THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

61 ST CONGRESS = : 3o SESSION

DECEMBER 5, 1910-MARCH 4, 1911

SENATE DOCUMENTS

VOL, 82

WASHINGTON : : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : : 1913

61 ST CONGRESS! R-PATATT? /DOCUMENT

3d Session f BfcNATJl, | No> m

NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES

PROCEEDINGS

IN THE

North Atlantic Coast Fisheries
Arbitration

BEFORE

THE PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRATION
AT THE HAGUE

UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF THE GENERAL TREATY OF

ARBITRATION OF APRIL 4, 1908. AND THE SPECIAL

AGREEMENT OF JANUARY 27. 1909, BETWEEN

THE UNITED "STATES OF AMERICA

AND GREAT BRITAIN

(IN TWELVE VOLUMES)

VOLUME XII

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1913

CONTENTS OF PROCEEDINGS.

VOLUME I:

Final Report of the Agent of the United States.

Protocols of the Arbitration.

Award of the Tribunal, and Dissenting Opinion of Dr. Drago on Question

Five.
Case of the United States.

VOLUME II:

Part I of the Appendix to the Case of the United States (Treaties, Stat-
utes, and Correspondence).

VOLUME III:

Part II of the Appendix to the Case of the United States (Correspond-
ence).

VOLUME IV:

Case of Great Britain.

Parts I and II of the Appendix to the Case of Great Britain (Treaties
and Correspondence).

VOLUME V:

Part III of the Appendix to the Case of Great Britain (Statutes).
VOLUME VI:

Counter Case of the United States.

Appendix to the Counter Case of the United States.

VOLUME VII:

Counter Case of Great Britain.

Appendix to the Counter Case of Great Britain.

VOLUME VIII:

Printed Arguments of the United States and Great Britain.
VOLUME IX:

Part I of the Oral Arguments before the Permanent Court (Sir Robert

Bannatyne Finlay, Great Britain; Honorable George Turner, United

States).

VOLUME X:

Part II of the Oral Arguments before the Permanent Court (Sir James
S. Winter, Great Britain; Honorable Charles B. Warren, United States;
Mr. John W. Ewart, Great Britain ; Honorable Samuel J. Elder, United
States).

VOLUME XI:

Part III of the Oral Arguments before the Permanent Court ( Sir William
Snowdon Robson, Great Britain; Honorable Elihu Root, United States).

VOLUME XII:

Appendices to the Oral Arguments before the Permanent Court,
Indexes.

in

NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES

APPENDICES AND INDEX TO

ORAL ARGUMENTS

PRESENTED BY

THE UNITED STATES AND
GREAT BRITAIN

BEFORE THE

TRIBUNAL CONSTITUTED UNDER AN AGREEMENT

SIGNED AT WASHINGTON
ON THE 27TH DAY OF JANUARY, 1909

NOTE. — There also appears in this volume the agreement of
July 20, 1912, between the Governments of the United
States and Great Britain.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

APPENDICES TO THE ORAL ARGUMENTS.*

Page.
(A.) Notes from letters and despatches of Lord Castlereagh. (See Oral

Argument, Vol. X, p. 617) 1355

(B.) Note on regulations referred to by Sir William Robson, July 25, 1910.

(See Oral Argument, Vol. XI, p. 978) 1362

(C.) Statement of specific provisions of certain legislative and executive
Acts of Newfoundland and Canada called to the attention of the
Tribunal by the United States for action pursuant to articles 2
and 3 of the special agreement of January 27, 1909. (See Oral
Argument, Vol. XI, p. 1017) 1369

(D.) Note on legislation as to light dues and customs regulations referred
to by Sir William Robson, July 29, 1910. (See Oral Argument,
Vol. XI, p. 1075) _• 1378

(E.) Correspondence respecting the Award of the Halifax Fisheries Com-
mission, 1878. (See Oral Argument, Vol. XI, p. 1000) 1379

(F.) Letter from Mr. Anthony St. Jno. Baker to Lord Castlereagh, No-
vember 28. 1815. (See Oral Argument, Vol. XI, p. 1131) 1395

(G.) Answer of Great Britain to the statement of the United States as
to the statutes and regulations to which objection is taken. (See
Oral Argument, Vol. XI, p. 1165) 1395

(H.) Memorandum submitted on behalf of the United States, showing
the recognised necessity and uniform practice in 1818 of express
stipulation in order to exercise authority over aliens enjoying
treaty rights of commerce, trade, residence, &c. (See Oral Argu-
ment, Vol. XI, p. 1226) : 1396

(I.) Russian- Japanese Convention concerning fisheries, 1907. (See Oral

Argument, Vol. XI, p. 1224) 1404

(J.) Memorandum submitted by the United States hi reply to abstract
of statutes, proclamations, &c., filed by Great Britain. (See Oral

Argument, Vol. XI, p. 1237) 1409

Jennings v. Hunt, 1820, idem 1421

(K.) Extracts from French official correspondence concerning the nature
of the French treaty rights in Newfoundland. (See Oral Argu-
ment, Vol. XI, p. 1290) 1422

(L.) Correspondence between the Agents of the United States and Great

Britain with the Permanent Court of Arbitration 1427

* The page references under this section are to the pages of the original publication,
which are shown inset in this publication. All other references are to the regular
pagination.

VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

AGREEMENT OF JULY 20, 1912.

Page.

Mr. Chandler P. Anderson to the Secretary of State, August 3, 1912 2376

text of agreement 2376

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS.

Sir Robert B. Finlay _ 2421

George Turner 2491

Sir James Winter 2537

Charles B. Warren 2510

John S. Ewart 2401

Samuel J. Elder 2383

Sir William Robson 2455

Elihu Root .. 2468

UlsoeUaneous 2542

APPENDICES TO THE ORAL ARGUMENTS BEFORE THE PERMA-
NENT COURT OF ARBITRATION.

1355 APPENDIX (A).

NOTES FROM LETTERS AND DESPATCHES OF LORD CASTLEREAGH, VOL. II,
3RD EDITION, PUBLISHED IN LONDON, 1853.

Lord Cftstlereagh to His Majesty^s Commissioners appointed to

negotiate at Ghent.

FOREIGN OFFICE, July 28, 1814-

MY LORD AND GENTLEMEN : The Government of the United States
of America having appointed Commissioners to treat directly for
peace with Great Britain, the Prince Regent lias thought fit to ap-
point Commissioners on the part of His Britannic Majesty for the
like purpose, and I have the satisfaction to acquaint you that His
Royal Highness has been pleased to entrust to you the service in
question. It has been agreed that these discussions shall take place
at Ghent, to which town you will repair with the least practicable
delay. I enclose the necessary full powers; and am commanded by
the Prince Regent to convey to you, the following instructions for
the direction of your conduct.

The enclosed treaties will put you in possession of the relations, as
far as they have been reduced into positive stipulations, which have
existed between the two States since the independence of America
was recognised by this country. You will observe that these instru-
ments have ceased to be binding in consequence of the war. The state
of possession, as thereby settled, must however be considered as the
territorial arrangement which would revive upon a peace, except so
far as the same may be modified by any new treaty.

You may assure the American Commissioners that the British
Government, whatever sense it may entertain of the causes of the
rupture, is sincerely desirous of a permanent adjustment of all dif-
ferences, and that this desire is not abated by the successful termina-
tion of the war in Europe ; and that, with this view, you are author-
ised to meet with frankness and conciliation whatever propositions
the American negotiators may be prepared to offer, for terminating
the war which has been declared by their Government.

So far as the Prince Regent's Ministers can anticipate the nature of
the approaching discussions, they appear to class themselves under
the four following heads: (1), the questions mainly affecting our
maritime rights and strength, and especially the undoubted right of
the Sovereign of these realms to claim and enforce in war the alle-

2241

2242 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

glance and service of his subjects; (2), the protection which the
Indians, as allieSj are entitled to claim at our hands; (3), the regula-
tion of the frontier, to prevent hereafter, as far as possible, jealousy
or collision; and (4), the question of the fishery.

You will lose no time in ascertaining whether the American nego-
tiators are prepared to enter upon a final arrangement on all these
respective topics. Should they declare their instructions not to be so
comprehensive, you will call upon them to state what are the points
on which they are alone enabled to treat; and you will forthwith
communicate the same to His Majesty's Government. In executing
this part of your duty, it will be desirable that you should ascertain,
as far as possible, the views of the American Commissioners, without
committing your Government. In doing this, you will, in the early
stage of the negotiations, confine yourselves to such verbal communi-
cation as may appear to you best calculated to bring the negotiation
to its true bearing.

That you will be better enabled to sound the views of the American
Commissioners, I deem it proper to furnish you with some general
observations on the points at issue; and, first, with respect to the mari-
time question, you will endeavor to ascertain whether the American
negotiators have any specific measure to propose for obviating here-
after the alleged abuses of which they complain, in the practice of im-
pressing British seamen from on board American merchant-ships.
The enclosed proclamations will demonstrate that the British Govern-
ment can never recede from the principle of holding their own sub-
jects to their duty of allegiance.

You will endeavour to ascertain whether the American Govern-
ment is disposed prospectively to desist from their extravagant pre-
tensions under this head, in which case something might possibly
be devised to relieve their difficulties as to the past, bv adapting a
reasonable system of indulgence towards individuals wno may have
actually and bona fide entered amongst them, under the faith of their
acts of naturalisation. This might be effected by stipulations, with-
out bringing the question of right to issue on either side.

The right of search and of withdrawing our seamen from on
board American merchantships can never be given up, even for a
time, in exchange for any municipal regulation whatsoever; but,
if the American negotiators have any regulations to propose tending
to check abuse, the British Government will weigh them dispassion-
ately, and with a desire to conciliate. The difficulties, however, of
finding a satisfactory expedient may render it desirable to wave
this discussion altogether, if other points can be adjusted. To this
the British Government will have no objection, considering the ques-
tion to be practically set at rest by the return of peace. They are
equally prepared to leave the rule of war of 1756 to rest upon
1356 its own clear and well established authority. Should the
American Commissioners abstain from stirring this question,
you will remain silent upon it. Should they think fit to avert
to it, you will assert the principles upon which the British Gov-
ernment has uniformly maintained the legality, as well as the jus-
tice, of this rule. Should any specific proposition be laid before
you on this subject, you will declare that you have no authority
to enter into discussion on this question, ana that you can only re-

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2243

ceive such a communication for the purpose of simply transmitting
it to your court.

Upon the subject of the Indians, you will represent that an ade-
quate arrangement of their interests is considered by your Govern-
ment as a sine qua non of peace ; and that they will, under this head,
require not only that a full and express recognition of their limits
shall take place; you will also throw out the importance of the two
States entering into arrangements, which may hereafter place their
mutual relations with each other as well as with the several Indian
nations, upon a footing of less jealousy and irritation. This may be
best effected by a mutual guarantee of the Indian possessions, as they
shall be established upon the peace against encroachment on the
part of either State. Much of the disquietude to both Governments,
as connected with Indian affairs, has been produced by that regular
and progressive system of encroachment which renders the Indians
resentful and discontented, and which, by gradually approximating
the American and British settlements, gives both States a motive
for interference in Indian affairs which would not otherwise exist.
The best prospect of future peace appears to be that the two Gov-
ernments should regard the Indian territory as a useful barrier be-
tween both States, to prevent collision ; and that, having agreed mu-
tually to respect the integrity of their territory, they have a common
interest to render these people as far as possible peaceful neighbours
to both States.

You may open to the American Commission that the British
Government is desirous of revising the frontier between the two
States, not in the spirit of conquest or dominion, but upon principles
which they consider to be strictly defensive, and, in this point of
view, conducive to the well-understood interests of both Powers. It
has become the more necessary to reconsider the treaty of 1783, which
was very hastily and improvidently framed in this respect, from the
intention so publicly and recently avowed in the Acts and .proclama-
tions issued by the American Government of annexing by conquest
the Canadas to their dominions. This plan becomes the more alarm-
ing, as a part only of a more general system of aggrandisement, in
the execution of which they have possessed themselves of Louisiana
and a part of both the Floridas in the midst of peace, and whilst
Spain was bravely contending for her existence.

But the point, upon which you must be quite explicit from the
outset of the negotiation, is the construction of the treaty of 1783
with relation to the fisheries. You will observe that the third
article of that treaty consists of two distinct branches: The first,
which relates to the open sea fishery, we consider a permanent obliga-
tion, being a recognition of the general right which all nations have
to frequent and take fish in the high seas.

The latter branch is, on the contrary, considered as a mere con-
ventional arrangement between the two States, and, as such, to have
been annulled by the war. This part of the treaty has been found
to be productive of so much inconvenience, as to determine His
Majesty's Government not to renew the provisions of it in their
present form; nor do they feel themselves called upon to concede
to the Americans any accommodation within the British sovereignty,
except upon the principle of a reasonable equivalent in frontier or

2244 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

otherwise; it being quite clear that, by the law of nations, the sub-
jects of a foreign State have no right to fish within the maritime
jurisdiction, much less to land on the coasts belonging to His Bri-
tannic Majesty, without an express permission to that effect.

In the present state of the discussions, I abstain from entering
upon the commercial relations between the two States, not wishing to
clog the question of peace with arrangements which might protract
your discussions. It may be proper that you should keep in mind,
in the wording of any article for the termination of hostilities, so to
frame it as to make them cease and determine, not upon the signature
of the treaty, but upon its actual acceptance and ratification, without
alteration, by the American Government. The difficulties which
have arisen with that Government on former occasions will suffi-
ciently explain the necessity of this precaution.

As soon as you have ascertained the extent and nature of the
powers with which the American Commissioners are furnished, and
have reported to me the spirit in which they appear to you disposed
to conduct the negotiation, you shall be furnished, without loss of
time, with more precise instructions for the direction of your con-
duct.

I have, &c, CASTLEREAGH.

Lord Castlereagh to the Commissioners at Ghent.

FOREIGN OFFICE, August H, 1814-

MY LORD AND GENTLEMEN, Your despatch, with its enclosures, of
the 9th, from Ghent, has been received and laid before the Prince
Regent. It appears from the communications you have had with
the American Commissioners, that, upon two out of the four points
referred to in your instructions, namely, upon the second and fourth,
the American negotiators have received no instructions from their
Government, and that they have, on their part, suggested three addi-
tional topics for discussion. Upon the point of the fisheries, it
does not clearly appear whether, in the absence of instructions, they
consider themselves authorised, supposing all other questions ar-
ranged, to sign a treaty of peace, upon me distinct understanding
that the right of fishing and drying within the British jurisdiction
does not thereby of right revive. Their mode of receiving your
remarks on this head seems to countenance such an interpretation
of their meaning; but you will feel the importance of not leaving

the matter in doubt.

1357 Upon the question of the Indians, there is also room for
furtner explanation. You will observe that this subject, in
your instructions, divides itself into two propositions: (1) the In-
dians being included in the peace; (2) such an arrangement of limits,
as, whilst it secures to the Indians the benefit of the peace, may tend
the better to preserve hereafter the relations of amity between the
British and American Governments.

On both these points it would seem that the American Commis-
sioners are equally unauthorised to conclude ; and, although the sec-
ond point might possibly not have been foreseen, yet it appears
unaccountable, upon the first, that the American Government should

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2245

have left the negotiators without instructions, inasmuch as they
could have had no reason to suppose that the British Government
would for a moment listen to a separate peace, to the exclusion of
the Indians, who have acted with them as allies during the war.

But upon the practicability of prosecuting the negotiation with
any utility, in the present imperfect state of the instructions, of
which the American negotiators avow themselves to be in possession,
the whole seems to turn upon the point you have so properly sug-
gested, viz.. whether the Commissioners will or will not take upon
themselves to sign a provisional agreement upon the points on which
they have no instructions. If they decline this, the British Govern-
ment sees no advantage in prosecuting the discussion further until
the American negotiators shall have received instructions upon these
points. If, on the contrary, upon a candid explanation of the
principles upon which Great Britain is prepared to treat upon these
subjects, they are willing, upon their own responsibility, to sign a
provisional agreement, the negotiation may proceed, and the treaty,
when concluded, may be sent, with the British ratification, to America
to be at once exchanged, if the American Government shall think
fit to confirm the act of their Commissioners. The British Govern-
ment cannot better evince their cordial desire for peace than by plac-
ing the negotiation upon this issue. You will, with this view, again
call the attention of the American Commissioners to the Indian ques-
tion, and. as connected with it, the question of boundary.

I am desirous of particularly directing your attention to these
points, as the others suggested on either side for deliberation, if
you have rightly interpreted the meaning of the American Com-
missioners as to the fisheries, do not appear necessarily calculated
to create an insurmountable obstacle to the immediate restoration
of peace. In illustration of this, you may remark that, upon the
first of the British points, we are not disposed to insist upon any
express stipulation and are willing to leave the questions therein
involved to rest, as heretofore, upon the principles of general law.

We see as little necessity for any stipulation upon the first of the
American points. Whatever difference may have existed upon the
retaliatory measures to which the British Government was obliged
to have recourse in the late war against France, we are not aware of
any difference that exists upon the ordinary law of blockade, or any
other branch of belligerent or neutral rights. If the American Com-
missioners shall bring forward anything specific on this or any other
subject, it will be the duty of the British Government to consider it;
but there seems no adequate motive on either side for encouraging
abstract discussions of this nature, which, if gone into, all must be
gone into generally, and not partially, with a view of arriving at
express stipulations upon the points of sovereignty and impress-
ment, as well as upon the points of blockade, &c.

WTith respect to the second of the American points, you cannot
be too peremptory in discouraging, at the outset, the smallest ex-
pectations of any restitution of captures made under the Orders
in Council. There may be claims on both sides of an ordinary de-
scription, involving no principles to which His Majesty's Govern-
ment would have to object, and upon which mutual satisfaction
might be given; but these cases are probably of a very limited ex-

2246 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

tent, and of nearly equal amount, on each side. It seems better not
to entangle the question of peace with their discussion, with respect
to the third point — although the British Government will be pre-
pared to enter into it, with every desire to come to an understand-
ing, they do not conceive that the war ought to be protracted on
this ground alone.

The main question, then, seems to be, upon what general prin-
ciples is the British. Government ready to terminate the contest, as
far as relates to boundaries and the Indians — I state upon what
general principles — for, until the American Commissioners are pre-
pared to agree to certain fixed principles as the basis of a provisional
article, the discussion of details can be productive of no possible
advantage.

Upon the point of frontier, you may state that the views of the
British Government are strictly defensive. They consider the course
of the lakes, from Lake Ontario to Lake Superior, both inclusive,
to be the natural military frontier of the British possessions in
North America; as the weaker power on the North American con-
tinent, the least capable of acting offensively, and the most exposed
to sudden invasion, Great Britain considers itself entitled to claim
the use of those lakes as a military barrier. It is quite obvious that
a boundary-line, equally dividing these waters, with a right in each
State to arm, both upon the lakes and upon their shores, must be
calculated hereafter to create a perpetual contest for naval ascend-
ency, in peace as well as in war — a species of conflict which is likely
to be productive of an extent of expense and jealousy, equally to
be deprecated by both Governments. It becomes, therefore, neces-
sary, for the sake of peace, to decide to which Power these waters
shall, in a military sense, exclusively belong; and, for the reasons
above stated, Great Britain considers that she is entitled to lay
claim to them.

To give practical operation to this principle it seems necessary that
the Power to whom the lakes belong shall have the military command
of both shores, to effect which a scope of territory, with a suitable
frontier, is important.

The British Government is prepared to assign, for delibera-
1358 tion, a boundary in execution of this object ; but, as this would
necessarily extend their possessions to the southward of the
lakes, and as territory, as such, is by no means the object they have in
view, they will be disposed to leave the sovereignty of the soil undis-
turbed, and, as incident to it, the free commercial navigation of the
lakes, as at present enjoyed by the United States, provided the
American Government will stipulate not to preserve or to construct
any fortifications upon or within a limited distance of the shores, or
maintain or construct any armed vessels upon the lakes in question
or upon the rivers which empty themselves into the same.

If this can be regulated there will then remain for discussion the
arrangement of the northwestern boundary between Lake Superior
and the Mississippi, and on the side of lower Canada, such a line of
demarcation as may establish a direct line of communication between
Quebec and Halifax. The free navigation of the Mississippi must
also be provided for in the arrangements to be made.

With respect to the Indians, you will repeat that their being ex-
pressly included in the peace is considered to be a sine qua non; and,

APPENDICES TO ORAL ABGUMENTS. . 2247

that, with respect to their limits, the British Government is pre-
pared, as the least objectionable arrangement to the United States, to
take the Treaty of Greenville, subject to certain modifications, as a
basis for negotiation ; and having agreed as to the general boundaries,
to stipulate, mutually with the American Government against any
acquisition, by purchase, on the part of either State.

I trust that this outline will enable you, without further delay, to
ascertain whether the negotiation can now be prosecuted with a pros-
pect of advantage, or whether the conferences must not be suspended
until the American negotiators can receive further instructions from
their Government. In the latter case you will, however, declare to
them, that the British Government, upon the resumption of the con-
ferences, will not consider themselves bound by anything which has
hitherto passed, or precluded from regulating its conduct by the then
state of the war — the causes which obstruct an immediate adjustment
originating exclusively with the negotiators on the part of the United
States.

I trust the American Commissioners will continue to do justice to
the frank and explicit conduct which your instructions have enabled
you to adopt, and to the desire manifested by the British Government
to bring forward nothing which can be deemed derogatory to the
honour of the American Government, or which can tend unnecessarily
to delay the restoration of peace.

I am, &c. CASTLEREAGH.

P. S. — Care must be taken, in any settlement to be made, to remove
all doubts as to the islands in Passamaquoddy Bay being considered
as falling within the British boundary there.

C.

Lord Bathurst to the Commissioners at Ghent.

FOREIGN OFFICE, October 18, 1814-

MY LORD AND GENTLEMEN: I have had the honour of receiving
your despatch No. 9, transmitting a copy of a note from the American
Plenipotentiaries. The American Plenipotentiaries having in that
note consented to accept, provisionally, the article which you pro-
posed, relating to the pacification of the Indian tribes or nations,
and having expressed a wish that the British Plenipotentiaries should
now communicate the projet of a treaty embracing all the points
deemed material to Great Britain, the American Plenipotentiaries
engaging, on their part, to deliver, in a counter-pro jet, in respect to
all the articles to which they may not agree, you are instructed to
state that the three material points which remain for consideration
are the following: —

First, with respect to the rights of naturalisation and the question
of impressment, and others relating to maritime laws. It seems
agreed, by both parties, that the pacification of Europe renders any
arrangement on these points unnecessary, and you are authorised to
state that none will be required by Great Britain, but that, if it shall
be insisted that these points shall be in any way named in the treaty,
they must, in that case, be definitively stated, and the British Gov-
ernment have already stated that they never can recede from what

2248 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

they have repeatedly declared to be the established law in these
respects.

Secondly, the fisheries. You are to state that Great Britain admits
the right of the United States to fish on the high seas without tlu-
maritime jurisdiction of the territorial possessions of Great Britain
in North America; that the extent of the maritime jurisdiction of the
two contracting parties must be reciprocal; that Great Britain is
ready to enter into an arrangement on that point; and that, until
any arrangement shall be made to the contrary, the usual maritime
jurisdiction of 1 league shall be common to both contracting parties.
But they cannot agree to renew the privilege, granted in the treaty
of 1783, of allowing the Americans to land and dry their fish on the
unsettled shores belonging to His Britannic Majesty, such privilege
having been annulled by the war, and it being the undoubted right
of the British Government to refuse to renew it.

The third point is the future boundaries of the two contracting
parties. The boundaries to the north-west may be considered as
already settled by the admission of the American Plenipotentiaries
that the British Government is willing to treat on the basis of uti
possidet, subject to the modifications for mutual accommoda-
1359 tion. Considering the relative situation of the two countries,
the moderation evinced by His Majesty's Government in ad-
mitting this principle, in the present state of the contest, must be
manifest ; and you will not fail to impress this strongly on the minds
of the American Plenipotentiaries. In their note of the (blank),
they, in fact, admit that this is a fair principle of negotiation. I
cannot expect any serious objection to it. On their admitting this
to be the basis on which they are ready to negotiate, but not before
they have admitted it, you will proceed to state the mutual accommo-
dations which may be entered into in conformity with this basis.

The British occupy Fort Michilimakinac, Fort Niagara, and all
the country to the east of the River Penobscot. On the other hand,
the forces of the United States occupy Fort Erie and Fort Amherst-
berg. On the Government of the United States consenting to restore
these two forts, Great Britain is ready to restore the forts of Custine
and Mahias, retaining Fort Niagara and Fort Michilimakinac, leav-
ing the boundary, on the side of the Province of Main, running
thus: from the River St. Croix, including Moose Island, which was
always a part of New Brunswick, along the line established by the
Commissioners in 1798, running astronomically north, until it is
intersected by the River Ristook, up to its source, and then along the
high ridge of mountains, and running a westerly course, until they
abut upon the heights which form the present boundary.

In the note which you will present to the American Plenipoten-
tiaries, you will not recur to former topics, the discussion of which,
in the preceding note, have given rise to so much occasional irrita-
tion. It may, however, be necessary to remark the satisfaction
you have in not deeming a renewal of these discussions any longer
necessary.

In delivering your note, you will also state that you have not
reduced the propositions into the shape of articles, as that may be
easily done when the substance is agreed upon.

I have, &c. BATHURST.

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2249

Lord Bathurst to the Commissioners at Ghent.

FOREIGN OFTICB, December £, 1814.

MY LORD AND GENTLEMEN : It is with great satisfaction that His
Royal Highness observes so great a progress has been made towards
bringing the negotiation to a favorable conclusion. There appear
but two points on which there exists any material difference, and upon
which it is necessary, therefore, to furnish you with instructions:
First, with respect to the alteration made in the first article ; secondly,
the discussions which have grown out of the amended projet of the
8th article.

With respect to the alteration in the 1st article, you will insist on
the retention of the words in question. You will not fail to impress
upon the American Commissioners that the alteration is in no way
inconsistent with the principle of status quo ante bettum, upon which
we have agreed to treat, as there is a manifest difference between the
restitution of territory which unquestionably belonged to either
party, previous to the war, and the restitution of that ol which either
party may have had temporary possession, with a disputed right,
immediately preceding the war.

As, however, inconvenience might arise from the act of restoring
territory situated in many different places becoming dependent on the
opinion which the party in possession might hold of his right to retain
it, you will readily consent to the limit, as the Commissioners have
proposed the application of the article to such possessions only as are,
by the tenour of the treaty itself, liable to dispute ; or, as a more spe-
cific limitation, to such possession as are by the treaty to be referred
to the Commissioners by whom the questions of boundaries are to be
finally decided. Provided the object for which the alteration was
proposed be obtained, viz., the retention of the islands in Passama-
quoddy Bay, during the time of reference to the Commissioners above
mentioned, you will show every facility in wording the limitations.

The discussions which have grown out of the amended projet of the
8th article are of a more extensive nature. They relate to a question
of boundary ; to the privilege which we enjoyed, under the treaty of
1783, to have free access to the Mississippi, as well as the free naviga-
tion thereof; and to the liberty which the United States enjoyed,
under the same treaty, of taking, drying, and curing fish within the
exclusive jurisdiction of the possessions belonging to His Majesty in
North America.

You did perfectly right in at once admitting that the free access
to and navigation of the Mississippi, provided in the amended projet
of the 8th article, was that to which we were no longer entitled, under
the treaty of 1783, and that it was to be considered, therefore, as a
stipulation in our favour, given by the American Government in
return for the favourable arrangement of this boundary consented
to by us in the preceding part of the same article. This must indeed
be manifest, by our having proposed the two stipulations reciprocally
beneficial, to form but one article.

With respect to the proposition of considering the free access to and
the free navigation of the Mississippi, as an equivalent to their liberty
of taking, curing, and drying fish, on our coasts, and the memorandum

92909°— VOL 12—13 2

2250 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

of amendment which the American Commissioners delivered in at the
close of the conference, you will remark to them that, even if we were
to admit that the privilege and liberty in question ought to be con-
sidered as equivalents, the manner in which they have, in that memo-
randum, proposed to renew respectively the privilege and liberty here-
tofore enjoyed under the treaty of 1783, confounds all principles of
reciprocity; for the American Commissioners propose a limited and
restricted renewal of our former pivileges, in return for an unlimited
and unrestricted renewal of their former liberty.

As the conditions on which the American Commissioners may be
inclined to consent to a renewal of our former privilege, and
1360 the conditions on which we may be inclined to renew the liberty
the United States enjoyed of taking, drying, and curing, fish
on our coasts, may lead into long discussions, which would retard the
conclusion of the negotiation, and as it is very desirable that not only
the conclusion of the treaty should not be delayed, but also that it
should include in it an adjustment of all questions likely otherwise to
create misunderstandings, you will propose the two articles contained
in the Enclosure (A). By the first of these articles, the boundary is
defined as already proposed; by the second, the conditions on which
we shall be ready to renew the liberty heretofore given to the United
States of taking, drying, and curing fish, and the conditions on which
the liberty heretofore enjoyed by us of a free access to and naviga-
tion of the Mississippi shall be restored to us, are left for future
negotiation.

After the declaration made by the American Commissioners that
they were willing to receive the liberty of taking, drying, and curing,
fish on our coasts, as an equivalent to some concession on their part,
it cannot be expected that they will refuse this proposition. If the
American Commissioners decline these propositions, you will not
consider yourselves as authorised to sign the treaty with the omission
of the amended pro jet of the 8th article, and still less with the omis-
sion of the latter part of it.

Although the American Commissioners have, in their conferences,
admitted the fact that the liberty which the United States heretofore
enjoyed of taking, drying, and curing, fish on our coasts, had ceased
with the commencement of the war, by making the renewal of that
liberty the subject of negotiation, yet it is very desirable that any
point so calculated to produce altercation (unless previously under-
stood by the two contracting parties) should not be left in the state in
which the signing of the treaty, with the omission of the 8th article,
would still unavoidably leave it. If, therefore, you shall not be able
to bring the point to a satisfactory conclusion, either by acceding to
this proposition, or by otherwise making it clear by some written
document that they consider the stipulations of 1783. with respect to
the liberty given them of taking, drying, and curing, fish on our
coasts, as no longer in force, you will refer home for further instruc-
tions.

I am, &c. BATHURST.

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2251

Lord Bathurst to the Commissioners at Ghent.

FOREIGN OFFICE, December 19, 1814.

MY LORD AND GENTLEMEN : I had this morning the honor of receiv-
ing your despatch of the 14th, .enclosing the note presented on that
day by the Commissioners of the United States, and desiring instruc-
tions thereupon.

With regard to the alteration proposed in the 1st article, whereby
the occupation of the islands in Passamaquoddy Bay may be reserved
to us, there is no objection to the proposition contained in the Ameri-
can note, except so far as relates to the surrender of such islands to
the United States, if no decision shall have been agreed upon, within
a given number of years. This stipulation might give to the United
States an interest to postpone any discussion on the subject. There
would be no objection to a stipulation by which it should be provided
that the right to the islands in Passamaquoddy Bay should be that
point of reference on which the Commissioners should be required
first to consider and decide.

With respect to the discussion which has grown out of the latter
part of the 8th article, the Prince Kegent regrets to find that there
does not appear any prospect of being able to arrive at such an
arrangement with regard to the fisheries as would have the effect of
coming to a full and satisfactory explanation on that subject.

As this appears, however, now to be the only remaining point on
which any difficulty exists, he is unwilling to protract by a prolonga-
tion of the discussion, the period when the war between His Majesty
and the United States may be happily terminated. You will there-
fore present a note, in which, after referring to the language held
by you on this subject from the very commencement of the negotia-
tion, in which you stated explicitly that the British Commissioners
did not intend to grant gratuitously to the United States the privi-
leges formerly by treaty to them of fishing within the limits of the
British sovereignty, and of using the shores of the British territories
for purposes connected with fisheries, you will state that, as there
does not appear any prospect of agreeing upon an article wherein
that question may be satisfactorily adjusted, you are authorised to
accept the proposition which the Commissioners of the United States
proposed in the protocol of the 1st December, wherein they expressed
their readiness to omit the 8th article altogether.

It will not be necessary for you to insist on the article entitled,
"An Article relative to the Right of Prosecuting Suits in the Courts
of Justice," as we rely upon the Courts of Justice being open in the
United States, by which the just claims of British subjects may be
fairly prosecuted.

I am, &c. BATHURST.

1361 NOTES FROM LETTERS AND DESPATCHES OF LORD CASTLEREAGH,

VOL. Ill, 3RD EDITION.

The Hon. Charles Bagot to Lord Castlereagh.

WASHINGTON, August 11, 1816.

MY DEAR LORD, I am much disappointed in not being able to ac-
quaint you by this packet that I have already concluded the conven-
tion on the subject of the fisheries — but the fault is in the Govern-

2252 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

merit, or rather the no-Government of this country, for it can scarcely
be said that a Government exists here during the summer months.

Immediately after I received your Lordship's instructions I re-
quested an interview with Mr. Monroe, at which, after a long con-
versation upon the subject, I brought forward the first proposition
contained in Lord Melville's letter to your Lordship, which allots to
the use of the United States such part of the southern coast of Labra-
dor as lies between Mount Joli and the Esquimaux Islands. Mr.
Monroe told me that if he could procure in Washington any circum-
stantial information respecting the proposed coast, he should be able
to proceed immediately in the business; but on the following day I
received a note from him stating that he had been under the neces-
sity of writing to the Secretary of the Navy, then at Salem, beyond
Boston, for the information which he required.

After repeated interviews with Mr. Monroe, he told me that he
imagined that the Secretary of the Navy had sent to have the coast
in question examined, and Mr. Monroe himself then went into the
country, from whence he only returned yesterday. I immediately
waited upon him, when he told me that the tract of coast which I had
proposed had several settlements upon it ; and, though convenient in
point of position, it appeared to the persons who had examined it
to want many of the requisite advantages. He then expressed his
wish that an allotment should be given up on the eastern coast of
Labrador, above the Straits of Belleisle. I told him that I could
save much useless discussion upon that point by assuring him that
there were insuperable objections to granting any part of that coast;
but that, if the one proposed was really unsuitable, I would not dis-
guise from him that I was authorised to offer part of another coast,
which unquestionably afforded every convenience which the United
States could require. I accordingly offered the second proposition,
which gives the unsettled part of the southern coast of Newfoundland,
from Cape Ray to the Ramen Islands.

This is the state of the business at this moment, and I expect that,
in a few days, we shall come to some final agreement upon the sub-
ject; but I have already detained the packet so long, in waiting for
Mr. Monroe's return to Washington, that I do not think it right to
delay it any longer.

From the manner in which Mr. Monroe received the second proposi-
tion, I entertain hopes that it will be accepted, and that I shall be
able to annex to the acception an express abandonment of all pre-
tensions to fish or dry on any other of the coasts of British North
America — at all events, that I shall not be under the necessity of
yielding the two propositions, which your Lordship may be assured
that I snail not do, excepting in the very last resort.

By a letter which I have received from Admiral Griffith, I learnt
that he had already given orders for the seizure of all American
vessels found fishing within our limits; but I wrote to him on the
6th of last month (the day after I had first seen Mr. Monroe upon
this business), requesting that he would abstain as much as possible
from taking any steps which might, at the present moment, em-
barrass the negotiation, which I confidentially acquainted him was
then on foot.

I have, &c. CHARLES BAGOT.

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2253

The Hon. Charles Bagot to Lord C asflereagh.

WASHINGTON, November 10, 1816.

MY DEAR LORD, I am again disappointed in not being able to
acquaint you with this packet that the convention respecting the
fisheries has been concluded.

Immediately on my return to Washington, on the 14th of last
month, I called upon Mr. Monroe, who had arrived a few days pre-
viously, to inquire whether he had yet received the information which
he had been so long expecting, in regard to the portions of coast
which I had offered for the purpose of the American fishery, and
whether he was then prepared to proceed with the convention. He
told me that he had received a great mass of information, and, he
believed, nearly all that was requisite on the subject, but that he had
had so little time to examine it that it would not be possible for him
to go then into the question ; but he assured me that, before the meet-
ing of Congress, the 2nd December, he would acquaint me positively
whether it was the intention of the President that the business should
be proceeded in, or whether the offer which I had made would be
rejected.

I have as yet only offered the choice of one of the two proposed
coasts ; but I begin to suspect that Mr. Monroe is alarmed at the idea
of accepting any proposal by which the pretension of right which has
been made must be for ever renounced. I shall certainly know the
determination of the Government in the course of this month.

In the despatches which I have sent home by this packet,
1362 your Lordship will see the course which has been taken by
this Government in regard to that abominable proceeding of
Captain Warrington's. In the note which I have returned to that
of Mr. Monroe, enclosing the Report of the Court of Inquiry, I have
endeavoured to show how little satisfactory such a report is, but have
tried to lay the ground for abandoning or reserving the business, as
your Lordship may direct.

I have, &c. CHARLES BAGOT.

APPENDIX (B).

NOTE ON REGULATIONS REFERRED TO BY SIR AVILLIAM ROBSON, JULY 25,

1910.

Before 1783.

Newfoundland. (Br. App., 689. 1611.)

Orders issued by John Guy (Governor), binding "all persons of
what nation soever."

No ballast to be thrown out to the prejudice of the harbours.
No harm to be done to any stages, cook-rooms, flakes, &c.

[3.) Admirals of each harbour to take such beach or flakes as are
necessary for his boats with overplus only for one boat more than he
hath, and every other person to content himself with what he shall
have necessary use for.

(4.} No person to change marks of boats.

(5.) "

No person to convert to his own use boats of others, except
in cases of necessity and on notice to admiral.

(6.) No person to set fire in any woods.

(7.) No person to destroy any stage, &c. [These shew regulations
as to the use of shore in relation to drying and curing fish.]

Instructions to John Treworgie (Commissioner for Administration
of Affairs of the Commonwealth in Newfoundland) from the Council.
(Br. App., 511. 1653.)

(1.) Take care for the Government and the fishery according to
annexed laws.

(2.) Collect fish dues from strangers.

(3.) Secure fishery from any disturbance or interruption-power
to order vessels to keep together or otherwise dispose of themselves
for common safety.

Annexed laws.

(1.) No ballast to be thrown out to prejudice of harbours, but to be
carried ashore where it does not do any annoyance.

(2.) No person to damage any stage cook-room, &c. To be content
with such stages as may be necessary.

(3.) According to ancient custom the first to arrive to be admiral
of harbour — same regulations as to reserving beach and flakes as in
1611 order. Those wno have occupied several places to notify which
they will choose.

(4.) No defacement of marks of boats, and no one to use other per-
son's boat or " train fats " without consent, nor to remove them ex-
cept in case of necessity and on notice to admiral and others.

(5.} No one to steal any fish, train, salt, &c.

(6.) No one to set fire to woods or to damage trees by rinding
except for covering of cook-rooms.

f 7.) No one to hinder hauling of seines for bait in usual places.

(9.) No taverns.

2254

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2255

(10.) Limits stage room occupied by any planter.

(13.) The company to assemble on Lord's Day for worship.
[These were regulations for fishing and for drying and curing on
*hore.~\

Star Chamber rules. (Br. App., 512. 1660.)

Similar to 1683 regulations.

15 Chas. II, cap. 16. (Br. App., 517. 1663.)

(7.) No person to lay any net in or near any harbour to catch
spawn or young fry of Poor John, or for any other use except for
taking of bait.

[Regulates fishing].

Order in Council for regulating fishing trade in Newfoundland.
(Br. App., 518. 1670.)

1. Subjects of His Majesty's Kingdom of England for ever to
have freedom of taking bait arid fishing in any of the .... har-
bours or roads in or near Newfoundland, with liberty to land

1363 for curing, salting, and drying of fish and for cutting of wood
for stages, rooms, &c., provided they submit to any present and
future regulations.

2. No alien to take bait or fish between Cape Race and Cape Bona
Vista.

4. No planter to occupy stages, beach, &c., before English fisher-
men are provided for.

'.). No fishing vessel to leave England before the 1st March.

11. No captain to use any stage in any port, harbour or bay be-
tween Cape Race and Cape Bona Vista with less than 25 men all of
one company.

13. Admirals to see to preservation of peace and good order and
the execution of His Majesty's rules for regulation of the fishery.

15. No fishermen to remain after end of October.
10 & 11 Wm. Ill, cap. 25. (Br. App., 525. 1699.)

1. All His Majesty's subjects residing in England or the domin-
ions thereunto belonging to have, use, and enjoy the free trade and
are of merchandise and fishery, the freedom of taking bait and fish-
ing in any of the .... creeks, harbours, or roads in or near New-
foundland and the said areas, and liberty to land for curing fish and
to cut down trees for making stages, &c. ; and no alien (not residing
in England, Wales, or Berwick) to take bait or fish in Newfound-
land.

2. Eepeats provisions against throwing ballast into harbours.

3. Same provisions against destroying stages, &c.

4. Provisions as to admirals, and against taking more of the beach
or stages than necessary — admirals to settle differences.

12. No rinding of trees after 25th March; no setting fire to woods.
No person after the 25th March to hinder hauling of seines in cus-
tomary baiting places, or to shoot his seine in or upon any other
seines.

14. Admirals to see to enforcement of regulations contained in the
Act.

16. Sunday to be strictly observed.

Regulations by Hugh Palliser (governor). (Br. App., 690. 1765.)

1. No colonist (except whale fishers) to go to Labrador.

2. No person to resort to Labrador to fish or trade except ship
fishers from His Majesty's dominions in Europe.

2256 1COBTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

3. Regulations in 10 & 11 Wm. Ill, cap. 25, to apply to Labrador.

Proclamation by Hugh Palliser. — King's officers have always had
ray orders to assist all vessels from the plantations employed in
whale fishery, and, pursuant to His Majesty s orders to me. all vessels
from plantations will be admitted to Labrador coast, the ancient cus-
toms as to cod fishing under 10 & 11 Wm. Ill, cap. 25, to be observed.
(Br. App., 691. 1766.)

Whale fishers, under necessary restrictions, permitted to land in
Labrador to cut up whales, a liberty never allowed to them in New-
foundland.

Pro/ubits whale fishers from plantations, from banking amongst
boats of ship adventurers from Britain, destroying fishing works,
and firing woods.

15 Geo. Ill, cap 31. (Br. App., 545. 1775.)

Sec. 4. The privilege of drying fish on shore is not, and shall not be,
enjoyed by any of His Majesty s subjects arriving at Newfoundland
except from British dominions in Europe.

Sec. 7. Fishers' vessels from Great Britain not to be restricted as
to the days of fishing, and only to report at custom-house on arrival
and clearance. [Above sections repealed by 5 Geo. IV, cap. 51, sec. 1.]
(Br. App., 567.)

Nova Scotia.

Proclamation by Thomas Temple (governor) for regulating.
. . . fishing. (Br. App., 586. 1665.)

1. If any person comes into jurisdiction and .... fishes
without licence, penalty.

2. Duly observe Sunday, and not to take any liberty by fishing to
profane the same.

3. No vessel from New England to come into jurisdiction and bring
goods and trade without licence.

5. Licensed fishermen not to be disturbed.

6. All persons to endeavour the preserving of the fish and tho
banks; none to take fish during spawning season; no offal to be
thrown overboard.

10 Geo. Ill, cap 7. (Br. App., 587. 1770.)

By Governor, Council and Assembly.

1. No fishermen to throw offal into sea witJdn three leagues of
shore.

United States. Massachusetts Bay.
Order of Court of . . . (Br. App., 770. 1668.)
No cod-fish, &c., to be killed to be dried, for sale in December or
January. No offal to be thrown overboard at or near fishing grounds.
No mackerel to be caught, except for spending when fresh, before

1st June.
1364 Act 1692-3, cap. 32. (Br. App., 772. 1692.)

By Governor, Council and Representatives.

2. No mackerel to be caught (except for spending whilst fresh) be-
fore 1st July, and no mackerel to be caught with any sort of net or
seine.

Act 1702, cap. 12. (Br. App., 773. 1702.)

By Governor, Council and Representatives.

No mackerel to be caught (except for spending whilst fresh) be-
fore 1st January.

New Hampshire.

APPENDICES TO OBAL ABGUMENTS. 2257

Law of New Hampshire. (Br. App., 772. 1687.)

By Governor and Council.

No mackerel to be caught (except for spending whilst fresh) be-
fore 1st July, and no mackerel to be caught with seines.
New Plymouth.

Order of General Court. (Br. App., 770. 1668.)
Directs requests to Court of Massachusetts to restrain throwing of
offal overboard.

Ordtr of General Court. (Br. App., 770. 1670.)
Prohibition against casting ballast near shore where convenient for
seine fishing or throwing offal overboard, any inhabitant drawing
mackerel ashore to pay 6d. per barrel — any foreigner to pay Is. Qd.
per barrel.

Order of General Court. (Br. App., 771. 1672.)
Water bailiff may give liberty to strangers to fish with seine on
paying dues.

Order of General Court. (Br. App., 771. 1677.)
The country having let their privileges of fishing at the Cape to
three — agreed it shall be improved by our own people, but in case
they refuse, it shall be at the liberty of the partners to admit any out
of the colony to improve it with them.

Order of General Court. (Br. App., 1771. 1684.)
No mackerel to be caught with nets or seines.
New York.

Act by Governor, Council and General Assembly. (Br.
App., 775. 1772.)

No person to draw seine or net of any length or set any seine or net
more than 6 fathoms long, with meshes not less than 3 inches square
from the 15th November to 15th April in the bays, rivers, or creeks
of the County of Suffolk.

Act by Lieutenant-Governor, Council and General As-
sembly. (Br. App., 776. 1775.)
Prohibition against: —

(a.) Drawing nets of any length or setting nets above 6 fathoms
long in bays, &c., of County of Suffolk between loth November and
15th April.

(b.) Setting any net in Ketchabanuck Channel or within 30 rods
of mouth of said channel, leading into or out of Quantuck Bay.

(<?.) Setting nets in any other place in bays, &c., of said county
within 4 rods of another net and that with meshes less than 3 inches
square.

Between 1783 and 181%.

Newfoundland.

26 Geo. Ill, cap. 26. (Br. App., 555. 1786.)

Sec. II. No person concerned in fishery to use any seine or net for
catching cod by hauling on shore or tucking into a boat, with mesh
less than 4 inches.

Sec. 15. Forbids sale of boats, seines, bait, &c., to any alien.
Nova Scotia.

26 Geo. Ill, cap. 7. (Br. App., 591. 1786.)

Sec. 9. Justices to regulate manner of placing nets and seines in
havens, rivers, creeks, and harbours of province.

2258 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

1365 New Brunswick.

33 Geo. Ill, cap. 9. (Br. App., 595. 1793.)
By Lieutenant-Governor, Council and Assembly.

Sec. 1. No net or seine to be placed across any river, cove or creek
in the province so as to obstruct course of fish.

