercles or short erect spines near the apex and a truncate, 3—4-toothed beak; pistil solitary, without corolla. Type species, Ambrosia maritima I. Staminate heads spicate; involucre turbinate, very oblique, produced on the side away from the stem into a lanceolate, acuminate lobe. I. CERCOMERIS. Staminate heads racemose; involucre slightly if at all oblique, not produced into an elongate lobe on either side. II. EUAMBROSIA. I. CERCOMERIS One species. 1. A. bidentata. II. EUAMBROSIA Leaves pinnatifid to tripinnatifid. Leaves green, at least above. Leaves distinctly petioled, mostly bi- or tripinnatifid (except in A. longistylis); spines or tubercles sharp; annuals or perennials with a branched root. Body of fruit 2-2.5 mm. long; beak 1 mm. long or less. Stem decidedly hirsute. Leaf-segments narrow, linear, acute, ascending. Leaf-segments broad, the primary ones spreading, the ultimate ones short and obtuse; beak 0.5 mm. long. 3. A. cumanensis. Stem strigose, rarely with longer hairs. Body of fruit 2—2.5 mm. long; beak nearly 1 mm. long; staminate involucre 3-4 mm. broad;ultimate leaf- segments broad and obtusish. 4. A. peruviana. Body of fruit 2 mm. long; beak not more than 0.5 mm. long;staminate involucre not more than 3 mm. broad; ultimate leaf-segments lanceolate, acute. to aN . tenutfolia. Fruit rugose. 5. A. monophylla. Fruit smooth. 6. A. glandulosa. Body of fruit 3 mm. long or more; beak more than | mm. long. Lower leaves mostly bipinnatifid, with narrow segments; staminate heads about 3 mm. broad. 7. A. elatior. Lower leaves mostly pinnatifid, with broad segments; stami- nate heads 4-5 mm. broad, except in A. Rugeliz. Staminate involucre and lower surface of leaves hirsute. Lobes of staminate involucre acute; beak of the fruit as long as the body; upper leaves entire. 8. A. diversifolia. Lobes of staminate involucre rounded; beak of the fruit shorter than the body; upper leaves usu- ally pinnatifid. 16 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 Leaves finely strigoSe, soft, scarcely glandular, not strongly veined. 9. A. artemisitfolia. Leaves firm, scabrous and glandular-granuli- ferous or hirsutulous above, hirsutulous or strigose beneath, strongly veined. Leaves scabrous and glandular-granuliferous above, green; staminate heads 4-5 mm. broad, hirsute. 10. A. media. Leaves hirsutulous on both sides, dark-green; staminate heads 3—3.5 mm. broad. 11. A. Rugelit. Staminate involucre, stem, and leaves hispidulous, the hairs with strongly pustulate bases. 12. A. longistylis. Leaves subsessile, merely pinnatifid; fruit unarmed or with small tubercles; plant perennial, with a creeping rootstock (or rarely a tap-root). Stem and inflorescence not conspicuously hirsute. Hairs on the leaves and especially on the staminate involu- cres very short, with pustulate bases; leaf-segments linear- lanceolate, acute or acuminate; fruit with 5 or 6 short tu- bercles. 13. A. psilostachya, Hairs not with pustulate bases, longer; leaf-segments broader, those of the lower leaves obtuse; fruit mostly unarmed, rarely with | or 2 blunt tubercles. 14. A. coronopifolia. Stem conspicuously hirsute with spreading hairs. 15. A. californica. Leaves canescent; all perennials. Stems low, 1-2 dm. high; fruit unarmed. 16. A. pumila. Stem elongate; fruit spiny. : : ; Stem decumbent or prostrate, rooting; lower leaves 3-pinnatifid with short minute divisions; staminate heads 4-5 mm. broad. 17. A. hispida. Stem erect; lower leaves 3—pinnatifid with ampler segments; staminate heads about 3 mm. broad. 18. A. velutina. Leaves entire or 3—5—cleft. ; f Plants annual, tall, green; leaves at least toothed; staminate involucre with 3 ribs. Petioles more or less winged; fruit slightly if at all pitted between the ridges, which end in short conic spines. 19. A. trifida. Petioles wingless; fruit pitted between the ridges, with small tuber- cles or unarmed. 20. A. aptera. Plants perennial, low, canescent; leaves entire-margined; involucre without ribs. 21. A. cheiranthifolia. | 1. Ambrosia bidentata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 182. 1803. An annual; stem 3-10 dm. high, rough-hirsute, branched; leaves mostly alternate, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5 cm. long, often with one lanceolate lobe or tooth on each side, hir- sute on both sides, the hairs with pustulate bases; staminate heads numerous, sessile, in dense terminal spikes; involucre very oblique, glandular-granuliferous, turbinate, 2 mm. broad, the upper margin produced into a lanceolate, hispid incurved lobe; corolla glabrous; pistillate heads 1 or 2 in the axils of the leaves; fruit elongate, obovoid, 4-angled, hirsute; body 6-7 mm. long; beak subulate, fully 2 mm. long; spines very sharp, subulate, directed forward, 1 mm. long or more. TYPE LOCALITY: In the Illinois region. DISTRIBUTION: Prairies, Illinois and Kentucky to Louisiana, Texas, and Nebraska. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3591; ed. 2, f. 4125. Ambrosia bidentata > trifida A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. 11: 338. 1886. This has the leaf-form and stout habit of A. trifida, the small heads and pubescence of A. bidentata. ‘The prolongation of one lobe of the involucre is very small or none. Open prairies, St. Clair, Illinois, 1886, Eggert. 2. Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng. Syst. 3: 851. 1826. An annual; stem 3-6 dm. high, terete, striate, hirsute; leaves bipinnatifid, hirsute-canes- cent with ascending hairs; petioles short; blades ovate or lance-ovate in outline; divisions narrowly linear, acute; staminate heads numerous in terminal racemes; involucre broadly obconic, hispidulous, crenate, 2.5 mm. broad; paleae of the receptacle filiform, as long as the corollas; corolla puberulent; pistillate heads in the upper axils, mostly solitary; body 2-2.5 mm. long, obovoid, hispidulous; beak more than 1 mm. long; tubercles 4 or 5, conic, more or less spreading, 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Montevideo, Uruguay. DIstRIBUTION: Adventive or naturalized in I,ouisiana and Porto Rico, and in France; native of Argentina and Uruguay. Par? 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE 17 3. Ambrosia cumanensis H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 276. 1820. Ambrosia maritima Sieber; Pres], Bot. Bemerk. 106, hyponym. 1844. Not A. maritima L. 1753. Ambrosia paniculata A. Rich. in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11:51. 1850. Not A. paniculata Michx. 1803. Ambrosia artemisiifolia trinitensis Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 370. 1861. Ambrosia paniculata cumanensis O. E. Schulz, Symb. Ant. 7: 86, 1911. A perennial, often suffruticose at the base, with a branched root; stem 5-20 dm. high, hirsute with long soft spreading or reflexed hairs; leaves bipinnatifid, strigose on both sides, paler beneath, long-hirsute on the veins; petioles 2-4 cm. long; leaf-blades triangular-ovate in outline; rachis winged, 2-4 mm. wide; divisions ovate-lanceolate, acute or mucronate; staminate heads numerous, in racemes terminating the branches; peduncles about 2 mm. long; involucre saucer-shaped or slightly broadly obconic, crenate on the margin, 3-4 mm. broad, sparingly hispidulous; sometimes with a few long scattered hairs; paleae of the receptacle fili- form; corolla puberulent; pistillate heads in small clusters in the upper axils; fruit obovoid, angled, puberulent and glandular-granuliferous; beak short, about 0.5 mm. long; spines 4-7, short, conic, rather stout. TYPE LOCALITY: Near Cumana, Venezuela. i DISTRIBUTION: Mexico to Colombia, Brazil, and the Lesser Antilles; Cuba. 4. Ambrosia peruviana Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 377. 1805. Ambrosia heterophylla Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 851, in part. -1826. Not A. heterophylla Muhl. 1805. Ambrosia artemisitfolia Benth.; Oerst. Vidensk. Meddel. 1852: 87. 1852. Not A. artemisiifolia iL eevee ° Ambrosia psilostachya Griseb. F1. Brit. W. Ind. 370, in part. 1861. Ambrosia paniculata peruviana O. E. Schulz, Symb. Ant. 7: 87. 1911. An annual or perennial herb, sometimes woody at the base, with branched root; stem 3-20 dm. high, hirsute with mostly short hairs, but usually also with scattered longer ones; lower leaves bipinnatifid but the upper less dissected, hispidulous or strigulose above, paler and strigose beneath; petioles 1-3 cm. long; leaf-blades triangular-ovate in outline; rachis winged, 2-5 cm. wide; segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, the terminal ones acute, the others often obtuse; staminate heads numerous, in terminal racemes; peduncles 1—-1.5 mm. long; involucre saucer-shaped, only slightly obconic, 3-4 mm. broad, hispidulous and glandu- lar-granuliferous; paleae of the receptacle filiform; corolla puberulent; pistillate heads in small clusters in the upper axils; fruit glandular-granuliferous and slightly hispidulous, somewhat rugose, ellipsoid; body 2-2.5 mm. long; beak stout, nearly 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: “Peru?” DISTRIBUTION: Cuba, Jamaica and Porto Rico; Mexico to Chili and Paraguay. 5. Ambrosia monophylla (Walt.) Rydberg. Iva monophylla Walt. Fl. Carol. 232. 1788. Ambrosia paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 183. 1803. Ambrosia artemisiifolia elatior Desc. Fl. Ant. 1: 239. 1821. Ambrosia artemisiifolia 6 T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 2: 291. 1842. Ambrosia artemisiifolia jamaicensis Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 370. 1861. Ambrosia artemisiifolia paniculata Blankinship, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18: 173. 1907. An annual herb, with branched tap-root; stem 3-12 dm. high, hirsutulous and with scat- tered long hairs, obtusely angled, somewhat glandular-granuliferous, branched; lower leaves opposite, the upper alternate; petioles 2-3 cm. long, more or less hiruste; blades bipinnatifid to near the midrib, or the upper pinnate or entire, scabrous-puberulent above, strigose beneath; segments lanceolate, acute, more or less lobed or toothed; staminate heads numerous, in elongate racemes; peduncles 1-1.5 mm. long; involucre oblique, broadly obconic, 3 mm. broad, hispidulous, crenate on the margins; paleae of the receptacle filiform; pistillate heads in small clusters in the upper axils; body of the fruit fully 2 mm. long, broadly obovate, angled and rugose, glandular-granuliferous; spines 5-7, short, conic; beak 0.5 mm. long or less. TYPE LoOcALITy: Carolina. DIstTRIBUTION: North Carolina to Mississippi, Texas, and Florida; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Santo Domingo (?). ILLUSTRATION: Desc. Fl. Ant. 1: pl. 55. 18 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 6. Ambrosia glandulosa Scheele, Linnaea 22: 157. 1849. Ambrosia coronopifolia var. [gracilis, &c.] A. Gray, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 6: 227. 1850. Ambrosia artemisiifolia paniculata Blankinship, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18: 173, mainly. 1907. An annual herb, with branched root; stem 5-10 dm. high, terete with scattered appressed hairs: leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, strigulose on both sides; petioles 2-3 cm. long; blades ovate in outline, 5-10 cm. long; divisions linear-lanceolate, acute or attenuate; staminate heads numerous, in racemes terminating the branches; involucre saucer-shaped or slightly broadly obconic, hispidulous, crenate, 3 mm. broad; paleae of the receptacle filiform; corolla puberulent; pistillate heads few in small clusters in the upper axils; body of the fruit broadly obovoid, scarcely 2 mm. long, glandular-granuliferous when young, in age glabrous and smooth; beak less than 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: River bottom of the Cibolo, 15 miles west of New Braunsfels, Texas. DISTRIBUTION: Western Florida to Texas. 7. Ambrosia elatior 1. Sp. Pl. 987.” 17532 Ambrosia elata Salisb. Prodr. 175. 1796. Ambrosia artemisiifolia T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 2: 291, mainly. 1842. Not A. artemisiifolia L. 1753. Ambrosia artemisiifolia quadricornis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 305. 1891. An annual herb, with branched roots; stem 3-10 dm. high, more or less hirsute or his- pidulous, branched: leaves bipinnatifid or the upper less divided, hirsutulous-puberulent above, strigose beneath, and often hirsute on the veins; petioles 1-3 cm. long; leaf-blades ovate in outline; rachis winged, 1-3 mm. broad; segments lanceolate, acute, directed forward; stam- inate heads numerous, or in a predominately pistillate form few or none, in racemes terminat- ing the branches; involucre slightly oblique, about 3 mm. wide, crenate, hirsutulous or his- pidulous or in the western form long-hirsute, broadly obconic; paleae of the receptacle filiform; corolla puberulent; pistillate heads in small clusters in the upper axils; body of the fruit obovoid, 3 mm. long, hispidulous-strigose, or in age almost glabrous, angled and somewhat reticulate; beak subulate, more than 1 mm. long; spines 5-7, subulate, short. TYPE LOCALITY: Virginia. DISTRIBUTION: Nova Scotia to North Carolina, Arkansas, New Mexico, northern California, and Washington; Bermudas; also naturalized in Europe. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown. Ill. Fl. f. 3593 (as A. artemisiaefolia); ed. 2. f. 4127; Clark & Fletcher, Farm Weeds Can. pl. 24; pl. 55, f. 58; ed. 2. pl. 57; pl. 75, f. 79; Clark & Fletcher, Mauv. Herbes Can. pl. 24; pl. 55, f. 58. 8. Ambrosia diversifolia (Piper) Rydberg, sp. nov. Ambrosia artemisiifolia diversifolia Piper, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11: 551. 1906. An annual herb, with branched roots; stem about 5 dm. high, strigose-hirsute; lower leaves pinnately divided into oblong or lanceolate divisions, hirsutulous on both sides, some- what paler beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. long; blades ovate in outline; upper leaves lanceolate or ovate, entire, subsessile, acute; staminate heads numerous, in racemes terminating the branches; involucre 5—6-lobed, 4-5 mm. broad, hispid-strigose; lobes broadly triangular, acute; paleae of the receptacle filiform; corolla puberulent; pistillate heads in few small clusters or solitary in the upper axils; body of the fruit obovoid, about 2.5 mm. long, hirsute-puberulent; beak fully 2 mm. long; spines 4-5, sharp, 0.5—0.8 mm. long. Type LocaALity: Gravelly banks of Alamota Creek at Alamota, Washington. DISTRIBUTION: Washington to Wyoming. 9. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Sp. Pl. 988. 1753. Ambrosia absynthifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 183. 1803. Ambrosia heterophylla Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 378. 1805. An annual herb; with branched roots; stem 5-10 dm. high, strigose or in age glabrate; leaves pinnatifid or the upper simple, finely strigose; blades ovate in outline; divisions oblong, lobed, crenate, or entire, obtuse; staminate heads numerous in terminal racemes; involucre saucer-shaped, not acute at the base, fully 4 mm. wide, hispidulous, crenate on the margins; paleae of the involucre filiform, slightly clavate at the tip; corolla puberulent; pistillate flowers in small clusters in the upper axils; body of the fruit obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly puber- Par? 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE 19 ulent and reticulate above the spines; beak stout, fully 1 mm. long; spines 5-7, rather small, less than 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: “‘ Virginia.’ DISTRIBUTION: Maine to aes and District of Columbia. ILLUSTRATIONS: Lam. Tab. Encyc. pl. 765, f. 1; Rep. Comm. Agr. U. S. 1886: Bot. pl. 9. 10. Ambrosia media Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 127. 1910. An annual herb, with branched roots; stem 4-6 dm. high, hispid with ascending or ap- pressed hairs, more or less strigose; leaves pinnately divided or the upper merely cleft, 5-10 cm. long, scabrous and glandular-granuliferous above, hispid-strigose beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. long, hirsute-ciliate; blades ovate in outline; divisions oblong or lanceolate, the lower usually lobed or toothed, acute; staminate heads usually numerous, in racemes terminating the branches, cr in the predominantly pistillate form few; involucre 5-lobed and crenulate, 4-5 mm. broad, hispid-strigose; paleae of the receptacle filiform or stubulate; corolla puberu- lent; pistillate heads in few (or in the predominantly pistillate form numerous) small clusters in the upper axils; body of the fruit obovoid, 3 mm. long, puberulent-strigose or in age gla- brate; beak fully 1 mm. long, pubescent; spines 5-7, sharp, subulate, 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Fort Collins, Colorado. DISTRIBUTION: Saskatchewan to Kansas, New Mexico, Nevada, and Washington. 11. Ambrosia Rugelii Rydberg, sp. nov. An annual herb, with branched roots; stems 3-6 dm. high, densely hirsute, with spreading hairs; leaves 5-8 cm. long, peticled, pinnately divided, dark-green, when dried almost black, hispidulous on both sides, thick and strongly veined; petioles very short or those of the upper leaves none; blades ovate in outline; segments oblong, acute, toothed; staminate heads usually numerous, in racemes terminating the branches; involucre 5-lobed and crenate, 3-3.5 mm. broad, hispidulous; paleae of the receptacle filiform; corolla puberulent; pistillate heads few, in small clusters in the axils of the upper leaves; body of the fruit 2.5-3 mm. long, puberulent; beak less than 1 mm. long; spines 5-6, sharp, conic-subulate, 0.3-4.0 mm. long. Type collected in Florida, 1845, Rugel 508 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.; cotype, U. S. Nat. Herb.). DISTRIBUTION: Florida and Georgia. 12. Ambrosia longistylis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7: 344. 1840. Ambrosia artemistifolia octocornis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 305. 1891. An annual herb, with branched roots; stem 2-3 dm. high, scabrous-hispidulous, the hairs with pustulate bases; leaves pinnately divided, 3-7 cm. long, scabrous-hispidulous as the stem, dark-green, strongly ribbed; petioles 1-2 cm. long, often wing-margined, hispidulous; blades ovate in outline; lobes oblong, mostly entire; staminate heads in a terminal raceme; involucre 4-5 mm. broad, 5-lobed, with broadly triangular acutish lobes, hispidulous, the hairs with strongly pustulate bases; paleae of the receptacle filiform; pistillate heads usually many in small clusters in the upper axils; style described as being an inch long, but in the type only about 5 mm. long; body of the fruit obovoid, 3 mm. long, hispidulous, variegated; beak about 2 mm. long; spines 6-8, subulate, 0.6-0.7 mm. long, erect. TYPE LOCALITY: “Rocky Mountains.’’ DISTRIBUTION: Western Nebraska and Wyoming. 13. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Prodr. 5: 526. 1836. Ambrosia Lindheimeriana Scheele, Linnaea 22: 156. 1849. Ambrosia coronopifolia var. [asperula, &c.] A. Gray, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 6: 226. 1850. Ambrosia psilostachya Lindheimeriana Blankinship, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18: 173. 1907. Ambrosia psilostachya asperula (A. Gray) Blankinship, MS. A perennial herb, with a creeping rootstock; stem 3-6 dm. high, branched above, striate, hirsutulous with short ascending hairs; leaves subsessile, lanceolate in outline, pinnatifid, scabrous-hirsutulous and glandular-granuliferous, the hairs with pustulate bases; divisions linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire or the lower few-toothed; staminate heads numer- 20 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 ous, terminating the branches; involucre oblique, broadly obconic, about 2.5 mm. broad, crenate on the margins, hispidulous, the hairs short, with conspicuous pustulate bases; pistil- late heads solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils of the upper leaves; body of the fruit 2.5 mm. long, obovoid, rugose, hirsutulous; beak nearly 1 mm. long; tubercles 4-6, very short but acute. TYPE LOCALITY: Between San Fernando and Matamoros, Tamaulipas. DISTRIBUTION: Louisiana to New Mexico and Tamaulipas. 14. Ambrosia coronopifolia T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 2: 291. 1842. Ambrosia hispida Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 216. 1827. Not A. hispida Pursh, 1814. Ambrosia psilostachya A. Gray, Syn. F]. N. Am. 12: 250, mainly. 1884. Not A. psilostachya DC. 1836. A perennial herb, with a creeping rootstock; stem 3-10 dm. high, branched above, striate, hirsute with appressed or ascending hairs; leaves ovate in outline, pinnatifid, subsessile or the lower with short winged petioles, strigose and glandular-granuliferous on both sides, the divisions lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, or those of the lower leaves obtuse, often lobed; staminate heads very numerous, in racemes terminating the branches; involucre ob- lique, broadly obconic, 3-3.5 mm. broad, slightly shorter than the flowers, hispid-strigose, crenate on the margins; paleae of the receptacle filiform; corolla puberulent; pistillate heads solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils of the upper leaves; body of the fruit 3 mm. long, obovoid, indistinctly rugose, hirsute; beak conic, scarcely more than 0.5 mm. long; spines wanting or 1-4, very short and blunt. TYPE LOCALITY: Prairies of Illinois. DISTRIBUTION: Illinois and Michigan to Saskatchewan, Idaho, and northern Mexico; introduced in Connecticut. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown. Ill. Fl. f. 3594; ed. 2. f. 4128; Clark & Fletcher, Farm Weeds Can. pl. 55. f. 59; Clark & Fletcher, Mauv. Herbes Can. pl. 55. f. 59 (all as A. psilostachya). 15. Ambrosia californica Rydberg, sp. nov. Ambrosia psilostachya A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1: 344, in part. 1876. A perennial herb, with a creeping rootstock; stem 3-10 dm. high, hirsute or pilose, with spreading hairs; leaves subsessile, pinnatifid, long-strigose and somewhat glandular-granuli- ferous on both sides; leaf-blades ovate in outline; segments linear-lanceolate or lanceolate in outline, acute, and entire, toothed, or incised; staminate heads numerous, in racemes at the ends of the branches; involucre broadly turbinate, shorter than the flowers, 3-4 mm. broad, pilose, usually dark-colored; paleae of the receptacle filiform; corollas puberulent; pistillate heads in the upper axils; body of the fruit elongate-obovoid, glandular-puberulent and slightly pilose towards the end, somewhat reticulate; beak fully 0.5 mm. long; spines 4-7, short, conic, acute. Type collected at Santa Barbara, California, 1865, Torrey 226 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard. and Columbia Univ.). : DIsTRIBUTION: California, from Cape Mendocino south, and Humbolt County, Nevada. 16. Ambrosia pumila (Nutt.) A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 217. 1882. Franseria pumila Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7: 344. 1840. Hemiambrosia heterocephala Delpino, Studi Lign. Anem. 61. 1871. A perennial herb, with a rootstock; stems 1-2 dm. high, silky-canescent; leaves mostly alternate, bipinnatifid or tripinnatifid, grayish silky-canescent; petioles 2-3 em. long; blades broadly ovate in outline; divisions linear or linear-oblong; staminate heads rather few in term- inal racemes; involucre saucer-shaped, 4 mm. broad, crenately 5—6-toothed on the margin, canescent; paleae of the receptacle few, linear, with spatulate pubescent tips; corolla glandular- puberulent; pistillate heads in small clusters in the upper axils; fruit pubescent, obovoid, un- armed, 2 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: San Diego, California. DISTRIBUTION: Southern California and Tower California. Part 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE 21 17. Ambrosia hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 743. 1814. Ambrosia crithmifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 525. 1836. Ambrosia maritima Ferrero; DC. Prodr. 5: 525, asasynonym. 1836. A suffruticose perennial, branched at the base; branches prostrate, often rooting at the nodes, 2-8 dm. long, terete, densely white-pilose or white-hirsute; leaves tripinnatifid or the upper bipinnatifid, hispid-villose on both sides; petioles 1-3 em. long; blades broadly ovate in outline; segments spreading, not decurrent, the ultimate ones oblong or obovate, obtuse, min- ute, entire or dentate; staminate heads rather few, in dense terminal racemes; peduncles about 2 mm. long; involucre saucer-shaped, 4-5 mm. broad, hispidulous, crenate; paleae of the re- ceptacle linear-filiform, clavate and hairy towards the end; corolla pilose at the apex; pistillate heads in small clusters in the upper axils; body of the fruit about 3 mm. long, obovoid, ob- scurely 4-angled, hirsute and glandular; beak conic, about 1.5 mm. long; spines 1—5, unequal, conic. TYPE LocaALity: Given as South Carolina, but probably the Bahamas. DISTRIBUTION: Subtropical Florida; Bahamas; Cuba to Barbados; Yucatan; Panama; intro- duced in British Guiana. ILLUSTRATIONS: Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 3?: 287. 18. Ambrosia velutina O. E. Schultz, Symb. Ant. 7: 88. 1911. A suffruticose perennial, with a branched root; stem 3-5 dm. high, terete, grayish and softly pubescent; leaves mostly opposite, bipinnatifid, densely and softly pubescent on both sides greenish above, canescent beneath; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; leaf-blades triangular-ovate, about 4 cm. long; primary segments lanceolate, the secondary ones ovate; staminate heads numerous, in terminal racemes; peduncles 1-2 mm. long; involucre 3 mm. broad, about 15- flowered, saucer-shaped or hemispheric, softly pubescent, crenate; paleae of the receptacle filiform, slightly clavate and puberulent at the apex; corollas puberulent; pistillate heads in clusters of 3-5 in the upper axils; body of the fruit about 2 mm. long, ovate, canescent when young; beak about 0.5 mm. long; spines small. TYPE LOCALITY: Haiti. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba and Hispaniola. 19. Ambrosia trifida L. Sp. Pl. 987. 1753. ? Ambrosia simplicifolia Walt. Fl. Car. 231. 1788. Ambrosia integrifolia Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 375. 1805. Ambrosia trifida integrifolia T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 2: 290. 1842. Ambrosia trifida heterophylla Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 305. 1891. A tall annual; stem 1-5 dm. high, scabrous-hispidulous and somewhat hirsute; leaves deeply 3-cleft or the lower 5-cleft, or many of the upper or sometimes all entire; petioles 5-15 cm. long, more or less winged and hirsute-ciliate; leaf-blades usually rhombic in outline or if entire ovate; lobes ovate or lanceolate, acuminate and serrate; staminate heads numerous, paniculate or racemose; involucre saucer-shaped, 3 mm. wide, with 6-8 rounded lobes, with 3, rarely 4, blackish ribs on the upper side, hispidulous on the portion between them, otherwise glabrous; corolla glabrous with some or all of the angles blackish; paleae of the receptacle rudimentary, bristle-like; pistillate heads in small clusters at the base of the staminate racemes, subtended by 3-cleft bracts which usually have two black veins, one in each of the lateral lobes; body of the fruit about 5 mm. long, obovoid, with 6-7 ridges and as many conic short spines, faintly, if at all, pitted, but often with dark-purple streaks between the ridges; beak conic, about 2 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Virginia. DISTRIBUTION: Quebec to Florida, Colorado, and eastern British Columbia. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3592; ed. 2.f.41206; Clark & Fletcher, Farm Weeds een up 23; pl. 55, f. 57; ed. 2, pl. 56; pl. 75, f. 78; Clark & Fletcher, Mauv. Herbes Can. 1. 23; pl. ines 20. Ambrosia aptera DC. Prodr. 5: 527. 1836. Ambrosia trifida texana Scheele, Linnaea 22: 156, 1849. A tall annual, 1-5 m. high; stem angled, striate and scabrous; lower leaves deeply 5-cleft, the upper 3-cleft or simple, scabrous on both sides; petioles 5-15 cm. long, wingless; leaf-blades NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 to bo of the lower leaves orbicular in outline, 1-2 dm. long, the upper rhombic or ovate; divisions often 2—3-lobed, ovate, toothed; staminate heads numerous, in terminal racemes or panicles; involucre saucer-shaped, 3 mm. broad, with 3 dark ribs on the upper side and hispidulous on the portion between these ribs, otherwise glabrous, with 6-8 rounded lobes; paleae of the re- ceptacle rudimentary; corolla glabrous, with 2 or more of the angles dark-colored; pistillate heads in small clusters on the lower part of the racemes, subtended by linear leaves or some- times by partly united involucral bracts; body of the fruit obovoid, about 4mm. long, with 4-8 obtuse ridges and pitted in the intervals, with as many small or obsolete tubercles; beak conic, 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Near Bejar, Mexico”? [now Bexar, Texas]. DISTRIBUTION: Lousiana and Mississippi to Arizona, Sonora, and Chihuahua. 21. Ambrosia cheiranthifolia A. Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. Sipe Meoee A perennial herb; stem about 3 dm. high, terete, grayish-strigose; leaves mostly opposite, entire and entire-margined, sessile, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, finely and densely gray- ish-strigose on both sides, 2-4 cm. long; staminate heads rather few in terminal racemes; in- volucre saucer-shaped, about 4 mm. wide, canescent, with 5-6 triangular acute lobes; paleae of the receptacle linear or oblanceolate, 1-nerved, ciliate towards the apex; corolla slightly puberulent with dark-colored angles; pistillate heads in small clusters in the upper axils; fruit puberulent, somewhat angled, obovoid; body about 3 mm. long; beak stout, conic, 1.5 mm. long; spines 4-5, conic, more or less spreading, about 1 mm. long. TYPE LocALITty: San Fernando, Coahuila. DISTRIBUTION: Coahuila. 10. ACANTHAMBROSIA Rydberg, gen. nov. Low shrubs, with alternate, bipinnatifid or tripinnatifid leaves. Staminate heads nod- ding in terminal spikes; involucre campanulate, irregularly lobed; paleae of the receptacle fili- form; corolla hyaline, tubular-funnelform, glabrous; filaments monadelphous; anthers distinct, oblong, with triangular, slightly incurved tips; pistil abortive. Pistillate heads solitary, at the base of the staminate spike, erect, 3—5-flowered; involucre turbinate, with a series of 5 long slender divergent spines near the apex and one 3- or 4-toothed beak. Type species, Franseria Bryantit Curran. -1. Acanthambrosia Bryantii (Curran) Rydberg. Franseria Bryantit Curran, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 1: 232. 1888. A low shrub, with gray or straw-colored bark, divaricately branched; leaves ovate in out- line, sparingly strigose, 2-3 cm. long; segments linear or oblong, more or less revolute-mar- gined; staminate heads subsessile; involucre campanulate, glandular-granuliferous, his- pidulous-ciliate, 2 mm. wide, 3.5 mm. deep, irregularly lobed; lobes broadly triangular; pistil- late heads solitary, subsessile; body of the fruit 5-6 mm. long; beak solitary, subulate, 3 mm. long; spines terete, subulate, 15-30 mm. long, in age white. TYPE LOCALITY: Magdalena Bay, Lower California. DISTRIBUTION: Lower California. 11. FRANSERIA Cav. Ie.'2: 78. 1793- Gaertneria Medic. Vorles. Kurpf. Phys.-dkon. Ges. 4: 198. 1789.—Phil. Bot. 1: 45. 1789. Not Gaertneria Schreb. 1789. Xanthidium Delpino, Studi Lign. Anem. 62. 1871. Annual or perennial herbs, or low shrubs, with opposite or alternate, toothed or dissected leaves. Staminate heads nodding, spicate or racemose at the end of the branches; involucre saucer-shaped or turbinate, lobed, toothed, or crenate; paleae of the receptacle filiform to spatulate; corolla funnelform, 5-toothed; filaments monadelphous; anthers distinct, most commonly with incurved cuspidate tips; pistil abortive, the stigma peltate, penicillate. Pis- tillate heads nut-like, erect; involucre of several fused bracts forming a bur with several or ParT 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE 23 many spines in several series and ending in one or more 2-lipped or 2-toothed beaks, the lips or teeth more or less incurved and the outer one much longer. Type species Franseria ambrostoides Cav. Beak solitary; fruit l-celled, usually 1-flowered. Plant herbaceous, at most shrubby at the base only; beak very oblique, one lobe much longer; fruit not densely hairy. Fruit 7-10 mm. long; spines not hooked, either decidedly flat- tened or channeled. Plant annual, erect; inflorescence a leafy panicle; leaves not canescent. MI. Plant perennial, decumbent at the base, with a rootstock; inflorescence simple, racemose; leaves canescent at least be- neath. MONTANAE. . MARITIMAE. Fruit 2-4 mm. long; spines more or less hooked at the apex. Ill. TENUIFOLIAE. Plant shrubby; beak not very oblique, the lobes not very unequal in length; fruit densely hairy. IV. ERIOCENTRAE. Beaks 2-8; fruit of as many flowers and cells. Fruit rather small; spines usually less than 30 (only in F. Magdalenae 40-60), in 2—6 series, either flattened or channeled above, or else very short and conic, rarely strongly hooked. Leaves pinnatifid. Paleae of the staminate receptacle equaling or exceeding the flowers, 3-nerved, boat-shaped; leaves simply pinnate with broad toothed divisions or some simple. V. TOMENTOSAE. Paleae of the staminate receptacle shorter than the flowers, l-nerved, usually very narrow; leaves deeply dissected. Spines of the fruit few, short, conic or conic-subulate, not flattened, only slightly if at all hooked; leaves inter- ruptedly pinnatifid. VI. DiscoLorEs. Spines elongate, many, 20—60; leaves pinnatifid but usu- ally without smaller lobes between the larger ones; shrubby plants with white bark. VII. ALBICAULES. Leaves not pinnatifid, simple, merely lobed or toothed. Spines of the fruit subterete, merely channeled, hooked. Leaves cordate in outline, deeply 3-—5-lobed, triple- ribbed. VIII. CorpDIFOLIAg. Leaves ovate or lanceolate in outline, pinnately veined and cleft. IX. ARBORESCENTES. Spines more or less flattened, not hooked, those of the lower series broad and connate at base; leaves ovate, lanceo- late, or deltoid in outline, merely toothed or indistinctly lobed. ; X. CHENOPODIFOLIAE. Fruit large, usually more than 1 cm. long; spines more than 100, subulate, strongly hooked, in many series. Leaves not spinescent; paleae of the staminate receptacle hya- line, 1-nerved. XI. AMBROSIOIDES. Leaves and the involucral lobes spinescent; paleae of the stami- nate receptacle herbaceous, several-nerved, longer than the flowers. XII. ILIcrFo.rak. I. MONTANAE Leaves divided practically to the midrib; lobes linear or oblong. 1. F. acanthicarpa. Leaves not divided to the midrib; lobes obovate. Spines 15-30 in about 4 series 2. F. montana. Spines 10-18 in 2 or 3 series. 3. F. Palmeri. II. MARITIMAE Spines of the fruit thick, subulate, only somewhat flattened or channeled on the upper side; leaves bipinnatifid. Stem and inflorescence strigose with short hairs. 4. F. bipinnatifida. Stem and inflorescence more or less villous with long white hairs. 5. F. villosa. Spines of the fruit decidedly flattened. Leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid. 6. F. Lessingit. Leaves merely crenate or lobed. 7. F. Chamissonis. III. TENUIFOLIAE Leaves tomentulose as well as strigose beneath. 8. F. linearis. Leaves not tomentulose beneath. Leaves bi-or tripinnatifid; fruit hirsutulous as well as glandular; plant if at all suffruticose only at the base. Siem strigose with short appressed or incurved hairs. Leaves finely and densely white or grayish-strigulose. Paleae of the staminate receptacle with broad rhombic or spatulate tips; leaves white-canescent. 9. F. canescens. Paleae of the staminate receptacle filiform or narrowly linear, only slightly clavate at the tip; leaves grayish. 10. F. strigulosa. Leaves coarsely strigose, rarely canescent. 24 ' NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 33 Inflorescence leafy with numerous branches; leaf-segments elongate, not spreading. 11. F. confertifiora. Inflorescence more simple; leaf-segments short and spread- ing. 12. F. Pringlet. Stem more or less hirsute with long white hairs. Staminate involucre 3-5 mm. broad; plant usually green. Segments of the.lower leaves broad and obtuse, not divar- icate. 13. F. tenuifolia. Segments all narrow, acute and divaricate, the terminal one usually much elongate. 14. F. caudata. * Staminate involucre 2-3 mm. broad; plant more or less canes- cent. Leaf-segments narrowly linear. 15. F. hispidissima. Leaf-segments lanceolate. 16. F. incana. Leaves simply pinnatifid; fruit merely slightly glandular-granulifer- ous; shrubby. 17. F. acuminata. IV. ERIOCENTRAE One species. : 18. F. eriocentra. V. TOMENTOSAE One species. 19. F. tomentosa. VI. DISCcOLORES Plant not hispid. Leaves equally white-tomentose on both sides. 20. F. nivea. Leaves white-tomentose beneath, but greener above. Fruit strigose but scarcely glandular; plant herbaceous with a creeping rootstock. 21. F. discolor Fruit decidedly glandular-granuliferous; plant more or less woody at the base Fruit hirsute as well as glandular; leaf-segments broad. 22. F. camphorata. Fruit merely glandular; leaf-segments very narrow. 23. F. leptophylla. Plant more or less hispid. 24. F. hispida. VII. ALBICAULES ‘Spines more or less flattened but rather narrow, not hooked. Ultimate divisions of the leaves obovate or elliptic; paleae ot the staminate receptacle with broad tips, villous; staminate involucre about 5 mm. wide. 25. F. dumosa. Ultimate divisions of the leaves oblong; paleae of the staminate re- ceptacle linear-spatulate, sparingly pubescent; staminate in- volucre about 3 mm. wide. 26. F. albicaulis. Spines almost terete, slightly grooved above, hooked at the apex. Leaf-segments and rachis about ’*2 mm. broad; leaves greenish above. 27. F. Magdalenae. Leaf-segments and rachis 1 mm. broad or less; leaves canescent on both sides. 28. F. intricata. VIII. CorDIFOLIAE Spines of the fruit distinctly channeled on the upper side, rather thin and narrow. 29. F. malvacea. Spines of the fruit if at all sulcate only slightly so at the base, thick and stout. Fruit ellipsoid, twice as long as broad; spines 15-20, thick, broadened at the base, in about 3 series; leaves merely lobed. 30. F. cordifolia. Fruit rounded, obovate, a little longer than broad; spines 25-30, not much broadened at the base; leaves deeply cleft. 31. F. divaricata. IX. ARBORESCENTES Spines of the fruit nearly terete, hooked at the apex. Leaves deeply lobed and toothed, canescent beneath. 32. F. arborescens. Leaves coarsely sinuately toothed, green on both sides. 33. F. Sanctae-Gertrudis. Spines of the fruit dilated and deeply pitted at the base, scarcely hooked at the apex. 34. F. flexuosa. X. CHENOPODIFOLIAE Fruit decidedly glandular-puberulent, slightly if at all villous; leaves narrow, acute. Lower spines of the fruit ovate or broadly lanceolate. 35. F. deltoidea. Lower spines of the fruit narrowly lanceolate or subulate. 36. F. lancifolia. Fruit decidedly villous, not glandular; leaves broadly ovate, usually - obtuse. 37. F. chenopodifolia. XI. AMBROSIOIDES One species. 38. F. ambrosioides. XII. ILIciFOLIAE One species. 39. F, ilicifolia. Part 1, 1922 AMBROSIACEAE 25 I. Montanae. Herbs, mostly annuals, with pinnatifid or bipinnatifid leaves; heads numerous in leafy panicles; staminate involucre mostly 6-lobed, with 3 dark ribs, one in each of the 3 upper lobes; paleae filiform with slightly clavate tips or rudimentary; anthers with cuspidate incurved tips; fruit small, glandular-puberulent or slightly pubescent, 1-celled, usually 1-flowered; beak solitary, one lobe much longer than the other; spines flattened or channeled, not hooked. ; 1. Franseria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4: 129. 1893. Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 309. 1833. Franseria Hookeriana Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7: 345. 1840. Gaertneria Hookeriana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 339. 1891. Gaertneria acanthicarpa Britton, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 332. 1894. An annual herb, or perhaps sometimes perennial; stem 3-6 dm. high, branched, striate, strigose as well as more or less hirsute, with scattered white hairs with pustulate bases; leaves petioled, bipinnatifid almost to the midrib, strigose on both sides and somewhat hirsute on the veins; blades ovate in outline, 5-10 cm. long; divisions linear to oblong, from rounded to acute at the apex; heads numerous in leafy panicles, the staminate ones racemose, on peduncles . 3-4 mm. long; involucre 2.5—4 mm. broad, sparingly hispidulous or glabrate, dark olive-green, with 3 dark ribs in the upper lobes; lobes ovate, rounded at the apex; corolla glabrous; pistil- late heads in small clusters in the upper axils, 1-flowered; fruit 8-10 mm. long, ellipsoid, spar- ingly hirsute or glabrate, slightly glandular-granuliferous, reticulate-ridged; beak solitary, subulate; spines flattened, 8-20, in 3-4 series, lanceolate, connected with ridges, about 4 mm. long. The northern form is more hispid than the southern, and with larger, permanently hairy fruit. TYPE LOALITY: Banks of the Saskatchewan. DISTRIBUTION: Sandy soil, Saskatchewan and Alberta to Missouri, Texas, and southern Cal- ifornia. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown Ill. Fl. f. 3595; ed. 2, f.4229. 2. Franseria montana Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II .7: 345. 1840. An annual herb, or perhaps scmetimes perennial; stem 3-6 dm. high, branched, striate and somewhat strigose; leaves petioled, pinnately parted or lobed, strigose on both sides; blades ovate in outline, 2-7 cm. long; divisions fobed or toothed, obovate or the terminal one ovate, the upper confluent; lobes and teeth of the lower leaves usually rounded at the apex; heads numerous in leafy panicles, the staminate ones racemose, on peduncles 3—4 mm. long; involucre 4-6 mm. broad, sparingly hispidulous, with three dark ribs running into the three upper lobes, sometimes with an additional but fainter one in the innermost lobe; lobes rounded, ovate; corolla glabrous; pistillate heads in clusters in the upper axils, 1-flowered; fruit about 8 mm. long, slightly glandular-puberulent; beak subulate, 3 mm. long; spines 15-30, in about 4 series, flattened, channeled, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate or rarely rudimentary in some of the heads. TYPE LOCALITY: Rocky Mountains, near the Colorado of the West. DISTRIBUTION: Oregon to Wyoming, Utah, and California. 3. Franseria Palmeri Rydberg, sp. nov. An annual herb; stem 5-7 dm. high, branched, striate, glandular-granuliferous and his- pidulous; leaves petioled, pinnately parted or lobed, strigose; blades ovate or deltoid in out- line, 3-5 cm. long; divisions obovate or the terminal one rhombic; secondary lobes oblong and rounded at the apex; heads numerous in leafy panicles, the staminate ones racemose, on peduncles 2-3 mm. long; involucre 5-6 mm. in diameter, sparingly hispidulous, with 3 dark ribs; lobes usually 6, rounded; corolla glabrous; pistillate heads in small clusters, 1-flow- ered; fruit about 8 mm. long, sparingly villous when young; beak subulate, 3 mm. long; spines 10-18, in 2-3 series, flattened and channeled, linear-lanceolate. 26 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 Type collected at San Diego, California, in 1875, Dr. E. Palmer (U. S. Nat. Herb.). DISTRIBUTION: Southern California. II. Maritimae. Perennial herbs, decumbent at the base, with rootstocks; leaves canes- cent beneath, from crenate to bipinnatifid; heads in simple spikes; staminate involucres with 8-10 round lobes; paleae filiform to oblanceolate; anthers with cuspidate inflexed tips; fruit small, glandular-puberulent to slightly pubescent, l-celled, usually 1-flowered; beak solitary, one lobe longer than the other; spines not hooked, subulate to lanceolate, channeled on the upper side. 4. Franseria bipinnatifida Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7: 344. 1840. Gaertneria bipinnatifida Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 339. 1891. Ambrosia bipinnatifclia Greene, Man. Bay Region 187. 1894. A perennial herb, with a creeping rootstock; stems decumbent at the base, 2-10 dm. high, strigose; leaves petioled, bipinnatifid, densely white-strigose on both sides; blades triangular or ovate in outline, 2—5 cm. long; ultimate divisions ovate, often toothed; staminate heads in terminal racemes, short-peduncled; involucre 3-5 mm. broad, glandular-puberulent; lobes 8-10, triangular; paleae of the receptacle narrowly linear-oblanceolate, 1-nerved, puberulent; corolla slightly puberulent, brownish on the angles and margins; anthers with incurved cus- pidate tips; pistillate heads clustered in the upper leaf-axils and at the base of the raceme, subtended by small lanceolate leaves, mostly 1-flowered; fruit about 8 mm. long, glandular- puberulent and with a few scattered hairs; beak solitary, thick, subulate, 1.5—2 mm. long; spines subulate, thick, somewhat flattened or grooved on the upper side, not hooked, their bases connected by low ridges. TYPE LOCALITY: Santa Barbara, California. DISTRIBUTION: Coast of Oregon, California, and Lower California. Franseria bipinnatifida < Chamissonis. Leaves finely canescent, spatulatein outline, deeply cleft or lobed; spines of the fruit terete or nearly so. California, Bolander 2453, in part (U.S. Nat. Herb. 323429). 5. Franseria villosa (Eastw.) Rydberg, sp. nov. Franseria bipinnatifida villosa Eastwood, in herb. A perennial herb, with a creeping rootstock; stem decumbent below, white-villous with long spreading hairs, especially in the inflorescence; leaves bipinnatifid, densely canescent, more or less villous; rachis only slightly winged; blades triangular or deltoid in outline, 3-6 cm. long; secondary segments obovate, mostly obtuse, toothed; staminate heads in terminal racemes; involucre saucer-shaped, about 5 mm. broad, glandular-puberulent; lobes 8-10, triangular; paleae of the receptacle filiform or nearly so; corolla glandular-granuliferous; anthers with cuspidate incurved tips; pistillate heads in small clusters at the base of the stami- nate raceme and in the upper axils, 1-flowered; fruit about 8 mm. long; beak single, elongate- conic, 2-3 mm. long; spines 18-20, elongate-conic, 2—3 mm. long, only slightly channeled. Type collected near Mendocino, California, in June 1898, H. E. Brown 843 (N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to central California. Franseria Chamissonis < villosa. Like F. villosa in pubescence and fruit, but the leaves less dissected and with broader segments. Vancouver Island, Macoun 87869 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.) ; also at San Francisco, California. 6. Franseria Lessingii Meyen & Walp.; Walp. Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 19: Suppl. 268. 1843. Franseria Chamissonis bipinnatisecta Less. Linnaea 6: 508. 1831. Franseria bipinnatifida dubia Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. III.1: 117. 1898. Gaertneria bipinnatifida dubia A. Heller, Muhlenbergia 1:6. 1900. A perennial herb, with a creeping rootstock; stems decumbent at the base, canescent with appressed or somewhat loose hairs, 3-10 dm. long; leaves bipinnatifid, densely white- strigose on both sides; blades ovate in outline, 5-8 cm. long; rachis distinctly winged between Part 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE bo N the segments; secondary segments lanceolate or ovate, often 1 cm. long, toothed; staminate heads in a terminal raceme; involucre saucer-shaped, 5-6 mm. broad, hirsute as well as glan- dular-puberulent; lobes 8-10, rounded-ovate; paleae of the receptacle filiform, slightly clavate and pubescent towards the apex, sometimes tinged with purple; corolla pubescent; pistillate heads in small clusters in the upper axils and at the base of the staminate raceme, 1-flowered; fruit about 1 cm. long, slightly villous and glandular-puberulent; beak single, elongate-conic, 3 mm. long; spines 15-20, in about 4 series, linear-lanceolate in outline, deeply channeled, 3 mm. long. TypPE LocaLiry: California. i ‘ : DISTRIBUTION: Washington to southern California, along the coast. 7. Franseria Chamissonis Less. Linnaea 6: 507. 1831. Franseria Chamissonis malvaefolia Less. Linnaea 6: 507. 1831. Franseria cuneifolia Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7: 345. 1840. Franseria Chamissonis cuneifolia T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 2: 293. 