Sec. 9. No net in harbour of St. John more than 20 fathoms long,
and no net to be in water in any part of province between sunset on
Saturday and sunrise on Monday.

39 Geo. IV, cap. 5. (Br. App., 597. 1799.)

By Lieutenant-Governor, Council and Assembly.

Sec. 1. Repeals Act of 1793 as to County of Northumberland.

In Bay of Miramichi and its branches no net to be set in the bay
except as therein permitted (elaborate provisions as to length of nets
in different places). No net to be in water between sunset Saturday
and sunrise Monday.

Sec. 2. Penalty on any person who sets net in Miramichi Bay ex-
cept as permitted.

Sec. 9. Magistrates to make regulations for fishing in all other
rivers, coves and creeks in said County. [N. B. Whole of Miramichi
Bay in the County.']

50 Geo. Ill, cap. 20. (Br. App., 604. 1810.)
By President Council and Assembly.

Sec. 1. No net over certain size to be set in certain parts of the har-
bour of St. John.

Sec. 2. No net at Shag Rocks, nor any nets fastened together, nor
any drift net to be used in said harbour.

Sec. 3. No drift net more than 30 fathoms to be used above the
Boar's Head in River St. John. Drift nets to be 30 fathoms apart.
No nets in water between sunset Saturday and sunrise Monday.
Lower Canada.

Order by the King to Governor of Quebec. Recites Bay of Cha-
leurs in Province of Quebec. (Br. App., 554. 1785.)

Enables Governor to grant use of beach to His Majesty's subjects.

Directs Governor with consent of Provincial Council to establish
local regulations, to prevent disputes between fishermen resorting to
said beach.

Instructions to Governor of Province of Quebec. Regulations for
protection of fisheries in Gulf of St. Lawrence and on Labrador coast
required. (Br. App., 53. 1786.)

28 Geo. Ill, cap . 6. (Br. App., 592. 1788.)

By Governor and Legislative Council.

Recites Bay of Gaspe and Bay of Chaleurs in this Province.

Sec. 1. His Majesty's subjects to have freedom of taking bait and
fishing with liberty to land for curing fish in certain parts.

Sec. 2. Fishermen from Great Britain may reserve necessary parts
of beach.

Sec. 3. No person to rind trees or set fire to woods, or to hinder
hauling of seines or shoot seine within another seine.

Sec. 4. No ballast to be thrown in harbours, and no offal to be cast
into sea within £ leagues of shore.

APPENDICES TO OKAL ARGUMENTS. 2259

47 Geo. Ill, cap. 12. (Br. App., 600. 1807.) <

By the King with consent of Legislative Council and As-
sembly of Province of Lower Canada.

Sec. 1. Freedom to His Majesty's subjects to take bait and fish with
liberty to land for curing fish in certain parts.

Sec. 2. Fishermen from British dominions may reserve necessary
parts of unoccupied beach.

Sec. 3. No ballast into harbours and no offal into sea within 4
leagues of shore.

Sec. 4. No one to annoy or obstruct hauling of seines.
Sec. 15. Magistrates may make reasonable regulations respecting
the fisheries — particularly declare in what manner persons shall de-
mean themselves in fishing and with what manner of nets and en-
gines in said rivers and streams — and for regulating the manner of
placing seines and nets in havens, rivers, creeks and harbours in in-
ferior District of Gaspe — such regulations to be published — and to
apply to that part of such district to the west of Mackerel Point in

Bay of Chaleur (i. e. to whole of the Bay of Chaleur.)
1366 Between 1812 and W October, 1818.

New Brunswick.
58 Geo. Ill, cap. 2. (llth March). (Br. App., 605. 1818.)

By Lieutenant-Governor, Council and Assembly.
Prohibits casting of offal on or about coasts of Grand Manan or
into any other bay or harbour of this province in fishing grounds.
After 1818.

New Brunswick. (Non-treatv shores till treaty of 1854.)
4 Geo. IV, cap. 23. (Br. App., 607. "1823.)

By Lieutenant-Governor, Council and Assembly
Continues prohibition against seining in Bay of Miramichi, except
as provided in previous Acts.

9 & 10 Geo. IV, cap. 3. (Br. App., 609. 1829.)

By Lieutenant-Governor, Council and Assembly.
Continues above Act and preceding Act.
4 Wm. IV, cap. 31. (Br. App., 612. 1834.)

By Lieutenant-Governor, Council and Assembly.
Continues preceding Acts.
16 Viet., cap. 39. (Br. App., 623. 1853.)

By Lieutenant-Governor, Council and Assembly.
1. No net across mouths of havens, creeks or harbours in various
parishes in county of Charlotte, and no nets to be set in any such
harbour, extending over •£, &c., of some, or within 40 fathoms of each
other or within 20 fathoms of low water mark.
3. Fish weirs to have gates.

5. Power to appoint gurry grounds, and no offal to be thrown
overboard elsewhere, at or near Grand Manan.

Revised Statutes, cap. 101. (Br. App., 626. 1854.)

5. Governor in Council may grant leases for fishing-stations.

6. Governor in Council may make regulations for management
and protection of fisheries.

7. Gurry grounds for offal.

12. Limits seining in certain parishes.

2260 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

15. Close time for herrings.

[1855. Communicated to Marcy.'] (Br. App., 204-5.)

Lower Canada. (Non-treaty except Magdalen Island

and part of Labrador till treaty of 1854.)
4 Geo. IV, cap. 1. (Br. App., 607. 1824.)

By the King, with consent of Legislative Council and

Assembly.

1. His Majesty's subjects may take bait and fish, in creeks, har-
bours and roads, with liberty to land in inferior district of Gaspe,
county of Cornwallis, and part of county of Northumberland for
drying and curing.

3. No offal within 6 leagues from shores.

4. Not to obstruct hauling of nets.

6. Not to use caplin and spawn for manure.

18. Grand juries may make further regulations.

25. Regulations as to export of fish.

9. Geo. IV, cap. 42. (Br. App., 610. 1829.)

By the King, with consent of Legislative Council and
Assembly.

4. Grand juries may make regulations.

8. His Majesty's subjects may take bait and fish with liberty to
land for curing and drying, &c.

6. Wm. IV, cap. 57. (Br. App., 615. 1836.)

By the King, with consent of Legislative Council and

Assembly.

1. His Majesty's subjects may fish and land for curing. &c.
3. All ballast to be carried on shore and no offal within 6 leagues.

23. Grand Juries may make regulations.
1367 Newfoundland.

5. Geo. IV, cap. 51. (British Statute.) (Br. App., 567.
1824.)

1. 10 & 11 Wm. Ill, cap 25, and other Acts repealed.

2. No alien to fish in Newfoundland, always saving treaty rights.

3. His Majesty's subjects may travel to and fish at Newfoundland,
with liberty to land to cure fish.

5. No ballast to be thrown into harbours by any person whatso-
ever.

6. No person whatsoever to hinder hauling of nets in customary
baiting places or shoot his net within or upon another's net.

14. Governor may lease all " ship's rooms " not already disposed of.
2 Viet, cap. 7. (Br. App., 697. 1838.)

By Governor, Council and Assembly.
No ballast to be thrown into harbours or roadsteads.
25 Viet, cap. 2. (Br. App., 702. 1862.)

By Governor, Legislative Council and Assembly.

1. No persons to catch herring in seines on or near coast or in
any bays, harbours or other places from 20th October to 12th April,
and not at any time to seine for herring except by way of shooting
and forthwith tucking and hauling; but herrings may be taken by
nets in usual way and not used for inbarring.

2. From 20th December to 1st April, herring-nets must have
2 J -inch meshes.

APPENDICES TO OBAL AKGUMENTS. 2261

4. From 20th April to 20th October no herring or bait to be
caught for exportation within one mile of any settlement between
Cape Chapeau Rouge and Point Rosey. (Qy. South Coast.)

10. This Act not to affect treaty rights.

Consolidated Statutes, 1872, Viet. 27, cap. 102. (Br. App., 704.
1872.)

Amends and re-enacts 25 Viet, cap. 22.

18. Act not to affect treaty rights.

37. Viet., cap. 2. Act carrying into effect Treaty of Washington.
(1874.)

39 Viet, cap. 6. (Br. App., 707. 1876.)

3. No person to catch squid in seines.

4. No person to net herring, caplin, or squid between 12 p. M. Satur-
day and 12 p. M. Sunday.

No proviso saving treaty rights.

40 Viet, cap. 13. (Br. App., 707. 1877.)

4th sec. of 39 Viet., cap. 6, to apply to jigging for squid and to use
of any contrivance and to any mode of taking fish for bait.

No proviso saving treaty rights.

42 Viet, cap. 2. (Br. App., 708. 1879.)

1. No person to take herring by seine, &c., on or near coast or in
any bays, &c., from the 20th October to the 18th April, or at any
time to use seine for herring except by shooting and forthwith haul-
ing ; but herring may be taken in usual way — not used for inbarring.

No proviso saving treaty rights.

45 Viet, cap. 21. (Br. App., 709. 1882.)

1. No person to use trap for cod with meshes of less than 4 inches.

No proviso saving treaty rights.

47 Viet., cap. 8. (Br. App., 709. 1884.)

1. Owner of vessel owned and registered in Newfoundland, obtain-
ing customs clearance may take herring for bait on bank fishery, ex-
cept by inbarring.

7. Cod-traps to be 80 fathoms from any other cod-trap and 50
fathoms from any cod-net.

8. Cod-nets to be 50 fathoms from any cod-trap or cod-net.

9. Provisions against occupying fishing-ground without using it.
No proviso saving treaty rights.

48 Viet., cap. 5. (Br. App., 710. 1885.)

2. Mesh of cod-traps to be 4 inches.
No proviso saving treaty rights.

50 Viet, cap. 1. (Br. App., 711. 1887.)

1. Restrictions on catching bait for exportation without license.

Proviso saving treaty rights.
1368 51 Viet, cap. 9. (Br. App., 712. 1888.)
Amends 50 Viet, cap. 1.

52 Viet, cap. 6. (Br. App., 712. 1889.)

Repeals 1887 and 1888 Acts, and re-enacts and amends them.

Proviso saving treaty rights.

52 Viet, cap. 7. (Br. App., 717. 1889.)

Forms Fisheries Commission.

16. Power to make regulations as to methods of fishing, dose
time, &e.

No proviso saving treaty rights.

2262 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Regulations under 52 Viet., cap. 7. (Br. App., 718, 719. 1890-
1891.)

Stringent restrictions as to methods of fishing.
1890 rules not to apply to French coast (Regulation 31).
Consolidated Statutes, cap. 124. (Br. App., 725. 1892.)
Stringent regulations.
28. Proviso saving treaty rights.

Consolidated Statutes, cap. 129. (Br. App., 727. 1892.)
Restricting exportation and sale of bait-fishes.
22. Proviso saving treaty rights.
61 Viet, cap. 3. (Br. App., 731. 1898.)

9. Power to regulate fisheries, forbid destruction of fish and fishing
without licence.

10. Proviso saving treaty rights.

Regulations under 1898 Act.' (Br. App., 767. 1905.)
Regulations under 1898 Act. (Br. App., 760. 1908.)

5 Ed. VII, cap. 4. (Br. App., 757. 1905.)
Foreign Fishing Vessels Act.

§ 7. Proviso saving treaty rights.

6 Ed. VII, cap. 1. (Br. App'., 758. 1906.)
Foreign Fishing Vessels Act.

§ 14. Proviso saving treaty rights.
§ 17. Repeals Act of 1905.

United States — New Jersey.
General Statutes, 1896. (Br. App.," 785. 1826.)
Only resident citizens of New Jersey to seine.

Delaware.

Statutes, cap. 72. (Br. App., 788. 1871.)
§ 1. No fishing in Delaware Bay except by citizens of the State.
§ 8. June-August. Certain gill seines forbidden.
§ 9. Sunday fishing forbidden.

Maryland.

Statutes, cap!" 441. (Br. App., 793. 1896.)
Restricts netting in Chesapeake Bay.

NOTE.

As pointed out by Sir Robert Finlay, in his argument at p. 1154
fp. 198-9 supra~], the Appendices to the British Case and Counter-
Case do not contain all the laws passed since 1818 by the British Colo-
nies other than Newfoundland for the regulation of the fisheries.

The statutes of New Brunswick and Lower Canada subsequent to
1818, which appear in the Appendices, were printed not for the pur-
pose of showing the course of legislation in those colonies with refer-
ence to the regulation of the fisheries, but for other purposes, for
example, to show jurisdiction exercised over bays, or to give the pro-
visions of the statutes referred to in the Marcy Circular, &c.

Many other statutes regulating the fisheries were passed from time
to time by the Dominion of Canada and by the Colonies which after-
wards constituted the Dominion. If it is desired, a list of these
statutes and copies thereof will be furnished to the Tribunal and to
Counsel for the United States, and all proper opportunity will be
afforded for the examination of the volumes which contain these
statutes.

1369 APPENDIX (C).

Statement of Specific Provisions of certain Legislative and Execu-
tive Acts of Newfoundland and Canada called to the attention of
the Tribunal ~by the United States for action pursuant to Articles
2 and 3 of the special agreement of January 27, 1909.

I. Pursuant to the provisions of article 2 of the special agreement
of the 27th January, 1909, the United States calls the attention of
the Tribunal to certain provisions of the Acts specified in the note
of the 2nd June, 1909, from the Secretary of State of the United
States to the British Ambassador at Washington (United States
Counter-Case Appendix, p. 5.), which provisions are claimed by the
United States to be inconsistent with the true interpretation of the
treaty of 1818, if applied to American fishermen on the treaty
coasts, because even under the contention of Great Britain, as set out
in Question 1, they are not : —

(a) Appropriate or necessary for the protection and preservation
of such fisheries and the exercise of the rights of British subjects
therein and of the liberty which by the said article 1 the inhabitants
of the United States have therein in common with British subjects;

(£>) Desirable on grounds of public order and morals;

(c) Equitable and fair as between local fishermen and the inhabit-
ants of the United States exercising the said treaty liberty and not
so framed as to give unfairly an advantage to the former over the
later class,

and also because under the contention of the United States as set
out in such question they are not : —

(a) Appropriate and necessary for the protection and preservation
of the common rights in such fisheries and the exercise thereof; and

(5) Reasonable in themselves and fair as between local fishermen
and fishermen coming from the United States, and so framed as not
to give an advantage to the former over the latter class.

The specific provisions herein called to the attention of the Tribunal
are set out in the First and Second Schedules hereto annexed.

II. Pursuant to article 2 of the special agreement of the 27th
January, 1909, the United States calls upon the Tribunal to express
in its award its opinion upon the aforesaid provisions so specified and
called to its attention, and to point out in what respects they are in-
consistent with the principles laid down in the Award in reply to
Question 1.

III. If the Award of the Tribunal be in favour of the British con-
tention as stated in Question 1, the United States will ask that the
Tribunal refer to a commission of expert specialists for a report
thereon, in accordance with article 3 of the special agreement afore-
said, such of the specific provisions set forth in the First and Second
Schedules as require an examination of the practical effect thereof
in relation to the conditions surrounding the exercise of the liberty of

2263

2264 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHBEIES ARBITBATION.

fishery, or require expert information about the fisheries themselves,
for the determination of their appropriateness, necessity, reasonable-
ness, and fairness as defined in Question 1.

IV. The United States objects also to the provisions set out in the
First and Second Schedules, if applied to American fishermen on
the treaty coasts, because their appropriateness necessity, reason-
ableness, and fairness, within the meaning of subdivision (c) of the
contention of the United States, under Question 1, have not been
determined between the United States and Great Britain by common
accord, and the United States has not concurred in their enforcement.

Concurrence in the enforcement of regulations concerns particu-
larly the manner of their enforcement so as to secure impartiality
in administration, and to ensure their observance by Newfoundland,
Canadian, and British fishermen equally with American fishermen.

There are many other provisions to which, if applied to American
fishermen, the same objection on the part of the United States applies,
but it has not been deemed necessary to enumerate them because it
is assumed that the award upon Question 1 will dispose of this
ground of objection one way or the other.

It is not to be inferred that the Government of the United States
would refuse to subject American fishermen on the treaty coasts to
such regulations, provided that it is offered an opportunity to have
a voice regarding them.

V. Many other provisions of the acts specified in the aforesaid note
of the 2nd June, 1909, are deemed by the United States to be beyond
the competency of Canada, Newfoundland or Great Britain to en-
force against American fishermen without the consent of the United
States. As no instance has occurred of the enforcement thereof
against the fishermen of the United States, no question has yet arisen
regarding them. The United States has not been consulted regard-
ing them, or advised of the reasons for such regulations, and is not
called upon to determine whether such regulations would be reason-
able, necessary, or appropriate if applied to American fishermen on
the treaty coasts. The United States, therefore, considers that any
question under these regulations will oe a question hereafter arising
and subject to the provisions of article 4 of the special agree-
ment.

1370 VI. The United States assumes that the numerous provi-
sions in the statutes specified in the aforesaid note of the 2nd
June, 1909, which relate to customs regulations and to the imposi-
tion of light, harbor, and other dues reierred to in Questions 3 and 4
will be disposed of by the Award upon those Questions, but if not so
disposed of the United States considers that it will be entitled to
have the opinion of the Tribunal thereon specifically.

The specific provisions to which the United States calls the atten-
tion of the Tribunal in this connection are set out in the Third
Schedule hereto annexed.

FIRST SCHEDULE.

Specific provisions in respect of (1) the hours, days, or seasons
when fish may be taken on the treaty coasts, and (2) the methods,
means, and implements to be used in the taking of fish or in the car-

APPENDICES TO ORAL ABGUMENTS. 2265

rying on of fishing operations on the treaty coasts, which specific
provisions the United States claims are not appropriate, necessary,
reasonable, and fair, as defined in Question 1, if applied to American
fishermen on the treaty coasts: —

NEWFOUNDLAND.

Consolidated Statutes , 189%, Chapter 124*

1. No person shall haul, catch or take herrings by or in a seine or
other such contrivance, on or near any part of the coast of this colony
or its dependencies, or in any of the bays, harbours, or other places
therein, at any time between the twentieth day of October in any
year and the eighteenth day of April in the following year, or at any
time use a seine or other contrivance for the catching or taking of
herring, except by way of shooting and forthwith hauling the same,
under a penalty not exceeding two hundred dollars: Provided, that
nothing herein contained shall prevent the taking of herrings by
nets set in the usual and customary manner, and not used for in-
barring or enclosing herrings in a cove, inlet or other place. This
section shall not apply to the coast of Labrador.

2. The owners, masters, and other persons managing or controlling
vessels conveying herrings in bulk, between the twentieth day of
October in any year and the eighteenth day of April in the following
year, shall be deemed to have hauled, caught or taken such herrings
contrary to the provisions of the preceding section of this chapter,
unless such owner, master or other person aforesaid shall make proot
to the contrary.

5. Notwithstanding any of the provisions of this chapter it shall
be lawful for the owner of any vessel owned and registered in this
Colony, which shall be fully fitted out, supplied and ready to prose-
cute the Bank fishery, and shall have obtained a Customs' clearance
for the said fishery, to haul, catch and take herring at any time and
by any means, except by in-barring and enclosing such herring in a
cove, inlet or other place, to an extent not exceeding sixty barrels for
any one voyage, to be used as bait in prosecuting the said Bank
fishery in the said vessel.

12. No person shall, at any time haul, catch or take squids within,
or by means of any seine, bunt, or other such contrivances.

13. No person shall, between the hours of twelve o'clock on Sat-
urday night and twelve o'clock on Sunday night take or catch in any
manner whatever or by any contrivance whatsoever, any herring,
caplin, squid, or any other bait fish, or set or put out any contrivance
whatsoever, for the purpose of taking or catching herring, caplin,
squid or other bait fish.

23. After two years from the ninth day of May, 1888, it shall be
unlawful for any person to use any cod-trap, for the purpose of
catching or taking any cod-fish on the coast of this colony or its
dependencies.

A ct of March 3, 1898. (61 Viet., cap. 3.)

9. The Governor in Council may, from time to time, make regula-
tions for the better management and regulation of the sea, coast, and
92909°— VOL 12—13 3

2266 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

inland fisheries, to prevent or remedy the obstruction and pollution
of streams, to regulate and prevent fishing, to prohibit the destruction
of fish, and to forbid fishing except under authority of leases or
licenses; which regulations shall have the same force and effect as if
herein enacted, and may fix such modes, times or places as are
deemed by the Governor in Council adapted to different localities, or
otherwise expedient.

Fishing Rules and Regulations, 1908.

Lobster Fishery.

9. (As amended.) No person shall spear or hook lobsters or use
hand traps in the waters of this Colony, nor shall any person pur-
chase, can, or in any way use or export lobsters so taken.

Herring Fishery.

19. Herring may be caught in nets or hauled in seines, and other
contrivances, under the conditions and in the manner prescribed by
these rules, and not otherwise.

20. ... No purse seine shall be used in the waters of Newfound-
land.

1371 21. Unless otherwise provided, no person shall use a seine
for the purpose of catching herring in any of the waters of
Newfoundland, except exclusively for bait and for immediate use
for that purpose in the fisheries, between the first day of April and
the first day of August in any year.

23. No person shall catch or take herring in a seine between the
hours of twelve o'clock on Saturday night and twelve o'clock on
Sunday night, under a penalty not exceeding one hundred dollars.

25. No herring seine or herring trap shall be used for the purpose
of taking herring on that part of the coast from Cape La Hune on
the West Coast, and running by the West and North through the
Straits of Belle Isle to Cape John.
Cod Fishery.

51. Any person using a herring seine or caplin seine on the coast
of this Island to take or haul cod-fish shall be guilty of a violation
of these rules.

62. No bultows shall be used on the fishing grounds from Cape La
Hune to Cape Ray, both inclusive, in the district of Burgeo and La
Poile.

63. (As amended). No person shall place in the waters of the
Labrador Coast, any cod-trap, or cod-trap leader or mooring, nor
shall it be lawful for any person to put out any contrivance whatso-
ever for the purpose of securing a trap-berth on that portion of the
coast : — from Blanc Sablon to Gull Island, near the north-east point
of Square Island, before noon of the first day of June; nor from
Gull Island to a line drawn east and west (magnetic) from Colling-
ham Island in Table Bay, before noon of the fifth day of June; nor
from Collingham Island to Cape Porcupine before noon of the tenth
day of June; nor from Cape Porcupine to Red Point on Byron's
Island before noon of the fifteenth day of June ; nor from Red Point
to a line drawn east and west from a point two miles north-east of
East Turnavik before noon of the twentieth day of June ; nor from
Turnavik to a line drawn east and west from Thumb Island near

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2267

Cape Harrigan before noon of the fifth day of July; nor from
Thumb Island north, before noon of the tenth day of July in any
year. Provided that when any of the above dates fall on Sunday it
shall be lawful to set the cod-trap or cod-trap leader, at or after
noon on the day previous (Saturday). If any person shall set a
cod-trap leader on the fishing grounds after the above dates, in order
to secure the place for the setting of his cod-trap, and such person
shall fail to set such cod-trap within four days after setting out
such leader, it shall be lawful for any other person who may desire
to secure the place where such leader was so set out for the setting
of his (the latter's) cod-trap, to remove such leader, and then set
his own leader or cod-trap in place thereof, and the latter shall be
subject also to the provisions of this section as against any other
who may so desire to set a leader of cod-trap ; provided that if any
person after setting his cod-trap leader shall be bond -fide prevented
by stress of weather or ice from setting his cod-trap within the said
four days, such period shall be computed from the time at which
the weather or ice shall permit of his setting such cod-trap.

No bultows or trawls shall be used before the fifteenth day of Au-
gust in any year on the fishing grounds within three miles of the
Coast of Labrador or Islands on said Coast between a line to be
drawn south-east from Cape Charles and a line drawn from east and
west from White Islands in Domino Run.

No cod-trap shall be set in Blackguard Bay, Labrador, except from
the mainland or islands and rocks above water, inside a line to be
drawn from Curlew Point, thence to Long Island Head to the north-
west end of the Western Hare Island.

64. The use of cod-traps is entirely prohibited in Port-au-Port
Bay ; that is to say, in East and West Bay, and extending from Long
Point (or the Bar) to Bear Head, north of Serpentine River, in the
District of St. George.

(Added.) The use of trawls of bultows is prohibited on the fishing
grounds inside one mile from the shore in Pinnaire Bay in the Straits
of Belle Isle.

General.

77 No person shall, at any time, in the waters of New-
foundland, haul, catch, or take squid within or by means of any
seine, bunt, or other such contrivance.

78. No person shall between the hours of twelve o'clock on Satur-
day and twelve o'clock on Sunday night, take or catch in any manner
whatsoever, any herring, caplin, squid, or any other bait fish, or set
or put out any contrivance whatsoever, for the purpose of taking
or catching herring, caplin, squid, or other bait fish. Caplain may be
taken for fertilizing purposes by farmers or their employees during
the usual season.

79. No person shall dig, take, buy, sell, ship or put. or assist in
shipping or putting on board any boat, ship or vessel, or carry in or
on board of any ship, vessel or boat, any clams, mussels, scallops,
cock-and-hens, or other shell fish, for the purpose of exportation, or
for any other purpose, except that of being bond fide for bait for the
fisheries of this Colony, or of the same as prosecuted therefrom, or
under a foreign fishing license in accordance with the rules thereon :
Provided that any such shell fish may be taken for local food pur-
poses and for boiling and canning.

2268 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

CANADA.

Revised Statutes, 1906, Chapter Ifi.

Whale Fishing.— 9.

No one shall at any time engage in the manufacture from whales
of oil or other commercial products, and no vessel or boat shall be
employed in the whale fishery, except under license from the Min-
ister.

1372 6. The fee charged on each such license shall be eight hun-
dred dollars for the first year, one thousand dollars for the sec-
ond year, and twelve hundred dollars for the third and each ensuing
year, and the fee on all subsequent licenses for the same factory shall
be twelve hundred dollars; such fee shall be payable to the Min-
ister of Marine and Fisheries, first on the issue of the license, and
on the first day of July in each year thereafter: Provided, that the
Governor in Council, after the first two years, may exact, in lieu of
such fee, a sum equal to two per centum of the gross earnings of
each factory, which shall be payable as aforesaid.

9. Boats known as tow-boats shall not be used by anyone in the
prosecution of the whaling industry, and no vessel other than the
vessel from which the whales have been captured or killed, shall, by
any method or contrivance, bring or tow into port any whale for
manufacture or other purpose ; but nothing in this section shall pre-
vent any one, other than the holder of a license, or his employees,
from towing any dead whale to land, and having it maniiiacturea
or otherwise disposing of it in accordance with the provisions of
this section.

General Prohibitions.

47. No one shall fish for, take, catch or kill fish in any water, or
along any beach, or within any fishing limits, described in any lease
or license, or place, use, draw or set therein any fishing gear or appa-
ratus, except by permission of the occupant under such lease or
license for the time being, or shall disturb or injure any fishery:
Provided that the occupation of any fishing station or waters so
leased or licensed for the express purpose of net fishing shall not
interfere with the taking of bait used for cod-fishing, or prevent
angling for other purposes than those of trade and commerce.

(7.) No one shall use a bag-net, trap-net or fish pound, except un-
der a special license, granted for capturing deep-sea fish other than
salmon.

(14.) From the time of low water nearest six of the clock in the
afternoon of every Saturday, to the time of low water nearest six of
the clock in the forenoon of every Monday, in tidal waters, and
from six of the clock in the afternoon of every Saturday to six of
the clock in the forenoon of the following Mondaj7, in non-tidal
waters, all sedentary fishing stations and weirs, and all pound and
trap-nets, seines, gill-nets and other apparatus used for catching fish,
whejther under license or not, shall be so raised, closed or adapted as
to admit of the free passage of fish through, by or out of such appa-
ratus; and during such close time no one shall catch fish in such
apparatus, whether under license or not.

APPENDICES TO DEAL ARGUMENTS. 2269

48. No one shall use purse seines for the capture of fish in any of
the waters of Canada : Provided, that the Minister may issue special
fishery licenses for the use of purse seines in certain waters in the
Province of British Columbia specified in the said licenses. (3 Edw.
VII, cap. 23, sec. 2.)

Order-in-Oouncil, September 12, 1907, promulgating Fishery Regu-
lations.

GENERAL FISHERY REGULATIONS.

Sec. 5. — Lobster Fishery.

13. No one shall prepare to fish for lobsters by placing or setting
any buoys, lines or other gear used in connection with such fishing,
before six o'clock in the morning of the day on which it is lawful to
take or catch lobsters in the locality affected.

Sec. 7. — Quahaug or Hard-shell Clams.

1. No one shall fish for or catch hard-shell clams or quahaugs with-
out a license from the Minister of Marine and Fisheries. The fee
on each such license shall be one dollar per season.

SPECIAL FISHERY REGULATIONS. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.

Sec. 5.— Cod.

No person shall carry on cod-fishing with seines at a less distance
than one-half mile from any fishing grounds where fishing boats are
anchored, and fishermen are actually engaged in fishing for cod-fish
with hooks and lines.

Cod- fishing in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Quebec).

1. Fishing by means of cod trap-nets without a license from the
Minister of Marine and Fisheries is prohibited in the waters of the
Gulf of St. Lawrence.

4. The leader of each cod trap-net shall, in every case, extend from
the shore, and any fishery Officer may determine in writing, or orally,
the length of the leader that shall be used.

6. The fee on cod trap-nets shall be fifty cents for each fathom in
length of leader, and such fee shall be payable in advance.
Sec. 8. — Herring.

1. (a.) Fishing by means of herring trap nets without a license
from the Minister of Marine and Fisheries is prohibited in the waters
of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

(d.) The leader of each herring trap-net shall in every case extend
from the shore, and any fishery Officer may determine in writing, or

orally, the length of leader that shall be used.

1373 (<O The fee on herring trap-nets shall be fifty cents on each
fathom in length of leader, and such fee shall be payable in
advance.

Sec. 9. — Leases and Licenses.

Fishing by means of nets or other apparatus without leases or
licenses from the Minister of Marine and Fisheries, under the pro-
visions of the " Fisheries Act " and section 8 thereof, or from some

2270 NOBTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHEKIES ABBITBATIOK.

duly authorized officer of the Government of the Province of Quebec,
is prohibited in the Province of Quebec.

Sec. 18. — Salmon.

2. From the time of low water nearest six o'clock in the afternoon
of every Saturday to the tune of low water nearest six o'clock in the
forenoon of every Monday no one shall fish for, catch or kill salmon
in tidal waters.

Specific provisions in respect of other matters relating to fishing
of a similar character to those mentioned in subdivisions (1) and (2)
of Question 1, which specific provisions the United States claims
are not appropriate, necessary, reasonable and fair, as defined in
Question 1, if applied to American fishermen on the treaty coasts.

NEWFOUNDLAND.

Act of June 16, 1905.

1. Any Justice of the Peace, Sub-collector, Preventive Officer,
Fishery Warden or Constable, may go on board any foreign fishing
vessel being within any port on the coasts of this Island or hovering
in British waters within three marine miles of any of the coasts,
bays, creeks or harbours in this Island, and may bring such foreign
vessel into port, may search her cargo and may examine the master
upon oath touching the cargo and voyage; and the master or person
in command shall answer truly such questions as shall be put to him
under a penalty not exceeding five hundred dollars. And if such
foreign fishing vessel has on board any herring, caplin, squid, or
other bait fishes, ice, lines, seines, or other outfits or supplies for the
fishery, purchased within any port on the coasts of this Island or
within the distance of three marine miles from any of the coasts,
bays, creeks, or harbours of this Island, or if the master of the said
vessel shall have engaged or attempted to engage, any person to form
part of the crew of the said vessel in any port or on any part of the
coasts of this Island, or has entered such waters for any purpose not
permitted by treaty or convention for the time being in force, such
vessel and the tackle, rigging, apparel, furniture, stores and cargo
thereof shall be forfeited.

3. In any prosecution under this Act, the presence on board any
foreign fishing vessel in any port of this Island, or within British
waters aforesaid, of any caplin, squid, or other bait fishes, of ice, *
lines, seines, or other outfits or supplies for the fishery, shall be
primd facie evidence of the purchase of the said bait fishes and sup-
plies and outfits within such port or waters.

FisMng Rules and Regulations, 1908.

Herring Fishery.
39. No person shall place herring on a scaffold in warm weather.

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2271

CANADA.

Revised Statutes, 1906, Chapter %5.

Powers of Fishery Officers and other Justices.
69. Every subject of His Majesty may use vacant public property,
such as by law is common and accessory to public rights of fishery
and navigation, for the purposes of landing, salting, curing and dry-
ing fish, and may cut wood thereon for such purposes, and no other
person shall occupy the same station unless it has been abandoned
by the first occupant for twelve consecutive months; and at the ex-
piration of that period any new occupier shall pay the value of
flakes and stages and other property thereon, of which he takes pos-
session, or the buildings and improvements may be removed by the
original owner.

Revised Statutes, 1906, Chapter 47.

Boarding and Search.

5. Any commissioned officer of His Majesty's navy, serving on
board any vessel of His Majesty's navy cruising and being in the
waters of Canada for the purpose of affording protection to His
Majesty's subjects engaged in the fisheries, or any commissioner offi-
cer of His Majesty's navy, fishery officer or stipendarv magistrate,
on board of any vessel belonging to or in the service or the Govern-
ment of Canada, and employed in the service of protecting

1374 the fisheries, or any officer of the Customs of Canada, sheriff,
justice of the peace or other person duly commissioned for
that purpose may go on board of any ship, vessel or boat within any
harbour in Canada, or hovering in British waters within three ma-
rine miles of any of the coasts, bays, creeks, or harbours in Canada, or
in or upon the inland waters of Canada, and stay on board so long as
she remains within such harbour or distance. R. S., c. 94, s. 2.

6. Any one of the officers or persons herein before mentioned, may
bring any ship, vessel, or boat, being within any harbour in Canada,
or hovering in British waters, within three marine miles of any of
the coasts, bays, creeks or harbours in Canada, or in or upon the in-
land waters of Canada, into port, and search her cargo, and may also
examine the master or person in command upon oath touching the
cargo and voyage. R. S., c. 94, s. 3 and 20.

Ordw-in-Counctt, September 12, 1907, pro-nwlgating Fishery Regu-
lations.

GENERAL FISHERY REGULATIONS.

Sec. 5. — Lobster Fishery.

12. No one shall, for canning purposes, boil lobsters on board any
ship, vessel, boat or floating structure of any description what-
ever, except under special license from the Minister of Marine and
Fisheries.

THIRD SCHEDULE.

Specific provisions in respect of customs regulations, and light,
harbour, and other dues referred to in Questions 3 and 4, which are

2272 NOBTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

claimed by the United States to be inconsistent with the true interpre-
tation of the treaty if applied to American fishermen and executed
against them in such a manner as to restrict them in the free exercise
of their treaty liberties and privileges.

NEWFOUNDLAND.

Act of March 30, 1898.

Report and Entry Inwards.

22. The master of every vessel coming from any port or place out
of this Colony, or coastwise, and entering any port in this Colony,
whether laden or in ballast, shall go without delay, when such vessel
is anchored or moored, to the Custom House for the port or place of
entry where he arrives, and there make a report in writing to the
collector or other proper officer, of the arrival and voyage of such
vessel, stating her name, country and tonnage, the port of registry,
the name of the master, the country of the owners, the number and
names of the passengers, if any, the number of the crew, and whether
the vessel is laden or in ballast, and if laden, the marks and numbers
of every package and parcel of goods on board, and of the sorts of
goods and the different kinds of each sort contained therein, and
where the same was laden, and the particulars of any goods stowed
loose, and where and to whom consigned, and where any, and what
goods, if any, have been laden or unladen, or bulk has been broken
during the voyage, what part of the cargo and the number and names
of the passengers which are intended to be landed at that port, and
what and whom at any other port in this Colony, and what part of
the cargo, if any, is intended to be exported in the same vessel, and
what surplus stores remain on board, as far as any of such particu-
lars are or can be known to him.

Entry Outwards.

96. Except as provided by section 112, the master of every vessel
bound outwards from any port in this Colony to any port or place
out of this Colony, or on any voyage to any place within or without
the limits of this Colony, or coastwise, shall deliver to the collector
or other proper officer a report in writing outwards under his hand,
of the destination of such vessel, stating her name, country, and ton-
nage, the port of registry, the name of the master, the country of the
owners and the number of the crew ; . . .

97. The master of every vessel, whether in ballast or laden shall,
before departure, come before the collector, or other proper officer,
and answer all such questions concerning the vessel, and the cargo,
if any, and the crew, and the voyage, as are demanded of him by such
officer, and if required, shall make his answers or any of them part
of the declaration made under his hand. . . .

98. If any vessel departs from any port or place in this Colony
without a clearance, or if the master delivers a false content, or does
not truly answer the questions demanded of him, * * * the
master shall incur a penalty of four hundred dollars ; and the vessel
shall be detained in any port in this Colony until the said penalty is
paid; and unless payment is made within twenty days, such vessel
may, after the expiration of such delay, be sold to pay such penalty,

APPENDICES TO DEAL ARGUMENTS. 2273

and any expenses incurred in detaining, keeping and selling such
vessel.

112. Entry outwards of any vessel bound from the coasts of Lab-
rador to any place out of this Colony, shall be made according to
sections ninety-six and ninety-seven of this Act : Provided that should
the master of any vessel by reason of the absence of the collector or
by reason of his inability to reach the collector, be prevented
1375 from clearing his vessel in conformity with the provisions
of the above-quoted sections of this Act, the owners, shippers
or consignors of the cargo on board such vessel shall deliver to the
collector at St. John's at the earliest opportunity, an entry, in the
form required by section one hundred of this Act, of such parts of
the cargo as have been shipped by them respectively, and in case of
such person neglecting or refusing to deliver such entry to the col-
lector at St. John's, they shall incur a penalty of two hundred
dollars.

Protection of the Revenue.

118. If any vessel is found hovering in British waters, within one
league of the coasts or shores of this Colony, any officer of Customs
may go on board and enter into such vessel, and stay on board such
vessel whiie she remains within the limits of this Colony or within
one league thereof; and if any such vessel is bound elsewhere, and
so continues hovering for the space of twenty-four hours after the
master has been by such officer of Custom, required to depart, such
officer may bring the vessel into port, and examine her cargo, and if
any goods, the importation of which into this Colony is prohibited
are on board, such vessel, with her apparel, rigging, tackle, furniture,
stores and cargo, shall be seized and forfeited; and if the master or
person in charge refuses to comply with the lawful directions of
such officer, or does not truly answer such questions as are put to
him, respecting such ship or vessel or her cargo, he shall incur a
penalty of four hundred dollars.

121. If any vessel enters any place other than a port of entry, unless
from stress of weather or other unavoidable cause, any dutiable
goods on board thereof, except those of an innocent owner, shall
be seized and forfeited, and the vessel, if of less value than eight
hundred dollars, may be seized, and the master or person in charge
thereof shall incur a penalty not exceeding four hundred dollars,
and the vessel may be detained until such penalty is paid ; and unless
payment is made within thirty days, such vessel, may, after the ex-
piration of such delay, be sold to pay such penalty, and any expenses
incurred in making the seizure and in the safe keeping and sale of
such vessel.

122. If any vessel worth more than eight hundred dollars, enters
any place other than a port of entry, unless from stress of weather
or other unavoidable cause, and dutiable goods on board thereof
except those of an innocent owner, shall be seized and forfeited, and
the vessel may be seized, and the master or person in charge thereof
shall incur a penalty of eight hundred dollars; and the vessel may
be detained until such penalty is paid ; and unless payment is made
within thirty days, such vessel may, after the expiration of such
delay, be sold to pay such penalty, and any expenses incurred in
making the seizure in the safe keeping and sale of such vessel.

2274 NOBTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES AKBITBATION.

Act of July 19, 1899 — An Act relating to Light Dues.

1. Upon every merchant vessel or ship entering any port or place
within this colony, other than coasting, sealing or fishing vessels
owned and registered in this colony, there shall be levied and paid
once in every calendar year (but not oftener than once in three
months) the following duty or rate per registered ton, that is to
say : — At the rate of twenty-four cents per ton up to and including
500 tons, and twelve cents per ton additional on even' ton over
500 up to and including 1,000 tons, and six cents per ton additional on
every ton over 1,000 tons and up to and including 2,000 tons. On
no snip or vessel shall a greater rate than two hundred and forty
dollars be levied in any one calendar year or oftener than once in
three months.

9. Any officer duly authorized by law to collect rates or dues under
this Act may go on board any vessel, being within three miles of any
part of the coasts of this colony, and stay on board while she remains
in port or within such distance, and may, in addition to the powers
and procedure prescribed in section 5 of this Act, bring into port and
detain such vessel until payment or satisfaction of all light dues by
law recoverable.

CANADA.

Revised Statutes, 1906, Chapter 48.

16. The master of every vessel coming from any port or place out
of Canada, or coastwise, and entering any port in Canada, whether
laden or in ballast, shall go without delay, when such vessel is
anchored or moored, to the Custom-house for the port or place of
entry where he arrives, and there make a report in writing to the col-
lector or other proper officer, of the arrival and voyage of such vessel.

96. The master of every vessel bound outwards from any port in
Canada to any port or place out of Canada, or on any voyage to any
place within or without the limits of Canada, coastwise or by in-
land navigation, shall deliver to the collector or other proper officer
a report outwards under his hand of the destination of such vessel,
stating her name, country and tonnage, the port of registry, the name
of the master, the country of the owners and the number of the
crew.

98. The master of every vessel whether in ballast, or laden, shall,
before departure, come before the collector or other proper officer,
and answer all such questions concerning the vessel and the cargo,
if any, and the crew and the voyage, as are demanded of him by
such officer, and, if required, shall make his answers or any of them
part of the declaration made under his hand.

1376 Revised Statutes, 1906, Chapter 113.

Pilotage Dues.

430. The Governor in Council may from time to time, make the
payment of pilotage dues compulsory or not compulsory, within the
limits of any pilotage district fixed by the Governor in Council under
this Part. R. S., c. 80, s. 13.

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2275

471. No Customs officer shall grant a clearance to any ship liable
to pilotage dues at any port in Canada, where there is a duly con-
stituted pilotage authority which collects the pilotage dues and at
which pilotage dues are payable, until there has been produced to
such Customs officer a certificate from the pilotage authority of the
district or some officer or person authorized by such authority to grant
the same, that all pilotage dues in respect to such ship have been paid
or settled for to the satisfaction of such authority. R. S., c. 80, s. 53.

Compulsory Payment of Pilotage Dues and Exemptions.

475. Every ship which navigates within either of the pilotage dis-
tricts of Quebec, Montreal, Halifax or St. John, or within any pilot-
age district within the limits of which the payment of pilotage dues
is, for the time being, made compulsory by order in council under this
Part shall pay pilotage dues, unless, —

(a) such ship is on her inward voyage and no licensed pilot offers
his services as a pilot ; or

(6) she is exempted under the provisions of this Part, from pay-
ment of such dues. R. S., c. 80, s. 58.

476. If such ship is on her outward voyage and the owner or master
of such ship does not employ a pilot or give his ship into the charge
of a pilot, such dues shall be paid, if in the pilotage district of Quebec,
to the Quebec Pilots Corporation, and, if in any other pilotage district
to the pilotage authority of such district. R. S., c. 80, s. 58.

APPENDIX (D).

Note on Legislation as to Light Dues and Customs Regulations
referred to by Sir William Robson, July ##, 1910.

Legislation as to, —
Light dues.
Customs regulations.

» 1.OX*

ii)

(A.>— BEFORE 1783.

(1.) Light dues, &c.

Massachusetts, 1715, cap. 4, sees. 2 and 5, imposed dues for erection
and maintenance of lighthouse at Boston Harbour. Coasting and
fishing-boats to pay on a lower scale. (B. C. App., 773. 1715.)

Massachusetts, 1751, cap. 2. All vessels to pay additional dues,
proportioned to tonnage, tor repairing damage to lighthouse. (B. C.
App., 774. 1751.)

Nova Scotia^ 23 Geo. II, cap. 2. Merchant vessels to pay dues for
maintaining lighthouse on Sambro Island; fishing- vessels exempt.
(B. C. App., 587. 1759.)

Massachusetts, 1771, cap. 35, sec. 1. All vessels to pay dues for
erection of a lighthouse at Matchen Island. Scale of dues as in Act
of 1715. (B. C. App., 774. 1771.)

Massachusetts, 1774, cap. 2. All vessels of 15 tons and upwards to
pay dues for maintenance of lighthouse on Brant Point. (B. C.
App., 775. 1774.)

(This Act recites that the burden of these dues " ought in equity
to be borne by all vessels receiving advantage from that light, be-
longing to strangers as well as to the said inhabitants.")
(2.) Customs regulations.

13 & 14 Chas. II, cap. 11, required masters of all vessels arriving in
England forthwith to enter at Customs. (B. C. C. App., 209.
1662.)

7 cfe 8 Wm. Ill, cap. 22, applied the provisions of the foregoing
Act to all vessels arriving in British Colonies in America. (B. C.
App., 521. 1696.) .-

4 Geo. Ill, cap. 15, gives power to revenue authorities to visit and
expel anv foreign vessel hovering within 2 leagues of coast of a
colony. *(B. C. App., 531. 1763.)

7 Geo. Ill, cap. 46? provides for entry and clearance of all vessels
arriving at any British Colony in America or departing therefrom,
and for declaration on oath by the master as to the business, destina-
tion, and cargo of his vessel. (B. C. C. App., 221. 1767.)

(N. B. — The provisions of section 9 of this Act are substan-
tially those now in force in Canada, Newfoundland, and United
States.)
2276

APPENDICES TO DEAL ARGUMENTS. 2277

1377 Nova Scotia, 8 & 9 Geo. Ill, cap. 18. "All masters of ships,
coasting, fishing, and all other vessels " to make report within
twenty- four hours of arrival and declaration on oath as to alcoholic
liquors. (B. C. C. App., 233. 1769.)

15 Geo. Ill, cap. 31 (Imperial Act, 1755). Passed with the ob-
ject of encouraging English seamen to engage in the Newfoundland
fishery, exempts such seamen so engaging (section 7) from " entry
at the customs-house at Newfoundland, except a report to be made by
the master on his first arrival there, and on his clearing out from
thence " — a fee not exceeding 2s. Qd. to be taken for each report. By
section 8 any fishing-vessel clearing out with any goods on board,
except fish or fish-oil, is to be subject to all the usual " securities, re-
strictions, and regulations " — which would include the heavy fees
imposed under 5 Geo. Ill, cap. 45, sec. 27. (B. C. App., 545. 1775.

B. C. C. App., 219. 1765.)

(B.)— 1783-1818.

(1.) Light dues, &c. „

Nova Scotia, 28, Geo. Ill, cap. 3. levies light dues on all mer-
chant-vessels entering or leaving Shelburne Harbour, other than
coasting or fishing- vessels belonging to the province (coasting and
fishing-vessels not belonging to the province being apparently in-
cluded in the term " merchant-vessels.") (B. C. App., 591. 1787.)

New Brunswick, 28 Geo. Ill, cap. 4- Imposes dues for support of
lighthouse at port of St. John upon all vessels other than coasting
or fishing- vessels belonging to the said port. (B. C. App., 593.
1788.)

Nova Scotia, 33 Geo. Ill, cap. 16, enacted that all registered vessels
owned by any person within the province and not wholly employed
in the fisheries thereof, which did not come into the harbour at Hali-
fax or Shelburne and pay dues there, should pay 4d. per ton in the
port to which they belonged. (B. C. App., 594. 1793.)

Collectors of dues appointed in the various ports, and penalties
of fine and detention imposed for refusal to pay.

Nova Scotia, 35 Geo. Ill, cap. 3, amending the last Act; dues to
be payable on arrival. (B. C. App., 597. 1795.)

Imperial Act, 42 Geo. Ill, cap. 43, imposes harbour dues in North
American colonies. (B. C. App., 563. 1802.)

Nova Scotia, 43 Geo. Ill, cap. 5, levied dues for maintenance of
lighthouse at Annapolis on same scale as those at Halifax ; dues levi-
able at Shelburne placed on same basis. (B. & App., 600. 1803.)

United States, 1804-, cap. 57, imposes dues on all foreign vessels
entering any port of United States. No exemption for fishing ves-
sels. (B. C. App., 783. 1804.)

Nova Scotia, 49 Geo. Ill, cap. 9. All vessels entering Bay of
Fundy to pay dues for support of lighthouse at Briar Islanu, as
payable at Halifax. (B. C. App., 602. 1809.)

New Brunswick, 50 Geo. Ill, cap. 5, imposes dues for maintaining
beacons, buovs, &c., on all vessels entering Miramichi and certain
other bays. "(B. C. App., 603. 1810.)

Nova Scotia, 52 Geo. Ill, cap. 4-, levies dues at Liverpool Harbour
for support of lighthouse at Coffin's Island ; rates as at Halifax. (R.

C. App., 604. 1812.)

2278 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

(2.) Customs regulations.

Prince Edward Island, 25 Geo. Ill, cap. 4, sec. 4. "All master*
of ships, coasting, fishing, and all other vessels " to make report
within twenty-four hours, and declaration on oath as to alcoholic
liquors. (B. C. App., 588. 1785.)

United States, 1789, cap. 5. Master of every foreign vessel to
report and deliver manifest within forty-eight hours of arrival.
(B. C. App., 777. 1789.)

United States, 1790, cap. 35. Report to be made within twenty-
four hours by master of every vessel, and clearance to be obtained
before departure. Revenue officers to nave power to board and search
any vessel in harbour or within 4 leagues of coast (B. C. App., 779.
1790.)

United States, 1793, cap. 8, sec. 21. Any fishing- vessel intending to
touch and trade must obtain leave, make entry, and deliver manifest.
(B. C. App., 782. 1793.)

United States, 1799, cap. 22, sec. 60. Master of every foreign vessel
compelled by distress or other necessity to put into any port of
United States must report in writing within twenty-four hours. (B.
C. App. 782. 1799.)

New Brunswick, 47 Geo. Ill, cap. 10, sec. 3. Master of " any ship
or vessel " to make report within twenty-four hours of arrival. (B.
C. C. App., 234. 1807.)

N. B. — It appears from report and table of fees taken by customs
officers in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in 1790 that anchorage
fees were charged, and that there was a customs-house at Newfound-
land as early as 1762. (B. C. C. App., 171.)

(C.)— 1818-1910.

(1.) Light dues, &c.

Newfoundland, 4 Wm. IV, cap. 4, imposed dues for maintenance
of lighthouse at St. John's upon all vessels except coasting and fish-
ing-vessels. (B. C. App., 694. 1834.)

Newfoundland Acts of 1835, 1839, 1852, imposed dues on all vessels,
but coasting and fishing vessels were to pay on a lower scale. (B. C.

App., 695, 697, 699.)

1378 Subsequent Acts of 1855, 1872, and 1878, and the Act now in
force in Newfoundland (62 & 63 Viet., cap. 19), exempt from
light dues coasting and fishing-vessels owned and registered in the
colony. (B. C. App., 700, 703: 708. B. C. App., 754. 1899.)

Act of 1892, exempting fishing-vessels from payment of Harbour
dues at St. John's. (B. C. App., 724. 1892.)

Nova Scotia Acts of 1819, 1822. ("All vessels and ships of every
country, kind, and description ") impose dues for maintenance of
lights on Coffin Island and Cranberry Island respectively. (B. C.
App., 605, 606. 1819, 1822.)

Nova Scotia Act of 1834, imposes light dues on " all coasting and
fishing-vessels." (B. C. App., 612. 1834.)

Nova Scotia Act of 1838, gives partial relief from light dues to
vessels registered in the Province and engaged in coasting or fishing.
(B. C. App., 616. 1838.)

Nova Scotia Act of 1845, gives reduction of light dues to registered
vessels of the Province. (B. C. App., 619. 1845.)

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2279

Nova Scotia Act of 1852 to the same effect. (B. C. App., 621.
1852.)

New Brunswick Acts of 1832, 1833, exempts from light dues
coasters and fishing- vessels wholly employed in Bay of Funday; but
if they make voyages outside the Bay dues are to be paid. (B. C.
App., 610, 611. 1832, 1833.)

Prince Edward Island Acts of 1852 and 1856, impose light and
anchorage dues on all vessels, with an abatement to registered vessels
of the colony. (B. C. App., 621, 627. 1856.)

United States Act of 1886, imposes light dues on all vessels coming
from North- America or Newfoundland ports. (B. C. App., 792.
1886.)

(2.) Customs regulations.

United States, 1866, cap. 201, sec. 41, compels the master of any
foreign vessel to report on arriving in the waters of the United States
at the custom-house nearest to the point at which he entered such
waters. This Act was in force without modification during the cur-
rency of the Treaty of Washington. (B C. App., 788. 1866.)

Canada. Existing regulations are embodied in the Act of 1906,
cap. 48. See especially sees. 13, 14, 16, 96, 98, 99, and 125. (B. C.
App., 649. 1906.)

The Act of 1906, cap. 113, sees. 849, 850, 862, relate to harbour dues.

Newfoundland. Existing regulations are embodied in 61 Viet.,
cap. 13. See especially sees. 18, 22, 96, 97, 98, 99, 109, 112. (B. C.
App., 733. 1898.)

The exemption conferred by sec. 109 upon fishing and coasting ves-
sels is limited by 7 Edw. VII, cap 28, to fishing vessels. (B. C. App.,
759, 1907.)

APPENDIX (E).

Correspondence respecting the Award of the Halifax Fisheries

Commission.

No. 1. — Mr. Evarts to Mr. Welsh. — (Communicated to the Marquis
of Salisbury by Mr. Welsh, October 10, 1878.)

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
WASHINGTON, September 27, 1878.

SIR, I am directed by the President to present to the attention of
Her Majesty's Government the sentiments of this Government re-
specting the result of the deliberations of the commission, lately
sitting at Halifax, for the determination of the question submitted to
it under the articles of the Treaty of Washington relating to the
fisheries. It is the purpose of the present communication to put you
fully in possession of those sentiments that you may impart them to
Lord Salisbury with the same frankness that they are disclosed to
yourself.

It is a matter of sincere regret to the President that the actual
result of the deliberations of this commission has been such as to
require from this Government the course of observation upon the
same, which it becomes my duty to submit to the consideration of
Her Majesty's Government. For reasons of paramount importance
to the interests of the two countries, in their future treatment of the
subject of the fisheries, a candid statement of the views of this Gov-
ernment, as to the position in which the action of the commission has
placed those interests, is due alike to the British Government and
ourselves. Nor are these views expressive only of the sentiments of
the executive department of the Government. Upon the papers
being laid before Congress for its necessary action, upon the question
of making an appropriation from the Treasury to meet what should
prove to be the proper obligations of the Government under the
treaty, Congress, with great unanimity, concurred with the ex-
1379 ecutive in the opinion that the attention of the British Gov-
ernment should be invited to the subject of the award, as looked
upon by this Government: in advance of the final action of the
executive in reference to its payment. Accordingly the sum ap-
propriated by Congress to meet the award is, by the "Appropriation
Act ". " placed under the direction of the President of the United
States with which to pay the Government of Her Britannic Majesty
the amount awarded Dy the Fisheries Commission lately assembled
at Halifax, in pursuance of the Treaty of Washington, if, after cor-
respondence with the British Government on the subject of the con-
formity of the award to the requirements of the treaty, and to the
terms of the question thereby submitted to the commission, the Presi-
rent shall deem it his duty to make the payment without further
communication with Congress."
2280

APPENDICES TO OEAL AEGUMENTS. 2281

The occasion for this correspondence with the British Govern-
ment arises from the great importance of reaching a complete and
explicit understanding between the two Governments, as to the con-
formity of the award made by the commission to the terms of the
Treaty of Washington by which its authority and jurisdiction are
communicated and defined. If the award in respect to the fisheries
had relation only to the sum of the payment involved, considerable
as that is, the Government might prefer to waive any discussion
which could affect no continuing and permanent interests of the two
countries, and would, therefore, comprehend only such considerations
as would touch the principles or elements of computation applied by
the commission in arriving at a pecuniary amount, the payment of
which carried no consequences. It is true, even in such case^ the
indisputable right of the parties to an arbitration public or private,
to examine an award in respect of its covering only the very matter
submitted, should not be too readily relinquished from mere repug-
nance to question, a result which, at least, if undisturbed, serves the
good purpose of closing the controversy. If the benevolent method
of arbitration between nations is to commend itself as a discreet and
practical disposition of international disputes, it must be by a due
maintenance of the safety and integrity of the transaction in the
essential point of the award, observing the limits of the submission.

But this Government is not at liberty to treat the Fisheries Award
as of this limited interest and operation in the relations of the two
countries to the important, permanent, and difficult contention on
the subject of the fisheries, which for sixty years has, at intervals,
pressed itself upon the attention of the two Governments, and dis-
quieted their people. The temporary arrangement of the fisheries
by the Treaty of Washington is terminable, at the pleasure of either
party, in less than seven years from now. The Fisheries Award,
upon such termination of the treaty arrangements, will have ex-
hausted its force as compensation tor a supposed equivalent and
terminated privilege. If the Government, by silent payment of the
award, should seem to have recognised the principles upon which
it proceeds, as they may then be assumed or asserted by Her
Majesty's Government, it will at once have prejudiced its own rights,
when it shall become necessary to insist upon them, and seem to have
concealed or dissembled its objections to the award when Great
Britain was entitled to an immediate and open avowal of them.

Upon these considerations the President and Congress have re-
quired that the sentiments of this Government respecting the Fish-
eries Award should be set before Her Majesty's Government, to the
end that a full interchange of views, in a friendly spirit, between
the two Governments, should leave no uncertainty as to the degree
of concurrence or of difference in their respective estimates of this
transaction.

It is greatly to be regretted that the protocols of the commission
make no record of the steps by which the majority reached the con-
clusion which they announced as the award of the commission, and
the dissenting Commissioner, on the other hand, arrived at so widely
different a result. Had the record disclosed the methods of reasoning
on the processes of calculation respecting either of the privileges
92909°— VOL 12—13 4

2282 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

which, under the submission of the treaty, were to be measured and
compared, upon which these divergent results of their deliberations
were reached, the task of exposing the manner and extent in which,
in the opinion of the Government, the award transcends, the sub-
mission of the treaty would be much simpler. Indeed, in the view
which this Government takes of the narrow and well-defined ques-
tion submitted to the commission by the treaty, and of the indis-
putable result of the evidence pertinent thereto, there seems little
reason to doubt that if the protocols exhibited a trace even, of the ele-
ments of computation by which the two concurring Commissioners
made up their judgment, they would inevitably disclose the infirmity
of the actual award, and make any careful demonstration of the same
superfluous.

I desire that you will first call Lord Salisbury's attention to the
nature of the question submitted to the Halifax Commission as ad-
justed through the diplomatic conferences of the Joint High Com-
mission, and expressed in the treaty.

In the first place, the United States, in the fishery articles of the
Treaty of Washington, did not intend to, and did not, waive or cur-
tail in the least, the construction of the fishery and appurtenant privi-
leges accorded in the 1st article of the convention of 1818, as claimed
by them and actually possessed and enjoyed by them under such
claim, at and before the negotiation of the Treaty of Washington.
Neither the protocols of the conferences of the Joint High Commis-
sioners, nor the text of the Treaty negotiated by them, indicate any
intention of submitting to the interpretation of the Halifax Com-
mission the degree of privilege accorded to the United States by the
convention of 1818. On the other hand, it is manifest from the in-
structions to Her Majesty's High Commissioners, as well as from the
protocols of the conferences, that a settlement of the disputed inter-
pretation of the Convention of 1818 was contemplated as possible
only by the diplomatic deliberations of the Joint High Commission,
and such conclusions thereon as they might find it in their power
to embody in the Treaty of Washington. This task, however, they
did not undertake, but provided only for a temporary possessory
privilege that should supersede, during its continuance, any determi-
nation of such disputed interpretation. In this disposition of the
subject it would seem quite beyond the scope of the jurisdic-
1380 tion of the Halifax Commission to include, in any measure
of the additional privilege accorded to the United States by
article 18 of the Treaty of Washington, any contribution for the
enjoyment of the privileges accorded to the United States by the
convention of 1818, as claimed and actually possessed by them at
the time of the negotiation of the Treaty of Washington. A refer-
ence to document No. 15, filed with the Halifax Commission in sup-
port of the Case of Her Britannic Majesty's Government, and found
at p. 238 of the congressional publication of the proceedings of the
Halifax Commission, will substantiate this proposition.

I do not regard this point of serious importance in the exposition
of the subject, except that I desire to preclude, in behalf of the
United States, any implication or argument hereafter to be drawn
from my passing over without criticism this possible element in the
admeasurement of the award. The United States still maintains
its interpretation of the privilege secured by the convention of 1818,

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2283

and protests against any implication from, the magnitude of the
award of the Halifax Commission, or otherwise from its proceedings
under the Treaty of Washington, that the United States have sanc-
tioned or acquiesced in, or by payment of that award would sanction
or acquiesce in, any lesser measure of the privileges secured to the
United States under the convention of 1818 than, as is well known to
Her Majesty's Government, they have always insisted upon.

In the next place, the United States did not submit to the Halifax
Commission, under the fishery articles of the Treaty of Washington,
any valuation of any general economic or political advantages which
grow out of access to fishing grounds for the development of a mer-
cantile or naval marine, and which therefore, it might be argued,
would be enhanced by adding the area of the inshore fisheries of
the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the fields for that enterprise, from the
earliest period open to and occupied by the bold and hardy seamen
of this country. Still less did the United States submit to that com-
mission a pecuniary measurement of the removal of occasions of strife
between the fishermen, or misunderstanding between the Govern-
ments of the two countries, by the temporary obliteration of a restric-
tive line dividing the inshore from the deep-sea fisheries on portions
of the coast of British North America.

Both of these subjects are considerations, governmental in their
nature, suitable to be entertained, with many others, in the diplo-
matic negotiations which ended in the treaty. They are neither of
them computable in money. That which relates to the maintenance
of good understanding and good neighbourhood between the United
States and the British North American provinces can, least of all
things, be admitted as an estimable element in a pecuniary computa-
tion. The importance of such maintenance of good understanding
and good neighbourhood the United States will never under-value.
In this interest large fiscal concessions were made by the United
States in the adjustments of the Treaty of Washington. After such
concessions the superadded submission to the Halifax Commission
of the question of equalising, by a pecuniary measure, those conces-
sions with supposed equivalent concessions by Her Majesty's Gov-
ernment was entertained and agreed to by the United States, mainly,
if not entirely, in the disposition to meet any just interest of the
British North American provinces to be assured of the equality of
these intended equivalents. But the maintenance of these good rela-
tions is of common interest to the two countries, and can never be
made the occasion of pecuniary tribute, as if of more importance to
one than to the other. No such calculation entered into the enlight-
ened and conciliatory motives which animated and shaped the im-
portant series of negotiations which produced the Treaty of Wash-
ington. In the definition of whatever unadjusted computation was
referred for pecuniary settlement to the Halifax Commission care
was taken to include nothing which, suitably to the honour of both
countries, was not measurable by a scale of industrial and commer-
cial profits.

If these plain considerations shall be viewed in this light by Her
Majesty's Government, it is hoped that a concurrence of opinion as
to the nature of the question actually submitted to a pecuniary
measure by the Halifax Commission may be easily reached.

2284 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

It cannot be very material to recall Lord Salisbury's attention to
the historical attitude of the two Governments towards the subject
in connection as to the fisheries by any present exposition of the
matter. The sources of knowledge on this subject are common to the
public cognisance of the two Governments. Our diplomatic inter-
course has unfolded the views of successive British and American
Cabinets upon the conflicting claims of mere right on the one side
si nd the other, and at the same time evinced on both sides an amicable
preference for practical and peaceful enjoyment of the fisheries com-
patibly with a common interest, rather than a sacrifice of such com-
mon interest to a purpose of insisting upon extreme right, at a loss
on both sides of what was to each the advantage sought by the con-
tention. In this disposition the two countries have inclined more
and more to retire from irreconcilable disputations as to the true
intent covered by the somewhat careless, and certainly incomplete,
text of the convention of 1818, and to look at the true elements of
profits and prosperity in the fisheries themselves, which alone, to the
one side or the other, made the shares of their respective participa-
tion therein worthy of dispute. This sensible and friendly view of
the matter in dispute was greatly assisted by the experience of the
provincial populations of a period of common enjoyment of the
fisheries without attention to any sea-line of demarcation, but with a
certain distribution of industrial and economical advantages in the
prosecution and the product of this common enjoyment. The form
of this experience was two-fold. First, for a period of twelve years
under the reciprocity arrangement of trade between the United
States and those provinces; and, second, for a briefer period after the
termination of the Reciprocity Treaty, under a system of licenses,
which obliterated the sea-line of circumscription to our fishery fleet
upon the payment of fees deemed adequate by the provincial Gov-
ernments.

In this disposition and with this experience the negotiations of

the Treaty of Washington were taken up, and produced the

fishery articles of that comprehensive treaty. The results of

1381 this experience and the influence of this disposition are plainly

marked in the pertinent protocol and in the text of the articles.

At the outset it was apparent that neither a confirmation or recti-
fication of the old sea-line of exclusion or the adoption of a new
one had any place in the counsels or purposes of Her Majesty's
Government, or in the interests or objects of Her Majesty's provincial
subjects. It had become thoroughly understood that the line of the
convention of 1818 had become inapplicable, and in some respects
insufferable to the common interests.

The mackerel, which, always an inshore as well as a deep-sea fish,
otf our coasts, at the date of the convention of 1818 and for twenty
years after, as an object of pursuit to our fishermen, was confined
to the coast of the United States, and that fishery was substantially
unknown in any commercial sense in the provincial waters. Either a
change of habits in the fish or an extension of the enterprise of our
fishermen had opened up the mackerel fishery of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence to our pursuit. The gradual increase of the fishing coast
population of the provinces had supplied the fishermen, and excited
the local interests for the prosecution from the shore, as the base of
its operations, of the new industry of inshore mackerel fishery.

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2285

Upon the concurrence of these circumstantial changes it was
natural enough for the coast population and the public men of the
provinces to conclude that the territorial authority which, under
the convention of 1818, gave the provinces the monopoly of the
inshore mackerel fishery, only needed to be insisted upon by a vigor-
ous exclusion of our fishermen to be fruitful of great local prosperity.

These calculations were disappointed. It was soon found that the
provinces themselves were comparatively valueless as a market for
mackerel, and that the quality of the fish, as respects the methods
of its preparation for export, excluded it from the general foreign
market which was open to the products of the cod fisheries. The
near market of the United States was essential to the local prosperity
of the inshore mackerel fishermen of the provinces. The political
control of that market by the United States quite overreached the
provincial control of the inshore fishing grounds. Fish that cannot
find a market will not long be pursued for gain, and the fishing-
coast population and the statesmen of the provinces alike saw that a
participation in the mackerel market of the United States was the
indispensable condition of prosperity to their inshore fishery. Ex-
perience confirmed the logic of this reasoning. While the Reci-
procity Treaty endured, settlements throve and wealth increased.
When it was withdrawn, population shrunk and wealth declined ; and
but for the hope of its renewal a destruction of this industry seemed
imminent.

Upon the other hand, the mackerel fishermen of the United States
felt that a participation in the inshore fisheries of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence was no equivalent for a surrender of our mackerel market
to the participation of the inshore fishermen of the provinces. They
justly reasoned that this arrangement, in respect of the mackerel
catch within the line, instead of placing the provincial fishing
industry upon an equal footing with ours, really put us at quite a
disadvantage. Ordinarily, home products have a certain measure of
advantage over duty-free competing imports in freight, ocean or
inland — insurance, and interest, and factorage. But here, what
passes for our home product is acquired upon the very shore of our
foreign competitor. Its pursuit is at the expense of an extended
voyage, with costly outfit and large investment, at great risk, with
long delay, measured by heavy insurance and accruing interest.
Bringing it to what is called the home market involves return
voyage and the attendant burdens of expense. The farmer fisher-
men of the provincial coasts leave the plough in the furrow and the
hay-cart in the field, and take to the simple implements and open
boats, with which fishing from the shore is prosecuted, when the
mackerel show themselves. They cure their catch as a part of their
home labour, and ship it at low rates to our market by bottoms which
make a returning commercial freight. At these odds, the share of
the inshore mackerel fishery of the Gulf of St. Lawrence seemed to
our fishermen but a poor addition to their former extensive rights
to be purchased by so great a disadvantage in their general fishing
industry, on our own coasts and in the deep sea, as well as inshore
fisheries of the provincial waters.

These views, too, were confirmed by our experience during the
Reciprocity arrangement, and after its close. Both periods unmis-
takeably marked the policy of an open market for the products of
the provincial fisheries as disastrous to our fishing industry.

2286 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

With these opinions and these experiences, on the one side and on
the other, the High Commissioners undertook an adjustment of the
opposing interests upon the principle of obliterating the sea-line
between the fishermen of the two countries, and finding such com-
pensation for this concession as might seem equal and just.

In the conferences of the Joint High Commission, it is very appar-
ent that our High Commissioners regarded the obliteration of the
sea-line as of no great pecuniary value to our fishing industry.
According!}', they offered but 1,000,000 dollars for this concession in
perpetuity. No doubt politically, and in the interest of good neigh-
bourhood, this Government did regard, and at all times would regard,
the restoration of the relations between the two countries in the
common enjoyment of these fisheries, to the ancient footing of the
treaty of 1783, as most grateful in sentiment and as a most valuable
guarantee against any renewal of strife. These considerations, for
reasons already stated, could not be worthily entertained upon either
side as an element of the pecuniary measure of the privileges to be
accorded.

In these conferences it is not less apparent that Her Majesty's High
Commissioners recognised the possession of pur market for the prod-
uct of the privincial fisheries as the one thing essential to the pros-
perity of those fisheries, which could not be dispensed with or re-
placed by any money purchase. This commercial advantage was, of
course, both practically and suitably to the dignity of the negotia-
tion measurable in money. It seemed to our High Commissioners to
exceed in value to the provinces, as it unquestionably did in
1382 loss to us, any reasonable estimate of the value of the privilege
our fishermen were to acquire. This basis, however, of free-
dom of the fishing grounds to our fishermen, and freedom of our
market to the fishermen of the provinces, in simplicity and national
equivalency, presented advantages which might well have dispensed
with any nice calculation of comparative pecuniary values in the
exchange.

Her Majesty's High Commissioners, however, thought that this
exchange of privileges, even with the added concession on our part,
of throwing open to the provincial fishermen unrestricted participa-
tion in the valuable inshore fisheries of our own coasts above the
thirty-ninth parallel, left still a claim for a pecuniary make-weight
in favour of the provinces in the nature of owelty of partition. This
led to the constitution of the Halifax Commission to consider and
decide the single question whether, and how much, the pecuniary
measure of the new fishing privilege opened to the United States
fishermen exceeded the pecuniary measure of the new fishing privi-
lege opened to the provincial fishermen, and of the possession of our
market, free of duty, for all the products of the provincial fisheries.
This difference between the two pecuniary valuations was in the
nature of the problem no less than by the terms of the treaty to be
expressed and paid in money.

Upon the conclusion of the labours of the Halifax Commission,
and the communication of the concurring judgment of the two Com-
missioners, awarding the sum of 5,500,000 dollars as the amount to
be paid by the United States under the fishery articles of the treaty,
and the judgment of the dissenting Commissioner that no sum what-
ever was payable by the United States under those articles, it became

APPENDICES TO OEAL AKGUMENTS. 2287

the duty of this Government to compare this result with the author-
ity imparted to the commission by the treaty, and to determine
whether it comported with, or transcended, such authority.

It will not, I think, be questioned by Her Majesty's Government
that, upon the proofs and arguments, in whatever form submitted
by the two Governments to the commission, the practical measure of
the concession to the United States under article 18 of the treaty was
simply of a free and equal right to take part in the fisheries of the
Gulf of St. Lawrence within the 3-miles line, instead of being ex-
cluded therefrom, as we were under the convention of 1818. Nor do
I anticipate that you will find dissent on the part of Lord Salisbury
from the proposition, that the proofs fully show that the fishery thus
opened to us was the mackerel fishery within that line. While both
Governments must regret that the sure footing for a concurrence of
views between them, which might have been furnished by a careful
system of protocols of the conferences of the commission, is wanting,
yet the proofs on both sides leave this proposition in no doubt. In-
deed, since the publication by Parliament of the "Correspondence
respecting the Halifax Fisheries Commission " has disclosed the ad-
vices given from time to time to Her Majesty's Government by Mr.
Ford, the very intelligent and circumspect British agent in attend-
ance upon the commission, of the developments of the real subject for
valuation, there seems to be no room for any difference of views be-
tween the two Governments on this point. Thus, in his despatch of
September 10th, 1877, presenting the position upon the completion
of the British evidence, and before the opening of the proofs on the
part of the United States, Mr. Ford says, "the mackerel fishery
being that most extensively pursued by the Americans in British
waters, is the branch of the inquiry to which the greatest attention
was devoted." In giving, too, in the same despatch, the general re-
sult of any pecuniary measure of benefit to the United States fisher-
men from the concession of article 18 of the treaty, which the com-
pleted British proofs had presented as a basis for an award, Mr.
Ford makes it very apparent that the mackerel catch within the
3-mile line was the only item of appreciable importance. He says,
" according to the evidence adduced on the British side it seems be-
yond doubt that at least three-quarters of the mackerel taken on the
British North American coast -is caught within the 3-mile limit,
while, owing probably to the existence of sandy shoals at some dis-
tance from the shore, the catch of this fish in the United States
waters, north of the 39th parallel of north latitude, is principally
beyond that distance." Mr. Ford, also, upon the mere British proofs,
no less distinctly excludes the cod fishery as an element of the com-
putation of the value to us of the concession of article 18. He says,
a the cod fishery is pursued to a limited extent only by United States
fishermen within British territorial waters, and this is probably the
case with regard to hake, haddock, pollock, &c;" and, again, "the
evidence is somewhat vague as to the proportion of cod-fish taken by
Americans in British inshores, and it does not probably amount to
anything considerable, except on certain portions of the north shore
of the Gulf of St. Lawrence."

Mr. Ford's despatch, upon a survey of the counterproofs of the
United States, which had just been completed, under the date of
the 30th October, 1877, presents the contention between the parties.

2288 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

and as recognised by both sides, in the same light. He says,
" seventy-eight witnesses, in all, have been examined, and 280
affidavits filed on the United States' side ; and, as was the case on the
British side, the main part of it has been directed to the mackerel
fishery, with regard to which the United States' counsel have sought
to establish the following salient points : —

"1. That the fishing grounds principally resorted to by the United States'
fishermen in the Gulf of St. Lawrence are on the banks situated outside the
3-mile limit, and at the Magdalene Islands, to which they had access previous
to the conclusion of the Treaty of Washington.

"2. That the fishing business is at the best an unprofitable one, as regards
its net results to the owners or charterers of vessels. A mass of statistics has
been put in evidence with a view to prove this assertion, and to show that the
Canadian inshore fisheries can hardly be pursued by the United States' citizens
except at a loss; while those on their own shore yield a greater prospect of
remunerative results.

"3. That the remission of duties on Canadian fish is a great benefit to the
producer, inasmuch as the chief market for mackerel is the United States."

1383 In the same despatch Mr. Ford, in certain observations of
his own upon the countervailing force of the proofs of the
United States, as a whole, against the British proofs as a whole,
shows that the valuation of the inshore mackerel fishery of the Gulf
of St. Lawrence, opened to our fishermen, was the whole matter of
contention before the commission in respect of the concession of
article 18 of the treaty. He remarks, " I may, however, observe that,
as it has never been denied, even by the British side, that a certain

gortion of the mackerel taken by the United States in the Gulf of
t. Lawrence is caught outside the 3-mile limit, there could be no
difficulty in producing a considerable number of fishermen who
would truthfully depose that the majority of their successful trips
had been made outside the limit of British territorial jurisdiction.
The main fact, however, remains practically intact, viz., that with-
out access to the inshores it would be impossible for the general
business of mackerel fishing by United States' vessels in the Gulf of
St. Lawrence, to be pursued with profitable results."

It seems to this Government quite certain, then, that upon a correct
exposition of the submission of the treaty, and the concurring action
of the two Governments in the production and application of what
they deemed appropriate proofs, what the pecuniary value of our
participation in the inshore mackerel fishery of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence was fairly estimated at, constituted the extreme limit of
any possible pecuniary award by the Halifax Commission against
the United States. If, upon any rational view of the criteria of this
value before the commission, the award of the two concurring Com-
missioners, of 5,500,000 dollars as a twelve years' purchase of the
privilege can be maintained, it may be fairly conceded that the
imputation of invalidity to the award for transcending the submis-
sion of the treaty will fail of adequate demonstration. If, on the
other hand, the candid exploration of the evidence shall show that
there exists no rational proportion between this award and the un-
questionable limits of value which any view of the testimony must
assign to the subject submitted for valuation by the treaty, as cor-
rectly interpreted, then by the very statement of the proposition it
is demonstrated that the concurring Commissioners have passed
their judgment of valuation upon some other subject than that defined

APPENDICES TO OBAL AKGUMENTS. 2289

in article 18 of the treaty, and have transcended the submission to
their decision. In such case the antecedent authority imparted to
the commission by the t\vo Governments fails to justify the award,
and the subject of the fisheries remains at the arbitrament of the
two Governments, unconstrained though perhaps enlightened by the
deliberations of the Halifax Commission.

In proceeding to apply the proposed test of conformity or non-
conformity between the award and the submission, I disclaim all
right to trench upon the range of discretion, or to dispute the entire
freedom in comparing, weighing, and extracting the true results from
evidence which belongs to such special tribunals as the Halifax Com-
mission. I shall not seek in the least to impose any views of my
Government upon the evidence in the place of any that may be as-
sumed even to have been taken by the concurring Commissioners. I
do, however, insist that upon any question of fact within the submis-
sion, the record of the evidence cannot be surpassed by spontaneous
conjectures or imaginations of the Commissioners. I have no diffi-
culty in saying that the error of the concurring Commissioners, if
error they have fallen into, does not seem to me of this nature. That
error is not of mistaking the evidence adduced upon the subject sub-
mitted to them, but of mistaking the subject submitted to them, and
thus liberating their judgments from obedience to the evidence as
thus adduced.

Fortunately, there are trustworthy criteria for determining the
value of the concession of article 18, as I have defined that concession
to be. They are resorted to upon one side and the other, and, con-
fessedly, furnish the material, upon which the appraisement, if con-
fined to the subject as truly defined, must turn. If, then, upon the
evidence, if found conflicting or divergent the largest measures of
valuation deducible therefrom be given in favour of the concession of
article 18, and that extreme value shall show no rational or approxi-
mate relation to the sum awarded, there would seem to be no escape
from the conclusion that the concurring Commissioners accepted
some other subject for their appraisement than that submitted to
them.

It happened that, before the Halifax Commission had concluded
its labours, five fishing seasons of the treaty period had already
elapsed, and the actual experience of the enjoyment by the United
States' fishermen of the privilege conceded, replaced any conjectural
estimate of its value by reliable statistics of its pecuniary results.
These statistics disclosed that the whole mackerel catch of the United
States for these five seasons in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, both within
and without the 3-mile line, was 167,945 barrels. The provincial
estimates claimed that three-quarters of this catch was within the
3-mile line, and so to be credited to the privilege conceded by article
18. The United States' estimates placed the proportion at less than
a quarter. Upon the provincial claim of three-quarters, the product
to our fishermen of these five years of inshore fishing would be
1.25,961 barrels. It was established, upon provincial testimony, that
the price which mackerel bore in the provinces, cured and packed
ready for exportation, was 3 dol. 75 c. per barrel, and this would give
as the value, cured and packed, of the United States' inshore catch
for five years, the sum of 472,353 dollars. But in this value are in-
cluded the barrel, the salt, the expense of catching, curing, and pack-

2290 NOETH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

ing. which must be deducted before the profit, which measures the
value of the fishery privilege, is reached. Upon the evidence 1 dollar
a barrel would be an excessive estimate of net profit, and this would
give a profit to our fishermen from the enjoyment for these five sea-
sons of the fishery privilege, conceded under article 18, of but 25,000
dollars a-vear, or, for the whole treaty period of twelve years, of
300,000 dollars.

Although there would seem to be no reason for distrusting this
commercial and pecuniary measure of the privilege in question, yet,
if it should be pretended that the provincial value should not be taken,
but the value in the market of the United States; and, further, that
an extravagant rate of 10 dollars per barrel should be assumed
1384 as that value ; and, again, beyond all bounds of even capricious
estimate, a conjectural profit of 50 per cent, should be assigned
to the fishing adventures, we should have but 125.000 dollars a-year,
or 1,500.000 dollars for the twelve years of the treaty, for the gross
valuation of the concession of the United States by article 18, undi-
minished by a penny, for the counter-concessions of the United States
of articles 19 and 21. Yet this sum, thus reached, is but little more
than one-quarter of the award of the concurring Commissioners, after
taking into account the deductions required for the privileges of
articles 19 and 21.

The proofs disclose another wholly independent criterion of the
value of the privilege conceded to our fishermen by article 18 of the
treaty, drawn from the experience of some years intervening between
the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty and the negotiation of the
Treaty of Washington. The provincial government in these years
adopted a licence system, by which vessels of the United States were
admitted to the inshore fishery upon the payment of fees for the sea-
son, rated by the ton. The experience of this system showed that
imder an exaction of 50 cents per ton, our fishing fleet took out
licences ; that when the fee was raised to 1 dollar per ton, the number
of licences fell off about one-half, and when a fee of 2 dollars per ton
was exacted, but few licences were taken out. The fairness of this
measure of the value of the privilege is obvious. It furnishes a com-
pensatory rate between opposing interests, suggested and acted upon
by them without coercion, and by concurring consent.

The tonnage taking out licences under the first and lowest rate was
about 32,000 tons. Assuming, contrary to experience, that this ton-
nage would have borne the highest rate of 2 dollars per ton, the sum
of 64,000 dollars per annum would have measured the value of the
privilege in question, and would have yielded for the treaty period
of twelve years 768,000 dollars. By this method of valuation of the
privilege of article 18 (without deducting a penny for the counter-
privileges of articles 19 and 21) would be but about 14 per cent, of
the award of the concurring Commissioners, after they had taken into
account these privileges.

You will say then, to Lord Salisbury, that with every anxiety to
find some rational explanation of the enormous disparity between the
pecuniary computations of the evidence and the pecuniary measure
announced by the concurring Commissioners, this Government has
been unable to do so upon any other hypothesis than that the very
matter defined in article 18, and to which the proofs on both sides
were applied, and the very matter measured by the award of the

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2291

concurring Commissioners, were not identical nor even similar, and
that such award, upon this reason, transcends the submission.

The demonstration at which I have aimed appears so conclusive
upon the mere consideration of the concession of article 18, as to super-
sede, so far as the immediate argument goes, an exhibition of the re-
duction even of the moderate sum above assigned, as the true appraisal
of the concession of that article, by the pecuniary value, as laid before
the commission, of the counter-concessions of articles 19 and 21. But
a brief statement of the views of this Government on the treatment
of these counter-concessions in the deliberations of the Halifax Com-
mission, is requisite both to the completeness and the frankness of this
exposition.

In brief, it may be said that Her Majesty's Government formally
insisted in their " Case " and in their " Reply " laid before the com-
mission, that the concession of article 19, whereby British subjects are
admitted to the freedom of our coast fisheries north of the 39th par-
allel, is, to quote the language of the " Case," " absolutely valueless ; "
and that the concession of article 21, admitting fish and fish-oil, the
product of the provincial fisheries, to our markets duty-free, to quote
the language of the " Reply," " has not resulted in pecuniary profit
to the British fishermen, but, on the contrary, to the American dealer
or consumer."

If I have been at all successful in showing the enormous dispro-
portion between the sum of 5,500,000 dollars announced as their award
by the concurring Commissioners, and the pecuniary value which the
evidence assigns to the concessions of article 18 by itself considered,
I need spend little time in showing that these Commissioners must
have accepted the views of Her Majesty's Government that nothing
was to be allowed for countervailing value to the concessions of
articles 19 and 21, or, that these Commissioners had in their minds a
measure for the concession of article 18 still more inconsistent with the
true treaty definition of the subject described in that article and sub-
mitted to the appraisement of the commission.

If the concession of article 19 was held by the Commissioners to be
" absolutely worthless," as asserted in the " Case " of Her Majesty's
Government, it must have been because the pecuniary profit to the pro-
vincial fishermen of the privilege as actually enjoyed by them was the
true measure of estimation of the value of the concession. In this
view the immense value of these fisheries, as shown in the evidence, all
went for nothing, because the population, capital or enterprise in the
provinces, could not carry on, what to them were remote fisheries in
competition with our own coast population. Without insisting upon
the unreasonableness of measuring the value of our fishing grounds
by the incompetency of provincial resources to engage in the fishery
opened to them, this disposition of the value of the concession of
article 19 recognises the whole force and result of the reasoning by
which I have assigned the true criteria of value for the privilege of
article 18, under the experience of the actual five years' enjoyment
thereof by our fishermen, who were able to take advantage of the
privilege and did so, to the furthest extent compatible with profit.
The view of the reasoning by which a right of fishery, valuable in its
own capacity, is measured by the tenants' incapacity to fish, is ob-
vious. It furnishes no true criterion of the rent value of a fishery,
which is what needed to be got at both under article 18 and article 19.

2292 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Under article 18 we are furnished a true criterion by the experience
of a tenant, confessedly willing and able to improve me fishery to the
utmost, and actually doing so.

I now desire you to present to Lord Salisbury's attention the sub-
ject of the concession of a free market in the United States for the
products of the provincial fisheries as made by article 21.
1385 The value of this privilege to the provinces was required by
the treaty to be measured oy the Halifax Commission, and de-
ducted from their appraisement of the concession of article 18 in
favour of the United States.

The statistics of the importation under this privilege showed that
at the rate of duty prevalent before that concession, a revenue of
about 200,000 dollars per annum on mackerel alone, and of more than
300,000 dollars on all kinds of fish (mackerel included) and fish-oil
would have accrued to the United States. For the purpose of argu-
ment, conceding that but one-half of this annual sum of 300.000
dollars should be set down as pecuniary profit to the provincial inter-
ests, the sum of 1,800,000 dollars would need to be deducted, on the
score of article 21, from the true valuation of the privilege conceded
by article 18. If I have assigned correctly the highest possible
measure of the privilege of article 18, upon the evidence, as not be-
ing more than 1,500,000 dollars, this low valuation of the privilege
of article 21 more than extinguishes it.

Whatever disposition the concurring Commissioners made of this
countervailing concession of article 21 — whether they gave it a value
commensurate with the statistical evidence of the revenue loss to the
United States, and market gain to the provincial interest, or con-
sidered it absolutely valueless — the matter is one of much moment.

If these concurring Commissioners gave the sum of 5,500,000 as
the appraisement of the concession of article 18, after deducting some
2,000,000 dollars for the countervailing concession of article 21, the
argument, as it seems to this Government, adequate before, becomes
still more conclusive that the measurement thus enhanced to some
7,500,000 dollars, was not applied and confined to the very subject
submitted to the appraisement of the commission by article 18.

But, it may be said, these concurring Commissioners may have
treated the concession of article 21 as absolutely valueless to the
provincial interests, and it was competent for them to do so. But
this alternative is little consistent with the whole tenour of the views
of Her Majesty's Government, as maintained by successive Cabinets,
and insisted upon in responsible negotiations, by their most eminent
representatives through a long course of years. Certainly, ever since
1851, when Lord Elgin, as Governor-General of Canada, communi-
cated through the British Minister at Washington, Sir Henry Bul-
wer, to Mr. Webster, Secretary of State, the opinion of the British
Government that the admission of the product of the provincial fish-
eries duty free to our market was the one indispensable condition to
our participation in the inshore fisheries of the provinces, down to
the negotiation of the Treaty of Washington, the attitude of the
British Government on this point has been explicit and unequivocal.

Lord Elgin declared : " Her Majesty's Government are prepared,
on certain conditions and with certain reservations, to make the con-
cession to which so much importance seems to have been attached by
Mr. Clayton, viz., to throw open to the fishermen of the United States

APPENDICES TO OBAL AEGUMENTS. 2293

the fisheries in the waters of the British North- American colonies,
with permission to those fishermen to land on the coasts of those col-
onies for the purpose of drying their nets and curing their fish, pro-
vided that in so doing they do not interfere with the owners of pri-
vate property, or with the operations of British fishermen.

" Her Majesty's Government would require, as an indispensable condition in
return for this concession, that all fish, either fresh or cured, imported into the
United States from the British North-American possessions, in vessels of any
nation or description, should be admitted into the United States duty free, and
upon terms in all respects of equality with fish imported by citizens of the
United States."

The deliberations of the Joint High Commission, as preserved in
the protocols of their conferences on the fisheries, exhibit, with per-
fect distinctness, the British opinion as to a free market for the prod-
uct of the provincial fisheries being a value to the provincial inter-
ests which could not be missed, or replaced by a pecuniary substitute,
in any settlement of the question. Thus our High Commissioners
stated " that if the value of the inshore fisheries could be ascertained,
the United States might prefer to purchase for a sum of money the
right to enjoy, in perpetuity, the use of these inshore fisheries in com-
mon with British fishermen, and mentioned 1,000,000 dollars as the
sum they were prepared to offer." The British High Commissioners
replied " that this offer was, they thought, wholly inadequate, and
that no arrangement would be acceptable of which the admission into
the United States, free of duty, of fish, the produce of British fish-
eries, did not form a part," After a consideration of commercial
equivalents, in which the offers of our High Commissioners were not^
accepted by the British High Commissioners, all such propositions on
our part were withdrawn, and our Commissioners renewed their pro-
posal to pay a money equivalent for the use of the inshore fisheries,
and further, proposed that, " in case the two Governments should not
be able to agree upon the sum to be paid as such equivalent, the mat-
ter should be referred to an impartial commission for determination."
To this the British High Commissioners replied, " that it would not
be possible for them to come to any arrangement except one for a
term of years, and involving the concession of free fish and fish-oil
by our High Commissioners; but that, if free fish and fish-oil were
conceded, they would enquire of their Government whether they were
prepared to assent to a reference to arbitration as to money payment."
Our High Commissioners replied " that they were of opinion that
free fish and fish-oil would be more than an equivalent for those fish-
eries, but that they were also willing to agree to a reference to deter-
mine that question, and the amount of any money payment that
might be found necessary to complete an equivalent." Hereupon, as
stated in the protocol " the British Commissioners having referred
the last proposal to their Government, and received instructions to
accept it," the fishery articles of the treaty were agreed to.

These opinions of Her Majesty's Government were entirely in
accord with the views of the leading provincial statesmen. Mr.
Stewart Campbell, of Nova Scotia, declared that " under the reci-
procity treaty the total exemption from duty of all fish exported
from the maritime provinces to the markets of the United States
was also a boon of inestimable value to the very large class
1386 of British subjects directly and indirectly connected with our

2294 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

fisheries and its resulting trade." Sir John Macdonald said in the
Parliament of the Dominion, " the only market for the Canadian
No. 1 mackerel in the world is the United States. That is our only
market, and we are practically excluded from it by the present duty.
The consequence of that duty is that our fishermen are at the mercy
of the American fishermen; they are made the hewers of wood ancl
drawers of water for the Americans. They are obliged to sell their
fish at the Americans' own price. The American fishermen purchase
their fish at a nominal value, and control the American market. The
great profits of the trade are handed over to the American fishermen
or the American merchants engaged in the trade, and they profit to
the loss of our own industry and our own people."

It may be that Her Majesty's Government has surrendered these
opinions, and that the statesmen of the Dominion and the people of
the provinces now think that the possession of our market for the
products of the provincial fisheries is of no pecuniary advantage to
these provincial interests. In such case, in any future negotiation
respecting the fisheries, this Government would expect no stress to
be laid upon the question of the possession of our own markets. If
Her Majesty's Government accepts the award of these concurring
Commissioners as carrying the necessary consequence that the con-
cession of article 21 is of no value to British or provincial interests
that element of calculation will disappear from any possible exchange
of equivalents that the exigencies of any future friendly negotiations
may need to find at their service. A privilege that is valueless when
granted to and enjoyed by a beneficiary may well be reserved and
withheld, without the charge of its being ungracious to do so.

If, on the other hand, Her Majesty's Government adheres to the
views of the value of our market for the product of the provincial
fisheries, so often and so earnestly pressed upon the attention of this
Government, and asserts that the award of the concurring Commis-
sioners must be held, upon necessary reasoning, to have measured
and deducted this great value of free market from the appraisement
of the concession of free fishing to us, made by them under article 18,
this Government will expect the more ready acceptance by Her
Majesty's Government of the proposition that these concurring Com-
missioners, in their award, mistook the subject submitted by article
18 to their pecuniary measurement, and exceeded the authority under
which the commission acted.

You will, however, very earnestly press upon Lord Salisbury's
attention, in advance of any declaration from Her Majesty's Govern-
ment of their present views of the value of our markets for the prod-
ucts of the provincial fisheries, that this Government has not changed
or at all modified its opinions on this subject. To dissemble or con- '
ceal from Her Majesty's Government this fact would be uncandid,
and, by silence on our part now, breed mischief for future conten-
tions or negotiations. This Government holds now, as it did by
the mouth of its High Commissioners in the conferences on the
subject of the fisheries which produced the pertinent articles of the
treaty, " That free fish and fish-oil would be more than an equivalent
for those fisheries." The measure of pecuniary value which I hnv<«
drawn from the revenue loss to the United States, calculated with
extreme moderation, is an inadequate expression of the benefit to
the provincial interests and injury to our own from their free im-

APPENDICES TO OKAL ARGUMENTS. 2295

portations. It is still the opinion of this Government that the pos-
session of our market is of vital importance to the maritime provinces,
and such possession a formidable menace, if not a fatal wound, to
our own fishing interests. I do not think that I misunderstand or
misrepresent those interests when I say that, standing as we now do,
midway in the treaty period, it would be better for those interests
to surrender the enjoyment of the fishing privilege of article 18 for
the remaining six years of the twelve, upon a resumption by the Gov-
ernment of the control of our own market for this unexpired period.