1842. Gaertneria Chamissonis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 339. 1891. Ambrosia Chamissonis Greene, Man. Bay Region 188. 1894. A perennial herb, with a creeping rootstock; stem decumbent at the base, hirsute, striate, 2-4 dm. high; leaves simple, petioled, densely silky-strigose; blades oblanceolate, elliptic, spatulate, or cuneate, acute or rounded at the apex, cuneate at the entire base, coarsely crenate or dentate to incisely-lobed, 2-5 cm. long; staminate heads in a dense terminal spike, subsessile: involucre saucer-shaped, 7-8 mm. wide, somewhat hirsute; lobes 8-10, semi-orbicular or round- ed-ovate; paleae of the receptacle filiform, with slightly spatulate tips; corolla with brown angles and margins; pistillate heads in small axillary clusters and at the base of the stamin- ate spike, 1-flowered; fruit about 1 cm. long, hirsute; beak solitary, conic, short; spines 25— 30, inabout 4 series, dilated, not hooked, narrowly lanceolate and boat-shaped, ciliate, their bases connected by low ridges. Type LocaLity: California. DISTRIBUTION: Vancouver Island to California. (?) Franseria Chamissonis < Lessingii. Franseria Chamissonis viscida Eastw. Proc. Calif. Acad. III. 1: 117. 1898. Gaertneria Chamissonis viscida A. Heller, Muhenbergia 1: 6. 1900. Like F. Chamissonis but the leaves more or less cleft or the lower even pinnatifid; more coarsely hairy than F. bipinnatifida X Chamissonis. San Nicolas and San Clemente Islands, California. III. Tenuifoliae. Annual or perennial herbs with branched roots, or shrubby, at least below; leaves bi- or tri-pinnatifid, strigose or hirsute; heads numerous in leafy panicles; stam- inate involucre with 8—13 round lobes; paleae mostly filiform with dilated tips; anthers with acuminate incurved tips; fruit very small, reticulate-rugose; beak solitary, the lobes unequal; spines short, hooked at the apex. 8. Franseria linearis Rydberg Gaertneria linearis Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 133. 1905. A low perennial, shrubby at the base; stems about 3 dm. high, sparingly hirsute, angled and striate; leaves subsessile, once or twice pinnatifid, 3-4 cm. long, strigose above, minutely tomentulose beneath, ovate in outline; divisions linear, obtuse, 3-5 mm. long, somewhat revolute-margined; heads racemose, the staminate ones nodding, on peduncles 1-2 mm. Ieng; involucre saucer-shaped, green, strigose, 3-4 mm. wide: lobes about 8, rounded-ovate; paleae of che receptacle spatulate, 1-nerved; corolla glabrous; pistillate heads few, in the upper axils, 1-flowered; fruit strigose; beak subulate; spines 12-15, in about 3 series, nearly terete, hooked at the apex. TYPE LocaLiIty: Calhan, Colorado. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. 9. Franseria canescens (Benth.) Rydberg Ambrosia frulicosa var. Benth. Pl. Hartw. 17. 1839. Ambrosia fruticosa canescens Benth.; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 2: 150. 1881. Ambrosia canescens A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 217. 1882. A perennial herb, with a rootstock; stem 3-5 dm. high, sparingly strigulose or glabrate; leaves short-petioled, tripinnatifid, densely white-strigulose on both sides or merely grayish 28 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 above; blades ovate, oval, or obovate in outline, 3-10 cm. long; segments divergent, the ulti- mate ones linear or linear-oblong, acute; inflorescence rather simple, racemose or with a few branches; staminate heads reflexed on spreading peduncles, which are about 3 mm. long; in- volucre about 4 mm. wide, finely strigulose; lobes 8-10, rounded-ovate; paleae of the receptacle linear or filiform, with rhombic or broadly spatulate tips, or sometimes spatulate; pistillate heads in small clusters in the upper axils and on the lower part of the staminate raceme, 1- flowered; fruit 5-6 mm. long, glandular-puberulent, reticulate-rugose; beak solitary, conic; spines 8-15, in 2-3 series, dilated below, but not strongly flattened, some of them more or less hooked. TYPE LOCALITY: Aguascalientes. DISTRIBUTION: Chihuahua to Querétaro and state of Mexico. 10. Franseria strigulosa Rydberg, sp. nov. A perennial herb; stem 3-6 dm. high, striate, strigulose or with a few coarser hairs; lower leaves 1-1.2 dm. long, bipinnatifid or tripinnatifid, softly grayish-strigulose on both sides, short-petioled, obovate in outline; segments oblong or linear-oblong, obtusish, or the terminal one lanceolate and longer; upper leaves less dissected; inflorescence a leafy panicle; staminate . heads short-peduncled, nodding; involucre 2.5—3 mm. broad, sparingly strigulose; lobes 6-8, triangular; paleae of the receptacle filiform, slightly clavate at the apex, sparingly glandular- puberulent and sparingly hispid at the tip; pistillate heads in small clusters on the lower part of the branches; fruit about 3 mm. long, pubescent and glandular-granuliferous, reticulate- ‘ridged, 1-flowered; beak solitary, subulate-conic; spines 16-20, conic-subulate below, hooked at the apex. Type collected in Los Angeles County, California, September 1899, L. T. Chamberlain (herb. ING Ye ebot. Gard): DISTRIBUTION: Southern California, Lower California, Sonora, and Sinaloa. 11. Franseria confertiflora (DC.) Rydb. Ambrosia fruticosa DC. Prodr. 5: 525. 1836. Not Ambrosia fruticosa Medic. 1775. Ambrosia confertiflora DC. Prodr. 5: 526. 1836. A perennial herb, 3-20 dm. high, in the south sometimes becoming woody at the base, very leafy and branched; stem appressed-hispid; leaves bipinnately or tripinnately and in- terruptedly dissected, short-petioled, strigose-hispidulous on both sides, 5-15 cm. long; seg- ments linear or linear-oblong, acute, the terminal ones elongate; heads in more or less leafy panicles, the staminate ones numerous, reflexed on spreading peduncles, which are 1-2 mm. long; involucre turbinate-hirsutulous and glandular-puberulent, 2-2.5 (rarely 3) mm. broad, irregularly lobed; lobes 8-10, broadly triangular, ciliolate; paleae of the receptacle filiform, with spatulate pubescent tips; corolla pubescent; teeth triangular; pistillate heads in small clusters in the upper axils and on the lower part of the staminate racemes, 1-2-flowered; fruit ovoid, 2-3 mm. long, glandular-puberulent; beak single, conic, incurved at the apex; spines 6-18, connected by ridges, somewhat dilated below, more or less hooked at the apex, each with a reticulate pit or areola above its base. TYPE LOCALITY: Matamoros, Tamaulipas. ; DISTRIBUTION: Tennessee; from Oklahoma and southern Colorado to Arizona, Sinaloa, and Tamaulipas. 12. Franseria Pringlei Rydberg, sp. nov. A perennial herb; stems 3-6 dm. high, sparingly strigulose and hispid; lower leaves petioled, tripinnatifid, strigose, sparingly hispid on the veins; blades ovate or rhombic in out- line, 5-8 em. long; segments short, ovate, divergent, acutish; upper leaves less dissected and with longer and narrower segments; inflorescence rather simple, racemose, leafy below; stam- inate heads subsessile; involucre saucer-shaped, strigose, and glandular-puberulent, 4-5 mm. broad; lobes 10-13, triangular; paleae of the receptacle with filiform bases and spatulate tips; corolla pubescent; pistillate heads in small clusters on the lower part of the raceme, in the axils of linear leaves, often toothed or lobed towards the base, 1-flowered; fruit 2~3 mm. long, Part 1, 1922 AMBROSIACEAE 29 hirsutulous and glandular-puberulent, reticulate, ridged and pitted, 1-flowered; beak solitary, conic; spines somewhat broadened below, hooked at the apex. Type collected at Jimulco, Coahuila, May 17, 1885, Pringle 192 (N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Coahuila to Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosi. 13. Franseria tenuifolia* Harv. & Gray; A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4: 80. 1849. Ambrosia longistylis? A. Gray, Men. Am. Acad. 4: 79. 1849. Not A. longistylis Nutt. 1840. Franseria tenuifolia tripinnatifida A. Gray, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 6: 227. 1850. Xanthidium tenuifolium Delpino, Studi. Lign. Anem. 62. 1871. Gaertneria tenuifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 339. 1891. A perennial herb; stem 3-6 dm. high, more or less hirsute with white spreading hairs; leaves interruptedly bi- or tripinnatifid, coarsely strigose on both sides and hirsute on the veins beneath, 1—-1.5 dm. long; blades ovate in outline; segments of the lower leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or rounded at the apex, the terminal one short;, segments of the upper leaves narrower, usually linear and acute, and the terminal one often elongate; inflorescence a leafy panicle but branches rather few; staminate heads many, on peduncles about 2 mm. long, nodding; involucre 3-4 mm. broad, turbinate-saucer-shaped, hispidulous and glandular- puberulent; lobes about 10, triangular; paleae of the receptacle filiform with slightly spatulate tips; corolla puberulent; pistillate heads in small clusters in the upper axils, 1-flowered, sub- tended by oval bract-like leaves; fruit hirsute and glandular-puberulent, reticulate, about 3 cm. long; beak solitary, conic; spines about 15 in 2—3 series, short, broadened at the base and hooked at the apex. TYPE LOCALITY: Pofii Creek, between Bent’s Fort [Colorado] and Santa Fé [New Mexico]. DISTRIBUTION: Texas to California & Coahuila. 14. Franseria caudata Rydberg, sp. nov. A perennial herb; stem 3—4 dm. high, sparingly white-hispid with ascending hairs; leaves subsessile, 5-15 cm. long, interruptedly bipinnatifid, strigose on both sides; segments linear- lanceolate, divergent and often falcate, the terminal ones often elongate; inflorescence a rather simple raceme; staminate heads very short-peduncled; involucre saucer-shaped, about 5 mm. broad, glandular-puberulent and sparingly hispidulous; lobes about 8, rounded-ovate; paleae of the receptacle nearly filiform, slightly clavate; pistillate heads in small clusters in the upper axils and at the base of the staminate raceme, 1-flowered; fruit fully 4 mm. long, glandular- puberulent and slightly hispidulous, strongly pitted; beak solitary, conic, 1 mm. long; spines 15-18 in 2-3 series, somewhat broadened below, hooked at the apex, connected by rounded ridges. Type collected near Gray, Lincoln County, New Mexico, September 1, 1898, Josephine Skehan 108 (N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Western Texas and New Mexico. 15. Franseria hispidissima Rydberg, sp. nov. A perennial herb; stem more than 5 dm. high, strongly angled, hispid as well as glandular- puberulent; leaves tripinnatifid, hispid, subsessile; blades ovate in outline, 3-7 cm. long; seg- ments narrowly linear; staminate heads very numerous in leafy panicles; involucre about 3 mm. wide, saucer-shaped, hispidulous and glandular-puberulent; lobes 6-8, broadly triangular, often apiculate; paleae of the receptacle filiform; corolla brownish on the margins and angles, puberulent; pistillate heads in the upper axils, 1-flowered; fruit about 3 mm. long, hispidulous and glandular-puberulent, with pits above the spines; beak solitary, conic; spines 8-12, in 2 series, conic, slightly broadened below, hooked at the apex. Type collected at Real de Pifios, Zacatecas, Leon Diquet (N. Y. Bot. Gard.). *Gray (Syn. Fl. ed. 2. 12: 449. 1886) gives as a synonym Ambrosia tenuifolia Gren. & Godr. Fl. Fr. 2: 395. 1852; but Grenier & Godron’s description applies to A. tenuifolia Spreng., and Cosson’s plant, mentioned by Gray, belongs to the same. 30 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 16. Franseria incana Rydberg, sp. nov. A perennial herb, somewhat woody at the base; stems 3-5 dm. high, white-hoary; leaves bipinnatifid, silky-canescent with long white hairs, less than 1 dm. long, petioled; blades ovate in outline; segments lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute; terminal segment of the upper leaves somewhat elongate; heads in leafy panicles, the staminate ones on peduncles scarcely more than 1 mm. long; involucre turbinate, about 2 mm. wide, silky-hirsute; lobes about 6, broadly triangular, obtuse or short-acuminate; paleae of the receptacle linear-filiform; pistil- late heads in small clusters in the axils and on the lower part of the staminate racemes, 1- flowered; fruit 2 mm. long, glandular-puberulent, reticulate; beak solitary, conic; spines short, slightly dilated below, hooked at the apex, more or less connected by ridges at the base and with deep pits. Type collected at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, September 1892, Dr. T. E. Wilcox (Columbia Univ. herb.). DISTRIBUTION: Arizona to Lower California and San Luis Potosi. 17. Franseria acuminata Brand. Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 2: 171. 1889. A perennial, shrubby at least at the base; stem about 6 dm. high, branched above, gla- brous or nearly so; leaves mostly alternate, bright-green, very sparingly strigose, 5-8 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate in outline, pinnately divided to the midrib into 3-8 pairs of unequal, lanceolate, acuminate divisions, the terminal one long-acuminate; inflorescence racemose-paniculate; staminate heads numerous; involucre turbinate, glabrous, with 5-8 triangular mucronate lobes; paleae of the receptacle minute, somewhat clavate; pistillate heads in small clusters in the upper axils, l—or 2-flowered; fruit obovoid, about 5 mm. long, glabrous; spines 5-8, very short, rarely more than 0.5 mm. long, incurved, in two series; beak short, conic. TYPE LOCALITY: Purisima, Lower California. . IV. Eriocentrae. Low shrubs with straw-colored bark; leaves lobed or incised, gray or white beneath; heads paniculate; staminate involucre with 5—7 triangular lobes; paleae spatu- late, villous; anthers with triangular tips; fruit small, densely villous; beak solitary, the lobes not very unequal in length; spines straight. 18. Franseria eriocentra A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 355. 1868. Gaertneria eriocentra Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 339. 1891. A shrubby perennial; branches hispidulous and slightly tomentulose; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate in outline, short-petioled, cuneate at the base, acute at the apex, pinnately lobed or incised-dentate, somewhat hastately so, finely tomentulose, gray or white beneath, soon green above, 2—4 cm. long; inflorescence paniculate, leafy below; staminate heads on very short peduncles or subsessile; involucre saucer-shaped, about 4 mm. wide, glandular-hispidu- lous and tomentulose; lobes 5-7, triangular; paleae about as long as the corolla; corolla narrowly funnelform, pubescent, terete; lobes triangular; pistillate heads sessile, subtended by small lanceolate leaves, 1-flowered; body of the fruit 1-celled, spindle-shaped, 8 mm. long; beak conic-subulate, oblique at the apex, but not produced in a hook; spines 12-15, subulate, straight, long-hirsute, 6 or 7 in the upper series and the rest scattered below. TYPE LOCALITY: Providence Mountains, Arizona [probably California]. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Nevada and Utah, southeastern California, and western Arizona. V. Tomentosae. Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks; leaves pinnatifid, with few segments or the upper simple, white-tomentose beneath; heads in leafy panicles; staminate involucre with 12-14 rounded lobes; paleae linear-lanceolate, boat-shaped, 3-5-nerved; fruit small, 2-flowered; beaks 2, nearly straight; spines straight, subulate-conic. 19. Franseria tomentosa A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4: 80. 1849. Gaertneria tomentosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 339. 1891. Gaertneria Grayi A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 34:35. 1902. Part 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE 31 A perennial, with a rootstock; stems 4-6 dm. high with erect branches, villous-tomentose when young, glabrous and chestnut-brown in age; leaves interruptedly pinnatifid or the upper ones simple, densely white-tomentose beneath, silky above; petioles and rachis winged and with lanceolate lobes; principal divisions lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, serrate; inflorescence paniculate, leafy below; peduncles of the staminate heads short; involucre rotate, tomentose, about 5 mm. in diameter, with 12—14 rounded lobes; paleae of the receptacle linear-lanceolate, boat-shaped, 3—5-nerved. longer than the flowers; pistillate head subtended by small ovate leaves, 2-flowered; fruit 8 mm. long or more; body spindle-shaped, glandular-puberulent; beaks 2, conic, nearly straight, 3 mm. long; spines subulate-conic, nearly straight, 3 mm. long, 12-15, in about 3 series. TYPE LOCALITY: Walnut Creek, between Council Grove and Fort Mann, of the Arkansas [centraf Kansas]. DISTRIBUTION: Nebraska and Colorado to Northern Texas. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3597; ed. 2. f. 4131. VI. Discolores. Perennial herbs, with rootstocks; leaves interruptedly pinnatifid, tomen- tose beneath; heads in terminal racemes; staminate involucre with 8-12 short lobes; paleae clavate or spatulate, l-nerved; anthers with acuminate or cuspidate incurved tips; fruit woody, 2--8-celled; beaks 2—8, short, conic; spines conic, straight or nearly so. 20. Franseria nivea Rob. & Fern. Proc. Am. Acad. 30: 117. 1895. Perennial, 3-10 dm. high; branches white-tomentose; leaves alternate, petioled, inter- ruptedly pinnate; blades ovate in outline, white-tomentose on both sides, about 5 cm. long; upper part of the petioles and the rachis winged; principal divisions pinnately lobed and toothed, with small triangular ones interposed; staminate heads in terminal racemes; peduncles about 3 mm. long, recurved; involucre saucer-shaped or nearly rotate, white-tomentose, 4 mm. wide, with 9-10,short ovate lobes; paleae of the receptacle hyaline, clavate, 1-nerved; corolla with brownish angles and margins; pistillate heads in the upper axils and at the base of the staminate raceme, sessile, subtended by small leaves; fruit ovoid, 6-7 mm. long, cinere- ous, woody, 2-celled; beaks 2, stout, conic, 2 mm. long, somewhat curved but not hooked; spines 22-30, in 4 or 5 series, conic, scarcely curved, 1.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Plains near Casas Grandes, Chihuahua. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. 21. Franseria discolor Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7: 345. 1840. Ambrosia tomentosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 186. 1818. Not Franseria tomentosa A. Gray, 1849. Xanthidium discolor Delpino, Studi Lign. Anem. 63. 1871. Gaertneria discclor Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 339. 1891. Gaertneria tomentosa A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 34: 34. 1902. Not G. tomentosa Kuntze, 1891. A perennial herb, with a creeping rootstock; stem 2-4 dm. high, sparingly strigose; leaves interruptedly and irregularly bipinnatifid, elliptic in outline, white-tomentose beneath, strigose or glabrate above, 6-15 cm. long; petioles short; rachis winged, with small triangular segments interposed between the principal ones; ultimate divisions ovate or triangular, toothed; staminate heads in terminal racemes, the pistillate ones in the upper axils; involucre of the former green with dark veins, about 5 mm. in diameter, rotate, with about 10 short lobes; paleae of the receptacle hyaline, with a single purple vein, spatulate, shorter than the corolla; corolla with purple margins and angles; pistillate heads sessile, subtended by small bract-like elliptic or lanceolate leaves; fruit woody, strigose, about 6 mm. long, 2-celled; beaks 2, stout, conic, spreading, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. thick at the base, the upper lobe hooked; spines 8-12, in two or three series, subulate or conic, about 1 mm. long, thick and broadened at the base, scarcely hooked. TYPE Locality: (of F. discolor) Rocky Mountains near the Colorado of the West [Wyoming]; (of A. tomentosa) Upper Louisiana, on the banks of Missouri [South Dakota]. DIstRIBUTION: Plains from South Dakota and Nebraska to New Mexico, Arizona, and Wyoming. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3596; ed 2. f. 4130; Bull. Agr. Coll. Colo. 23: pl. 9, 10; Bull. Nev. Exp. Sta. 22: pl. 2; Bull. Wyo. Exp. Sta. 31: pl. 13. 32 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 22. Franseria camphorata Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. I. 1: 192. 1885. Franseria bipinnatifida A. Gray, in S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 115. 1876. Not F. bipinnatifida Nutt. 1841. A perennial, shrubby at the base; stem 3-6 dm. high, with spreading branches, at first tomentose and glandular, in age glabrate; leaves interruptedly bipinnatifid, petioled, white- tomentose beneath, floccose above; blades triangular or ovate in outline, 5—8 cm. long; rachis winged and with small triangular lobes between the principal segments; ultimate divisions lanceolate, more or less toothed; inflorescence paniculate; branches raceme-like, bearing many staminate heads above and fewer pistillate ones below, the former on recurved peduncles about 5 mm. long; involucre saucer-shaped, 7-8 mm. broad, glandular-puberulent; lobes 8-10, broadly triangular, acute; paleae of the receptacle with spatulate pubescent tips; corolla with brownish borders; pistillate heads subtended by small linear-lanceolate leaves, 2- or 3-flowered and 2- or 3-celled; fruit about 7 mm. long, glandular and hispid, broadly ovoid or globose, woody; beaks 2 or 3, broadly conic, 1.5 mm. long and about as thick at the base; spines 6-10, in 2 or 3 series, sub-conic, not hooked, with a pit above. TYPE LocALity: Guadalupe Island. DISTRIBUTION: Lower California; Guadalupe and Cedros islands. 23. Franseria leptophylla (A. Gray) Rydberg, sp. nov. Franseria camphorata leptophylla A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 309. 1887. A perennial, shrubby at the base, with slender branches, 2 dm. high or more, glandular- puberulent; leaves interruptedly bipinnatifid with narrow divisions, glandular-puberulent and slightly tomentulose beneath when young; rachis winged, with two or three small lobes between the principal ones; leaf-blades triangular in outline, 3-4 cm. long, with a few small lobes on the petioles below; ultimate divisions oblong, 1 mm. wide, with rounded small teeth; staminate heads in terminal racemes; peduncles recurved, 3 mm. long; involucre 4 mm. broad, rotate, glandular-puberulent, dark-green, with 10-12 deltoid lobes; paleae of the receptacle linear or slightly clavate, 1-nerved; corolla tinged with greenish-brown; pistillate heads in the upper axils, subtended by linear leaves, 2—8-flowered; fruit 5-6 cm. long, subglobose; beaks 2-8, conic, 1 mm. long or a little longer; spines 8-12, in 2 or 3 series, 1 mm. long, conic, not curved, often with a pit in their axils. TYPE LOCALITY: San Fernando, Lower California. DISTRIBUTION: Lower California. 24. Franseria hispida Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 25. 1844. Gaertneria hispida Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 339. 1891. A low shrub; stem erect, about 2 dm. high, hispid with white hairs; leaves interruptedly bipinnate, triangular in outline, 5-7 cm. long and broad, greenish, glandular-pruinose as well as hispid with white hairs; rachis winged, with smaller ovate often lobed smaller divisions in- terposed between the larger segments; ultimate divisions of the latter round-lobed or toothed; racemes short, dense, some staminate and some pistillate; staminate involucre spreading, 4 mm. broad, strongly oblique, cleft nearly halfway to the center into 6 ovate acute lobes, glandular-puberulent; paleae of the receptacle linear, slightly dilated at the apex, viscid- hirsutulous; pistillate involucre ovate, viscid-glandular, 2—4-flowered, 2—4-celled; fruit 4 mim. long; beaks 2—4, broadly conic, very acute, 1 mm. long; spines 6—9, subulate, in 2 series, not hooked. TYPE LOCALITY: Magdalena Bay, Lower California. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. VII. Albicaules. Low shrubs, with white bark; leaves pinnatifid or bi-pinnatifid; heads racemose, the staminate and pistillate ones often mixed; staminate involucre with 5-8 oval or ovate lobes; paleae spatulate to filiform, 1-nerved; anthers with acute or obtusish tips; * fruit 2-celled, 2-flowered; beaks 2, conic-subulate; spines subulate, flat, not hooked, or almost terete and somewhat hooked. . ParT 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE 33 25. Franseria dumosa A. Gray; Torr. in Frém. Rep. Calif. 316. 1845. Gaertneria dumosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 339. 1891. A shrubby perennial, with divaricate subspinose branches, 3-6 dm. high; young branches cinerous, strigose; leaves 1-2 cm. long, ovate in outline, pinnately or bipinnately divided, grayish-strigose on both sides, both primary and secondary divisions obovate or elliptic, the latter about 2 mm. wide; inflorescence racemose, the pistillate heads often intermixed with the staminate ones, the latter on short peduncles; involucre about 5 mm. broad, saucer-shaped, canescent; lobes 5—8, oval or ovate; paleae of the receptacle with broad dilated rhombic-spatu- late tips, villous; corolla pubescent; anthers acutish; pistillate flowers and fruit similar to those of F. albicaulis, but the spines usually broader, lance-subulate. TyPE LOCALITY: Sandy uplands of the Mojave River. DISTRIBUTION: Mojave Desert, southern California and southern Nevada; near Yuma, Arizona. 26. Franseria albicaulis Torr. Pl. Frém. 16. 1853. Franseria dumosa albicaulis A. Gray, in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 87. 1859. A low branched shrub, 2 dm. high or more; branches numerous, finely tomentose when young; leaves 1-3 cm. long, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, with oblong divisions, which are about 1 mm. broad, finely canescent; heads rather few, racemose, the pistillate and staminate ones often intermixed; staminate head on peduncles 1-3 mm. long; involucre saucer-shaped or somewhat turbinate, about 3 mm. wide, canescent; lobes 7 or 8, broadly ovate; paleae linear- spatulate, l-nerved, somewhat pubescent; anther-tips triangular, incurved; pistillate heads 2-flowered; fruit 4-5 mm. long, globose, somewhat glandular-puberulent; beaks 2, conic-subu- late, straight; spines 30-40, subulate, flat, not hooked, 2 mm. long. Type Locauiry: “Southern California, probably on the Gila’”’ [now Arizona]. _ 4 DistRIBuTION: Southern Utah to southern California, Sonora, and Lower California. 27. Franseria Magdalenae Brand. Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 2: 170. 1889. A suffrutescent perennial, 3-6 dm. high, branching, strigose-puberulent; leaves 5-7 cm. long oval or ovate in outline, bipinnatifid, strigose above, somewhat tomentose beneath, the divsions lanceolate and toothed; inflorescence simple, racemose or the pistillate heads some- times in small clusters; peduncles of the staminate heads about 3 mm. long; involucre 30-40 flowered, 5 mm. broad, saucer-shaped, strigose; lobes 5-10, ovate; paleae of the receptacle filiform; anthers obtuse, distinct; pistillate heads subtended by small oblong or lanceolate leaves, mostly 2-flowered; fruit ovoid, 5 mm. long; beaks 2, conic, subulate, shorter than the spines; spines 20-25, in about 4 series, subulate, slender, 3 mm. long, hooked at the apex. TYPE LocaLity: Magdalena Island, Lower California. DISTRIBUTION: Lower California. 28. Franseria intricata Rydberg, sp. nov. An intricately branched low shrub; young branches cinereous-tomentulose; leaves 2-4 em. long, grayish-tomentulose on both sides, almost white beneath, bipinnatifid, with divari- cate divisions; rachis slightly margined; ultimate segments linear-oblong, 1 mm. broad; heads in terminal spikes or racemes, the staminate above the pistillate ones; involucre saucer-shaped, 4-5 mm. wide, dark, sparingly pilose and puberulent, crenate; paleae of the receptacle linear- oblanceolate, sparingly villous towards the end; corolla pubescent; anther-tips acutish; pistil- late heads 2-flowered; fruit about 5 mm. long, glandular-pruinose; beaks 2; spines about 40; beaks and spines-both subulate, 2.5-3 mm. long, hooked at the apex. Type collected at San Bartolome Bay, Lower California, March 13, 1911, J. N. Rose 16196 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). VIII. Cordifoliae. Shrubs, with brown branches; leaf-blades ovate or cordate, 3-7- lobed; heads racemose; staminate involucre 5—10-crenate; paleae filiform, with spatulate 34 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 villous tips; anthers with acute or acuminate tips; fruit 2-celled, 2-flowered; beaks 2, stout; spines hooked. 29. Franseria malvacea Rydberg, sp. nov. A shrub, with terete brown branches; young twigs finely grayish-puberulent, in age gla- brate; leaves alternate, petioled; blades broadly ovate, 2-10 cm. long, cuneate at the base, acute or acuminate, 3—5-ribbed, more or less distinctly 3-7-lobed and doubly serrate, minutely puberulent above, grayish-tomentose beneath; staminate heads in terminal racemes; involucre saucer-shaped, tomentose-canescent, 5 mm. broad, 5—8-crenate; paleae of the receptacle fili- form, with villous spatulate tips; corolla pilose; style as long as the stamens; pistillate heads few in the upper axils, 2-flowered; fruit glandular-granulifercus, 7-8 mm. long; spines narrowly linear-lanceolate, distinctly grooved to near the hooked tip, 2 mm. long; beaks two, of about the same lengths. Type collected at Culiacan, 1891, E. Palmer 1770 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Sinaloa and Sonora to San Luis Potosi. 30. Franseria cordifolia A. Gray; Syn. Fl. N. Am. 1?: 445. 1884. Gaertneria cordifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 339. 1891. A more or less shrubby perennial, 6-10 dm. high; branches white-tomentose when young; leaves with petioles about as long as the blades; blades cordate in outline, more or less 3-7-lobed and dentate, 2-4 cm. long, cinereous-tomentose, densely so beneath, less so above; heads racemose at the ends of the branches, the staminate ones several, above the pistillate ones, short-peduncled; involucre saucer-shaped, tomentose, about 5 mm. broad; paleae of the re- ceptacle linear-clavate, villous; corolla pilose; lobes brown; pistillate heads few, more or less clustered on the lower part of the raceme or on short axillary branches, subtended by oblong to ovate small leaves, 2-flowered; fruic ellipsoid, 7-8 mm. long, densely glandular; beaks elongate-conic, somewhat united, hooked at the end; spines 15-18, in 3 or rarely 4 series, glandular, spreading, thick, broadened at the base, somewhat hooked. TYPE LOCALITY: Southern Arizona, in the mountains near Tucson. DISTRIBUTION: Arizona, Sonora, and Sinaloa. 31. Franseria divaricata Brand. Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 2: 171. 1889. A shrub, 3-6 dm. high, much branched; young twigs white-tomentose; leaves petioled; blades minutely canescent or when young white, 2-6 cm. long, broadly ovate or cordate, deeply 3-5-lobed; lobes doubly serrate or dentate, the base cordate or decurrent-cuneate; staminate heads in racemes ending the branches, short-peduncled, 20-30 flowered; involucre tomentulose or glabrace, 5—10-toothed, 5 mm. broad; paleae minute, filiform, with spatulate villous tips; corolla puberulent; pistillate heads in small clusters below the staminate ones, usually 2-flowered; fruit minutely puberulent and glandular-granuliferous, 6-8 mm. long, broadly obovoid; beaks 2, stout, slightly longer than the spines; spines 25-30, 2 mm. long, subulate, hooked. TYPE LOCALITY: San Gregorio, Lower California. DISTRIBUTION: Lower California. IX. Arborescentes. Shrubby perennials; leaves ovate or lanceolate, pinnately cleft; heads paniculate; staminate involucre with 5—12 ovate to lanceolate or triangular lobes; paleae subulate or filiform, pubescent; fruit 2-celled, 2-flowered; beaks 2, subulate, straight or some- what hooked; spines subulate, hooked or almost straight. 32. Franseria arborescens Brand. Zoe 5: 162. 1903. Franseria carduacea Greene, Leaflets 2: 156. 1911. A shrub or small tree, 3-5 m. high, canescent-pubescent; leaves alternate; petioles 2-3 cm. long; blades thick, up to 15 cm. long, 5-8 cm. wide, ovate in outline, long-acuminate, deeply pinnately cleft, with 3-7 coarsely serrate lobes, pubescent beneath, greener and puber- Part 1, 1922] * AMBROSIACEAE 35 ulent or hispidulous above; heads paniculate, the staminate ones above the pistillate ones; involucre rotate, 5-6 mm. broad, rather deeply cleft; lobes 9-12, lanceolate; paleae of the receptacle subulate, pubescent; corolla pubescent; style rather thick, fully as long as the stamens; stigma peltate, penicillate; pistillate heads 2-3-flowered; fruit pubescent, elliptic- fusiform, 8-9 mm. long; beaks 2, more or less united below, elongate-conic, slightly hooked; spines 7-10, in about 3 series, subulate, pubescent, hooked at the apex. Type Locaity: [Given as] “from Santa Gertrudis to Cabo San Lucas,’’ but the type was collected at Ascension, Lower California. DISTRIBUTION: Lower California. , 33. Franseria Sanctae-Gertrudis Rydberg, sp. nov. A tall shrub, 2-3 m. high, with white stems; twigs canescent-hispidulous when young; leaves alternate, short-petioled; blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, hispidulous and green on both sides, but slightly paler beneath, coarsely and sinuately toothed, more or less acuminate; heads paniculate, the staminate ones above the pistillate ones; involucre rotate, 5 mm. broad, finely pilose; lobes 5-7, triangular; paleae of the receptacle subulate or filiform, sparingly hairy; corolla pubescent; style thick; stigma peltate, penicillate; pistillate heads mostly 2-flowered; fruit pilose, about 6 mm. long; beaks 2, spreading, terete, hooked at the apex; spines about 15, in 3 series, subulate, pilose, hooked at the apex. Type collected on rocky slopes at Santa Gertrudis, Lower California, 1898, Purpus 116 (ZS: Nat. Herb. no. 383387.). 34. Franseria flexuosa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 298. 1885. A low shrub, widely branching; twigs canescently puberulent when young, glabrate and purple-tinged, flexuose; leaves alternate, short-petioled; blades 3-5 cm. long, deltoid-lanceolate, coriaceous, sinuately iobed or toothed, with salient spinulose ceeth, caudate-acuminate, feather-veined, and reticulate, canescently puberulent on both sides; heads paniculate, the staminate ones mostly above the pistillate ones; involucre of the former rotate, 4 mm. broad, villous; lobes 5-7, ovate; corolla pubescent; styles thick; stigma peltate, penicillate; pistillate heads 2-3-flowered; fruit 7 mm. long, glandular-granuliferous and villous; beaks 2 or 3, as- cending, subulate; spines rather thin, lance-subulate, channeled and with a deep pit in their axils, not hooked at the apex. TYPE LOCALITY: Cafion Cantillas, within the border of Lower California. DISTRIBUTION: Northern Lower California. X. Chenopodifoliae. Shrubs; leaf-blades ovate, lanceolate, or deltoid in outline, toothed; staminate involucre with 8-10 triangular or deltoid lobes; paleae spatulate to linear-clavate, villous; anthers with acute inflexed tips; fruit 2- or 3-celled, pubescent; beaks 2 or 3, subulate or conic, not hooked at the apex; spines subulate, not hooked at the apex. 35. Franseria deltoidea Torr. Pl. Frém. 15. 1853. Gaertneria deltoidea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 339. 1891. A shrubby perennial; branches finely tomentose at first, glabrate in age; leaves simple, petioled, finely tomentose, in age glabrate above; blades deltoid to rhombic-lanceolate, trun- cate or cuneate at the base, acute at the apex, crenate; heads in terminal racemes, the staminate ones several; peduncles short, 3 mm. long or less; involucre saucer-shaped, tomentulose when young; lobes 8-10, broadly triangular; paleae narrowly linear-clavate, membranous, 1-nerved, villous; pistillate heads more or less clustered on the lower part of the raceme, subtended by small ovate, mucronate or cuspidate leaves, 2- or 3-flowered; fruits globose, with a turbinate base, about 6 mm. long, slightly tomentose when young, more or less glandular, 2-celled; beaks 2 or 3, subulate, about as long as the spines; spines 15-30, glandular, more or less flattened, in 2-4 series, the lower series of 8-15, very broad, leaf-like and connate at the base, straight, the upper narrower. TYPE LOCALITY: On the Gila River, southern California [now Arizona]. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Arizona. 36 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VcLUME 33 36. Franseria lancifolia Rydberg, sp. nov. A shrubby perennial; twigs tomentulose when young, becoming purple and at last gray- ish; leaves simple, petioled, finely tomentulose on both sides, becoming greener above; blades lanceolate or ovate, crenate, 2-3 cm. long, acute; heads in terminal racemes, the staminate above, many; involucre broadly turbinate, tomentulose, 6 mm. broad, crenate; paleae of the receptacle oblanceolate or spatulate, villous; anthers with acute tips; pistillate heads below on the raceme, clustered, 2—3-flowered; fruit 7 mm. long, globose, sparingly hairy and glandu- lar-granuliferous; spines all subulate or the lower narrowly lanceolate, slightly curved at the apex; beaks 2 or 3, subulate. Type collected on Cedros Island, Lower California, 1897, A. W. Anthony 290 (U.S. Nat. Herb. no. 313840.). DISTRIBUTION: Lower California. 37. Franseria chenopodifolia Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 26. 1844. Gaertneria chenopodifolia Abrams, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 461. 1910. A shrubby perennial; branches white-tomentose when young; leaves simple, petioled, densely and closely white-tomentose beneath, slightly tomentose or in age glabrate above; blades broadly ovate or deltoid, obtuse or acute at the apex, truncate or broadly cuneate at the base, 1-3 em. long, dentate and sometimes slightly 3-lobed, strongly veined and some- what triple-ribbed at the base; inflorescence racemiform or paniculate, leafy at the base; stam- inate head short-peduncled or subsessile, in a rather dense spike; involucre rotate, 6-7 mm. broad, tomentose; lobes about 10, broadly deltoid, broader than long; paleae of the involucre narrowly linear-clavate, 1-nerved, villous; corolla slightly glandular; anthers with acute in- flexed tips; pistillate heads more or less clustered on the lower part of the spikes, subtended by oval bractlike leaves, 2-flowered; fruit depressed-globose, 5-6 mm. long, villous; spines 20-30, in 3 or 4 series, subulate, about 3 mm. long, strongly flattened below, about half of them in the first series and more or less connate at the base, not hooked; beaks 2, subulate, straight, not longer than the spines. TYPE LOCALITY: Bay of Magdalena [Lower California]. DISTRIBUTION: Southern California and Lower California. XI. Ambrosioides. Shrubby perennials; leaves simple, lanceolate, dentate; heads racemose; staminate involucre with 8-12 triangular lobes; paleae filiform-clavate; anthers with acuminate inflexed tips; fruit 2-4-celled, 2-4-flowered; beaks 2-4, subulate, the upper lip strongly hook- ed; spines about 100, terete, strongly hooked. 38. Franseria ambrosioides Cav. Ic. 2: 79. 1793. Xanthidium ambrosioides Delpino, Studi Lign. Anem. 63. 1871. Gaertneria ambrosioides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 339. 1891 A shrubby perennial, 1-2 m. high; branches grayish-hirsute as well as glandular-puberu- lent; leaves simple; petioles 1-3 cm. long; blades lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long, truncate, subcor- date, or cuneate at the base, acuminate at the apex, coarsely irregularly dentate, rather thick, rather strongly reticulate-veined beneath, more or less grayish-hirsutulous; heads in simple or somewhat branched racemes at the end of the branches and in the upper leaf-axils; stami- nate heads many, above the pistillate ones, on recurved peduncles 4-6 mm. long, saucer-shaped, 6-8 mm. broad, with 8-12 triangular -lobes, hirsutulous and glandular-puberulent; paleae shorter than the tubular membranous corolla; pistillate involucre subtended by a few lanceo- late bractlike leaves; fruit 10-30 mm. long; beaks about 4 mm. long, subulate; spines glandular- puberulent, 3-4 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: From Arizorfa to Durango, Sinaloa, and Lower California. ILLUSTRATIONS: Cav. Ic. pl. 200. XII. Ilicifoliae, Shrubby perennials; leaves coarsely dentate, with spine-tipped teeth; heads in terminal racemes leafy below; staminate involucre deeply 8—10-cleft, with lanceolate, long-acuminate lobes; paleae more or less foliaceous, 3-nerved, hispidulous, oblanceolate, longer than the flowers; anthers obtuse; fruit 2-celled, 2-flowered; beaks 2, the upper lobe hooked, the lower cleft; spines more than 100, terete, grooved above, hooked, glandular-hirsute Parr 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE > 37 ‘ 39. Franseria ilicifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad 11: 77. 1876. Gaertneria ilicifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 339. 1891. A shrubby perennial, about 1 m. high; branches hirsute as well as glandular-hispidulous; leaves sessile, somewhat clasping, ovate in outline, coarsely dentate with spine-tipped teeth, 4-6 cm. long, dark-green, strongly veiny and reticulate, hispidulous; staminate involucres peduncled, above the sessile pistillate ones; peduncles spreading, 5-10 mm. long; involucre saucer-shaped, 1.5 cm. broad or more, hirsutulous; lobes longer than the disk; corolla campanu- late, with an obconic base; pistillate involucres subtended by several narrowly lanceolate leaves; fruit about 1 cm. long, 2-celled; beaks 2, stout, about 4 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Great Cafion of the Tantillas Mountains, near the border of Lower California. DISTRIBUTION: Arizona, southern California, and Lower California. 12. *XANTHIDM 1..Sp: Pl. 897.1753. Acanthoxanthium Fourr. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon II. 17: 110. 1869. Annual herbs, branched, coarse, commonly scabrous or spinose, monoecious, sporadic. Leaves alternate, slender-petioled, more or less lobed or rarely incised, usually punctate with numerous small resinous dots. Heads unisexual. Staminate heads uppermost, many-flow- ered; involucre subglobose; bracts separate and disposed in 1-3 series; receptacle cylindric, chaffy; corolla tubular, clavate, 5-toothed at the apex; filaments monadelphous, the anthers free, converging, not caudate at base, having incurved-mucronate appendages at the apex; style simple, slender, more or less dilated at the apex; achene rudimentary. Pistillate heads bur-like; involucre gamophyllous, closed or rarely gaping, cylindric or ovoid or even subglobose, aculeate with hooked or very rarely straight prickles, 2-celled, commonly 2-beaked at the apex; corollas absent; branches of the style exserted from the beaks; achenes linear or even ovate, compressed, more or less fleshy-thickened, slender-beaked at the apex, smooth, pro- duced singly in the unequal chambers of the involucre, there persisting until germination. Type species, Xanthium strumarium LL. Leaves attenuate at both ends; axils armed with tripartite spines; prickles cygneous-hooked at the apex. 1. X. spinosum. Leaves cordate, ovate, or subtriangulate; axils without spines; prick- les simply (not doubly) hooked or straight at the apex. Mature fruits less than 2.5 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, including prickles and beaks. Prickles few and remote (20-50). Fruits small, their bodies less than 1.5 cm. long and 6 mm. wide. Mature fruits greenish. Mature fruits commonly yellowish or reddish. Body of fruit narrowly cylindric. Prickles arcuate for about their upper half. ie Prickles straight except at the hooked apex. 8. Body of fruit ovoid or oblong. Prickles somewhat slender, the body of the fruit commonly 5-6 mm. thick. 9. X. Wootoni. Prickles of cartilaginous appearance, thick, .the body of the fruit about 8 mm. thick. 13. X. calvum. Fruits large, their bodies 1.5—-1.7 em. long and 6-7 mm. wide; prickles 8-10 mm. long. 10. X. cenchroides. Prickles more numerous. Fruits glabrous or subglabrous. Body of the fruit ovoid-oblong. Prickles not conspicuously thickened at the base. * Beaks short (about 2 mm. long), thick. 2. X. strumarium. Beaks longer (3-6 mm. long), more slender. Prickles not closely grouped together, straight. 3. X. chinense. Prickles closely grouped together, arcuate. Prickles equal or subequal (4-6 mm. long); beaks 3.5—5 mm. long. 6. X. arcuatum. Prickles usually unequal, certain ones near the beak very long (8-10 mm.); beaks 5-7 mm. long. 11. X. inflexum. Prickles short (usually about 2 mm. long), thickened at the base. 14. X. palustre. Body of the fruit commonly cylindric. Leaves acutely lobed; fruits delicate; prickles slender, 2.5-3.5 mm. long. 4. X. cylindricum. tN bd . Slyumarium. . Curvescens. . leptocarpum. bb *By CHARLES FREDERICK MILLSPAUGH and Eari EDWARD SHERFF. 38 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 Leaves subobtusely lobed; fruits thicker; prickles thicker and more often 3.5—7 mm. long. 12. X. pennsylvanicum. Body of the fruit commonly thick-ovoid or subglobose. Beaks not elongate (3-4 mm. long);species of the ® United States. 5. X. globosum. Beaks elongate (6-9 mm. long); species of Mexico and South America. 15. X. australe. Fruits more or less setose, hispid, or pilose. Prickles of mature fruits setose or hispid but not truly pilose. Fruits 8-12 mm. long; prickles about 2 mm. long. 2. X. strumarium. Fruits and prickles longer. Prickles not strongly hispid. Prickles unequal, certain ones near the beak very long (8-10 mm.). ll. X.inflexum. Prickles equal or subequal. Body cylindric to ovoid, the beaks not con- spicuously elongate. 12. X. pennsylvanicum. Body globose-ovoid, the beaks elongate. 15. X. australe. Prickles strongly hispid. Width of body about one-half its length. 16. X. echinatum. Width of body even less. 17. X. italicum. Prickles of mature fruits densely and softly long-pilose. 18. X. acerosum. Mature fruits commonly very large, 2.8-4 cm. long and 2—3 cm. wide, including prickles and beaks. Prickles commonly arcuate and horn-shaped, rather thickish. Prickles commonly few and remote or subremote, the lowest ones grooved upon the ventra! face. 19. x. oviforme. Prickles more often numerous and closely grouped together, terete. 21. XK. campestre. Prickles not conspicuously arcuate except at the hooked apex, slender. 20. X. speciosum. 1. Xanthium spinosum L. Sp. Pl. 987. 1753. Xanthium xanthocarpon Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 241. 1844. Acanthoxanthium spinosum Fourr. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon II. 17: 110. 1869. Stem pubescent, branched, erect or ascending, 3-12 dm. high; leaves 4-12 cm. long, blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at both ends, 2—4-lobed or the upper ones entire, canescent below and upon the veins above; axils armed with yellow tripartite spines 2.5 em. or less in length; fruit oblong-cylindric, commonly yellowish-green, pubescent; beaks slender, smooth, sharp, about 3 mm. long, commonly one and sometimes even both missing; prickles somewhat apart or even remote, doubly curved above like a swan’s neck and ending in a hook which extends backwards about one fourth the length of the prickles. TYPE LOCALITY: Portugal. DISTRIBUTION: Now generally distributed almost throughout the United States; also in South America, where probably native, central Europe, western Asia, southern Africa, and Australia. ILLUSTRATIONS: Lam. Tab. Encyce. pl. 765. f. 4; Gaertn. Fruct. pl. 164; Fl. Deuts. ed. 5. pl. 3000; E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 45: f. 71 N; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 985; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3598; ed. 2. f. 4132; Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7. f. 1; pl. 8, f. 1-3. 2. Xanthium strumarium L. Sp. Pl. 987. 1753. Xanthium priscorum Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 227. 1844. Xanthium antiquorum Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 229. 1844. Xanthium abyssinicum Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 230. 1844. Xanthium discolor Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 232. 1844. Xanthium Roxburghii Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 233. 1844. Xanthium brevirostre Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 235. 1844. Xanthium strumarium antiquorum Ball, Jour. Linn. Soc. 16: 503. 1878. Stem somewhat branched, pubescent, 0.4-1.5 m. high; leaves 0.6—2.5 dm. long, the petioles equaling or exceeding the blades; blades triangulate-deltoid, truncate or subcordate at the base, 3—5-lobed, on both sides similarly colored and clothed with appressed strigose hairs; body of the fruit ovoid, or swollen and subglobose, commonly greenish, pubescent, 0.8-1.4 cm. long; beaks straight or incurved at the apex, 1-2 mm. long, often standing apart; prickles straight, hooked at the apex, glabrous above, more or less pubescent below, about 2 (rarely 3) mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Europe. DISTRIBUTION: Adventive in Massachusetts and California; native of north-temperate and tropical regions of the Eastern Hemisphere. ILLUSTRATIONS: Gaertn. Fruct. pl. 164; Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. pl. 1104; Fl. Deuts. pl. 2999; Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7, f. 2; pl. 8, 4-8. Part 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE 39 3. Xanthium chinense Mill. a Dict. ed. 8. Xanthium no. 4. 1768. Xanthium occidentale Bertol. Liicubr. Herb. 1822. Xanthium macrocarpum glabratum DC. Pode os: 523. 1836. (Ex descr.). Xanthium pungens Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 231. 44. Xanthium longirostre Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 237. 1844. Xanthium carolinense MacM. Metasp. Minn. Valley 535, as synonym. 1892. Xanthium canadense Rowlee, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 10. 1893. Not X. canadense Mill. 1768. Xanthium strumarium Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. 3: 298. 1898. Not X. strumarium 1. 1753. Xanthium americanum Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2.3:346. 1913. Not (2?) X. americanum Walt.1788. Xanthium glabratum Britton, Man. 912. 1901. Xanthium canadense globuliforme Crevecoeur; C. Shull, Am. Jour. Bot. 4: 42. 1917.* Stem rough, 0.3-1 (or even —2) m. high; leaves 1-3 dm. long, the lower ones sometimes 2.5 dm. wide, the petioles and blades subequal; blades widely triangulate-orbicular, acutely 3—5-lobed, subacutely dentate, cordate or reniform at the base, commonly submembranaceous, both sides of the same color and clothed with very short appressed rigid hairs; fruit ovoid or fusiform, smoothish, equally and uniformly aculeate, brownish-green or reddish, the body very sparsely short-pubescent, glandular, 0.9-1.5 cm. long (rarely longer); beaks straight or arcuate, pubescent below, inflexed at the apex or weakly hooked, 3-6 mm. long; prickles gla- brate or at the base sparsely glandular-pubescent, straight, hooked at the apex, equalling the beaks. Type Loca.ity: ‘“‘China.’’ [Veracruz, Mexico] (see Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: 21.). DISTRIBUTION: Ontario to Massachusetts, Florida, Texas, and California (where very rare); eastern Mexico and throughout the West Indies. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 20: 10. f. gm Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3599; ed. 2. f. 4139; Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 3: 87; 4: pl. 7, f. 3; pl. 8, f. 9-15; Britton, Fl. Bermuda. f- FT. 4. Xanthium cylindricum Millsp. & Sherff, Field Mus Publ. Bot 4-°4>. “1918. Stem scabrid, probably 0.5-1.5 m. high; leaves large, 1.3—2.5 dm. long, the petioles about equaling the blades; blades very similar to certain leaves of Hibiscus militaris Cav., subdeltoid- ovate, 3-lobed (and almost hastate) or 5-lobed, dentate, cordate or almost truncate at the base, membranaceous, scabrous or to the touch almost smooth, clothed with minute appressed rigid hairs; body of the fruit cylindric-fusiform, reddish-chestnut in color, dotted with minute glands, otherwise glabrous, 1.4-1.6 cm. long and 4-5 mm. thick; beaks arcuate, hooked at the apex, glabrate, 4-5 mm. long; prickles slender, reddish, hooked at the apex, glabrate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Chimney Rock to Hendersonville, North Carolina. DISTRIBUTION: North Carolina. ILLUSTRATIONS: Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 3; pl. 7, f. 4; pl. 8, f. 16-20. 5. Xanthium globosum C. Shull, Bot. Gaz. 59: 482. 1915. Stem reddish-purple or straw-colored, often purple-punctate with spots running length- wise, 3-10 dm. high; branches finally (in robust specimens) more or less elongate, the lowest even 1.1 m. long; leaves 0.7—2.3 dm. long, the petioles and blades about equal; blades not con- spicuously thick,subdeltoid, 3- or 5-lobed, cordate at the base, serrate, scabrous on both sur- faces with minute appressed stiff hairs; fruits often numerous, the body thickly ovoid or sub- globose, scarcely pubescent but covered with many very minute glands, 0.9-1.1 cm. long and 4.5-7 mm. thick; beaks straight or often arcuate, 3-4 mm. long; prickles smooth and straight but hooked at the apex, about equaling the beaks. TYPE LOCALITY: Lawrence, Kansas. DISTRIBUTION: Missouri and Kansas. : Ce tae ATIONS: Bot. Gaz. 59: 475-483. f. 1, 4, 5, 7; Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: $l. 7, f. SADE 6. Xanthium arcuatum Millsp. & Sherff, Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: 4. 1918. Stem scabrous above, 3-5 dm. high; leaves about 1 dm. long, the petioles and blades subequal; blades deltoid-ovate, 3-5-lobed, dentate, cordate or subtruncate at the base, scab- * A rare, apparently mutant form occuring in Kansas, with fruits resembling those of X. globosum but usually containing 20-30 ovaries. 40 b NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 33 rous on both sides; body of the fruit narrowly ovate, armed with numerous prickles, covered with many glands, finally 1.3-1.5 cm. long and 5-6 mm. thick; beaks straight or slightly arcuate, hooked at the apex, not pubescent but the lower part glandular, 3.5-5 mm. long; prickles slender, mostly arcuate, more or less reddish-purple, hooked at the apex, glabrous except as to small glands below, 4-6 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Chemung County, New York. DISTRIBUTION: New York. ILLUSTRATIONS: Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 2; pl. 7, f. 6; pl. 8, f. 24-26. 7. Xanthium curvescens Millsp. & Sherff, Field Mus. Publ. Bot. Aa 2on. O19: Stem branched, becoming reddish, scabrous, about 3 dm. high; leaves about 1 dm. long, the petioles and blades subequal; blades deltoid-cordate, weakly 3-lobed, dentate, scabrois, punctate with numerous small glandular dots, thin; body of the fruit narrowly cylindric-fusi- form, reddish-chestnut or greenish-brown in color, gradually narrowed above, armed with 30- 50 (or rarely more) prickles, glabrous but punctate with numerous minute glands as are the bases of the prickles and beaks, 1.3-1.6 cm. long and 3.5—5 mm. thick; beaks and prickles straight below only, strongly arcuate-uncinate above; prickles 3-6 mm. (mostly 4.5-5.5 mm.) long; beaks thicker and at times slightly longer, remote and divergent, shortly hispid below. TYPE LOCALITY: Orwell, Vermont. DISTRIBUTION: Vermont. ILLUSTRATIONS: Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7, f. 7; pl. 8, f. 27-29; pl. 11. 8. Xanthium leptocarpum Millsp. & Sherff, Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 432 ) SIG. Stems rough above, 3—5 dm. high; leaves 7-19 cm. long. the petioles and blades subequal; blades more or less deltoid or 3-lobed, dentate, cordate or subtruncate at the base, scabrous; body of the fruit narrowly cylindric-fusiform, chestnut-brown, gradually narrowed above, glandular-pubescent as are the bases of the prickles and beaks, 1.3-1.6 cm. long and 3.5—5 mm. thick; prickles 18-40, remote, hooked at the apex, 2-3 or rarely up to 4 mm. long; beaks remote, arcuate, hooke at dthe apex, thicker and slightly longer. TYPE LOCALITY: Burlington, Vermont. DISTRIBUTION: Vermont. : ILLUSTRATIONS: Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 1; pl. 7, f. 8; pl. 8, f. 30-32. 9. Xanthium Wootoni Cockerell; De Vries, Sp. & Var. 140. 1905. Xanthium commune Wootoni Cockerell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 16:9. 1903. Xanthium oligacanthum Piper, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11: 551. 1906. Stem erect, sometimes with spreading branches, sparsely rough-hispid, 3-6 dm. high; leaves 0.8-1.5 dm. long, the petioles equaling or slightly exceeding the blades; blades reni- form-orbiculate or deltoid-cordate, obscurely lobed, crenate-dentate, scabrous; body of the fruit oblong, in color either stramineous or chestnut or even reddish-brown, gradually narrowed above and produced into two (or somewhat rarely three) beaks, armed with 12-30 prickles, softly glandular-pubescent as are the bases of the prickles and beaks, 1.1—1.4 (rarely 1.6) cm. long and 5-6 (or very rarely up to 7) mm. thick; beaks straight or toward the apex incurved, often gaping and exposing the achenes, 3.5—6 mm. long; prickles straight or nearly so but hook- ed at the apex, not pubescent except toward the base, equaling the beaks. TYPE LOCALITY: Las Vegas, New Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Massachusetts, New Mexico, and Washington. ILLUSTRATIONS: Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7, f. 9; pl. 8, f. 33-36. 10. Xanthium cenchroides Millsp. & Sherff, Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 42°30), . 1919. Stems more or less punctate with purplish spots running lengthwise, somewhat scabrous above; leaves thinnish, dentate, scabrous; body of the fruit ovate, glandular-hispid, 1.5-1.7 cm. long and 6-7 mm. thick; beaks arcuate, hispid below, glabrate above, hooked at the apex, ParT 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE 41 about 8 mm. long; prickles abouc 25, straight or nearly so, hispid below, glabrous above, hooked at the apex, 8-10 mm. long. TYPE LocaALity: Near Ferris, Texas. DISTRIBUTION: Texas. ILLUSTRATIONS: Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7, f. 10; pl. 8, f. 37-39. 11. Xanthium inflexum Mackenzie & Bush, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 106. 1905. Stem glabrous, or on the upper part more or less scabrous, branched, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves 0.8-2.5 dm. long, the petioles and blades subequal; blades cordate or ovate-cordate, 3- or somewhat 5-lobed, irregularly serrate or dentate, weakly or strongly scabrous; body of the fruit oblong-elliptic or ovate-oblong, armed with somewhat numerous prickles, otherwise glabrous or sparsely glandular, 1.3-1.7 \-2) cm. long and 6-7.5 mm. thick; beaks strong, when mature abruptly bent at the middle, strongly incurved, hooked and often touching or overlapping at the apex, glandular-pubescent below, commonly 5—7 mm. long; prickles slender, rather close together, commonly arcuate, hooked at the apex, glandular-pubescent or finally glabrous below, 4.5—-6.5 mm. long, commonly with certain abnormal ones 8-10 mm. long near the beaks. TYPE LOCALITY: Courtney, Missouri. DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern Illinois to Arkansas. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 4136: Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7, f. 11; pl. 9, f. 1-4. 12. Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 236. 1844. Xanthium pennsylvanicum glandulosum Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 236. 1844. Xanthium pennsylvanicum eglandulosum Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 236. 1844. Xanthium saccharatum Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 238. 1844. Xanthium affine Greene, Pittonia 4: 60. 1899. Xanthium californicum Greene, Pittonia 4: 62. 1899. Xanthium acutum Greene, Pittonia 4:62. 1899. Xanthium crassifolium Millsp. & Sherff, Field Mus. Publ. Bot.4:4. 1918. Xanthium acutilobum Millsp. & Sherff, Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4:6. 1918. Stem scabrous, or smooth below, 3-9 dm. high; leaves 0.7-2 dm. long including the petioles, the petioles equaling or exceeding the blades; blades deltoid-ovate or cordate, dentate, often acutely 3—5-lobed, scabrous on both sides; body of the fruit narrowly cylindric, oblong, ovate-fusiform, or even ovoid, but commonly more or less cylindric, glabrous or glabrate or covered with short glandular hairs, 1-2 cm. long and 5—8 mm. thick; beaks slender or thick, glandular-pubescent below, toward the apex glabrous and more often incurved, at the apex hooked, 4-6 mm. long; prickles somewhat remote and rather coarse (or more rarely close to- gether and slender), glandular and often sparsely pubescent toward the base, otherwise gla- brous, hooked at the apex, sometimes purplish-tinged, 3-7 mm. long. TYPE LocaLity: Asheville, North Carolina. DISTRIBUTION: Massachusetts to Washington, and southward to Florida and California; per- haps also in Mexico; frequent in the Hawaiian Islands. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3600; ed. 2. f. 4137; Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 4; pl. 7, f. 12; pl. 9, f. 5-10. 13. Xanthium calvum Millsp. & Sherff, Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: soe OTS: Stem erect, becoming reddish, often lengthwise-dotted with small purplish spots, some- what scabrous, or even glabrous below, about 4-9 dm. high; leaves 0.6-2 dm. long including the petioles; petioles equaling the blades; blades ovate-cordate or ovate-triangulate, at the base either orbiculate or truncate or cordate, commonly darker green, crenate-dentate. often dentately lobed, somewhat scabrous; fruits few or numerous, the thick body ovate-fusiform, brown, subacute at each end, shortly and very sparingly pubescent, glandular, 1.5-1.8 cm. long and about 8 mm. thick; beaks thick and strong below, glandular-pubescent at the base, commonly inflexed at the middle, more or less hooked at the apex, 3-5 mm. long; prickles sub- remote, straight, glandular or rarely pubescent at the base, otherwise glabrous, 4-6 mm. long; beaks and prickles commonly purple-tinged, especially toward apex. 42 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 TYPE LOCALITY: Vicinity of Palo Alto, California. DISTRIBUTION: California. ILLUSTRATIONS: Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7, f. 13; pl. 9, f. 11-12; pl. 12. 14. Xanthium palustre Greene, Pittonia 4: 63. 1899. Stem glabrous or slightly scabrous, sometimes reddish, often minutely purple-maculate lengthwise, probably 0.5—1 m. high; leaves 0.8-3 dm. long including the pecioles; petioles equaling or exceeding the blades; blades ovate-cordate or deltoid, dentate, more or less lobed, scabrous; body of the fruit greenish-brown, finally thick-oblong and shining, glandular but scarcely pubescent, about 1.8 cm. long and 8-9 mm. thick; beaks short, thick, pubescent, in- curved above, often somewhat hooked at the apex, 3-5 mm. long; prickles numerous but scarcely crowded, short, glandular and often sparingly pubescent toward the thick base, slender and glabrous above, hooked at the apex, 2-2.5 (rarely 3-3.5 or even up to 4) mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Suisun Marsh, California. DISTRIBUTION: California. ILLUSTRATIONS: Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7, f. 14; pl. 9, f. 13-15. 15. Xanthium australe Millsp. & Sherff, Field Mus. Publ. Bot. acca0s ~ 1919" Stem scabrous, more or less punctate lengthwise with small linear spots, probably 0.5-1 m. high; leaves 0.8-2 dm. long including the petioles; petioles and blades about equal; blades petiolate, 3-nerved, deltoid-cordate, often obscurely lobed, dentate, scabrous; body of the fruit ovoid-subglobose, somewhat sparsely glandular-pubescent or glabrate, 0.9-1.1 em. long and 6-7 mm. thick (or even 1.3-1.5 cm. long and 8—9 mm. thick on a Chilean specimen); beaks attenuate, straight or slightly inflexed, hooked or almost straight at the apex, pubescent be- low, 6-9 mm. long; prickles crowded, slender, straight or slightly arcuate, shortly and some- what sparsely pubescent below (a specimen from Chile has certain prickles glandular and not pubescent), glabrous above, hooked at the apex, 4-5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Vicinity of La Barra, 8 kilometers east of Tampico, Tamaulipas. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico; also in Paraguay and Chile. ILLUSTRATIONS: Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7, f. 15; pl. 9, f. 16-18; pl. 13. 16. Xanthium echinatum Murr. Commentationes Gott. 6: 32. 1785. Xanthium maculatum Raf. Am. Jour. Sci. 1: 151. 1819. Stems scabrous or scabrous-hispid, purple-maculate, 3-6 dm. high; leaves 0.6—2.3 dm. long including the petioles; petioles nearly equaling or even exceeding the blades; blades scabrous, commonly cordate and obtusely lobate, obtusely and remotely dentate or serrate; body of fruit thick-oval or rarely subglobose, glandular-hispid, finally 1.6—2 em. long and 0.8-1 em. thick; beaks stout, incurved, more often hooked at the apex, hispid below, 3-5 mm. long; prickles slender, straight or arcuate, hispid at the base (or upward as far as the middle), smooth above, more often hooked at the apex, about equaling the beaks. TYPE LOCALITY: New York. DISTRIBUTION: Quebec to New Jersey, and (apparently adventive) in Virginia, Ontario, North Dakota, and Missouri. ILLUSTRATIONS: Commentationes Gott. 6: pl. 4; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 989; Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7, f. 16; pl. 9, f. 19-21. 17. Xanthium italicum Moretti, Giorn. Fis. II. 5: 326. 1822. Xanthium varians Greene, Pittonia 4:59. 1899. Xanthium glanduliferum Greene, Pittonia 4: 61. 1899. Xanthium commune Britton, Man. 912. 1901. Xanthium Macounii Britton, Man. 913. 1901. Stems branched, scabrous, often lengthwise-punctate with dark-purple linear dots, 3-10 (-18) dm. high; leaves 0.8-3 dm. long including the petioles; petioles nearly equaling or even exceeding the blades; blades cordate or widely ovate, lobed, dentate, scabrous; body of the fruit cylindric, oblong or ovoid, but more often broadly oblong, glandular-pubescent, 1.3-1.8 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick; beaks commonly incurved and hooked at the apex, hispid, ParT 1, 1922] AMBROSIACEAE 43 5-7 mm. long; prickles commonly numerous and slender (rarely either subremote or rather thick), hispid from the base up to the middle, glabrous above, hooked at the apex, 3-7 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Italy. DISTRIBUTION: Quebec to West Virginia, Saskatchewan, Washington, and California; Oaxaca; also in Europe. ILLUSTRATIONS: Reichenb. Ic. Crit. pl. 323; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 987; Britt. & Brown, IIl. Fl. ed. 2. f. 4135, 4138; Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7, f. 17; pl. 9, f. 25-30. 18. Xanthium acerosum Greene, Pittonia 4: 63. 1899. Stem flexuous, often lengthwise-punctate with linear purple dots, scabrous above, almost glabrous below, probably about 4—9 dm. high; leaves 0.7—2 dm. long including the petioles; petioles and blades about equal; blades broadly subcordate-ovate, obtuse, crenate-dentate, sca- brous; body of the fruit cylindric, moderately glandular-pubescent, 1.5-1.9 cm. long and 6-7 mm. thick; beaks slender, attenuate, softly pubescent, nearly straight or irregularly incurved, very slightly hooked at the apex, 7-8 mm. long; prickles subremote, hardly numerous, delicate, closely covered almost up to the apex with soft and rather long hairs, straight or nearly so, at times half of them bearing apical hooks, again scarcely a single prickle hooked at the apex, commonly 6-9 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Near Fargo, North Dakota. DISTRIBUTION: New York (where apparently adventive), Wiscon in, North Dakota, and Nebraska. ILLUSTRATIONS: Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7, f. 18; pl. 9, f. 22-24. 19. Xanthium oviforme Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 240. 1844. Xanthium canadense Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 308. 1833. Not X. canadense Mill. 1768. Xanthium silphiifolium Greene, Pittonia 4: 60. 1899. Stem little branched, smooth below, somewhat scabrous above, 3-7 dm. high; leaves 0.7-2 dm. long including the petioles; peticles and blades about equal; sida thin, not clearly lobed, deltoid-ovate, sometimes scarcely 3-nerved, unequally sinuate-dentate, uniform in color and scabrous on both sides, either rounded or truncate or cordate at base; fruits rather few, commonly arranged singly, finally becoming very large; bodies oblong-ovate, glandular- hispid or rarely somewhat glabrate, when mature about 2 cm. long and 1.2 cm. thick; beaks strong, thick, hispid, incurved above, strongly hooked at the apex, about 8 mm. long; prickles remote or subremote (or sometimes almost crowded together), strong, arcuate and horn- shaped, ferrugineous-hispid (at least upon the back and sides) almost up to the strongly hooked apex, the lower ones commonly grooved upon the ventral surface, (5—) 7-10 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Sandy island and banks of the Columbia River (vide Millsp. & Sherff, Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: 47, footnote 1. 1919). DISTRIBUTION: Washington and probably Oregon; adventive, formerly at least, in southwestern Tllinois. ILLUSTRATIONS: Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7, f. 19; pl. 10, f. 1-3. 20. Xanthium speciosum Kearney, Bull. Torrey Club 24: 574 1897. Xanthium bubalocarpon Bush, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 17: 123. 1906. Stem erect, robust, branched, at the base finally 2.5 cm. thick, more or less (below obtusely and above acutely) quadrangulate, papillose-scabrous especially above, the upper part purple- punctate with small linear spots, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves 1—3.5 dm. long including the petioles; petioles almost equaling the blades; blades broadly triangular-ovate, obtusely and shallowly 3-5-lobed, dentate, thickish, cordate at the base, scabrous (often with small papillae) on both sides; fruits very large, ovoid er conic; bodies ovate-cylindric, scarcely visible among the numerous prickles, glandular-pubescent, finally about 2-2.3 mm. long and 7-8 mm. thick; beaks attentuate, hispid, incurved or almost straight, hooked at the apex, 6-11 mm. long; prickles crowded, rather slender, the lower half or two thirds hispid, smooth toward the hooked apex, commonly 7-9 mm. long; entire fruit (prickles and beaks included) finally 3-4 cm. long and 2-2.5 (-3) cm. wide. 44 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 TYPE LOCALITY: Between Paint Rock and Del Rio, along French Broad River, Cocke County, Tennessee. DISTRIBUTION: Tennessee to South Dakota and Texas; adventive in Maine and Vermont. ILLUSTRATIONS: Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 988; Britt. & Brown Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 4133; Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7, f. 20; pl. 10, f. 4-6. 21. Xanthium campestre Greene, Pittonia 4: 61. 1899. Stem somewhat scabrous above, often spotted with short purple lines, 5-8 dm. high; leaves 6-17 cm. long including the petioles; petioles almost equaling the blades; blades thick- ish, subdeltoid, dentate or serrate, not noticeably lobed, truncate or cordate at base, scabrous above, scabrous-pubescent below; fruits very large, for the most part singly disposed, ovoid- conic; bodies not often visible among the numerous prickles, becoming about 2.3—2.6 cm. long and 1—1.3 cm. thick; beaks widely divergent, thick and pubescent below, glabrate and slenderly hooked, 6-7 mm. long; prickles terete, arcuate, ferrugineous-hispid below, glabrous above and hooked at the apex, about 5 mm. long; whole fruit (prickles and beaks included) finally 2.8-3.5 em. long and 2-2.5 cm. wide. TYPE LOCALITY: Chico, California. DISTRIBUTION: California. ILLUSTRATIONS: Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: pl. 7, f. 21; pl. 10, f. 7-8. DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES XANTHIUM AMERICANUM Walt. Fl. Car. 231. 1788. Inadequately described. The name amounts to little more than a nomen nudum. XANTHIUM CANADENSE Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Xanthium no. 2. 1768. (Not X. cana- dense of recent American authors.) This appears clearly referable, by synonymy, to X. orientale L,. (See footnote 1, Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: 20. 1919.) XANTHIUM CAVANILLESIL Schouw, Ind. Sem. Hort. Haun. 1849: 14. 1849; Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 12: 357. 1849° Probably referable, as to plate cited (Cav. Ic. pl. 221), either to X. chinense Mill. or to X. italicum Moretti. (See Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: 40, footnote 1. 1919.) XANTHIUM CRASSUM Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 275. 1830. Nomen nudum. XANTHIUM UNDULATUM Raf. Med. FI. 2: 275. 1830. Nomen nudum. XANTHIUM LAEVIGATUM Muhl.; Wallr. Beitr. Bot.1: 231. 1844. This was founded upon a specimen collected by Muhlenberg and deposited in the Willdenow Herbarium; we are un- , able to identify this from the description. XANTHIUM ORIENTALE L. A European species with fruits somewhat similar to those of X. curvescens but coarser and more pubescent among the prickles; not known to occur in North America. Family 2. CARDUACEAE By PER AXEL RYDBERG Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees, with alternate, opposite, or verticillate leaves and watery juice. Flowers usually of two kinds: disk-flowers usually herma- phrodite, in the center of the head, and ray-flowers usually pistillate or neu- tral, around the periphery. Corolla of the disk-flowers usually tubular, actino- morphic, regular, consisting of a narrow cylindric tube, a somewhat enlarged, often campanulate, or turbinate throat, and a 5- or rarely 4- or 3-toothed limb; in a few cases the disk-corollas have an enlarged, oblique, and irregularly toothed limb, and in the tribe MuTisimax bilabiate with the outer (lower) lip elongate and 3-toothed and the inner (upper) lip short and deeply two-lobed. Stamens in disk-flowers isomerous; filaments distinct; anthers introrse, con- nate into a tube (syngenesious), basifixed, the connective usually prolonged into an appendage at the top, the anther-sacs often prolonged at the base (the anthers then said to be sagittate at the base), and the auricles sometimes pro- longed into a tail (caudate) ; pollen-grains globose, often echinulate. Style in fertile disk-flowers usually more or less deeply 2-cleft; in some cases the stig- matic lines extend to the very tip of the style-branches, in other cases the branches bear a longer or shorter sterile appendage at the end: when without appendages, the branches may be truncate and bearing a hair-pencil at the end (Senecioid style); or much elongate and acute at the end, and hispidulous on the outside along their whole length (Vernoniozd style) ; or less elongate, rounded at the end and usually less or not at all hispidulous (Jnuloid style); when elon- gate and acute, they may bear a ring of stronger and longer hairs below (Cyna- roid style); when appendages are present they may be obtuse at the apex and usually thicker than the stigmatic portion of the branches (Ewpatorioid style); or acute and tapering from the base and then either hairy on both sides (Helian- thoid style) or glabrous at least within (Asteroid style). Style in sterile disk- flowers, where the pistil is abortive, less deeply divided or entire and then the end either club-shaped, capitate, or (as in some species of Arfemisia) peltate and inverted umbrella-like as it is in AMBROSIACEAE. Corolla of the ray flowers most commonly ligulate, 7. e., the throat and limb cleft on one side, bent over to the other side into a strap-shaped or rarely cuneate organ, the ligule, or in MUTISIEAE and in a few genera of other tribes bilabiate, or some- times, especially in GNAPHALIEAE, reduced to the tube and filiform, or want- ing, or rarely actinomorphic like the disk-corollas. Stamens in ray-flowers wanting. Pistil in ray-flowers either like that of the disk-flowers or more often with more elongate style-branches and approaching the Vernonioid style but usually less hispid and more obtuse. If ligulate ray-flowers are present, the head is said to be radiate, and if they are absent, discoid; the head is said to be homogamous when all its VOLUME 33, Par? 1, 1922 45 46 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 33 flowers are alike in sex, and heterogamous when unlike, then the disk-flowers usually are hermaphrodite or by abortion of the pistil male, and the marginal flowers pistillate or neutral. Anthers not caudate at the base. Style vernonioid. Involucre of distinct, imbricate, or valvate bracts. Flowers varying from white to red or blue, never yellow; heads discoid (or radiate in some species of Othake, with cuneate ligules). Achenes not 4-angled and clavate; pappus-squamellae, if any, not with strong midribs. Achenes 4-angled, clavate; pappus of scarious elongate squamellae with strong midribs. (Palafoxianae in) Flowers yellow, rarely orange; heads if radiate with linear ligules; pappus of numerous capillary bristles. Bracts many, in several series, well imbricate. Bracts subequal, mostly in a single series. (Genera in) Involucre of mostly 5 bracts united into a tube; heads 1- or 2- flowered, collected into head-like clusters. Style eupatorioid. Style asteroid. Style senecioid, helianthoid, or rarely inuloid. Leaves or bracts, or both, with conspicuous resinous glands. Leaves and bracts not with resinous glands (rarely punctate with oil-glands). Pappus of squamellae or stiff bristles, or coroniform, or wanting. Involucral bracts not scarious-margined, usually green and more or less foliaceous. Receptacle chaffy. Receptacle usually chaffy throughout. Receptacle with a ring of chaff between the ray- and disk-flowers. Receptacle not chaffy (fimbrillate in Gaillardia and Chaenactis). Disk-flowers usually sterile; heads 2—8-flowered, and leaves opposite or basal; if fertile, the ray-corollas actinomorphic, their achenes not enclosed by the bracts. Disk-flowers usually fertile and ray-corollas ligu- late or wanting, or if actinomorphic, their achenes enclosed by the involucral bracts (A m- blyopappus); if sterile, the heads 8-—many- flowered and leaves alternate, pinnatifid (Plummera and Blennos perma). Involucral bracts with dry Pappus squamellate; style helianthoid. Pappus coroniform or wanting; style senecioid. Pappus, at least in part, of many capillary bristles. Involucral bracts imbricate in several series; receptacle chaffy. Involucral bracts in 1 or 2 subequal series; receptacle not chaffy. Anthers caudate at base. Styles not cynaroid, 7. e., without a ring of longer hairs below. Disk-corollas not 2-lipped. Pistillate flowers with filiform corollas without ligules. Pistillate flowers with ligulate corollas, or heads discoid and all flowers hermaphrodite. Disk-flowers fertile. Style-branches hispid. Style vernonioid; yellow. Style inuloid; heads radiate; corollas yellow. Style-branches naked; disk-corollas deeply cleft. Disk-flowers hermaphrodite but sterile; pappus none. Disk-corollas more or less 2-lipped. Style cynaroid, 7. e., with a ring of longer hairs at the base of the stigmatic portion; heads discoid or the ray-flowers actinomorphic and sterile. heads discoid; corollas never scarious or hyaline margins. Tribe 1. Tribe 10. Tribe 13. Se Tribe Tribe 6. Tribe 2. Tribe 3. Tribe 11. Tribe 8. Tribe 9. Tribe 7. ‘Tribe ‘Tribe Tribe 12. 10. Tribe 14. Tribe 15. Tribe 4. Tribe 1. Tribe 5. ‘Tribe 18. Tribe 16. ‘Tribe 19. Tribe 17. 10. VERNONIEAE. HELENIEAE. LIABEAE. SENECIONEAE. NOCCEAE. EUPATORIEAE. ASTEREAE. TAGETEAE. HELIANTHEAE. MADIEAE. MILLERIEAE. HELENIEAE. HELENIEAE. ANTHEMIDEAE. NEUROLAENEAE. SENECIONEAE. GNAPHALIEAE. VERNONIEAE. INULEAE. GOCHNATIEAE. CALENDULEAE. MUuTISIEAE. CYNAREAE. Tribe 1. VERNONIEAE By Henry ALLAN GLEASON Heads homogamous, hermaphrodite, I—-many-flowered. Scales of the involucre loosely or closely imbricate in few or several spiral series, or in decus- sate pairs, or rarely few and not imbricate. Receptacle flat or subconvex, normally smooth or pitted, rarely hairy, bristly, or chaffy. Corolla white to red or blue, never yellow, frequently glandular without, regularly toothed or lobed, or rarely irregularly lobed (Elephantopus and allied genera) or subligu- late (Stokesia). Anthers sagittate at base or in some genera subcaudate. Branches of the style slender, tapering, acute, hairy without, stigmatose within, or fused nearly to the apex. Achenes terete, subterete, 10-angled, or 10-cos- tate, or by reduction or interposition 3-20-costate or angled. Pappus none, or of bristles, of scales, or of both scales and bristles, in one or more series. Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or small trees, with alternate or scattered (rarely opposite), simple, entire or serrate, sessile or petiolate leaves. Heads separate Pappus an entire or minutely denticulate cartilaginous ring; stems herbaceous. s Pappus-bristles none; achenes 1—2 mm. long; involucre 5 mm. high or less. 1. STRUCHIUM. Pappus-bristles present within the cartilaginous ring; achenes | cm. long; involucre about 2 cm. high. 2. PACOURINA. Pappus of short caducous bristles; outer involucral scales foliaceous; heads many-flowered; diffusely branched herbs with petioled serrate leaves. 3 Pappus persistent, or somewhat deciduous in a few species with 1—10- flowered heads, of scales, of bristles, or of scales and bristles; stems herbaceous or woody. Corollas regularly lobed, tubular. Receptacle not chaffy. Foliage glabrous or pubescent, but not lepidote. Pappus-bristles in one or more series, essentially uniform in length. Leaves all basal. 4. LACHNORHIZA. Leaves chiefly cauline. Stems woody; leaves densely tomentose beneath. 5. LEIBOLDIA. Stems herbaceous; leaves thinly pubescent be- neath. 6. CYANTHILLIUM. Pappus in two series, the outer series of scales or bristles and much shorter than the inner. Inner pappus of numerous terete or slightly flattened bristles. Heads 5—many-flowered; scales of the involucre persistent, spreading or reflexed at maturity. Heads 1—8-flowered, in rounded corymboid clus- ters; scales of the involucre deciduous before or with the achenes. 8. EREMOSIS. Inner pappus of a few linear scales; heads 2-flowered. 9. OLIGANTHES. Foliage lepidote; woody plants with 4~—8-flowered heads. Seales of the outer pappus concrescent into a short tube with lacerose margin; inner pappus of a few bristles. 10. EKMANTA. Scales or bristles of the outer pappus distinct. Outer pappus of broad scales, the inner of twisted . CENTRATHERUM. . VERNONIA. “I linear scales. 11. Prerocoma. Outer pappus of linear scales, the inner of bristles. 12. PIPTOCARPHA. Receptacle chaffy; floceose or tomentose herbs with large, many-flowered heads. 13. BOLANOSA. Corollas irregularly lobed, appearing subligulate; stems herbaceous. 14. STOKEsIA. Heads aggregated into secondary capitula or glomerules Corolla 5-cleft; style deeply 2-lobed; involucral scales 8 or more. Pappus-bristles all alike, straight. Pappus-bristles numerous, not enlarged at base. 15. ORTHOPAPPUS. VOLUME 33, ParT 1, 1922 47 48 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 Pappus-bristles about 5, dilated and flattened at the base. 16. ELEPHANTOPUS. Pappus-bristles dissimilar, two of them longer and conduplicate near the apex. 17. PSEUDELEPHANTOPUS. Corolla 3—5-toothed; style-branches short; involucral scales only 2-5. ‘ Inv geal scales 2: pappus a persistent toothed crown. 18. ROLANDRA. Involucral scales 5 : pappus of deciduous separate scales. 19. SPIRACANTHA. 1. STRUCHIUM P-. Br.; J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 1: 406. 1805. Stems annual, herbaceous, erect, simple or sparingly branched, with short internodes. Leaves alternate, petiolate, pinnately veined. Heads small, many-flowered, single or clustered in the axils of the leaves. Involucre hemispheric, its scales numerous, imbricate in several series, scarious at the margin, the outer ones shorter. Receptacle naked, subconvex. Corolla tubular, purple, regularly 3-4-lobed. Anthers sagittate, acuminate at base. Styles slender. Achenes 3—4-angled and ribbed, glabrous or minutely glandular, truncate at the apex, sur- mounted by a persistent, shallowly lobed or entire cartilaginous crown. Type species, Ethulia sparganophora L,. 1. Struchium pag tenes (i) Kuntze, Hey. Gen. 366. 1891. Ethulia sparganophora J,. Sp. Pl. ed. MONS GS). Sparganophorus Vaillantit Crantz, hee 1 -e261Ee AWGG: Struchium herbaceum P. Br.; J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 1: ‘406. 1805. Sparganophorus Struchium Poir. in Lam. Encye. 7: 302. 1806. Sparganophorus fasciatus Poir. in Lam. Encye. 7: 302. 1806. Struchium americanum Poir. in am. Encye. 7: 475. 1806. Plant erect, 2-10 dm. high, usually unbranched; stems puberulent or glabrate; leaf- blades thin, bright-green, linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate or elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, 1-4 em. wide, acuminate at both ends, sharply serrate, glabrous above, minutely strigose and glandular- punctate beneath; petioles slender, 1-2 cm. long; heads sessile in small axillary clusters, about 50-flowered; involucre hemispheric, 4-5 mm. high, the scales appressed and rather closely inbricate at the base, abruptly acuminate into a slender or spinulose tip, scarious on the margin; achenes oblong, quadrangular, ribbed at the angles, 1.5—-2 mm. long, the crown nearly white, half the length of the achene. TYPE LOCALITY: India. DISTRIBUTION: West Indies, southern Mexico, and Central America; also in tropical South America; introduced into Africa. ILLUSTRATIONS: Lam. Tab. Encye. pl. 670; P. Br. Hist. Jam. pl. 34, f. 2; Gaertn. Fruct. pl. 165; Jacq. f. Eclog. Pl. pl. 131. 2. PACOURINA Aubl. Pl. Guian. 2: 800. 1775. Haynea Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1787. 1804. Pacourinopsis Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 151. 1817. Tall, erect, nearly glabrous herbs, with large, thin, dentate or runcinate, alternate, thistle- like leaves on winged petioles, and large, axillary, sessile, many-flowered heads. Involucre broadly depressed-hemispheric, its scales scarious, appressed, and closely imbricate at the base in many series, herbaceous and spreading at the apex. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla regular, 5-cleft, the slender tube dilated below. Anthers sagittate, the lobes obtuse at the base. Styles slender, long-exserted. Achenes prismatic, elongate, glandular, obscurely 10- nbbed, tipped with a minute, denticulate or entire, cartilaginous ring, with about two inner rows of short, deciduous, hispid bristles more or less connected at the base. Type species, Pacourina edulis Aubl. 1. Pacourina edulis Aubl. Pl. Guian. 2: 800. 1775. Liuywea edulis Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1787. 1804. Pacourinopsis integrifolia Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 151. 1817. Pacourinopsis dentata Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 151. 1817. Pacourina cirsiifolia H. B. K. Noy. Gen. & Sp. 4:30. 1818. Vernonia edulis Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 753. 1841. Pacourina edulis spinosissima Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 7: 132. 1893. Stems 1-2 m. tall, thinly pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaf-blades narrowly oblong to broadly elliptic, oblanceolate, or ovate, 15-20 cm. long, 5-8 em. wide, deeply and irregularly ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 49 serrate or runcinate with spinous teeth, or nearly entire, acute or acuminate, nearly glabrous on both sides, narrowed below into a winged petiole 2-3 cm. long and auriculate at its base; heads chiefly in the upper axils, 3 cm. wide and high; involucral scales broadly ovate-oblong; achenes linear, 1 cm long, glandular. Tyre LOCALITY: French Guiana. \ DISTRIBUTION: Santo Domingo and Nicaragua; also in South America. ILLUSTRATIONS: Lam. Tab. Encye. pl. 665; Aubl. Pl. Guian. pl. 316. 3. CENTRATHERUM Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 7: 383. 1817. Ampherephis H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 31. 1818. Spixia Schrank, Pl. Rar. Hort. Monac. pl. 80. 1821. Stems herbaceous, diffusely branched, with alternate, petioled, serrate leaves and peduncled heads, usually terminating the branches. Involucre hemispheric to broadly campan- ulate; its scales in several series, the outer foliaceous and spreading, the intermediate and inner erect and appressed, membranous or scarious. Heads many-flowered. Receptacle subconvex, naked or foveolate. Corolla tubular, regular, deeply 5-cleft, purplish or blue. Anthers sagittate, obtuse at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes 8-10-ribbed. Bristles of the pappus few to many, short, caducous. Type species, Centratherum punctatum Cass. Inner scales obtuse or rounded at the apex, ciliate-denticulate with glandular hairs and more or less glandular on the back. 1. C. violaceum. Inner scales rounded to aristate, the margin minutely glandular or not at all, arachnoid or tomentose on the back. Inner scales obtuse or acute, mucronate or aristate, the intermediate ones with awns 2 mm. or more in length. 2. C. punctatum. Inner scales obtuse or rounded, the intermediate ones with awns less than 1 mm. long or none. 3. C. muticum. 1. Centratherum violaceum (Schrank) Gleason. Spixia violacea Schrank, Pl. Rar. Hort. Monae. pl. 80. 1821. Ampherephis intermedia Link & Otto, Ic. Pl. Sel. 65. 1822. Centratherum intermedium Less. Linnaea 4: 320. 1829. Baccharoides violaceum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 320. 1891. Stems,erect, with ascending branches, 3-5 dm. high, stout, somewhat angled, puberulent; leaves 3-4 cm. long, 1-1.8 cm. wide, the blades thin, ovate to oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute, deeply crenate-serrate, glabrous above, puberulent beneath, abruptly arcuately narrowed at base into a long margined petiole; heads on terminal peduncles; outer involucral scales 5-9, 15-25 mm. long, foliaceous, resembling the foliage leaves in shape and texture; inter- mediate scales scarious, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate into a prominent awn, glabrous except some arachnoid tomentum near the base of the awn; inner scales rounded to subacute at the apex, ciliate with short glandular hairs and somewhat glandular on the back; achenes obovoid, prominently ribbed. ; TYPE LocALiItTy: Brazil. DISTRIBUTION: Martinique and Guadeloupe; also in northern South America. ILLUSTRATIONS: Link & Otto, Ic. Pl. Sel. pl. 29; Schrank, Pl. Rar. Hort. Monac. #1. 80. 2. Centratherum punctatum Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 7: 384. 1817. Ambherephis aristata H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 32, 1818. Baccharoides punctatum Kuntze, Rev.Gen. 320. 1891. Stems erect, 2-5 dm. high, puberulent to tomentulose, especially above; leaf-blades firm, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, acute, serrulate or entire, attenu- ate at base into a margined petiole, thinly pubescent and glandular-punctate on both sides; outer involucral scales foliaceous, narrowly oblanceolate, serrulate or entire, little exceeding the head; intermediate scales pubescent near the tip, abruptly narrowed into an awn 2-4 mm. long; inner scales obtuse or acute, spinulose-denticulate, mucronate or short-awned. TYPE LOCALITY: Isthmus of Panama. DISTRIBUTION: Panama; also in Colombia. ILLUSTRATION: H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. pl. 314. 50 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 33 3. Centratherum muticum (H.B.K.) Less. Linnaea 4: 320. 1829. Ampbherephis mutica H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4:32. 1818. Baccharoides muticum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 320. 1891. Stems thinly pubescent below, cinereous and branching above, 5—8 dm. high; leaf-blades rather thick and firm, narrowlv ovate or ovate-oblong, 15-20 mm. long, 5—7 mm. wide, sharply serrate, gradually attenuate at base, puberulent on both sides, resinous beneath; outer involu- cral scales equaling or a little longer than the heads, the intermediate acute or with short awns, the inner obtuse to rounded, not glandular-ciliate, glabrous below, glandular on the back toward the apex. TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico and Central America; also in South America. ILLUSTRATION: H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. pl. 315. 4. LACHNORHIZA A. Rich.; Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 34. 1850. Seapose, puberulent, perennial herbs, with leaves on winged petioles arising from a densely woolly crown and with 1—4 many-flowered Vernonza-like heads in a terminal corym- biform cluster. Involucral scales imbricate in a few series, glandular, the outer short, the inner much elongate and uniform in length. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla tubular, regular, 5-cleft, gradually enlarged upwards, glandular-dotted. Anthers sagittate. Style-branches slender. Achenes prismatic, with 10 low ribs, glabrous or nearly so. Pappus capillary, of numerous bristles in one series. Type species, Lachnorhiza piloselloides A. Rich. 1. Lachnorhiza piloselloides A. Rich.; Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 34. 1850. Lachnorrhiza asteroides Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 152. 1866. Vernonia piloselloides Maza, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 19: 269. 1890. Vernonia piloselloides asteroides Maza, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 19: 269. 1890. Leaf-blades linear-spatulate to oblong-spatulate, 5-14 cm. long including the petiole, 1-2 em. wide, acute or obtuse, entire, gradually narrowed below into a margined pubescent petiole, essentially glabrous on both sides and more or less glandular-dotted, the lateral veins obscure; scape erect, puberulent, 15-40 cm. high, bearing a few subulate bracts; involucre campanulate, 8 mm. high; scales all erect, loosely imbricate in a few series, pubescent and glandular on the back, the outer triangular-lanceolate, the inner narrowly oblong to oblong- lanceolate, acute; achenes 4-5 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so on the ribs, densely resinous in the shallow furrows; pappus tawny, 7 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Isle of Pines. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba and the Isle of Pines. 5. LEIBOLDIA Schlecht. Linnaea 19: 742. 1847. Shrubs with pubescent or tomentose stems and large rugose ieaves usually scabrous above and tomentose beneath. Heads few, large, many (100 or more)-flowered, crowded in dense corymbiform clusters. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, the scales numerous, acuminate, imbricate in manyseries. Receptacle flat or subconvex, naked. Corolla regular, the tube slender, gradually enlarged upwards, with deeply 5-cleft limb. Anthers sagittate, obtuse at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes glabrous, prominently 5-angled, without lower intermediate ribs, surmounted by a narrow or broad callus-ring. Pappus in 2-3 series, capillary, its bristles all equal or nearly so, at least not in two unequal series. Type species, Vernonia Leiboldiana Schlecht. Seales prominently carinately nerved; achenes tipped with a narrow callus- -ring. 1. L. Leiboldiana. Scales not prominently nerved; achenes usually tipped with a broad callus-ring. 2. L. serrata. 1. Leiboldia Leiboldiana (Schlecht.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 103. 1906. Vernonia Leiholdiana Schlecht. Linnaea 19: 742. 1847. Leiboldia ovata Schlecht. Linnaea 19: 742, as synonym. 1847. Cacalia Leiboldiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 891. ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE o1 Stems stout, strongly angled, 1-2 m. high, sparingly branched, densely cinereous-tomentose; leaf-blades thick, subcoriaceous, obovate, 14-24 cm. long, 7-12 cm. wide, acute or abruptly short-acuminate, sharply mucronately serrate, regularly tapering to a rounded, truncate, or subcordate base, dull-green and scabrous above, densely and softly cinereous beneath, sessile or short-petioled, with prominent veins and reticulate veinlets; heads numerous, sessile or nearly so, crowded; involucre hemispheric to broadly campanulate, 16 mm. high, scales erect, tomentose, especially near the base, the outer ovate, the inner oblong-linear, regularly tapering to a long, acuminate, carinately veined tip; achenes 2.5 mm. long, sharply 5-angled, sometimes with secondary intermediate ribs, surmounted by a narrow callus-ring; pappus white, fragile, 10 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico. 2. Leiboldia serrata (D. Don) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 164. 1906. Diazeuxis serrata D. Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. 16: 254. 1830. Vernonia arctioides Less. Linnaea 6: 400. 1831. Leiboldia arctioides Schlecht. Linnaea 19: 743. 