If Her Majesty's Government and the provincial statesmen are
firm in the opinion that the concession of article 18 parts with so
much to us, and the concession of article 21 is valueless to British
and provincial interests, it may be well worth while for the two
Governments to consider whether a mutual resumption of these ex-
changed interests may not be desirable. In the future, as in the past,
this Government will go very far in concessions to remove occasions
of strife between the fishermen of the two nations! But these con-
tributions to goodwill, as I have before insisted, are not to be con-
founded with pecuniary tribute on one side or the other.

It was in this spirit that the free importation of coal, salt, and
lumber, which was in debate as a measure of wholly domestic interest
to ourselves, but with divided opinions, was proposed to the British
Government for reciprocal arrangements in respect of these articles
to be incorporated in the Treaty of Washington. The proposal was
rejected by the British Government and the provincial interests,
doubtless upon a measuring cast as to whether this reciprocity carried
more benefit or injury to provincial interests, and what we thought
an appreciably greater advantage to the provinces than to ourselves,
was rejected as unimportant to them. The contrast between this
indifference to a free market for coal, salt, and lumber, and the in-
exorable demand for a free market for fish and fish-oil, speaks
volumes for the pecuniary value of this latter to provincial interests.

Her Majesty's Government, it may reasonably be assumed, has
given to this award of the concurring Commissioners its careful at-
tention, and subjected it, in the light of the diplomatic negotiations
which established the Halifax Commission, and the evidence before
that Commission, to a comparison with the authority imparted by the
treaty, to determine whether it conforms to that authority and is
valid, or transcends that authority, and, for that reason, is void.
Whatever opinion Her Majesty's Government may have formed on
this point has not, so far as this Government is aware, been made
public at home, and has not been communicated to this Government.
In inviting a full exposition of the views of Her Majesty's Govern-
ment upon the matter, as now brought into consideration be-
1387 tween the two Governments, you will say to Lord Salisbury
that, wholly unsupportable as the pecuniary measure of the
single and fragmentary matter, not embraced in the diplomatic con-
currence of the High Commissioners, and thus left by them to impar-
tial appraisement seems to this Government, it will receive and ex-
amine with entire candour any opposing views in maintenance of the
validity of the award which Her Majesty's Government may present.
If, as I shall not cease to anticipate, Her Majesty's Government shall
agree that the subject submitted to the Halifax Commission has not
been adequately disposed of by the concurring Commissioners, the

2296 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

way will seem to this Government to be thereby opened for a more
permanent and comprehensive settlement of the fishery interests of
the two countries than was reached by the Treaty of Washington. If
the present correspondence shall not result in this desired agreement,
and even if the opposing views which may be communicated by Her
Majesty's Government should affect our present judgment in the
very matter of the validity of the award, I cannot, in all candour,
hold out any expectation that this Government can ever recognise
the valuation of the countervailing concessions of articles 18, 19, and
21, involved in this award as a guide even, much less a standard, for
any future treatment of the fishery contentions, which the exigencies
of the situation as now left may require.

Passing from the grave question which touches the essential ele-
ments of the award, upon considerations vital to the whole system of
arbitration, I desire you, further, to call Lord Salisbury's attention
to a particular point in the actual award; that is to say, the failure
of the three Commissioners to agree in any result, and the consequent
announcement of that inability, and the promulgation of the widely
different conclusions which the two concurring Commissioners and
the dissenting Commissioner had reached.

The question presented on the face of the award of the Halifax
Commission, viz., whether the concurrence of the three Commis-
sioners in their award was required by the treaty, was made a matter
of public discussion, both in Great Britain and in the provinces,
before and during the sitting of the commission. In this discussion,
so far as it has fallen under my notice, the legal, political, and popu-
lar orgnns of opinion seemed quite positive that this unanimity was
required by the treaty. In this country the matter was little Consid-
ered, either because the British view of the subject was accepted, or
because complete confidence in our case, on its merits, su pervaded
any interest in the question. The point comes up now, for the first
time, for consideration between the two Governments, and will need
attention from either, only, in case Her Majesty's Government .should
fail to concur in the views of this Government which condemn the
award on the grave grounds already presented.

The question involves nothing more than the interpretation of the
treaty, and is quite clear of any intermixture with the substance of
the award as satisfactory or unsatisfactory to either party. It turns,
first, upon the mere text of the treaty; and, second, upon the sur-
rounding circumstances and the different subjects to be treated by the
various boards of arbitration framed by the Treaty of Washington,
so far as they may be rightly resorted to in aid of a just construction
of the text.

By the Treaty of Washington four boards are constituted for the
determination of certain matters to be submitted to their respective
decisions —

1. The Geneva Arbitration was composed of five members, in
regard to whose deliberations and conclusions article 2 of the trc.ity
expressly provides that " all questions considered by the tribunal,
including the final award, shall be decided by a majority of all the
arbitrators."

2. A board of assessors under the Geneva Arbitration, in case the
tribunal should not award a gross sum, was to be composed of three
members. In the action of this board, article 10 of the treaty declares

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2297

that " a majority of the assessors in each case shall be sufficient to a
decision."

3. A commission of three members to determine reciprocal claims
between the two countries arising during the Civil War. Article
13 provides that " a majority of the Commissioners shall be suffi-
cient for an award in each case."

_ 4. The Halifax Commission, composed of three members, undis-
tinguished, among themselves, by any description of umpirage to
either, and with no provision in any form for an award by less than
the whole number. The treaty expressly accepts awards, signed by
the assenting Arbitrators, or Assessors, or Commissioners under the
other articles, while, in the case of the Halifax Commission, this
provision takes the place of such acceptance : " The Case on either
side shall be closed within a period of six months from the date of
the organization of the commission, and the Commissioners shall be
requested to give their award as soon as possible thereafter."

The argument from this comparison is obvious. The high con-
tracting parties possessed a common system of jurisprudence, accord-
ing to which a reference to arbitrators ex vi termini required the
award to be the act of the arbitrators, that is, of all of them. The
parties to an arbitration, public or private, might accord to any
lesser number the power of award, but express stipulations in the
submission alone could carry that authority. Acting in full view of
this rule, to which a desired exception needed to be expressed, in
three cases, in the same deliberate and solemn instrument, the high
contracting parties imparted the authority to a majority by careful
and solicitous provisions to that end. In the case of the Halifax
Commission, last in the order of the treaty, and with the previous
arrangements, in this regard, in their minds and under their eyes,
this power is withheld. It is impossible, because it is plainly irra-
tional, to say that a treaty provision containing power to a majority
to bind, and a treaty provision expressing no such authority, mean
one and the same thing. The high contracting parties have excluded
any such conclusion, by the sedulous discrimination which the text of

the treaty discloses.

1388 To the countervailing suggestion that this variation from
the system of the treaty in the case of the Halifax Commission
is most reasonably accounted for by inadvertence on the part of the
High Joint Commissioners, the answer is obvious. If either of the
high contracting parties, should so allege, which it certainly would
not do without much deliberation, the suggestion would not affect the
argument as to the meaning of the treaty as it stood, but would
be in the nature of an appeal to the other high contracting party to
waive the objection and reform the treaty. No doubt cases may
exist where such appeals should be frankly responded to, though
against interest.

But you will say to Lord Salisbury that the suggestion of inadver-
tence in the negotiations, never to be lightly indulged in, overlooks
an adequate and presumptively the real reason for the requirement
of unanimity in the case of the Fisheries Commission, while it was
expressly waived in the other submissions of the treaty.

In the matters of computation submitted in the several other ref-
erences of the treaty, two circumstances distinguish them from that
subjected to the award of the Halifax Commission. First, they were
92909°— VOL 12—13 5

2298 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

wholly matters of determinate proof, an appraisement of the ships
and cargoes destroyed by the "Alabama" and her consorts, an <>ti-
mation of damages to persons or property suffered by individual
British subjects or American citizens for which reparation should be
made — these were matters of definite affirmative proof in pounds or
dollars before any award could be asked, and were subject to correc-
tion by equally definite opposing proofs before any award could be
granted. Second, the assessments carried no measurement of any
still subsisting interests between the high contracting parties which
would survive the payment of the several awards. It was then quite
suitable to these references to accept the judgment of a majority and
dispense with the concurrence of both parties, as represented in the
commissions, in the results of the contentions before them.

The matter submitted to the Halifax Commission was different in
nature, and in the relations of the high contracting parties to the sub-
ject of contention. Both these traits of this dispute conspired to
urge upon the high contracting parties the need of every possible
guaranty against unreasonable or illusory estimates on the part of
the commission to the prejudice of one party or the other. Besides,
this computation touched a matter in which large classes and in-
terests of either community felt a concern, and it was essential that
dissatisfaction with results should be alleviated by confidence in the
judgment. So vague a subject of valuation as the twelve years'
prospective catch of mackerel within 3 miles of the shore on the coasts
of the United States and of the provinces, so diffuse a problem as the
distribution of the burdens of duties between producer and consumer,
gave too large a range for floating speculations, unless anchored to
sober sense by the requirement of unanimity. The permanent im-
portance of these valuations in future negotiations of the two
countries, forbade their submission to any commission uncontrolled
by the necessary concurrence of the representatives of both countries,
in any award. The interests and feeling of the large populations,
on the one side and the other, dependent for prosperity, if not for
livelihood, on these fisheries, made the two Governments careful to
secure them, in any result, against a sense of injustice as well as of
disappointment, by the conservative requirement of unanimity.

In submitting to Her Majesty's Government the failure of the
Commissioners to come to the agreement which, in this interpretation
of the treaty, is requisite to the validity of the award, the Govern-
ment wishes to lay no undue stress upon this objection. If Her
Majesty's Government concurs in this construction of the authority
conferred upon the Halifax Commission, this agreement between the
Governments will enable them, presently, to make more complete,
as well as more satisfactory, arrangements for the reciprocal interests
of the industry and commerce of the provinces and of the United
States than at present exist. If, on the other hand, Her Majesty's
Government shall announce to this Government their construction
of the treaty to be that the concurrence of a majority of the Com-
missioners warrants a valid award, notwithstanding the declared
dissent of the third Commissioner, this Government will not refuse
to accord to that opinion, thus expressed, all the weight which it
desires for its own views. You will therefore say to Lord Salisbury
that, upon such a declared disagreement upon the true interpretation
of the treaty in respect of unanimity of the Commissioners, this

APPENDICES TO OKAL ARGUMENTS. 2299

Government will regard the maintenance of entire good faith and
mutual respect in all dealings under the beneficent Treaty of Wash-
ington as of paramount concern, and will not assume to press its
own interpretation of the treaty, on this point, against the deliberate
interpretation of Her Majesty's Government to the contrary.

You will promptly communicate these views to Her Majesty's
Government by delivering a copy of this despatch to Lord Salisbury,
and requesting an early attention to its contents.
I am, &c.

(Signed) WM. M. EVARTS.

No. 2. — The Marquis of Salisbury to Mr. Welsh.

FOREIGN OFFICE, November 7, 1878.

SIR, Her Majesty's Government have given their attentive con-
sideration to the despatch relating to the proceedings of the Halifax
Fisheries Commission, addressed to you by Mr. Evarts, the Secretary
of State of the United States, a copy of which you were good enough
to place in my hands on the 10th ultimo ; and I have now the
1389 honour to make the following observations in reply, which I
shall feel greatly obliged by your communicating to Mr.
Evarts with the least possible delay : —

Her Majesty's Government fully appreciate the frankness with
which Mr. Evarts has requested you to communicate to them the
views of the Government of the United States on this question, and
it is their desire to reciprocate in the fullest degree the wish expressed
by Mr. Evarts to come to a complete and explicit understanding
between the two Governments as to the conformity of the award
made by the commission to the terms of the Treaty of Washington.

I must, in the first instance, recall to your recollection the cir-
cumstances which led to the organisation of the Halifax Commission.

The Reciprocity Treaty of the 5th June, 1854, between Great Brit-
ain and the United States, terminated in 1866, not from any desire
on the part of Her Majesty's Government to put a period to its stipu-
lations, but in consequence of the notice provided for in article 5 of
that treaty having been given by the United States Government.
The mutual privileges in respect to free fishing and free trade in
certain productions, which had under its operation been enjoyed
by the inhabitants of the United States and of Her Majesty's North
American Possessions, thus came to an end. The effect of this deter-
mination of the Reciprocity Treaty was to revive the difficulties
incidental to the Fisheries question; difficulties so well known to
both Governments that it is needless for me to enlarge upon them on
the present occasion.

The danger, however, of collision between the fishermen of the
two nations began to manifest itself soon after the termination of
the Reciprocity Treaty; and Her Majesty's Government were anxious
to come to a speedy and satisfactory solution of the question. With
this view Her Majesty's Minister at Washington addressed, on the
26th January, 1871, a note to Mr. Fish, in which he stated that Her
Majesty's Government deemed it of importance to the good relations
which they were ever anxious should subsist and be strengthened be-

2300 NORTH ATLAimO COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

tween the United States and Great Britain that a friendly and com-
plete understanding should be come to between the two Governments
as to the extent of the rights belonging to the citizens of the United
States and Her Majesty's subjects respectively with reference to the
fisheries on the coasts of Her Majesty's possessions in North America,
and as to any other questions between tnem affecting the relations of
the United States towards those possessions.

As the consideration of these matters would, however, involve in-
vestigations of a somewhat complicated nature, and as it was very
desirable that they should be thoroughly examined, he was directed
by Lord Granville to propose to the Government of the United
States the appointment of a Joint High Commission which should
be composed of members to be named by each Government, should
hold its sessions at Washington, and should treat of and discuss the
mode of settling the different questions arising out of the fisheries,
as well as all those affecting the relations of the United States
towards Her Majesty's possessions in North America.

To this note Mr. Fish replied on the 30th January of the same
year, and whilst stating that the President shared with Her Majesty's
Government the appreciation of the importance of a friendly and
complete understanding between the two Governments with reference
to the subjects specially suggested for the consideration of the pro-
posed Joint High Commission, he added that it would be desirable
to include in the deliberations of that commission a consideration of
the other questions then at issue between the two Governments, par-
ticularly those known as the "Alabama " claims.

It was, thus, owing to the importance attached by Her Majesty's
Government to the fisheries question, and to their anxiety to come
to a satisfactory settlement of the difficulties connected with it, that
the negotiations were commenced which led to the organisation of
the Joint High Commission and ultimately to the Treaty of Wash-
ington. A large portion of the deliberations of that commission was
devoted to the difficult and long-standing question now under consid-
eration, and after many proposals and counter-proposals, including
offers on the part of the United States Commissioners to grant com-
mercial privileges far in excess of the mere remission of duty on fish
and fish-oil, in order that they might acquire for United States fish-
ermen unrestricted access to the inshore waters of British North
America, articles 18 to 25 and 32 and 33 were at length agreed to,
and constitute the authority under which the Halifax Commission
acted.

Article 22 provided that —

" Inasmuch as it Is asserted by the Government of Her Britannic Majesty
that the privileges accorded to the citizens of the United States under article
18 of this treaty are of greater value than those accorded by articles 19 and 21
of this treaty to the subjects of Her Britannic Majesty, and this assertion is
not admitted by the Government of the United States, it is further agreed that
Commissioners shall be appointed to determine, having regard to the privileges
accorded by the United States to the subjects of Her Britannic Majesty, as
stated in articles 19 and 21 of this treaty, the amount of any compensation
which, in their opinion, ought to be paid by the Government of the United
States to the Government of Her Britannic Majesty in return for the privileges
accorded to the citizens of the United States under article 18 of this treaty ; and
that any sum of money which the said Commissioners may so award shall be
paid by the United States Government, in a gross sum, within twelve mouths
after such award shall have been given."

APPENDICES TO OEAL AEGUMENTS. 2301

The Acts necessary to enable the several articles of the treaty relat-
ing to the fisheries to be carried into effect were passed by the Impe-
rial Parliament of Great Britain on the 6th August, 1872; by the
Parliament of Canada on the 14th June, 1872; by the legislature of
Prince Edward Island (which did not at that time form part of
the Dominion) on the 29th June, 1872, by the colony of Newfound-
land on the 28th March, 1874 ; and by the United States Con-
1390 gress on the 25th February, 1873. So scrupulous, moreover,
were Her Majesty's Government that United States citizens
should enjoy in the fullest degree the benefits secured to them under
the treaty, that United States fishermen were admitted to the practi-
cal use of the inshore fishing grounds in advance of the formal Legis-
lative Acts necessary for that purpose, and this concession was
acknowledged by the Government of the United States as a " liberal
and friendly act." Pier Majesty's Government consider that it is
important, in examining this subject, to bear in mind the distinction
between that part of the treaty relating to fishery rights in British
waters and the part relating to claims then pending on other heads.
As regards the fishery rights, the citizens of the United States were,
by the treaty, put into actual possession and enjovment of them.
That enjoyment has been had and cannot be recalled Whether any
and what sum was to be paid by the Government of the United
States for the rights thus conceded was to be determined, and deter-
mined without appeal, by the tribunal constituted under the treaty.

United States fishermen having entered into the enjoyment of the
privileges thus secured to them, it became necessary to take immediate
steps for the constitution of the commission appointed to meet at
Halifax in the manner prescribed by the treaty.

Various circumstances, however, with which your Government are
familiar, contributed to occasion delay in the complete organisation
of the commission, and it was not, therefore, until the 1st March,
1877, that an identic note was addressed to the Austro-Hungarian
Ambassador in London by the Earl of Derby and by the United
States Minister in London, requesting that his Excellency would
be pleased to name the third Commissioner in the manner provided
for by article 23 of the treaty. His Excellency thereupon named
M. Maurice Delfosse, the Belgian Minister at Washington, and
apprized the Governments of Great Britain, the United States, and
Belgium of the selection thus made.

Her Britannic Majesty's Government having previously appointed
Sir Alexander T. Gait to be their Commissioner, and Francis Clare
Ford, Esq., to be their agent, and the Government of the United
States having similarly appointed the Honourable Ensign H. Kel-
logg to be their Commissioner, and the Honourable Dwight Foster
to be their agent, the constitution of the commission was complete
in accordance with the terms of the treaty; and after previous com-
munication between the three Commissioners, the 15th June, 1877,
was fixed for the first day of meeting.

The commission was accordingly organised by holding the first
conference at the city of Halifax on that day, when all the Commis-
sioners were present and produced their respective powers. The
Honourable Dwight Foster and Mr. Ford were also present as agents
of their respective governments.

2302 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

M. Delfosse was then, upon the proposal of the United States Com-
missioner, elected President of the commission, and a secretary hav-
ing been appointed by him, the three Commissioners proceeded, in
accordance with the 23rd article of the treaty, to make and sign a
solemn declaration that they would impartially and carefully ex-
amine and decide the matters referred to them to the best of their
judgment and according to justice and equity.

The commission then, after a meeting on the next day for the pur-
pose of approving and signing the protocol of the previous day's pro-
ceedings, adjourned until the 28th day of July, 1877.

The commissioners having met pursuant to adjournment on the 28th
day of July, the United States agent named the counsel retained on
behalf of the United States, and at the next conference, held on the
30th day of July, the Case of Her Majesty's Government was opened,
and was concluded on the 18th day of September ; that of the United
States of America was opened on the 19th of the same month, and
closed on the 24th day of October.

It is unnecessary that I should here recite each step in these length-
ened proceedings, it will be sufficient to note that eighty-four wit-
nesses in all were examined on behalf of Her Britannic Majesty's
Government and seventy-eight on the part of the United States of
America. These witnesses were subjected to the most searching cross-
examination by counsel of the greatest ability; and amongst those
examined were to be found the names of many persons who, from
their special knowledge of the subject, both practically and generally,
were well qualified to express an opinion, and whose evidence was
entitled to the greatest weight in the investigation of the matter.

Three hundred and nineteen affidavits were produced in support of
the Case of Her Britannic Majesty's Government, and 280 in sup-
port of that of the United States, the deponents comprising those
who were also in a position to give valuable and convincing testi-
mony with regard to the fisheries, but who from various causes were
unable to give oral evidence before the commission.

A voluminous mass of documentary and statistical matter was pro-
duced and submitted to the commission on either side, and about
fourteen entire days were devoted to the arguments of counsel upon
the whole Case.

The commission held in all seventy-eight sittings, of about four
hours' duration each, and the proceedings terminated on the 23rd day
of November, 1877, by the announcement of the following award : —

" The undersigned Commissioners, appointed under articles 22 and 23 of the
Treaty of Washington of the 8th May, 1871, to determine, having regard to the
privileges accorded by the "United States to the subjects of Her Britannic
Majesty, as stated in articles 19 and 21 of said treaty, the amount of any com-
pensation which in their opinion ought to be paid by the Government of the
United States to the Government of Her Britannic Majesty, in return for the
privileges accorded to the citizens of the United States under article 18 of the
said treaty:

" Having carefully and impartially examined the matters referred to
1391 them according to justice and equity, in conformity with the solemn
declaration made and subscribed by them on the 15th day of June, 1877 ;
"Award the sum of 5,500,000 dollars, in gold, to be paid by the Government
of the United States to the Government of Her Britannic Majesty, in accord-
ance with the provisions of the said treaty.

" Signed at Halifax, this 23rd day of November, 1877.

(Signed) " MATTBICE DELFOSSE.
"A. T. GALT."

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2303

" The United States Commissioner is of opinion that the advantages accruing
to Great Britain under the Treaty of "Washington are greater than the ad-
vantages conferred on the United States by the said treaty, and he cannot
therefore concur in the conclusions announced by his colleagues.

"And the American Commissioner deems it his duty to state further that it
is questionable whether it is competent for the Board to make an award under
the treaty, except with the unanimous consent of its members.

(Signed) " E. H. KELLOGG, Commissioner."

It was thus assuredly not without the most thorough and laborious
investigation of the question submitted to their appreciation that a
majority of the Commissioners arrived at the decision above quoted;
and it must be observed that the whole of the proceedings were held
in strict conformity with the terms of the Treaty of Washington,
whilst the award was given by a majority of the Commissioners in
the very terms contained in article 22 of the treaty.

In the despatch which has been communicated to Her Majesty's
Government, Mr. Evarts seeks to invalidate the award, which is the
result of this exhaustive investigation, upon the ground that, in
estimating the claims of Great Britain, the Commissioners must be
assumed to have taken into consideration circumstances which the
Treaty of Washington had not referred to them. There is nothing
upon the face of the award which gives any countenance to the
supposition that the Commissioners travelled beyond the limits as-
signed to them by the treaty. Mr. Evarts's argument in favour of
this contention is entirely deduced from what he considers to be the
magnitude of the sum awarded. It is, he contends, so far in excess
of what the United States Government believe to be the true solution
of the problem submitted by the treaty, that some factor which the
treaty has not recognised must necessarily, in his opinion, have been
imported into the calculation.

Mr. Evarts proceeds to give in detail the considerations by which,
in his judgment, the result arrived at should be tested. He gives
his reasons for believing that mackerel is the only fish to whose
capture in the waters opened by Great Britain any value should be
assigned, and that no account is to be taken of herring, halibut, cod,
hake, pollack, or bait fishes. He computes the number of mackerel
which the United States fishermen have caught within a 3-mile line
from the shore during the years of the treaty period which have
expired ; and infers from it the number which they are likely to catch
within the same area during the interval that remains, and he con-
cludes this branch of his argument by estimating, on various hy-
potheses, the profit which the United States fisherman is likely to
have made from the mackerel which he has probably caught. On the
other side, he estimates at a high value the profit which the British
fishermen have derived from the opening of the markets of the
United States, and concludes that the sum fixed by the award is so
much larger than these considerations would have justified that the
United States Government can only explain its magnitude on the as-
sumption that the commission has mistaken the question that was
referred to it.

That Mr. Evarts's reasoning is powerful it is not necessary for me
to say, nor. on the other hand, will he be surprised to hear that Her
Majesty's Government still retain the belief that it is capable of refu-
tation. But, in their opinion, they would not be justified in follow-

2304 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

ing him into the details of his argument. These very matters were
examined at great length and with conscientious minuteness by the
commission whose award is under discussion. The decision of the
majority was given after full hearing of all the considerations that
either side was able to advance, and that decision, within the limits
of the matter submitted to them, is, under the treaty, without appeal.
The argument of Mr. Evarts amounts to a review of their award upon
the questions of fact and of pecuniary computation referred to them.
He contends that the sum awarded is excessive, and that therefore
the award must have been arrived at by some illegitimate process.
But to argue against the validity of an award solely on the ground
that the conclusion arrived at by the arbitrators on the very point
referred to them is erroneous, is in effect the same thing as to dispute
the judgment which they have formed upon the evidence.

Her Majesty's Government do not feel that it is their duty to put
forward any opinion, adverse or favourable, to the decision which
the majority of the Commissioners have passed upon the affidavits
and depositions which they had to consider. Her Majesty's Govern-
ment could not do so without undertaking the same laborious investi-
gation as that which was performed by the commission, a task for
which the interval which has been left between October 10, the day
on which Mr. Evarts's despatch was delivered to me, and November
23, the day on which the payment awarded is to be made, would cer-
tainly not suffice.

But they are precluded from passing in review the judgment of the
commission by a far more serious disqualification. They cannot be
judges of appeal in this cause, because they have been litigants. As
litigants they have expressed the view upon the facts which they felt
bound in that capacity to maintain. Their computations have been
totally different in method, and result from those which the American
counsel sustained, and which, in part, Mr. Evarts reiterates in his
despatch. The interpretation which they have given to the
1392 data laid before the Tribunal has been in complete antagonism
to his. They have been of opinion, and have insisted with all
the force of argument that their agents could command, that 15,000,000
dollars was the legitimate compensation which, under the treaty, was
their due. The majority of the Commissioners has decided to re-
duce that claim nearly by two-thirds. Having formally engaged to
submit the matter to this arbitration, they do not think that it is
open to them to enquire how it was that the commission came to form
an opinion upon their claims so widely different from their own. Still
less can they admit that either side is entitled to treat this difference
as ground for assuming that the arbitrators have imported into their
judgment considerations which the treaty did not authorise them to
entertain. Her Majesty's Government can only accept now, as on
similar occasions they have accepted before, the decision of the
Tribunal to which they have solemnly and voluntarily submitted.

At the close of his despatch Mr. Evarts refers to a consideration,
which I ought not to pass over without observation, though he does
not place it in the first rank among the objections which he raises
against the award. He calls attention to the fact that the award of
the commission was not unanimous, and that in the Treaty of Wash-
ington no stipulation is, in this case, made that the decision of the
majority is to be binding.

APPENDICES TO DEAL AEGUMENTS. 2305

The opinion that, according to the Treaty of Washington, the
Fishery Commission was incapable of pronouncing any decision
unless its members were unanimous, is one in which Her Majesty's
Government are unable to concur.

It is not difficult to produce from text-books, even of very recent
date, authority for the doctrine that in international arbitrations the
majority of the arbitrators binds the minority unless the contrary is
expressed.

"Halleck's International Law," edited by Sir Sherstone Baker, 1878, says
(chapter xiv, section 6) : —

" The following rules, mostly derived from the Civil Law, have been applied
to international arbitrations where not otherwise provided in the articles of ref-
erence. If there be an uneven number the decision of a majority is conclusive."

Bluntschli (section 493) says: —

" La decision est prise a la majorite" des voix."

Calvo (i, p. 791), lays down: —

"A dfrfaut d'obligations nettement tracers dans 1'acte de compromts, les
arbitres, pour s'acquitter de leur mandat, se guident d'aprfcs les r&gles tracers
par le droit civil : ainsi ils doivent procSder conjointement, discuter et de'libe'rer
en commun, decider a la majoriteV' '

I am not aware of any authorities who, in respect to international
arbitrations, could be quoted in the contrary sense; and it would
not be difficult to show, by a reference to cases in the American as
well as in the English Courts, that the same rule has always been
judicially applied in the case of arbitrations of a public nature.

The language and stipulations of the treaty itself, so far as they
are explicit upon the subject, point to a similar conclusion. Mr.
Evarts, indeed, argues that the requirement of unanimity was in-
tended, because, while it is not disclaimed in the case of the fishery
rights, it is disclaimed in the case of three other arbitrating Tribunals
set up by the treaty. It is evident that, at most, this omission would
have left the matter in uncertainty. The suggestion that the framers
of the treaty meant by their silence to prescribe a mode of proceeding
which, before a Tribunal thus constituted, is unexampled, can only
be accepted on the hypothesis that they were deliberately preparing
an insoluble controversy for those by whom the treaty was to be
executed.

It appears to me that if the language employed in the case of the
other Tribunals set up by the treaty be examined carefully a more
probable solution of the difficulty may be found. The words used in
each case are somewhat peculiar, and lend themselves to the suppo-
sition that what the draftsman was thinking of when he employed
them was not the question whether unanimity should or should not
be required, but under what circumstances the Tribunal should be
held to be fully constituted for the purpose of giving a decision. It
was obvious that in the course of a protracted and manifold enquiry,
in which questions would constantly come up for decision, it was
a matter of great practical importance to lay down whether for each
decision the presence of the whole Tribunal was required, or whether
any condition might be prescribed under which, in spite of the ab-
sence of any one member from illness or other cause, a valid decision
might yet be given.

2306 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

The difficulty of conducting, on the more rigid nile, a lengthened
enquiry, involving frequent decisions, is a matter of ordinary ex-
perience. A common mode of escape from it is to fix some number,
short of the entire complement, as the quorum or minimum number
which must be present to give validity to a decision. The framers
of the Washington Treaty adopted an arrangement somewhat differ-
ent in form, but similar in effect. They laid down that the decisions
should be valid so long as they were adopted by a number not less
than the majority of the whole body. That this is the meaning of the
three passages in which the word majority appears may be gathered
both from the expressions themselves and from the connection in
which they are found. The following is a portion of the first para-
graph of article 13 on the Commission of Civil War Claims : —

"They shall be bound to receive and consider all written documents or
statements which may be presented to them by or on behalf of their
1393 respective Governments in support of, or in answer to, any claims; and
to hear, if required, one person on each side, on behalf of each Govern-
ment, as counsel, or agent for such Government, on each and every separate
claim. A majority of the Commissioners shall be sufficient for an award in
each case."

Here it is evident that the multiplicity of the claims was the mat-
ter specially under consideration ; and that " the sufficiency of a
majority of the commission for an award" was stipulated with a
view to the possible delay which the requirement of a full Tribunal
in each case might cause. That the majority should be sufficient for
an award in the case of one member being absent was a rule which it
was necessary to lay down ; for where frequent decisions are not re-
quired, provisions of the kind are not customary. On the other
hand, it is a universal practice that upon public arbitrations thus
constituted, in case of difference of opinion, the majority shall pre-
vail. It is, therefore, consistent with sound principles of interpre-
tation, to assume that the phrase was meant to apply to the point on
which a provision was necessary, and not to the point on which a
provision was superfluous.

The same reasoning is applicable to the case of the Geneva Tri-
bunal, which had to decide on the alleged failure of neutral duty in
Great Britain as to seventeen different ships, besides questions aris-
ing in respect to damages. The Board of Assessors which was pro-
vided in case the Geneva Tribunal had not awarded a gross sum was a
Commission of Claims which would have had to ad]udicate upon a
very large number of individual losses. In these cases, therefore, as
in that which has been just adverted to, the Joint High Commission
took a natural and a judicious course in providing that a decision
should not be invalid by reason of the absence of a member of the
Tribunal, so long as a majority concurred in the award.

On the other hand, no such provision was necessary in the case of
the Halifax Commission, which, beyond question of procedure, had
but one issue before it, and but one decision to pronounce. In this
case it was not necessary to lay down, as in the other cases, that " a
majority of the Commissioners should be sufficient for an award," or
that "all questions should be decided by a majority of all the
arbitrators."

This construction of the treaty appears to Her Majesty's Govern-
ment more natural and more respectful to the Joint High Commis-

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2307

sion than the assumption that, haying resolved to leave one particular
case to a mode of arbitration which was entirely novel, and wholly
unlikely to issue in a decision, they carefully abstained from the use
of any words to indicate the unusual resolution they had formed.

It further appears to Her Majesty's Government that a distinct
intimation of the true meaning of the Joint High Commission in re-
spect to the Fishery Award is to be found in the composition of the
Tribunal which they adopted. This constitution is consistent with
the intention that the majority should decide; it is not consistent
with the supposed intention that the dissent of one Commissioner
should prevent any decision from being pronounced. The XXIIIrd
article of the treaty makes the following provision for the constitu-
tion of the Tribunal : —

" The Commissioners referred to in the preceding article shall be appointed
in the following manner, that is to say : —

" One Commissioner shall be named by Her Britannic Majesty, one by the
President of the United States, and a third by Her Britannic Majesty and the
President of the United States conjointly ; and in case the third Commissioner
shall not have been so named within a period of three months from the date
when this article shall take effect, then the third Commissioner shall be named
by the representatives at London of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria and
King of Hungary. In case of the death, absence, or incapacity of any Com-
missioner, or in the event of any Commissioner omitting or ceasing to act, the
vacancy shall be filled in the manner hereinbefore provided for making the
original appointment, the period of three months in case of such substitution
being calculated from the date of the happening of the vacancy.

" The Commissioners so named shall meet in the City of Halifax, in the
Province of Nova Scotia, at the earliest convenient period after they have been
respectively named, and shall, before proceeding to any business, make and
subscribe a solemn declaration that they will impartially and carefully examine
and decide the matters referred to them to the best of their judgment, and
according to justice and equity ; and such declaration shall be entered on the
record of their proceedings.

" Each of the High Contracting Parties shall also name one person to attend
the commission as its agent, to represent it generally in all matters connected
with the commission."

This is the ordinary form of arbitration in which each side chooses
an arbitrator, and an umpire is chosen by an indifferent party to
decide between the two. The appointment of the umpire is of no
utility, the precautions for securing his impartiality are unmeaning,
if the adverse vote of one of the arbitrators may deprive his decision
of all force and effect.

In ordinary phraseology the decision of a body of members means
a decision come to by a majority of voices. In the common use and
understanding of language, this is the interpretation which suggests
itself to every reader, when it is stated that a number of men have
expressed an opinion or have arrived at a determination. The re-
quirement of unanimity is the exception, and therefore can only be
conveyed by an explicit statement. There are, of course, well-known
exceptions, as in the case of trial by jury. But in such cases the
constitution of the deciding body is diametrically opposed to that
adopted in the case of the Fishery Commission. Instead of a pro-
vision that two-thirds shall be named by the parties to the suit, the
most elaborate precautions are taken that the whole body shall
1394 be unbiassed. It is obvious that when unanimity is to be re-
quired, when any one member of the deciding body is to have
the power of nullifying all the proceedings and preventing a de-
cision, such an arrangement will only be endurable on the condition

2308 NOETH ATLANTIC COAST FISHEBIES AEBITRATION.

that each member shall be so chosen as to be as far as possible free
from any inclination to exercise that power on one side rather than
on the other. If a jury were constituted on the principle that the
plaintiff should chose one-third of it and the defendant another third,
very few persons would be found to expose themselves to the cost or
an action at law. Had it been known five years ago that an award
would be prevented by the dissent of one of the members of an
arbitration constituted on the same principle, though I do not venture
to conjecture what the course of the United States Government would
have been, I feel confident that England would have declined to enter
upon so unfruitful a litigation.

Her Majesty's Government may appeal to a cogent proof that in
accepting this arbitration they did not contemplate that the award
was liable to be prevented by the requirement or unanimity. Believ-
ing, in agreement with the majority of the commission, that they
were heavy losers by the exchange of concessions contained in arti-
cles 18, 19, and 21 of the treaty, they nevertheless have for five years
allowed those concessions to come into force, trusting to the com-
pensation which the commission would give to them. That they have
done so is a sufficient proof that they did not anticipate a construc-
tion of the treaty which would make the delivery of award almost
impossible. A valuable property has actually passed into the en-
joyment of others, and cannot be recalled. The price to be paid for
it was to be determined later by a Tribunal agreed upon between the
parties. Is it conceivable that they should have deliberately con-
stituted a Tribunal for this purpose, in which a decision could be
wholly prevented by the dissent of a member nominated by the party
to whom the property has passed ?

Reciprocating cordially the courteous and friendly sentiments by
which Mr. Evarts's language is inspired, Her Majesty's Government
feel confident that the United States Government will not. upon re-
flection, see in the considerations which have been advanced any suffi-
cient reason for treating as a nullity the decision to which the major-
ity of the commission have arrived.
I have, &c.

(Signed) SALISBURY.

APPENDIX (F).

Letter from Mr. Anthony St. Jno. Baker to Lord Castlereagh,

November 28, 1815.
(No. 37.)

WASHINGTON, November &S, 1815.

MY LORD, I had the honour to receive on the 19th instant by the
Messenger Williams, who arrived at New York in the Chesterfield
Packet Boat, Earl Bathurst's Dispatches Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10 and their
Enclosures, together with the Ratification of the Commercial Con-
vention signed at London on the 5th of last July.

I lost no time in requesting an Interview with the American Sec-
retary of State which took place yesterday, at which in compliance
with the Instructions contained in Earl Bathurst's No. 8, 1 proceeded
to point out the necessity which existed under the present circum-
stances of the world, of restricting the intercourse of all Ships and
Vessels, British as well as foreign, with the exception only of those
belonging to the East India Company, with the Island of St. Helena,
and the impossibility therefore of complying with that part of the
third Article of the Commercial Convention lately signed between
the two Countries, by which that Island is made one of the ports of
refreshment for the vessels of the United States bound to the East
Indies or China. I then acquainted Mr. Monroe that I had received
the Prince Regent's Ratification of the Commercial Convention, and
had been empowered to proceed to the Exchange, but had been com-
manded in making this notification, at the same time to communicate
to the Government of the United States an explicit declaration as
to the intentions of His Majesty's Government with respect to the
prohibition of all intercourse with the Island of St. Helena, while it
should remain the residence of Napoleon Buonaparte. I remarked
that the present stage of the transaction, before the Treaty had been
sent to the Senate, was peculiarly appropriate for making this com-
munication, and delivered to him a Note, a copy of which is inclosed,
notifying my readiness to exchange the Ratification, and transmit-
ting the Declaration which I had been commanded to make, stating
that I had kept these papers until the day which he had appointed
for the interview, in order that their delivery might be accompanied
with the above declaration.

Mr. Monroe received these Notes, and after reading them atten-
tively, observed that they would be laid before the Senate with the
Treaty, and that the President would determine whether any
previous communication to me respecting them was necessary. He
said very little on the subject, and did not appear to consider the
alteration to be of very material importance, although to be regretted,
as depriving the vessels of the United States of one convenient port

of refreshment,

2309

.

2310 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

I availed myself of this opportunity to mention, as a topic con-
nected with the Commercial Treaty, the Order in Council equal-
izing the duties in England on certain goods imported and
1395 exported in British and American Vessels, and pointed out the
want of reciprocity which existed in this Country, no cor-
responding measure having been adopted by the Executive of the
United States. Mr. Monroe was disposed at first to assign as a reason
for this, that the Order in Council referred to had never been
officially communicated either to Mr. Adams or himself, but after-
wards added that the Powers which the President possessed on the
subject, derived from the Act repealing the discriminating duties,
passed at the close of the last Session of Congress, could only be
exercised towards another Nation in the event of an equalization on
its part of the duties on Tonnage as well as goods, the former of
which were not mentioned in the Order in Council. He observed
however, that Congress was on the point of assembling, and that as a
consequence of the Ratification of the Treaty, the duties both on
Tonnage and Goods would be equalized in the two Countries. I
endeavoured to impress upon Mr. Monroe the justice of the claim
which it might be expected would be made for a remission of the
Extra duties levied in the United States on British goods, subse-
quently to the date on which the Order in Council went into opera-
tion in England with respect to American cargoes.

I next proceeded to fulfil the instructions on the subject of the
fisheries contained in the Dispatch No. 10, by recapitulating to Mr.
Monroe what had passed between us on that point during the sum-
mer, recalling to his memorv the note which he had addressed to me
respecting the conduct of rtis Majesty's brig Jaseur, and my reply,
and informing him that the language which I had held had been
approved of by His Majesty's Government. In order to make the
communication as clear and distinct as possible, I then read to him
the two concluding paragraphs of Earl Bathurst's dispatch.

In reply Mr. Monroe made very few remarks, but they tended to
show that his opinion respecting the claims of the United States in
consequence of the peculiar character attributed by them to the
Treaty of 1783, remained unshaken. He expressed a desire of avail-
ing himself of the first convenient opportunity to converse further
on the topic, but gave me to understand that Mr. Adams had been
directed to negotiate in London an arrangement between the two
Countries respecting the forces to be maintained on the Lakes, the
intercourse on the frontier, and other subjects connected with the
North American Provinces, amongst which this claim of the United
States might be included.

During this interview after acquainting him with the steps taken
by His Majesty's Government towards the execution of the Articles
of the Treaty of Ghent relating to boundary, I requested to know
whether any similar measures had been adopted by the United
States. He informed me that two Commissioners, Mr. Holmes of
Massachusetts and General Peter B. Porter of New York, had been
already appointed, and that a third would be named in a few days.
I have, &c.

ANTHONY ST. JNO. BAKER.

To the Right Honble. Viscount CASTLEREAOH, K. C.,

(&c. <&c.

APPENDIX (G).

Answer of Great Britain to the Statement of the United States as to
Statutes and Regulations to which objection is taken.

Great Britain submits that the Statement of the United States is
not in compliance with the directions of the Tribunal given on the
19th July, 1910.

It gives no exposition of the grounds of objection to the various
enactments referred to in the schedules, and, indeed, the statement
at the end of paragraph 4 that it is not to be inferred that the United
States would refuse to subject American fishermen to such regula-
tions if it were offered an opportunity of having a voice in them,
seems to imply that the United States considers the regulations
therein referred to as being in themselves reasonable.

It is respectfully submitted that, in the absence of any specific
grounds of objection, these regulations must be taken to be reasonable.

Great Britain further submits that all these regulations are in
themselves reasonable, and respectfully invites the Tribunal, in the
event of its answer to Question 1 being in favour of Great Britain, to
embody in the Award a statement to this effect.

In the absence of all specific grounds of complaint, it is impossible
for Great Britain to do more than to state generally that all such
regulations are reasonable and proper.

Great Britain submits that no ground has been laid for the request
put forward in paragraph 3 of the Statement, that some of these
provisions should be referred to a commission of expert specialists.

The same considerations apply with regard to the enactments
referred to in paragraph 6 of the Statement of the United States.

August 2, 1910.

2311

1396 APPENDIX (H).

Memorandum submitted on behalf of the United States, showing the
recognised necessity and uniform practice in 1818 of express stipu-
lation in order to exercise authority over Aliens enjoying Treaty
Rights of Commerce, Trade, Residence, &c.

TREATIES OF TriK UNITED STATES.

(References are to the official publication of the United States,
"Treaties and Conventions," edition 1873).

Netherlands, 178V (p. 610).

Article IX. "It is further agreed and concluded that it shall be
wholly free for all merchants, commanders of ships, and other sub-
jects and inhabitants of the contracting parties, in every place sub-
jected to the jurisdiction of the two Powers respectively, to manage
themselves their own business; and moreover, as to the use of inter-
preters or brokers, as also in relation to the loading or unloading of
their vessels, and everything which has relation there to, they shall
be, on one side and on the other, considered and treated upon the
footing of natural subjects, or, at least, upon an equality with the
most favored nation."

Prussia, 1785 (pp. 707, 708).

Article II. " The subjects of His Majesty the King of Prussia may
frequent all the coasts and countries of the United States of America,
and reside and trade there in all sorts of produce, manufactures, and
merchandize; and shall pay within the said United States no other
or greater duties, charges, or fees whatsoever, than the most favoured
nations are or shall be obliged to pay: and they shall enjoy all the
rights, privileges, and exemptions in navigation and commerce which
the most favoured nation does or shall enjoy; submitting themselves
nevertheless to the laws and usages there established, and to which are
submitted the citizens of the United States, and the citizens and
subjects of the most favoured nations"

Article III. " In like manner the citizens of the United States of
America may frequent all the coasts and countries of His Majesty
the King of Prussia, and reside and trade there in all sorts of produce,
manufactures, and merchandize; and shall pay in the dominions of
his said Majesty, no other or greater duty, charges, or fees what-
soever than the most favoured nation is or shall be obliged to pay:
and they shall enjoy all the rights, privileges, and exemptions in
navigation and commerce which the most favored nation does or
shall enjoy; submitting themselves nevertheless to the laws and
2312 "

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2313

usages there established, and to which are submitted the subjects of
His Majesty the King of Prussia, and the subjects and citizens of the
most favoured nations"

Prussia, 1799 (p. 716).

Article II. " The subjects of His Majesty the King of Prussia may
frequent all the coasts and countries of the United States of America,
and reside and trade there in all sorts of produce, manufactures, and
merchandize, and shall pay there no other or greater duties, charges,
or fees whatsoever than the most favoured nations are or shall be
obliged to pay. They shall also enjoy in navigation and commerce
all the rights, privileges, and exemptions which the most favoured
nation does or shall enjoy, submitting themselves, nevertheless, to the
established laws and usages to which are submitted the citizens of the
United States and the most favoured nations"

Article III. " In like manner, the citizens of the United States of
America may frequent all the coasts and countries of His Majesty
the King or Prussia, and reside and trade there in all sorts of
produce, manufactures, and merchandize, and shall pay, in the do-
minions of his said Majesty, no other or greater duties, charges, or
fees whatsoever than the most favoured nation is or shall be obliged
to pay; and they shall enjoy all the rights, privileges, and exemptions
in navigation and commerce which the most favoured nation does or
shall enjoy, submitting themselves, nevertheless, to the established
laws and usages to which are submitted the subjects of His Majesty
the King of Prussia and the subjects and citizens of the most fa-
voured nations"

Great Britain, 1816 (p. 344).