1847. Stems shrubby, thinly cinereous-tomentose; leaf-blades firm, broadly obovate-elliptic, 12-18 em. long, 5-8 em. wide, acute, finely and sharply serrate, with an intramarginal row of brownish or purple callosities, rounded at the nearly sessile base, scabrellate above, densely gray-tomentose beneath, the’ veins prominent, reticulate; inflorescence crowded, 6-15 cm. broad; peduncles about 5 mm. long; involucre broadly campanulate, 15-18 mm. high; scales acute, thickly tomentose or arachnoid, closely imbricate in many series, not carinately veined, the outer triangular-ovate, acute, the inner linear, long-acuminate; achenes glabrous, 2.5 mm. long, surmounted by a yellowish callus-ring about 0.5 mm. wide; pappus pale-brown to nearly white, rather caducous, 10 mm. long. : TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico. 6. CYANTHILLIUM Blume, Bijdr. 889. 1826. Isonema Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 152. 1817. Cyanopis Blume, Fl. Jav. 1: vi. 1828. Cyanopsis Endl. Ench. 232. 1841. Claotrachelus Zoll. & Mor.; Zoll. Nat. Arch. Neérl.-Indié 2: 565. 1845. Stems herbaceous, erect, leafy, freely branched. Leaves alternate, petiolate, pinnately veined. Heads small, homogamous, many-flowered, in loose corymbiform clusters at the ends of the branches. Involucre hemispheric, the scales imbricate in many series, rigid, aristate, erect. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Corolla blue or purple, 5-cleft. Amnthers and styles as in Vernonia. Achenes glabrous, 4-5-angled, truncate. Pappus capillary, fragile or caducous, its bristles equal, minutely barbellate. “Type species, Conyza chinensis Lam. 1. Cyanthillium chinense (am.) Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 306. 1913. Conyza chinensis Lam. Encyce. 2: 83. 1786. Conyza patula Ait..Hort. Kew. 3: 184. 1789. Centratherum chinense Less. Linnaea 4: 320. 1829. Vernonia chinensis Less. Linnaea 6: 105, 674. 1831. Cacalia patula Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 324. 1891. Stems erect, freely branched, 4-8 dm. high, glabrate or thinly pubescent; leaf-blades thin, spreading, broadly ovate, 6-10 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, acute, serrate, abruptly con- tracted at base into a petiole 2-3 cm. long, nearly glabrous above, thinly pubescent beneath; upper leaves smaller and narrower; heads peduncled in clusters of 2-5, or single at the end of long peduncles; involucre broadly campanulate to hemispheric, 6-7 mm. high; scales closely imbricate at base, erect or somewhat spreading at the apex, green with a scarious margin, 52 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 33 thinly strigose and resinous; achenes glabrous, 1.5-2 mm. long; pappus nearly white, 3 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: East Indies and China. DISTRIBUTION: Tropical Asia; introduced into Guadeloupe. 7. VERNONIA Schreb. Gen. 2:541. 1791. Suprago Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 402. 1791. Baccharoides Moench, Meth. 578. 1794. Ascaricida Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 3: Suppl. 38. 1816. Lepidaploa Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 66. 1817. ?Achyrocoma Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 26:21. 1823. Seneciodes Post & Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan. 2: 515. 1903. Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or small trees, with alternate or scattered simple leaves. Stems usually leafy, branching at least above. Inflorescence typically of scorpioid cymes which are terminal or from the upper axils, by branching becoming paniculate or corymbiform, or reduced to solitary, terminal or axillary heads. Heads homogamous, 5-many-flowered. Involucre narrowly campanulate or subcylindric to broadly hemispheric; in most species urceolate with constricted throat but becoming campanulate to hemispheric under pressure. Involucral scales loosely or closely imbricate in few or many series, the inner progressively longer, persistent and spreading at maturity ‘except section Stenocepha- lum). Receptacle flat or subconvex. Corolla regular, the limb 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate at base, rounded or subacute, not prolonged into caudate appendages. Achenes ribbed or ribless, truncate. Pappus in two series, the outer short, of scales or bristles, the inner capillary, of terete or slightly flattened bristles. Type species, Serratula noveboracensis \. Involucral scales stiff, erect, appressed at base, prolonged into a spreading or recurved spinose tip; heads cylindric, 5-flowered, opposite the axils; corolla-lobes with parallel sides and triangular tips. Outer involucral scales appressed at base, terminated by a foliaceous, green, membranous, veiny, flattened appendage; heads many- flowered; leaves coarsely and sharply serrate; an Asiatic herb introduced into North America. II. STENGELIA. Involucral scales neither spiny nor green and foliaceous. Achenes terete, ribless or faintly ribbed; inner pappus-bristles deciduous; annual herb. III. TEPHRODES. Achenes 10-ribbed; inner pappus-bristles persistent. IV. LEPIDAPLOA. _ . STENOCEPHALUM. I. STENOCEPHALUM One species in Mexico. 1. V. jucunda. II. STENGELIA One species in the West Indies. 2. V. anthelmintica. III. TEPHRODES One species in Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and southern Florida. 3. V. cinerea IV. L&EpIDAPLOA Heads all or chiefly subtended by foliaceous bracts, in simple or compound racemiform or spiciform cymes or in capitate clusters. Heads in elongate or contracted cymes. Achenes pubescent or hirsute. Involucral scales acute to subulate. Leaf-blades glabrous or puberulent to densely sericeous beneath, but not tomentose. Cymes elongate or contracted, many-headed; bracteal leaves smaller than the cauline. Leaf-blades lanceolate or broader, flat or only slightly revolute; inflorescence ample, ter- minal or subterminal. Heads 11—29-flowered. Involucres 6-11 mm. high, the outer scales subulate and loosely spreading; species of Cuba, Mexico, and Central America. Leaf-blades obtuse, bullate above, densely tomentose beneath. 40. V. pineticola. Leaf-blades acute or acuminate, hirsute, pubescent, or glabrate beneath. ParT I, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE Leaves of an oblong type, broadest above the middle, attenuate to an obtuse or acute base. Leaves 8-12 cm. long, softly and densely hirsute beneath. Leaves 6 cm. long or less. Involucral scales and lower leaf- surface resinous-dotted. Involucral scales and lower leaf-surface not resinous- dotted. Leaf-blades of an ovate or lanceolate type, broadest below the middle, obtuse or rounded at the base. Upper leaf-surface not resinous. Upper leaf-surface conspicuously dotted with resin. Involucres 4-7 mm. high, the outer scales not distinctly spreading; species of the West Indies. . Lower leaf-surface more or less strigose- pubescent or sericeous but not whit- ened. Pappus-bristles white. Outer involucral scales subulate- tipped, with a prominent carinate midnerve. Outer involucral scales lanceolate, acuminate, without a carinate midnerve. Pappus-bristles tawny or pale-brown. Leaf-blades firm, ovate to oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Leaf-blades thin, elliptic, obtuse. Lower leaf-surface whitened beneath, dense- ly sericeous or strigose-pubescent. Heads 11—13-flowered. Leaf-blades narrowly oblong-lance- olate to ovate; pappus-bristles usually tawny; species of Porto Rico and St. Thomas. Leaf-blades broadly ovate, firm in texture; pappus-bristles white; species of Jamaica. Heads 18—21-flowered; species of Cuba. Leaf-blades broadly elliptic to ob- long-ovate, veiny. Leaf-blades narrowly oblong with parallel sides, without conspicu- ous lateral veins. Heads large, many-flowered; leaves without resin- ous dots; species of Mexico. Inner involucral scales obtuse or rounded, the : outer only acute. Inner involucral scales constricted below a dilated tip 2-3 mm. wide; leaf-blades papillose-scabrous above. Inner involucral scales narrowed to a tip 1 mm. wide or less; leaf-blades glabrous and shining above. Inner involucral scales sharply acuminate. Leaf-blades linear to linear-oblong, not more than | cm. wide, revolute, sericeous or pubescent beneath; inflorescence normally oblong, of short divari- cately spreading cymes from the upper axils. Leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, 4-10 mm. wide, with evident lateral veins. Leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. wide, one-nerved; middle and outer involucral scales glabrate; pappus-bristles pale purplish- brown. Leaf-blades linear, 1-4 mm. broad, one-nerved; involucral scales densely strigose; pappus- bristles pale-brown to nearly white. Leaf-blades merely pubescent beneath, not sericeous. Leaf-blades densely sericeous beneath, not punctate above; heads 18—21-flowered. 10. 113). 14. ie 18. 19. 14. 20. 21% Ve V. Ve Ve Bile V. V. We Wig . argyropappa. . remotiflora. . acile pis. hirsutivena. . clenophora. icosantha. arborescens. borinquensis. membranacea. . sericea. permollis. gnaphaliifolia. . angustata. . Schiedeana. . Seemanniana. . vernicosa. gnaphaliifolia. racemosa. - commutata. 54 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA Involucral scales densely villous through- out, the inner ones frequently with a broad, pale, scarious margin; involucral glands none or concealed. Involucral scales thinly villous above, dis- tinctly resinous-glandular, the scarious margin narrow or none. Leaf-blades revolute to the midvein, con- cealing the hairs, impressed-punctate above; heads 11-flowered. Cymes short and compact, few-headed, divaricately spreading from the upper axils; heads about 18- 21-flowered. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Pappus-bristles pale-tawny, 4-5 mm. long. Pappus-bristles white, 6.5—7 mm. long. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, subacute to ob- tuse or retuse. Cymes undifferentiated, the heads solitary or paired in the axils of the upper foliage leaves; corolla-lobes pubescent externally. Leaf-blades tomentose beneath. Leaf-blades not papillose-pubescent much contracted and few-headed. Leaf-blades broadest much above the middle, gradu- ally attenuate to the base. Leaf-blades spatulate. Leaf-blades obcordate. Leaf-blades broadest at or near the middle, not conspicuously attenuate to the base. Leaf-blades 10-20 mm. long, entire, flat, acute or mucronate. Leaf-blades rotund or nearly so, 5-15 mm. long and wide, undulate, sometimes complicate. Leaf-blades papillose-pubescent above; inflorescence of elongate or contracted cymes. Leaf-blades thin, flat, not prominently veined; bracteal leaves distinctly smaller than the cauline. Leaf-blades broadly elliptic. Leaf-blades narrowly oblong. Leaf-blades thick, reticulately veined, more or less rugose or bullate above; bracteal leaves nearly or quite equaling the cauline, or gradually re- duced above. Cymes very flexuous; leaf-blades 10-20 mm. long. Cymes straight or nearly so. Leaf-blades oval to elliptic-oblong, obtuse or narrowed at the base, rugose and finely papillose-pubescent above. Leaf-blades less than twice as long as wide, very blunt or rounded at the apex. Leaf-blades about three times as long as wide, narrowed to an obtuse or subacute apex. Leaf-blades lanceolate or ovate, broadest near the truncate or subcordate base, strongly rugose and bullate above. Inner involucral scales broadest just below the middle; leaves acute or barely ob- tuse; cymes elongate. Inner involucral scales broadest near the base; leaves obtuse or rounded; cymes short. Leaf-blades brown-tomentose beneath; inner involucral scales merely acute. Leaf-blades gray-tomentose beneath; inner involucral scales sharply acuminate. Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, flat; heads crowded. Involucral scales obtuse. Leaf-blades tomentose beneath. Leaf-blades glabrous to strigose-pubescent beneath. Heads 5-—18-flowered; leaves resinous-dotted; pappus- bristles conspicuously flattened; Jamaican species. above; cymes 22 VA Fase VE 24. V as WZ 26. V ZisaVi 28. V 295 Vi 30. V Silo WY, 32054 14. V 1550 Soe 34. Vi 6 WY Bey We sila WW 38704 aie) We 41. V [VOLUME 33 . stenophylla. . angustissima. . corallophila. . longifolia. . Shaferi. . albicaulis. . gracilis. . bahamensis. . obcordata. . arbuscula. . complicata. . gnaphaliifolia. . angustata. . fruticosa, . calophylla. . vicina. leptoclada. . calida. . semitalis. . parvuliceps. . desiliens. ParT 1, 1922 CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE Involucre campanulate, its scales more or less spread- ing when dry; heads 11—18-flowered. Leaves acute or acuminate. Leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate, acuminate; principal involucral scales villous through- out. Leaf-blades broadly ovate, acute or sub- acuminate; principal involucral scales thinly villous below to almost glabrous at the tip. Leaves very blunt; principal involucral scales ciliate at the apex with black hairs. Involucre subcylindric, its coriaceous scales not spreading when dry; heads 5—8-flowered. Heads many-flowered; leaves not resinous-dotted; pap- pus-bristles terete or nearly so; species of Mexico and Central America. Inner involucral scales constricted below a dilated tip 2-3 mm. wide; leaf-blades papillose-scabrous above. Inner involucral scales narrowed to a tip 1 mm. wide or less; leaf-blades glabrous and shining above. Achenes glabrous. Achenes 1.5—2 mm. long; Porto Rican plant with slender flex- uous cymes. Achenes 3-5 mm. long;species of Cuba and Hispaniola, with stout cymes. Heads all peduncled. Heads sessile. Involucral scales erect or appressed. Leaf-blades thin or firm, not coriaceous and shining. Leaf-blades glabrous or puberulent beneath. Leaf-blades villous beneath. Leaf-blades tomentose beneath. Inner involucral scales obtuse or subacute. Inner involucral scales apiculate. Leaf-blades narrowly oblong, entire or nearly so. Leaf-blades elliptic-oblong, rate. Leaf-blades thick, coriaceous and shining. Involucre campanulate; heads with 18 or more flowers. Involucre cylindric; heads 8-flowered. Involucral scales loose and spreading, recurved, re- flexed, or squarrose. Leaf-blades thin, not coriaceous nor shining; invo- lucral scales elongate, subulate. Leaf-blades thick, coriaceous, shining; inner invo- lucral scales cuspidate. Heads closely aggregated in capitate or subcapitate clusters; bracteal leaves approximating the cauline in size; species of Cuba and Hispaniola. Leaf-blades glabrous above, tomentose beneath, not glandular- punctate. Leaf-blades glandular-punctate on one or both sides. Achenes thinly pubescent; scales of the outer pappus nearly or quite 1 mm. long. Achenes glabrous or nearly so, frequently glandular; scales of the outer pappus 0.4-0.6 mm. long. Leaf-blades tomentulose beneath; heads 11-flowered; pap- pus strongly tinged with rose. Leaf-blades minutely puberulent or glabrous beneath; pappus yellowish or tawny; heads 8-flowered. Involucre subcylindric or narrowly campanulate, the inner scales erect. Involucre funnel-form, the inner scales widely spread- ing. Heads not bracteate, or with subulate bracts only, in simple or branched scorpioid cymes or in branched clusters. Heads chiefly or all sessile, in simple or branched scorpioid cymes; species all tropical. Cymes elongate, straight or curved, simple or only sparingly branched. Outer pappus of bristles not wider than those of the inner series and not evidently flattened. Outer pappus of flattened scales. sharply ser- 42. V. 43. V 44. V. 45... V. T7av 18. V 112 Ve 46. V 47. V 48. V 49. V SO 51. V Cyan g 53. V 54. V 55. V 56. V SRV 58. V 59. V 60. V 61. V acuminata. . expansa. vrigida. pluvialis. Schiedeana. . Seemanniana. borinquensis. . Sprengeliana. . Sagraeana. . viminalis. . fallax. . acer atoides. . Inaequiserrata . Valenzuelana. . purpurata. . aronifolia. . Wrightii. . yunquensis. . Segregala. . Tuerckheimii. . domingensis. . buxifolia. . pallescens. 55 56 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA Cymes curved; leaf-blades abruptly narrowed to the base; pappus white, the scales of the outer series 0.7 mm. long. Cymes straight or nearly so; leaf-blades gradually narrowed to an obtuse base; pappus pale-brown, the scales of the outer series 0.3 mm. long. Cymes freely branched, numerous, forming a paniculate or corym- biform inflorescence. Involucral scales villous with ascending hairs, the middle ones triangular-subulate; pappus white. Leaf-blades sericeous-hirsute and resinous-dotted beneath. Leaf-blades tomentose beneath. Involucral scales arachnoid or ciliate, the middle ones acute to rounded, not subulate. Leaf-blades tomentose or tomentulose beneath; heads 18— 21- (rarely 13-) flowered. 3 Achenes pubescent but not glandular; pappus-bristles tawny, 4mm. long. Achenes glandular and pubescent; white or very pale-brown, 6 mm. long. Leaf-blades pubescent on the surface beneath with short conic hairs. Heads 11-flowered. Heads 21-flowered; leaf-blades firm in texture, the veins reticulate. Leaf-blades obtuse or subacute, about two-fifths as wide as long, tomentulose above, not olivaceous. Leaf-blades acuminate, one-third to one-sixth as wide as long, puberulent with conic hairs above, olivaceous. Heads chiefly or all peduncled, in corymbiform or paniculate clusters, never in definitely scorpioid cymes. Inflorescence repeatedly and somewhat dichotomously branched, the internodes successively and uniformly shorter, producing uniform rounded panicles; involucral scales resinous; species of Cuba and the Isle of Pines. Heads 11—29-flowered. Involucre 3—5 mm. high; heads 11—18-flowered; leaf-blades scabrellate or scabrous above. Leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate to. ovate; regularly dichotomous. Leaf-blades oblanceolate to obovate; inflorescence ir- regularly branched. Involucre 5-8 mm. high; heads 18—29-flowered; leaf-blades glabrous and usually punctate above. Heads 5—6-(rarely 8-) flowered. Inflorescence umbelliform, with few to many heads, its branches aggregated or separated by short internodes; peduncles all about the same length; species of Mexico and Central Amer- ica. : Principal scales of the involucre 3-8 mm. wide, loosely spread- ing at least at the tip. Tips of the involucral scales reticulately veined. Outer involucral scales appressed at base. Leaves green and strigose-pubescent beneath. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath. Outer involucral scales foliaceous throughout. Tips of the involucral scales not prominently reticulate. Leaves prominently reticulate and densely pubescent beneath. Leaves thinly pubescent to glabrous beneath, not prom- inently reticulate. Principal scales of the involucre not more than 2 mm. wide. Heads with 18 flowers or more; involucres 7 mm. high, or pappus-bristles inflorescence larger. Principal involucral scales abruptly rounded and mu- cronate. 7 Principal involucral scales subulate with straight sides and prominent midvein. Principal involucral scales acute to acuminate, the mid- vein not prominent. : Leaves thin, not scabrous above. Leaves very thick and scabrous. Heads with 15 (rarely 18) flowers or less. Involucre 7—8 mm. high; inflorescence large, pyramidal. Involucre 3-5 mm. high; inflorescence usually broader or depressed. Pubescence of the lower leaf-surface of floccose to- mentum. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 83. V. [VOLUME 33 scor pioides. V. brachiata. Seay OS SS SNS . canescens. . mollis. . stellaris. . morelana. . Aschentborniana. . salamana. . patens. ! . menthaefolia. . cubensis. . havanensis. . hieracioides. . Salvinae. . mexicana. . callilepis. . dictyophlebia. . Alamani. . Conzatlii. . corymbiformis. . Karvinskiana. . jaliscana. . serratuloides. . Odxacand,. PART 1, 1922 CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE Pubescence of the lower leaf-surface sparse, of long or short, straight, conic hairs. Pubescence of the lower leaf-surface chiefly or en- tirely of crooked, multilocular hairs. Principal involucral scales abruptly acute or sub- acuminate; leaves softly pubescent or sub- tomentose beneath, with prominent veins. Principal involucral scales sharply long-acute; leaves sparsely pubescent beneath, the veins not prominent. Inflorescence corymbiform, its branches irregular in length; heads few to many, on peduncles of irregular length or some nearly sessile; species of northern Mexico, the United States, and the Bahama Islands. Heads large and many-flowered, 15-20 mm. broad; involucral scales auminate or filiform at the tip; leaf-blades linear to lanceolate. Leaf-blades about 3 mm. wide, revolute, lanate beneath. Leaf-blades 5—20 mm. wide, flat, glabrous or nearly so. Heads small or medium-sized, 4-12 mm. broad, with few to many flowers. Involucral scales rounded to acute or abruptly short- acuminate. Involucral scales tomentose on the back. Leaves revolute, densely white-woolly beneath. Leaves flat, not white-woolly beneath. Involucre campanulate; its scales sparsely ciliate. Involucre hemispheric; its scales densely arach- noid-ciliate. Involucral scales glabrous, thinly pubescent, or arach- noid on the back. Outer pappus of flattened scales, nearly uniform in length, and sharply differentiated from the bristles of the inner series. Pubescence on the lower leaf-surface of short, straight, conic hairs, with or without longer hairs on the veins; involucral scales glandless or rarely thinly resinous-dotted. Leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate. Pappus tawny or yellowish. Heads 34—-55-flowered. Leaf-blades broadly obovate-ob- ong or oval; involucral scales acute. Leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate; in- volucral scales acuminate. Heads 18—29-flowered. Leaf-blades pitted beneath. Leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate. Leaf-blades lanceolate to ellip- ‘tic. Leaf-blades not pitted beneath. Involucre 5-6 mm. high, its scales acute to short-acumin- ate. Involucre 3-4 mm. high, its scales rounded to subacute. Pappus purple. Heads 18—29-(rarely 13-) flowered. Heads 8—13-flowered. Leaf-blades linear. Leaf-blades scabrous above. Lower leaf-surface pitted; involucral scales glabrous or nearly so; pappus tawny. Lower leaf-surface not pitted; pappus usually purple. Inner involucral scales mucronate to subacute. Inner involucral scales obtuse to rounded. Leaf-blades glabrous above or nearly so. Pappus purple; heads 8—13-flowered. Involucre 3—4+ mm. high. Involucre 6—7 mm. high. Pappus tawny to white; heads 18—29- flowered. 86. V. capreaefolia. 88. 89. 90. 96. fe 92 93° 94. SMe 103. 104. 105. 106. 94. 100. ames Vv. Ves SN . Sinclairi. . liatroides. . Belleana. . crinita. . Lindheimeri. . guadalupensis.. . Reverchonit. Schaffneri. . Greggit. . texana. . Ervendber git. . ovalifolia. flaccidifolia. . altissima. . gigantea. . texana. . angustifolia. . dissimilis. . gigantea. . concinna. 58 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VolLUME 33 Leaves chiefly basal, the blades broadest above the middle; achenes dark-dotted. 101. V. Blodgettit. Leaves scattered, the blades broad- est at or below the middle; achenes not dotted. 102. V. insularis. Pubescence on the lower leaf-surface and invo- lucral scales none; leaf-blades l-nerved, revo- lute, pitted beneath. 107. V. Lettermanni. Pubescence on the lower leaf-surface wholly or in part of long, crooked, slender hairs, more or less tomentose; achenes, involucral scales, and leaves resinous-dotted. Seales of the outer pappus very Marrow, scarcely if any wider than the pappus- bristles; inner involucral scales resinous on each side of a prominent midvein. Heads with 34 flowers or fewer; achenes yellowish or brown. Principal involucral scales erect or slightly spreading, glabrous within. 108. V. interior. Principal involucral scales squarrose or recurved, pubescent within. 109. V. Baldwin. Heads with 55 flowers or more; achenes olivaceous. 110. V. aborigina. Seales of the outer pappus broad; midvein of the principal involucral scales not prominent. 111. V. missurica. Outer pappus of subulate bristles, irregular in length and not evidently differentiated from the inner bristles; leaves pitted beneath. Exposed portion of the largest involucral scales less than 2 mm. wide. Inner involucral scales subacute to rounded. 112. V. fasciculata. Inner involucral scales sharply acute to sub- acuminate. 113. V. marginata. Exposed portion of the largest involucral scales 2.5-3 mm. wide. Leaf-blades narrowly linear. 114. V. tenuzfolia. Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate. 115. V. corymbosa. Involucral scales, or some of them, long-acuminate to fili- form. Leaves all or chiefly basal. Basal leaves oblong to obovate, 3—7 cm. wide. 116. Basal leaves lanceolate, 1—2 cm. wide. W7/- Leaves all or chiefly cauline. Pappus tawny. Heads about 21-flowered; involucral scales and achenes not resinous. Leaf-blades 5-16 times as long as wide, serru- late or entire. Involucral scales loosely appressed at base, not recurved. 118. Involucral scales closely appressed at base, recurved at tip. 119. Leaf-blades 3—4 times as long as wide, serrate. 120. Heads 3447 -flowered; achenes resinous. 121 Pappus purple. Innermost involucral scales with subulate tips 2 mm. long or less; achenes and involucral scales not resinous. 105. Innermost involucral scales with subulate tips 5 mm. long or more; achenes resinous. Heads 26—42-flowered; involucral scales ovate, abruptly tapering into the tip. 122. V. noveboracensis. Heads with 55 flowers or more; involucral seales lanceolate, gradually tapering to the tip. 123. V. Harpert. . acaulis. . georgiana. SN . scaberrima. . recurva. . pulchella. . glauca. SaSsinst <=! N . altissima. _ 1. Vernonia jucunda Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 248. 1919. Stems herbaceous, erect, 4 dm. high or more, sparingly branched, densely villous when young, becoming floccose when older and eventually glabrate; leaf-blades firm, ovate-oblong, 6-8 cm. long, 3-4 em. wide, acute or short-acuminate into a subulate tip, undulate and ir- regular at the entire margin, or rarely serrate, frequently somewhat revolute, narrowed to a sessile base, dark-green, rugose, and scabrous with papillose hairs or hair-bases above, Part 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 59 closely gray- or white-tomentose beneath; upper and bracteal leaves similar but smaller; heads 5-flowered, standing opposite and a little below each bracteal leaf which later bears a secondary head in its axil; involucre 8-10 mm. high, cylindric or narrowly campanulate, scales stiff, imbricate and appressed at base, papillose-villous, lanceolate-oblong to ovate- oblong, long-acuminate into a squarrose, subulate, glabrous, terete, callous tip; achene pubes- cent on the ridges, 2.5 mm. long; pappus pale-tawny, the bristles 5 mm. long, the scales trough-shaped, 1—1.1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Sierra de Tonala, Chiapas. DISTRIBUTION; Chiapas. 2. Vernonia anthelmintica (L,.) Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1634. 1804. Conyza anthelmintica 1,. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1207. 1763. Baccharcides anthelmintica Moench, Meth. 578. 1794. Ascaricida indica Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 3: Suppl. 38. 1816. Ascaricida anthelmintica Sweet, Hort. Brit. 219. 1826. Stems herbaceous, branching, glabrous or nearly so; leaf-blades thin, bright-green, obovate to oblanceolate, 8-18 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, acute or somewhat acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate with mucronate teeth, gradually tapering into the narrow sessile base, very sparsely puberulent on both sides, or essentially glabrous; heads many-flowered, all pedicelled, forming a loose, few-headed, terminal, corymbose cluster; involucre hemispheric, 10-12 mm. high; scales erect, linear-oblong, acute, glabrous or puberulent, the inner colorless and appressed, the outer colorless at the appressed base, green and foliaceous above; achenes black, hirsute, 4 mm. long; pappus tawny tinged with rose, the inner series 6 mm. long, the outer minute, of narrowly triangular scales about 0.4 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: India. DISTRIBUTION: Tropics of the Old World; introduced into Jamaica. ILLUSTRATION: Rheede, Hort. Mal. 2: pl. 24. 3. Vernonia cinerea (L,.) Less. Linnaea 4: 291. 1829. Conyza cinerea L. Sp. Pl. 862. 1753. Cacalia cinerea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 323. 1891. Seneciodes cinereum Kuntze; Post & Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan. 515. 1904. Stems herbaceous, erect, simple or freely branched, 1—8 dm. high, glabrate below, cinere- ous-pubescent above; leaf-blades thin, bright-green, spreading, variable in shape from narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate to broadly ovate or triangular, 2-5 cm. long, acute or obtuse, serrate, crenate, or entire, abruptly constricted at the base into a margined petiole, cinereous-pubescent beneath; inflorescence corymbose, 2-10 cm. wide; bracteal leaves subulate; heads about 13- flowered; involucre campanulate, 3-4 mm. high; scales loosely and irregularly imbricate, thinly pubescent, the outer subulate, the inner linear-oblong, acuminate, purplish at the apex; achenes pubescent; pappus white, the inner series 5 mm. long, the outer minute. TYPE LOCALITY: India. DISTRIBUTION: Tropics of the Old World; introduced throughout tropical America as far north as Mexico and southern Florida. ILLUSTRATIONS: Rheede, Hort. Mal. 10: pl. 64; Wight, Ilustr. pl. 134. 4. Vernonia argyropappa Buek, Index Prodr. 2: v. 1840. Vernonia Poeppigiana DC. Prodr. 5:55. 1836. Not V. rods arias DC. Prodt 53205 Vernonia geminiflora Poepp.; Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3 1845. Cacalia argyropappa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Stems herbaceous, at least 1 m. high, sparsely hirsute-pubescent with brown hairs; leaf- blades thin but firm, obovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, 2—3.5 cm. wide, acuminate, entire or minutely serrulate, gradually narrowed to the almost sessile base, rugose and papillate-pilose above, softly strigose-hirsute and resinous beneath; upper leaves similar but smaller; inflorescence sparingly branched, of several divaricately spreading cymes bearing each 4-10 heads; oes leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, otherwise like the cauline, the lowest 4 cm. long, 1.2 cm. wide, the upper smaller; heads 21—34-flowered, 2-3 cm. apart; volucre broadly cheanie or nearly hemispheric, 8-10 mm. high; scales subulate or the inner narrowly linear, erect, sparsely pilose; pappus white, the bristles 6-8 mm. long, the outer scales 1-1.2 mm. long; achenes 3 mm. long, hirsute. 60 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 33 TYPE LOCALITY: Peru?. : } i DISTRIBUTION: Veracruz to Costa Rica; southward into South America. 5. Vernonia remotiflora Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris ISS Alo Conyza uniflora Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Conyza no. 13. 1768. Not Vernonia uniflora Schultz-Bip. 1847. Vernonia sessiliflora Willd.; Less. Linnaea 4: 309. 1829. Vernonia tricholepis DC. Prodr. 5: 54. 1836. Cacalia uniflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Cacalia remotifiora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems herbaceous, branching above, 3-6 dm. high, puberulent; leaf-blades obovate- lanceolate, 3 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, varying to narrowly linear-oblong and broadly ovate, acuminate, subentire, attenuate to a sessile base, thinly papillose-pilose above, more abund- antly pilose or even sericeous and resinous-dotted beneath; cymes 10-20 cm. long, straight, erect or ascending; upper and bracteal leaves resembling the lower but smaller, 5-20 mm. long; heads 13-18-flowered, 1-2 cm. apart; involucre campanulate, 7-8 mm. high; scales straight and erect, narrowly lanceolate, sharply subulate-tipped, resinous, sparsely pilose or glabrate; achenes densely pilose, 2 mm. long; pappus white, the bristles 5 mm. long, the scales oblong, 0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cayenne. DISTRIBUTION: South America; apparently introduced into St. Thomas. 6. Vernonia acilepis Benth.; Oerst. Vidensk. Meddel. 1852268. “W852: Cacalia acilepis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Stems herbaceous, erect, 3-5 dm. high, thinly pubescent; leaf-blades thin, broadly elliptic or rhombic, 4-6 cm. long, 1.5—2.5 cm. wide, short-acuminate, entire, narrowed at the base into short margined petioles, papillose-pubescent above, becoming scabrellate with the per- sistent hair-bases, strigose-pilose and not resinous beneath; inflorescence of 3-5 loosely spreading cymes bearing each 4-8 heads; bracteal leaves oblong to oblanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, resembling the cauline but smaller; heads about 15-flowered, 2-3 cm. apart; involucre narrowly cam- panulate, 8-10 mm. high; scales all erect, lanceolate, subulate-tipped, scarious at the margin, arachnoid below, thinly villous and not resinous above; achenes densely pilose, 2 mm. long; pappus nearly white, 5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Masaya volcano, alt. about 2000 meters, Costa Rica. DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica. 7. Vernonia hirsutivena Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. alison 906: Stems herbaceous, appressed-pubescent; leaf-blades thin, ovate-lanceolate, 7-9 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, or the upper smaller, acute or short-acuminate, entire, obtuse to rounded at the base, papillose-pubescent or becoming scabrellate above, resinous-dotted and softly papillose-strigose to sericeous beneath, especially on the veins; petioles 3 mm. long; inflores- cence small, of a few sparingly branched cymes from the upper axils; bracteal leaves small and frequently none; heads 21-flowered; involucre nearly hemispheric, 6-7 mm. high; scales loosely imbricate, erect or somewhat spreading, the outer narrow, subulate, densely hirsute, the inner narrowly oblong, acuminate, pubescent or subtomentose at the tip; achenes hirsute; pappus white, the bristles 6 mm. long, flattened and twisted, the scales broad and conspicuous, 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Yot Tzonot, Yucatan. DISTRIBUTION: Yucatan. 8. Vernonia ctenophora Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 243. 1919. Stems herbaceous, at least 4 dm. high, thinly pubescent and resinous-dotted; leaves sessile or with short petioles, the blades thin, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, obtuse or ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 61 rounded at the base, the largest 5 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, thinly puberulent and conspicuously glandular-dotted above, closely and finely gray-pubescent and resinous on the surface beneath and sparsely pubescent on the midvein and the obscure lateral veins; inflorescence of 2-2 elongate, erect, terminal or subterminal cymes; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline and progressively smaller, the upper only 15-20 mm. long; heads 2-3.5 cm. apart, 18—21-flowered; involucre campanulate, 6-7 mm. high scales irregularly but closely imbricate, thinly pubes- cent with dark hairs and sparsely resinous, the outer and middle with appressed bases and subulate tips, the inner linear-oblong, abruptly acuminate and usually subulate; achenes thinly pubescent, 1.5 mm. long; pappus white, the bristles 4 mm. long, the scales very narrow, 0.6 mm. long, sharply ciliate with salient teeth. TYPE LOCALITY: Apazota, Campeche. DISTRIBUTION: Campeche. 9. Vernonia icosantha DC. Prodr. 5:49. 1836. Vernonia divaricata Less. Linnaea 4: 306. 1829. Not V. divaricata Sw. 1806. Vernonia arborescens divaricata Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 353. 1861. Cacalia arborescens divaricata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 323. 1891. Vernonia ventosa Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 179. 1906. Vernonia arborescens Ekman, Ark. Bot. 13: 41. 1914. Not V. arborescens Sw. 1806. Stems shrubby, branching above, 1-3 m. high, finely striate, appressed-pubescent; leaf-blades thin, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 1.2—4 em. wide, acute or short- acuminate, entire, broadly obtuse or rounded at the base, sparsely papillose-pubescent above, densely or thinly strigose-pubescent and more or less resinous-dotted beneath; cymes numerous, terminal and in the upper axils, 5—20 cm. long; bracteal leaves lanceolate to oblong, the lower much exceeding the involucres, the upper reduced in size; heads sessile, 1-2 cm. apart, 21- flowered, involucre broadly campanulate to hemispheric, 5-6 mm. high; scales loosely imbricate, erect or a little spreading, the outer linear-lanceolate, subulate, the inner oblong-lanceolate, sharply acute or acuminate; achenes pubescent; pappus-bristles white, 5 mm. long, the scales conspicuous, white, 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Martinique. DISTRIBUTION: Martinique, Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, Santa Lucia, Bequia. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 13: ol. 2, f. 1. 10. Vernonia sericea Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris | Graal i esis pe Ao 8 Lepidaploa phyllostachya Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 26: 16. 1823. Vernonia arborescens DC. Prodr. 5: 48, in part. 1836. Vernonia Berteriana DC. Prodr. 5: 52. 1836. Vernonia arborescens Lessingiana Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 353. 1861. Cacalia arborescens Lessingiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 323. 1891. Cacalia sericea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 971. 891. Vernonia phyllostachya Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 176. 1906. Vernonia venusta Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 177. 1906. Stems herbaceous or suffruticose, erect, 6-10 dm. high, freely branched above, strigose- pubescent; leaf-blades thin, bright-green, divaricately spreading, narrowly oblong-lanceolate to ovate, 3-8 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, acute, entire, obtuse to rounded or rarely attenuate at the base, papillose-strigose above, sericeous-pubescent and resinous beneath, on petioles 2-5 mm. long; bracteal leaves oblong-elliptic, the uppermost equaling or somewhat exceeding the heads; cymes long and slender, forming a lax terminal panicle; heads 11—13-flowered; - involucre campanulate, 4-5 mm. high; scales loosely and irregularly imbricate, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, sharply acute, thinly villous below, glabrate in the middle, puberulent or villous at the apex, not resinous; achenes 2 mm. long, hirsute; pappus brown or rarely white, 4-5 mm. long, the scales narrow, spreading, brown to white, 0.4-0.6 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: French Guiana (error). DISTRIBUTION: Porto Rico, American Virgin Islands, Tortola. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: ol. 4, f. 5. = Vernonia borinquensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 390. 1903. Vernonia borinquensis Stahlii Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 391. 1903. Vernonia borinquensis resinosa Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 236. 1919. é Vernonia borinquensis hirsuta Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 236. 1919. 62 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 Stems shrubby, climbing, 5-30 dm. high, branching above, striate, slender, glabrous or nearly so; leaves spreading or somewhat reflexed, the blades firm, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, 13-35 mm. wide, acuminate, entire, somewhat revolute, rounded or obtuse at the base, minutely and sparsely papillose-pubescent and becoming scabrous above, pubes- cent with short curved hairs or occasionally sericeous, and usually resinous-dotted beneath; petioles 2-5 mm. long; inflorescence lax and open, of numerous, divaricately spreading, freely branched, flexuous cymes 5-15 cm. long; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline in shape, the lower 2.5—3.5 cm. long, reduced above, the upper equaling or barely exceeding the involucre; heads 1-2 cm. apart, about 18-flowered; involucre 6 mm. high, turbinate-campanulate; scales loosely imbricate, the outer somewhat spreading, acuminate, glabrous or nearly so, the inner sparsely strigose-pubescent; achenes 1.5-2 mm. long, densely pubescent or rarely glabrous; pappus tawny, the bristles 5 mm., the scales 0.5-1.1 mm. long. TYPE LocALITY: Mt. Guvuy, near Utuado, Porto Rico. DISTRIBUTION: Porto Rico. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: fl. 2, f. 7. 12. Vernonia arborescens (I,.) Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1320. 1806. Conyza arborescens 1,. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1213. 1759. Vernonia divaricata Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce. 1319. 1806. Vernonia arborescens Swartziana Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 353. 1861. Vernonia intonsa Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 182. 1906. Vernonia alticoma Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 185. 1906. Vernonia amaranthina Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 307. 1913. Cacalia arborescens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 323. 1891. Stems shrubby, tall and erect, freely branching above, pubescent, becoming glabrate or puberulent with age; leaf-blades very variable, thin or firm, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, obtuse to short-acuminate, entire or repand, acute or rounded at base, flat or somewhat rugose, papillose-pubescent with short strigose hairs or scabrellate with persistent hair-bases above, sparingly pubescent to sericeous with papillose hairs, resin- ous-dotted, and prominently reticulately veined beneath; inflorescence expanded or contracted, the cymes usually short and crowded; bracteal leaves much reduced in size or none; heads 11—29-flowered; involucre campanulate, 4-6 mm. high; scales loosely and irregularly imbricate in few series, not resinous, the outer sharply acute to nearly subulate, villous, the inner narrowly lanceolate, subacute to acuminate, villous at base and apex or throughout; achenes densely hirsute; pappus white, the bristles 4-5 mm. long, the scales 0.6-0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica. DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 13": pl. 2, f. 6. 13. Vernonia permollis Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4:181. 1906. Stems shrubby, branching, nearly terete, coarsely tomentose-pubescent; leaf-blades firm, broadly ovate, 6-9 cm. long, 3-5 em. wide, acute or abruptly short-acuminate, entire, broadly rounded or subcordate at base, rugose above and finely scabrous-pubescent with impressed veins, softly and densely sericeous-villous beneath with gray or brown hairs, which are most abundant along the veins; petioles tomentose, 5-7 mm. long; upper leaves similar but smaller; inflorescence hemispheric or pyramidal; cymes short, crowded, irregularly branching, bearing few heads; bracteal leaves much shorter than the involucre or occasionally wanting; heads sessile, crowded, 11-flowered; involucre campanulate, 4-5 mm. high; scales loosely and irregularly imbricate, the outer lanceolate, acuminate, sparsely pubescent, the inner oblong- lanceolate, sharply acute to acuminate, the exposed portion glabrous or with a tuft of hairs near the tip; achenes densely pubescent; pappus-bristles white, 4-5 mm. long, the outer scales 0.6—0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica. DISTRIBUTION: Higher mountains of Jamaica. PART 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 63 14. Vernonia gnaphaliifolia A. Rich. in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 34. 1850. Vernonia arborescens Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 144. 1866. Not V. arborescens Sw. 1806. Vernonia sublanata Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 177. 1906. Vernonia crassinervia Wright; Gleason. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 180. 1906. Vernonia gnaphaliifolia platyphylla Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 238. 1919. Stems herbaceous or suffruticose, 1 m. high or less, slender, thinly pubescent; leaf-blades broadly elliptic to oblong-obovate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide or rarely narrower, acute or obtuse, entire or undulate, usually somewhat revolute, narrowed to an acute or obtuse base, rugose and papillose-hirsute above, or scabrous with the persistent hair-bases, closely gray-pubescent, resinous beneath the hairs, and veiny beneath (leaf-blades flat, broadly elliptic and tomentose beneath in the variety); petioles 3-4 mm. long; inflorescence divaricately branched, the cymes lax, 5-15 cm. long, somewhat crowded in the upper axils, bearing 3-6 heads; bracteal leaves oblong, the upper equaling the involucre, the lower twice as long; heads 1—2 cm. apart, about 21-flowered; involucre hemispheric, 7 mm. high; scales loosely and irregularly imbricate, narrowly lance-oblong, sharply acute, green with a scarious margin, villous below, becoming glabrate at the middle and puberulent at the apex; achenes densely pubescent, 3 mm. long; pappus white or very pale-brown, the bristles 5 mm., the scales 0.7 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Near Canasi, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 4, f. 1, 2 15. Vernonia angustata Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 309. 1913. Vernonia sublanata angustata Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 177. 1906. Stems herbaceous, slender, puberulent or thinly pubescent, sparingly branched above; leaf-blades thin, flat, spreading, narrowly oblong with parallel sides, 3-5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, obtuse or rounded, mucronate, entire, acute at the base, thinly pubescent above, thinly gray-tomentulose and resinous-dotted beneath, one-nerved; petioles 1-2 mm. long; cymes few, widely spreading or horizontal, simple or sparingly branched, bearing each 2—7 heads separated by internodes 1-2 cm. long, depressed or gently curved between the heads; bracteal leaves like the cauline but gradually reduced in size, the upper only 1 cm. long; heads about 18- flowered; involucre broadly campanulate, 6-7 mm. high; scales loosely and irregularly imbricate, strigose-pubescent especially at the base and apex, thinly resinous-dotted, acuminate or sharply acute, the outer lanceolate, the inner narrowly oblong; achenes pubes- cent, 2 mm. long; pappus white, the bristles 6 mm., the scales 0.9 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Santiago, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. 16. Vernonia membranacea Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 144. 1866. Stems suffrutescent, 5-10 dm. high, freely branched above, finely pubescent or glabrate; leaf-blades thin, spreading, broadly elliptic or ovate-oblong, 5-8 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, obtuse or subacute, entire, obtuse at the base, sparsely papillose-puberulent and not resinous above, closely and finely appressed-pubescent and resinous beneath, on petioles 3-5 mm. long; bracteal leaves elliptic-oblong, the lower 2-3 cm. long, the upper equaling the heads; cymes short, spreading, sparingly branched; heads 1—2 cm. apart, secund, about 21-flowered; involucre campanulate, 6-7 mm. high; scales appressed, closely imbricate, green with a scarious margin, the outer lance-subulate, the inner linear-oblong, sharply acute, thinly villous or appressed-strigose and glandular at the tip; achenes hirsute, 2 mm. long: pappus- bristles pale-brown, 5.5 mm. long, the scales very irregular in width, paler in color, 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 131: pl. 4, f. 3. 64 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 17. Vernonia Schiedeana Less. Linnaea 6: 399. 1831. ? Vernonia fragrans Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr. 1: 24. 1824. Cacalia Schiedeana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. ? Cacalia fragrans Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems shrubby, climbing, 1-3 m. high, softly pubescent; leaf-blades thick, firm, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, 10-15 em. long, 2-5 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate, entire, narrowed to an obtuse base, papillose-scabrous above and puberulent on the veins, papillose-strigose or merely puberulent beneath; petioles 5—10 mm. long; inflorescence freely branched, of numerous, lax, divaricate or recurved cymes; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline but much smaller; heads about 40-flowered; involucre broadly campanulate, 8-10 mm. high, the outer and middle scales sharply acute or acuminate with a prominent elevated midvein, essentially glabrous, the inner scales oblong, ciliate, somewhat constricted near the apex and terminated by a flat, broadly rounded or emarginate tip 2-3 mm. wide, incurved in bud and spreading at anthesis; achenes hirsute, 2.5 mm. long; pappus pale straw-color or nearly white, the bristles 7-8 mm. long, the outer scales linear, 1-2 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Papantla [Veracruz]. DISTRIBUTION: Vera Cruz to Honduras. 18. Vernonia Seemanniana Steetz; Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 139. 1854. Cacalia Seemanniana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems shrubby, climbing, pubescent; leaf-blades subcoriaceous, ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 8-10 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, sharply acuminate, entire and frequently somewhat revolute, rounded or obtuse at the base, rugose, glabrous and shining above, resinous- dotted and minutely puberulent beneath, especially along the prominently reticulate veins; inflorescence of numerous spreading cymes 1-2 dm. long; heads 10-15 mm. apart; involucre broadly campanulate, 6-8 mm. high; scales closely imbricate, the outer triangular-lanceolate, ciliate and pubescent, with a prominent midvein, the inner narrowly lanceolate, gradually tapering toa flat, obtuse and mucronate or acute, abruptly spreading tip less than 1 mm. wide; achenes hirsute with erect white hairs, 2 mm. long; pappus nearly white, the bristles 5 mm. long, the scales white and shining, nearly 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Chiriqui volcano, Veraguas, Costa Rica. DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica. 19. Vernonia vernicosa Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 35: 294. 1896. Vernonia vernicosa comosa Greenman, Proc. Am. Acad. 30: 93. 1903. Stems shrubby, glabrous or thinly pubescent; leaf-blades coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, 6-10 em. long, 2-4 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate, entire, rounded at the base, glabrous on both sides, or rarely strigose-hirsute, pitted below; petioles 3-4 mm. long; upper leaves somewhat smaller; inflorescence loose, the cymes few, flexuous and spreading; bracteal leaves oblong, puberulent or pilose beneath, the largest 3 cm. long; heads about 50-flowered, 1-2 cm. apart; involucre campanulate, 10 mm. high; scales regularly imbricate, firm or coriaceous, with yellow margin and tip, the outer narrowly triangular-subulate, gla- brous or sparsely villous, with prominent midvein, the inner narrowly oblong, erect or barely spreading, glabrous, acute or subacute; achenes densely hirsute; pappus white, the bristles 7 mm. long, the scales conspicuous, 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Banks of the Rio Varilla, Costa Rica. DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica. 20. Vernonia racemosa Delponte, Mem. Accad. Torino II. 14: 396. 1854. Vernonia araripensis Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 181, in part. 1906. Not V. araripensis Gardn. 1846. Vernonia sericea racemosa Ekman, Ark. Bot. 13!*: 85. 1914. ParT 1, 1922] ; CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 65 Stems herbaceous or suffrutescent, 5-10 dm. high, branching above, puberulent; leaf- blades narrowly lanceolate, 4-5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, long-acuminate, subentire, revolute, one-nerved, rugose and papillose-pubescent above, sericeous-pubescent and resinous beneath; lower bracteal leaves resembling the cauline, the upper much reduced; heads sessile, secund in short spreading axillary cymes, or solitary in the upper axils; involucre 5-6 mm. high, broadly campanulate; scales purplish or brown, very loosely and irregularly imbricate, lanceo- late, sharply acute, the principal ones villous below to puberulent above, sparsely resinous- dotted; achenes hirsute; pappus pale purplish-brown, the bristles somewhat flattened, 3.5—4 mm. long, the scales prominent, 0.6 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Hispaniola. DISTRIBUTION: Hispaniola. ; ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: 1. 5, f. 4. 21. Vernonia commutata Ekman, Ark. Bot. 131°: 77. 1914. Vernonia araripensis Gleason, Bult. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 181, in part. 1906. Not V. araripensis Gardn. 1846. Stems herbaceous or suffruticose, 7 dm. high, simple to the inflorescence, thinly appressed- pubescent; leaves linear, narrowed to the base, sessile or nearly so, acute, entire, revolute, papillose-pubescent or becoming scabrous above, dull-green and thickly resin-dotted beneath, the upper and bracteal leaves similar but reduced in size; inflorescence of numerous, short, divaricately spreading cymes from the upper axils; heads about 18-flowered; involucre turbinate, 5 mm. high, the scales loosely and irregularly imbricate in few series, sharply acute, the outer narrowly triangular, the inner narrowly lanceolate, the larger ones thinly villous and resin-dotted; achenes 2 mm. long, resinous and hirsute with erect hairs; pappus pale-brown or almost white, 4 mm. long, the scales 0.6—0.7 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 13: pl. 4, f. 4. 22. Vernonia stenophylla Less. Linnaea 6: 667. 1831. Cacalia stenophylla Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems herbaceous or suffruticose, erect, branching above, closely pubescent; leaves numerous and crowded, linear, 3-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, entire and revolute, acuminate, sessile or nearly so, papillose-pilose above, densely sericeous and with a prominent midvein beneath; upper and bracteal leaves similar but smaller; heads 18—21-flowered, single in the upper axils or occasionally 2—3 in short cymes; involucre 4-5 mm. high, loosely and irregularly imbricate, the scales all narrowly triangular-lanceolate, subulate to narrowly acuminate, not prominently nerved, green or the inner with a broad pale margin, villous throughout, resin-dots none or concealed; achenes hirsute; pappus pale sordid-brown, 5 mm. long, the scales 0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Santo Domingo. DISTRIBUTION: Santo Domingo. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 5, f. 1. 23. Vernonia angustissima C. Wright; Ekman, Ark. Bot213 3:78. 9 1914: Vernonia remotiflora Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 144. 1866. Not V. remotiflora Rich. 1792. Vernonia stenophylla Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 181, in part. 1906. Not V. stenophylla Less. 1831 Stems herbaceous, erect, 4-5 dm. high, simple or sparingly branched, pubescent; leaves numerous and crowded, the blades linear, 2-5 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, obtuse or mucronulate, entire, revolute, one-nerved, papillose-pubescent and becoming scabrellate above, densely sericeous beneath; inflorescence of numerous short spreading cymes; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline, usually exceeding the 18-21-flowered heads, or the upper shorter; involucre campanulate or somewhat turbinate, 6-7 mm. high; scales pale-green, loosely and irregularly imbricate, villous throughout, the outer subulate, the inner narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate; ¢ 66 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 33 achenes hirsute; pappus white or very pale yellowish-brown, the bristles 5-5.5 mm. long, the scales 0.7—0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 134: pl. 6, f. 4. 24. Vernonia corallophila Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 309. 1918. Stems erect, 4 dm. high, herbaceous, virgate, finely striate, strigose-pubescent; leaves sessile, narrowly linear, rigid, revolute to the midvein, 1-3 cm. long, strigose-hispid and impressed-punctate above, densely strigose-pubescent beneath, one-nerved; inflorescence slender, sparingly branched; heads 11-flowered, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves or rarely 2-3 together in a short ascending lateral cyme from the upper axils; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline but reduced in size and the uppermost barely exceeding the heads; involucre turbinate, 5—6 mm. high, the scales all straight, erect, very loosely and irregularly imbricate in few series, villous-pubescent and resinous, the outer subulate, the inner narrowly oblong, long-acuminate; achenes pubescent with erect hairs and resinous in the furrows, 2 mm. long; pappus nearly white, the bristles 4-5 mm. long, the scales 0.7—-0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: United States Naval Station, Guantanamo Bay, Oriente, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Cuba. 25. Vernonia longifolia Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 404. 1807. Lepidaploa lanceolata Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 26: 18. 1823. Vernonia punctata Sw.; Wikst. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1827: 72. 1828. Cacalia punctata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Vernonia longifolia genuina Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 456. 1899. Stems shrubby, 1-2 m. high, freely branched, finely pubescent; leaves numerous, the blades thin, bright-green, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 7-10 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 cm. wide, acuminate, entire, acute at the base, very minutely puberulent and resinous- dotted on both sides; petioles 5-10 mm. long; inflorescence terminal, depressed, of numerous short, crowded, curved, freely branched cymes; heads secund, about 18-flowered; bracteal leaves oblong, equaling or greatly exceeding the heads; involucre campanulate or subhemis- pheric, 5-6 mm. high; scales closely imbricate, appressed, strigose-pubescent, acuminate, the outer lanceolate, the inner linear-oblong and resinous near the apex; achenes hirsute; pappus pale-tawny, the bristles 4-5 mm. long, the scales slender, irregular, 0.5-1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Guadeloupe. DISTRIBUTION: Lesser Antilles. 26. Vernonia Shaferi Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 238. 1919. Stems shrubby, 1-2 m. high, the young branches closely cinereous-pubescent, becoming glabrate the second year; leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, as much as 12 em. long and 4 cm. wide, acuminate, entire, acute at the base, dark-green, minutely papillose-pubescent, and very sparsely resinous-dotted above, similar but paler-green below; heads about 18- flowered, crowded in leafy secund cymes at the end of the young branches; bracteal leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, acute, 5-10 mm. long; involucre broadly turbinate to campanulate, 6 mm. high; scales closely imbricate, erect or appressed, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, irregularly pubescent and ciliate, usually resinous toward the apex; achenes hirsute; pappus white, the bristles 6.5—7 mm. long, the scales very irregular in length, as much as 2 mm. long, minutely ciliate. TYPE LOCALITY: Montserrat. DISTRIBUTION: Montserrat. 27. Vernonia albicaulis Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 404. 1807. Eupatorium obtusifolium Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1768. 1804. Not Vernonia obtusifolia Less. 1829. Conyza glabra Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1940. 1804. Not Vernonia glabra Vatke, 1877. Lepidaploa albicaulis Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 26:17. 1823. Vernonia emarginata Wikst. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1827: 73. 1828. # ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 67 Vernonia Vahliana Less. Linnaea 4: 306. 1829. Vernonia Thomae Benth.; Oerst. Vidensk. Meddel. 1852: 66. 1852. Cacalia Thomae Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 324. 1891. Vernonia longifolia Vahliana Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 456. 1899. Vernonia longifolia Sintenisii Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 456. 1899. Vernonia Sintenisit Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 187. 1906. Stems shrubby, freely branched, closely cinereous-tomentulose; leaves numerous and crowded, the blades thin, pale-green, broadly elliptic to oblong, 3-7 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, subacute to obtuse, rounded, or retuse, entire, narrowed from below the middle to an acute or obtuse base, finely strigose-pubescent and resinous on both sides, especially beneath; petioles 3-8 mm. long; inflorescence of a few short leafy cymes forming a loose, spreading, terminal cluster; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline but reduced to 1 cm. long; heads crowded, about 21-flowered; involucre campanulate, 5 min. high; scales rather closely imbricate in several ranks, pubescent or villous, frequently purplish, the inner sharply acute; achenes prominently ribbed, densely hirsute; pappus pale-brown or tawny, the bristles 4-5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: St. Croix. ; DISTRIBUTION: Porto Rico, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and Tortola. - 28. Vernonia gracilis H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 34. 1818. Vernonia Moritziana Schultz-Bip. Linnaea 20: 511. 1847. Cacalia gracilis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Cacalia Moritziana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Vernonia Cotoneaster angustifolia Hieron. Bot. Jahrb. 23: 559. 1901. Vernonia gracilis tomentosa Ekman, Ark. Bot. 13%: 25. 1914. Stems herbaceous, sparingly branched, appressed-villous to pubescent; leaf-blades narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 5-9 cm. long, 1-15 mm. wide, acuminate, crenate to entire, acute at base, thinly pubescent and minutely red-glandular on both sides, but especially beneath and along the veins; inflorescence of single heads at the upper nodes, forming an undifferentiated cyme, the bracteal leaves not reduced; heads sessile, 21—26-flowered, 2—4 cm. apart; involucre broadly campanulate, 4-5 cm. high, the outer scales with a long subulate tip equaling or exceeding the narrowly triangular base, ciliate, somewhat pubescent along the prominent midvein, the inner broader, sharply acuminate or somewhat subulate, scarious-margined, puberulent, not prominently veined; achenes finely ribbed, thinly pubescent, 1.5 mm. long; pappus white, the bristles 4-5 mm. long, the scales broadly oblong, 0.8—1.1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia. ‘ DISTRIBUTION: Colombia; apparently introduced into Bequia. 29. Vernonia bahamensis Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 352. 1861. Cacalia bahamensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Stems shrubby, 2 m. high or more, repeatedly branched, thinly tomentose; leaves numer- ous, crowded, chiefly on the younger branches, the blades spatulate to oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, 20-35 mm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, entire, rounded at the tip and varying from mucron- ate to slightly retuse, narrowed at base into margined petioles, tomentose on both sides, especially beneath; heads few, 1—5 in each cyme, sessile among the upper leaves, 8—13-flowered; involucre campanulate, 3.5—5 mm. high, the scales loosely imbricate in few series, the inner ovate-lanceolate, sharply acute, white-tomentose, sometimes minutely resinous-glandular; achenes densely hirsute, 2—2.5 mm. long; pappus nearly white, the bristles 4-5 mm. long, the scales broad, fimbriate, 0.5-1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Bahama Islands. DISTRIBUTION: Bahama Islands. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 33: 185. f. 1, e, f, g; 186. f. 2; Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 2, f. 2. 30. Vernonia obcordata Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 33: 187. 1906. Stems shrubby, 6—9 dm. tall, with stiff crowded branches, strongly angled and tomentose when young, becoming terete and glabrous with age; leaves numerous, crowded on the young shoots, the blades broadly obcordate, 8-15 mm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, entire, gradually narrowed 68 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 at the base, closely gray-tomentose on both sides; petioles 5-8 mm. long; heads few, single or in cymes of 2-4, sessile among the upper leaves, 8—13-flowered; involucre campanulate, 4-5 mm. high, the outer scales ovate, acute, tomentose, the inner ovate-lanceolate, sharply acute, pubescent, especially at the base and margin and densely resinous-glandular; achenes hirsute, 2 mm. long; pappus yellow, the bristles 4-5 mm. long, the scales fimbriate-ciliate, narrow, about 0.7 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Little Inagua. DISTRIBUTION: Little Inagua, Bahama Islands. ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Torrey Club 33: 185. f. J, d. 31. Vernonia arbuscula Less. Linnaea 6: 664. 1831. Vernonia arctata Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 33: 185. 1906. Stems shrubby, 3-20 dm. tall, with numerous crowded branches, thinly tomentose or glabrate; leaves numerous, spreading or somewhat reflexed, the blades broadly elliptic to obovate-oblong, 10-18 mm. long, 6-11 mm. wide, acute or mucronate, entire, acute or obtuse at the base, glabrate above, brown-tomentose beneath; petioles tomentose, 3-7 mm. long; inflorescence flattened, of several short, leafy, irregular, scorpioid cymes bearing each 1—5 sessile or short-peduncled 13—flowered heads; involucre campanulate, 4-5 mm. high; scales irregularly imbricate in a few series, lanceolate, acute, tomentose, the inner ones sparsely but conspicuously resinous; achenes pubescent, 2.5 mm. long; pappus nearly white, the bristles 5 mm. long, the scales fimbriate-ciliate, very broad, 0.6-1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Mauritius (error). DISTRIBUTION: New Providence and Andros islands, Bahama Islands. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 33: 185. f. 1, a, b, c; Ark. Bot. 13: pl. 2, f. 3. 32. Vernonia complicata Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 143. 1866. Stems shrubby, densely branched, 5-10 dm. high, closely and softly tomentose; leaves numerous, crowded toward the end of the branches, the blades thick, rotund or broadly obovate, 5-15 mm. long and wide, entire, densely and finely tomentose on both sides, gray- green beneath, undulate, or flat on the young shoots, abruptly contracted into margined petioles 3-4 mm. long; heads 8-flowered, solitary, terminating the branches, partially concealed among the bracteal leaves, which resemble the cauline in size and shape; involucre campanulate, 5 mm. high; scales loosely and irregularly imbricate, the outer ovate-lanceolate, the inner oblong-lanceolate, sharply acute, white-pubescent, especially at the base and apex, or some- what tomentose; achenes densely hirsute, 2 mm. long; pappus pale-tawny, the bristles 4 mm., the scales 0.7 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 131°: pl. 2, f. 4. 33. Vernonia fruticosa (L.) Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1323. 1806. Conyza fruticosa L,. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1209. 1763. Cacalia fruticosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 968. 1891. Stems shrubby or suffruticose, climbing, very slender, freely and loosely hranched, glabrous or puberulent at the summit; leaf-blades firm, ovate-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, obtuse or rounded, irregularly crenate or subentire, rounded or subcordate at base, dark-green and thinly but softly papillose-pubescent above, densely gray-tomentose beneath; petioles 1-2 mm. long; upper and terminal branches floriferous and strongly flexuous; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline in shape and size; heads 21-flowered; involucre broadly turbinate or campanulate, 5 mm. high; scales all erect or somewhat spreading, very loosely imbricate, puberulent or occasionally glabrous, the outer subulate, the inner narrowly lanceolate and long-acuminate with a subulate tip; achenes hirsute; pappus nearly white, the bristles 4 mm. long, the scales broad and conspicuous, 0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Tropical America. DISTRIBUTION: Santo Domingo. ILLUSTRATIONS: Plumier, Pl. Am. 1: pl. 95; Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 3, f. 2, 3. ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 69 34. Vernonia calophylla Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: SLA. POTS: Stems shrubby, 1 m. high or less, freely and loosely branched, cinereous-puberulent below to tomentose among the branches; leaf-blades firm and rigid, ovate to subrotund, 20-25 mm. long, 13-18 mm. wide, rounded or obtuse, entire, somewhat revolute, rounded or subcord- ate at base, dark-green, rugose, and papillose-pubescent above, closely gray-tomentose beneath; veinlets prominently reticulate; petioles 1-2 mm. long; heads in the axils of the upper leaves, forming cymes 10-16 cm. long, sessile, 18—21-flowered; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline but smaller, 10-15 mm. long and more densely pubescent above; involucre campanulate, 5 mm. high; scales erect, not closely appressed, somewhat arachnoid-puberulent, especially near the apex, the outer narrowly triangular, subulate, the inner linear-oblong, acute; achenes pubescent, 2 mm. long; pappus nearly white, the bristles 4 mm., the scales 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Camp La Gloria, south of Sierra Moa, Oriente, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. 35. Vernonia vicina Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 317. 1913. Stems shrubby, erect, 3-6 dm. tall, sparingly branched, glabrate below, puberulent above, closely cinereous-tomentulose among the branches; leaf-blades firm and rigid, spreading, dark-green above, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 3-4.5 cm. long, 1—1.5 em. wide, broadest at or near the middle, narrowed to an obtuse or subacute tip and an acute base, entire, somewhat revolute, rugose above and papillose-pubescent when young, becoming glabrate with age, thinly and closely tomentose beneath; veinlets prominently reticulate; petioles tomentose, 1-2 mm. long; upper leaves like the lower, but smaller, eventually only 1 cm. long, bearing heads in the upper 4 or 5 axils; heads about 26-flowered; involucre campanulate, 5-6 mm. high; scales closely imbricate, pubescent or thinly tomentose, the outer subulate, somewhat spreading, the inner lance-oblong, sharply acute; achenes pubescent, 2 mm. long; pappus white, the bristles 4 mm., the broad outer scales 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Camp La Gloria, south of Sierra Moa, Oriente, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. 36. Vernonia leptoclada Schultz-Bip. Jour. Bot. 1: 233. 1863. Vernonia Wrightiit Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 144. 1866. Not V. Wrightii Schultz-Bip. 1863. Boonen ee Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 178. 1906. Not V. gnaphaliifolia A. Ve ae ee Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 318. 1913. Stems erect, suffrutescent, sparingly branched, 6-15 dm. high, finely gray-tomentulose; leaf-blades firm, flat, spreading, narrowly ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 6-7 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, acute, or obtuse and minutely apiculate, entire, rounded to truncate or subcordate at base, dark-green and strongly rugose above, papillose-puberulent when young, becoming glabrate and shining with age, but scabrellate with the persistent hair-bases, softly and loosely gray-tomentose beneath; veins prominently reticulate; petioles tomentose, 1-4 mm. long; cymes 2 or 3, terminal, straight, spreading; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline in shape but gradually reduced in size, the upper only 1.5 cm. long; heads about 21-flowered; involucre broadly campanulate, 6 mm. high; scales loosely and irregularly imbricate, the outer triangular and subulate, thinly villous or subtomentose, the inner lanceolate, sharply acute, glabrate at the middle, villous at the tip, somewhat scarious at the margin; achenes pubescent, 1.5 mm. long; pappus very pale-brown or almost white, the bristles 4 mm. long, somewhat flattened, the scales 0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 13": pl. 3, f. 5. 37. Vernonia calida Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 318. 1913. Stems shrubby, freely branched, 5 dm. tall, thinly puberulent or cinereous-tomentulose above; leaf-blades thick, rigid, ovate-oblong, 3.5—5 cm. long, 1.5—2 em. wide, obtuse or rounded, 70 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuUME 33 * crenate or repand, broadly rounded or subcordate at the base, strongly bullate, dark-green, minutely papillose-pubescent when young, soon becoming glabrate or scabrellate and shining above, densely and softly brown-tomentose beneath; veins prominently reticulate; petioles 1-3 mm. long; cymes few, 6-12 cm. long; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline in shape, crenulate or entire, the upper 10-15 mm. long; heads rather crowded, frequently in pairs, 21-flowered; involucre broadly campanulate, 7 mm. high; scales densely pubescent, closely imbricate or somewhat spreading at the apex, the outer subulate, the inner narrowly triangu- lar-lanceolate and acute; achenes pubescent, 1.5 mm. long; pappus yellowish-brown, the bristles 4 mm. long, the outer scales fimbriate, 0.7 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Sabanilla to Yamuri Arriba, Oriente, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. 38. Vernonia semitalis Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 319. 1913. Stems shrubby, 6-9 dm. high, freely branched above, thinly brown-tomentose, especially on the younger branches; leaves crowded, thick and rigid, the blades ovate or ovate-triangular, broadest near the base, 15-20 mm. long, 10-13 mm. wide, obtuse or rounded, entire and somewhat revolute, truncate or subcordate at the base, scabrellate, shining, and strongly bullate above, thinly gray-tomentose beneath; veinlets prominently reticulate; upper leaves resembling the lower in shape and scarcely reduced in size, bearing heads at their bases; heads in several crowded cymes 10-15 cm. long, 21-flowered, the upper approximate; involucre campanulate, 5-6 mm. high, the outer scales triangular-subulate and pubescent below, the inner scales narrowly triangular-lanceolate, sharply acuminate, tomentose near the base, glabrous or nearly so toward the apex; achenes pubescent, 1.5 mm. long; pappus nearly white, the bristles 4 mm. long, the scales 1 mm. long and as much as 0.3 mm. wide, ciliate, Type LocaLity: Along the trail from Rio Yamaniguey to Camp Toa, Oriente, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. 39. Vernonia parvuliceps Ekman, Ark. Bot. 131°: 71. 1914. Stems shrubby or herbaceous, erect, branching above, densely and finely tomentose; leaf-blades thin, firm, spreading, ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, 13-18 mm. wide, acuminate, entire, flat or somewhat revolute, rounded or broadly acute at base, dark-green and glabrate above, densely tomentose and conspicuously veined beneath; petioles 2-4 mm. long; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline in shape, gradually reduced in size and the upper barely exceeding the heads; cymes few, spreading, curved; heads crowded, 21—flowered; involucre campanulate, 3-4 mm. high; scales erect and appressed, thinly pubescent, rather closely imbricate, the outer narrowly triangular-lanceolate with a carinate midvein, the inner lanceolate-oblong, abruptly acuminate; achenes densely sericeous-pubescent; pappus pale-brown, the bristles 3 mm. long, the scales broad, 0.6 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 13%: pl. 3, f. 9. 40. Vernonia pineticola Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4:176. 1906. Stems clustered, 2-4 dm. high, softly and densely pubescent; leaves spreading or somewhat reflexed, the blades firm, ovate to broadly ovate-oblong, 3-4 cm. long, 1.5—-2 cm. wide, obtuse or subacute, entire, rounded at the sessile base, essentially glabrous and very rugose or bullate above with deeply impressed veins, prominently veined and densely pale-brown-tomentose beneath; bracteal leaves similar, little reduced; heads solitary and sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a leafy cyme; involucre broadly campanulate, 10-12 mm. high; scales all loose, erect or somewhat spreading, linear-subulate, tomentose near the base, glabrate toward the apex; achenes densely hirsute-pubescent, 2 mm. long; pappus nearly white, the bristles 6 mm. long, the scales erect, ciliate, 1-1.2 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Baracoa, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 3, f. 7. ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 71 41. Vernonia desiliens Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club aoe 3516, 1913. Stems herbaceous, sparingly branched, 3-5 dm. tall, glabrous below, puberulent in the inflorescence; leaf-blades firm and coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 7-9 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, obtuse, entire or nearly so, obtuse or rounded at the base, rugose, glabrous, and shining above, closely gray-tomentose between the prominently reticulate veinlets; petioles 1-3 mm. long; cymes 1 or 2, spreading, 1—2 dm. long, flexuous; bracteal leaves resemb- ling the cauline but narrower in shape and gradually reduced in size, the uppermost oblong- linear, 2 cm. long; heads 21-flowered; involucre turbinate, thinly pubescent, 9-10 mm. high, the lower outer involucral scales short, minute, triangular, the inner scales much longer, linear-oblong, obtuse and apiculate; achenes strigose-pubescent; pappus light-brown, the bristles 6 mm. long, the scales conspicuously fimbriate, 0.7 mm. long. TYPE LocaLity: Arroyo del Medio, Oriente, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. 42. Vernonia acuminata Less. Linnaea 6: 663. 1831. Vernonia divaricata DC. Prodr. 5: 48. 1836. Not V. divaricata Sw. 1806. Vernonia remotiflora divaricata Maza, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 19: 269. 1890. Cacalia acuminata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Stems shrubby, 1-2 m. high, finely cinereous-puberulent; leaf-blades spreading, thin, bright-green, elliptic to broadly ovate-lanceolate, 4-9 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 em. wide, acute to long-acuminate, entire, acute at the base, sparsely and minutely puberulent on both sides, resinous above, dark-dotted and resinous beneath, sessile or with petioles 1-5 mm. long; inflorescence of numerous, widely spreading, freely branched cymes, their ultimate branches bearing 3-15 heads; bracteal leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, the upper gradually reduced in size and barely exceeding the 11-18-flowered heads; involucre campanulate, 4-5 mm. high; scales thinly villous-pubescent throughout, especially the outer series, all obtuse or the outermost acute; achenes densely pubescent; pappus brown, the bristles about 4 mm. long, flattened and twisted, the scales narrow, ciliate, irregular in length, 0.5-1.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica. DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 2, f. 8. 43. Vernonia expansa Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard 4: 186. 1906. Stems slender, striate, puberulent, freely branching above, forming a straggling shrub 2-3 m. high; leaves numerous, rather crowded, the blades thin, divaricate, broadly ovate, 3-5 cm. long, 1.7—2.7 cm. wide, acute or subacuminate, entire, obtuse or broadly rounded at base, minutely pubescent and resinous on both sides, the veins white and conspicuous; peti- oles 3 mm. long; upper leaves smaller, broadly elliptic, obtuse; inflorescence of several short cymes terminating the branches and in the upper axils, bearing each 3-6 heads; bracteal leaves equaling or much shorter than the involucre; heads crowded, 11-flowered; involucre broadly campanulate, 4 mm. high; scales all appressed, closely imbricate, obtuse, the outer broadly ovate, the inner lance-oblong, thinly villous at the base to almost glabrous at the apex; achenes 2 mm. long, densely gray-pubescent; pappus brown, the bristles 4 mm. long, conspicuously flattened and twisted, the scales 0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica. DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1345: pl. 3, f. 4. 44. Vernonia rigida Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1322. 1806. Conyza rigida Sw. Prodr. 113. 1788. Stems weak, shrubby, up to 3 m. long, finely and closely tomentose and pubescent with black hairs; leaf-blades coriaceous, broadly elliptic, 25-45 mm. long, 15—28 mm. wide, rounded, obtuse, or minutely apiculate, entire, rounded to broadly cuneate at base, sparsely and minutely a | bo NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 pilose above, impressed-glandular, resinous, and minutely pilose beneath; lateral veins pro- minent, curved-ascending; petioles 3-6 mm. long, tomentose; cymes crowded, bearing each 2-6 heads; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline, but smaller; heads 11-flowered; involucre campanulate, 6-7 mm. high; scales well imbricate, strigose-pubescent and ciliate toward the tip with black hairs, the outer triangular-lanceolate to ovate, sharply acute, with a prominent midvein, the inner ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the tip; achenes strigose-pubescent, 2 mm. long; pappus brown, the bristles 5.5 mm. long, the scales broad, 0.8-1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica. DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica. ILLUSTRATIONS: Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 3, f. 1. 45. Vernonia pluvialis Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 312. 1913. Baccharis Myrsinites Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 366, in part. 1861. Not B. Myrsinites Pers. 1807. Vernonia proclivis Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 312. 1913. : Vernonia reducta Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 313. 1913. Stems shrubby, erect or trailing, 5-20 dm. long, branched above, glabrate or thinly pubescent; leaf-blades elliptic-oblong to oblong-ovate or subrhomboid, broadest near or above the middle, 3-8 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, entire and frequently somewhat revolute, gradually narrowed to an acute or obtuse base, minutely puberulent and glandular- punctate or resinous on both sides, sessile or on petioles*I—5 mm. long; inflorescence of several short, few-headed cymes terminating the stem and upper branches and forming a compact leafy panicle; bracteal leaves barely exceeding the heads, ovate to ovate-lanceolate; heads crowded in clusters of 2-7, not secund, 5—8-flowered; involucre narrowly companulate or subcylindric, 5-7 mm. high; scales coriaceous, glabrate or puberulent, closely imbricate in several series, the outer ovate-triangular, acute or apiculate, the inner oblong, obtuse or rounded; achenes densely hirsute; pappus pale-brown or tawny, the bristles flat and twisted, 4-5 mm. long, the scales irregular, 0.4-1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Blue Mountain Peak, Jamaica. DISTRIBUTION: Higher mountains of Jamaica. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 3, f. 8. 46. Vernonia Sprengeliana Schultz-Bip. Jour. Bot. 1: 232. 1863. Stems shrubby, sparingly branched, cinereous-tomentose; leaf-blades heavy and rigid, nar- rowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5—9 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, acute, entire or irregularly cre- nate, somewhat revolute, narrowed from the middle to a truncate or subcordate base, bullate and scabrous above, closely gray-tomentose beneath; petioles 1-2 mm. long; cymes few, crowded at the summit of the stem, simple or sparingly branched, 4-7 cm. long, bearing 4-12 heads; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline but smaller, the upper 1 cm. long or less; heads rather crowded, 13-—18-flowered; involucre campanulate-cylindric, 8-10 mm. high; scales closely and regularly imbricate, purplish, the outer triangular, subulate or narrowly acuminate, the inner oblong, thinly strigose on the back and densely so at the rounded or apiculate tip; pap- pus pale sordid-brown, the bristles 8 mm. long, the scales 0.8-1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Santo Domingo. DISTRIBUTION: Hispaniola. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 1, f. 8. 47. Vernonia Sagraeana DC. Prodr. 5:55. 1836. Vernonia rigida Sagraeana Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 144. 1866. Vernonia angusticeps Ekman, Ark..Bot. 1315: 14. 1914. Vernonia Sagraeana angusticeps Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 240. 1919. Stems shrubby, branching above, 1—2 m. high, cinereous or becoming glabrate; leaf-blades firm, elliptic to ovate-oblong, 6-10 cm. long, 1.5—4 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate, sharply denticulate with spinulose teeth to nearly entire, rugose, shining, and scabrellate or glabrous above, minutely puberulent on the veins beneath; cymes several, straight, leafy, 1-2 dm. long; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline, but gradually reduced to 1.5 em. long; heads 1-2 cm. apart, 18—-21-flowered; involucre campanulate, 6-8 mm. high; scales closely imbricate, villous-pubescent, the outer triangular-ovate, sharply acuminate, the inner ovate-oblong, PaRT 1, 1922] ; CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 73 acute; achenes 4 mm. long; pappus pale sordid-purple, the bristles 7 mm., the linear outer scales 1-1.3 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Near Havana, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 13*5: pl. 7, 7.3, 5. 48. Vernonia viminalis Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 184. 1906. Stems suffrutescent, terete, finely striate, cinereous or tomentose, divaricately branching above; leaf-blades thin, ascending, narrowly oblong or elliptic-oblong, 8-14 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, somewhat falcate or asymmetric, long-acuminate, entire or minutely denticulate, attenuate at base, rugose and scabrellate above, appressed-villous with soft white hairs beneath; petioles none or very short; cymes numerous, 2—3 dm. long, flexuous; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline, 2-5 cm. long; heads about 29-flowered, sessile, 1.5-3 cm. apart; involucre cam- panulate, 9-10 mm. high; scales appressed, closely imbricate in many series, acuminate and sharply cuspidate the outer ovate-lanceolate, the inner narrowly oblong, the exposed portion densely tomentose, especially along the margin; achenes glabrous, sharply angled, 3.5 mm. long; pappus yellowish-white, the bristles 8 mm. long, the outer scales broad, fimbriate-ciliate, 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 13": pl. 1, f. 1. 49. Vernonia fallax Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 324. 1913. Stems shrubby, erect, 1 m. high, sparingly branched, closely gray-tomentose; leaf-blades firm, narrowly elliptic-oblong, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5—2.5 em. wide, acute, mucronate, entire or obscurely spinulose-denticulate, narrowed to an acute base, thinly puberulent, especially on the veins, and minutely glandular-punctate above, finely and closely gray-tomentose beneath; veins elevated and prominent, but not conspicuously reticulate; petioles 1-2 mm. long, tomentose; inflorescence terminal, pyramidal, of 4-10 short, spreading or recurved cymes bearing each 3-7 secund, 21-flowered heads; involucre broadly campanulate or subhemispheric, 6-7 mm. high; scales appressed, closely imbricate, the outer ovate-triangular, acute and cuspidate, the middle densely villous, the inner narrowly oblong-linear, minutely puberulent beneath the strigose pubescence of long white hairs; achenes with a few resinous glands; pappus pale-brown, the bristles 6 mm. long, the scales broad, 0.8 mm. long, finely fimbriate- ciliate. TYPE LOCALITY: Trinidad Mountains, Santa Clara, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba.’ 50. Vernonia aceratoides Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 325. 1913. Vernonia inaequiserrata angustifolia Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 144. 1866. Vernonia inaequiserrata obtusifolia Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 144. 1866. Vernonia linguaefolia Ekman, Ark. Bot. 131°: 19. 1914. Stems slender, apparently herbaceous, closely gray-tomentose; leaf-blades firm, narrowly oblong-lanceolate to lance-linear, 7-8 cm. long, 1-1.2 cm. wide, acute and mucronulate or obtuse, entire or somewhat repand, obtuse or rounded at base, minutely scabrellate and resinous above, and puberulent along the midvein, finely brown-tomentose beneath; veins prominent beneath and conspicuously reticulate; petioles 2-3 mm. long; cymes few, short, divaricate, bearing 6-12 heads each; bracteal leaves oblong, proportionately narrower than the cauline, the upper not exceeding the 11—13-flowered heads; involucre narrowly campanu- late, 5-6 mm. high; scales closely and regularly imbricate, appressed, tomentose toward the tip, finely and softly villous at the base and middle, the outer ovate-triangular, cuspidate, the inner oblong-ovate, subacute and apiculate; pappus nearly white. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATIONS: Ark. Bot. 13": pl. 1, f. 6, 7. 74 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 33 51. Vernonia inaequiserrata Schultz-Bip. Jour. Bot. 12325 “S65: Vernonia rubricaulis Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 511. 1862. Not V. rubricaulis Humb. & Bonpl. 1810. Stems apparently herbaceous, 1-2 m. high, thinly cinerous-tomentose; leaf-blades firm, narrowly oblong to elliptic-oblong, 6-9 cm. long, 1—2.5 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate, irregularly serrate to subentire, narrowed or subobtuse at base, rugose and nearly glabrous above, prominently reticulate and cinerous-tomentose beneath; cymes spreading, terminal and subterminal; lower bracteal leaves resembling the cauline, gradually reduced above, the upper twice as long as the 13-flowered heads; involucre campanulate-cylindric, 8 mm. high; scales closely imbricate, appressed, thinly arachnoid or pubescent and frequently densely glandular near the tip, the outer subacute and mucronate, the inner obtuse, rounded, or mu- cronulate; achenes 3.5 mm. long; pappus-bristles sordid-purple or tawny, 6 mm. long, the outer scales white, 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 1, f. 4. 52. Vernonia Valenzuelana A. Rich. in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 115336 A850: Vernonia rigida Valenzuelana Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 144. 1866. Stems woody, 10-15 dm. high, thinly pubescent, freely branched; leaf-blades rigid, coriaceous, narrowly oblong to elliptic-oblong, 8-10 cm. long, 8-17 mm. wide, acute, entire, or remotely denticulate with spinulose teeth, somewhat revolute, truncate to rounded or subcordate at base, rugose, but glabrous and shining above, puberulent and prominently reticulately veined beneath; cymes numerous, erect or ascending, sparingly branched; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline, but gradually reduced, the uppermost 1 cm. long; heads about 21-flowered; involucre campanulate-cylindric, 8-9 mm. high; scales all appressed, closely and regularly imbricate, arachnoid-ciliate, pubescent, the outer ovate, the inner ovate-lanceo- late, acute and cuspidate; achenes glabrous; pappus nearly white, the bristles 6 mm. long, the scales erect, white, narrowly linear, 1-1.2 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Vuelta de Abajo, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 131: pl. 1, f. 2. 53. Vernonia purpurata Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 322. 1913. Stems shrubby, 2—2.5 m. tall, thinly tomentose below, becoming densely so in the in- florescence; leaf-blades heavy, rigid, coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, 5-7 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, obtuse or subacute, entire or irregularly repand, obtuse or rounded at base, strongly rugose, but shining and essentially glabrous above, minutely puberulent on the veins beneath; petioles 2-4 mm. long; inflorescence small, irregular, composed of several short leafy cymes bearing each 4-10 heads; bracteal leaves narrowly oblong or oblong-linear, not present below many heads; heads secund, or aggregated at the tips of the cymes, 8-flowered; involucre narrowly cylindric, 6 mm. high; scales closely imbricate, appressed, sharply acute, thinly strigose, the outer ovate-triangular, the inner microscopically spinulose-serrulate, purple-brown at the exposed tip; pappus pale yellow-brown, the bristles 7 mm. long, the scales narrowly linear, 1.2—- 1.4mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Jiquarito mountain, Sierra Maestro, Oriente, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Cuba.° 54. Vernonia aronifolia Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club AD: 323° 193. Stems suffrutescent or shrubby, stout, freely branched, 12-15 dm. high, finely and thinly tomentose, especially above and in the axils; leaf-blades thin but firm, obovate-oblong, 8 cm, ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 75 long, 4 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate, remotely denticulate with subulate or spinulose teeth, obtuse or subacute at base, glabrous above, minutely puberulent beneath; veins prominent, reticulate; cymes terminal and lateral, spreading, unbranched, 15-20 cm. long, very leafy, bearing 6-10 heads; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline in shape, or varying to broadly oblong-elliptic, the upper gradually reduced to half the size of the cauline; heads 34-47- flowered; involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, 8-9 mm. high; scales imbricate only at base, the outer linear-lanceolate, the middle broadly ovate-oblong, the inner linear- oblong, and all terminated by an erect, spreading, or somewhat reflexed, linear, spinulose- serrulate tip; achenes dark-brown to nearly black; pappus pale-tawny, the bristles 8 mm., the scales 0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Vicinity of Sumidero, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. 55. Vernonia Wrightii Schultz-Bip. Jour. Bot. 1: 234. 1863. Vernonia arborescens Wrightii Maza, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 19: 268. 1890. Vernonia leptoclada Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 183. 1906. Not V. leptoclada Schultz- Bip. 1863. Stems shrubby, 1-4 m. high, freely branched above, pubescent; leaf-blades heavy and coriaceous, dark-green, spreading or ascending, oblong to broadly elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5—3 em. wide, sharply acute or mucronate, revolute, entire or with a few remote spinose teeth, rounded to subcordate at base, rugose, scabrous, and shining above, glabrate beneath or minutely puberulent, especially on the veins; petioles 1-2 mm. long, pubescent; cymes long and spreading, with numerous heads; bracteal leaves resembling the cauline, but gradually reduced to 1 cm. long; heads 1—3 cm. apart, about 21-flowered; involucre campanulate, 6-8 mm. high; scales pubescent and ciliate, the outer ovate, acuminate into mucronate, squarrose or erect tips, the inner erect or somewhat spreading, sharply acute or subulate; pappus pale-brown, the bristles 6 mm., the broad scales 0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 1, f. 9. 56. Vernonia yunquensis Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4:191. 1906. Stems erect, sparingly branched, 1.2 m. tall, very thinly but closely canescent; leaf-blades firm, dull-green above, pale beneath, broadly elliptic, 4-5 cm. long, 1.8—2.7 em. wide, obtuse or mucronate, entire, obtuse or acute at base, glabrous, glandular-punctate and somewhat rugose above, closely and densely gray-tomentose with prominently reticulate veins beneath; heads about 5, sessile or nearly so in a terminal capitate cluster, about 34-flowered; involucre campanulate, 7 mm. high; scales closely and regularly imbricate in several series, red or purple, gray-tomentose on the back, acute or subacute and mucronate, the outer broadly ovate, the inner ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate; achenes hirsute with appressed hairs; pappus nearly white, the bristles flattened, 4.5 mm. long, the scales 0.9-1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: El Yunque mountain, Baracoa, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 131: pl. 3, f. 6. 