Article I. " There shall be between the territories of the United
States of America, and all the territories of His Britannick Majesty
in Europe, a reciprocal liberty of commerce. The inhabitants of the
two countries, respectively, shall have liberty freely and securely to
come with their ships and cargoes to all such places, ports, and
rivers, in the territories aforesaid, to which other foreigners are per-
mitted to come, to enter into the same, and to remain and reside in
any parts of the said territories, respectively; also to hire and occupy
houses and warehouses for the purposes of their commerce ; and gen-
erally, the merchants and traders of each nation, respectively shall
enjoy the most complete protection and security for their commerce,
but subject always to the laws and statutes of the two countries,
respectively"

1397 Sweden and Norway, 1816 (pp. 809-810).

Article I. "There shall be between all the territories under the
dominion of the United States of America, and of His Majesty the
King of Sweden and Norway, a reciprocal liberty of commerce. The
inhabitants of either of the two countries shall have liberty, with all
security for their persons, vessels, and cargoes, to come freely to all
ports, places, and rivers within the territories of the other, into
which the vessels of the most favored nations are permitted to enter.
They can there remain and reside in any part whatsoever of the said
92909°— VOL 12—13 6

2314 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

territories; they can there hire and occupy houses and warehouses
for their commerce; and, generally, the merchants and traders of
each of the two nations shall enjoy in the other the most complete
security and protection for the transaction of their business, being
bound alone to conform to the laws and statutes of the two countries^
respectively"

Colombia, 1824 (p. 169).

Article III. " The citizens of the United States may frequent all
the coasts and countries of the Republic of Colombia, and reside and
trade there, in all sorts of produce, manufactures, and merchandise,
and shall pay no other or greater duty, charges, or fees whatsoever,
than the most favored nation is or shall be obliged to pay ; and they
shall enjoy all the rights, privileges, and exemptions in navigation
and commerce which the most favored nation does or shall enjoy,
submitting themselves, nevertheless, to the laws, decrees, and usages
there established, and to which are submitted the subjects and citizens
of the most favored nations.

" In like manner the citizens of the Republic of Colombia may
frequent all the costs and countries of the United States, and reside
and trade there, in all sorts of produce, manufacture, and merchan-
dize, and shall pay no other or greater duties, charges, or fees what-
soever than the most favored nation is or shall be obliged to pay;
and they shall enjoy all the rights, privileges, and exemptions in
navigation and commerce, which the most favored nation does or
shall enjoy, submitting themselves, nevertheless, to the lotos, decrees,
and usages there established, and to which are submitted the subjects
and citizens of the most favored nations"

Central America, 1885 (pp. 108-109).

Article III. "The two high contracting parties, being likewise
desirous of placing the commerce and navigation of their respective
countries on the liberal basis of perfect equality and reciprocity,
mutually agree that the citizens of each may frequent all the coasts
and countries of the other, and reside and trade there, in all kinds
of produce, manufactures and merchandise ; and they shall enjoy all
the rights, privileges, and exemptions in navigation and commerce
which native citizens do or shall enjoy, submitting themselves to the
laws, decrees, and usages there established to which native citizens
are subjected. But it is understood that this article does not include
the coasting trade of either country, the regulation of which is re-
served by the parties, respectively, according to their own separate
laws."

Denmark, 1826 (p. 206).

Article II. "The contracting parties being likewise desirous of
placing the commerce and navigation of their respective countries
on the liberal basis of perfect equality and reciprocity, mutually
agree that the citizens and subjecte of each may frequent all the coasts
and countries of the other, (with the exception hereafter provided
for in the sixth article,) and reside and trade there in all kinds of
produce, manufactures, and merchandise; and they shall enjoy all
the rights, privileges, and exemptions, in navigation and commerce,

APPENDICES TO OBAL ABGUMENTS. 2315

which native citizens or subjects do or shall enjoy, submitting them-
selves to the laws, decrees, and usages, there established, to which
native citizens or subjects are subjected. But it is understood that
this article does not include the coasting trade of either country, the
regulation of which is reserved by the parties, respectively, accord-
ing to their own separate laws."

Sweden and Norway, 1827 (p. 815).

Article I. " The citizens and subjects of each of the two high con-
tracting parties may, with all security for their persons, vessels, and
cargoes, freely enter the ports, places, and rivers of the territories of
the other, wherever foreign commerce is permitted. They shall be
at liberty to sojourn and reside in all parts whatsoever of said terri-
tories; to rent and occupy houses and warehouses for their com-
merce; and they shall enjoy, generally, the most entire security and
protection in their mercantile transactions, on condition of their sub-
mitting to the laws and ordinances of the respective countries"

Hanseatic Republics, 1827 (p. 463).

Article VI. " It is likewise agreed that it shall be wholly free for
all merchants, commanders of ships, and other citizens of both parties,
to manage, themselves, their own business, in all the ports and places
subject to the jurisdiction of each other, as well with respect to the
consignment and sale of their goods and merchandise by wholesale
or retail., as with respect to the loading unloading, and sending off
their ships, submitting themselves to the laws, decrees, and usages
there established, to which native citizens are subjected; they being,
in all these cases, to be treated as citizens of the Republic in which
they reside, or at least to be placed on a footing with the citizens or
subjects of the most favored nation?

Brazil, 1828 (p. 95).

Article III. "The two high contracting parties, being likewise
desirous of placing the commerce and navigation of their re-
spective countries on the liberal basis of perfect equality and
1398 reciprocity, mutually agree that the citizens and subjects of
each may frequent all the coasts and countries of the other,
and reside and trade there in all kinds of produce, manufactures, and
merchandise ; and they shall enjoy all the rights, privileges, and ex-
emptions in navigation and commerce, which native citizens or sub-
jects do or shall enjoy, submitting themselves to the laws, decrees,
and usages there established, to which native^ citizens or subjects are
subjected. But it is understood that this article does not include the
coasting trade of either country, the regulation of which is reserved
by the parties respectively, according to their own separate laws."

Prussia, 1828 (p. 724).

Article I. " There shall be between the territories of the high con-
tracting parties a reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation.
The inhabitants of their respective States shall mutually have liberty

2316 NOBTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHBBIES ARBITRATION.

to enter the ports, places, and rivers of the territories of each party
wherever foreign commerce is permitted. They shall be at liberty
to sojourn and reside in all parts whatsoever of said territories, in
order to attend to their affairs; and they shall enjoy, to that effect,
the same security and protection as natives of the country wherein
they reside, on condition of their submitting to the laws and ordi-
nances there prevailing"

Austria-Hungary, 1829 (p. 31).

Article I (still in force) . " There shall be between the territories
of the high contracting parties a reciprocal liberty of commerce and
navigation. The inhabitants of their respective States shall mutually
have liberty to enter the ports, places, and rivers of the territories
of each party, wherever foreign commerce is permitted. They shall
be at liberty to sojourn and reside in all parts whatsoever of said
territories, in order to attend to their commercial affairs; and they
shall enjoy, to that effect, the same security, protection, and privileges
as natives of the country wherein they reside, on condition of their
submitting to the laws and ordinances there prevailing."

Greece, 1837 (p. 430).

Article I. " The citizens and subjects of each of the two high con-
tracting parties may, with all security to their persons, vessels, and
cargoes, freely enter the ports, places, and rivers of the territories
of tne others, wherever foreign commerce is permitted. They shall
be at liberty to sojourn and reside in all parts whatsoever of said
territories ; to rent and occupy houses and warehouses for their com-
merce; and they shall enjoy, generally, the most entire security and
protection in their mercantile transactions, on condition of their sub-
mitting to the laws and ordinances of the respective countries"

Sardinia, 1838 (p. 755).

Article I. " There shall be between the territories of the high con-
tracting parties a reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation, the
inhabitants of their respective States shall mutually have liberty to
enter the ports and commercial places of the territories of each party,
wherever foreign commerce is permitted. They shall be at liberty
to sojourn and reside in all parts whatsoever of said territories in
order to attend to their affairs, and they shall enjoy to that effect the
same security and protection as the natives of the country wherein
they reside, on condition of their submitting to the laws and ordi-
nances there prevailing"

Portugal, 1840 (p. 699).

Article I. " There shall be, between the territories of the high con-
tracting parties, a reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation.
The citizens and subjects of their respective States shall, mutually,
have liberty to enter the ports, places, and rivers of the territories or
each party, wherever foreign commerce is or shall be permitted.
They shall be at liberty to sojourn and reside in all parts of said

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2317

territories, in order to attend to their affairs; and they shall enjoy,
to that effect, the same security and protection as natives of the
country wherein they reside, on condition of their submitting to the
laws and ordinances there preventing, and particularly to the regula-
tions in force concerning commerce"

Hanover, 1840 (p. 446).

Article L "There shall be between the territories of the high
contracting parties a reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation.

"The inhabitants of their respective States shall mutually have
liberty to enter, with or without their ships and cargoes, the ports,
places, waters, and rivers of the territories of each party wherever
foreign commerce is permitted.

" They shall be permitted to sojourn and reside in all parts what-
soever of said territories, in order to attend to their affairs, and also
to hire and occupy houses and warehouses for the purpose of their
commerce, provided they submit to the laws, as well general as special,
relative to the right of residing and trading.

"Whilst they conform to the laws and regulations in force, they
shall be at liberty to manage themselves their own business, in all
the territories subject to the jurisdiction of each party, in respect
to the consignment and sale of their goods, by wholesale or retail, as
with respect to the loading, unloading, and sending off their ships,
or to employ such agents and brokers as they may deem proper, they
being, in all these cases, to be treated as the citizens or subjects
1399 of the country in whi-ch they reside, it being nevertheless under-
stood that they shall remain subject to the said laws and regu-
lations also in respect to sales by wholesale or retail.
' "They shall have free access to the tribunals of justice in their
litigious affairs on the same terms which are granted by the law and
usage of the country to native citizens or subjects, for which purpose
they may employ in defense of their rights such advocates, attorneys,
and other agents as they may judge proper."

Argentine Confederation, 1853. (p. 26).

Article II (still in force). "There shall be between all the terri-
tories of the United States and all the territories of the Argentine
Confederation a reciprocal freedom of commerce. The citizens of
the two countries, respectively shall have liberty freely and securely
to come with their ships and cargoes to all places, ports, and rivers
in the territories of either, to which other foreigners, or the ships or
cargoes of any other foreign nation or State, are, or may be, per-
mitted to come; to enter into the same, and to remain and reside in
any part thereof, respectively; to hire and occupy houses and ware-
houses, for the purposes of their residence and commerce; to trade
in all kinds of produce, manufactures, and merchandise of lawful
commerce, and generally to enjoy, in all their business, the most
complete protection and security, subject to the general laws and
usages of the two countries respectively. In like manner, the re-
spective ships of war, and post-office or passenger packets of the two
countries, shall have liberty, freely and securely, to come to all har-
bors, rivers, and places to which other foreign ships of war and

2318 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

packets are, or majr be, permitted to come; to enter into the same,
to anchor and remain there and refit, subject always to the laws and
usages of the two countries respectively"

Two Sicilies, 1855 (p. 865).

Article IV. " The citizens and subjects of each of the high con-
tracting parties shall have free and undoubted right to travel and
reside in the States of the other, remaining subject only to the pre-
cautions of police which are practised towards the citizens or sub-
jects of the most favored nations."

Great Britain, 1794 (p- 326).

Article XIII. " His Majesty consents that the vessels belonging to
the citizens of the United States of America shall be admitted and
hospitably received in all the sea-ports and harbors of the British ter-
ritories in the East Indies. And that the citizens of the said United
States may freely carry on a trade between the said territories and
the said United States, in all articles of which the importation or
exportation respectively, to or from the said territories, shall not be
entirely prohibited. . . . And the citizens of the United States,
whenever they arrive in any port or harbor in the said territories, or
if they should be permitted, in manner aforesaid, to go to any other
place therein, shall always be subject to the laws, government, and
jurisdiction of what nature established in such harbor, port, or place,
according as the same may be. The citizens of the United States may
also touch for refreshment at the island of St. Helena, but subject in
all respects to such regulations as the British Government may from
time to time establish there."

(pp. 326-327.)

Article XlV. " There shall be between all the dominions of His
Majesty in Europe and the territories of the United States a recip-
rocal and perfect liberty of commerce and navigation. The people
and inhabitants of the two countries, respectively, shall have liberty
freely and securely, and without hindrance and molestation, to come
with their ships and cargoes to the lands, countries, cities, ports,
places, and rivers within the dominions and territories aforesaid, to
enter into the same, to resort there, and to remain and reside there,
without any limitation of time. Also to hire and possess houses and
warehouses for the purposes of their commerce, and generally the
merchants and traders on each side shall enjoy the most complete
protection, and security for their commerce ; but subject always as to
what respects this article to tJie laws and statutes of the two coun-
tries respectively.

TREATIES OF GREAT BRITAIN.

(References are to volumes of Hertslet's " Treaties and Conventions
relating to Commerce and Navigation.")

Portugal, 16$ (II, p. 2).

Article III. "And that the subjects of each of the most renowned
Kings before named, in the Dominions and Territories of the other,

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2319

shall not l>e worse dealt withall than the natural subjects, in their
sales and contracts for their merchandizes, as well for price as other-
wise ; but that the condition of foreigners and natural subjects shall
be equal and alike as aforesaid according to the practice of ancient
Treaties made between the most renowned Kings of Great Britain
and Castile."

Portugal, 1654 (II, p. 9).

Article EC. " That there shall be free commerce between the Re-
public of England and the King of Portugal, and their people,
1400 subjects, and inhabitants, as well by land as on the sea, rivers,
and fresh waters, in all and singular the countries, lands, do-
minions, territories, provinces, islands, colonies, cities, towns, villages,
ports, and borders, where commerce was heretofore, or is at this time
carried on, in such manner that the people, subjects, and inhabitants
of either, may, without any safe-conduct or other general or special
licence, pass by land and sea, by rivers and fresh waters, to the afore-
said Dominions and Kingdoms, all their cities, towns, harbours,
shores, bays, and places, and enter the same with carriages, horses,
packs, and vessels, laden, or unladen, there to import, sell, and buy
merchandize, and at a reasonable price to procure victuals, and what
necessaries they want for their stay and voyage to refit their ships
and carriages, whether their own or such as are hired or lent, and
with the same liberty to depart from thence with their goods, mer-
chandize, and all other things whatsoever, either to their own or for-
eign countries, as they think fit, and without any hindrance ; saving,
nevertheless, all the laws and statutes of each place."

Sweden, 1654 (H, p. 312).

Article VI. " In case any of the ships of either Confederate,
whether of war or merchants, belonging to the subjects and people
of either, be by occasion of tempests, pursuit of pirates and enemies,
or any other urgent necessity constrained to put into each others
havens, roads, or shores, they shall be received there with all kind-
ness and humanity, and enjoy all friendly protection, and be permit-
ted to refresh themselves and procure, at a reasonable price, all things
needful for their sustenance, reparation, or use; neither shall they
be hindered from going out of the said ports or roads, at their pleas-
ure, without paying any customs or duties ; provided they do nothing
contrary to the laws, ordinances, and customs of the place, wMch the
said ships shall enter into or abide in.

(pp. 313-314.)

Article X. " The subjects and inhabitants of the Queen and King-
dom of Sweden may safely and freely travel in England, Scotland,
and Ireland, and the Dominions thereof, and pass through the same
by sea or land, to any other nations, freely to traffic and have com-
merce with them in all sorts of merchandize, and to import and
export the same. And the people of the said Commonwealth shall
enjoy the same freedom in the Kingdoms, Dominions, and Terri-
tories of the Queen and Kingdom of .Sweden. Provided the laws,

2320 NOBTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

ordinances, and particular rights of each nation concerning trade and
commerce be observed on both sides"

Denmark, 1660 (I, p. 180).

Article VI. " It shall be free for the subjects of both Kings to come
with their merchandize, as well by land as by sea, into the Kingdoms,
Provinces, Mart-Towns, Ports, and Rivers of the other, and there to
converse and trade, paying the usual customs and duties, saving
always the sovereignty and right of either King, in their Kingdoms,
Provinces, Principalities, and Territories, respectively."

(p. 182).

Article XIV. " It is also agreed, that in case the subjects and in-
habitants, of either of the Confederates, with their shipping (either
by reason of pirates chasing them, or by stress of weather, or by any
other inconvenience) be forced to repair into the rivers, creeks, bays,
or ports, of the other Confederate, there to seek harbour, they shall
be kindly and courteously used by the magistrate and inhabitants of
such place; and it shall be lawful for them to provide themselves
at a reasonable price with those things which shall be necessary for
the repairing of their ships, and freely to depart again without any
hindrance or search, and paying no tolls and customs ; provided, they
do not carry out of their ship or ships, any goods or packs, nor expose
them to sale, nor have or receive on board, persons guilty or suspected
of any crime, or prohibited goods, nor -finally do anything repugnant
to the laws, statutes or customs of that place and port where they shall
arrive"

Sweden, 1661 (renewed in 181$), (II, p. 325).

Article IV. " That either of the aforesaid Confederates, their
people and subjects may, without any safe-conduct, licence, general or
special, freely and securely go and enter by land or sea, in arid to the
Kingdoms, Countries, Provinces, Lands, Islands, Cities, Villages,
Towns, whether walled or unwalled, fortified or otherwise, havens,
and whatsoever dominions of the other, and there stay, and from
thence return, or pass through; and in the same places, upon just
prices, procure and have provision of victuals for their use and sus-
tenance, and be used with all friendly offices. And that either Con-
federate their people and subjects may trade, and have commerce in
all places, where commerce has hitherto been exercised, in what goods
and merchandizes they please; and may freely import and export the
same, paying the customs which are due, and conforming themselves
to the laws and ordinances of each kingdom, whether the samS con-
cerns trade, or any other right; which presupposed, the people, sub-
jects, and inhabitants of both Confederates shall have and enjoy in
each other's Kingdoms, Countries, Lands, and Dominions, as large
and ample privileges, relaxations, liberties, and immunities as any
other foreigner at present doth, or hereafter shall enjoy there."

(p. 328).

Article X. " The subjects and inhabitants of the King and King-
dom of Great Britain may safely and freely travel in the Kingdoms,

APPENDICES TO DEAL AEGtTMENTS. 2321

Dominions and Territories of the King of Sweden, and pass through
the same, by sea or land, to any other nations, freely to traffic and

have commerce with them in all sorts of merchandize, and to
1401 import and export the same. And the subjects of the King of

Sweden shall enjoy the same freedom in the Kingdoms, Domin-
ions, and territories of the King of Great Britain ; provided the laws,
ordinances, and particular rights of each nation, concerning trade ana
commerce, be observed on both sides"

Spain, 1669 (II, pp. 141-142).

Article IV. " That between the King of Great Britain and the
King of Spain, and their respective people,' subjects, and inhabitants,
as well upon sea, as upon land, and fresh waters, in all and every their
Kingdoms, lands, countries, Dominions, confines, Territories, prov-
inces, islands, plantations, cities, villages, towns, ports, rivers, creeks,
bays, streights and currents, where hitherto trade and commerce hath
been accustomed, there shall be free trade and commerce, in such way
and manner, that without safe conduct, and without general or par-
ticular license, the people and subjects of each other may freely, as
well by land as by sea, and fresh waters, navigate and go into their
said countries, Kingdoms, Dominions, and all the cities, ports, cur-
rents, bays, districts, and other places thereof ; and may enter into any
port with their ships laden or empty, carriage or carriages wherein
to bring their merchandize, and there buy and sell what and how
much they please, and also at just and reasonable rates provide them-
selves with provisions and other necessary things for their subsist-
ence and voyage ; and also may repair their ships and carriages, and
from thence again freely depart with their ships, carriages, goods,
merchandize and estate, and return to their own countries or to such
other places as they shall think fit, without any molestation or imped-
iment, so that they pay the duties and customs which shall be due, and
saving to either side the laws and ordinances of their country"

Denmark, 1670 (I, p. 187).

Article V. " It shall be lawful for the Subjects of both Kings, with
their commodities and merchandize, both by sea and land, in time of
peace, without license or safe-conduct general or special, to come to
the Kingdoms, provinces, mart-towns, ports and rivers of each other,
and in any place therein to remain and trade, paying usual customs
and duties; reserving nevertheless to either Prince His superiority,
and regcl jurisdiction in His Kingdoms, Provinces, Principalities
and Territories respectively."

France, 1786 (I, p. 279).

Article II. " For the future security of commerce and friendship
between the subjects of their said Majesties, and to the end that this
good correspondence may be preserved from all interruption and dis-
turbance, it is concluded and agreed, that if, at any time, there should
arise any misunderstanding, breach of friendship or rupture between
the Crowns of their Majesties, which God forbid! (which rupture
shall not be deemed to exist until the recalling or sending home of

2322 NOBTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHEBIES ARBITRATION.

the respective Ambassadors and Ministers) the subjects of each of the
two Parties residing in the Dominions of the other, shall have the
privilege of remaining and continuing their trade therein, without
any manner of disturbance, so long as they behave peaceably, and
commit no offence against the laws and ordinances: and in case their
conduct should render them suspected, the respective Governments
should be obliged to order them to remove, the term of twelve months
shall be allowed them for that purpose, in order that they may
remove, with their effects and property, whether entrusted to indi-
viduals or to the State. At the same time it is to ~be understood that
this favour is not to be extended to those who shall act contrary to
the established laws"

Portugal, 1810 (II, p. 63).

Article XXXI. " For the future security of commerce and friend-
ship between the subjects of His Britannic Majesty and His Royal
Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal and to the end that their
mutual good understanding may be preserved from all interruption
and disturbance, it is concluded and agreed, that if at any time there
should arise any disagreement, breach of friendship, or rupture,
between the Crowns of the high Contracting Parties, which God for-
bid, (which rupture shall not oe deemed to exist until the recalling or
sending home of the respective Ambassadors and Ministers) the sub-
jects of each of the two Parties, residing in the Dominions of the
other, shall have the privilege of remaining, and continuing their
trade therein, without any manner of interruption, so long as they
behave peaceably, and commit no offence against the laws and ordi-
nances; and in case their conduct should render them suspected and
the respective Governments should be obliged to order them to re-
move, the term of twelve months shall be allowed them for that
purpose, in order that they may retire with their effects and property,
whether entrusted to individuals, or to the State.

"At the same time it is to be understood that this favour is not to
be extended to those who shaU act in any manner contrary to the
established laws"

Netherlands, 1815 (I, p. 371).

Article III. " The subjects of His Majesty the King of the Nether-
lands, being proprietors in the said Colonies, shall be at perfect
liberty to go to the said Colonies, and to return, without being sub-
jected in this respect to any delay or difficulty ; or to appoint persons
to act for them in the management of the said intercourse, or of their
properties in the said Colonies; subject, however, during their resi-
dence there, to the laws and regulations of the same. They shall also
have full liberty to dispose of their property in any manner in which
they may think fit: but it is understood, that, in regard to Negroes,
they are to be subject to the same restrictions as British subjects."

1402 France, 1815 (I, p. 271).

Article VIII "His Britannic Majesty further engages to

permit the subjects of his Most Christian Majesty in India, to con-

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2323

tinue their residence and commerce so long as they shall conduct
themselves peaceably, and shall do nothing contrary to the laws and
regulations of the Government.

"At the same time it is to be understood, that tMs favor is not to be
extended to those who may act contrary to the laws and regulations of
the British Government."

Two Sicilies, 1816 (II, p. 135).

Article V. " With respect to the personal privileges to be enjoyed
>y the subjects of His Britannic Majesty in the Kingdom of the Two
Sicilies, His Sicilian Majesty promises that they snail have a free
and undoubted right to travel and to reside in the Territories and
Dominions of His said Majesty; subject to the same precautions of
police which are practiced towards the most favored nations. They
shall be entitled to occupy dwellings and warehouses, and to dispose
of their personal property of every Hnd and description, by sale, gift,
exchange, or will, and in any other way whatever, without the small-
est loss or hindrance being given them on that head. They shall
not be obliged to pay, under any pretence whatever, other taxes or
rates than those which are paid, or that hereafter may be paid, by
the most favored nation in the Dominions of His said Sicilian Maj-
esty. They shall be exempt from all military service, whether by
land or sea; their dwellings, warehouses, and everything belonging
or appertaining thereto for objects of commerce or residence, shall
be respected. They shall not be subjected to any vexatious search or
visits. No arbitrary examination or inspection of their books, papers,
or accounts, shall be made under the pretence of the Supreme Au-
thority of the State, but these shall alone be executed by the legal
sentence of the competent tribunal. His Sicilian Majesty engages on
all these occasions , to guarantee to the subjects of His Britannic
Majesty who shall reside in his States and Dominions, the preserva-
tion of their property and personal security, in the same manner as
those are guaranteed to his subjects and to all foreigners belonging
to the most favored and most highly privileged nation."

Netherlands, 1824 (in East Indies), (III, p. 285).

Article I. "The High Contracting Parties engage to admit the
subjects of each other to trade with their respective possessions in
the Eastern Archipelago, and on the continent of India, and in Cey-
lon, upon the footing of the most favoured nation; their respective
subjects conforming themselves to the local regulations of each set-
tlement"

Buenos Ayres, 1825 (III, p. 45).

Article II. " There shall be, between all the territories of His Bri-
tannic Majesty in Europe and the territories of The United Provinces
of Rio de la Plata, a reciprocal freedom of commerce: The inhabi-
tants of the two countries, respectively, shall have liberty freely and
securely to come, with their ships and cargoes, to all such places,
ports, and rivers, in the territories aforesaid, to which other foreign-
ers are or may be permitted to come, to enter into the same, and to

2324 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

remain and reside in any part of the said territories respectively;
also to hire and occupy houses and warehouses for the purposes of
their commerce; and, generally, the merchants and traders of each
nation, respectively, shall enjoy the most complete protection and
security for their commerce; subject always to the IOAJD& and statutes
of the two countries respectively"

Colombia, 1825 (TIL p. 57).

Article IT. " There shall be, between all the territories of His
Britannic Majesty in Europe, and the territories of Colombia, a re-
ciprocal freedom of commerce. The subjects and citizens of the two
countries, respectively, shall have liberty, freely and securely to
come, with their ships and cargoes, to all such places, ports, and
rivers, in the territories aforesaid, to which other foreigners are or
may be permitted to come, to enter into the same, and to remain and
reside in any part of the said territories, respectively; also to hire
and occupy houses and warehouses for the purposes of their com-
merce ; and, generally, the merchants and traders of each nation, re-
spectively, shall enjoy the most complete protection and security for
their commerce; subject always to the laws and statutes of the two
countries respectively"

Sweden, 18Z6 (III, p. 436).

Article VTTI. " In respect to the commerce to be carried on in the
vessels of Sweden or Norway with the British dominions in the East
Indies, or now held by the East India Company in virtue of their
Charter, His Britannic Majesty consents to grant the same facilities
and privileges, in all respects, to the subjects of His Swedish Majesty,
as are or may be enjoyed, under any Treaty or Act of Parliament,
by the subjects or citizens of the most favoured nation ; subject to the
laws, rules, regulations, and restrictions which are or may be applica-
ble to the ships and subjects of any other foreign country enjoying
the like facilities and privileges of trading with the said dominions."

1403 Mexico, 182G (III, p. 248).

Article II. " There shall be, between all the territories of His
Britannic Majesty in Europe and the territories of Mexico, a recip-
rocal freedom of commerce. The inhabitants of the two countries
respectively shall have liberty freely and securely to come, with
their ships and cargoes, to all places, ports, and rivers in the terri-
tories aforesaid, saving only such particular ports to which other
foreigners shall not be permitted to come, to enter into the same, and
to remain and reside in any part of the said territories respectively ;
also to hire and occupy houses and warehouses for the purposes of
their commerce; and, generally, the merchants and traders of each
nation, respectively, shall enjoy the most complete protection and
security for their commerce.

" In like manner, the respective ships of war, and post-office packets
of the two countries, shall have liberty freely and securely to come
to all harbours, rivers and places, saving only such particular ports
(if any) to which other foreign ships of war and packets shall not

APPENDICES TO OKAL AEGUMENTS. 2325

be permitted to come, to enter into the same, to anchor, and to remain
there and refit; subject always to the laws and statutes of the two
countries, respectively.

" By the right of entering the places, ports and rivers mentioned in
this Article, the privilege of carrying on the coasting trade is not
understood, in which national vessels only are permitted to engage."

Austria, 1829 (IV, p. 3).

Article "VT. " In respect to the commerce to be carried on in
Austrian vessels with the British Dominions in the East Indies, or
now held by the East India Company in virtue of their Charter,
His Britannic Majesty consents to grant the same facilities and
privileges, in all respects, to the subjects of His Imperial and Boyal
Apostolic Majesty, as are or may be enjoyed, under any Treaty or
Act of Parliament, by the subjects or citizens of the most favoured
Nation; subject to the laws, rules, regulations, and restrictions which
are or may be applicable to the skips and subjects of any other
Foreign Country enjoying the like facilities and privileges of trading
with the said Dominions.

Frankfort, 1832 (IV, p. 148).

Article I. " There shall be between the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland and the free city of Frankfort and its territories,
a reciprocal freedom of commerce.

"The subjects and citizens of the 2 countries respectively, shall
have liberty freely and securely to come with their ships and cargoes,
or with goods borne by land, or by inland navigation, to all such
places, ports, and rivers, in the respective territories aforesaid, to
which other foreigners are, or may be, permitted to come, and to
enter into the same, and to remain and reside in any port or part of
the said territories respectively, and to hire and occupy houses and
warehouses for the purposes of their commerce, in such manner as
is permitted to merchants of the most favoured nations; and, gen-
erally, the merchants and traders of each state shall, within the terri-
tories of the other, enjoy the most complete protection and security
for their commerce, subject always to the laws and statutes of the 2
states respectively,' and, generally, each of the said High Contracting
Parties agrees to place the other, in all that respects trade, commerce,
and navigation, on the footing of the most favoured nation."

Austria, 1838 (V, pp. 4-5).

Article IX. " In regard to the commerce to be carried on in Aus-
trian vessels with the British Possessions in the East Indies, Her
Britannic Majesty consents to grant the same facilities and privi-"
leges to the subjects of His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty,
as are or may be enjoyed, under any Treaty or Act of Parliament,
by the subjects or citizens of the most favoured nations; subject to
the laws, rules, regulations, and restrictions, which are or may be-
come applicable to the vessels and subjects of any other foreign coun-
try enjoying the like advantages and privileges of trading with the
said Possessions."

APPENDIX (I).

Russian- Japanese Convention concerning Fisheries.
(Signed July 15 (28), 1907.)

(Translation.)

HIS Majesty the Emperor of All the Kussians and His Majesty
the Emperor of Japan have, for the purpose of concluding a fisheries
convention in accordance with the provisions of article 11 of the
Treaty of Peace concluded at Portsmouth on the 23rd August (5th
September), 1905 (being the 5th day of the 9th month of the 38th
year of Meidji), appointed as their Plenipotentiaries, to wit:

His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russians: Alexander Iswol-
skv, Master of his Court and Minister for Foreign Affairs, and his
Privy Councillor Constantine Goubastoff, Assistant Minister for

Foreign Affairs ; and

1404 His Majesty the Emperor of Japan: Itchirp Motono, Doc-
tor of Laws, his Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo-
tentiary near His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russians ;

Who, after having communicated to each other their respective
full powers, found in due and good order, have concluded the fol-
lowing articles : —

AETICLE 1.

The Imperial Government of Russia grants to Japanese subjects,
in accordance with the provisions of the present convention, the right
to fish, catch, and prepare all kinds of fish and aquatic products, ex-
cept fur seals and sea otters, along the Russian coasts of the seas of
Japan, Okhotsk, and Behring3 with the exception of the rivers and
inlets. The inlets which constitute the objects of the above exception
are enumerated in article 1 of the protocol hereto annexed.

AJRTICLE 2.

Japanese subjects are authorised to engage in fishing and in the
preparation of fish and aquatic products in the fishing tracts specially
designated for this purpose, situated both at sea and on the coasts,
and which shall be leased at public auction without any discrimina-
tion between Japanese and Russian subjects, either for a long term or
for a short term, Japanese subjects shall enjoy in this respect the
same rights as Russian subjects who have acquired fishing tracts in
the regions specified in article 1 of the present convention.

The dates and places appointed for these auctions, as well as the
necessary details relative to the leases of the various fishing tracts,
shall be officially notified to the Japanese consul at Vladivostok at
least two months before the auctions.
2326

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2327

The fishing for whale and cod-fish, a» well as for all kinds of fish
and aquatic products which cannot be taken within special tracts,
shall be permitted to Japanese subjects on sea-going vessels provided
with a special permit

ABTICLE 3.

Japanese subjects who shall have acquired fishing tracts by lease
in accordance with the provisions of article 2 of the present conven-
tion shall have, within the limits of these tracts, the right to make
free use of the coasts which have been granted to them for the pur-
pose of carrying on their fishing industry. They may make on these
coasts the necessary repairs to their boats and nets, haul the latter
on land and land their fish and aquatic products, and salt, dry, pre-
pare, and store their fish and other hauls there. For these purposes
they shall be at liberty to construct thereon buildings, stores, cabins,
and drying houses, or to remove them,

ARTICLE 4.

Japanese subjects and Russian subjects who have acquired fishing
tracts in the regions specified in article 1 of the present convention
shall be treated on an equal footing in everything regarding imposts
or taxes, which are or shall be levied on the right to fish and to pre-
pare fishing products, or on the movable or immovable property nec-
essary in this industry.

ARTICLE 5.

The Imperial Russian Government shall not collect any duty on
fish and aquatic products, caught or taken in the provinces of the
coast and of the Amour, whether such fish and aquatic products are
manufactured or not, when they are intended for export to Japan.

ARTICLE 6.

No restriction shall be established regarding the nationality of
persons employed by Japanese subjects in fishing or in the prepara-
tion of fish and aquatic products in the regions specified in article 1
of the present convention.

ARTICLE 7.

With regard to the mode of preparation of fish and aquatic
products, the Imperial Russian Government agrees not to impose on
Japanese subjects any special restrictions from which Russian sub-
jects are exempt who have acquired fishing tracts in the regions
specified in article 1 of the present convention.

ARTICLE 8.

Japanese subjects who have acquired the right to fish may proceed
directly either from Japan to the fishing-grounds, or from these
grounds to Japan, on vessels provided with a certificate issued in
Japan by the competent Russian consulate, as well as with a bill of
health issued by the Japanese authorities.

2328 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

The said vessels shall be authorised to transport from one fishing-
ground to another, without imposts or taxes, the persons and articles
necessary in the fishing industry, as well as the fish and other sea
products. The aforementioned vessels shall submit in all other re-
spects to the Russian laws on coasting trade at present enforced or
which may be enacted in future.

ARTICLE 9.

Japanese and Russian subjects who have acquired fishing tracts
in the regions specified in article 1 of the present convention
1405 shall be placed in a footing of equality with regard to the laws,
regulations, and ordinances at present in force or which may be
enacted in future concerning fish culture and the protection of fish
and aquatic products, the supervision of the industry connected there-
with, and any other matter relating to fisheries.

The Japanese Government shall oe notified of newly enacted laws
and regulations at least six months before their enforcement.

With regard to newly enacted ordinances, notice shall be given
thereof to the Japanese consul at Vladivostok at least two months
before they go into effect.

ARTICLE 10.

With regard to matters not specially designated in the present
convention, but which relate to the fishing industry in the regions
specified in article 1 of the said convention, Japanese subjects shall
be treated on the same footing as Russian subjects who have acquired
fishing tracts in the aforementioned regions.

ARTICLE 11.

Japanese subjects may engage in the preparation of fish and
aquatic products within the tracts of ground which shall be rented to
them outside the regions specified in article 1 of the present conven-
tion, always submitting to the laws, regulations, and ordinances
which are or may be in force and applicable to all foreigners in
Russia.

ARTICLE 12.

The Imperial Government of Japan, in consideration of the fishing
rights granted by the Imperial Government of Russia to Japanese
subjects by virtue of the present convention agrees not to levy any
import duties on the fish and aauatic products caught or taken within
the provinces of the coast ana the Amour, whether these fish and
aquatic products are manufactured or not

ARTICLE 13.

The present convention shall remain in force for twelve years. It
shall be renewed or modified at the end of every twelve years, by vir-
tue of a mutual agreement between the two High Contracting Parties.

ARTICLE 14.

The present convention shall be ratified and the ratifications ex-
changed at Tokyo as soon as possible and at all events not later than
four months after its signature.

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2329

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the
present convention and affixed thereto their seals.

Done at St. Petersburg, the loth (28th) July, 1907, being the 28th
day of the 7th month of the 40th year of Meidji.

ISWOLSKY.
GOUBASTOFF.

I. MOTONO.

L. S.
L. S.

L. S.

Protocol.

The Government of His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russians
and the Government of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan deeming
it necessary to settle certain questions arising from the provisions of
the fisheries convention, signed this day, their respective Plenipoten-
tiaries have agreed on the following articles : —

ARTICLE 1.

The inlets comprised within the exception mentioned in article 1
of the fisheries convention signed to-day are the following: —

1. St. Lawrence Bay, as far as a straight line drawn from Cape
Pnaugun to Cape Kharguilakh.

2. Metchigeme Bay.

3. Konian (Penkegunei) Bay, as far as a straight line drawn from
Cape Xetchkonone to Grab Peak.

4. Abolechev (Kalagan) Bay.

5. Roumilet Bay.

6. Providence Bay, as far as a straight line drawn from Cape
Lissovsky to Ball's Head.

7. Saint Croix Bay, as far as the parallel of Cape Meetchken.

8. Anadyr Bay, as far as a straight line drawn from Cape Saint
Basilius to Cape Guek.

9. Saint Paul Bay.

10. Schliupotchnai'a Gavane.

11. Tuleny Lake.

12. Schestifoutovy Lake.

13. Northern part of the Gulf of Baron Korff.

14. Port Karaga.
1406 15. Betchevinsky Bay.

16. Avatchinsky Bay, as far as a straight line drawn from
Cape Bezimianny to Cape Dalny.

17. Penjinsky Gulf, as far as the parallel of Cape Mamet.

18. Grand Duke Constantine Bay.

19. Saint Nicholas Gulf, as far as a straight line drawn from Cape
LamsclorfF to Cape Grote.

20. Stchastia Bay.

21. Baikal Gulf, as far as a straight line drawn from Cape
Tchaouno to Cape Vitovtov.

22. Nyisky Gulf.
32. Nabilsky Gulf.

24. Krestovy Bay.

25. Stark Bay.

92909°— VOL 12—13 7

2330 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

26. Vanine Bay, as far as a straight line drawn from Cape "Vessely
to Cape Bourny.

27. Imperial Harbor, as far as a straight line drawn from Cape
Milioutine to Cape Poutiatine.

28. Terne'i Bay, as far as meridian of Cape Strachny.

29. Saint Vladimir Bay, as far as a straight line drawn from
Cape Balusek to Cape Vatovsky.

30. Small inlet situated in the north-east portion of Preobrajenie
Bay, as far as the meridian of Cape Matvei'ev.

It is understood that the exception in question shall extend only as
far as the boundaries of the Russian territorial waters.

With regard to the northern coasts of the Okhotsk Sea, from the
mouth of the Podkaguerny River to Port Ayan, with exception of
Penjinsky Gulf (see No. 17 above), the inlets to be comprised within
the aforementioned exception shall be determined according to the
following definition: Bays which cut into the continent a distance
three times as great as the width of their entrance.

Fishing shall, moreover, be prohibited to Japanese subjects as well
as other foreigners, for strategical reasons, within the limits of the
territorial waters of the following bays :

1. De Castries Bay, together with Frederickse Bay, as far as a
straight line drawn from De Castries Bay to Cape Kloster-Kamp
and to a line drawn from Cape Kloster-Kamp to Cape Ostry.

2. St. Olga Bay, as far as a straight line drawn from Cape Me-
nevsky to Cape Schtott.

3. Peter the Great Bay, from Cape Povorotony to Cape Gamov,
including the islands within this bay.

4. Possiet Bay, from Cape Jamov to Cape Boutakov.

ARTICLE 2.

As far as the limits of the river with regard to the sea are con-
cerned, the two High Contracting Parties will conform to the prin-
ciples and usages or international law.

ARTICLE 3.

The right of fishing granted to Japanese subjects within the Liman
of the Amour, by virtue of the fisheries convention, is subject to the
following special conditions : —

1. Japanese subjects may acquire fishing tracts within this region
at public auction on the same footing as Russian subjects.

2. Japanese subjects who have acquired fishing tracts shall be sub-
ject, in all respects with regard to the fishing industry, to the same
laws, regulations, and ordinances, already enacted or to be enacted
for river fishing in the basin of the Amour, as Russian subjects who
have been awarded fishing tracts themselves, and especially to the
provisions which prohibit persons who have been granted fishing
tracts in this region from employing foreign laborers.

ARTICLE 4.

Japanese subjects may, at their request, acquire fishing tracts at
public auction anywhere within the regions specified in article 1 of

APPENDICES TO ORAL AKGT7MENTS. 2331

the fisheries convention, provided they submit to the laws, regula-
tions, and ordinances at present in force or which may be enacted in
future for the breeding and protection of fish, for the supervision of
the industry connected therewith, and on any other matter relating
to fisheries in the aforementioned regions. It is understood that the
Japanese subjects shall only be subject to these laws, regulations, and
ordinances to the extent that the same laws, regulations, and ordi-
nances are applicable to Russian subjects themselves who have ac-
quired fishing tracts in these regions.

ARTICLE 5.

The term " Russian subjects who have acquired fishing tracts "
(see articles 2, 4, 7, 9, and 10 of the fisheries convention and article 4
of the present protocol) shall neither apply to colonists nor to native
races enjoying special privileges.

1407 ARTICLE 6.

It is understood that the Imperial Russian Government reserves
the right to grant fishing rights to colonists who may come and
settle at places where there are no fishing tracts leased. The same
shall apply to the native races.

The Russian Government agrees not to grant, during the con-
tinuance of the fisheries convention, the said rights to colonists or
native races at the places where fishing tracts have already been
created once.

It is agreed that the term colonists shall be applied only to per-
sons and their families who are personally engaged in fishing with-
out hiring any workmen.

ARTICLE 7.

The Imperial Russian Government gives the assurance for the
future that the fishing tracts already existing in the regions specified
in article 1 of the fisheries convention shall remain open throughout
the duration of the said convention, with the exception of the tracts
at present occupied by the colonists for their fishing.

ARTICLE 8.

The duration of the grants of fishing tracts leased by public auc-
tion shall be fixed as follows: —

1. One year for tracts which are opened for the first time after
the fisheries convention goes into force.

2. Three years for tracts which have already been worked for one
year.

3. Three years for tracts which have already been worked during
the first period of three years.

4. Five years for tracts which have already been worked during
the two periods of three years.

ARTICLE 9.

Leases of fishing tracts whose term has not yet expired at the
time of expiration of the twelve-year period mentioned in article 13

2332 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

of the fisheries convention shall continue to be valid throughout the
duration of the term fixed in the aforementioned leases, whatever
decision may be reached by the two Contracting Parties concerning
the convention itself.

ARTICLE 10.

The Imperial Russian Government will have no objection to Japa-
nese subjects manufacturing fertilizer from herring and other species
of fish which happen to enter their nets with the herrings when they
are swimming in masses. The Russian Government will also have
no objection to the Japanese subjects preparing and salting pickled
fish after the Japanese manner.

ARTICLE 11.

The certificate of navigation for the voyage from Japan to the
fisheries in the Russian waters and back shall be issued by the com-
petent Russian consulates to the Japanese fishers upon the presen-
tation of documents showing: —

1. The right to lease the tract (or tracts) to which the vessel
wishes to sail.

2. The number of persons on board.

3. The nature of the cargo, which shall be solely intended for the
fishing industry, and its quantity.

The navigation certificate shall enumerate :

1. The name of the vessel and of the port where it is registered.

2. The name of the fishing contractor to whom the tract or tracts
have been granted.

3. An exact indication of the fishing tract or tracts to which the
vessel is proceeding.

4. The nature and quantity of the cargo.

5. The number of persons on board.

The vessel provided with the aforementioned certificate and with
the bill of health shall be authorized to enter and call only at the
points along the Russian coasts which are indicated in the certificate.
It is a matter of course that the ports where a custom-house is situ-
ated shall always be accessible to the said vessel.

Japanese vessels proceeding to Russian waters in order to engage
in fishing for whales, cod, &c., by virtue of the third paragraph of
article 2 of the fisheries convention, shall call provisionally in one
of the Russian ports specially designated, where the competent Rus-
sian authorities shall issue to them a special permit for such fishing,
which permit shall serve them at the same time as the certificate of
navigation.

ARTICLE 12.

The use of the ordinary Tateami shall be authorized in all fishing
tracts occupied by Japanese subjects except in tracts situated

1408 nearest to the mouths of rivers. It is agreed, moreover, that
the use of Tateami in these last-mentioned fishing tracts shall

not be prohibited in case fishing with movable nets is not practicable

there.

APPENDICES TO OEAL ARGUMENTS. 2333

ARTICLE 13.

It is understood that the expression " Fish and aquatic products "
used in the fisheries convention and the protocol annexed thereto,
shall include all species of fish, animals, plants, and other aquatic
products except fur-seals and sea-otters.

ARTICLE 14.

The present protocol shall be considered as being ratified upon the
ratification of the fisheries convention signed to-day, and shall have
the same duration as the said convention.

In witness whereof the Plenipotentiaries have signed the present
protocol and sealed it with their seals.

Done at St. Petersburg, in two copies, on the 15th (28th) July,
1907, being the 28th day of the 7th month of the 40th year of Meidji.

ISWOLSKY.
GOUBASTOFF.
1. MOTONO.

L. S."]
. S.]

Reciprocal Declarations contained in Protocol No. 4 of the Negotia-
tions on the Fisheries Convention.

1. With regard to the northern coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk, the
Imperial Russian Government, without awaiting the final result of
the detailed surveys of these coasts, which will be made without
delay, agrees to grant fishing tracts to Japanese subjects in all places
which are obviously not comprised within the definition agreed on for
the term " inlet."

2. With regard to the prohibition to employ foreign workmen in
the fishing tracks of the Liman of the Amour, the Plenipotentiary of
Russia has given the following explanation to the Plenipotentiary of
Japan : In fishing tracts leased for a long term the employment of
foreign labourers is prohibited both for fishing and the preparation
of fish; however, the owners of these tracts may, at their request,
lease tracts of ground for a short term at places situated from one-
half to one dersk from their fishing tracks. No restrictions shall be
placed on the nationality of the workmen employed in these tracts
of ground intended for use in the preparation of the fish.

In the fishing tracts leased for a short term the employment of for-
eign labourers is prohibited only in the catching of fish, it being
permissible to employ labourers of all nationalities without distinc-
tion on land in the preparation of the fish.

It is understood as a matter of course that, in the tracts leased for
a long term as well as in those for a short term, the aforementioned
restrictions regarding nationality shall not apply to persons who are
not comprised within the category of labourers, such as foremen,
overseers, clerks. &c.

3. It is understood that the expression " short-term leases " applies
only to leases whose term does not exceed one year.

4. It is agreed that the fishing tracts situated within the regions
specified in article 1 of the fisheries convention, and leased for a long

2334 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHEBIES ARBITRATION.

term before the said convention went into force, shall also be leased
for a long term immediately after the convention goes into force.