57. Vernonia segregata Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club A032 7-7 LOIS: Stems shrubby, 1—2.5 m. high, closely pubescent to finely tomentulose; leaves numerous, crowded, the blades firm, oblong to elliptic-obovate, broadest at or above the middle, 2.5—4 em. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, obtuse or subacute, entire, obtuse or rounded at base, scabrellate and resinous above, glabrous and densely resinous beneath and puberulent on the midvein; petioles 1-2 mm. long; inflorescence terminal, irregular, of several short, simple or sparingly branched cymes bearing each 2-8 heads in a terminal subcapitate cluster or at the base of the branches; heads 8-flowered; involu¢re campanulate, 3-4 mm. high; scales loosely and irregularly im- 76 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 33 bricate, appressed at base, spreading at the apex, stiff and firm, the outer narrowly triangular- lanceolate, long-acuminate, the inner narrowly oblong-linear, tapering gradually to the acuminate pubescent apex; achenes thinly pubescent, 2 mm. long; pappus nearly white, the bristles 4 mm. long, flattened, the scales broad, nearly or quite 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Vicinity of Camp San Benito, Oriente, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 5, f. 3. 58. Vernonia Tuerckheimii Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 421. 1912. Stems shrubby, erect, 1-1.5 m. tall, freely branched above, thinly and closely canescent; leaf-blades firm and shining, obovate to subrotund, 3-10 mm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acute, entire, abruptly narrowed at base, impressed-punctate and minutely puberulent above, very closely and finely tomentulose beneath; petioles 1-2 mm. long; heads about 11-flowered, crowded in subcapitate clusters of 2-8 at the ends of the branches and forming a large compound inflorescence; involucre narrowly campanulate to turbinate, 7 mm. high, narrowed at the base, the outer scales ovate, subacute, glabrous or nearly so, the inner oblong, obtuse or acute, purple at the glabrous tip, puberulent and glandular below; achenes pale-brown, glabrous and glandular, 2.5 mm. long; pappus tawny tinged with rose, the bristles 6 mm. long, the scales narrow, 0.6 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Near Constanza, Santo Domingo, alt. 1250 meters. DISTRIBUTION: Santo Domingo. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 1, f. 10. 59. Vernonia domingensis (Spreng.) DC. Prodr. 5:30. 1836. Proustia domingensis Spreng. Syst. 3: 502. 1826. Vernonia montana Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 191. 1906. Stems shrubby, climbing, 6 m. long, puberulent when young, becoming glabrate with age; leaves crowded, the blades firm or coriaceous, oblong-elliptic to rhomboid or oblong-obovate, 8-16 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, acute or rounded, entire, somewhat revolute, cuneate at base, dark-green, glabrous, and glandular above, minutely puberulent and glandular beneath, sessile or with petioles 1-2 mm. long; inflorescence subcapitate; heads 2-5, sessile or nearly so, 8- flowered; involucre 5 mm. high, campanulate, rounded at base, regularly imbricate; scales appressed, obtuse to subacute, glabrous, or puberulent at the tip, the outer broadly ovate, the inner ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate; achenes obscurely ribbed, glabrous, glandular, 3 mm. long; pappus yellow-brown, the bristles 3.5—-4 mm. long, the scales narrow, almost entire, 0.4-0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Hispaniola. DISTRIBUTION: Hispaniola. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 135: pl. 1, f. 11. 60. Vernonia buxifolia (Cass.) Less. Linnaea 4: 313. 1829. Lepidaploa buxifolia Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 26:18. 1823. Cacalia buxifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 968. 1891. Stems shrubby, climbing, pubescent when young, becoming glabrous with age; leaf-blades coriaceous, elliptic-oblong or oblong-obovate, 2-4 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, acute, entire, somewhat revolute, narrowed at base into petioles 1-2 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so and impressed-punctate on both sides, shining above; heads about 8—flowered, 3-6 in a subcapitate cluster, sessile or on short scaly peduncles; involucre funnelform or narrowly turbinate, 8-9 mm. high, attenuate at base; scales closely and regularly imbricate in spiral series, glabrous, the outer ovate, obtuse to subacute, somewhat fimbriate, the inner ovate-lanceolate, the innermost linear-oblong, acuminate, widely spreading or horizontal at tip; achenes obtusely ribbed, minutely resinous; pappus tawny, the bristles 5.5 mm. long, the scales barely ciliate, narrow, 0.7—0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: - Haiti. . DISTRIBUTION: Hispaniola. ° Part 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 77 61. Vernonia pallescens Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. me 192. 1906. Stems shrubby, branching above, thinly puberulent or glabrate; leaf-blades thin and membranous, elliptic, 8-10 cm. long, 2.5—4.5 em. wide, long-acuminate, sharply. serrate on the upper half, less serrate or entire below, narrowed at the base into short petioles, very minutely puberulent and resinous-dotted on both sides, pale-green and glaucescent beneath: inflorescence sparingly branched, leafless; heads about 11-flowered; involucre obconic or narrowly cam- panulate, 4-5 mm. high; scales few, loosely imbricate, the outer erect, narrowly lanceolate, thinly villous-pubescent, especially toward the apex, conspicuously glandular, sharply acuminate and cuspidate, the inner oblong-lanceolate, thinly short-villous, resinous-dotted, abruptly short-acuminate; achenes obscurely angled, 2 mm. long, densely strigose-pubescent; pappus rufescent, the bristles 5 mm. long, strongly barbellate, the outer series of very slender barbellate bristles, about 0.6 mm. long, not flattened. TYPE LOCALITY: St. Vincent.. DISTRIBUTION: St. Vincent. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 6, f. 3. 62. Vernonia scorpioides (lam.) Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 404. 1807. Conyza scorpioides Lam. Encyc. 2: 88. 1786. Lepidaploa scorpioides Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 26: 16. 1823. Chrysocoma repanda Vell. Fl. Flum. 327. 1825. Cacalia scorpiodes Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems shrubby, distantly branched, softly and closely pubescent; leaf-blades thin, ovate to elliptic, 5-12 em. long, 2-7 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, entire, abruptly narrowed into a short cuneate base, softly papillose-pubescent or glabrate above, thinly pilose to densely sericeous or almost tomentose beneath, not resinous; petioles 1-2 cm. long; cymes few, crowded, short, curved or spreading, forming a compact, depressed, terminal panicle; heads about 21-flowered; involucre campanulate, 4 mm. high; scales loosely imbricate in few series, lanceolate, acuminate, villous; achenes pubescent; pappus white, the bristles 5 mm. long, the scales very narrow, 0.7 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil. DISTRIBUTION: Nicaragua; tropical South America. ILLUSTRATION: Vell. Fl. Flum. Ic. 8: pl. 13. 63. Vernonia brachiata Benth.; Oerst. Vidensk. Meddel. 1852: 67. 1852. Cacalia brachiata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Stems apparently herbaceous, glabrous or nearly so, strongly angled; leaf-blades thin, broadly elliptic, 10-20 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, acute to acuminate, serrulate or entire, gradually attenuate to an obtuse base, nearly glabrous on both sides, short-petioled, the upper leaves gradually reduced; inflorescence leafless, 1-3 dm. high, freely branched, the cymes very numerous, 1—2 dm. long, straight or slightly curved; heads 21-flowered, contiguous or nearly so; involucre broadly campanulate, 3-4 mm. high; scales loosely imbricate, ciliate, the outer triangular-lanceolate, sharply acute and somewhat cuspidate with a thickened midvein, the inner oblong to oblanceolate, acute or subacute, thin and scarious, with a colored midvein and purple tip; achenes sparsely hirsute; pappus pale-brown, the bristles 5 mm., the scales 0.3 mm. long. TYPE LocaLity: Mt. Aguacate, Costa Rica. ‘ DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica; northern South America. 64. Vernonia canescens H.B .K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4:35. 1818. Lepidaploa canescens Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 26: 18. 1823. Vernonia bullata Benth.; Oerst. Vidensk. Meddel. 1852: 67. 1852. Cacalia bullata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Cacalia canescens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Vernonia Purpusii Brand. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 197. 1915. 78 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 Stems suffrutescent, erect, 1-3 m. high, branching above, pubescent or becoming glabrous; leaf-blades thin, oblong-lanceolate to broadly ovate, 4-11 cm. long, 2—4 cm. wide, short- acuminate, entire, rounded or obtuse at base, rugose or nearly flat, scabrellate above, softly strigose-pubescent and resinous-dotted beneath, with prominently reticulate veins; petioles 3-5 mm. long;-inflorescence large and loose, 1-3 dm. wide, with comparatively few spreading branches 8-20 cm. long; heads about 1 cm. apart, 21-flowered; involucre campanulate, 4—5 mm. high; scales loosely imbricate, erect, thinly villous, the middle and outer narrowly triangular-subulate, the inner lanceolate, acuminate; achenes 2 mm. long, hirsute; pappus white, the bristles 4 mm. long, the scales narrow, variable in length from 0.4-1.1 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Peru. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico to tropical South America. ILLUSTRATION: H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. pl. 317. 65. Vernonia mollis H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 36. 1818. Cacalia mollis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems shrubby, closely cinereous-tomentose; leaf-blades firm, flat, sessile or nearly so, 4-6 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, acuminate, entire or undulate, obtuse or rounded at base, thinly sericeous-hirsute above, finely gray-tomentose beneath, the tomentum concealing the resinous glands, the lateral veins obscure and reticulate; cymes short and crowded, terminating the stem and upper branches; heads 21—flowered; involucre broadly campanulate, 4-5 mm. high; scales regularly imbricate, appressed at base, somewhat spreading at the apex, narrowly linear-triangular, villous throughout, the prominent midvein prolonged into a glabrous subulate tip; achenes hirsute; pappus white, the bristles 4.5 mm. long, the scales very broad, 0.8—0.9 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia. DISTRIBUTION: Guatemala; also in tropical South America. 66. Vernonia stellaris Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr. 1: 23. 1824. Vernonia Deppeana Less. Linnaea 6: 398. 1831. Cacalia Deppeana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Cacalia stellaris Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems shrubby, freely branched, pubescent or tomentose, 2-5 m. high; leaf-blades thin, oblong or narrowly elliptic, 8-10 em. long, 2.5—3.5 cm. wide, acute, entire or obscurely serrate, narrowed or rounded at base, scabrellate with papillose hairs above, tomentose or floccose with ferruginous hairs beneath, on petioles 8-12 mm. long; inflorescence widely branched, pyramidal or hemispheric, 1-3 dm. broad; heads 18—21- (rarely 11-) flowered; involucre campanulate, 3-4 mm. high; scales loosely but regularly imbricate, erect or appressed, the outer ovate, acute or acuminate, pubescent, the inner oblong, acute or subacute, glabrous or puberulent, arachnoid-ciliate; achenes sharply ribbed, 2.5 mm. long, pubescent; pappus tawny, the bristles 4 mm. long, the scales very narrow, about 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: San José del Corral [near Cordoba, Veracruz]. DISTRIBUTION: Central Mexico to Costa Rica. 67. Vernonia morelana Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 241. 1919. Stems shrubby, branching above, 3-5 m. high, closely gray-tomentose, becoming glabrate with age; leaf-blades firm, dull-green, ovate-oblong, 6-8 cm. long, 2.5—3 cm. wide, entire or remotely serrate, obtuse or rounded at each end, closely scabrous-pubescent above, finely gray-tomentose beneath, on tomentose petioles 8 mm. long, the upper leaf-blades similar but smaller and more densely tomentose, those in the cymes broadly ovate to subrotund, 5-15 mm. long; cymes freely branched, forming a hemispheric cluster 2 dm. broad; heads 21-flowered; involucre campanulate, 4-4.5 mm. high; scales regularly imbricate, all appressed or barely spreading, the outer and midddle ovate to ovate-oblong, sharply acute or cuspidate, tomentose-ciliate and frequently puberulent, the inner lanceolate, sharply acute to sub- acuminate, nearly or quite glabrous; achenes thinly pubescent and densely resinous-glandular; pappus white or pale-tawny, the bristles 6 mm., the narrow scales 0.6—-0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuernavaca, Morelos. DISTRIBUTION: Morelos. Part 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 79 68. Vernonia Aschenborniana S. Schauer; Nees & Schauer, Linnaea 19: 714. 1847. Cacalia Aschenborniana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Stems shrubby, 2-5 m. tall, ferruginous-pubescent; leaf-blades firm or thin, brownish- green or olivaceous, oblong to lance-oblong, 6-10 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, acute, entire or remotely serrulate, frequently somewhat revolute, narrowed at base, roughly papillose-pubes- cent above, thinly pubescent with rusty hairs beneath, especially on the veins; petioles 2-3 mm. long; inflorescence hemispheric or pyramidal, freely branched, 2-3 dm. wide; heads 11-flowered, all sessile or nearly so; involucre broadly campanulate to hemispheric, 3 mm. high; scales regularly imbricate in few series, more or less pubescent and ciliate, the outer broadly ovate, acute, the inner ovate-lanceolate, subacute or obtuse, the midvein thickened at the apex; achenes sharply ribbed, hirsute, 2 mm. long; pappus tawny or rufescent, the bristles 5 mm. long, the scales very narrow, 0.4—0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. 69. Vernonia salamana Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 242. 1919. Stems shrubby, branched above, 2-2.5 m. high, thinly cinereous-pubescent or becoming glabrate with age; leaf-blades thin but firm, pale-olivaceous, ovate-elliptic, 5-7 cm. long, 2-3 ecm. wide, obtuse or subacute, undulate, entire, or remotely denticulate, obtuse or rounded at base, distinctly pubescent or subtomentose above, finely pubescent beneath, especially on the prominent reticulate veins, on petioles 4-8 mm. long, or the upper leaves nearly sessile; inflorescence of freely branched cymes, terminating the stem and upper branches, forming a pyramidal panicle 2.5 dm. broad, the cyme-branches leafless, straight, bearing each 3-6 21-flowered heads; involucre broadly campanulate, 4-5 mm. high; scales loosely but regularly imbricate, pale-green with a dark spot near the apex, ciliate, puberulent, obtuse t o broadly rounded, the midvein prominent apically and usually prolonged into a minute mucr 0; achenes finely pubescent; pappus pale-tawny, the bristles 4 mm. long, the scales narrowly linear, 0.4 mm. long. se TYPE LOCALITY: Near Salama, Guatemala. DISTRIBUTION: Guatemala. 70. Vernonia patens H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 41. 1818. Vernonia lanceolaris DC. Prodr. 5: 37. 1836. Vernonia pacchensis Benth. Pl. Hartw. 134. 1844. Cacalia lanceolaris Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Cacalia patens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems shrubby, 3-5 m. high, glabrate or puberulent; leaf-blades spreading, thick and firm, brownish-green or olivacecus, narrowly lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, 1.5—2.5 cm. wide, acuminate or sharply acute, entire or serrulate, gradually narrowed to the base, minutely puberulent, shining, and rugose above, puberulent beneath, especially on the prominently reticulate veins; petioles 5-10 mm. long; cymes very numerous, freely branched, forming a compact, hemispheric, terminal panicle; heads 21-flowered; involucre campanulate, 4-5 mm. high; scales closely and regularly imbricate in numerous series, appressed, pale-green with brown center, glabrous or puberulent on the back, tomentose-ciliate, subacuminate or acute to rounded and minutely cuspidate, the middle and cuter sharper; achenes minutely pubescent; pappus pale-brown, the bristles 5 mm. long, the scales narrowly linear, 0.3-0.8 mm. long, irregular. TYPE LOCALITY: Central America. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico to tropical South America. 71. Vernonia menthaefolia (Poepp.) Less. Linnaea 4: 168. 1829. Eupatorium menthaefolium Poepp.; Spreng. Syst. 3: 412. 1826. Vernonia Oltonis Schultz-Bip. Linnaea 20: 508: 1847 Vernonia Grisebachii Schultz-Bip. Jour. Bot. 1: 231. 1863. §0 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 Stems shrubby, erect, 1-5 m. high, minutely puberulent; leaf-blades thin, varying from narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, to ovate, rounded at base and acute at apex, entire, undulate, or sparsely serrate with low teeth, bright-green and scabrellate above, closely and finely puberulent and dull-green beneath; petioles 10-15 mm. long; inflorescence loosely pyramidal, 2-3 dm. wide, dichotomously branched; heads 11-18 flowered, on peduncles 3-5 mm. long; involucre broadly campanulate, closely imbricate, 4-5 mm. high; scales cori- aceous, puberulent, the outer short, ovate, obtuse or acute, the inner oblong-lanceolate, rounded with thickened midvein, glandular; achenes 3 mm. long, minutely pubescent, glandular ; pappus yellowish-brown to nearly white, the bristles 6 mm. long, the scales narrow, 0.4-0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 13: pl. 6, f. I. 72. Vernonia cubensis Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 144. 1866. Vernonia hieracioides cubensis Maza, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 19: 268. 1890. Stems shrubby, 2 m. high, closely and finely pubescent; leaf-blades firm, dull-green or olivaceous, obovate to obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, 4-7 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 em. wide, acute or abruptly acuminate, obscurely denticulate, obtuse or acute at base, scabrous above, puberu- lent with brown hairs beneath, especially on the veins; inflorescence spreading, freely branched, bearing numerous, crowded, 11-13-flowered heads; involucre campanulate or somewhat turbinate, 3-4 mm. high; scales nearly glabrous, purple at least at the apex, resinous-glandular, the outer ovate, acute, the inner ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute; achenes pubescent, fre- quently glandular in the furrows; pappus pale-brown, the bristles 4 mm. long, the scales linear, 0.4 mim. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Western Cuba. ‘ DISTRIBUTION: Central and western Cuba and Isle of Pines. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 5, f. 2. 73. Vernonia havanensis DC. Prodr. 5:37. 1836. Vernonia stictophylla C. Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 6: 176. 1869. Cacalia havanensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems shrubby, fréely branched, 1-2 m. high, thinly pubescent or glabrate; leaf-blades thin, spreading, bright-green, 6-11 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, narrowly oblanceolate to obovate, acute or abruptly acuminate, entire or sparingly denticulate, attenuate at base, sessile or petioled, glabrous and usually punctate above, minutely puberulent and resinous beneath; inflorescence loose, open, freely branched, 1-3 dm‘ broad; heads 18—29-flowered; involucre 5-8 mm. high, broadly campanulate, tinged with purple; scales closely but irregularly imbricate in few series, resinous-glandular, otherwise nearly glabrous, the outer ovate, acute, the inner oblong, obtuse or rounded; achenes pubescent on the ribs, glandular in the furrows; pappus white or pale-brown, the bristles 6 mm. long, the scales very slender, 0.6 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Havana, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Central and western Cuba. ILLUSTRATIONS: Ark. Bot. 13%: pl. 5, f. 6, 7. 74. Vernonia hieracioides Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. i851 S60: Cacalia hieracioides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Vernonia Orientis Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 330. 1913. Stems shrubby, 3-6 m. tall, sparingly branched, glabrate below, cinereous-puberulent in the inflorescence; leaf-blades rigid, dark-green, spreading, oblanceolate, 9-11 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 em. wide, abruptly short-acuminate or sharply acute, remotely dentate with sharp salient teeth, chiefly above the middle, attenuate below to a cuneate base, scabrous to glabrate and somewhat rugose above, minutely puberulent beneath, glandular-dotted on both sides; petioles 5-10 mm. long; inflorescence terminal, broadly pyramidal or hemispheric, the cymes freely branched, bearing 2-6 heads crowded toward the tip; heads 5—6-flowered; involucre PaRT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 81 campanulate, 3.5—4.5 mm. high; scales ovate to ovate-oblong, erect or somewhat spreading, sharply acute or subacuminate, nearly glabrous, resinous on the back; achenes thinly pubescent, resinous in the furrows; pappus pale yellowish-brown, the bristles 4-4.5 mm. long, the scales slender, 0.4-0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Monte Verde, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Cuba. ILLUSTRATION: Ark. Bot. 1315: pl. 5, f. 5. 75. Vernonia Salvinae Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. PINTS a ltexe le Cacalia Salvinae Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Leiboldia Salvinae Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 162. 1906. Stems shrubby, densely and closely brown-tomentose, becoming glabrate in age; leaf- blades membranous, oblong-oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, 10-25 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. wide, acuminate to an obtuse mucronate tip, entire or remotely denticulate, gradually narrowed below into petioles 1 cm. long, thinly and minutely papillose-pilose and glandular-punctate above, becoming nearly glabrous, thinly strigose and punctate on the surface beneath and conspicuously brown-strigose on the veins; heads 1-5, on peduncles 2-7 cm. long, many-flowered ; involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, 12-15 mm. high; scales loosely imbricate, thin and membranous, the outer squarrose, purple-brown, broadly ovate and glabrous at the coriaceous appressed base, dilated above into a thin, ovate, acute, mucronate, pubescent, veiny tip, the inner oblong, barely dilated if at all into the triangular, ovate, mucronate, veiny tip; achenes black, glabrous; pappus pale-tawny, the bristles 5 mm. long, the scales subulate, very deciduous, 0.8-1.1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Las Nubes, Cerro de Zunil, Guatemala, alt. 1300 meters. DISTRIBUTION: Chiapas to Costa Rica. ILLUSTRATION: Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. pl. 41. 76. Vernonia mexicana Less. Linnaea 6: 680. 1831. Cacalia mexicana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. ? Vernonia Salvinae canescens Coult. Bot. Gaz. 16:95. 1891. Leiboldia mexicana Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 163. 1906. Stems shrubby, ferruginous-tomentose; leaf-blades thin, broadly obovate, 20 cm. long, 15 em. wide, abruptly short-acuminate, mucronulately serrulate, tapering regularly to the base, dark-green and nearly glabrous above, thinly gray-tomentose beneath, with prominent veins; heads few, large, many-flowered; involucre broadly hemispheric, 20 mm. high, 30 mm. broad; scales thin and glabrous, the outer ovate, appressed at base, broadly rounded and somewhat spreading above, the inner loosely imbricate, acute or subacute, the exposed portion of the principal scales reticulately veined, 4-5 mm. wide; achenes glabrous; pappus pale-brown. TYPE LOCALITY: Chiconquiaco [Veracruz]. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico. 77. Vernonia callilepis Gleason, sp. nov. Stems shrubby, closely cinereous-pubescent; leaf-blades elliptic, broadest at the middle, 21 cm. long, 7.5 cm. wide, acute or somewhat acuminate, entire, gradually tapering at base into a margined or winged petiole 3.5 cm. long, conspicuously pubescent on both sides, especially on the veins and beneath, the upper leaves somewhat reduced; heads few, many-flowered, 25 mm. high, on peduncles 5 cm. long; involucre broadly hemispheric, about 15 mm. high; outer scales foliaceous, loosely spreading at the apex, somewhat appressed below, long-tri- angular, 12-18 mm. long, broadly rounded or truncate at base, 4-8 mm. wide, tapering regularly to the acute purple tip, densely pubescent; inner scales chartaceous, purple, the base convex and appressed, glabrous, 10 mm. long, 5 mm. wide, the tip thin, ascending, 6-8 mm. wide and long, broadly oblong, rounded or subacute, purple, veiny, puberulent; corolla red or red-purple, sparsely glandular, the tube 13 mm. long; pappus pale-brown. Type collected at La Liberia, Michoacan or Guerrero, Langlassé 978 (United States Nationa! Herbarium, no. 386310). . DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. 82 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 78. Vernonia dictyophlebia Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 203. 1906. Stems shrubby, erect, 1-2 m. high, puberulent or thinly tomentose; leaf-blades firm, spreading, ovate or ovate-elliptic, 6-10 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, broadest below the middle, acute or subacuminate, sharply and irregularly serrate, obtuse to broadly rounded or sub- cordate at base, scabrous above, subtomentose beneath, the veins very prominently reticulate; inflorescence depressed-hemispheric, 1-2 dm. wide; heads many-flowered, 15-20 mm. wide, on peduncles 2-4 em. long; involucre broadly campanulate, 12-15 mm. high; scales loosely but regularly imbricate in several series, glabrous, purple or purplish-green, the outer spreading or reflexed, the inner erect or loose, narrowly oblong, subacute to rounded, with an awn 1 mi. long or shorter; achenes 4 mm. long, densely glandular; pappus white, the bristles 8 mm. long, the scales subulate, 1 mm. long or more. TYPE LOCALITY: Michoacan. ! DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico, from Guanajuato to Oaxaca. 79. Vernonia Alamani DC. Prodr. 5:61. 1836. ? Vernonia inuloides D. C. Prodr.5:62. 1836. Cacalia Alamani Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Stems shrubby, erect, 1-2 m. high, branched above, glabrate; leaf-blades firm, dull-green, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 9-14 cm. long, 3-7 em. wide, broadest at the middle and tapering regularly to each end, finely serrulate to subentire, scabrellate above, thinly puberulent and sometimes resinous beneath, veinlets obscurely reticulate; heads few, large, many-flowered, on peduncles 2-8 em. long; involucre broadly campanulate to depressed-hemispheric, 15-20 mm. high; scales erect or somewhat spreading, oblong with parallel sides, short-acuminate, acute. or rarely rounded at the apex, terminated by a mucro 2 mm. long, glabrous or scabrellate, the outer reflexed or spreading, the inner loose, erect; achenes 4 mm. long, thinly glandular in the furrows; pappus white, the bristles 8 mm. long, the scales subulate, 1.1-1.4 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico, from Guanajuato to Oaxaca. 80. Vernonia Conzattii B. L. Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 44:615. 1909. Stems herbaceous, erect, thinly tomentose, corymbosely branched above; leaf-blades firm, ovate-oblong or elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 5-7 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, acuminate, obscurely serrulate or entire, acute or obtuse at the base, short-petioled, rugose and scabrous above, paler, densely pubescent or subtomentose, and resinous-dotted beneath; veins re- ticulate; inflorescence umbelliform, depressed-hemispheric, 8-20 cm. wide; peduncles 12-30 mm. long, tomentose, with subulate bracteoles; heads about 34-flowered, 12 mm. in diameter; involucre broadly campanulate, 8-10 mm. high, the scales imbricate in several series, purple, mucronate, ciliate, the outer lanceolate to lance-linear, the middle oblong, mostly rounded at the cuspidate apex, the inner subacute; achenes glabrate, somewhat glandular; pappus nearly white, the bristles 6 mm. long, the scales narrowly linear, 1 mm. long. TyPE LOCALITY: Santa Ines del Monte, Zimatlan, Oaxaca, alt. 2700 meters. DISTRIBUTION: Oaxaca. 81. Vernonia corymbiformis DC. Prodr. 5:62. 1836. Cacalia corymbiformis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Stems shrubby, erect, divaricately branched above, glabrous or puberulent; leaf-blades thin, bright-green, elliptic, 8-14 cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. wide, acute or subacuminate, entire, narrowed at the base, almost glabrous on both sides, resinous beneath, prominently veined, on petioles 1-2 cm. long; upper leaves similar but smaller; inflorescence depressed-hemispheric, 3 dm. wide; heads about 26-flowered; involucre obconic-campanulate, 8 mm. high, the scales loosely imbricate, straight, erect or the outer spreading, purple-tinged, glabrous, narrowly Part 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 83 triangular-subulate with a prominent midvein; achenes glabrous but glandular; pappus almost white, the bristles 6 mm. long, the scales narrowly linear, about 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Jalisco. 82. Vernonia Karvinskiana DC. Prodr. 5:62. 1836. Cacalia Karwinskiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems purple, herbaceous, erect, 1 m. high, glabrous to puberulent; leaf-blades firm, ovate-lanceolate to oblong, 3-10 cm. long, 1.5—3 ecm. wide, acuminate, entire or remotely denticulate, acute or obtuse at base, scabrous above, puberulent beneath with short conic hairs, very minutely pitted on both sides, nearly sessile; inflorescence depressed-hemispheric, 1 dm. wide; involucre campanulate, 8 mm. high, the scales thin, glabrous, purple, appressed below, loose and somewhat spreading above, linear-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, tapering regularly to the sharply acute tip or rarely rounded and mucronulate, the midvein not prominent; achenes glabrous, glandular in the furrows, 2.5-3 mm. long; pappus almost white, the bristles 6.5 mm. long, the scales narrowly linear, 0.8—0.9 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Oaxaca. 83. Vernonia jaliscana Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 198. 1906. Stems suffrutescent, erect, 1 m. high, simple to the inflorescence, scabrellate or becoming glabrous; leaf-blades thick, coriaceous, usually pale-green, elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong, 7-11 cm. long, 2.5—4.5 cm. wide, obtuse or subacute, entire or undulate, obtuse to rounded or subcordate at base, scabrous, especially above, and minutely pitted on both sides; petioles about 5 mm. long; inflorescence hemispheric or depressed, pubescent; heads 18—21-flowered; involucre broadly campanulate, 7 mm. high; scales closely but irregularly imbricate, glabrous, purple-tipped, the outermost spreading or recurved, lanceolate, cuspidate, the inner appressed, narrowly oblong, attenuate or sharply acute, mucronulate; achenes 2.5 mm. long, glabrous and densely glandular; pappus nearly white, the bristles 7-8 mm. long, the scales irregular, ciliate, 0.9-1.1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Guadalajara, Jalisco. DISTRIBUTION: Jalisco. 84. Vernonia serratuloides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 33. 1818. Perezia paniculata A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21: ie: 1886. Cacalia serratulodes Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891 Vernonia umbellifera Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 199. 1906. Stems erect, suffrutescent, freely branched above, glabrous or puberulent; leaf-blades thick, firm, narrowly lanceolate to oblong, 5-10 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, or the upper smaller, acute Or acuminate, entire or irregularly serrate, frequently somewhat revolute, scabrellate or glabrous and minutely pitted above, pubescent or puberulent and minutely pitted beneath, short-petioled; inflorescence subhemispheric to pyramidal, 1 dm. wide; heads 8—11-flowered; involucre campanulate, 7-8 mm. high; scales loosely and irregularly imbricate, erect or appressed, purple-tipped, subacute to short-acuminate, cuspidate, frequently glandular, the outer ovate, thinly ciliate, the inner oblong, glabrous or nearly so; achenes 2.5 mm. long, glandular, glabrous or puberulent; pappus pale-brown, the bristles 6.5 mm. long, the scales narrowly linear, irregular, 0.5-1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Valladolid [Morelia], Michoacan, alt. 1900 meters. DISTRIBUTION: Chihuahua to Jalisco. ILLUSTRATION: H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. pl. 316. 85. Vernonia oaxacana Schultz-Bip.; Klatt, Leopoldina 20:74. 1894. Stems shrubby, puberulent or pubescent; leaf-blades elliptic-oblong, 7-10 em. long, 2-3 cm. wide, acute, entire or remotely denticulate, narrowed at base, scabrellate above, prom- 84 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 inently floccose-tomentose beneath, on petioles 5-12 mm. long; upper leaves similar but smaller; inflorescence compact, hemispheric; heads about 11-flowered; involucre broadly campanulate, 5 mm. high; scales glabrous, subacute, cuspidate; achenes minutely pubescent, resinous in the furrows, 3 mm. long; pappus very pale-tawny, the bristles 6 mm. long, the scales narrowly linear, 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: [Oaxaca,] Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Oaxaca and Chiapas. 86. Vernonia capreaefolia (Schultz-Bip.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 200. 1906. Vernonia Ehrenbergiana capreaefolia Schultz-Bip.; Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 200, as synonym. 1906. Stems erect, suffrutescent, at least 1 m. high, simple to the inflorescence, scabrous-puberu- lent or glabrate; leaf-blades coarse, firm, usually bright-green, broadly elliptic, 9-20 cm. long, 2.5-9 ecm. wide, tapering regularly to an acute tip, serrulate or coarsely serrate, narrowed or cuneate at base, scabrous and frequently rugose above, glabrate or puberulent with short conic hairs beneath, the veins prominently reticulate; petioles 2-10 mm. long; upper leaves similar but smaller; inflorescence broadly pyramidal or hemispheric, 1-3 dm. wide, puberulent; heads 11—18-flowered; involucre campanulate, 5-6 mm. high; scales loosely and irregularly imbricate, glabrous or nearly so, minutely ciliate or entire, purple or purple-tinged, the outer lanceolate, acuminate and cuspidate, the inner acute or subacute, mucronulate; achenes 2.5 mim. long, resinous in the furrows; pappus pale-tawny, 4.5—5 mm. long, the scales very ir- regular, 0.6—1.4 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Western Mexico, from Durango to Oaxaca. 87. Vernonia Sinclairi Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 109. 1845. Vernonia Ehrenbergiana Schultz-Bip. Linnaea 20: re 1847. Cacalia Ehrenbergiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Cacalia Sinclairi Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems herbaceous, erect, 10-25 dm. high, cinereous-pubescent or becoming glabrate in age; leaf-blades elliptic to obovate, 3-8 cm. long, 1.2—-4 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate, serrate to nearly entire, scabrous above, cinerous-pubescent or subtomentose beneath, especially along the prominent veins, on petioles 3-10 mm. long; upper leaves similar but smaller; inflorescence hemispheric or depressed-pyramidal, 1-2 dm. wide; heads 8—11-flowered, on peduncles 3-6 mm. long; involucre campanulate, 4-5 mm. high; scales appressed, loosely imbricate, purple-tipped, the outer triangular-lanceolate, cuspidate, ciliate, the inner oblong- lanceolate, abruptly acute or subacuminate, cuspidate, entire; achenes 2.5 mm. long, glandular in the furrows; pappus nearly white, 4-5 mm. long, the scales narrowly linear, 0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: San Blas, Tepic. DISTRIBUTION: Tepic and Michoacan to Veracruz. ° , 88. Vernonia liatroides DC. Prodr. 5:34. 1836. Eupatorium tulanum Klatt, Abh. Nat. Ges. Halle 15: 324. 1882. Cacalia liatroides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems herbaceous or suffrutescent, erect, puberulent; leaf-blades firm, elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate, sharply serrate, especially above, acute or cuneate at base, scabrellate above, ferruginous-puberulent beneath, especially on the veins, sessile or short-petioled; upper leaves similar but smaller; inflorescence depressed-hemispheric; heads about 11-flowered, on peduncles 3-5 mm. long; involucre campanulate, 3-4 mm. high; scales loosely imbricate in few series, lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, glabrous or finely ciliate, regularly tapering to an acute, cuspidate, purple tip; achenes 1.5—2 mm. long, resinous in the furrows; pappus pale-tawny, the bristles 4 mm. long, the narrow scales irregular, averaging 0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Between Tula and Tampico [Tamaulipas]. DISTRIBUTION: Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi to Veracruz. ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 85 89. Vernonia Bolleana Schultz-Bip.; Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald 297. 1856. Cacalia Bolleana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Stems simple, floccose; leaf-blades thick, narrowly linear, 6-8 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, glabrous and dark-green above, lanate beneath, one-nerved, revolute; heads few, many-flowered, on subulately bracted peduncles 4-6 cm. long from the upper axils; involucre turbinate- campanulate, 15 mm. high; scales imbricate in several series, closely appressed, straight and erect, linear or nearly so, long-acuminate, floccose near the base, becoming glabrate toward the purple tip and resinous in two lines along the midvein; achenes 3 mm. long, densely canes- cent, obtusely ribbed; pappus nearly white, the bristles 8 mm. long, the scales linear, 1-1.3 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Sierra Madre, northwestern Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Northwestern Mexico. 90. Vernonia crinita Raf. New Fl. 4:77. [20] 1838. Vernonia arkansana DC. Prodr. 7: 264. [?D] 1838. Cacalia arkansana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Stems erect, simple or sparingly branched, leafy, glabrous and somewhat glaucous to minutely puberulent, 1-3 m. high; leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate to broadly linear, 8-15 cm. long, 5-20 mm. wide, acuminate, entire or with scattered callous teeth, tapering to the base, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; inflorescence with 5-40 heads; peduncles stout, thickened above; heads 55—89-flowered; involucre broadly hemispheric, 12-20 mm. wide; scales glabrous or pubescent, especially at the tip, lanceolate or ovate at the appressed base, acuminate into long, flexuous, subulate, erect or spreading tips, involute below, becoming filiform above; achenes strongly ribbed, glabrous or nearly so, usually resinous in the furrows, 5-6 mm. jong; pappus dull-purple, the bristles 6-7 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Arkansas. DISTRIBUTION: Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. ILLUSTRATIONS: Sitgreaves, Rep. Exp. Bot. pl. 2; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3602; ed. 2. f. 4140. 91. Vernonia Ervendbergii A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 203. 1882. Stems erect, branched above, 5-9 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades firm, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, acute to acuminate, remotely serrulate, narrowed to a sessile base, puberulent beneath, especially on the veins, and some- times pitted; inflorescence open, very loose and irregular; heads 21—29-flowered; involucre broadly campanulate to nearly henispheric, 4-5 mm. high; scales appressed, irregularly imbricate in few series, glabrous or arachnoid on the back, thinly ciliate, lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, purple, at least at the short-acuminate or sharply acute apex; achenes sharply ribbed, 3.5 mm. long, sparsely pubescent on the ribs, resinous in the furrows; pappus tawny; the bristles 5-6 mm. long, the outer scales very narrow, 0.6—0.7 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Near Tantoyuca [Veracruz]. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Mexico. 92. Vernonia Schaffneri A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 204. 1882. Stems erect, simple to the inflorescence, 3-7 dm. high, glabrous below, pubescent above; leaves numerous, the blades thin, bright-green, obovate, oblong, or broadly elliptic, 5-8 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, obtuse, entire, or serrulate toward the apex, tapering to a sessile base, papillose-scabrellate above, glabrous and pitted on the surface beneath, pubescent on the prominent reticulate veins; upper leaves but little smaller; inflorescence open, flattened, 1 dm. wide; heads about 40-flowered; involucre campanulate-hemispheric, 7-8 mm. high; _ scales purple, appressed, regularly and closely imbricate, glabrous or minutly ciliate, the outer lanceolate, acute, the inner oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; achenes puberulent, resinous in the furrows, 3 mm. long; pappus tawny, the bristles 6 mm. long, the scales narrowly linear, 1.1-1.3 mm. long, 86 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 TYPE LOCALITY: Mountains near Morales, San Luis Potosi. DISTRIBUTION: San Luis Potosi and Hidalgo. 93. Vernonia Greggii A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 204. 1882. Vernonia Greggii Palmeri A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 204. 1882. Stems erect, simple to the inflorescence, puberulent or glabrate; leaf-blades firm, oblong- lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 8-10 cm. long, 1.5—2.5 em. wide, broadest at the middle and tapering regularly to each end, acute, serrulate, scabrously puberulent above, glabrous and black-dotted on the surface and puberulent on the veins beneath, sessile or short-petioled, the upper leaves gradually reduced; inflorescence very loose and open, with few many-flowered heads on stout, subulately bracted peduncles 1-5 cm. long; involucre hemispheric to broadly campanulate, 8-10 mm. high; scales closely imbricate, appressed, glabrous, pulverulent, or slightly arachnoid-tomentose, the outer triangular-ovate, sharply acute, the inner elongate, acuminate; achenes 4-5 mm. long, essentially glabrous, sparsely resinous in the furrows; p2ppus tawny, the bristles 7 mm. long, the scales linear, 1-2 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Northern Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Coahuila. 94. Vernonia texana (A. Gray) Small, Fl. SE. U.S. 1160. 1903. Vernonia angustifoliay’T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 2: 59. 1841. Vernonia angustifolia texana A. Gray, Syn. F1. N. Am. 1°: 91. 1884. Vernonia graminifolia texana Trel.; Brann. & Cov. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 18884: 189. 1891. Cacalia angustifolia texana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 323. 1891. Stems erect, simple to the inflorescence, 4-8 dm. tall, glabrous or minutely puberulent; leaves firm, ascending, chiefly on the lower portion of the stem, the blades linear-lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, acute, sharply dentate with low salient teeth to nearly entire, attenuate to a sessile base, scabrous above, puberulent, especially along the veins, and usually pitted beneath; upper leaves much reduced, bractlike, linear to subulate; inflorescence 1—2 dm. wide, open, bearing few 18—21-flowered heads; involucre broadly campanulate, 5-6 mm. high; scales irregularly imbricate, appressed or the upper slightly spreading, tinged with purple, puberulent or glabrate, acute, the outer ovate, the inner oblong; achenes pubescent on the ribs, resinous in the furrows, 2.5 mm. long; pappus tawny, the bristles 6-7 mm. long, the scales narrowly linear, 0.8—0.9 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Texas. DISTRIBUTION: Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. 95. Vernonia Lindheimeri Gray & Engelm. Proc. Am. Acad. 1:46. 1846. Cacalia Lindheimeri Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems erect, simple to the inflorescence, 2-6 dm. high, tomentose or canescent; leaves numerous and crowded, the blades narrowly linear, 5—8 cm. long, entire, revolute, 1—nerved, glabrous above, densely white-woolly beneath; inflorescence freely branched, compact; heads about 21-flowered; involucre campanulate, 7-9 mm. high; scales loosely and irregularly imbricate, purple, densely gray-tomentose on the back, the outer ovate-lanceolate, acute, the inner narrowly oblong, obtuse to rounded or mucronulate; achenes glabrous, 4 mm. long, frequently resinous or dark-dotted in the furrows; pappus-bristles 7 mm. long, purple, the scales very narrow, white, 0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: New Braunfels, Texas. DISTRIBUTION: Texas. 96. Vernonia guadalupensis A. Heller, Muhlenbergia 1 28. TOOT. Stems erect, simple to the inflorescence, thinly white pubescent to nearly glabrous; leaves numerous, crowded, the blades thin or firm, usually falcate, narrowly linear-lanceolate to linear, 8-15 cm. long, 5—10 mm. wide, acute or acuminate, entire or sparsely toothed, narrowed at base, glabrous above, thinly pubescent beneath; inflorescence irregular, rather compact; PaRT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 87 heads all peduncled or a few sessile, about 21-flowered; involucre campanulate, 6 mm. high; scales appressed, irregularly imbricate, white-tomentose and resinous on the back, glabrous near the purple margin, ciliate or arachnoid, rounded or obtuse to subacute and apiculate or mucronate; achenes pubescent and resinous; pappus purple, the bristles 6 mm., the scales 0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Kerrville, Texas. DISTRIBUTION: ‘Texas. 97. Vernonia Reverchonii Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 208. 1906. Stems erect, 5 dm. high, simple to the inflorescence, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; leaves numerous, crowded, the blades firm, spreading, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 5—8 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, gradually tapering to the acute and mucronate tip, entire, flat or slightly revolute, narrowed at base, minutely scabrous above, thinly pubescent to glabrous and pitted beneath, l-nerved with faint lateral veinlets; inflorescence flattened, compact; heads about 21-flowered; involucre broadly campanulate to hemispheric, 6-8 mm. high; scales appressed, oblong, rounded and cuspidate to subacuminate, tomentose except near the margin, densely arachnoid-ciliate; achenes minutely pubescent, resinous in the furrows; pappus tawny-purple, the bristles 7 mm. long, the conspicuous scales 1-1.3 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Seymour, Texas. DISTRIBUTION: Texas. 98. Vernonia angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:94. 1803. Chrysocoma graminifolia Walt. Fl. Car. 196. 1788. Liatris umbellata Bertol. Nov. Comm. Bonon. 8: 79. 1846. Vernonia graminifolia Trel.; Brann. & Cov. Rep. ole Surv. Ark. 18881: 189. Jl 1891. Cacalia graminifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 968. N 1891. Stems erect, simple to the inflorescence, 5-10 dm. high, glabrous, pubescent, or short- hirsute; leaves crowded, narrowly linear, 5-10 cm. long, revolute, 1-nerved, or the lower flat, narrowly oblong, and 5—10 mm. wide, scabrous above, sparsely pubescent beneath, especially on the midvein, sparsely glandular-dotted; inflorescence ample, rather compact, 5—30 cm. wide; heads 11-21-flowered; involucre campanulate, 6 mm. high; scales usually red or purple, appressed or slightly spreading, glabrous or puberulent on the back, ciliate or entire, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner lance-ovate, subacute to acuminate; achenes pubescent on the ribs, resinous and dark-dotted in the furrows, 3 mm. long; pappus usually purple, the bristles 6.5 mm., the narrow scales 0.5—0.7 mm. long. TYPE LocaLity: Carolina. ae DISTRIBUTION: North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. ILLUSTRATION: Nov. Comm. Bonon. 8: pl. 4 99. Vernonia dissimilis Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 224. 1906. Stems stout, erect, 8-11 dm. high, glabrous above, pubescent or short-hirsute below; leaf-blades firm, sessile, narrowly lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, acuminate at each end, sharply serrate, flat, scabrous above, especially near the margin, sparsely pubescent beneath, pinnately veined with conspicuous lateral veinlets; inflorescence dense, flattened; heads 21-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled; involucre campanulate, 4 mm. high; scales closely imbricate in few series, appressed, dark-red, the inner ovate-lanceolate, strongly arachnoid-ciliate, puberulent on the back, obtuse or rounded, the outer subacute to sharply acute; achenes pubescent on the ribs, somewhat resinous in the furrows, 2.5 mm. long; pappus bright-purple, the bristles 6 mm. long, the scales 0.5—0.7 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Auburn, Alabama. DISTRIBUTION: Alabama. 100. Vernonia concinna Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4°°2252, +1906. Stems erect, simple, 8 dm. high, glabrous; leaves numerous, the blades thin, spreading, oblong-linear or narrowly oblanceolate, flat, acute, entire or minutely denticulate, narrowed 88 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 33 to a sessile base, bright-green and glabrous or minutely pubescent above, paler beneath and sparsely pubescent with short white hairs, 10-12 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide; inflorescence loose, subumbellate, flattened, 1 dm. broad; heads 13-flowered; involucre campanulate-turbinate, 6-7 mm. high; scales loosely imbricate in few series, purple, at least at the margin, glabrous © or nearly so on the back, thinly ciliate, the outer sharply acute, the inner subacute and mucron- ate to sharply acute, resinous; achenes minutely pubescent on the ribs, resinous in the furrows, 3 mm. long; pappus purple, the bristles 5-6 mm., the scales 0.5—0.6 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Eustis, Lake County, Florida. DISTRIBUTION: Florida. ¢ 101. Vernonia Blodgettii Small, Fl. SE. U.S. 1160. 1903. Vernonia angustifolia pumila Chapm. Bot. Gaz. 3:5. 1878. Stems slender, erect, simple or branched at the base, 2-6 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so; leaves numerous and crowded below, few and scattered above, the largest at or near the base, the blades firm, linear or narrowly lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, 3-8 em. wide, obtuse or acute, entire or minutely denticulate, glabrous above, sparsely short—pubescent and frequently glandular beneath; inflorescence loose, irregular; heads about 21—flowered; involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, 5 mm. high; scales few, appressed, loosely and irregularly imbri- cate, deltoid to lanceolate, glabrous or minutely puberulent at the tip, the outer sharply acute to subacuminate, the inner subacute to sharply acute, purple, or green at the center; achenes 2.5 mm. long, pubescent on the ribs, very resinous and dark-dotted in the furrows; pappus tawny to almost white, the bristles 6 mm. long, the irregular scales 0.5—0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: [Pine Key,] Florida. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Florida. 102. Vernonia insularis Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 33: 184. 1906. Stems herbaceous or suffruticose, erect, 6-10 dm. high, simple or sparingly branched, glabrous or minutely puberulent above; leaf-blades narrowly oblong-linear, 6-10 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, obtuse or subacute, mucronate, entire, acute or narrowed at the sessile base, green and essentially glabrous above, minutely puberulent and glandular-dotted beneath;. inflorescence loose; heads 4-25, 18—29-flowered; involucre broadly campanulate or de- pressed-hemispheric, 5 mm. high; scales essentially glabrous, purple-tinged, membranous at the margin, the outer lanceolate, sharply acuminate, the inner oblong, abruptly acuminate or mucronate; achenes 2 mm. long, sparsely pubescent on the ribs, resinous in the furrows; pappus tawny, the bristles 6 mm., the scales 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Eight Mile Rocks, Great Bahama. DISTRIBUTION: Bahama Islands. 103. Vernonia ovalifolia T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 2:59. 1841. Vernonia noveboracensis latifolia A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. 17: 89, in part. 1884. Vernonia ovalifolia purpurea Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 248. 1919. Stems erect, simple or sparingly branched, 8-12 dm. high, glabrous or puberulent; leaf- blades variable in size and shape, typically elliptic-oblong to lance-ovate, 8-10 em. long, 2-5 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate, coarsely serrate, or entire toward the acute to obtuse or rounded base, smooth or scabrous above, glabrous, pale and glaucescent, or puberulent on the veins beneath, short-petioled or sessile; inflorescence flattened, loose; heads 18—21-flower- ed; involucre broadly campanulate, 5-6 mm. high; scales rather regularly imbricate, glabrous or minutely puberulent, ciliate, appressed at base, somewhat spreading at the carinately thickened, short-acuminate, cuspidate apex; achenes pubescent on the ribs, glabrous or sparsely resinous in the furrows, 3 mm. long; pappus tawny or rarely purple, the bristles 6 mm. long, the scales linear to oblong, 0.6—0.8 mm. long. ‘TypE LocaLity: Middle Florida. DISTRIBUTION: Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. Part 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 89 104. Vernonia flaccidifolia Small, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 144. 1898. Vernonia flaccidifolia angustifolia Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 248. 1919. Stems erect, glabrous, 8-15 dm. high; leaf-blades thin, bright-green, lanceolate to ovate, 12-20 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, or rarely narrower, long-acuminate, sharply and saliently serrate, abruptly narrowed at base into margined petioles, minutely puberulent on both sides; inflorescence flattened, loose, irregular, |-3 dm. wide; heads about 21-flowered; involucre broadly hemispheric, 3.5—4 mm. high; scales appressed, regularly and closely imbricate, green with a purple apex or margin, glabrous on the back, minutely ciliate, obtuse to broadly rounded, or the outermost subacute; achenes 3.5 mm. long, thinly pubescent on the ridges, dark-dotted in the furrows; pappus tawny, the bristles 6 mm., the scales 0.5-0.6 mm. long. TypPE LocaLity: Ringgold, Georgia. _ ’ DISTRIBUTION: Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. 105. Vernonia altissima Nutt. Gen. 2: 134. 1818. Vernonia albiflora Raf. Herb. Raf. 29. 1833. Vernonia fasciculata y T. & G.Fl.N.Am.2:58. 1841. Vernonia fasciculata 6 'T.& G. Fl. N. Am. 2:58. 1841. Vernonia gigantea Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 485, in part. 1893. Vernonia maxima Small, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 280. 1900. Vernonia gigantea pubescens Morris, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13: 179. 1900. Vernonia maxima pubescens Morris; Britton, Man. 919. 1901. _ Vernonia altissima pubescens Daniels, Univ. Missouri Stud. Sci. 1: 402. 1907. Vernonia altissima taeniotricha Blake, Rhodora 19: 167. 1917. Vernonia altissima brevipappa Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 248. 1919. Vernonia altissima laxa Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 248. 1919. Stems erect, 10-30 dm. high, branched above, glabrous or nearly so; leaf-blades thin, bright-green, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or lance-ovate, 15-25 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, long-acuminate, gradually attenuate at base, sharply and irregularly serrate to nearly entire, essentially glabrous above, minutely puberulent on the surface beneath, or tomentose along the principal veins; inflorescence flattened or concave, 2—5 dm. broad, loose and open; heads (13—)21—-29-flowered; involucre campanulate, 4-5 mm. high, or rarely larger; scales appressed, regularly imbricate, ovate to oblong-ovate, glabrous or puberulent, sparsely ciliate or entire, obtuse or rounded to acute or short-cuspidate; achenes thinly puberulent, rarely sparsely resinous in the furrows; pappus purple, the bristles 5-7 mm. long, the scales 0.1-0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Near Savannah, Georgia. _,_ DisrriputTion: New York to Ohio and Missouri, south to South Carolina, Georgia, and Lou- isiana. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3605; ed. 2. f. 4144. 106. Vernonia gigantea (Walt.) Trel.; Brann. & Cov. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 1888!: 189. 1891. Chrysocoma gigantea Walt. Fl. Car. 196. 1788. Vernonia altissima Less. Linnaea 6: 639, in part. 1831. Not V. allissima Nutt. 1818. Vernonia ovalifolia T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 2: 59, in part. 1841. Vernonia altissima parviflora A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. 17: 90. 1884. Cacalia gigantea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 324. 1891. Vernonia oligantha Greene, Pittonia 5: 56. 1902. Vernonia gigantea praealta Daniels, Univ. Missouri Stud. Sci. 1: 402. 1907. Stems erect, branched above, 5-20 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so; leaf-blades thin, bright-green, lanceolate to elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 8-20 cm. long, 1-7 cm. wide, acute to acuminate, sharply serrate or the upper nearly entire, narrowed to an acute or acuminate base, glabrous, minutely puberulent, or scabrellate at the margin, minutely puberulent and resinous beneath; petioles 5-20 mm. long; inflorescence flattened, loose, irregular, 5-40 cm. broad; heads 8—13-flowered; involucre obpyramidal, 3-4 mm. high; scales loosely and irregular- ly imbricate in few series, oblong to oblong-ovate, obtuse and rounded to sharply acute, glabrous or puberulent, frequently ciliate; achenes thinly pubescent on the ridges, resinous in the furrows, 3-3.5 mm. long; pappus dull-purple, the bristles 5-6 mm. long, the scales narrow, 0.6-0.7 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: South Carolina. : DISTRIBUTION: South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. 90 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 107. Vernonia Lettermanni Engelm.; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 16: 78. 1880. Cacalia Lettermannii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems erect, 2-5 dm. tall; glabrous; leaves crowded, ascending, the blades linear, 3-6 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, somewhat revolute, glabrous, glandular-punctate beneath, 1-nerved; inflorescence terminal, compact, 2-5 cm. wide; heads crowded, 8—13-flowered; involucre cylindric or narrowly campanulate, about 8 mm. high; scales closely imbricate and appressed, purple, glabrous on the back, ciliate, the outer triangular and sharply acute, the inner oblong, acute or acuminate; achenes glabrous, resinous, 4-5 mm. long; pappus-bristles purple, 7 mm. long, the scales nearly white, 0.7 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Sandbars Of the Washita, Arkansas. DISTRIBUTION: Arkansas and Oklahoma. 108. Vernonia interior Small, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 279. 1900. Stems erect, simple to the inflorescence, 1—2 m. tall, finely and closely pubescent; leaf- blades firm, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 6-20 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, acuminate, sharply serrate, narrowed to the base, glabrous to scabrellate above, thinly tomentose to nearly glabrous and resinous-dotted beneath; inflorescence loose, 1-3 dm. wide, bearing numerous 21-(18-29-)flowered heads; involucre narrowly campanulate, 6-7 mm. high; scales regularly imbricate, purple or green with purple margin, appressed at base, erect or slightly spreading, the outer triangular, sharply acute to cuspidate, the inner elongate, sharply acute to acuminate, resinous on the back, with prominent carinate midvein; achenes puberulent on the ribs, glandular in the furrows, 3 mm. long; pappus purple, the bristles 6 mm. long, the outer scales narrowly linear. TYPE LOCALITY: Jackson County, Missouri. DISTRIBUTION: Jowa and eastern Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas. 109. Vernonia Baidwini Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.2:211. 1827. Vernonia sphaeroidea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 7: 283. 1840. Cacalia gigantea Baldwini Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 324. 1891. Cacalia Baldwini Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Vernonia interior Baldwini Mackenzie & Bush, Man. Fl. Jackson Co. 190. 1902. Vernonia Duggariana Daniels, Univ. Missouri Stud. Sci. 1: 360. 1907. Vernonia flavipapposa Daniels, Univ. Missouri Stud. Sci. 1: 360. 1907. . Vernonia parthenioides Daniels, Univ. Missouri Stud. Sci. 1: 360. 1907. Vernonia peralta Daniels, Univ. Missouri Stud. Sci. 1: 362. 1907. Vernonia Pseudobaldwinii Daniels, Univ. Missouri Stud. Sci. 1: 362. 1907. Vernonia Pseudodrummondii Daniels, Univ. Missouri Stud. Sci. 1: 363. 1907. Stems erect, 6-15 dm. tall, pubescent or tomentose; leaf-blades firm, ovate-lanceolate, 8-15 em. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, acuminate, sharply serrate, narrowed to an acute base, puberulent above, tomentose and resinous beneath, sessile or nearly so; inflorescence freely branched, open, irregular, 1-2 dm. broad; heads 18—34-flowered; involucre campanulate or thick-cylindric, 5-7 mm. high; scales closely and regularly imbricate, green with purple margin, thinly pubescent and resinous on the back, arachnoid-ciliate, pubescent within at the acuminate squarrose or reflexed tip; achenes thinly pubescent and resinous, yellowish or brown, 3 mm. long; pappus tawny, tinged with purple, the bristles 6 mm. long, the scales narrowly linear. TYPE LOCALITY: On the Missouri, above St. Louis. DISTRIBUTION: Illinois to Arkansas and Oklahoma. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3603; ed. 2. f. 4146. 110. Vernonia aborigina Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 246. 1919. Stems stout, herbaceous, brown-tomentose, especially above; leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, 2-4 em. wide, acuminate, remotely denticulate with low ascending callous teeth, narrowed below into an obtuse or rounded sessile or subsessile base, scabrous above with short papillose hairs, densely brown-tomentose beneath; inflorescence compact, 11-13 cm. wide, with relatively few heads; heads large, with 55 flowers or more; involucre broadly campanulate, 7-$ mm. high, the scales closely and regularly imbricate, lanceolate to linear- ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 91 oblong, squarrose or recurved at the apex, acute, thinly ciliate at the brown margin, resinous and thinly puberulent at the purple center, elsewhere green and glabrous, the midvein promin- ent and frequently prolonged into a short mucro; achenes olivaceous, 3.5 mm. long, pubescent on the ribs, resinous in the furrows; pappus red-tawny, the bristles 7 mm. long, the linear scales as long as the diameter of the achene. TYPE LOCALITY: Oklahoma, west of Fort Smith, Arkansas. DISTRIBUTION: Oklahoma. 111. Vernonia missurica Raf. Herb. Raf. 28. 1833. Vernonia fasciculata BT. & G. Fl. N. Am. 2: 58. 1841. Vernonia altissima grandiflora A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. 1°: 90. 1884. Vernonia Drummondii Shuttlew.; Werner, Jour. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist. 16: 171. 1894. Vernonia interior Drummondii Mackenzie & Bush, Man. Fl. Jackson Co. 190. 1902. Vernonia illinoensis Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 211. 1906. Vernonia Reedii Daniels, Univ. Missouri Stud. Sci. 1: 364. 1907. Vernonia michiganensis Daniels, Univ. Missouri Stud. Sci. 1: 402. 1907. Vernonia missurica austroriparia Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 245. 1919. Stems erect, 10-15 dm. tall; branched above, gray-tomentose; leaves numerous, the blades spreading, firm, sessile or short-petioled, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, 1.5—5 cm. wide, long-acuminate, sharply and coarsely serrate to nearly entire, acute or rounded at base, dark-green and scabrellate above, tomentose beneath, at least along the veins; in- florescence flattened or concave, 1-5 dm. broad; heads 34-55-flowered; involucre broadly campanulate, short-cylindric, or hemispheric, 6-8 mm. high; scales appressed, closely and regularly imbricate, purple, or greenish along the midvein, glabrous or puberulent and resinous on the back, arachnoid-ciliate, rounded, obtuse, acute, or mucronate; achenes 4-4.5 mm. long, puberulent to nearly glabrous on the ribs, resinous in the furrows; pappus purple or becoming tawny, the bristles 6-8 mm. long, the scales usually paler, 0.8—0.9 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Missouri. DISTRIBUTION: Ontario and Iowa to Alabama, Mississippi, and New Mexico. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3607; ed. 2. f. 4147. 112. Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 94. 1803. Cacalia fasciculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Vernonia fasciculata nebraskensis Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 247. 1919. Stems erect, glabrous, purple or greenish-purple, 6-12 dm. high; leaves numerous, erect or ascending, the blades thin, bright-green, linear to narrowly lanceolate, or broadly lanceolate in some forms, 8-15 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, long-acuminate or acute, denticulate to sharply dentate with ascending or salient teeth, narrowed to a sessile base, glabrous on both sides or minutely puberulent, deeply pitted beneath; inflorescence dense, hemispheric or flattened, 4-10 cm. wide; heads crowded, sessile or short-peduncled, 18—21-flowered; involucre narrowly campanulate to subcylindric, 6 mm. high, red or purple; scales appressed ° and regularly imbricate, subacute to rounded, glabrous, sparsely ciliate, or rarely puberulent, the exposed portion not more than 2 mm. wide;achenes 3 mm. long, puberulent on the ribs, resi- nous in the furrows; pappus purple, the inner bristles 7-8 mm. long, the outer series similar but shorter. TYPE LOCALITY: Illinois. DISTRIBUTION: Ohio to Minnesota and Oklahoma. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3606; ed. 2. f. 4145. 113. Vernonia marginata (Torr.) Raf. Atl. Jour. 146. 1832. Vernonia altissima marginata Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.2: 210. 1827. Vernonia Jamesii T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 2: 58. 1841. Cacalia marginata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 968. 1891. Stems erect, simple to the inflorescence or rarely branched, 4-8 dm. high, glabrous or minutely puberulent; leaf-blades pale-green, firm, crowded, linear-lanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, acute or acuminate, entire or remotely denticulate, 1-nerved or with faint lateral veins, glabrous on both sides or scabrellate above, conspicuously pitted beneath; inflores- cence flat, compact, 5-15 cm. wide; heads about 18-flowered; involucre campanulate or thick- cylindric, 8-10 mm. high; scales appressed, closely and regularly imbricate, glabrous or 92 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 puberulent on the back, arachnoid-ciliate, purple, the outer triangular-ovate, the inner oblong, sharply acute to acuminate; achenes glabrous, prominently ribbed, resinous in the furrows, 5 mm. long; pappus purple, the inner bristles 6-7 mm. long, the outer series similar but shorter. TYPE LOCALITY: Arkansas River [Oklahoma or Kansas]. DISTRIBUTION: Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3608; ed. 2. f. 4143. 114. Vernonia tenuifolia Small, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 145. 1898. Stems erect, simple to the inflorescence, 5-10 dm. tall, glabrous; leaves numerous, the blades firm, linear or narrowly lanceolate, 5—9 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, acute, sharply and remotely dentate to entire, l—nerved, essentially glabrous, impressed-punctate beneath, sessile; inflorescence 5-10 cm. broad, flattened, bearing relatively few 21-flowered heads; involucre broadly campanulate, 8 mm. broad, 7-9 mm. high, purple; scales appressed, re- gularly imbricate in 4 or 5 series, glabrous or nearly so, acute or mucronate, the outer ovate, the inner oblong, 2—2.5 mm. wide; achenes glabrous, resinous in the furrows, 4 mm. long; pappus purple to tawny-purple, the inner bristles 7-8 mm. long, the outer series similar but shorter. TYPE LOCALITY: Texas. DISTRIBUTION: Texas. 115. Vernonia corymbosa Schw. in Keating, Narr. Exp. Long 2: 394. 1824. Vernonia Schweinitzii Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2.2: 755. 1841. Vernonia fasciculata corymbosa Daniels, Univ. Missouri Stud. Sci. 1: 403. 1907. Stems erect, usually red, 4-8 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades firm, pale-green, erect or ascending, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long, 1—2.5 cm. wide, acute, regularly serrate with low teeth, somewhat scabrous above, especially near the margin, glabrous and deeply pitted beneath, pinnately veined; inflorescence hemispheric, very dense, 4-6 cm. broad; heads sessile or short-peduncled, 21-flowered; involucre broadly campanulate to hemispheric, 8 mm. high; scales regularly imbricate, appressed, purple, ovate-oblong, glabrous or thinly ciliate, rouded to obtuse or subacute, the inner 2.5—3 mm. wide; achenes 3.5 mm. long, glabrous, resinous in the furrows; pappus purple, the inner bristles 6-7 mm. long, the outer series similar but shorter. TYPE LOCALITY: Northwestern Territory. DISTRIBUTION: Manitoba, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota. 116. Vernonia acaulis (Walt.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 222. 1906. Chrysocoma acaulis Walt. Fl. Car. 196. 1788. ° Vernonia oligophylla Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 94. 1803. Cacalia acaulis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 968. 1891. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, glabrous or thinly puberulent, leafy at base, simple to the inflorescence; basal leaf-blades oblong to obovate, 10-30 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide, acute, coarsely and irregularly serrate, attenuate at base into a short petiole, sparsely pubescent or scabrellate above, nearly glabrous and glandular-dotted on the lower surface, and pubescent along the veins; cauline leaves much smaller, bractlike, linear-oblong; inflorescence freely branched, loose and open, 1-3 dm. broad, with few 34-flowered heads; involucre broadly campanulate to hemispheric, 5-7 mm. high; scales glabrate or puberulent on the back, thinly arachnoid-ciliate, not resinous, the outer closely appressed a¢ base, caudate-acuminate to a filiform tip, the inner erect, acute to acuminate; achenes strongly ribbed, sparsely pubescent, resinous and dark-dotted, 3 mm. long; pappus pale-tawny, the bristles 5 mm., the scales 0.4-0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: South Carolina. DISTRIBUTION: North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. 117. Vernonia georgiana Bartlett, Rhodora 12: 172. 1910. Stems herbaceous, erect, 2-10 dm. tall, simple to the inflorescence, green or purple, puberulent; basal leaves lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 1-2 em. wide, acute or obtuse, denticulate, ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 93 narrowed to the base, scabrous, puberulent beneath; cauline leaves narrower, linear, becoming bractlike in the inflorescence; inflorescence loose, with relatively few 29-flowered heads; involucre campanulate, 6-7 mm. high; scales glabrous or obscurely ciliate, irregularly imbricate, the outer slightly spreading at the tip, the inner appressed; achenes thinly pubescent and dark- dotted; pappus pale-tawny or yellow. TYPE LOCALITY: Vicinity of Thompson, McDuffie County, Georgia. DISTRIBUTION: Georgia and South Carolina. 118. Vernonia scaberrima Nutt. Gen. 2: 134. 1818. Vernonia brevifolia Raf. New Fl. 4:77. 1838. Veronia angustifolia B T.& G. Fl. N. Am.2: 59. 1841. Vernonia angustifolia scaberrima A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. 12:91. 1884. Stems erect, simple or sparingly branched, glabrous, or puberulent below; leaf-blades narrowly oblong, closely sessile, 2.5—7 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, acute or cuspidate, remotely denticulate, dilated and rounded or truncate at base, scabrous above, glandular-dotted and sparsely pubescent to nearly glabrous beneath, the upper leaves gradually reduced; inflore’sc- ence loose, open, subumbellate; involucre campanulate, 6—7 mm. high; scales loosely imbricate, essentially glabrous on the back, minutely ciliate, lanceolate, long-acuminate into straight, erect or spreading tips; achenes densely short-pubescent, 2.5 mm. long, dark-dotted; pappus tawny, the bristles 5 mm. long, the scales narrow, 0.6 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: South Carolina, Georgia, or Florida. DIsTRIBUTION: North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. 119. Vernonia recurva Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 45222. * 1906: Stems erect, brown, 7 dm. high, simple to the inflorescence, pubescent below, glabrate above; leaves mostly near the base, the blades firm, linear to oblong-linear, 5—7 cm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, acute, revolute with a few minute callous teeth, rounded at the closely sessile, somewhat dilated base, scabrous and puberulent above, minutely puberulent beneath; in- florescence open, loosely branched, 15 cm. across; heads 21-flowered; involucre 8 mm. high, campanulate-cylindric; scales dull-purple, nearly glabrous on the back, minutely arachnoid- ciliate, appressed at base, the outer short, loose, linear, the inner lancceolate, acuminate into a loose, spreading or recurved, filiform appendage 3-6 mm. long; achenes minutely hispid on the angles, dark-dotted in the furrows, 3.5 mm. long; pappus tawny, the bristles 6 mm., the scales 0.6—-1 mm. long, ; TYPE LOCALITY: Hortense, Wayne County, Georgia. DISTRIBUTION: Georgia. 120. Vernonia pulchella Small, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 145. 1898. Stems erect, simple to the inflorescence, pubescent, 4-7 dm. tall; leaf-blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long, 10-16 mm. wide, acute, coarsely and irregularly toothed, rounded to subcordate at the sessile base, scabrous on both sides, glandular-dotted and pubes- cent on the veins beneath, the upper narrower, acute at the base, nearly entire; inflorescence loose, depressed; heads about 21-flowered; involucre campanulate, 5-7 mm. high; scales loosely imbricate in few series, lanceolate, appressed below, thinly puberulent on the back, strongly arachnoid-ciliate, green with purple margin, or the inner purple, the midvein becoming prominent above and prolonged into the squarrose or recurved filiform tip; achenes strongly ribbed, pubescent and dark-dotted, 3 mm. long; pappus tawny, the bristles 6.5 mm. long, the scales very narrow, 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Liberty County, Georgia. DISTRIBUTION: Georgia and South Carolina. 121 Vernonia glauca (L.) Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1633. 1804. Serratula glauca L.. Sp. Pl. 818. 1753. Suprago glauca Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 402. 1791. Vernonia noveboracensis latifolia A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. 11: 89, in part. 1884. Vernonia noveboracensis tomentosa Britton; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 3: 302, excl. syn. 1898. 94 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 Stems erect, 10-16 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so; leaf-blades narrowly ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate to almost ovate, 10-25 cm. long, 2-10 cm. wide, short-acuminate, sharply and saliently dentate, abruptly narrowed at base into a short margined petiole, glabrous or scabrellate above, paler and thinly puberulent beneath and frequently brown-pubescent on the veins; inflorescence loose, flattened, 1-3 dm. wide; heads 34—47-flowered; involucre broadly campanulate to hemispheric, 6-7 mm. high;scales closely imbricate, glabrous or puberulent on the back, arachnoid-ciliate, frequently resinous, lanceolate to triangular-ovate at the appressed base, some or all acuminate into a filiform tip 2-5 mm. long; achenes nearly glabrous on the prominent ribs, sparsely glandular in the furrows, 3.5 mm. long; pappus tawny or straw-colored, the bristles 6-7 mm., the outer scales 0.5-1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Maryland. DISTRIBUTION: Pennsylvania to Georgia and Alabama. ILLUSTRATIONS: Dill. Hort. Elth. pl. 262; Pluk. Phyt. pl. 280, f. 6; Gaertn. Fruct. pl. 166; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3604; ed. 2. f. 4142. 122. Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:95. 1803. Serratula noveboracensis 1,. Sp. Pl. 818. 1753. Serratula praealta L,. Sp. Pl. 818. 1753. Behen noveboracense Hill, Hort. Kew. 68. 1768. Behen praealtum Hill, Hort. Kew. 68. 1768. Serratula caroliniana Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Serratulano.7. 1768. Chrysocoma tomentosa Walt. Fl. Car. 196. 1788. Vernonia praealta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:95. 1803. Vernonia tomentosa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 288. 1821. Vernonia Rugeliana Shuttlew.; A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 1:82. 1852. Cacalia noveboracensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 324. 1891. Vernonia noveboracensis tomentosa Britton; Porter & Britton, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 311. 1894. Stems erect, 10-20 dm. tall, glabrous or thinly pubescent; leaf-blades lanceolate, 10-18 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, acuminate, sharply serrate to nearly entire, narrowed below, sessile or short-petioled, glabrous or scabrellate above, puberulent or thinly tomentose beneath, especially on the veins; inflorescence flattened, loose, 1-3 dm. wide; heads 29-47-flowered; involucre campanulate, 6-7 mm. high; scales regularly and closely imbricate, arachnoid- ciliate, frequently pubescent on the back, usually resinous, the outer subulate with spreading tips, the middle and inner with triangular or ovate purple tips ending in a flexuous filiform appendage 1-5 mm. long; achenes pubescent on the ribs, sparsely resinous in the furrows, 4-4.5 mm. long; pappus purple or rarely tawny-purple, the bristles 6-7 mm. long, the linear scales 0.4—0.8 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: New York. DISTRIBUTION: Massachusetts to Ohio, West Virginia, and Mississippi, mostly near the coast. ILLUSTRATIONS: Pluk. Phyt. pl. 109, f. 3; Dill. Hort. Elth. pl. 263, 264; Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: pl. 39, f. 3; Mathews, Fam. Fl. 234; Lounsberry, Guide Wild FI. pl. 162; Dana, Wild Fl. ed. 1900. pl. 149; Mathews, Field Book 467; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3601; ed. 2, f. 4141. 123. Vernonia Harperi Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 221.. 1906: Stems stout, erect, divaricately branched above, 1 m. tall or more, puberulent; leaf-blades thin, spreading or ascending, lanceolate, 12-18 cm. long, 1.5-3 em. wide, acuminate, sharply dentate, narrowed below into short petioles, scabrous above, especially near the margin, pubescent beneath; inflorescence very large, 3 dm. acrosss, lax, open, irregular; heads with 55 flowers or more; involucre broadly campanulate, 7-9 mm. high; scales green with purple margin, closely and regularly imbricate, appressed and arachnoid-ciliate at the triangular-ovate base, not resinous, gradually tapering into long, erect awns; achenes minutely pubescent on the ribs, resinous in the furrows, 3.5-4 mm. long; pappus dull-purple, the bristles 6 mm., the scales 0.6—0.7 mm. long. TYPE LocaLity: Coffee County, Georgia. DISTRIBUTION: Georgia. UNCERTAIN OR EXCLUDED SPECIES VERNONIA AcCHYROCOMA Less. Linnaea 4:313. 1829. (Achyrocoma tomentosa Cass. Dict. Sci-4 Nat26:215, 18235) ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 95 VERNONIA ARISTATA (Cass.) Less. Linnaea 4:313. 1829. (Lepidaploa aristata Cass. Dict. Set. Nat. 26:17. 1823.) VERNONIA CHRYSOPAPPA Daniels, Univ. Missouri Stud. Sci. 1:364. 1907. VERNONIA HYPOLEUCA DC. Prodr. 5:27. 1836. VERNONIA PROFUGA De-Not. Ind. Sem. Hort. Genuen. 1840. VERNONIA TOLUCCANA DC. Prodr. 5:30. 1836. 8. EREMOSIS (DC.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. eee SOG. Turpinia Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr. 1: 22. 1824. Not Turpinia Humbl. & Bonpl. 1807. Monosis § Eremosis DC. Prodr. 5:77. 1836. ? Llerasia Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 9: 37. 1858. ? Critoniopsis Schultz-Bip. Pollichia 20-21: 430. 1863. Stems frutescent or arborescent, freely branching and usually more or less tomentose. Leaves alternate, pinnately veined, entire or denticulate. Inflorescence of close, compact, round-topped, corymbiform clusters terminating the branches and forming a compound panicle. Heads 1—8-flowered, homogamous, sessile or short-peduncled. Involucre cylindric to narrowly campanulate, the scales appressed, imbricate in several series, the inner much prolonged, broadest usually above the middle, deciduous at maturity and not spreading. Receptacle naked, subconvex. Corolla blue or purple, tubular, regularly 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate, the lobes obtuse or acute at base. Style-branches slender. Achenes 3-10-ribbed, truncate, usually pubescent. Pappus capillary, in two series, the inner of barbellate bristles, the outer similar, shorter, irregular in length. Type species, Monosis salicifolia DC. Achenes with 5—10 prominent ribs, glabrous to hirsute; heads 1—8-flowered. Heads 3- or 4-flowered. Middle and inner involucral scales obtuse to acuminate. Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so beneath. 1. E. triflosculosa. Leaf-blades pubescent to tomentose beneath, at least on the veins Leaf-blades glabrous to subtomentose on the lower surface (excluding the veins); pappus 4-5 mm. long; heads 3-flowered. Leaf-blades lanceolate, not especially tomentose on the veins. 2. E. Palmert. Leaf-blades elliptic, densely tomentose on the veins alone. 3. E. barbinervis. Leaf-blades densely tomentose on the surface beneath; pappus 8 mm. long; heads 3—4-flowered. 4. E. ovata. Middle and inner involucral scales broadly rounded; heads 4- flowered; achenes thinly strigose-pubescent. 5. E. oolepis. Heads 1- or 2-flowered. Leaf-blades of a narrow type, usually less than one-third as wide as long, gradually narrowed to an acute base. Involucre campanulate, the inner scales not mucronate, at least 1.5 mm. wide. Achenes densely pubescent or hirsute. Leaves pubescent or subtomentose beneath: at least with tufts of tomentum in the axils of the veins. 6. E. salicifolia. Leaves glabrous or nearly so on both sides. 7. E. pallens. Achenes thinly pubescent to glabrate, glandular; leaf- blades white-tomentose beneath. 8. E. tarchonanthifolia. Involucre narrowly cylindric, the inner scales mucronate, less than 1 mm. wide. 9. E. angusta. Leaf-blades of a broad type, usually two-fifths, or more, as wide as long, abruptly narrowed to an acute, obtuse, or rounded base. Principal involucral scales, or some of them, prominently mucronate. Leaf-blades of an ovate type, broadest below the middle, silvery-tomentose beneath. 10. E. callilepis. Leaf-blades of an ovate type, broadest usually above the middle, merely puberulent beneath. 11. E. foliosa. Principal involucral scales not mucronate. Inner scales obtuse or rounded, ciliate; achenes glabrous or nearly so. 12. E. obtusa. Inner scales acute; achenes hirsute. Leaves pubescent on the veins beneath. 13. E. Steetzit. 96 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 Leaves densely gray-tomentose beneath. 14. E. tomentosa. Heads 5—8-flowered; achenes glabrous. Heads 5—6-flowered; leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate. 15. E. Shannoni. Heads 7—8-flowered; leaf-blades broadly ovate. 16. E. littoralis. Achenes with 3 prominent ribs on the ventral face only, glabrous or nearly so; heads 3—7-flowered. Leaf-blades thinly puberulent or tomentulose to nearly glabrous beneath. 17. E. Heydeana. Leaf-blades densely tomentose beneath. Achenes pale-brown; corolla-tube hairy without. 18. E. leiocarpa. Achenes dark-purple to black; corolla-tube glabrous without. 19. E. melanocar pa. Eremosis triflosculosa (H.B.K.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 233. 1906. Vernonia trificsculosa H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 40. 1818. Gymnanthemum congestum Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 20: 110. 1821. Vernonia triantha S. Schauer; Nees & Schauer, Linnaea 19: 714. 1847. Cacalia triantha Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Cacalia triflosculosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Vernonia luxensis Coult. Bot. Gaz. 20: 41. 1895. Vernonia dumeta Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 35: 277. 1896. Stems 3m. high, freely branched, thinly pubescent, or glabrate in age; leaf-blades thin, oblanceolate to elliptic, 8-12 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, entire or nearly so, tapering at the base, bright-green above, essentially glabrous on both sides, paler and glandular- punctate beneath; inflorescence large, conic or hemispheric; heads 3-flowered, sessile or nearly so in groups of 2-5; involucre cylindric, pale-brown, 4—5 mm. high; scales loosely imbricate, the outer subrotund or ovate, subacute, the inner oblong, sharply acute or subacuminate, glabrous or nearly so on the back, minutely ciliate; achenes 3 mm. long, pubescent; pappus white, 5-6 mm. long, the outer series capillary, irregular in length. TYPE LOCALITY: Acahuitzotla, Guerrero. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico and Central America. 2. Eremosis Palmeri (Rose) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 233. 1906. Vernonia Palmeri Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 101. 1891. Vernonia chacalana S. F. Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52:19. 1917. Stems freely branched, 2-5 m. high, closely sericeous-pubescent, becoming glabrous in age; leaf-blades lanceolate, 7-16 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, acute, entire or remotely serrulate, obtuse or subacute at base, thinly pubescent and resinous above, pubescent to subtomentose and resinous beneath, becoming glabrate when old; heads 3- or 4-flowered, short-peduncled, in large pyramidal or depressed clusters; involucre cylindric to narrowly campanulate, 5-6 mm. high; scales loosely imbricate, the outer broadly triangular, obtuse, densely ciliate, the inner progressively longer, scarious, glabrous on the back, pale-green or straw-colored with a green midvein, conspicuously ciliate, obtuse to subacute, resinous near the apex; achenes hirsute, 2 mm. long; pappus white, 4 mm. long, the outer series filiform, irregular, 1-1.5 mm. long. ‘ TYPE LOCALITY: Alamos, Sonora. DISTRIBUTION: Sonora and Durango. 3. Eremosis barbinervis (Schultz-Bip.) Gleason, Bull. N: Y. Bot. Gard.)4: 232: 1906: Vernonia barbinervis Schultz-Bip.; Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 297. 1856. Cacalia barbinervis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Stems nearly glabrous; leaf-blades thick, firm, broadly elliptic, 9-12 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, obtuse or subacute, entire, narrowed at the base, nearly glabrous above, beneath densely tomentose along the midvein, thinly and interruptedly pubescent or tomentose on the lateral veins, resinous and essentially glabrous on the surface; inflorescence hemispheric; heads 3-flowered; involucre narrowly campanulate, 7 mm. high; scales thin, straw-colored, scarious at the margin, the outer ovate, sharply acute, somewhat arachnoid, the middle conspicuously PaRT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 97 ciliate, the inner acute, glabrous; achenes thinly pubescent; pappus white, the bristles 5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Sierra Madre, northwestern Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Western Mexico. 4. Eremosis ovata Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 331. 1913. Vernonia Gleasoni S. F. Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52:17. 1917. Stems shrubby, closely cinereous-pubescent, or tomentulose in the inflorescence; leaf- blades thick, firm, ovate to ovate-elliptic, 7-10 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, obtuse or subacute, entire, obtuse at base, dull-green and minutely and softly tomentulose above, densely cinerous- tomentose beneath, the veins elevated beneath and prominent; petioles 8-13 mm. long; inflorescence broadly pyramidal to hemispheric, about 2 dm. wide, the bracteal leaves elliptic, 2-6 cm. long; heads 3-flowered or more often 4-flowered, in small clusters, on peduncles 2—5 mm. long; involucre narrowly campanulate, straw-colored or pale-brown, 5—6 mm. high; outer scales short, broadly ovate, obtuse to subacute and apiculate, irregularly arachnoid or tomentose; inner scales oblong or ovate-oblong, acute, glabrous or thinly arachnoid-tomentose at the tip; achenes pale-brown, 3 mm. long, thinly hirsute; pappus white, 8 mm. long, the outer series of flattened bristles 1-2 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: San Ramon, Durango. DISTRIBUTION: Durango. 5. Eremosis oolepis (S. F. Blake) Gleason. Vernonia oolepis S. F. Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 20. 1917. Stems frutescent, branched, prominently striate, thinly tomentulose, or glabrate in age; leaf-blades thin, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 6-9 cm. long, 2.5—3.5 cm. wide, acuminate, entire, tapering to an acute base, dark-green and essentially glabrous above, pale-green and thinly brown-tomentose beneath, the lateral veins concealed when young, becoming prominent in age; inflorescence elongate-pyramidal or subcylindric, of numerous rounded clusters terminating the lateral branches; heads 4-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled; involucre brown, narrowly campanulate, 6 mm. high, the outer scales broadly ovate, rounded, tomentulose, the inner prolonged, broadly obtuse or rounded, puberulent on the back, arach- noid-ciliate, dark-spotted at the apex; achenes thinly strigose, brown to nearly black, 2.5 mm. long; pappus pale-brown, 5—6 mm. long, the outer series filiform, irregular, 0.5-1.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Izamal, Yucatan. DISTRIBUTION: Yucatan. 6. Eremosis salicifolia (DC.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 231. 1906. Monosis salicifolia DC. Prodr. 5:77. 1836. Vernonia uniflora Schultz-Bip. Linnaea 20: 506. 1847. Vernonia salicifolia Schultz-Bip. Linnaea 20: 507. 1847. Stems freely branched, covered with a thin gray area tomentum; leaf-blades narrowly oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, 1—2 cm. wide, acute or subacute, entire or slightly undulate, gradually narrowed below into a petiole 4-6 mm. long, glandular-punctate or thinly tomentose on both sides; lateral veins ascending, with tufts of brown tomentum in their axils; inflorescence hemispheric; heads 1-flowered, on peduncles 1-3 mm. long; involucre campanulate, 6 mm. high; scales ovate to oblong, acute or subacute, purplish, the outer thinly tomentose, the middle and inner glabrous or with a terminal tuft of tomentum; achenes villous, 2.5 mm. long; pappus nearly white, 6 mm. long, the outer series capillary, irregular, about 2 mm. long. Type LocaLity: ‘“Guchinapa”’ [? Guchilaque, Morelos]. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico, from Jalisco and Veracruz to Oaxaca. 7. Eremosis pallens (Schultz-Bip.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 228. 1906. Vernonia pallens Schultz-Bip. Pollichia 18-19: 161. 1861. Eremosis leiophylla Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 231. 1906. Vernonia leiophylla S. F. Blake. Contr. Gray Herb. 52:18. 1917. 98 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 Stems 3-5 m. high, with glabrous branches and foliage; leaves numerous, the blades oblong or elliptic-oblong, 3-4 cm. long, 1—-1.5 cm. wide, acute, entire or with a few minute callous teeth, narrowed to an acute base, glandular-punctate on both sides, on petioles 3-4 mm. long; inflorescence large, hemispheric, glabrous except a little pubescence on the peduncles; heads short-peduncled, 1-flowered; involucre campanulate, pale-brown or straw-colored, 5-6 mm. high; scales glabrous on the back, ciliate, sharply acute, the outer ovate, the inner oblong; achenes villous, 2.5-3 mm. long; pappus white, 7-8 mm. long, the outer series capillary irregular in length. TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Michoacan, Morelos, and Guerrero. 8. Eremosis tarchonanthifolia (DC.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 230. 1906. Monosis tarchonanthifolia DC. Prodr. 5:77. 1836. Oliganthes Karwinskti Schultz-Bip. Linnaea 20: 505. 1847. Vernonia tarchonanthifolia Schultz-Bip. Linnaea 20: 507. 1847. Cacalia tarchonanthifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems 3-6 m. high, the branches closely gray-tomentose when young, becoming thinly tomentose or glabrate with age; leaf-blades lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5—3 cm. wide, short-acuminate or acute, entire or remotely and minutely denticulate, narrowed at base to a petiole 4-10 mm. long, glabrous and glandular to finely tomentose above, finely gray-tomentose beneath and on the petioles; inflorescence pyramidal or hemispheric, 5—10 em. wide; heads crowded, sessile or short-peduncled, 1- or 2-flowered; involucre campanulate to narrowly turbinate, 5-6 mm. high; outer scales triangular-ovate, the inner longer, sharply acute or subacuminate, purplish, glabrous, or slightly tomentose and resinous; achenes thinly pubescent and glandular, 2.5 mm. long; pappus yellowish-white, the bristles 7 mm. long, the: outer series capillary, about 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Oaxaca. 9. Eremosis angusta Gleason, sp. nov. Stems shrubby, branched, closely and finely cinereous-tomentulose; leaf-blades thin, firm, elliptic-lanceolate, the largest 7 cm. long, 18 mm. wide, acute, entire, gradually narrowed to an acute base, minutely scabrous-puberulent above, thinly tomentulose and resinous beneath, with prominent veins; petioles tomentulose, 5-10 mm. long; inflorescence compact, hemispheric, 10 cm. broad, with tomentulose branches; heads 1-flowered, crowded, sessile or short-peduncled; involucre narrowly cylindric, 7-8 mm. high, straw-colored; outer scales thinly tomentose, broadly ovate to subrotund, obtuse or rounded, darker brown at tip, minutely cuspidate, with prominent midvein; inner scales prolonged, appressed, narrow, less than 1 mm. wide, acute, scarious-margined, sparsely tomentulose near the edge, minutely puberulent to almost glabrous on the back, the midvein prominent and extending into a mucro; achenes black, 2 mm. long, hirsute; pappus white, 6 mm. long, the outer series filiform, irregular in length. Type collected at Gualan, Zacapa, Guatemala, alt. 125 meters, Kellerman 6132 (herb. Field Museum no. 195639). 10. Eremosis callilepis (Schultz-Bip.) Gleason. Vernonia Steetzii callilepis Schultz-Bip.; Seeman, Bot. Voy. Herald 297. 