5. All Japanese steam vessels navigating in Russian waters for the
purpose of engaging there in the fishing industry must be provided
with a ship's journal translated into Russian or English. As to
Japanese sailing vessels navigating in Russian waters for the pur-
pose of engaging in the fishing industry, they shall comply with the
foregoing provision as far as possible.

6. The principles laid down in article 11 of the fisheries convention
having been established, the Plenipotentiary of Japan expressed the
hope that the Imperial Russian Government, in imposing upon
Japanese subjects the restrictions which might be connected with
the application of this article, will be guided only by considerations
of public order, and that it will endeavour to reduce them as much
as possible. The Russian Plenipotentiary replied that he shared this
view, and that the intention of the Russian Government was to estab-
lish the same rules for all foreigners engaged hi the industry men-
tioned in the same article as are now enforced in the Nicolayefsk
region (mouth of the Amour and the Liman),but that it reserved the
right not to extend these rules to localities where the supervision is
difficult.

7. The Plenipotentiary of Japan, taking note of the final accept-
ance by the Plenipotentiary of Russia of the wording of article 5
whereby the Russian Government agrees not to collect any duty,
impost, or tax, under any denomination whatever, on fish or aquatic
products caught or taken within the Russian waters of the provinces
of the coast and of the Amour, and intended for export to Japan,
whether such fish or aquatic products are manufactured or not, de-
clares that his Government, on its part, will not only not collect the
import duties mentioned in article 12, but also no duty, impost, or
tax, under any denomination whatever, upon fish and aquatic prod-
ucts caught or taken within the Russian waters of the provinces of the
coast and of the Amour and imported into Japan, whether such fish

and aquatic products have been manufactured or not.
1409 8. In order to avoid all cause of misunderstanding in future

regarding certain inlets comprised within the exception men-
tioned in article 1 of the fisheries convention, the map herewith
enclosed and giving the exact limits of the said inlets has been
annexed to the present protocols.

GOUBASTOFF.

L MOTONO.

APPENDIX (J).

Memorandum submitted by the Urdted States in reply to Abstract of
Statutes, Proclamations, dec., fled by Great Britain,.

NEWFOUNDLAND.

BRITISH ABSTRACT OF STATUTES, CORRECTIONS, ADDITIONS,
PROCLAMATIONS, &c. NOTES.

AND

Before 1788.

Br. App. 689. 1611.
Orders issued by John Guy
(Governor), binding " all persons
of what nation soever."

(1.) No ballast to be thrown
out to the prejudice of the har-
bours.

(2.) No harm to be done to
any stages, cook-rooms, flakes, &c.

(3.) Admirals of each harbour
to take such beach or flakes as are
necessary for his boats with over-
plus only for one boat more than
he hath, and every other person
to content himself with what he
shall have necessary use for.

(4.) No person to change
marks of boats.

(5.) No person to convert to
his own use boats of others except
in cases of necessity and on notice
to admiral.

(6.) No person to set fire in
any woods.

"Orders issued by Jolvn, Guy,
Governor of Newfoundland,
August 13, 1611."

The preamble states : " Whereas
among those persons that use the
trade of fishing in these parts,
many disorders, abuses and bad
customs have crept in .... for
as much as it concerneth not only
the benefit and profit of the trade
of fishing, but also the public be-
hoof and good, if all such griev-
ances should be stopped," the or-
ders are issued.

The orders were police provi-
sions intended to prevent disor-
der among these engaged in the
fishery.

The orders do not in any man-
ner restrict the liberty of taking
fish as to hours, days, or seasons,
or as to method, means, or imple-
ments employed ; on the contrary,
they clearly protect the Uberty of
fishing from interference, rather
than limiting the exercise of such
liberty.

2335

2336

NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

(7.) No person to destroy any
stage, &c.

[These shew regulations as to
use of shore in relation to
drying and curing fish.]

Br. App. 511. 1653.
Instructions to John Treworgie
(Commissioner for administra-
tion of affairs of the Common-
wealth in Newfoundland) from
the Council.

(1.) Take care for the Govern-
ment and the fishery according to
annexed laws : —

(2.) Collect fish dues from
strangers.

(3.) Secure fishery from any
disturbance or interruption,
power to order vessels to keep to-
gether or otherwise dispose of
themselves for common safety.

1410 Annexed laws.

(1.) No ballast to be
thrown out to prejudice of har-
bours, but to be carried ashore
where it does not do any annoy-
ance.

(2.) No person to damage any
stage cookroom, &c. To be con-
tent with such stages as may be
necessary.

(3) According to ancient cus-
tom the first to arrive to be ad-
miral of harbour— same regula-
tions as to reserving beach and
flakes as in 1611 order. Those
who have occupied several places
to notify which they will choose.

(4.) No defacement of marks
of boats, and no one to use other
person's boats or "train fats"

Orders of this nature were de-
clared to be without legal effect
by the judgment rendered in Jen-
nings & Long against Hunt &
Beard appended to this Memo-
randum (p. 16).

" Instructions to John Trewor-
gie Cfent, appointed Commis-
sioner for managing and ordering
the affairs and interest of the
Commonwealth in Newfoundland
for this present year. June 3,
1653."

(1) Take care for the Govern-
ment and well ordering of New-
foundland and the inhabitants,
likewise the fishery, according to
annexed laws and ordinances.

(3) Secure fishery from any
that shall attempt to disturb or
interrupt, have power to order
vessels to keep together or other-
wise disposes of themselves for
the common safety, and to con-
sider the manner of fortifying for
preservation of both country and
fishing.

Annexed laws.

(2) No person whatsoever,
either fisherman or inhabitants,
&c.

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS.

2337

without consent, nor to remove
them except in case of necessity
and on notice to admiral and
others.

(5.) No one to steal any fish,
train, salt, &c.

(6.) No one to set fire to
woods or to damage trees by
rinding except for covering of
cookrooms.

(7.) No one to hinder hauling
of seines for bait in usual places.

(9.) No Taverns.
(10.) Limits stage room occu-
pied by any planter.

(13.) The company to assem-
bly on Lords Day for worship.

(8) No person to rob nets,
take bait out boats or rob or steal
nets.

(11) No planter to build
house, keep pigs or cattle near
ground where fish are dried.

(12) Provisions imported for
sale necessary for fishing to be
free for any person to buy.

[These were regulations for These instructions and an-
fishing and for drying and nexed laws and ordinances were

curing on shore.]

Br. App. 512. 1660.
Star Chamber rules.
Similar to 1653 regulations.

issued for one year. They were
for the preservation of public
order and to protect the liberty
of fishing from disturbance and
interruption. They did not limit
the exercise of such liberty, but
were intended to prevent its limi-
tation.

Instructions and ordinances of
this nature were declared to be
without legal effect by the judg-
*m#nt rendered in Jennings &
Long against Hunt & Beard, ap-
pended to this Memorandum
(p. 16).

" Star Chamber Rules of
Charles I and additions by
Charles II., January 26, 1660:'

Rules of this nature were de-
clared to be without legal effect
by the judgment rendered in Jen-
nings & Long against Hunt &
Beard, appended to this Memo-
randum (page 16).

2338

NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Br. App. 517. 1663.
15 Charles II, c. 16.

(7). No person to lay any net
in or near any harbour to catch
spawn or young fry of Poor John
or for any other use except for
taking of bait.

[Regulates fishing].

"An Act for regulating the
Herring and other Fisheries and
for fiepeal of the Act concerning
Madder, 1663."

Clauses (1) to (4) of this Act
deal with the packing of herrings
taken in English fisheries.

Clause (5) deals with fisheries
adjacent to Great Britain. Clause

(6) prohibits the collection of
duty in Newfoundland on Eng-
lish-caught cod or Poor-John.

Clause (7) was superceded by
the Order in Council of March
10, 1670 (Br. App., 518), in which
it was provided "That all the
subjects of His Majesty's King-
dom of England shall and may
forever hereafter peaceably hold
and enjoy the freedom of taking
bait, and 'fishing, in any of the
rivers, lakes, creeks, har-
1411 bours or roads, in or about
Newfoundland." It was
also superceded by the British
Statute of 1699, 10 & 11 William
III, cap. 25 (Br. App., 525), by
which the same freedom was con-
ferred upon " all His Majesty's
subjects residing within this his
realm of England or the domin-
ions thereunto belonging" The
right was thereby extended to
British subjects residing in Amer-
ica.

In both the Order in Council
and Act of 10 & 11 William III
the rights are to be held and en-
joyed " as fully and freely as at
any time heretofore hath been
• used and enjoyed by any of the
subjects of His Majesty's loyal
predecessors," subject to certain
rules incorporated in the Order in
Council and Act. In neither of
these does the provision in Clause

(7) appear.

This statute, 15 Charles II, cap.
16, is enumerated among the ob-
solete statutes repealed by the
Statute Revision Act (26-27 Viet.,
cap. 125), 1863.

APPENDICES TO OEAL ARGUMENTS.

2339

Br. App. 518. 1670.
Order in Council for regulat-
ing fishing trade in Newfound-
land.

1. Subjects of His Majesty's
Kingdom of England for ever to
have freedom of taking bait and
fishing in any of the .... har-
bours or roads in or near New-
foundland, with liberty to land
for curing, salting and drying of
fish and for cutting of wood for
stages, rooms, etc., provided they
submit to any present and future
regulations.

2. No alien to take bait or fish
between Cape Race and Cape
Bona Vista.

4. No planter to occupy stages,
beach, etc., before English fisher-
men are provided for.

9. No fishing vessel to leave
England before the 1st March.

11. No captain to use any stage
in any port, harbour or bay be-
tween Cape Race and Cape Bona
Vista with less than 25 men all of
one company.

13. Admirals to see to preser-
vation of peace and good order
and the execution of His Maj-
esty's rules for regulation of the
fishery.

15. No fishermen to remain
after end of October.

"Order in Council of Charles
II approving the Report of the
Council of Plantations. March 10*
1670."

1. The right is to be enjoyed
"as fully and freely as at any
t^me here to fore hath been used
and enjoyed there by any of the
subjects of his Majesty's royal
predecessors."

These provisions relate to the
preservation of public order, and
the preservation of the liberty of
taking fish. They are also in-
tended to preserve the monopoly
of fishing to English fishermen
by preventing inhabitants (or
planters) of Newfoundland from
preempting the beaches used for
drying.

There is no attempt to restrict
the manner or time of fishing.
Clause 15 is intended to prevent
fishermen from becoming inhab-
itants in accordance with the
British policy of that period of
discouraging settlements in New-
foundland. The fishing season
was over by the last day of Octo-
ber, so that this provision was not
a limitation upon the liberty of
fishing.

The purpose of the Order in
Council approving the Report of
the Council of Plantations is
shown in the following extract
from Sabine's Report of 1852
(p. 52) :

"Three years later [1663], the
Newfoundland fishery was spe-
cially protected by an entire ex-
emption from levies and duties;
and the home and colonial fish-
eries were at the same time as-
sisted by duties imposed on prod-
ucts of the sea imported by for-
eigners or aliens.

Yet the number of ships em-
ployed at Newfoundland declined
annually. In 1670, the merchants
sent out barely eighty. The de-
cline was attributed to the boat

2340 NOBTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITEATION.

fishery, carried on by the inhab-
itants there. Sir Josiah Child,
the leading authority of the day
in matters of trade and com-
merce, sounded the note of alarm,
anticipating that, if the resident
fishermen continued to increase,
they would, in the end, carry on
the whole fishery, and that the
nursery of British seamen would
be destroyed. The only remedy
he proposed was the annihilation
of the boat fishery. Never was a
more unjust expedient conceived.
The labours, the expenditures,
and sacrifices of a large
1412 number of eminent and ad-
venturous men, who had
devoted life and fortune to the
colonization of Newfoundland,
were thus to be counted as worth-
less and even injurious to the
realm. But the views of Child
were adopted by the Lords of

* Trade and Plantations, who de-

termined to break up and de-
populate the colony. Sir John
Berry was accordingly sent over,
with orders to drive out the fish-
ermen, and burn their dwellings.
The extent of his devastations un-
der this more than barbarous de-
cree may not be certainly known ;
but six years elapsed before the
mandate of destruction was re-
voked, and its abrogation was
accompanied with instructions to
allow of no further emigrations
from England to the doomed
island. Complaints were made
that emigration continued, and
various plans were suggested to
discourage and prevent it. Mean-
time, the relations between the
resident fishermen and the mas-
ters and crews of the ships sent
out by the English merchants
were hostile to an extent which,
at the present day, seems almost
incredible. Previous to the edict
just noticed the former had peti-
tioned the King for the establish-
ment of some form of govern-

APPENDICES TO OEAL AKGUMENTS.

2341

Br. App.525. 1699.
10 and 11 Wm. Ill, c. 25.

1. All His Majesty's subjects
residing in England or the Do-
minions thereunto belonging to
have use and enjoy the free trade
and art of merchandise, and fish-
ery, and freedom of taking bait
and fishing in any of the . . .
creeks, harbours, or roads in or
near Newfoundland and the said
seas, and liberty to land for cur-
ing fish and to cut down trees for
making stages, &c. ; and no alien
(not residing in England, Wales,
or Berwick) to take bait or fish
in Newfoundland.

2. Repeats provisions against
throwing ballast into harbours.

3. Same provisions against de-
stroying stages, &c.

4. Provisions as to admirals,
and against taking more of the
beach or stages than necessary — •
admirals to settle differences.

ment, to protect them against the
rapacity of their own country-
men— the latter. The merchants
opposed the measure, as injurious
to the fisheries, and prevailed.
The petition of the residents were
renewed from time to time, but
never with success ; and they con-
tinued to suffer wrongs and cruel-
ties without redress.

The merchants convinced the
ministry or the Lords of Trade
and Plantations that the appoint-
ment of a governor, and the
recognition of the full rights of
the inhabitants of Newfoundland
as British subjects, would pro-
duce the runious results antici-
pated by Child, and, strange as it
may appear, no Englishman could
lawfully have a home on that is-
land for a long period."

An order of this ruiture was de-
clared to be without legal effect
by the judgment rendered in Jen-
nings (& Long against Hunt and
Beard, appended to this Memo-
randum (p. 16).

"An Act to encourage the trade
to Newfoundland 1669"

The rights granted to British
subjects are " for themselves,
their servants, seamen, and fish-
ermen" and are to be enjoyed " as
fully and freely as at any time
heretofore hath been used or en-
joyed there by any of the subjects
of His Majesty's Royal predeces-
sors."

The purpose of the clauses cited
in the British abstract was to pre-
vent the inhabitants of New-
foundland from interfering with
the full and free enjoyment of the
fisheries by fishermen from Great
Britain.

This is shown by Clause 5,
which ;cites that inhabitants of
Newfo idland had theretofore
preem ed shore accommodations
to th prejudice of the fishing
ship,' rom Great Britain, and
pro\ d that such inhabitants

2342

NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

12. No rinding of trees after
the 25th March ; no setting fire to
woods. No person after the 25th
March to hinder hauling of seines
in customary baiting places, or to
shoot his seine in or upon any
other seines.

1413 14. Admirals to see to
enforcement of regulations
contained in the Act.

16. Sunday to be strictly ob-
served.

must " relinquish, quit, and leave
to the public use of the fishing
ships arriving there, all and every
the said stages, cook-rooms,
beaches and other places for tak-
ing bait and fishing," etc.

This distinction between Brit-
ish fishermen and the inhabitants
of Newfoundland is also shown
by Clause 16 (cited in the British
abstract) which requires that the
inhabitants of Newfoundland
•'shall strictly and decently ob-
serve every Lord's Day, com-
monly called Sunday," but no
such observance is enjoined upon
the fishermen from Great Brit-
ain. Furthermore fishing is not
prohibited on Sunday.

The character of the regula-
tions to be enforced by the Ad-
mirals, as noted in the British ab-
stract under Clause 14, and the
manner of their enforcement are
disclosed by the following extract
from Sabine's Report in 1852 (p.
53).:

As the century closes we no-
tice the mention of a report of
the Lords of Trade and Planta-
tions, in which they so far mod-
ify their former order, relative to
emigration, as to intimate that,
inasmuch as a thousand persons
might be useful at Newfound-
land, to construct boats and fish-
ing-stages, that number would be
suffered to live there, without
fear, we may conclude, of official
incendiaries and legal robbers.
But the gracious privilege thus
accorded still placed the resident
fishermen at the tender mercies of
the merchants and the masters of
their vessels; for by an act of
Parliament in 1698 (1699), these
masters, in the absence of all law.
were authorized to administer
justice, and to regulate the gen-
eral concerns of the fisheries and
of the colony, almost at pleasure.

Were the inmates of British
prisons to be subjected now to

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS.

2343

Br. App. 690. 1765.
Regulations by Hugh Palliser
(Governor).

1. No colonist (except whale
fishers) to go to Labrador.

2. No person to resort to Lab-
rador to fish or trade except ship
fishers from His Majesty's Do-
minions in Europe.

3. Regulations in 10 and 11
Wm. Ill, c. 25, to apply to Lab-
rador.

the treatment received by the in
habitants at the hands of these
masters, the whole civilized
world would join in a shout of
indignant condemnation. The
first master who arrived at any
particular harbor was its admiral
for the season; the second was
its vice-admiral, and the third its
rear-admiral. Thus, at the out-
set, no attention whatever was
paid to the qualifications — to the
heads or the hearts — of these
strange rulers. Accident — a long
passage or a short one, a dull or a
quick-sailing vessel — Determined
everything. The triumph of the
English merchants over their
fellow-subjects, in this lone and
desolate isle, was as complete as
that of the warrior who storms a
city. In fine, the ' admirals ' se-
lected the best fishing-stations,
displaced at will the resident
fishermen who occupied them,
drove the inhabitants from their
own houses, took hush-money
and presents of fish in adjusting
cases brought before them tor ad-
judication, and, in their general
course, were as arbitrary and as
corrupt as the leaders of banditti.
There were exceptions, it may be
admitted; but the accounts are
uniform that, as a class, the ' ad-
mirals ' were both knaves and ty-
rants. Yet the law which au-
thorized these iniquities bore the
title of 'An act to encourage the
trade of Newfoundland.' "

" Regulations Establishing a
British Fishery for Cod, Whale,
'ieals, and Salmon on the Coast
of Labrador, 1765."

The above endorsement shows
the purpose of the Governor's
;;rder.

It is in pursuance of the tra-
ditional British policy of mo-
nopolising all these fisheries for
the benefit of the fishermen
1414 coming from Great Brit-
ain, and the extension of

2344

NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Br. App. 691. 1766.

Proclamation by Hugh Palli-
ser. King's officers have always
had my orders to assist all ves-
sels from the Plantations, em-
ployed in whale fishery, and pur-
suant to His Majesty's orders to
me All vessels from Plantations
will be admitted to Labrador
coast, the ancient customs as to
cod fishing under 10 and 11 Wm.
Ill c. 25, to be observed.

Whale fishers under necessary
restrictions permitted to land in
Labrador to cut up whales, a lib-
erty never allowed to them in
Newfoundland.

Prohibits whale fishers from
Plantations, from ' banking '
amongst boats of ship adventur-
ers from Britain, destroying fish-
ing works and firing woods.

Br. App. 543. 1775.
15 George III, c. 31.

10 and 11 Wm. Ill, cap. 25, was
appropriate for that purpose.

The general prohibition against
fishing by any persons except
ship fishers from Great Britain
was abrogated so far as Ameri-
can fishermen were concerned by
the Treaty of 1783.

These were the very regula-
tions declared to be without Legal
effect by the judgment rendered
inJenningsdc Long against Hunt
and Beard, appended to this
Memorandum (p. 16).

Order of Governor Pallisscr re-
specting depredations committed
on the Coast of Labrador and in
Newfoundland, dated August 1,
1776.

This order gave notice that
" all vessels from the Plantations
will be admitted" to the Labra-
dor coast " on the same footing as
they ever have been admitted in
Newfoundland," provided that
the ancient customs " established
in Newfoundland respecting the
Cod Fishery" .under 10 and 11
Wm. Ill, cap. 25, were observed.

The restrictions placed upon
whalers were to protect the fish-
ing liberties, granted by the Act
of 1699 and extended to Labra-
dor, from limitation, and to pre-
serve unimpaired their full and
free enjoyment.

An Order of this nature was;
declared to be without legal effect
by the judgment rendered in Jen-
nings & Long against Ilunl <f-
Beard, appended to this Memo-
randum (p. 16).

" An Act for the
of the Fisheries carried on from
Great Britain. Ireland, and th-e
British dominions in Europe, and
for securing the return of the
fishermen, sailors, and others em-
plmjed in the said fisheries, to the
posts there of, at the end of the
fishing season, 1775"

APPENDICES TO DEAL AKGUMENTS.

2345

Sect. 4. The privilege of dry-
ing fish on shore is not and shall
not be enjoyed by any of His
Majesty's subjects arriving at
Newfoundland except from Brit-
ish dominions in Europe,

Sect. 7. Fisher's vessels from
Great Britain not to be restricted
as to the days of fishing and only
to report at custom house on ar-
rival and clearance.

1415 Br. App. 567.

[A bove Sects, repealed
by 5 Geo. IV, c. 51, § 1.]

Between 1783 and 1812.
Br. App. 555. 1786.
26 George III, c. 26.
92909°— VOL

Section 1 relates to bounties to
be paid to fishing vessels from
Great Britain engaged in the
bank fisheries for a term of eleven
years.

Section 2 grants the liberty of
the use of vacant shores of New-
foundland to such vessels.

Section 3 relates to bounties to
be paid to whaling vessels from
Great Britain.

Section 4 was in pursuance of
the punitive policy towards the
rebellious British colonies in
America, which were prohibited
from the Newfoundland, Labra-
dor, and Gulf of St Lawrence
fisheries by the Acts of 1775, 15
Geo. Ill, cap. 10, and 15 Geo.
Ill, cap. 18.

Section 7 protects the full and
free enjoyment of the fishing lib-
erty from " any restraint or regu-
lation with respect to days or
hours of working," and from the
interference caused by being com-
pelled to make entry at a custom-
house.

This provision relating to re-
porting at custom-houses was
stated by Lord Elgin in 1906 (U.
S. Case App., 987) to be the only
regulation in force as to New-
foundland in 1818.

Sections 10 and 11 relate to the
free entry of seal-skins into Eng-
land taken by the crews of Brit-
ish vessels "or by Persons em-
ployed by the Masters or Owners
of such vessels."

The remaining sections of the
Act relate to the return to Great
Britain of fishermen, sailors, and
others, to legal proceedings, im-
pressment, Greenland fisheries,
and bounties to whaling vessels.

The bounty provisions were ex-
tended ten years bv 26 Geo. Ill,
cap. 31 (1786).

"An Act to amend and render
more effectual the several laws
now in force for encouraging the
Fisheries carried on at New-

2346

NOKTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Sect. 11. No person concerned

foundland and Parts adjacent,
from Great Britain, Ireland, and
the British Dominions in Eu-
rope; and for granting Bounties
for a limited time, on certain
Terms and Conditions, 1786."

The first nine sections relate to
bounties.

Section 10 provides for the
duty on salt imported into Great
Britain.

Section 11 provides that "it

in fishery to use any seine or net shall not be lawful to or for any
for catching cod by hauling on person or persons concerned or
shore or tucking into a boat, with employed in carrying on the said
mesli less than 4 inches. fishery, or for any seaman or fish-

erman hired for the purpose of
carrying on the said fishery," &c.
The said fishery was the bank
fishery prosecuted from Europe
by British vessels entitled to
bounties^ and the regulation was
clearly intended to increase the
size of the cod taken, in order
that the bounty should not be
claimed upon a small and inferior
quality offish. There is nothing
in the Act to show that the pro-
vision was intended to preserve
the fish. Furthermore, as the
provision was limited to those
concerned or employed in " or
** hired for the purpose of carry-
ing on the said fishery," it applied
only to those vessels from Great
Britain operated under the
bounty provisions of the Act. It
was in no sense a regulation of
the Newfoundland fisheries.

Sect. 15. Forbids sale of boats,
• seines, bait, etc., to any alien.

There is a manifest difference
between Section 11 and Section
15 in the fact that Section 11 is
limited in its application to per-
sons "employed in carrying on
the said fishery," while Section 15
is applicable to persons " residing
or carrying on fishery in the said
Island of Newfoundland." This
emphasizes the limited applica-
tion of Section 11 to the bounty-
fed fishermen coming from Great
Britain,

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS.

2347

The other sections of the Act
are for the purpose of preventing
trade with foreigners, particu-
larly the French at St. Pierre and
Miquelon, thereby hampering the
fishing operations of these com-
petitors, and retaining the ex-
clusive trade of Newfoundland
; • • for the benefit of the merchants
of Great Britain in accordance
with the then policy of colonial
Between 1812 and October 20, monopoly.

1818.

No statutes cited in the British
abstract.

1416

BRITISH ABSTRACT OF STAT-
UTES, PROCLAMATIONS, &C.

Before 1783.

Br. App. 586. 1665.
Proclamation by Thomas Tem-
ple (Governor). "For regulating
. . . fishing.

1. If cmy person comes into
jurisdiction and — fishes without
license, penalty.

2. Duly observe Sunday, and
not to take any liberty by fishing
to profane the same.

3. No vessel from New Eng-
land to come into jurisdiction and
bring goods and trade without
license.

CORRECTIONS, ADDITIONS, AND
NOTES.

"Proclamation of Thomas Tem-
ple as Governor of Nova Scotia,
166*5."

The preamble recites that the
orders contained are published
and declared "for the encourag-
ing and promoting of trade, and
protecting His Majesty's subjects
in their just rights"

(1) If any person shall come
into any part of this jurisdiction
and plant, build, fish, or trade
without license from Governor or
Deputy, he shall forfeit vessel
and cargo, or suffer other penalty.

(3 ) Has to do solely with trade.

(4) Provide that "all inhabi-
tants and fishermen" continuing
two months " in this jurisdiction
must obtain a license to depart.

The inhabitants of the region
were French and hostile to the
British authorities. The licenses

2348

NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

5. Licensed fishermen not to be
disturbed.

6. All persons to endeavour the
preserving of the fish and the
banks; none to take fish during
spawning season; no offal to be
thrown overboard.

Br. App. 587. 1770.
10 Geo. Ill, c. 10.
By Governor, Council and

Assembly.

1. No fishermen to throw offal
into sea within three leagues of
shore.

Between 1783 and 181%.
Br. App. 591. 1786.
26 Geo. Ill, c. 7.

required were evidently to pre-
vent sedition, and to protect the
government.

(5) "A.11 persons licensed to
fish in this jurisdiction, trade be-
ing settled in any free place11
shall not be disturbed or inter-
rupted.

- This section is intended to pre-
vent any interference with the
full enjoyment of the liberty of
using unoccupied shores. It does
not apply to fishing.

This proclamation was issued,
when Great Britain held nominal
sovereignty over Nova Scotia,
Port Royal having been captured
in 1654. The whole of Nova
Scotia was delivered up to France
in 1668 or 1669 pursuant to the
10th and llth articles of the
Treaty of Breda. (Haliburton,
Nova Scotia, 1829, vol. i, pp. 61-
65).

The orders promulgated by the
proclamation, therefore, were
abrogated by the treaty and the
recession under it.

"An Act for the benefit of the
Fishery on the Coasts of this
Province, 1770."

1. As this provision, which is a
matter of police regulation, ap-
plies to acts beyond the territorial
jurisdiction of the province, it
could only affect British subjects,
and did not apply to American
fishermen after 1783.

"An Act in addition to, and
amendment of, an Act, made in
the third year of the reign of His
Present Majesty, entitled, an Act
to prevent nuisances by hedges,
weirs, and other encumbrances^

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS.

2349

Sect. 9. Justices to regulate
manner of placing nets and seines
in havens, rivers, creeks, and har-
bours of province.

Between 1812 and October W,

1818.

No Statutes cited in the British
abstract.

obstructing the passage of fish in
the rivers in this province, 1786"

The preamble recites that the
course of several kinds or species
of fish "has been greatly ob-
structed or diverted" by
1417 "the injudicious placing
of seines and nets in cer-
tain havens, creeks and har-
bours " to the " manifest injury
of individuals and the community
at large."

To remedy this interference
with the run of fish, presumably
salmon, shad, and alewives, and
to protect the river fisheries from
injury, it was provided that Jus-
tices should hold a Special Ses-
sion for " regulating the manner
of placing nets and seines in all
such havens, rivers, creeks and
harbours" as they shall judge
necessary "to prevent the afore-
said evil"

There was no purpose ex-
pressed to protect the fish, but
rather a purpose to protect the
full enjoyment of the fisheries
conducted in the rivers, as shown
by the title and preamble to ihe
Act.

Furthermore, there is no evi-
dence that the Justices met in
Special Session or ever adopted
any orders under this Act; but,
in any event, the Act expired, by
its terms, with the end of the
year 1787; and, as it did not go
into force until publication, it
may never have been operative.

There is no evidence that the
Act was renewed, or any orders
made under it continued, and. as
the clause imposing penalties
died with the Act, the orders
made, if any, would have been
impotent.

2350 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

NEW BRUNSWICK.

RBmSH ABSTRACT OF STATUTES,
PROCLAMATIONS, AC.

Between 1783 and 1812.

Br. App. 595. 1793.'
33 Geo. HI, c. 9.
By Lieut. Governor, Council
and Assembly.

Sect. 1. No net or seine to be
placed across any river, cove or
creek in the Province so as to ob-
struct course of fish.

Sect. 9. No net in harbour of
St. John more than 20 fathoms
long, and no net to be in water
in any part of Province between
subset on Saturday and sunrise
on Monday.

CORRECTIONS, ADDITIONS, AND
NOTES.

"An Act for regulating the
Fisheries in the different Rivers,
Coves and Creeks of this prov-
ince, 1793."

The purpose of this Act is to
prevent injury to the river fisher-
ies resulting from obstructing
" the natural course of the fish
in any river or place where they
usually go" (referring presum-
ably to the run of salmon, shad,
and alewiyes in the spring), not
by protecting the fish but by pro-
tecting an equal enjoyment of the
liberty of fishing.

The provision of Section 1 is
that no net or seine shall be set
across any river, cove or creek.

The other provisions of the Act
manifestly relate to nets set
from shore, a method of fishing
confined to local fishermen, and
niever employed by fishing vessels
coming from the United States.

The Sunday prohibition re-
lates to this shore fishery.

The limit placed on the length
of the net was evidently to pre-
vent it from extending from the
shore so far as to obstruct the
navigable channel in the harbor.

That the fishery was one con-
ducted from shore is shown by
the New Brunswick Act of 1794,
34 Geo. Ill, cap. 3 (Br. App.,
596), to "explain and amend"
the Act of 1793. In the Act of
1794 it is provided that only one
length of nets " shall be set in the
same line running into the
1418 water in the Saint John
river or in the harbor of
Saint John, and if any person
shall set any length of net run
ning into the water " etc. he shall
be punished.

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS.

2351

Br. App. 597. 1799.

39 Geo. Ill, c. 5.

By Lieut. Cfover-nor, Council
and Assembly.

Sect. 1. Eepeals Act of 1793 as
to County of Northumberland.

In Bay of Miramichi and its
branches no net to be set in the
bay except as therein permitted
(elaborate provisions as to length
of nets in different places). No
net to be in water between sunset
Saturday and sunrise Monday.

Sect. 2. Penalty on any person
who sets net in Miramichi Bay
except as permitted.

Sect. 9. Magistrates to make
regulations for fishing in all other
rivers, coves and creeks in said
County.

[N.B. Whole of Miramichi
Bay in the County.']

There is no evidence that the
Act was ever enforced against
American fishermen.

"An Act for Regulating the
Fisheries in the County of Nor-
thumberland, 1799."

Like the Act of 1793, which it
in part repealed, this Act is di-
rected to the regulation of shore
and river fisheries "in the Bay
and River Miramichi and its
branches." It defines certain pri-
vate fishing beaches and limits
the length of nets " to extend into
the Bay " from such beaches and
the length of nets " to extend into
the River " from defined lots on
its banks.

The local character of the regu-
lations is shown by the provision
that no net was to be set along a
certain part of the shore " but by
the Acadian or other inhabitants
of lower Bay du Vin." Clearly
this provision shows that the act
was to apply only to local fisher-
men and not to American fisher-
men under the Treaty of 1783.

In the Sunday prohibition, it is
stated " that this clause shall ex-
tend to the cross-net claimed by
the heirs of the late William Da-
vidson, Esq., at the Elm Tree in
the southwest branch of Mira-
michi river aforesaid." The lo-
cal character of the prohibition is
plainly shown.

The defining of private fishing
rights on the inhabited shores of
Miramichi Bay and on the banks
of Miramichi River are not regu-
lation of the fisheries in general.
Their purpose was not to protect
the fish or to limit the vessel fish-
ery. The limitation upon nets
from the shore, on the contrary,
operated as a protection of the
fishing liberty of vessels by pre-
venting the nets from the shore
being unreasonably extended
therefrom. Nor did the provi-
sions interfere with the use of the
shores by Americans under the

2352

NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Br. App. 604. .1810.
50 Geo. ni, c. 20.

By President, Council and
Assembly.

Sect. 1. No net over certain size
to be set in certain parts of the
harbour of St. John.

Sect. 2. No net at Shag Rocks,
nor any nets fastened together,
nor any drift net to be used in
said harbour.

Sect. S. No drift net more than
30 fathoms to be used above the
Boar's Head in river St. John.
Drift nets to be 30 fathoms apart.
No nets in water between sunset
Saturday and sunrise Monday.

Between 1812 and October
1818.

Br. App. 605. 1818.

Treaty of 1783 since they were
only entitled to resort to '•'•un-
settled Bays, Harbors, and
Creeks."

In no way, therefore, can this
Act be construed into a regula-
tion of the fishery secured to the
United States by the Treaty of
1783

"A n Act for the further regu-
lation of Fisheries, and for pre-
venting their decay, 1810."

Section 1. The places referred
to in which no net more than 20
fathoms long is to be set, cover
the eastern channel of the har-
bor, lying north and east of Par-
tridge Island which separates the
two channels of the harbor.

Section 2. The first part of the
section relates to the western
channel of the harbor lying west
of Partridge Island. The sec-
ond part relates to setting drift
nets in the navigable portion of
Saint John River, Saint Croix
River, and Saint John Harbor.

Both the foregoing sections,
are intended clearly to keep the
two channels of the harbor free
from obstructions which might
cause danger to passing vessels.
They are not intended to protect
the fish or the liberty of
1419 fishing, but, in any event,
they relate to fisning by
local fishermen operating from
the shore.

Section 3. The first part of the
section relates exclusively to the
river fisheries, and has the same
purpose as the Acts of 1793 and
1799.

The Sunday prohibition, as in
the case of the preceding Acts,
deals with the shore fishery.

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS.

2353

58 George III, c. 2. (11 March).

By Lieut. Governor, Council
and Assembly.

Prohibits casting of offal on or
about coasts of Grand Manan or
into any other bay or harbour of
this Province in fishing grounds.

This Act was passed at a time
when American fishermen were
no longer permitted to enjoy the
liberties, which they had under
the Treaty of 1783.

LOWER CANADA.

BRITISH ABSTRACT OF STATUTES,
PROCLAMATIONS, &C.

Before 1783.

No Statutes cited in the Brit-
ish abstract.
Between 1783 and 181%.

Br. App. 554. 1785.

Order by the King to Gover-
nor of Quebec. Recites Bay of
Chaleurs in Province of Quebec.

Enables Governor to grant use
of beach to His Majesty's sub-
jects.

Directs Governor with consent
of Provincial Council to establish
local regulations, to prevent dis-
putes between fishermen resort-
ing to said beach.

Br. App. 53. 1786.

Instructions to Governor of
Province of Quebec. Regula-
tions for protection of fisheries
in Gulf of St. Lawrence and on
Labrador coast required.

CORRECTIONS, ADDITIONS, AND
NOTES.

" Order providing for regula-
tion of -fishery at Bay of Chaleur,
July 25, 1785."

As the United States, under
the Treaty of 1783, had no right
to dry and cure fish on the shores
of the Province of Quebec, this
order and any " local regulations,
to prevent abuses, as well as dis-
putes and misunderstanding be-
tween the fishermen resorting to
the said beach or shore," if any
were framed, have no application
to fishermen coming from the
United States.

"Instructions to Lord Dor-
chester as Governor of the Prov-
ince of Quebec, August 23, 1786."

The instructions directed the
Governor " to establish on that
coast [Labrador] the regulations
in favour of British fishing ships
which have been so wisely adopt-
ed by the Act of Parliament
passed in the reign of King Wil-
liam the Third for the encour-

2354

NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Br. App. 592. 1788.
28 George ill, c. 0.
By Governor and Legislative

Council.

Recites Bay of Gaspe and Bay
of Ghaleurs in this Province.

Sect. 1. His Majesty's subjects
to have freedom of taking bait
and fishing with liberty to land
for curing fish in certain parts.

Sect. 2. Fishermen from Great
Britain may reserve necessary
parts of beach.

Sect. 3. No person to rind trees
or set fire to woods, or to hinder
hauling of seines or shoot seine
within another seine.

Sect. 4. No ballast to be
thrown in harbours, and no offal
to be cast into sea within 2
leagues of shore.

Br. App. 600. 1807.
47 George III, c. 12.

By the King with consent of Leg-
islative Council and Assembly
and Province of Lower Canada.

Sect. 1. Freedom to his Maj-
esty's subjects to take bait and
fish with liberty to land for cur-
ing fish in certain parts.

ment of the Newfoundland fish-
ery."

The principle of the Act 10
and 11 Wm. Ill, cap 25, to which
reference is made, has been al-
ready commented upon.

There is no evidence that the
Governor ever issued any regula-
tions under these instructions,
which were to prevent the estab-
lishment of private rights of
fishing and to keep the fishery
open and free from interference.

"An Act or Ordinance for reg-
ulating the Fisheries in the
River St. Lawrence, in the Bays
of Gaspe and Chaleurs, on the
Island of Bonaventure, and the
opposite shore of Perce, 1788."

The same comment, made con-
cerning the Order issued to the
Governor of Quebec in 1785, ap-
plies here. On the shores
1420 described fishermen com-
ing from the United States
had no right to dry and cure un-
der the Treaty of 1783.

The provision in Section 4 as
to throwing offal overboard, be-
ing extraterritorial, applied of
necessity only to British subjects.

"An Act for the better Regu-
lation of the Fisheries in the in-
ferior district of Gaspe, and to
repeal an Act or Ordinance
therein mentioned, April 16,
1807." t

Section 1. Provides that, where-
as " the Fisheries have been found
beneficial to the Trade of the
mother country," the peaceful use
and enjoyment to British subjects
shall be preserved.

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS.

2355

Sect. 2. Fishermen from Brit-
ish dominions may reserve neces-
sary parts of unoccupied beach.

Sect. 3. No ballast into har-
bours and no offal into sea within
4 leagues from shore.

Sect. 4. No one to annoy or ob-
struct hauling of seines.

Sect. 15. Magistrates may make
reasonable regulations respecting
the fisheries — particularly declare
in what manner persons shall de-
mean themselves in fishing and
with what manner of nets and en-
gines in said rivers and streams —
and for regulating the manner of
placing seines and nets in havens,
rivers, creeks and harbours in in-
ferior District of Gaspe — such
regulations to be published — and
to apply to that part of such dis-
trict to the west of Mackerel
Point in Bay of Chaleur (i. e. to
whole of the Bay of Chaleur).

The sections relating to the use of
the shores are subject to the same
comment made concerning the
Order of 1785 and the Act of 1788.
Section 3 is extraterritorial and
can, therefore, apply only to Brit-
ish subjects.

Section 15 relates to local fish-
eries in the rivers and on the
shores of harbours and creeks.
The power conferred on magis-
trates is permissive; there is no
evidence that it was ever exer-
cised; and there is no evidence
that any regulations were ever
published.

Between 1812 and October SO,

1818.

No Statutes cited in the British
abstract.

The note in parentheses in the
British abstract of Section 15
"i. e. to whole of the Bay of
Chaleur" is manifestly errone-
ous since the Bay of Chaleur lies
between the Provinces of Quebec
and New-Brunswick.

The Proclamation of His Maj-
esty George III, given October 7,
1763, in defining the Southern
boundary of Quebec, stated that
the line, after " crossing the river
Saint Lawrence and the lake
Champlain in forty-five degrees
North latitude, passes along the
high lands which divide the river
Saint Lawrence from those which
fall into the Sea, and also along
the North coast of the Bay des
Chaleurs and the coast of the
Gulf of Saint Lawrence to Cape
Rossiers."

(Br. App. 533.)

1421 Exhibit with Appendix (/).

SELECT CASF FROM THE RECORDS OF THE SUPREME COURT OF NEWFOUND-
LAND.

(Argued and determined in the Supreme Court, St. Johns, New-
foundland.)

From the year 1817 to the year 1822.
JENNINGS AND LONG against HUNT AND BEARD.

October 26, 1820.

On this daj^ the Chief Justice delivered the following judgment:
The defendants. Phillip Beard and Co., are engaged in an exten-
sive salmon fisherv at Sandwich Bay on the Labrador, where thev
have a fixed establishment.

The plaintiffs, Jennings and Long, are British subjects, and reside
at Halifax, in the province of Nova Scotia, from which place they
have, for a few years past, resorted to Sandwich Bay for the purpose
of a salmon fishery likewise. In the pursuit of their common occu-
pation, the parties appear to have been brought into contact upon
disputed points of right ; the defendants claiming exclusive property
in all the rivers in Sandwich Bay, as well as the circumjacent coves
within 3 miles of the mouths of the rivers ; and the plaintiffs con-
tending for the right to place their nets in any vacant spot not actu-
ally indispensable to the others fishery. While the parties were
in difference, the Surrogate, Captain Robinson, of His Majesty's ship
" Favourite," arrived at the Labrador, and the defendants Beard
and Co. immediately brought their case before him, alleging their
rights, and complaining of the trespass which had been committed by
Jennings.

*******

In looking into the proceedings which took place before the Sur-
rogate at Labrador, it does appear that he had received certain rules
and regulations, in the form of a proclamation, expressly applying
to the case before him, and that his decision was founded upon those
regulations; but it is then offered in explanation of this circumstance,
that the Governor's proclamation necessarily formed part of the
Surrogate's proceedings, and was, in fact, the law upon which he
founded his judgment. In support of which position, a bundle of
orders and other acts of the local Government has been handed into
Court, containing a series of regulations and observances for the trade
and fisheries of this island, and variously affecting the persons and
property of its inhabitants, from which I am to infer that a legis-
lative authority in this Government, unknown to the laws of Eng-
land, but claimed under a prescriptive exercise in Newfoundland, is
2356

APPENDICES TO OBAL ARGUMENTS. 2357

now, for the first time, sought to be established in this Court. So
large, and, indeed, so dangerous an innovation upon the accustomed
principles of adjudication in the Court, ought not to be passed over
unobserved. If the proclamation by which the Surrogate is stated
to have been governed, be legal, then, indeed there can be no doubt
that it is as binding on this Court as it was on the Surrogate Court ;
and that it will be equally binding on the King in Council, should
the case go to an Appeal. There is no dispensing power in Courts,
and that which was the law of the case at Labrador, will be the law
in London. I am bound, therefore, to apply to it the same considera-
tions which, I think, would be applied by the Lords of Appeal. It
is a determined principle of law, that the King holds a legislative
power over conquered or ceded countries, but that no such power is
held over countries originally settled by British subjects. This island
and the Labrador were first discovered by the English, and peopled
by emigrants from the United Kingdom. But the application of the
principle does not rest upon a question of geography, it is expressly
declared by the statute 49th Geo. Ill, cap. 27, that the Courts in
Newfoundland shall be governed by the laws of England, so far as
they may be applicable; and the same course of administering justice,
is, by the statute of 51 Geo. Ill, cap. 45, extended to the Labrador.
These statutes are affirmative of what was before the common law of
all the English colonies; over which it has been solemnly recognised
in the celebrated West Indian case of Campbell v. Hall, (Cowp.
Rep. 204) , that His Majesty holds no legislative authority. The King
has, indeed, large prerogatives; but the prerogatives of the Crown
are defined by the constitution, and form a part of the law of the
land. It will not be contended that there is a prerogative peculiar
to Newfoundland ; and if there be not, then a proclamation for regu-
lating the trade and fisheries of this island and its dependencies,
must rest upon the same foundation, as a proclamation for governing
the trades and fisheries of Great Britain.

"Proclamations," says Blackstone, (vol. 1, p. 270), "are binding
upon the subject, where they do not either contradict the old laws, or
do not establish new ones, but only enforce the execution of such laws
as are already in being, in such manner as the King shall judge nec-
essary." And I am not conscious of having seen any act of state, in
modern times, which has not been perfectly in unison with this first
principle of the constitution. It is a mere sophism to distinguish
between regulations and laws. Everything which prohibits that
which was not prohibited before, is a law. But to bring this matter
at once to the test, let us look at the code of regulations for the
fishery and trade on the coast of Labrador. The first article °
1422 declares " that no inhabitant from Newfoundland, nor any per-
son from any of the colonies, shall, on any pretence whatever,
go to the coast of Labrador; and if any such are found there, they
shall be corporally punished for the first offence ; and the second time,
their boats shall be seized for the public use of British ship fishers
upon that coast." The regulation which debars a million of His
Majesty's subjects from the exercise of a common right, submits
their persons to ignominious punishment, and their property to

0 Rules and Regulations by Governor Pallisser, 1765, printed at British Case
Appendix, p. 690, see ante, p. 6.

2358 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

forfeiture, may well be called a law ; and if it be, however penal its
provisions, I am bound to enforce them. Now it is well known that
the principle fisheries at Labrador are actually carried on by people
from this island ; and I have purposely put this case, because I wish
it to be clearly seen to what extravagant consequences the principle
contended for must lead. The public instrument more immediately
connected with the proceedings before the Court is, indeed, of a very
different character, and I am aware that it was framed with the
benevolent view of quieting the differences which had arisen at Sand-
wich Bay. But I apprehend that the claims of individuals to the
right of fishing in the seas and rivers of that bay could not lawfully
be affected by the regulations of the Government.

APPENDIX (K).

Extracts from French Official Correspondence concerning the Nature
of the French Treaty Rights in Newfoundland.

No. 110. — Admiral Krantz, Minister of Marine, to M. Goblet, Minister

of Foreign Affairs.

PARIS, July 10, 1888.

We have upon the French shore an absolute right of exploitation,
perhaps exclusive, which takes precedence over everything. The
English have, at the most, only a right ("faculte") of conditional
fishing and of tolerance. Their competition cannot trouble us nor
interrupt us. It should cease as soon as it affects us. Under these
conditions (and this point has never been, so far as I know, the ob-
ject of dispute) it is we who are the judges of the trouble and of the
interference, and when we establish their existence we have the right
to require that they be removed. To admit the contrary would be to
reverse the roles and to abandon the very principle of our right.
[Livre Jaune, 1891, Affaires de Terre-Neuve, p. 167.]

M. Waddington, French Ambassador to Great Britain, to the Mar-
quis of Salisbury, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

LONDON, December 15, 1888.

In any case, the British declaration says that . . . . " The Xlllth
Article of the Treaty of Utrecht, and the method of carrying on the
fishery, which at all times has been acknowledged, shall be the plan
upon which the fishery shall be carried on there: it shall not be
deviated from by either party; the French fishermen building only
their scaffolds, confining themselves to the repair of their fishing-
vessels, and not wintering there; the subjects of His Britannic Maj-
esty, on their part, not molesting in any manner the French fisher-
men during their fishing, nor injuring their scaffolds during their
absence."

What is understood by " the method of carrying on the fishery " is
defined by the developments following this phrase in the text of the
declaration. It is the modus vivendi of the French on a coast which
has ceased to belong to them, which is regulated; it is their pro-
visional encampment, their right to cut wood necessary for their
small repairs, which is confirmed ; it is, in a word, the most thorough
commentary on the territorial rights of the British Crown in respect
of the temporary servitude (" servitude temporaire ") agreed to by
it. "The method of carrying on the fishery" signifies the interna-
tional police regulations which shall govern the relations of the fish-
ermen of the two nations, and an impartial examination precludes

2359

2360 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

the discovery of the least restriction on the method of fishing of the
French, or on the manner of preparing the fish, provided that the
French establishments preserve, as they do to-day, the character of
" temporary buildings possessed by the scaffold. [Blue Book, Cor-
respondence respecting the Newfoundland Fisheries, 1884-1890, pp.
192-193.]

1423 No. 149. — Admiral Krantz, Minister of Marine and Colonies,
to M. Sputter, Minister of Foreign Affairs.

PARIS, October 15, 1889.

I have received the report of the fishing season of the Commandant
of the Naval Division of Newfoundland.

The two questions which are there mentioned as having a special
interest at the present moment are those of the lobster fishery and of
the policing of the fishery upon the French shore.

Concerning the latter question, it has been admitted until now that
if an English cruiser was present we should demand from it the
removal of obstacles by which the Newfoundland fishermen could
disturb ours, but that when our cruisers were alone they should them-
selves suppress these obstacles. This manner of procedure reconciled
in a reasonable and proper manner for everybody our status of
usufructuary with the right of sovereignty of England, and we have
never demanded more.

But the doctrine maintained by the new Commander of the Eng-
lish Division and the acts by which he supports it destroy this order
of things. This would mean, according to Admiral Walker, that
English property could not be interfered with by our cruisers.

This new state of affairs would create in our station an inaccept-
able condition, while at the same time it would unsettle the condi-
tions of the enjoyment of our rights. If, although proprietors as-
sured of the right of not being disturbed in our fishing industry in
Newfoundland, we are, however, no longer the judges of what is an
interference with us; if the British cruiser present alone determines
for itself the question of interference and removes it according to its
judgment; if, finally, in the absence of the English cruiser it is the
transgressor who is obliged to judge and condemn himself, I ask
what substantial and important right remains to us of those so for-
mally guaranteed by the treaties and the Royal declarations of the
last century. It is evident that our rights, not to be illusory, admit
of another sanction, and that in exercising, as they claim to do up to
the most extreme limit, the power of superior police and of execu-
tion which we have abandoned to them to the present rather by
courteous deference and in a spirit of conciliation than to subject
ourselves to a legal obligation, the English officers exceed the bounds
of propriety and violate our rights. If it is necessary to revert to
principles and to apply them rigorously, which might perhaps be dis-
agreeable, but to which the new English course of action constrains
us, we may say that it is not right that a sovereignty be subjected to
the mere pleasure of another sovereignty upon which it is not de-
pendent; in the enjoyment and preservation of a certain right in
which another nation has no share; that since we are invested with
an incontestable and uncontested right of fishing freely without be-

APPENDICES TO ORAL AEGUMENTS. 2361

Ing troubled by competition within the littoral waters of the north-
ern and western coasts of Newfoundland, our public power is obliged
to assure us the exercise of this right and the suppression of any
interference with it; that it cannot depend in this regard upon an-
other sovereignty, which would thus itself become the master and the
dispenser of a property which does not belong to it ; and that conse-
quently for the protection of the liberty of French fishing, it is we,
and we alone, who have upon the French shore the right of deter-
mination and of execution in case of any violation of our right in
this domain. This doctrine is, in my opinion, in strict conformity
with the international principle of independence of States.

It also seems to me we always could maintain and apply it. It is

Erobable that the English Government in our place would not have
esitated to act in this manner. We have been more yielding. In a
complex and delicate situation we have felt obliged to adopt com-
promising measures, and we have consented to share with English
authority a right of police which belongs exclusively to us.

Taking into consideration the changed conditions, would it not be
advisable to put ourselves upon the basis of strict law in the discus-
sion which will not fail to present itself in the matter of the removal
of the traps by Commandant Reculoux and to contest in a formal
manner the right of the British cruisers to take cognisance of the
facts which concern exclusively the exercise of our rights of fishing '?
On the other hand, consistent with the thesis I have just indicated,
I believe that we should continue to remove, as we have always done,
in the absence of British cruisers, the nets and English traps which
interfere with the fishing industry of our nationals. [Livre Jaune;
1891, Affaires de Terre-Neuve, pp. 284-286.]

No. 156. — M. Barbey, Minister of Marine and Colonies, to M. Sputter,
Minister of Foreign Affairs.

PARIS, December 15, 1889.

My predecessor always claimed, and I claim as did he, that this
invasion upon parts of the French shore which are thus withdrawn
from our exploitation constitutes a spoliation of that which is our
legitimate and absolute property.

I claim that we have the right to stop this act of violence, to oppose

it, to destroy its effects, provided that it affects our sovereignty,

which we have the incontestable right to defend. We are just as

much masters of our right to fish, guaranteed by the treaties,

1424 as we are of our territory. Since the English recognise, at

least, our right not to be interfered with in the waters of the

French shore, it belongs to us to pass upon the interference and to

put an end to it. To maintain the contrary would be to say that we

are the subjects of the English Government for the preservation of

property which belongs to us.

*******

We have, as I have shown above, the right to ascertain the inter-
ference and to put an end to it. Until now, out of deference for the
local sovereign, we have demanded from its representative present
92909°— VOL 12—13 9

2362 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

the removal of the obstacle whose existence we have established ; but
we took action ourselves when we were alone. This is exactly what
happened in the present instance. Our conduct is not in any sense
unprecedented or abnormal, but in the future, I believe, like my pred-
ecessor, that we should go further. Since the English division re-
fuses to remove the obstacle when we demand it, we ought to do so
ourselves. It is our right, as I have proved above. [Livre Jaune,
1891, Affaires de Terre-Neuve, pp. 292-293.]

No. 182. — M. Barbey, Minister of the Marine, to M. Ribot, Minister

of Foreign Affairs.

PARIS, June 25, 1890.

I have taken note of the letter that Lord Salisbury addressed, under
date of the 29th May last, to our Charge d'Affaires at London, and
which concerns our right validly to determine, without the interven-
tion of the English, the obstruction to the fishing of our nationals
and to remove, thereupon, this obstruction — especially in the absence
of English authority.

Without here entering into an examination of the questions of fact,
upon which I could have several observations to make, I shall ex-
amine Lord Salisbury's doctrine.

This doctrine seems to me unacceptable. We have, in the waters
of the French shore, a right (faculte) of partial sovereignty, consist-
ing in a right of privileged fishery exclusive of all obstruction. Now
I do not conceive such a right as belonging to a nation without the
right of maintaining order, of preserving, and of defending it. A
nation is not like a private individual, who is obliged to demand
justice from the authorities. It preserves its rights itself. If our
dominant right of fishing within the waters of Newfoundland can
only be exercised according to the sovereign judgment of the English
Government, it is to this Government that it belongs and not to us.

Lord Salisbury asks " whether His Excellency is prepared to admit
that in cases of right secured by treaty to British subjects within
French territorial. jurisdiction, His Majesty's Government are to be
regarded as the sole judges whether such rights are infringed and
is entitled to direct British officers to protect them by force against
French citizens without any reference to French authorities? To
this we may reply, reversing the question, " Would the British Gov-
ernment admit in such a case, if the right of its subjects were of
a dominant character and exclusive of every obstruction to its exer-
cise, that the French Government should be the judge of the obstruc-
tion and consequently master of the exercise of the right? "

We have admitted, in fact, that if an English cruiser were present,
it would remove the interruption caused by its nationals and pointed
out by us, and that our direct action would only be exercised when
our cruisers were alone present. This was the maximum of conces-
sion which we could make and it supposes that the English cruiser
present, to which we abandon the execution, will not contest our
judgment of the fact of interruption and will not attempt to sub-
stitute in this matter its judgment for ours. No question would ever
have arisen if the matter had rested here, which satisfies at one and

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2363

the same time the interests of justice and the legitimate suscepti-
bility of the authorities in question.

Lord Salisbury, interposes the Declaration of King George, wherein
it is said that the English sovereign will take " the most positive
measures for preventing his subjects from interrupting in any man-
ner, by their competition, the fishery of the French during the tem-
porary exercise of it which is granted to them upon the coasts of the
island of Newfoundland."

But wherein does this engagement to cause our rights to be re-
spected withdraw from us the right to assure ourselves of their en-
joyment? From the moment that there was imparted to French
sovereignty a property, an active servitude in English territory, it
required an express and formal text to stipulate that this sovereignty
should be deprived of the right to police its grant and defend it.
Now this text does not exist and the promise of the cooperation of
King George does not make good its absence.

Further, the English Government itself has very explicitly recog-
nized that it does not find itself as against us within the wraters of the
French shore upon the footing in which a sovereign State is placed
with reference to a foreigner. I read, in fact, in a letter addressed
under date the 12th June, 1884, by Lord Derby to Sir J. H. Glover,
Governor of Newfoundland, regarding the project of a convention
then under discussion, in which our right of police over English
vessels at Newfoundland was expressly established. I read, I say,
this characteristic phrase : " The stipulations of the North Sea Con-
vention" (the Minister alludes to The Hague Convention, in which
the right of police was reciprocally stipulated) " no doubt
1425 apply to waters which are not territorial; still the peculiar
fisheries rights granted by treaties to the French in Newfound-
land invest these waters during the months of the year when fishing
is carried on in them both by English and French fishermen with a
character somewhat analogous to that of a common sea for the pur-
poses of fishery."

Before and after this phrase Lord Derby describes this treaty right
recognised by the project of convention as a new privilege, but he is
none the less obliged to recognise in the passage which I have just
quoted that English and French find themselves along the French
shore in quasi common waters and not at all within a region having
all the characteristics of territoriality. The analogy with common
waters is, moreover, inexact. No person has a privileged right in
common waters. While we have a right of exclusion within New-
foundland waters it would therefore be more in conformity with the
truth to say that the maritime zone which washes the French shore
is analogous to French territorial waters.

Finally, we cannot subscribe to the thesis of Lord Salisbury, and
he, in our place, would certainly not subscribe to it. Our right is to
exploit the French shore and not to be interfered with by competi-
tion. We have the right to prevent the interference since we have the
right not to submit to it. And if by deference and courtesy we invite
English cruisers to take action we cannot admit that they contest
its object, because this would be to contest our right itself in subject-
ing it to a determination upon which it no longer depends. [Livre
Jaune, 1891, Affaires de Terre-Neuve, pp. 329-331.]

2364 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHEBIES ARBITRATION.

Af. Delcasse, Minister of Foreign Affairs, to the Ambassadors of the
French Republic at Berlin, Berne, Constantinople, Madrid, St.
Petersburg, Vienna, Washington, to His Majesty the King of Italy,
to the Pope, to the Minister of the Republic at Tangier, and to the
Diplomatic Agent and Consul-General of France at Cairo.

PARIS, April 12, 1904.

The great interests both of a moral and material nature which are
involved in the entente between England and France called forth a
peaceful settlement of the questions upon which the two countries
were divided and whence under certain circumstances a conflict might
have arisen. Both at London and in Paris the two Governments took
these matters into consideration. The visits exchanged last year
between King Edward and the President of France showed that
public opinion on both sides of the Channel was favourably disposed
toward an arrangement.

In the course of the conversation which I had the honour to engage
in with Lord Lansdowne on the 7th July, the eminent Minister of
Foreign Affairs of the King and I examined one by one all the
problems which presented themselves before us. It was recognised
that it was not impossible to find a solution equally advantageous to
both parties in the case of all of them.

Our common efforts which a like spirit of conciliation at all times
directed, resulted in the agreements of the 8th April of which I
append hereto the authentic text, adding some explanations upon
their nature and their import.

Newfoundland. — The affairs of Newfoundland were among those
which on numerous occasions had given rise to discussions increas-
ingly troublesome. Their origin lies in the remote past. Article 13
of the Treaty of Utrecht had abandoned to Great Britain Newfound-
land and the adjacent islands. It was only on the western coast and
on a portion of the eastern coast that we could take and dry fish and
then only during the customary fishing season. Every permanent
establishment was forbidden to us.

The increasingly frequent difficulties to which the execution of the
Treaty of Utrecht led necessitated a special clause in the Treaty of
Versailles of 1783, which was completed by the declaration of King
George of the same date, the object of which was the avoidance of
daily quarrels between the fishermen of the two nations.

In spite of all precautions taken it may be said that in the course
of the last century hardly a year passed in which the exercise of our
privilege was not the cause of complaints or collisions. The popula-
tion of Newfoundland, which in the beginning numbered hardly
4,000 or 5,000 souls, increased gradually to 210,000. In the desiro
of the latter to develop the resources of their island the French shore
presented itself to them as closed to all progress; they could enjoy
no benefits in a region in which they hoped to find mines and soil
favourable to agriculture, and which we ourselves could not utilise.
Thus hostile opinion began to arise against our privilege. The irre-
sistible pressure of the necessities of existence in an uninviting and
hard climate weakened in an increasing measure day by day the
barriers of the ancient servitudes (" servitudes anciennes ") and in
spite of our constant protest the inhabitants of the island established
themselves gradually along a portion of the coveted shore.

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2365

Our resistance to these invasions became the more difficult because,
while the island saw its population and its requirements increase, the
number of our fishermen frequenting the French shore diminished
year by year. From 10,000, the number of fishermen in the middle
of the last century, it decreased to 400 or 500, until it reached last
year scarcely 238. For the benefit of these few fishermen, and for
the few weeks in the year which they devoted to fishing in these
regions, the inhabitants of the country saw access to and enjoyment

of almost half the coast of the island forbidden to them.
1426 It was this state of things, impatiently borne, which caused
the Parliament of Newfoundland to reject the arrangements
concluded between the Cabinets at Paris and at London in 1857 and
1885 for the purpose of bringing about a compromise between the
rigour of ancient treaties and the exigencies of the present situation.

The latter of these agreements contained a stipulation which
accorded to us the right of purchasing bait, that is, herring, capelin,
squid, &c., necessary for the cod fishery. This was the reason which
induced the Parliament at St. John's to reject the arrangement of
1885. In the following year they even voted the Bait Act, the object
of which was to forbid the sale of bait to foreigners. This law
ceased provisionally to be enforced from 1893 on, but the Newfound-
land Parliament in 1898 imposed a tax upon the sale of bait, which,
in default of an express stipulation, it was feared might be applied
along the French shore.

At the same time, with the question raised by the Bait Act, a new
element of conflict arose by reason of an industry of recent origin in
Newfoundland — that of the lobster fishery, the exercise of which on
our part on the French shore was contested because the lobster was
a crustacean and the stipulations of the Treaty of Utrecht had in
view -fish only. In 1890 a 'modus vivendi was arranged on the basis
of the state of affairs existing on the 1st July, 1889. This arrange-
ment, essentially temporary, and first limited to the season of 1890,
was, in default of a better, renewed thereafter, at times under great
difficulty. A refusal on the part of the Parliament of Newfoundland
would have sufficed to bring about inextricable complications.

In this situation the urgent necessity was imposed of seeking a
definitive solution. Our rights in Newfoundland were composed of
two elements; the fishery, that is to say, the use of the territorial
waters, and the drying of fish, that is, the use of the shore. By
reason of its exclusive character, this latter right had become unbear-
able to the inhabitants. We consent to abandon it. But it must
be observed that the circumstances are no longer the same as in the
time of the treaty of Utrecht, the drying being possible and being
actually carried on either on board ship or, thanks to the rapidity of
communication, at St. Pierre or Miquelon, or even in France. On
the other hand, our right of fishing in territorial waters, which is
the essential thing, remains intact. With reference to the fishery
on the Grand Banks, which is infinitely more productive and, con-
sequently, more sought after, this is facilitated by the right which is
henceforth guaranteed to us to purchase bait along the entire extent
of the French shore. It is precisely this deep sea fishery which the
Government has always sought to encourage as one of the most use-
ful schools for our seamen and a valuable preparation for naval
training.

2366 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

The lobster having become increasingly rare by consequence of the
intensive fishery of which for some years it has been the object, it
was agreed that general regulations might be enacted with a view to
prohibiting the fishing of this crustacean or even of other fish during
a definite time. These regulations will be communicated to us at
least three months before coming into force. For the purpose of
fostering the propagation of the species, it was stipulated that per-
manent fishing gear could not be used without the permission of the
local authorities. But in order to avoid all contest in this respect,
we have asked the British Government to inform us as to what they
understood exactly by permanent gear. It results from an exchange
of notes between our Ambassador and the Principal Secretary of
State that, according to British legislation, these words apply only
to permanent establishments. Thus our fishermen will be able to
continue to use nets attached to the shore for the duration of a fishery,
and which constitute only a transitory method. Nothing, likewise,
prevents them from installing lobster traps and the right of taking
this crustacean, which had heretofore been denied to us and had
given rise to long debates, is now definitely admitted in law as in
practice.

Besides the fishing properly so called, we also have other interests
on the French shore which had to be taken into consideration, that
is, those of the owners of drying sheds and lobster establishments
who find themselves dispossessed by reason of the exploitation of the
coast heretofore reserved exclusively to their industry. Article 3 of
the Convention of the 8th April assures to the proprietors of these
establishments, as well as to the sailors employed by them, an in-
demnity the amount of which is to be determined by a commission
of officers from the French and English navy, with eventual recourse
to an umpire whose choice will lie with the International Court at
The Hague. Every guaranty is consequently foreseen for the
equitable compensation of the various enterprises involved.

It will thus be seen that to remove the risk of conflict which
threatened to become a disturbing element, we are only abandoning
in Newfoundland privileges defensible with difficulty and not at all
necessary, while preserving the essential right, that is, fishing in ter-
ritorial waters, and removing for the future from the field of pos-
sible conflict a valuable right — that of fishing freely or unhindered
purchasing bait along the entire French shore.

These compensations are not, moreover, the only ones to which we
secured consent. . . . [Livre Jaune, 1904, Accords conclus, le 8 avril,
1904, entre la France et 1'Angleterre au sujet du Maroc, de 1'figypte,
de Terre-Neuve, etc., pp. 7-10. !]

1427 APPENDIX (L).

Correspondence "between the Agents of the United States and Great
Britain with the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

No. 1. — To the President and Members of the Tribunal in the North
Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration.

AUGUST 13, 1910.

GENTLEMEN: Acting on behalf of the United States, pursuant to
article 62 of The Hague Convention for the specific settlement of
international disputes, I have the honor to call to yourt attention a
question of importance, upon which it is necessary that the views of
my Government be made known to the Tribunal.

I had expected that an opportunity would be afforded me, as the
agent of the United States, to inform the Tribunal whether or not I
had any further communication to make on behalf of my Govern-
ment to the Tribunal before the adjournment on Friday last. It ap-
pears, however, from the closing remarks of the President, that it is
expected that the agents will remain in communication with the
Tribunal in connection with its further proceedings, and the closing
of the oral argument on the seven questions specified in the special
agreement of the 27th January, 1909, does not concern the matter to
which I now refer.

In any event, it is necessary, under the circumstances, that on be-
half of my Government a formal record be made by means of this
communication of its position in regard to the further proceedings
to be taken with reference to the special questions raised by the
answer of Great Britain in regard to the objections stated by the
United States to specific provisions of certain legislative and exec-
utive acts of Newfoundland and Canada called to the attention of
the Tribunal by the United States for action pursuant to articles 2
and 3 of the special agreement of the 27th January, 1909.

At the session of 19th July last, as recorded in protocol 26 of the
proceedings, the Tribunal announced, referring to the provisions of
article 2 of the special agreement of the 27th January, 1909, that,
" it believes that it would facilitate its work and expedite the final
disposition of this Case if the parties supply the Tribunal with a
detailed statement of the particular provisions of the statutes and
regulations to which they object, accompanied by an exposition of
the grounds for such objection."

In making this announcement it apparently was assumed by the
Tribunal that the United States had already called to the attention
of the Tribunal certain legislative and executive acts, and had al-
ready asked the Tribunal to point out in what respects, if any, they
were inconsistent with the true interpretation of the treaty. Up to

2367

2368 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

that time, however, the proceeding? taken by the United States
under article 2 of the treaty had not gone beyond the point of specify-
ing to the opposite Party certain legislative and executive acts, which
under article 2 was required to be done within three months of the
exchange of notes enforcing the special agreement, in order that the
acts so specified might subsequently, if the United States so desired,
be called to the attention of the Tribunal for further action, as pro-
vided for in article 2.

Nevertheless, as the United States intended to do what the Tri-
bunal supposed to have been already done, viz., to call the attention
of the Tribunal to certain acts of the other Party which had been
specified within three months of the exchange of notes enforcing the
agreement, it was not deemed important to take note of the misap-
prehension on the part of the Tnbunal, and the United States pro-
ceeded on the 26th of July to call the attention of the Tribunal to cer-
tain acts, pursuant to article 2 of the special agreement; and, further,
in compliance with the suggestion of the Tribunal already referred
to, in order to facilitate its work and expedite the final disposition
of the Case, the United States supplied the Tribunal with a detailed
statement thereof, accompanied by an exposition of the grounds of
its objections thereto.

By reference to this statement it will appear that the grounds
assigned by the United States for objecting to the specific regula-
tions referred to were set forth as follows : —

" I. Pursuant to the provisions of Article II of the Special Agreement of
January 27, 1909, the United States calls the attention of the Tribunal to cer-
tain provisions of the acts specified in the note of June 2, 1909, from the Secre-
tary of State of the United States to the British Ambassador at Washington "
(United States Counter-Case Appendix, p. 5), "which provisions are claimed
by the United States to be inconsistent with the true interpretation of the
Treaty of 1818, if applied to American fishermen on the treaty coasts, because
even under the contention of Great Britain, as set out in Question One, tlu-y
are not :

"(a.) Appropriate or necessary for the protection and preservation of such
fisheries and the exercise of the rights of British subjects therein and of the
liberty which by the said Article I the inhabitants of the United States have
therein in common with British subjects;

"(6.) Desirable on grounds of public order and morals;

"(c.) Equitable and fair as between local fishermen and the inhabitants of
the United States exercising the said treaty liberty and not so framed as to
give unfairly an advantage lo the former over the latter class,
" and also because under the contention of the United States as set out in such

Question they are not :

1428 "(a.) Appropriate and necessary for the protection and preservation
of the common rights in such fisheries and the exercise thereof; and

"(6.) Reasonable in themselves and fair as between local fishermen and
fishermen coming from the United States, and so framed as not to give an
advantage to the former over the latter class.

" The specific provisions herein called to the attention of the Tribunal are set
out in the First and Second Schedules hereto annexed."

The second and third paragraphs of the statement submitted by the
United States were as follows: —

" II. Pursuant to Article II of the Special Agreement of January 27, 1909, the
United States calls upon the Tribunal to express in its award its opinion upon
the aforesaid provisions so specified and called to its attention, and to point out
In what respects they are inconsistent with the principles laid down in the
award In reply to Question One."

" III. If the award of the Tribunal be in favor of the British contention as
stated in Question One, the United States will ask that the Tribunal refer to a

APPENDICES TO OEAL ARGUMENTS. 2369

Commission of expert specialists for a report thereon, in accordance with
Article III of the Special Agreement aforesaid, such of the specific provisions
set forth in the First and Second Schedules as require an examination of the
practical effect thereof in relation to the conditions surrounding the exercise of
the liberty of fishery or require expert information about the fisheries them-
selves, for the determination of their appropriateness, necessity, reasonableness,
and fairness as defined in Question One."

In connection with paragraph 3, it will be noted that article 2 of
the special agreement contemplates that the award on Question One
shall be determined upon before the Tribunal can express its opinion
upon the acts specified, and point out in what respects, if any, they
are inconsistent with the principles laid down in the award.

So also, article 3 of the special agreement contemplates that the
award on Question One shall precede the decision of the Tribunal in
regard to the acts specified, for it provides with reference to the
function to be performed by the Commission of experts to be ap-
pointed, that " Pending the report of the Commission upon the ques-
tion or questions so referred, and without awaiting such report, the
Tribunal may make a separate award upon all or any other questions
before it, and such separate award, if made, shall become immedi-
ately effective, provided that the report aforesaid shall not be in-
corporated in the award until it has been considered by the Tribunal."

Thereafter, at the session of the 2nd August, Great Britain pre-
sented to the Tribunal its answer to the statement of the United
States above referred to.

The answer thus presented contained four distinct propositions:

1. An assertion, in effect, that the grounds of objection contained
in the statement of the United States were not sufficient. (This was
based on an erroneous and misleading allegation as to the scope and
application of the statement at the end of paragraph 4 of the paper
submitted by the United States.)

2. The contention that in the absence of specific grounds of objec-
tion, the regulations referred to must be taken to be reasonable.

3. The submission by Great Britain that the regulations are in
fact reasonable, and asking for an award to that effect.

4. An averment that no ground has been laid for the request that
some of the provisions should be referred to a Commission of expert
specialists.

The United States supposed that its specification of the objections
that the particular provisions of the acts to which it called attention
were not appropriate or necessary for the protection and preservation
of the fisheries, &c. ; that they were not desirable on the grounds of
public order and morals; that they were not equitable and fair as
between local fishermen and the inhabitants of the United States,
and that they were so framed as to give an advantage to the former
over the latter class and to give such an advantage unfairly, was a
full compliance with the request of the Tribunal made on the 19th
July.

The United States conceived and now understands that the aver-
ment in the answer of Great Britain that the said provisions of the
acts are reasonable, raised a special issue upon which nothing remains
to be done except the production of proof regarding matters of fact
and siich argument as may be appropriate regarding the effect of the
proofs thus adduced.

2370 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

If? however, the Tribunal should be of the opinion that the speci-
fication of grounds of objection thus made by the United States is
not sufficient to fairly advise the Tribunal of the grounds of objec-
tions, the United States will expect to be advised of the opinion of
the Tribunal in that regard, and as a matter of course to have an
opportunity to make the statement of grounds more specific, in ac-
cordance with the opinion of the Tribunal.

In respect of the production of proof, the United States under-
stands—

1. That the production thereof or argument thereupon, in addition
to such proof and argument as have already been had as incident to
the presentation ana discussion of the seven main questions sub-
mitted, would be premature before the award, which, as the special
agreement plainly contemplates, may render any decision of the
question of reasonableness, &c., unnecessary, and which musf lay
down the principles which are to guide the production and applica-
tion of proof.

2. That the special agreement of the 27th January, 1909,
1429 contemplates under the terms of articles 2 and 3 that addi-
tional proof upon questions of reasonableness, &c., is to be fur-
nished by means of a special Commission of experts, with reference
to the report whereof special provisions are made.

The United States has understood that the Tribunal had already
determined to appoint a Commission of experts in case the nature of
the award is such as to require a consideration of the questions of
reasonableness, fairness, necessity, &c. That the United States has
been justified in this understanding appears by Protocol No.
XXXVI of the proceedings of the 5th Augustj whereby it is re-
corded that, in response to the request of the Tribunal to the agent
and counsel of the respective parties, the United States on that <l;ite
designated Mr. Hugh M. Smith to act as a member of the Commis-
sion, as provided by article 3 of the special agreement, which des-
ignation was received without any intimation that the understand-
ing of the United States evinced thereby was erroneous. The dis-
cussion proceeded thereafter, and was declared to be closed on the
12th August, without any intimation that the understanding of the
United States was not correct.

The United States accordingly now understands. that in case the
award of the Tribunal shall be such as to call for any decision upon
questions regarding the appropriateness, reasonableness, necessity or
lairness of any statute or regulation, such questions will be con-
sidered as questions of fact to be determined upon proof furnished
by the report of expert specialists, having reference to the grounds
of objection which the United States has already presented, or to
further specifications in case the Tribunal shall deem further speci-
fications to be appropriate.

In the foregoing statements the United States does not wish to be
understood as in any manner conceding that Great Britain does not
rest under the burden of alleging and proving affirmatively that there
are sufficient grounds which make it reasonable and necessary to im-
pose particular limitations and restrictions upon the exercise in the
treaty waters of the liberty granted to the United States by the
treaty of 1818.

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2371

This letter will preclude any misunderstanding which might pos-
sibly result from the fact that there have been a number of informal
conversations in camera between the Tribunal and the agents and
counsel of the respective parties, having some reference to this sub-
ject, no official record of which has been made.

A copy of this letter has been communicated to the agent for Great
Britain.

I have &c.

(Signed) CHANDLER P. ANDERSON,

Agent of the United States in the North

Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration.

No. 2. — The North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration.

On behalf of Great Britain the following memorandum is sub-
mitted in respect of the paper dated the 13th August, 1910, signed
by the agent for the United States, and addressed to the President
and members of the Tribunal.

The ostensible purpose of the paper in question appears to be to
present an argument on behalf of the United States in favour of the
sufficiency of the so-called " exposition," contained in the " particu-
lars " of the 26th July, 1910, of the grounds upon which the United
States objects to certain statutes and regulations, and an argumenta-
tive criticism of Great Britain's answer to the same "particulars,"
and to repeat the premature demand of the United States for the
constitution of a special Commission of experts — the occasion for
whose appointment and the nature of whose functions under the
special agreement of the 27th January, 1909, the paper in question, it
is respectfully submitted, wholly misconceives.

The real purpose of the paper, however, would appear to be to place
upon record a construction by the United States of the rulings and
directions of the Tribunal, and a statement of the United States view
of the effect of those rulings and directions upon the future proceed-
ings of the Tribunal.

Great Britain wholly dissents from that construction of the Tri-
bunal's rulings, and disputes the effect attributed to them by the
paper in question.

As agent for Great Britain, the undersigned, emphatically protests
against the time and method selected by the agent of the United
States for bringing before the Tribunal the matters discussed in the
paper. The Tribunal has risen for deliberation; counsel have sepa-
rated and are not available to the undersigned for consultation. The
written pleadings of both parties in respect of the objections to be
made by the United States to the statutes and regulations of which
it complains have taken the course directed by the Tribunal, and have
been closed. If the objections have been sufficiently stated, nothing
remains to be done at the present stage. If not, the United States
should apply for leave to alter or supplement its " exposition," and
upon any such application opportunity could be afforded to the
parties to be heard.

2372 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

While so protesting the undersigned respectfully submits to the
Tribunal, that, until the questions stated in the special agreement
have been answered, it is inexpedient to discuss or even to raise the
matters which the paper of the 13th August seeks to present.

Should the first question be answered in the sense of Great Brit-
ain's contention, attention may then be appropriately invited to
the objections suggested by the United States to existing
1430 fishery regulations, and consideration can then be given to the
question of the sufficiency of the " exposition " already made,
of the grounds upon which such objections are based.

Should the Tribunal deem the " exposition " sufficient, or should it
permit the " exposition " to be amended or supplemented all neces-
sary directions will then no doubt be given to govern the course of
future proceedings by way of proofs and argument in respect of such
objections.

It may well be that when this stage has been reached the Tribunal
will not find itself in need of any expert assistance.

In any event nothing could be further from the intention of the
special agreement than that any Commission of experts should be
invested generally with the powers of the Tribunal itself, as the
paper in effect proposes. The 3rd article of the special agreement
is explicit as to this. It is only in case a question develops regarding
the reasonableness of any regulation, which requires an examination
of the practical effect of any provision, or expert information about
the fisheries, that anything whatever is to be referred to such a Com-
mission. Such a question as the 3rd article describes may or may
not arise; if and when the objections of the United States come to be
considered. Until it does, and until the Tribunal itself finds the
.appointment of such a Commission requisite, and in its judgment
expedient for its own assistance, it is idle for one of the parties to be
demanding such appointment.

It must be obvious that the questions, if any, upon which the
Tribunal may require assistance should be ascertained and formulated
for reference before the men to compose such a Commission can be
intelligently chosen. It is equally obvious that the special agree-
ment does not contemplate a general reference en bloc to any such
Commission of any and all objections which the United States may
think it well to put forward.

On behalf of Great Britain, the undersigned desires it to be under-
stood that, in his submission, the paper in question has no justification
in fact for any alleged possibility of " misunderstanding," arising
from or out of what are described as " informal conversations in
camera" It is, in the submission of the undersigned, a mistake to
use at all the word " informal " in this connection, and upon the
facts of what has taken place there can be no room to apprehend any
such " misunderstanding."

A. B. AYLESWORTH,
Agent for Great Britain.

AUGUST 19, 1910.

APPENDICES TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2373

No. 3. — North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration.

Hon. CHANDLER P. ANDERSON,

Agent for the United States in the

North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration.

THE HAcrE, August 80, 1910.

SIR, Your letter of the 13th August, 1910, addressed to the Presi-
dent and members of this Tribunal, has been received and duly con-
sidered. After consultation with my colleagues, and on their behalf,

I have the honor to make some remarks concerning your letter above
mentioned. We regret to learn that you expected an opportunity
would be afforded to you on the 12th August to make a further com-
munication to the Tribunal ; an opportunity which would have been
cheerfully accorded had we been informed of such expectation. The
order of procedure in this arbitration was proposed by the agents and
counsel of both parties, and was accepted by the Tribunal as it had
been proposed. Nothing was said as to further communications from
the agents. I could so much the less expect that you would desire to
make such communications on Friday last, as Mr. Root had already
addressed the Court and he had made the communication concerning
the nomination of an expert on behalf of the United States, a com-
munication which I assumed to have been made in your name.

It seems to the Tribunal that some answer and explanation should
be made in regard to certain other matters contained in your letter.
You say: —

"At the session of the 19th July last, as recorded in Protocol XXVI of the
proceedings, the Tribunal announced, referring to the provisions of Article II
of the special agreement of the 27th January, 1909, that ' it believes that it
would facilitate its work and expedite the final disposition of this case if the
parties supply the Tribunal with a detailed statement of the particular pro-
visions of the statutes and regulations to which they object, accompanied by
an exposition of the grounds for such objection.' "

And that you thought that: —

" In making this announcement it apparently was assumed by the Tribunal
that the United States had already called to the attention of the Tribunal cer-
tain legislative and executive acts and had already asked the Tribunal to point
out in what respects, if any, they were inconsistent with the true interpretation
of the treaty. Up to that time, however, the proceedings taken by the United
States under Article II of the treaty had not gone beyond the point of specifying
to the opposite party certain legislative and executive acts, which under Article

II was required to be done within three months of the exchange of notes en-
forcing the special agreement, in order that the acts so specified might subse-
quently, if the United States so desired, be called to the attention of the Tri-
bunal for further action, as provided for in Article II."

1431 It is true that the assumption above referred to was made
by the Tribunal, and, as they think, upon sufficient grounds.
In June 1909 the Secretary of State of the United States, in
compliance with article 2 ot the special agreement, transmitted to
Great Britain through its Ambassador at Washington a list of the
" legislative and executive acts of Canada and Newfoundland, which
are specified on the part of the United States in compliance with the
requirement of the above article that the legislative and executive
acts referred to therein must be specified within three months of the
exchange of notes enforcing the special agreement."

2374 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

This letter and the accompanying list are printed in the Appendix
to the Counter-Case of the United States. This list of acts after-
wards became the subject of correspondence between yourself, as
agent for the United States, and Mr. Aylesworth, the agent for
Great Britain, under dates of the 6th August, 1909, 22nd October,
1909, and 26th October, 1909. In your letter of the 22nd October,
1909, to Mr. Aylesworth, you say : —

" I have the honour to inform you that if It becomes necessary to bring up
for discussion the acts specified on the part of the United States, It is not
anticipated that there will be occasion to go beyond the particular sections or
clauses thereof, which are printed in the Appendix to the Case of the United
States, delivered on October 4 last, pursuant to the provisions of Article VI of
the Special Agreement referred to."

In the opening argument of counsel for Great Britain on the 14th
June, reference was made to article 2 of the special agreement and
to the fact that, "in accordance with that article, a list had been
handed in"; and p. 5 of the Appendix to the Case of Great Britain
was refered to for a list of the Acts objected to by the United States.
This list corresponds exactly with the list published in the Appendix
to the Counter-Case of the United States above mentioned.

After this statement, and a reference to the correspondence be-
tween the Secretary of State for the United States and the British
Ambassador, counsel for Great Britain, Sir Robert Finlay, made the
following statements : —

" So that the consent which is of course necessary for international arbitra-
tion has been given in so far as all cases up to date are concerned."

And after quoting article 4 of the special agreement, he proceeds
as follows: —

"So that, most fortunately, we have the most complete provision. contained
In this treaty, first, for dealing with any acts which already have been passed,
and which are complained of, and secondly, for legislating in future in accord-
. ance with the principles to be laid down by this Tribunal. The award of the
Tribunal on this occasion will be a very worthy one. for it will not only solve
the differences which have already occurred, but will provide the principles
and a method of procedure for disposing of any question which may arise in
the future with regard to the application of those principles to any particular
enactment"

As to these statements, no objection or criticism was made by coun-
sel for the United States. Afterwards, as will appear by Protocol
XXXVT of the 5th August, a request was made by the Tribunal of
the agents and counsel for the respective parties for the designation
by each of them of a member of the commission of expert specialists
under the provisions of article 3 of the special agreement. By Pro-
tocol XXVI of the 19th July, to which you refer, it is said: —

In pursuance of the provisions of Article II of the Special Agreement of the
27th of January, 1909, both parties have called the attention of the Tribunal to
different legislative and executive acts of the other party for the purpose of
asking the Tribunal to point out in what respects, if any, they are inconsistent
with the true interpretation of the treaty."

And in your letter you say : —

"Nevertheless, as the United States intended to do what the Tribunal sup-
posed to have been already done, viz., to call the attention of the Tribunal to
certain acts of the other party which had been specified within three months of
the exchange of notes enforcing the agreement, it was not deemed important to
take note of the misapprehension on the part of the Tribunal."

APPENDICES TO OBAL AKGUMENTS. 2375

It will appear, therefore, from the record that the Tribunal were
quite justified in assuming that the question as to the reasonableness
of the acts specified in the list above referred to had been duly raised,
and that in the opinion of the Tribunal they required the assistance
of a commission of expert specialists in order to intelligently deter-
mine the same.

As above appears, this request for the assistance of an expert com-
mission was made as early as the 20th June, and it is a source of
embarrassment, and much to be regretted, that the designation of
such an expert on one side was delayed until the 5th August, and on
the other not made at all, as it was hoped by the Tribunal that with
the assistance of such a commission their judgment upon the reason-
ableness of the acts and regulations referred to might, if their award
should so require it, be embodied therein.

In the opinion of the Tribunal it would have been clearly compe-
tent for it to have embodied such a judgment in its award, should the
award itself have made it necessary to render such judgment. It
is true article 3 contemplates, as you say, the making of an
1432 award independently of the report of the experts, and if such
award calls for any decision upon the reasonableness of any
statutory regulation, the same may be referred as questions of fact to
such commission as is provided for in article 3, in accordance with
your suggestion.

If the character of the award should render it necessary, the Tri-
bunal have much satisfaction in the opportunity, to which allusion
was made in my closing remarks, of calling upon the agents of both
parties for their further assistance.

A copy of this letter will be forwarded to the agent for Great
Britain.

I have, &c. LAMMASCH.

AGREEMENT OF JTILY 20, 1912.
Mr. Anderson to tlie Secretary of State.

AUGUST 3, 1912.

SIR : As an appendix to my report of November 14, 1910, as Agent
of the United States in the North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitra-
tion held at The Hague in 1910, I have the honor to inclose a copy
of an agreement entered into on July 20 last between the United
States and Great Britain adopting with certain modifications the
recommendations of the Fisheries Arbitration Tribunal in its award
with reference to Questions I and V, which recommendations were
incorporated in the award pursuant to the provisions of Article IV
of the Special Agreement under which the arbitration was held,
requiring that —

The Tribunal shall recommend for the consideration of the High
Contracting Parties rules and a method of procedure under which
all questions which may arise in the future regarding the exercise of
the liberties above referred to may be determined in accordance with
the principles laid down in the award.

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

CHANDLER P. ANDERSON.

The SECRETARY OF STATE,

Washington, D. G.

Agreement of Jvfy %Q, 1912, between the United States and Great

Britain.

The United States of America and His Majesty the King of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British
Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, being desirous of
concluding an agreement regarding the exercise of the liberties re-
ferred to in Article I of the Treaty of October 20, 1818, have for
this purpose named as their Plenipotentiaries :

The President of the United States of America : Chandler P. An-
derson, Counselor for the Department of State of the United States ;

His Britannic Majesty: Alfred Mitchell Innes, Charge d'Affaires
of His Majesty's Embassy at Washington;

Who, having communicated to each other their respective full
powers, which were found to be in due and proper form, have agreed
to and concluded the following articles :

ARTICLE L

Whereas the award of the Hague Tribunal of September 7, 1910,
recommended for the consideration of the Parties certain rules ana
2376

AGREEMENT OF JULY 20, 1912. 2377

a method of procedure under which all questions which may arise
in the future regarding the exercise of the liberties referred to in
Article I of the Treaty of October 20, 1818, may be determined in
accordance with the principles laid down in the award, and the
Parties having agreed to make certain modifications therein, the
rules and method of procedure so modified are hereby accepted by
the Parties in the following form :

1. All future municipal laws, ordinances, or rules for the regula-
tion of the fisheries by Great Britain, Canada, or Newfoundland in
respect of (1) the hours, days, or seasons when fish may be taken on
the treaty coasts; (2) the method, means, and implements used in the
taking of fish or in carrying on fishing operations; (3) any other
regulations of a similar character ; and all alterations or amendments
of such laws, ordinances, or rules shall be promulgated and come into
operation within the first fifteen days of November in each year;
provided, however, in so far as any such law, ordinance, or rule shall
apply to a fishery conducted between the 1st day of November and
the 1st day of February, the same shall be promulgated at least six
months before the 1st day of November in each year.

Such laws, ordinances, or rules by Great Britain shall be promul-
gated by publication in the London Gazette, by Canada in the Canada
Gazette, and by Newfoundland in the Newfoundland Gazette.

After the expiration of ten years from the date of this Agreement,
and so on at intervals of ten years thereafter, either Party may pro-
pose to the other that the dates fixed for promulgation be revised
in consequence of the varying conditions due to changes in the habits
of the fish or other natural causes; and if there shall be a difference
of opinion as to whether the conditions have so varied as to render a
revision desirable, such difference shall be referred for decision to a
commission possessing expert knowledge, such as the Permanent
Mixed Fishery Commission hereinafter mentioned.

2. If the Government of the United States considers any such laws
or regulations inconsistent with the Treaty of 1818, it is entitled so
to notify the Government of Great Britain within forty-five days
after the publication above referred to, and may require that the
fame be submitted to and their reasonableness, within the meaning
of the award, be determined by the Permanent Mixed Fishery Com-
mission constituted as hereinafter provided.

3. Any law or regulation not so notified within the said period of
forty-five days, or which, having been so notified, has been declared
reasonable and consistent with the Treaty of 1818 (as interpreted
by the said award) by the Permanent Mixed Fishery Commission,
shall be held to be reasonable within the meaning of the award; but
if declared by the said Commission to be unreasonable and incon-
sistent with the Treaty of 1818, it shall not be applicable to the in-
habitants of the United States exercising their fishing liberties under
the Treaty of 1818.

4. Permanent Mixed Fishery Commissions for Canada and New-
foundland, respectively, shall be established for the decision of such
questions as to the reasonableness of future regulations, as contem-
plated by Article IV of the Special Agreement of January 27, 1909.
These Commissions shall consist of an expert national, appointed by
each Party for five years; the third member shall not be a national

92909°— VOL 12—13 10

2378 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ABBITRATION.

of either Party. He shall be nominated for five years by agreement
of the Parties, or, failing such agreement, within two months from
the date, when either of me Parties to this Agreement shall call upon
the other to agree upon such third member, he shall be nominated by
Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands.

5. The two national members shall be summoned by the Govern-
ment of Great Britain, and shall convene within thirty days from
the date of notification by the Government of the United States.
These two members having failed to agree on any or all of the ques-
tions submitted within thirty days after they have convened, or hav-
ing before the expiration of that period notified the Government of
Great Britain that they are unable to agree, the full Commission,
under the presidency of the Umpire, is to be summoned by the Gov-
ernment of Great Britain, and shall convene within thirty days there-
after to decide all questions upon which the two national members
had disagreed. The Commission must deliver its decision, if the
two Governments do not agree otherwise, within forty-five days after
it has convened. The Umpire shall conduct the procedure in ac-
cordance with that provided in Chapter IV of the Convention for
the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, of October 18, 1907,
except in so far as herein otherwise provided.

6. The form of convocation of the Commission, including the terms
of reference of the question at issue, shall be as follows :

" The provision hereinafter fully set forth of an act dated -
- , published in the - - Gazette, has been notified to

the Government of Great Britain by the Government of the United
States under date of - - , as provided by the agreement

entered into on July 20, 1912, pursuant to the award of the Hague
Tribunal of September 7? 1910.

" Pursuant to the provisions of that Agreement the Government of
Great Britain hereby summons the Permanent Mixed Fishery Com-

mission for (Ne^undland) ™™P™d of - ~ Commis-

sioner for the United States of America, and of - - Com-

missioner for w^° s^a^ mee*' a

Scotia, with power to hold subsequent meetings at such other place
or places as they may determine, and render a decision within thirty
days as to whether the provision so notified is reasonable and con-
sistent with the Treaty of 1818, as interpreted by the award of the
Hague Tribunal of September 7, 1910, and if not, in what respect it
is unreasonable and inconsistent therewith.

" Failing an agreement on this question within thirty days, the
Commission shall so notify the Government of Great Britain in order
that the further action required by that award shall be taken for the
decision of the above question.

" The provision is as follows -- ."

7. The unanimous decision of the two national Commissioners, or
the majority decision of the Umpire and one Commissioner, shall be
final and binding.

8. Any difference in regard to the regulations specified in Protocol
XXX ox the arbitration proceedings, which shall not have been dis-
posed of by diplomatic methods, shall be referred not to the Com-
mission of expert specialists mentioned in the award but to the Per-

AGREEMENT OF JULY 20, 1912. 2379

manent Mixed Fishery Commissions, to be constituted as hereinbefore
provided, in the same manner as a difference in regard to future
regulations would be so referred.