1856. Eremosis foliosa Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 228, excl. syn. 1906. Stems shrubby, freely branched, somewhat flexuous, white-tomentose above, becoming glabrate with age; leaf-blades thick and firm, ovate or ovate-oblong, 4.5—-6.5 cm. long, 2-4 em. wide, or the upper much reduced, broadest at or below the middle, acute or abruptly suba- cuminate, entire or remotely denticulate with low, sharp, callous teeth, obtuse, rounded, or subcordate at base, finely reticulate above and silvery-tomentose when young, becoming floccose or glabrate in age, closely and permanently silvery-tomentose beneath; petioles 2—4 mm. long; inflorescence small, compact, hemispheric, 5-10 cm. wide, its branches closely ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 99 tomentulose; heads crowded, 1-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled; involucre narrowly campanulate, 6-7 mm. long; outer scales ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sharply acute, thinly and irregularly puberulent, the inner prolonged, purple or rarely straw-colored, not scarious, gradual- ly narrowed to a sharply acute or acuminate tip, thinly arachnoid, puberulent and resinous near the apex, usually prominently mucronate; achenes densely hirsute, 2 mm. long; pappus white, 7-8 mm. long, the outer series filiform, irregular. TYPE LOCALITY: Sierra:-Madre, northwestern Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Western Mexico. 11. Eremosis foliosa (Benth.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 228. 1906. Monosis foliosa Benth. Pl. Hartw. 19. 1839. Vernonia foliosa Schultz-Bip. Pollichia 18-19: 161. 1861. Not V. foliosa Gardn. 1846. Vernonia mucronata S. F. Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52:19. 1917. Stems shrubby, freely branched, finely and closely gray-tomentose, becoming glabrate with age; leaf-blades firm, rather rigid, oblong-obovate, 4-7 cm. long, 1.5—4 cm. wide, broadest above the middle, acute or abruptly short-acuminate, entire or sharply denticulate with low callous teeth, narrowed to an acute base, puberulent to thinly tomentose with crooked hairs or be- coming glabrate with age above, silvery-puberulent beneath and finely reticulate, not resinous, the lateral veins prominent, curved-ascending; petioles 3-8 mm. long; inflorescence compact, depressed or short-pyramidal, 5—10 cm. across, the branches closely tomentose; heads 1-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled; involucre narrowly campanulate, 7-8 mm. high; scales thin but not scarious, purple, at least at the tip, the outer ovate, subacute, irregularly tomentose, the inner prolonged, acute, frequently short-mucronate, thinly arachnoid, resinous at the tip; achenes densely hirsute, 2 mm. long; pappus white, the bristles 6 mm. long, the outer series filiform, 1-2 mm. long. Type LocaLity: [Bolanos, Tepic.] DISTRIBUTION: Tepic to San Luis Potosi. 12. Eremosis obtusa Gleason, sp. nov. Stems shrubby, slender, thinly and loosely white-tomentose, becoming tardily glabrate in age; leaf-blades thin, oblong-elliptic, 5—7 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, the upper gradually smaller, abruptly narrowed to an acute, cuspidate tip, entire, or rarely denticulate with low callous teeth, acute at base, dark-green, finely pubescent, and resinous above, dull-green and loosely cinereous-tomentose beneath, the lateral veins curved-ascending, the veinlets obscure; petioles 4-8 mm. long; inflorescence compact, short-pyramidal, 7-9 cm. wide, the branches tomentose; heads crowded, 1-flowered, sessile or with peduncles 1-2 mm. long; involucre narrowly campanulate, 6 mm. high; scales thin but not scarious, brown or purple, at least at the tip, the outer ovate, obtuse or rounded, tomentose, the middle and inner prolonged, gradually narrowed to an obtuse or rounded tip, glabrous or nearly so on the back, prominently ciliate, resinous near the apex; achenes glabrous or nearly so, resinous, brown, 2 mm. long; pappus white, 7 mm. long, the outer series filiform, irregular, much shorter; corolla-tube glandular, the lobes puberulent. Type collected at Minas de Rafael, San Luis Potosi. July 1911, Purpus 4811 (herb. N.Y. Bot. Gard.) DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. 13. Eremosis Steetzii (Schultz-Bip.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 230. 1906. Vernonia Steetzii Schultz-Bip.; Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 297. 1856. Cacalia Steetzii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems stout, shrubby, pubescent or subtomentose; leaf-blades thin, broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic, 6-12 cm. long, 3.5—5 cm. wide, broadest below the middle, subacute to short- acuminate, denticulate with low callous teeth, acute to rounded at base, minutely puberulent and sparsely resinous above, paler green, distinctly resinous, and short-pubescent along the 100 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 veins beneath, or becoming glabrous; petioles 2 mm. long; inflorescence hemispheric or pyra- midal, 2—2.5 dm. wide, its branches pubescent or subtomentose; heads mostly peduncled, 1-flowered; involucre narrowly campanulate, 5 mm. high; outer scales subacute to obtuse, minutely cuspidate, almost glabrous, the inner prolonged, thin and scarious above, pale-brown or rarely purplish, subacute, rarely minutely cuspidate, glabrous or thinly puberulent; achenes hirsute, 2 mm. long; pappus white, 6-7 mm. long, the outer series filiform, irregular, 1-2 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Sierra Madre northwestern Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Northwestern Mexico. 14. Eremosis tomentosa (Llave & Lex.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 229. 1906. Turpinia tomentosa Liave & Lex. Nov. Veg.. Descr. 1: 24. 1824. ? Vernonia paniculata DC. Prodr. 5: 23. 1836. Monosis tomentosa DC. Prodr. 5: 77. 1836. Vernonia purpurascens Schultz-Bip.; Walp. Rep. 2: 945. 1843. Vernonia Monosis Schultz-Bip. Linnaea 20: 507. 1847. Cacalia tomentosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Cacalia paniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Cacalia Monosis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Eremosis purpurascens Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 233. 1906. Stems 1-3 m. high, closely and densely gray-tomentose; leaf-blades firm, oblong to oblong- ovate, 8-12 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, acute, entire, abruptly narrowed to truncate at base, pubescent or tomentulose above, densely gray-tomentose beneath, on short petioles; inflores- cence hemispheric to pyramidal, leafy, 2-4 dm. long, 1-3 dm. wide; heads sessile or short-pedun- cled, 1-flowered; involucre cylindric or narrowly campanulate, 5-6 mm. high; outer scales ovate, acute, tomentose or ciliate, the inner oblong, acute, glabrous, or thinly pubescent and glandular at the margin and purple apex; achenes 3 mm. long, villous; pappus white, 6-7 mm. long- the outer series capillary, irregular. TYPE LOCALITY: Pico de Quinceo, near Valladolid [Morelia, Michoacan]. DISTRIBUTION: Jalisco and Guanajuato to Oaxaca. 15. Eremosis Shannoni (Coult.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 234. 1906. Vernonia Shannoni Coult. Bot. Gaz. 20:42. 1895. Stems arborescent, as much as 10 m. high, the twigs glabrous; leaf-blades thin but firm, ovate-lanceolate, 12-14 cm. long, 4-4.5 cm. wide, acuminate, entire, acuminate at base, floccose or arachnoid-tomentose on both sides when young, glabrous at maturity, on petioles 2 cm. long; inflorescence broad, freely branched; heads short-peduncled, 5-—6-flowered; involucre narrowly campanulate, 8 mm. high, dark straw-colored or brown; outer scales broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute, glabrous on the back, arachnoid-ciliate; inner scales prolonged, deciduous, rounded at the tip, ciliate, glabrous or with a little terminal tomentum; achenes 4 mm. long, glabrous and glandular; pappus white, 7 mm. long, the outer series filiform, 1-2 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Dept. San Marcos, Guatemala. DISTRIBUTION: Guatemala. 16. Eremosis littoralis (Brand.) Gleason. Vernonia littoralis Brand. Erythea 7:3. 1899. Stems shrubby, slightly pubescent, especially above; leaf-blades broadly ovate, 4-8 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, short-acuminate, almost entire, obtuse or broadly acute at base, very minutely pilose above, softly pubescent and resinous-dotted on the surface beneath and pilose with spreading brown hairs on the veins; petioles 1-2 cm. long; inflorescence freely branched, essentially leafless, loose and open; heads (7—)8-flowered, on short peduncles; involucre broadly turbinate, 7 mm. high; middle and outer scales subacute to acute, mucronate or barely apiculate, ciliate; inner scales oblanceolate, 6.5 mm. long, rounded at the apex, al- most scarious at the margin, thinly ciliate, minutely puberulent and sparsely resinous on Part 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 101 the back, pale straw-colored with green midvein; achenes broadly turbinate, glabrous; pappus white, fragile, deciduous, 5.5 mm. long, the outer series filiform, 1-1.3 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Socorro Island, Colima. DISTRIBUTION: Socorro Island. 17. Eremosis Heydeana (Coult.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 234. 1906. Vernonia Heydeana Coult. Bot. Gaz. 20:42. 1895. Stems shrubby or arborescent, the branches puberulent or glabrate; leaf-blades elliptic to ovate, 8-10 cm. long, 4.5—6 cm. wide, acute or abruptly short-acuminate, entire or remotely denticulate, acute at base, thinly subpapillose-puberulent or glabrous above, thinly tomentu- lose and resinous beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. long; inflorescence hemispheric to pyramidal; heads 3-flowered, crowded, on short tomentose peduncles; involucre narrowly campanulate, 6 mm. high; outer scales short, blunt, ovate, conspicuously tomentose-ciliate; inner scales prolonged, brown with green center, obtuse or subacute, glabrous on the back, with thin, - scarious, glabrous or finely ciliate margin; achenes brown, 3 mm. long, glabrous or minutely glandular; pappus white, deciduous, 6 mm. long, the outer series filiform, 1-2 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: San Miguel Uspantan, Quiché, Guatemala, alt. 1800-3600 meters. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico and Guatemala. 18. Eremosis leiocarpa (DC.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 232. 1906. Vernonia leiocarpa DC. Prodr. 5: 34. 1836. Cacalia leiocarpa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 970. 1891. Stems shrubby or arborescent, the twigs tomentose when young, becoming glabrate in age; leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 8-14 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, acute, entire or dentate, narrowed at base, puberulent to nearly glabrous above, densely cinereous-tomentose beneath, on petioles 1.5 cm. long; inflorescence large, leafy, pyramidal, 1.5—2 dm. long and wide; heads very numerous, densely aggregated, sessile or minutely pedunculate, mostly 3- (rarely 4-7-) flowered; involucre cylindric or narrowly campanulate, 4-5 mm. long; outer scales broadly triangular-ovate, obtuse, densely tomentose, the inner oblong, tomentose only at the tip; corolla-tube hairy, its lobes one-fifth as long as wide; achenes pale-brown, glabrous, 2.5—-3 mm. long, turbinate, with 3 principal ribs and some smaller intermediate ones; pappus white, 6-7 mm. long, the outer series filiform, 1-3 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico and Guatemala. 19. Eremosis melanocarpa Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 432325 1906>: Vernonia melanocarpa S. F. Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52:18. 1917. Stems shrubby or arborescent, the twigs densely tomentose when young, becoming thinly tomentose or glabrate in age; leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 7-11 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, entire or undulate, narrowed at base, scabrous-pubescent or thinly tomentose above, densely cinereous-tomentose beneath, especially along the veins; petioles 1.5-2.5 cm. long; infiorescence pyramidal, terminating the stem and upper branches, with a few bracteal leaves; heads mostly 3- (rarely 4—6-)flowered, crowded, sessile or nearly so; involucre narrowly campanulate, 3-4 mm. high; scales all obtuse or rounded, the outer broadly ovate or triangular, densely tomentose, persistent, the inner oblong, tomentose at apex and margin, early deciduous; corolla-tube 2.5-4 mm. long, glabrous, its lobes one-fourth as long as wide; achenes 2.5 mm. long, glabrous, dilated above, dark-purple or black; pappus white, 6 mm. long, the outer series filamentous, 1-3 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Dept. Santa Rosa, Guatemala. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico and Guatemala. 102 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 9. OLIGANTHES Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 10. 1817; 1818: 58. 1818. Dialesta H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 44. 1818. Shrubs or small trees, with broad, alternate, petiolate, tomentose leaves. Heads 1-8- flowered, aggregated in dense corymbiform panicles terminating the stem and branches. Involucre cylindric or narrowly campanulate; involucral scales few, membranous or scarious, imbricate in several series. Receptacle subconvex, naked. Corolla tubular, regular, the limb deeply 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate, obtuse at base. Style-branches slender. Achenes striated or ribbed. Pappus typically in two series, the inner or both sometimes caducous, of linear flat scales, twisted toward the apex, or of scales more or less united into a cup. Type species, Oliganthes triflora Cass. Lower leaf-surface tomentose; middle involucral scales obtuse or rounded. 1. O. discolor. Lower leaf-surface glabrous, the veins alone pubescent; middle involucral scales sharply acute or acuminate. 2. O. ferruginea. 1. Oliganthes discolor (H.B.K.) Schultz-Bip. Linnaea 203) 502: 18472 Dialesta discolor H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4:45. 1818. Tall shrub or small tree; twigs closely cinereous-tomentose; leaf-blades thin, elliptic, 10-18 cm. long, 4.5—6 cm. wide, acuminate, entire, narrowed at base, dark-green and essenti- ally glabrous on the surface above, puberulent on the veins, closely and thinly white- tomentose on the surface and brown-tomentose on the veins and veinlets beneath; lateral veins curved-ascending, veinlets conspicuously reticulate; petioles 15-25 mm. long, somewhat dilated below into a base 2-3 mm. wide; inflorescence irregularly branched, tomen- tose; heads 2-flowered, on peduncles 3-4 mm. long; involucre narrowly campanulate to subcylindric, 5 mm. high; scales pale-green or brownish-green, frequently purple at tip, closely appressed, concave or trough-shaped, the outermost semicircular, rounded, the inner progressively longer to oblong-elliptic, obtuse or rounded, the innermost subacute, all thinly short-ciliate, glabrous on the back, or the innermost minutely puberulent; achenes obconic, plump, flat on one side, 10-striate, 2 mm. long; inner pappus-scales about 5, pale-brown, flat, 3.5 mm. long; outer pappus-scales 5-10, about 0.3 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia. DISTRIBUTION: Panama and Colombia. ILLUSTRATION: H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. pl. 320. 2. Oliganthes ferruginea Gleason, sp. nov. Tall shrub or small tree, 10-12 m. high, 20-30 cm. in diameter; twigs closely ferruginous- tomentose; leaf-blades elliptic, 10-15 em. long, 3—5.5 cm. wide, acuminate, entire, narrowed to an acute base, slightly rugose and essentially glabrous on the surface or occasionally puberu- lent on the midvein above, resinous and essentially glabrous on the surface beneath and tomentulose along the veins; petioles 10-15 mm. long, barely dilated at base; inflorescence irregularly branched, tomentose, with numerous 2-flowered heads on short peduncles; involu- cre narrowly turbinate-cylindric to ellipsoid, 7 mm. high; scales pale-brown, appressed, the outer depressed-triangular, broadly acute, arachnoid-ciliate, the inner progressively longer, entire or minutely ciliate at the middle to conspicuously arachnoid-ciliate toward the sharply acute or acuminate tip, glabrous on the back or thinly pubescent apically; achenes obovoid, 2 mm. long, 2-striate on the flat ventral side, 8-striate on the convex dorsal side; inner pappus- scales about 5, easily deciduous, 3.5 mm. long, pale-brown, flat, somewhat twisted, minutely ciliate; outer pappus scales 5-10, nearly white, scarious, about 0.3 mm. long, ovate-triangular, fimbriate. Type collected in the forests of Alto de Mano Tigre, Diquis valley, Costa Rica, altitude 700 meters, H. Pittiey 12138, sheet 1 (U.S. Nat. Herb no. 577547). DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica. EXCLUDED SPECIES OLIGANTHES OXYLEPIS Benth.; Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. 2: 233. 1873. ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 103 10. EKMANIA Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 250. 1919. Stems shrubby, weak, lepidote. Leaves alternate, entire, pinnately veined, lepidote. Inflorescence a corymbiform cluster, frecly branched. Heads homogamous, few-flowered. Involucre of a few series of closely appressed boat-shaped scales. Corolla tubular, regular, enlarged above, 5-cleft, glandular without. Style and anthers of Vernonia. Achenes glabrous, 10-ribbed, truncate. Pappus biseriate, the inner series of a few stout flattened bristles, the outer a cylindric tube with lacerate margin. Type species, Vernonia lepidota Griseb. 1. Ekmania lepidota (Griseb.) Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 250. 1919. Vernonia lepidota Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 145. 1866. Stems ascending over bushes, 3 m. long, fulvous-lepidote; leaf-blades firm, elliptic- oblong, 5-8 cm. long, 2—3.5 cm. wide, obtuse to subacute, entire, narrowed at the base, thinly silvery-lepidote above, densely fulvous-lepidote beneath, prominently veined; inflorescence a corymbiform cluster 5 cm. wide, freely branched with short angled branches; lower bracteal leaves petiolate, 10-13 mm. long, 1-nerved, the upper gradually reduced to short subterete lepidote scales 2 mm. long closely appressed to the involucre; heads (?)8-flowered; involucre broadly ovoid or subspheric, 3 mm. high; scales incurved, closely appressed in few series, boat-shaped, brown, acute, pubescent or scurfy on the back. TYPE LOCALITY: Summit of El Yunque, near Baracoa, Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. 11. PIPTOCOMA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 10. 1817. Stems shrubby; branches strongly angled. Leaves alternate, entire or undulate, pinnately veined, ferruginous-lepidote beneath. Heads 5—8-flowered, in terminal, convex, corymbiform clusters. Involucre campanulate, the scales appressed, imbricate in several series. Recep- tacle flat, naked. Corolla blue, tubular, regularly 5-cleft, the tube gradually enlarged upwards. Anthers sagittate, obtuse at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes irregularly 5-angled, with or without obscure intermediate ribs. Pappus biseriate, the outer series of few short, broad, fimbriate scales, the inner of elongate, linear, somewhat twisted, caducous scales. Type species, Piptocoma rufescens Cass, 1. Piptocoma rufescens Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 10. 1817. Eupatorium domingense Spreng. Syst. 3: 412. 1826. Oliganthes rufescens Schultz-Bip. Pollichia 20-21: 338. 1863. Piptocoma rufescens latifolia Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 251. 1919. Stems shrubby, freely branched, 2-3 m. high, thinly cinereous or canescent when young, becoming glabrate with age; the young shoots strongly angled and ferruginous; leaf-blades firm, dull-green, lanceolate-oblong to elliptic or narrowly ovate, 4-7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, rounded, obtuse or acute, entire or undulate, narrowed to an acute base, thinly and softly stellate-pubescent or glabrate above, reticulately veined and densely ferruginous-lepidote beneath; petioles 3-10 mm. long; inflorescence rather loose, 3-10 cm. wide; involucre campanu- late, 4 mm. high; scales closely imbricate in few series, or spreading in age, obtuse or rounded, the outer ovate, the inner oblong-ovate, ciliate, glabrous below, tomentose and resinous at the tip; achenes nearly glabrous, 2 mm. long; pappus yellowish-white, the inner series 5 mm., the, outer 0.4-0.5 (or 1) mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Santo Domingo. DisTRIBUTION: Santo Domingo, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, and Tortola. 12. PIPTOCARPHA R. Br.; Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 41: 109. 1826. Car phobolus Schott; Spreng. Syst. 4: Cur. Post. 409. 1827. Monanthemum Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 354. 1861. Stems shrubby, frequently climbing, stellate-pubescent or lepidote. Leaves large, alternate, pinnately veined, usually entire, coriaceous, tomentose with stellate hairs or scaly 104 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 beneath. Heads 3—20-flowered, aggregated in axillary or terminal corymbs, umbels, or panicles, or sessile in axillary clusters. Involucre ovoid or campanulate, the scales imbricate in several series, the outer smaller, the inner frequently falling with the achenes. Receptacle convex, naked. Corolla regular, tubular, 5-cleft. Anthers sharply subcaudate at base. Style-branches slender. Achenes truncate, 10-ribbed. Pappus-bristles in two series, the inner long, equal, the outer shorter, unequal, inconspicuous, or in some species lacking. Type species, Piptocarpha brasiliana Cass. Heads mostly 6-flowered, corymbose in the axils. 1. P. chontalensis. Heads 2—4-flowered, in terminal corymbiform clusters. 2. P. tetrantha. 1. .Piptocarpha chontalensis Baker, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 6°: LSD 7-35 Piptocar pha costaricensis Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31': 184. 1892. Stems shrubby, 6 m. high, faintly striate or terete, slightly flexuous, thinly cinereous- tomentose; leaf-blades coriaceous, oblong-ovate to ovate, 10-18 cm. long, 4.5-10 em. wide, acute or abruptly short-acuminate, entire or remotely denticulate, obliquely and unequally. rounded at base, dark-green, glabrous and shining above, dull-green and closely cinereous- tomentose beneath with stalked stellate hairs, on petioles 10-15 mm. long; bracteal leaves similar but smaller; heads numerous, 6—-flowered, crowded in axillary corymbiform clusters, sessile in groups of 2 or 3 terminating tomentose peduncles; involucre ovoid, 3-4 mm. high; scales closely imbricate, appressed, ovate, acute to obtuse or rounded, the outer tomentose, the inner glabrous except at the tomentose tip, deciduous; achenes sharply 5-ribbed with 5 secondary less prominent ribs, 3 mm. long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; pappus white, the inner bristles 6-7 mm. long, the outer bristles 1-2 mm. long, irregtlar, filiform. TYPE LOCALITY: Chontales district, Nicaragua. DISTRIBUTION: Central America. 2. Piptocarpha tetrantha Urban, Symb. Ant. 1:457. 1899. Stems shrubby or vine-like, 6 m. tall, closely ‘and finely cinereous-pubescent; leaf-blades coriaceous, broadly elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 3.5-13 cm. long, 2-7 em. wide, subacute, obtuse, or rounded, entire, rounded at base, dark-green, glabrous, and shining above, finely and closely cinereous-lepidote beneath, prominently reticulately veined, on petioles 10-15 mm. long; heads 2-4-flowered, sessile, aggregated in clusters of 2-4 in dense panicles terminating the stem and in the upper axils; involucre ovoid, 6 mm. long; scales closely imbricate in few series, appressed, the outer short, ovate, tomentose, the inner oblong, glabrous below, tomentose at the tip; achenes 3-4 mm. long, 10-ribbed, glabrous or glandular; pappus tawny- white, the inner bristles 6 mm. long, the outer 1-2 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Mt. Jimenes, Sierra de Luquillo, Porto Rico. DISTRIBUTION: Porto Rico. 13. BOLANOSA A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 1: 82. 1852. Stems herbaceous, floccose or tomentose. Leaves alternate, sessile, pinnately veined- Heads large, many-flowered, 1—2 cm. across, solitary or in dense corymbiform clusters of 2-5, terminating the stem and branches. Involucre broadly hemispheric, floccose, the scales imbricate in several series. Receptacle flat, chaffy with narrow, conduplicate, scarious scales. Corolla tubular, regular, 5-cleft, gradually enlarged upwards. Anthers sagittate, obtuse at base. Style-branches slender. Achenes irregularly angled, obtusely 10-ribbed, turbinate, truncate. Pappus biseriate, the outer of flat, linear, acuminate scales, the inner of long, linear, flattened bristles. Type species, Bolanosa Coultert A. Gray. 1. Bolanosa Coulteri A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 1:82. 1852. Stems erect, 10-15 dm. high, simple to the inflorescence or with a few branches from the upper axils, floccose above with white wool, becoming glabrous below; leaf-blades ovate- Part 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 105 lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-oblong, 5—10 cm. long, 1.5—3 cm. wide, acute, remotely denti- culate, narrowed to a subsessile base, glabrous above, or floceose when young, densely fulvous- tomentose beneath, the upper leaves gradually reduced to 2-3 cm. long; involucre white- floccose; scales oblong-lanceolate, the inner glabrous and red at the apex; chaff of the receptacle narrowly oblong, purple at the acuminate apex; corolla 1 cm. long, red-purple, glandular on the tube; achenes 3 mm. long, densely hirsute with white hairs; pappus white, the inner series 9 mm., the outer 4 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Bolafios, Tepic. DISTRIBUTION: Tepic, 14. STOKESIA L’Her. Sert. Angl. 16. 1788. Stems herbaceous, perennial. Leaves alternate, the lower petioled, the upper sessile and clasping, pinnately veined. Heads large, many-flowered, on terminal peduncles. Involucre depressed-hemispheric, the scales imbricate in several series, the outer coriaceous and appressed at base with foliaceous spreading ‘tips, the inner membranous, appressed. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla blue, 5—cleft, the central ones nearly regular, the marginal ones much larger, with short tube and conspicuous, flattened, ligulate tip. Anthers sagittate, obtuse at base. Style-branches slender. Achenes 3—4-angled, truncate. Pappus of 4 or 5 narrow caducous scales. Type species, Carthamus laevis Hill. 1. Stokesia laevis (Hill) Greene, Erythea 1:3. 1893. Carthamus laevis Hill, Hort. Kew. 57. 1768. Stokesia cyanea 1,’Hér. Sert. Angl. 17. 1788. Cartesia centauroides Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816: 198. 1816. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. tall, sparingly branched above, cinereous-tomentose, becoming glabrous with age; lower leaf-blades glabrous, narrowly oblanceolate to elliptic, 6-16 cm. long, 1—4 cm. wide, acute, entire, tapering at base into a margined petiole nearly equaling the blade; upper leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate to broadly oblong, acute, entire, or with several promin- ent, salient, spinose teeth near the base, sessile, glabrous; heads 1—5, 4-6 cm. wide, terminating the branches, subtended by spinulose bracteal leaves 1—3 cm. long; involucre 1-2 cm. high; outer involucral scales broadly ovate at the appressed base, with narrowly lanceolate, foliace- ous, mucronate, spinulose-ciliate tips; inner scales appressed; achenes 5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Carolina. DISTRIBUTION: South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bot. Mag. pl. 4966; Rev. Hortic. 1857: 211; Hill, Hort. Kew. pl. 5; Stand. Cycl. Hort. f. 3699. 15. ORTHOPAPPUS Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 237. 1906. Stems herbaceous. Principal leaves basal, the cauline alternate, reduced or bract-like. Inflorescence spicate or the lower glomerules peduncled. Heads 4-flowered, aggregated into glomerules subtended by 1 or 2 bract-like. leaves. Involucre oblong, of 8 scales arranged in decussate pairs, the two outer pairs much shorter than the inner, and the alternate pairs conduplicate. Corolla, anthers, and styles as in Elephantopus. Achenes 10-striate. Pappus of about 30 uniform bristles, very slightly enlarged at base. Type species, Elephantopus angustifolius Sw. 1. Orthopappus angustifolius (Sw.) Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 238. 1906. Elephantopus angustifolius Sw. Prodr. 115. 1788. Elephantopus nudiflorus Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 2390. 1804. Elephantosis quadriflora Less. Linnaea 4: 323. 1829. Elephantosis angustifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 87. 1836. Elephantopus quadriflorus D. Dietr. Syn. Pl. 4: 1372. 1847. Stems erect, 3-10 dm. tall, hirsute with white hairs; blades of the basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, obtuse or subacute, shallowly and irregularly 106 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 crenate, long-acuminate at the base into a margined petiole, thinly strigose-pubescent on both sides, especially on the veins beneath; cauline leaves bract-like, their blades linear to oblong; inflorescence spicate or with a few short branches, the rachis densely villous; bracteal leaves oblong-linear, 1 cm. long, or deciduous; glomerules j0-15 mm. high; involucre about 10mm. long; scales sharply acuminate, glabrous or thinly strigose; achenes dark-brown, pubescent, 2 mm. long; pappus pale-brown or silvery, 7-8 mm. long, of flattened bristles tapering from base to apex. TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica. , DISTRIBUTION: West Indies, Mexico, and Central America; also in tropical South Amercia. ILLUSTRATION: Trans. Acad. St. Louis 12: 56. pl. 9, f. D. 16. ELEPHANTOPUS L. Sp. PI. 814. 1753. Herbs with leafy or scapiform stems. Leaves alternate or basal, entire or toothed, pinnately veined. Inflorescence of corymbed pedunculate glomerules of 1—-several heads subtended by 1-3 foliaceous bracts. Heads 1-5-flowered. Involucre of 4 decussate pairs of scales, the two outer pairs shorter, the alternate pairs conduplicate. Receptacle flat or nearly so. Corolla-tube slender, the limb unequally 5-cleft with a much deeper fissure on the inner side. Anthers sagittate, obtuse at base. Style-branches slender. Achenes truncate, mostly 10-ribbed. Pappus of 5-8 rigid flattened scales, usually prolonged into terminal bristles. Type species, Elephantopus scaber L. Pappus of irregular scales without terminal bristles; bracts prolonged at the apex into a ligulate tip. Leaves flat, 2-8 mm. wide; ligules 2-5 mm. wide. ile Leaves involute, 1 mm. wide; ligules linear. 2. Pappus of about 5 scales prolonged into terminal bristles; bracts acute to acuminate, not prolonged at the apex. Leaves all or chiefly basal, those on the stem reduced to mere bracts subtending the branches. Longest involucral scales 9-12 mm. long, thinly resinous; pappus- bristles 6—-7.5 mm. long, gradually dilated below; leaves pubescent on the midvein beneath with spreading or reflexed hairs. 3. E. tomentosts. Longest involucral scales 8 mm. long or less; pappus-bristles 3.5—-5 mm. long; leaf-pubescence not reflexed. Pappus-bristles abruptly dilated below into broadly triangular bases; involucral scales densely resinous; leaves thinly pilose-pubescent beneath with appressed hairs. 4. E. nudatus. Pappus-bristles gradually dilated below into narrowly triangular bases. Bracts, involucral scales, and peduncles densely villous with . pratensis. . avenarius. hh long white hairs. 5. E. elatus. Bracts, involucral scales, and peduncles thinly pilose. 6. E. scaber. Leaves cauline, or both cauline and basal. Pappus-bristles abruptly dilated at base into triangular scales not more than twice as long as wide. Leaf-blades oblong-elliptic to ovate, more than 2 cm. wide. 7. E. mollis. Leaf-blades narrowly oblong-lanceolate, about 1 cm. wide. 8. E. dilatatus. Pappus-bristles gradually dilated at base into narrowly triangular scales. Leaves softly pubescent beneath with erect hairs. : ; Leaves thinly pilose beneath with scattered hairs, chiefly along tthe. ; the veins. 10. E. carolinianus. 9. E. hypomalacus. 1. Elephantopus pratensis C. Wright; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana 6: 177. ~ 1869. Stems weak and slender, branching from the base, erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. high, pilose-pubescent, especially below, or becoming glabrate; leaf-blades flat, narrowly oblanceolate or nearly linear, 3-7 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, obtuse, entire, acuminate at base into a winged petiole, glabrous, or pilose on both sides, especially along the veins, resinous or glandular- punctate; glomerules few or solitary, on long peduncles, 5-8 mm. high; bracts 2 or 3, cordate- orbicular with a prominent broad ligulate tip 5-10 mm. long; involucral scales 3-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, scarious at the margin, glabrous or minutely resinous-dotted ; achenes prominent- ly ribbed, glabrous, 3 mm. long; pappus of 6-8 triangular-ovate, ciliate scales about 1 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba and Isle of Pines. Part 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 107 2. Elephantopus arenarius Britton & Wilson; Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 43: 468. 1916. Stems 6-8 cm. high, branched from the base, glabrous or sparsely pilose; leaves erect, the blades narrowly linear, entire, involute, 2-4 cm. long, 1 mm. wide, essentially glabrous, conspicuously glandular-punctate, flat and pilose-ciliate at the slightly dilated clasping base; peduncles 2-3 cm. long; glomerules 2-5, 5-6 mm. high; bracts 2, broadly ovate to nearly orbicular, reticulately veined, glandular-punctate, acuminate into a linear tip 5-15 mm. long and 1 mm. wide; involucral scales short-acuminate, glabrous, 3 mm. long; achenes conspicu- ously ribbed, glabrous; pappus of several unequal triangular-lanceolate ciliate scales, about 0.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Vicinity of Los Indios, Isle of Pines. DISTRIBUTION: Isle of Pines. 3. Elephantopus tomentosus L. Sp. Pl. 814. 1753. Elephantopus nudicaulis Poir. in Lam. Encyce. Suppl. 2: 543. 1812. Elephantopus carolinianus simplex Nutt. Gen. 2: 187. 1818. Stems stout, erect, hispid, freely branched above, 3-8 dm. high; blades of the basal leaves broadly elliptic to obovate-oblong, 10-20 cm. long, 3—9 cm. wide, obtuse or rounded, crenate, gradually narrowed or tapering to the sessile base, thinly pilose-pubescent or glabrate above, softly pilose beneath on the surface and densely comose with spreading or reflexed hairs on the midvein; cauline leaves few or none, the blades narrowly oblong, 2—5 cm. long; inflorescence broad, freely branched; bracts triangular-ovate, hirsute, equaling or somewhat exceeding the glomerules; involucral scales thinly strigose-pubescent, usually green, thinly resinous, 9-12 mm. long; achenes 4—4.5 mm. long; pappus-bristles gradually dilated at base, 6-7.5 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Virginia. DISTRIBUTION: North Carolina to Kentucky, Florida, and Texas. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3611; ed. 2. f. 4150. 4. Elephantopus nudatus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 15:47. 1879. Stems slender, erect, branched above, 2—7 dm. high, glabrate to softly pilose; basal leaf- blades oblong-oblanceolate, 10-24 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, acute or obtuse, crenate-serrate, mostly beyond the middle with low ascending teeth, gradually attenuate from above the middle to the narrow sessile base, glabrate or sparsely papillose-pilose above, thinly pilose-pubescent, especially on the veins, and minutely resinous beneath; glomerules small, 5-10 mm. high; bracts little exceeding the glomerules, lanceolate or narrowly triangular-ovate, hirsute on the back along the midvein; involucral scales thinly strigose, densely resinous, acute, frequently purple-tinged; achenes 3-3.5 mm. long; pappus-bristles 4-5 mm. long, abruptly dilated be- low into a depressed-deltoid base. TYPE LOCALITY: Oxford, Delaware. DISTRIBUTION: Delaware to Florida, Arkansas, and Louisiana. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3610; ed. 2. f. 4149. 5. Elephantopus elatus Bertol. Mem. Accad. Bologna 2: 607. 1851. Elephantopus elatus intermedius Gleason, Bull. Torrey Club 46: 252. 1919. Stems erect, rather sparingly branched, 5-10 dm. tall, leafless or with 1 or 2 cauline leaves, hirsute-pubescent, especially above; blades of the basal leaves spatulate to elliptic or oblong, 12-25 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, obtuse, crenate, thinly papillose-pilose above, more or less pilose on the lower surface and densely comose with stout ascending hairs on the veins; cauline leaves much reduced, seldom more than 5 cm. long; glomerules very loosely corymbed, 10-15 mm. high, about equaled by the broadly ovate or triangular, short-acuminate, densely gray- hirsute bracts; involucral scales 5.5—8 mm. long, densely hirsute with erect white hairs con- cealing the surface; achenes 3.5—4 mm. long: pappus-bristles 3.5-4.5 mm. long, dilated below into a narrowly triangular base. Type Locauity: Alabama. DISTRIBUTION: South Carolina to Florida, Louisiana, and southern Arkansas. ILLUSTRATION: Mem. Accad. Bologna2: #l. 5. 108 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 33 6. Elephantopus scaber L. Sp. Pl. 814. 1753. Stems erect, 1-4 dm. tall, branched at the base and in the inflorescence, hispid; leaves mostly basal, the blades firm, oblong-obovate, 8-12 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, obtuse, obscurely and irregularly crenate, gradually narrowed toward the base, scabrellate above and pubescent along the veins, resinous and densely pubescent, especially on the veins, beneath; upper leaves much reduced, elliptic-oblong, papillose-pubescent above; inflorescence freely branched, with stout peduncles; bracts broadly ovate, acute, reticulate, shorter than the heads or rarely longer; involucral scales 8 mm. long, green, scarious-margined, sharply acuminate, sparsely pilose near the apex; achenes 2.5 mm. long, pubescent; pappus-bristles 4.5 mm. long, gradually dilated into a long, narrowly triangular base. TYPE LOCALITY: India. DISTRIBUTION: Introduced into Costa Rica and Guatemala from the East Indies. 7. Elephantopus mollis H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 26. 1818. Stems erect, freely branched above, 3-10 dm. high, pilose or hirsute; leaf-blades firm, dull-green, oblong to obovate or broadly elliptic, 8-15 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, acute, crenate, narrowed at base into a winged petiole, thinly pilose or scabrellate above, resinous-dotted and softly and closely pubescent beneath, especially on the veins; glomerules about 10 mm. high, mostly exceeding the triangular-cordate hirsute bracts; involucral scales thinly strigose, sharply acuminate; achenes minutely pilose, 3 mm. long; pappus-bristles 4 mm. long, dilated below into a triangular base at least half as wide as long. TYPE LOCALITY: Venezuela. : DISTRIBUTION: Cuba and Mexico, and south into tropical South America. ILLUSTRATION: Trans. Acad. St. Louis 12: pl. 9, f. F. 8. Elephantopus dilatatus Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 240. 1906. Stems erect, 3 dm. high, hirsute with brown hairs, especially below; leaves trowded below, scattered above, the blades thick, narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, 6-10 em. long, 9-12 mm. wide, acute to subacute, remotely serrulate, long-attenuate below, very sparsely pilose with stiff appressed hairs on both sides, but especially on the veins beneath; inflorescence freely branching, with numerous glomerules; bracts 3, broadly ovate, abruptly short-acuminate, pilose, resinous-dotted, equaling or shorter than the heads; involucre 7 mm. high, the scales abruptly acuminate into a cuspidate tip, glabrate at base, slightly glandular and sparsely short-pilose toward the tip; achenes 2 mm. long, minutely pubescent; pappus-bristles 4 mm. long, abruptly dilated below into a broadly depressed-triangular base. TYPE LOCALITY: Banks of the Rio Ceibo, Buenos Aires, Costa Rica. DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica. 9. Elephantopus hypomalacus Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 525) 20 hs Oil Stems erect, branched above, 5—8 dm. tall, pilose or hispid; leaves chiefly cauline, the blades broadly obovate to oblong-obovate, 10-20 cm. long, 4-9 cm. wide, acute, serrate with low teeth, attenuate at base, dark-green and thinly papillose-pilose above, densely and softly pubescent, especially along the veins, and resinous-dotted beneath, reticulately veined; glomerules numerous, 10 mm. high; bracts 2-4, ovate, acute or mucronate, reticulately veined; involucre 8 mm. high, the scales acuminate, scarious-margined, papillose-pilose; achenes 3.5 mm. long, sharply ribbed, pilose; pappus-bristles 4-5 mm. long, gradually dilated below to a triangular base about twice as long as wide. TYPE LOCALITY: Orotina, Costa Rica, alt. about 180 meters. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. 10. Elephantopus carolinianus Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 2390. 1804. Elephantopus violaceus Schultz-Bip. Linnaea 20: 517. 1847. Stems erect, branched, 3—8 dm. tall, densely hirsute below, pilose or becoming glabrate above; leaf-blades spreading, thin, bright-green, broadly elliptic to obovate, 10-20 cm. long, ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE © 109 3-10 cm. wide, obtuse to subacute, crenate, abruptly narrowed at base or tapering into a winged petiole, very thinly papillose-pilose or nearly glabrous above, resinous-dotted and thinly pilose with long spreading hairs beneath, numerous on the veins and veinlets, scattered on the surface; glomerules-numerous, 10-15 mm. high; bracts triangular-ovate, thinly pilose and resinous-dotted; involucre about 8 mm. high, the scales acuminate, thinly strigose- pubescent and resinous, green with colorless margins; achenes 4 mm. long, hispid; pappus- bristles purplish, 6 mm. long, gradually dilated into a narrowly triangular base. TYPE LOCALITY: Carolina. DISTRIBUTION: New Jersey to Florida, Kansas, and Texas; Cuba and Porto Rico. ILLUSTRATIONS: Trans. Acad. St. Louis 12: pl. 9, f. A; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 3609; ed. 2. jf. 4148. 17. PSEUDELEPHANTOPUS Rohr, Skr. Nat.-Selsk. | Kjgb. 2: 213. 1792. Distreptus Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 66. 1817; Dict. Sci. Nat. 13: 366. 1819. Matamoria Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr. 1: 8. 1824. Stems leafy, freely branching, herbaceous, the alternate leaves dilated and clasping at the base. Inflorescence terminal, of slender panicled spikes. Glomerules sessile, with 1—5 heads, subtended by usually 2 bract-like leaves. Heads 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 pairs of decussate scales, the first and third pairs conduplicate, the outer two pairs shorter than the inner. Corolla, styles, and stamens as in Elephantopus. Achenes 10-striate, flattened. Pappus of 10-15 bristles, with 2 long stout lateral ones plicate at the tip, 2 straight ones almost as long, and several short scarious bristles, all gradually dilated and fimbriate-ciliate at base. Type species, Elephantopus spicatus Juss. 1. Pseudelephantopus spicatus (Juss.) Rohr, Skr. Nat.- Selsk. Kjgb. 2: 213. 1792. Elephantopus spicatus Juss.; Aubl. Pl. Guian. 2: 808. 1775. Distreptus spicatus Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 13: 367. 1819. Matamoria spicata Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr.1: 8. 1824. Distreptus spiralis Less. Linnaea 6: 690. 1831. Elephantopus crispus D. Dietr. Syn. Pl. 4: 1372. 1847. Stems herbaceous, erect, 3-10 dm. high, simple or freely branched, thinly pubescent or glabrate; leaf-blades ascending, variable in shape from narrowly oblong-linear to broadly elliptic or obovate, 5-15 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, acute or obtuse, crenulate to entire, narrowed to a sessile clasping base, thinly papillose-pilose, especially on the veins, or glabrous, the upper leaf-blades oblong-linear or narrowly elliptic, much reduced in size; spikes numerous, ter- minating the stem and branches and forming a loose open panicle; bracteal leaves linear or narrowly oblong, barely exceeding the heads, or none; involucre narrowly campanulate or cylindric, about 1 cm. high, the scales appressed, sharply acuminate, green with colorless margins, glabrous or thinly pilose and frequently resinous; achenes densely hirsute on the ribs, resinous in the furrows, 7-8 mm. long; pappus pale-brown, 5-6 mm. long, the plicate bristles exserted from the involucre. TYPE LOCALITY: French Guiana. DISTRIBUTION: Cuba and Mexico to tropical South America; tropics of the Old World. ILLUSTRATIONS: Lam. Tab. Encyc. pl. 718, f. 2; Gaertn. Fruct. pl. 165; Bot. Zeit. 14: pl. 11, jf. 84-89; Trans. Acad. St. Louis 12: pl. 9, f. G. 18. ROLANDRA Rottb. Coll. Soc. Med. Havn. 2: 256. 1775. Stems herbaceous, leafy. Leaves alternate, white-tomentose beneath, pinnately veined. Heads 1-flowered, subtended each by a scarious bract and aggregated into dense axillary glomerules. Involucre of two complicate, aristate scales, the outer larger and enclosing the inner. Corolla tubular, regularly 4-lobed. Anthers sagittate. Styles 2-cleft, the branches scarcely separate. Achenes 4-5-angled. Pappus a short, irregularly toothed crown.. Type species, Echinops fruticosa L. 110 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 1. Rolandra fruticosa (L,.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 360. 1891. Echinops fruticosa ,. Sp. Pl. 815. 1753. Rolandra argentea Rottb. Coll. Soc. Med. Havn. 2: 258. 1775. Rolandra diacantha Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 46: 171. 1827. Rolandra monacantha Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 46: 171. 1827. Stems erect, sparingly branched, 2-10 dm. high, finely puberulent; leaf-blades firm, oblong to elliptic, 3-14 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate, entire or undulate, narrowed at base into a short pubescent petiole, scabrellate or glabrate above, closely gray-tomentose and pilose on the veins beneath; veins prominent, ascending; glomerules numerous, terminal and in the upper axils, dense, hemispheric to subglobose, 10-15 mm. in diameter, the shortened axes densely hirsute among the oblong, scarious, subulate bracts; involucre 4-5 mm. high, the scales ovate to ovate-lanceolate, thinly pubescent to glabrous, usually glandular on the back, tipped with a short, straight or bent spine, the outer slightly exceeding the inner, ciliate near the tip; achenes glabrous and glandular, 2 mm. long; pappus 0.5-1 mm. long, of numerous unequal fimbriate segments. TYPE LOCALITY: Tropical America. DISTRIBUTION: Porto Rico and Honduras, and south to Brazil. ILLUSTRATION: Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. pl. 27. 19. SPIRACANTHA H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 28. 1818. Stems suffruticose, branching. Leaves alternate, pinnately veined. Inflorescence capitate, of several glomerules, subtended by 3 or 4 foliaceous bracts. Heads 1-flowered, aggregated into glomerules of 12-20 heads, each subtended by a coriaceous spinose bract. Involucre of 5 or 6 scales in two series. Corolla tubular, regularly 4- or 5-lobed. Anthers sagittate, obtuse at base. Style 2-lobed, with short branches. Achenes slightly compressed, obscurely S-nerved. Pappus of numerous, stout, erect, unequal scales. Type species, Spiracantha cornifolia H. B. K. 1. Spiracantha cornifolia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 29. 1818. Stems low, 2-4 dm. high, loosely branched, pubescent; leaf-blades on short petioles, ovate, 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, acute, entire or denticulate, sparsely papillose-pilose above, pale and thinly tomentose on the surface beneath, pilose with long hairs on the prominent veins; peduncles densely hirsute, the subtending leaves thin, ovate; glomerules ovoid, 5-8 mm. long; bracts oblong, hirsute above, broadly rounded at the apex and bearing a squarrose spine one-third to one-half the length of the bract; heads not exserted, 3-4 mm. high; involucral scales linear, thin and scarious, glabrous, sharply acuminate, 1-nerved, 3 mm. long, beset at base with hairs of the same length; achenes obovoid, glabrous, 2 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia. DISTRIBUTION: Yucatan to Colombia. ILLUSTRATION: H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. PL. o3. 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