ARTICLE II.

And whereas the Tribunal of Arbitration in its award decided
that—

In case of bays the 3 marine miles are to be measured from a
straight line drawn across the body of water at the place where it
ceases to have the configuration and characteristics of a bay. At all
other places the 3 marine miles are to be measured following the
sinuosities of the coast.

And whereas the Tribunal made certain recommendations for the
determination of the limits of the bays enumerated in the award ;

Now, therefore, it is agreed that the recommendations, in so far
as the same relate to bays contiguous to the territory of the Dominion
of Canada, to which Question V of the Special Agreement is appli-
cable, are hereby adopted, to wit :

In every bay not hereinafter specifically provided for, the limits
of exclusion shall be drawn three miles seaward from a straight line
across the bay in the part nearest the entrance at the first point where
the width does not exceed ten miles.

For the Baie des Chaleurs the limits of exclusion shall be drawn
from the line from the Light at Birch Point on Miscou Island to
Macquereau Point Light; for the bay of Miramichi, the line from
the Light at Point Escuminac to the Light on the eastern point of
Tabisintac Gully; for Egmont Bay, in Prince Edward Island, the
line from the Light at Cape Egmont to the Light at West Point;
and off St. Ann's Bay, in the Province of Nova Scotia, the line from
the Light at Point Anconi to the nearest point on the opposite shore
of the mainland.

For or near the following bays the limits of exclusion shall be three
marine miles seawards from the following lines, namely :

For or near Barrington Bay, in Nova Scotia, the line from the
Light on Stoddard Island to the Light on the south point of Cape
Sable, thence to the Light at Baccaro Point; at Chedabucto and St.
Peter's Bays, the line from Cranberry Island Light to Green Island
Light, thence to Point Rouge ; for Mira Bay, the line from the Light
on the east point of Scatary Island to the northeasterly point of Cape
Morien.

Long Island and Bryer Island, on St. Mary's Bay, in Nova Scotia,
shall, for the purpose of delimitation, be taken as the coasts of such
bays.

It is understood that the award does not cover Hudson Bay.

ARTICLE III.

It is further agreed that the delimitation of all or any of the bays
on the coast of Newfoundland, whether mentioned in the recom-
mendations or not, does not require consideration at present.

2380 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

ARTICLE IV.

The present Agreement shall be ratified by the President of the
United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate
thereof, and by His Britannic Majesty, and the ratifications shall be
exchanged in Washington as soon as practicable.

In faith whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed this
Agreement in duplicate and have hereunto affixed their seals.

Done at Washington on the 20th day of July, one thousand nine
hundred and twelve.

CHANDLER P. ANDERSON.
ALFRED MITCHELL INNES.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS.

2381

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS.*

EXPLANATORY NOTE. — Abbreviations used: U.S. C., United States Case; U.S. C.
Ap., United States Case Appendix; U. S. C. C., United States Counter-Case;
U. S. C. C. Ap., United States Counter-Case Appendix; U. S. A., United States
Argument (printed); and similar abbreviations in the case of the British pleadings,
using "B." instead of " U: S.," as, B. C. Ap., etc. The abbreviation 0. A. Ap.
refers to the appendices to the oral argument which are printed in the first part of this
volume.

In indexing a reference to a document, or statement in any of the above volumes,
the page reference is given in italics, as B. C. Ap. 59, followed by the page reference
in Roman to the oral argument where the documents mentioned are discussed.

All page references whether italicised or in Roman refer to the paging of the present
publication with the exception of references to the B. C. Ap., B. C. C. Ap., and
B. A., which are given as in the original print; this original paging appears inset in
the margin of this publication. This variation was made because the page references
used by the speakers themselves in the oral argument refer to the documents then
before them, i. e., the original print, which, in the case of the British documents,
did not bear the same page numbers as are given them in this publication.

In indexing references to treaties, where the names of the contracting nations are
not given it is to be understood that they were Great Britain and the United States.

Where a reference is made in general terms to "the treaty," it is to be understood
that the treaty of 1818 between the United States and Great Britain is referred to.

The word "American" has been frequently substituted for the words "United
States " when used as an adjective.

Where questions were asked or remarks made by members of the tribunal, this is
indicated by inserting in the reference to the topic under discussion the name of the
arbitrator in conspicuous type, thus — LAMMASCH.

References to international law writers give the name of the author, followed by a
reference in italics to his work, the subject discussed, and page reference to the oral
argument where the author is referred to.

References to Fiore are given to two of his works indicated by C. (Le Droit Inter-
national Codifie1), and T. (Nouveau Droit International Public); and likewise to two
works of Calvo, indicated by D. (Dictionnaire de Droit International), and T. (Le
Droit International).

Elder, Honorable Samuel T.

General remarks, pp. 1444-1505. (July 19, 21, 1910.)

Adee to Durand, July 25, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., g05, Capt. Alexander's

instructions, FITZPATRICK, 1500, 1524.

Alaskan Boundary Arbitration: Position of United States re maritime juris-
diction, 1500-5. Taylor, Proceedings VII: 611, political coast line a legal
creation, 1502-3.

* Compiled by W. Clayton Carpenter, Washington, D. C., formerly connected with the Department
of State.

2383

2384 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
General remarks — Continued.

Alexander, Capt.: Instructions to: FITZPATRICK, 1500; Adee to Durand, July
25, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 205, 1524. Mission of, LAMMASCH, 1499. Work
.of: Reid to Grey, July 23, 1908, U. S. C. Ap., 50, 1496-7; shows value of
joint enforcement of regulations, 1497, 1499-1500.

Aliens can not be employed by Americans to fish, Grey to Reid, June 20,
1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1004, 1487-8.

American fishermen forbidden to fish on shores of Bonne Bay and Port
Amherst, 1449.

American fishery must be vessel fishery, 1498.

American registry, requirements of, 1461. '

Americans actually fished on treaty coast since 1818, not disputed, 1460.

Amherst, Port, American fishermen forbidden to fish on shores of, 1449.

Anstruther's reports: Nov. 5, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 362, employment of
Newfoundlanders by Americans, 1475-6. Dec. 10, 1906, U. S. C. C.
Ap., 371-2, Newfoundland satisfied with practice of selling herring to
United States, 1478; Newfoundlanders prefer to work for or with Ameri-
cans, 1479.

Bait: Act of 1887 not intended to interfere with sale of herring as article of
consumption, Winter in " Morning Post," Sept. 11, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap.,
404, 1451. Americans have no right to buy, Bond, speech, Apr. 7, 1905,
U. S. C. C. Ap., 417, 1456-7. Fish, license for sale of, Newfoundland
statute, 1887, B. C. Ap., 711, 1450. On Magdalen Islands, FITZPATRICK,
1467. Policy condemned, Bond's: fishermen's meeting, Bay of Islands,
Mar. 27, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., 384-5, 1463, 1484-5; fishermen's meeting,
Bonne Bay, Apr. 12, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., S90, 1485. Prohibition of sale
of, injures Newfoundlanders, petition of fishermen, Ferry land district,
Feb. 26, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., S80, 1482-3. Refusal to sell, intended to
force removal of American duties on fish, Bond, speech, Feb. 12, 1907,
U. S. C. C. Ap., 467, 1480. Right to buy, when denied or allowed, GRAY,
1466, 1470, 1472. Right to take, of vital importance to Americans, 1467.

Bay: Bonne, American fishermen forbidden to fish on shore of, 1449; fisher-
men's meeting, Apr. 12, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., 390, 1485. Of Islands, fish-
ermen's meeting, Mar. 27, 1907, U. 8. C. C. Ap., 384-5, Bond's bait policy
condemned, 1463, 1484-5.

Bayard-Chamberlain treaty, delimited bays only on nontreaty coast, 1452.

"Bayard, the Thomas F.," case of, 1449.

Bays: On nontreaty coast, Chamberlain-Bayard treaty delimited only, 1452.
On west coast of Newfoundland, question as to, had not arisen in 1888, 1452.

Blaine-Bond treaty of 1891: Abortive through interference of Canada, 1454.
Did not provide for shipment of crews, 1455.

Bond, Sir Robert: At Colonial Conference, May 14, 1907, 1486-7. Did not
desire arbitration, 1446. Insisted on submission of question 6, 1489-90.
Sought reciprocity, Winter in "Morning Post," Sept. 11, 1907, U. S. C. C.
Ap., 404, 1450. Speech, Apr. 7, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 417, 1454, 1456-8;
herring purchased not caught by Americans, usual light and customs
dues charged, 1454; Americans have no right to buy bait, 1456-7. Speech,
Feb. 12, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., 467, refusal to sell bait intended to force
removal of American duties on fish, 1480; modus vivendi of 1906 criticized,
1481. Speech, May 14, 1907, U. 's. C. C. Ap., 524, nothing to arbitrate,
1446. Speech, July 12, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., 471, effect of modus vivendi
of 1906, 1464.

Bond-Blaine treaty of 1891: Abortive through interference of Canada, 1454.
Did not provide for shipment of crews, 1455.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2385

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
General remarks — Continued.

Bond-Hay treaty; did not provide for shipment of crews, 1455. Provisions
summarized, 1456.

Bond's bait policy condemned: Fishermen's meetings: Bay of Islands, Mar.
27, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., 384-5, 1463, 1484-5; Bonne Bay, Apr. 12, 1907,
U. S. C. C. Ap., 390, 1485.

Bonne Bay: American fishermen forbidden to fish on shore of, 1449. Fish-
ermen's meeting, Apr. 12, 1907, U. S. C. C, Ap., S90, bait policy con-
demned, 1485.

Canada, jurisdiction of, 1453.

Canadian interference made Bond-Blaine treaty of 1891 abortive, 1454.

Canadian jurisdiction, no questions have arisen in, 1453.

Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, delimited bays only on nontreaty coast, 1452.

Circumstances leading to this arbitration, 1444-5

Coast line, political, a legal creation, Taylor, Alaskan Boundary Arbitration,
Proceedings 7: 611, 1502-3.

Colonial Conference, Bond at, May 14, 1907, 1486-7.

"Columbia," case of the, U. S. C. C. Ap., 632, 1456.

Crane and Dubois incident: Account in "Daily News," U. S. C. C. Ap.,
354-60, 1475; trial, 1485-6. Antecedents of, Elgin to MacGregor, Nov. 9,
1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., S52, 1474-5. Modus vivendi not considered by
court in, Winter, Sept. 11, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., 406, 1496.

Crews, Bond-Hay and Blaine-Bond treaties did not provide for shipment of,
1455.

Customs and light dues, usual, charged, Bond, speech, Apr. 7, 1905, U. S.
C. C. Ap., 417, 1454.

Dubois and Crane incident: Account in "Daily News," U. S. C. C. Ap.,
354-60, 1475; trial, 1485-6. Antecedents of, Elgin to MacGregor, Nov. 9,
1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 352, 1474-5. Modus vivendi not considered by
court in, Winter, Sept. 11, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., 406, 1496.

Dues, usual light and customs, charged, Bond, speech, April 7, 1905, U. S.
C. C. Ap., 417, 1454.

Durand, Adee to, July 25, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 205, Capt. Alexander's
instructions, FITZPATRICK, 1500, 1524.

Durand, Root to: Oct. 12, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 964, first notice of Newfound-
land foreign fishing vessels act of 1905, 1460. Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap.,
966, Newfoundland distinguishing between vessels under American license
and registry, 1462; right of vessels of American register to fish, 1461; treaty
rights, foreign fishing vessels act, 1905, threats of violence, 1463.

Durand to Root: Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 965, right of American regis-
tered vessel to fish, 1461. Oct. 22, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 633, objection
to hiring Newfoundlanders, 1462.

Duties on fish, American, refusal to sell bait intended to force removal of,
Bond, speech, Feb. 12, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., 467, 1480.

Elgin, MacGregor to: Oct. 26, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 347, power of modus
vivendi to supersede colonial legislation, 1468-9. Nov. 1, 1906, U. S.
C. C. Ap., 349-50, legal proceedings against Newfoundlanders employed by
Americans, 1473-4. Nov. 17, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 1002, modus vivendi of
1906 unnecessary, intention to test validity of, 1476-7. Dec. 29, 1906,
U. S. C. C. Ap., 366, hiring Newfoundlanders outside 3-mile limit, 1477-8.
Sept. 1, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1013, arbitration a condition for 1907 modus
vivendi, 1447.

2386 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
General remarks — Continued.

Elgin to MacGregor: Nov. 9, 1906, U. 5. C. C. Ap., S5S, antecedents of Crane
and Dubois incident, 1474-5; purpose of modus vivendi of 1906, 1469.
July 19, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1008, modus vivendi of 1907, game as of 1906,
1489. Sept. 6, 1907, U. 5. C. Ap., 1017, submission to arbitration of ques-
tions presented by Newfoundland, 1447.

Employment of Newfoundlanders by Americans: Anstruther's report, Nov.
6, 1906, U. S.C. C. Ap., 362, 1475-6. Objection to, Durand to Root, Oct.
22, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 6SS, 1462. Prohibition against, not regulation of
fishery, FITZPATBICK, 1495.

Exportation of fish, prohibition against, not regulation of fishery, FITZPAT-
RICK, 1495.

Ferryland district, petition of fishermen, Feb. 26, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap.,
S80, prohibition of sale of bait injures Newfoundlanders, 1482-3.

Fishermen must sell herring to Americans, 1468.

Fishermen, petition of, Ferryland district, Feb. 26, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap.,
S80, prohibition of sale of bait injures Newfoundlanders, 1482-3.

Fishermen's meetings: Bay of Islands, resolution against Bond's policies,
Mar. 27, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., 384-5, 1463, 1484-6. Bonne Bay, Apr. 12,
1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., 390, bait policy condemned, 1485.

Fishermen's protest against modus vivendi, 1906, 1468.

Fishing and trading rights of American registered vessel, 1461.

FTTZPATRICK: Bait on Magdalen Islands, 1467. Instructions to Capt. Alex-
ander, 1500; Adee to Durand, July 25, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 205, 1524.
Prohibition against exportation of fish and employment of Newfoundland-
ers not regulations of fishery, 1495.

Foreign fishing vessels act, 1893, Newfoundland, U. S. C. Ap., 184, not
enforced against United States, 1455.

Foreign fishing vessels acts, 1893, 1905, directed against French, not enforced
against United States, Grey to Reid, Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 977,
1455-6.

Foreign fishing vessels act, 1905, Newfoundland: First notice of, Root to
Durand, Oct. 12, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 964, 1460. Purely retaliatory fiscal
legislation, 1445-6. Purpose of, 1459. Not notified to United States, 1460.
Threats of violence, Root to Durand, Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 966,
1463. Vacated by Order in Council, Sept. 9, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 117-18,
1491-2.

Foreigners can not be employed by Americans to fish, Grey to Reid, June 20,
1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1004, 1487-8.

French, foreign fishing vessels acts, 1893, 1905, directed against, Grey to Reid,
Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 977, 1455-6.

GHAT: Right to buy bait, when allowed or denied, 1466, 1470, 1472.

Grey, Reid to, July 23, 1908, U. S. C. Ap., 50, work of Capt. Alexander,
1496-7.

Grey-Root correspondence of 1906-7, 1487-8.

Grey to Reid: Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 973, 977, foreign fishing vessels
acts, 1893 and 1905, directed against French, not enforced against United
States, 1455-6; license not required for exercise of right, 1453—4. June
20, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1004, Americans can not employ foreigners to fish,
1487-8.

Halifax commission, Canadian contention, U. S. C. C. Ap., 538, fishing
rights on Magdalen Islands, value of inshore fisheries, 1471-2.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2387

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
General remarks — Continued.

Hay-Bond treaty: Did not provide for shipment of crews, 1455. Provisions
summarized, 1456.

Herring: Fishermen must sell to Americans, 1468. Fishery, west coast,
1454-55. Purchased, not caught, by Americans, Bond, speech, April 7,
1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 417, 1454. Sale of as article of consumption, bait
act of 1887 not intended to interfere with, Winter in "Morning Post,"
Sept. 11, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., 404, 1451. Selling to Americans, Newfound-
land satisfied with practice, Anstruther's report, Dec. 10, 1906, U. 8. C. C.
Ap., S71-2, 1478.

History of case since 1886, 1449-1500.

Inshore fisheries, value of, Halifax commission, U. S. C. C. Ap., 5S8, 1471-2

Interpretation of colonial statutory clause saving treaty rights: 1458-9.
Morine, speech, Apr. 7, 1905, U. 8. C. C. Ap., 436, 1458.

Joint enforcement of regulations, Capt. Alexander's work shows value of,
1497, 1499-1500.

Jurisdiction: Canadian, no questions have arisen in, 1453. Newfoundland,
questions did not arise in until 1905, 1453. Position of United States,
Alaskan Boundary Arbitration, 1500-5. Of Canada and Newfoundland
indicated, 1453.

LAMMASCH. mission of Capt. Alexander, 1499.

Lansing, explanation of chart showing 10-mile bays, 1503.

License and registry, Newfoundland distinguishing between, Boot to Durand,
Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 966, 1462.

License for sale of bait fish, Newfoundland statute, 1887, J?. C.Ap., 711, 1450.

License not required for exercise of right, Grey to Reid, Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. 0.
Ap., 97S, 453-4.

Light and customs dues, usual, charged, Bond, speech, Apr. 7, 1905, U. 8.
C. C. Ap., 417, 1454.

Light dues, Americans need not pay if British do not, 1488.

MacGregor, Elgin to: Nov. 9, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 352, antecedents of
Crane and Dubois incident, 1474-5; purpose of modus vivendi of 1906,
1469. July 19, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1008, modus vivendi of 1907 same as
of 1906, 1489. Sept. 6, 1907, U.S. C. Ap., 1017, submission to arbitration
of questions presented by Newfoundland, 1447.

MacGregor to Elgin: Oct. 26, 1906, U. 8. C. C. Ap., 347, power of modus
vivendi to supersede colonial legislation, 1468-9. Nov. 1, 1906, U. S.
C. C. Ap., 349-50, legal proceedings against Newfoundlanders employed
by Americans, 1473-4. Nov. 17, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 1002, modus vivendi
of 1906 unnecessary, intention to test validity of, 1476-7. Dec. 29, 1906,
U.S. C. C. Ap., 366, hiring Newfoundlanders outside 3-mile limit, 1477-8.
Sept. 1, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1013, arbitration a condition for 1907 modus
vivendi, 1447.

Magdalen Islands: Bait on, FITZPATRICK, 1467. Fishing rights on, Halifax
commission, U. S. C. C. Ap., 538, 1471-2.

Maritime jurisdiction, position of United States, Alaskan Boundary Arbi-
tration, 1500-5.

"Mascot," case of the, U. S. C. Ap., 808, 839, 881, 1449, 1472.

Massachusetts vessels, number of Newfoundlanders employed by, 1457.

Modus vivendi of 1888, U. S. G. Ap., 44, still operative in Canada, provisions
of, 1452.

2388 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
General remarks — Continued.

Modus vivendi of 1906: Criticized, Bond, speech, Feb. 12, 1907, U. S. C. C.
Ap.,467, 1480. Effect of, Bond, speech, July 12, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap.,
471, 1464. Fishermen's protest against, 1468. Not published in New-
foundland, 1468. Purpose of, Elgin to MacGregor, Nov. 9, 1906, U. S. C.
C. Ap., 352, 1469. Unnecessary, intention to test validity of, MacGregor
to Elgin, Nov. 17, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 1002, 1476-7.
Modus vivendi of 1907: Arbitration a condition for, MacGregor to Elgin, Sept.

I, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1013, 1447. Same as of 1906, Elgin to MacGregor,
July 19, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1008, 1489.

Modus vivendi not considered by court in Crane-Dubois case, Winter, Sept.

II, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., 406, 1496.

Modus vivendi, power of, to supersede colonial legislation, MacGregor to
Elgin, Oct. 26, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 347, 1468-9.

Morine, speech, Apr. 7, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 436, interpretation of saving
clause of Newfoundland statutes, 1458.

"Morning Post," statement of Winter in, Sept. 11, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap.,
404: bait act of 1887 not intended to interfere with sale of herring as article
of consumption, 1451; Bond soiight reciprocity, 1450; modus vivendi not
considered by court in Crane-Dubois case, 1496.

Newfoundland: Foreign fishing vessels acts: 1893, U. S. C. Ap., 184, not
enforced against United States, 1455; 1905, first notice of, Root to Durand,
Oct. 12, 1905, U. S. G. Ap., 964, 1460; purely retaliatory fiscal legislation,
1445-6; purpose of, 1459; not notified to United States, 1460; threats
of violence, Root to Durand; Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 966, 1463. Juris-
diction of: 1453; question as to, did not arise until 190a, 1453; question
as to bays on west coast, had not arisen in 1888, 1452. Questions, sub-
mission of, to arbitration, Elgin to MacGregor, Sept. 6, 1907, U. S. C.
Ap., 1017, 1447. Satisfied with practice of selling herring to United States,
Anstruther's report, Dec. 10, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 371-2, 1478. Situation
in 1906, quotations from "Western Star," 1465. Situation in 1909, 1497.
Statutes: 1887, B. C. Ap., 711, license for sale of bait fish, 1450; 1905,
vacated by order in council, Sept. 9, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 117-18, 1491-2;
May 10, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 199, more severe than foreign fishing vessels
act of 1905, never approved by Imperial Government, 1464, saving clause
in, interpretation of, Morine, speech, Apr. 7, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 436,
1458. See also Statutes cited.

Newfoundland's attitude avowedly coercive, 1494-5.

Newfoundlanders employed by Massachusetts vessels, number of, 1457.

Newfoundlanders employed by Americans, legal proceedings against, Mac-
Gregor to Elgin, Nov. 1, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 349-50, 1473-4.

Newfoundlanders, employment of by Americans: Anstruther's report, Nov.
5, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 362, 1475-6. Objection to hiring, Durand to Root,
Oct. 22, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 633, 1462. Outside 3-mile limit, MacGregor
to Elgin, Dec. 29, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 366, 1477-8.

Newfoundlanders injured by prohibition of sale of bait, petition of fishermen
Ferryland district, Feb. 26, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., 380, 1482-3.

Newfoundlanders prefer to work for or with Americans, Anstruther's report,
Dec. 10, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 371-2, 1479.

Newfoundlanders, prohibition against employment of, not regulation of
fishery, FITZPATRICK, 1495.

Nontreaty coast, Chamberlain-Bayard treaty delimited bays only on, 1452.

INDEX TO ORAL AEGUMENTS. 2389

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.

General remarks — Continued.

Order in Council, Sept. 9, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 117-118, vacating Newfound-
land statute 1905, 1491-2; Newfoundland's objections to order, over-
ridden by imperial Government, 1493.

"Owners," rights of, mean rights of "vessels," Root to Reid, June 30, 1906,
U. S. C. Ap., 978, 1465.

Question 6, insistence of Bond thereon, 1489-90.

"Ralph L. Hall," case of the, 1475.

Reciprocity, Bond sought, Winter in "Morning Post," Sept. 11, 1907, U. S.
C. C. Ap., 404, 1450.

Register of vessels, American, requirements of, 1461.

Registered vessel, American: Fishing and trading rights of, 1461. Right to
fish, Durand to Root, Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 965, Root to Durand,
Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 966, 1461.

Registry and license, Newfoundland distinguishing between, Root to Durand,
Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 966, 1462.

Regulation of fishery, prohibition against exportation of fish and employment
of Newfoundlanders are not, FITZPATRICK, 1495.

Regulations, joint enforcement of, Capt. Alexander's work shows value of,
1497, 1499-1500.

Reid, Grey to: Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 977, foreign fishing vessels acts,
1893 and 1905 directed against French, not enforced against United States,
1455-6; license not required for exercise of right, 1453-4. June 20, 1907,
U. S. C. Ap., 1004, Americans can not employ foreigners to fish, 1487-8.

Reid, Root to, June 30, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 978, rights of "vessels" mean
rights of "owners," 1465.

Reid to Grey, July 23, 1908, U. 8. C. Ap., 50, work of Capt. Alexander, 1496-7.

Relations with Canada and Newfoundland to be discontinued if American
vessels interfered with, United States statute, 1887, U. S. C. Ap., 96, 1449.

Right, license not required for exercise of, Grey to Reid, Feb. 2, 1906, U. 8.
C. Ap., 973, 453-4.

Root, Durand to: Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 965, right of vessels of American
register to fish, 1461. Oct. 22, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 633, objection to
hiring Newfoundlanders, 1462.

Root-Grey correspondence, 1906-7, 1487-8.

Root to Durand: Oct. 12, 1905, U. 8. C. Ap., 964, first notice of Newfoundland
foreign fishing vessels act of 1905, 1460. Oct. 19, 1905, U. 8. C. Ap., 966,
Newfoundland distinguishing between vessels under American license and
registry, 1462; right of vessels of American register to fish, 1461; treaty
rights, foreign fishing vessels act, 1905, threats of violence, 1463.

Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 978, rights of "vessels" mean
rights of "owners," 1465.

Saving clause in colonial statutes, interpretation of: 1458-9. Morine, speech,
Apr. 7, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 436, 1458.

Statutes cited: Newfoundland: 1887, B. C. Ap., 711, license for sale of bait
fish, 1450; May 10, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 199, more severe than foreign fishing
vessels act, 1905, not approved by imperial Government, 1464. United
States, 1887, U. S. C. Ap., 96, to end relations with Canada and Newfound-
land if American vessels interfered with, 1449.

Taylor, Alaskan boundary arbitration, Proceedings 7: 611, political coast line
a legal creation, 1502-3.

Ten-mile bays, explanation of chart, Lansing, 1503.

2390 NORTH: ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
General remarks — Continued.

Three-mile limit, hiring Newfoundlanders outside of, MacGregor to Elgin,

Dec. 29, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 366, 1477-8.
Trading and fishing rights of American registered vessel, 1461.
Treaties cited: Hay-Bond, provisions summarized, 1456.
Treaty coast, Americans actually fished on, since 1818, not disputed, 1460.
Treaty rights, colonial statutory clause saving, interpretation, 1458-9.
Treaty rights set forth, Root to Durand, Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 966, 1463.
United States, statute of 1887, U. S. C. Ap., 96, to end relations with

Canada and Newfoundland if American vessels interfered with, 1449.

Statutes, see Statutes cited.
Vessel fishery, American fishery must be, 1498.
"Vessels," rights of, mean rights of "owners," Root to Reid, June 30, 1906,

U. S. C. Ap., 978, 1465.
West coast, herring fishery, 1454-55.
West coast of Newfoundland, question as to bays on, had not arisen in 1888,

1452.

"Western Star," quotations from, situation in Newfoundland in 1906, 1465.
Winter, statement of, in "Morning Post," Sept. 11, 1907, U. S. C. C. Ap., 404:

bait act of 1887 not intended to interfere with sale of herring as article

of consumption, 1451; Bond sought reciprocity, 1450; modus vivendi not

considered by court in Crane-Dubois case, 1496.
Question 2, pp. 1505-1544. (July 21, 22, 1910.)

Adams' diary, Nov. 25, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 101, fishing a trade, 1533.
Aliens, employment of, question not raised by Evarts-Salisbury correspond-
ence, 1521.
Aliens in crews, custom of employing, Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, U. S. G.

Ap., 979, 1530.

Americans on foreign vessels not entitled to fish, 1507.
Anstruther's report, French crew more homogeneous than others, 1531.
Authorization to exercise treaty right, fishermen must exhibit American,

FITZPATRICK, 1515.
Authorization to exercise treaty right presumed in subjects of United States,

1524.

Bingham v. Salene, 14 Pac. Rep. (Oregon), inapplicable here, 1531-2.
Bond, speech, April 7, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 415, entire crews of Nova

Scotians, 1530.
Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, employment of inhabitants

of, a matter of public knowledge, GRAY, 1529-30.
Carr to minister of marine, Nov. 1, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 896, employment of

Nova Scotians by Americans, 1529.
Cases cited: Bingham v. Salene, 14 Pac. Rep. (Oregon), not applicable here,

1531-2. Manchester v. Norfolk, Year Book Henry VII, fishing for profit

may be performed through servants, 1531. Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M. &

W. Ex. Rep., 63, fishing for profit may be performed through servants, 1531.
Commercial privileges to fishing vessels, 1512.
Crews, composite character of: Case of the Pearl Nelson, U. S. C. Ap., 845,

1529. Imperial statutes: 1660, B. C. Ap., 514, 1525; 1775, B. C. Ap., 543,

1527. Impressment practice shows British knowledge of, 1528. Sabine's

report, Feb. 10, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 152, 1527-S. Unquestioned, Grey to

Reid, June 20, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1005, 1530.
Crews, custom of employing aliens in, Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, U. S. C.

Ap., 979, 1530.

INDEX TO OBAL ARGUMENTS. 2391

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
Question 2 — Continued.

Crews, entire, of Nova Scotians, Bond, speech, April 7, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap.,

415, 1530.
Crews, French, more homogeneous than others, 1531, Anstruther's report,

1531.
Crowell's report, U. S. C. C. Ap., 211, Feb. 10, 1852, Americans always

employed Nova Scotians, 1529.
Customs, circular instructions to collectors of, Sabine's report, Feb. 20, 1852,

1527-8.

Delaware law restricting fishing, B. C. Ap., 788, LAMMASCH, 1510.
DRAGO: "Inhabitants," 1516. Necessity of license from U. S. to fishermen,

1517-18. United States has right to regulate, 1516.
Durand, Root to, Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 967, evidence of American

character of vessel sufficient, 1509.

Employ Newfoundlanders: Affidavits showing Americans allowed to, For-
tune Bay incident, 1521-24. Americans allowed to, McLaughlin to Seward,

Apr. 2, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 648, 1521.
Employees, trade like fishery to be conducted by hiring such as can be secured,

1533.
Employment of aliens in crews, custom of, Root to Reid, June 30, 1906,

U. S. C. Ap., 979, 1530.

Employment of aliens not raised by Evarts-Salisbury correspondence, 1521.
Employment of inhabitants of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland

a matter of public knowledge, GRAY, 1529-30.
Employment of Nova Scotians by Americans: Always existed, Crowell's

report, U. S. C. C. Ap., 211, Feb. 10, 1852, 1529. Carr to minister of

marine, Nov. 1, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 698, 1529.
Evarts-Salisbury correspondence did not raise question of employment of

aliens, 1521.
Evarts to President, May 17, 1880, B. C. Ap., 284, Fortune Bay case, no

limit on grant, right to introduce foreign fishermen, 1520.
Fishermen and servants, trade carried on by, GRAY, 1526.
Fishermen, license from United States to, necessity for, DRAGO, 1517-18.
"Fishermen, seamen, servants," imperial statute, 1699, B. C. Ap.,525, 1526-7.
Fishing and trading, regulations of, imperial statute, 1699, B. C. Ap., 525,

1526-7.
Fishing for profit may be performed through servants: 1531. Manchester v.

Norfolk, Year Book Henry VII, 1531. Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M. . & W.

Ex. Rep., 63, 1531-2.
Fishing "in the interest of an inhabitant" of the United States, LAMMASCH,

1510.
Fishing is a trade: 1531. Adams' diary, Nov. 25, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 101,

1533. House of Commons committee, Apr. 24, 1793, U. S. C. C. Ap., 562,

1532. Newfoundland Assembly reports, 1845, 1846, 1847, U. S. C. Ap.,

1068, 1071, 1533.

Fishing restrictions: Delaware law, B. C. Ap., 788, LAMMASCH, 1510; Mary-
land law, B. C. Ap., 793, LAMMASCH, 1510.
Fishing vessels, commercial privileges to, 1512.
FITZPATRICK: Fishermen must exhibit American authorization to exercise

treaty right, 1515. Foreign vessel can not be chartered for American

fishery, 1508-9. Passport compared with license to fish, 1518.
Foreign fishermen, right to introduce, Evarts to President, May 17, 1880,

B. C. Ap., 284, 1520.

2392 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
Question 2 — Continued.

Foreign power, United States or Great Britain could not grant right to, 1520.

Foreign vessels: Americans on, not entitled to fish, 1507. Can not be char-
tered for American fishery, FITZPATRICK, 1508-9.

Foreigners in British navy, LAMMASCH, 1527.

Fortune Bay incident: Affidavits showing Americans allowed to employ
Newfoundlanders, 1521-24. Evarts to President, May 17, 1880, B. C. Ap.,
284, 1520.

Fortune Bay, others than Americans fishing therein, 1521.

France, Spain, and Newfoundland, statutes of, not applicable to this ques-
tion, 1534.

French crews more homogeneous than others, 1531, Anstruther's report, 1531.

Grant, no limit on, Evarts to President, May 17, 1880, B. C. Ap.,284, 1520.

GRAY: Effect of repeal of American registry laws, 1513. Employment of
inhabitants of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland a matter of
public knowledge, 1529-30. Trade carried on by servants and fisher-
men, 1526.

Great Britain or United States could not grant right to foreign power, 1520.

Great Britain, statutes of. See Statutes cited, Imperial.

Grey, Reid to, Oct. 6, 1906, B. C. Ap., 506, modus not to be used to interpret
treaty, shipment of Newfoundlanders, 1536-7.

Grey to Reid: Feb. 2, 1906, U. 8. C. Ap.,972, 976, requests certificate of
inhabitancy of United States, 1519; treaty right confined to inhabitants
of United States, 1505. June 20, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1005, mixed nation-
ality of crews unquestioned, 1530.

Hawker, Wickham v., 7 M. & W. Ex. Rep., 63, fishing for profit may be
performed through servants, 1531.

House of Commons committee, Apr. 24, 1793, U. S. C. C. Ap.,562, fishing is
a trade, 1532.

Impressment practice shows British knowledge of composite character of
crews, 1528.

"Inhabitancy" is the only topic under this question, 1534-40.

Inhabitancy of United States, requests certificate of, Grey to Reid, Feb. 2,
1906, U. S. C.Ap., 976, 1519.

"Inhabitant, in the interest of an," fishing, LAMMASCH, 1510.

Inhabitants: Defined, 1533. DRAGO, 1516. Of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and
Newfoundland, employment of a matter of public knowledge, GRAY,
1529-30. Of United States: must be authorized to exercise treaty right,
1507, 1509; treaty right confined to, Grey to Reid, Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C.
Ap., 972, 1505; vessels under American registry must be owned by, 1511.

Instructions, circular, to collectors of customs, Sabine's report, Feb. 20, 1852,
1527-8.

Interpret treaty, modus not to be used to, Reid to Grey, Oct. 6, 1906, B. C. Ap.,
506, 1536-7.

LAMMASCH: Danger of categorical answer to question 2, 1543-4. Delaware
law restricting fishing, B. C. Ap., 788, Maryland law restricting fishing,
B. C. Ap., 79S, 1510. Effect of repeal of American registry laws, 1514.
Fishing "in the interest of an inhabitant" of the United States, 1510.
Foreigners in British navy, 1527. Question is general, 1542-3. Right of
United States to restrict enjoyment of treaty right, 1517.

License from United States to fishermen, necessity of, DRAGO, 1517-18.

License to fish, passport compared with, FITZPATRICK, 1518.

Licenses, fishing, issued to individuals, not vessels, 1515.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2393

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
Question £ — Continued.

Limit, no, on grant, Evarts to President, May 17, 1880, B. C. Ap.,g84, 1520.

McLaughlin to Seward, Apr. 2, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 648, Americans allowed
to employ Newfoundlanders, 1521.

Manchester v. Norfolk, Year Book Henry VII, fishing for profit may be per-
formed through servants, 1531.

Maryland law restricting fishing, B. C. Ap., 793, LAMMASCH, 1510.

Minister of Marine, Carr to, Nov. 1, 1886, U. S, C. Ap., 896, employment of
Nova Scotians by Americans, 1529.

Modus not to be used to interpret treaty, Reid to Grey, Oct. 6, 1906, B. 0.
Ap., 506, 1536-7.

Newfoundland Assembly, reports, 1845, 1846, 1847, U. S. C. Ap., 1068, 1071,
fishing a trade, 1533.

Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and Nova Scotia, employment of inhabitants of
a matter of public knowledge, GRAY, 1529-30.

Newfoundland, France, and Spain, statutes of, not applicable to this question,
1534.

Newfoundlanders: Affidavits showing Americans allowed to employ, Fortune
Bay incident, 1521-24. Americans allowed to employ, McLaughlin to
Seward, Apr. 2, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 648, 1521. Shipment of, Reid to Grey,
Oct. 6, 1906, B. C. Ap., 506, 1536-7.

Norfolk, Manchester v., Year Book Henry VII, fishing for profit may be per-
formed through servants, 1531.

Norfolk, case of the Duchess of, see supra, Manchester v. Norfolk.

Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland, employment of inhabitants of,
a matter of public knowledge, GRAY, 1529-30.

Nova Scotians: Americans always employed, Crowell's report, U. S. C. C.
Ap.,211, Feb. 10, 1852, 1529. Employment of by Americans, Carr to Min-
ister of Marine, Nov. 1, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 698, 1529. Entire crews of,
Bond, speech, Apr. 7, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 415, 1530.

Passport compared with license to fish, FTTZPATRICK, 1518.

Pearl Nelson, case of the, U. S. C. Ap., 845, composite character of crew, 1529.

President, Evarts to, May 17, 1880, B. C. Ap.,284, Fortune Bay case, no limit
on grant, right to introduce foreign fishermen, 1520.

Registry, American: Statute, U. S. C. Ap., 1126-7, 1513; effect of repeal of
American, GRAY, 1513, LAMMASCH, 1514. Vessels on treaty coasts were
under, 1512. Vessels under, must be owned by inhabitants of United
States, 1511.

Regulate, United States has right to, DRAGO, 1516.

Regulations of trading and fishing, Imperial statute, 1699, B. C, Ap., 5tS,
1526-7.

Reid, Grey to: Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 972, 976, requests certificate of
inhabitancy of United States, 1519; treaty right confined to inhabitants of
United States, 1505. June 20, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1005, mixed nationality
of crews unquestioned, 1530.

Reid, Root to, June 30, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 978, 979: American "vessel"
may take fish, 1610-12; custom of employing aliens in crews, 1530.

Reid to Grey, Oct. 6, 1906, B. C. Ap., 506, modus not to be used to interpret
treaty, shipment of Newfoundlanders, 1536-7.

Right, treaty: Confined to inhabitants of United States, Grey to Reid, Feb.
2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 972, 1505. Inhabitants of United States must be
authorized to exercise, 1507, 1509. Resides in United States, 1507.
92909°— VOL 12—13 11

2394 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
Question 2 — Continued.

Root to Durand, Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 967, evidence of American
character of vessel sufficient, 1509.

Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 978, 979: American "vessel" may
take fish, 1510-12; custom of employing aliens in crews, 1530.

Root, "vessel rights" only a convenient terminology, 1506.

Sabine's report, circular instructions to collectors of customs, Feb. 20, 1852,
composite character of crews, 1527-8.

Salene, Bingham v., 14 Pac. Rep. (Oregon], inapplicable here, 1531-2.

Salisbury-Evarts correspondence did not raise question of employment of
aliens, 1521.

"Seamen, servante and fishermen," imperial statute, 1699, B. C. Ap., 525,
1526-7.

Servants and fishermen, trade carried on by, GRAY, 1526.

Servants, fishing for profit may be performed through, Manchester v. Nor-
folk, 1531; Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M . & W. Ex. Rep., 63, 1531-2.

"Servant*, seamen, and fishermen," imperial statute, 1699, B. C. Ap., 525,
1526-7.

Seward, Mclaughlin to, Apr. 2, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 648, Americans allowed
to employ Newfoundlanders, 1521.

Spain, France, and Newfoundland, statutes of, not applicable to this ques-
tion, 1534.

Statutes cited: Delaware: Law restricting fishing, B. C. Ap., 788, LAMMASCH,
1510. Imperial, 1660, B. C. Ap., 514, composite character of crews, 1525;
1699, B. C. Ap., 525, regulations of trading and fishing, "servants, sea-
men, and fishermen," 1526-7; 1775, B. C. Ap., 54S, composite character
of crews, 1527. Maryland, law restricting fishing, B. C. Ap., 79S, LAM-
MASCH. 1510. United States, Registry, U. S. C. Ap., 1126-27, 1513.

Statutes of Newfoundland, France, and Spain not applicable to this ques-
tion, 1534.

Subjects of United States presumed to have authorization to exercise treaty
right, 1524.

Summary of argument, 1540-1.

Trade carried on by servants and fishermen, GRAY, 1526.

Trade, fishing is a: 1531. Adams' diary, Nov. 25, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 101,
1533. House of Commons committee, Apr. 24, 1793, U. S. C. C. Ap.,
562, 1532. Newfoundland Assembly reporte, 1845, 1846, 1847, U. S. C.
Ap., 1068, 1071, 1533.

Trade like fishery to be conducted by hiring such employees aa can be
secured, 1533.

Trading and fishing, regulations of, imperial statute, 1699, B. C. Ap., 525,
1526-7.

Treaty coasts, vessels on, were registered, 1512.

Treaty right: Authority to exercise, presumed in subjects of United States,
1524. Confined to inhabitants of United States, Grey to Reid, Feb. 2,
1906, U. S. C. Ap., 972, 1505. Fishermen must exhibit American au-
thorization to exercise, FITZPATRICK, 1515. Resides in United States,
1507. Right of United States to restrict enjoyment of, LAMMASCH, 1517.
United States inhabitants must be authorized to exercise, 1507, 1509.

United States or Great Britain could not grant right to foreign power, 1520.

United States statutes of, see Statutes cited.

Vessel, evidence of American character of, sufficient, Root to Durand, Oct.
19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 967, 1509.

2395

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
Question 2 — Continued.

"Vessel rights" only a convenient terminology, Root, 1506.

Vessels; American, right to fish, Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, U. S. C. Ap.,
978, 1510-12. Fishing licenses issued to individuals, not, 1515. Of
American registry must be owned by inhabitants of United States, 1511.
On treaty coasts were registered, 1512.

Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M. & W. Ex. Rep., 63, fishing for profit may be

performed through servants, 1531.
Questions S and 4, pp. 1544-53. (July 22, 1910.)

Anstruther, report, U. S. C. C., Ap., 369, dangers of fishing, 1549-W50.

Bay of Islands, geography of, 1548.

Canadian instructions, Apr. 16, 1887, U. S. C. Ap., 921, entry and clearance
may be made without going ashore, 1552.

Clear, fine for failure to, case of the Colombia, U. S. C. C. Ap., 632, 1548-9.

Clearance and entry may be made without going ashore, Canadian instructions
April 16, 1887, U. S. C. Ap., 921, 1552.

"Clearance" involved in "entry," 1545.

Clearance, object of, FITZPATRICK, 1550.

Columbia, case of the, U. S. C. C. Ap., 632, fine for failing to clear, 1548-9.

"Conditional " in question 4, meaning of, 1544.

Customs dues: Entry can be compelled only to collect, 1547. Fishing ves-
sels do not pay, 1547 . Not exacted from fishing vessels, Elgin to MacGregor,
Sept. 3, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 989, 1547.

Dues, payment of, practically condition precedent to fishing, 1544-5.

Elgin to MacGregor, Sept. 3, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 989, customs dues not ex-
acted from fishing vessels, 1547.

"Entry" fishing vessel should not be required to make, 1546.

Entry and clearance may be made without going ashore, Canadian instruc-
tions, Apr. 16, 1887, U. S. C. Ap., 921, 1552.

"Entry" and "report": Distinguished: 1545; imperial statute, 1775, B. C.
Ap., 543, 1545-6. United States never claimed exemption from, for trad-
ing vessels, 1546.

Entry can be compelled only to collect customs dues, 1547.

"Entry" involves "clearance," 1545.

Everett Steele, case of, U. 8. C. Ap., 842, forced report, 1552.

Fishing, dangers of, Anstruther's report, U. S. C. C. Ap., 369, 1549-1550.

Fishing, payment of dues practically condition precedent to, 1544-5.

Fishing vessel should not be required to make "entry," 1546.

Fishing vessels do not pay customs dues, 1547; Elgin to MacGregor, Sept. 3,
1906, U. S. C., Ap. 989, 1547.

FITZPATRICK, object of clearance, 1550. Smuggling an abuse of treaty right,
1547.

Great Britain, statutes of. See Statutes cited, Imperial. .

Ice, danger of, makes report impracticable, 1549.

Instructions, Canadian, Apr. 16, 1887, U, S. C. Ap., 921, entry and clearance
may be made without going ashore, 1552.

Islands, Bay of, geography of, 1548.

MacGregor, Elgin to, Sept. 3, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 989, customs dues not
exacted from fishing vessels, 1547.

Modus vivendi of 1906 and 1907 provide for report when physically possible,
Io49.

Payment of dues practically condition precedent to fishing, 1544-5.

2396 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
Questions 3 and 4 — Continaed.

"Report" and "entry": Distinguished: 1545; imperial statute, 1775, B.C.
Ap., 54S, 1545-6. United States never claimed exemption from, for trading
vessels, 1546.

Report: Forced, case of Everett Steele, U. S. C. Ap., 842, 1552. Imprac-
ticable to, danger of ice, 1549. Ought not always to be required, 1551-3.
Should not be required where shelter is sought, 1552. Sufficient to prevent
smuggling, 1547. When physically possiWe, provided in modus vivendi
of 1906 and 1907, 1549.

Shelter, no report should be required in case of, 1552.

Smuggling: An abuse of treaty right, FTTZPATRICK, 1547. Report sufficient
to prevent, 1547.

Statutes cited: Imperial, 1775, B. C., Ap. 643, "report" and "entry" dis-
tinguished, 1545-6.

Trading vessels, exemption from entry and report, United States never
claimed, 1546.

Treaty right, smuggling an abuse of, FITZPATRICK, 1547.
Question 6, pp. 1553-1577. (July 22, 1910.)

American, Franco-, dispute, 1821-4, 1568-9.

Amherst, Port, the Mascot ordered out of, 1572.

Anderson v. Anderson, 1895, 1 Q. B., 749, words to be used in their usual
sense, 1564-5.

Bathurst to Hamilton, June 21, 1819, B. G. Ap., 99, Americans expected to
fish in bays on west coast, 1567.

Bayard, case of the, 1572.

Bayard, West to, Mar. 19, 24, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 755, notice not to fish in
British North American territorial waters, 1573.

Bayard to West, Mar. 23, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 755, notice not to fish in Brit-
ish North American territorial waters, 1573.

Bayard-Chamberlain treaty, U. S. C. Ap., 39-40, delimited bays on non-
treaty coast only, 1573.

Bays: Americana expected to fish in, on west coast of Newfoundland, Bath-
urst to Hamilton, June 21, 1819, B. C. Ap., 99, 1567. Americans fished
therein in 1820-1, 1568-9. Americans fished in, address of Newfoundland
Assembly to Queen, 1846, U. S. C. Ap., 1072-3, 1570. Included in
"coast:" British proposal for treaty of 1818, B. C. Ap., 88, 1556-7; New-
foundland Assembly Report, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 1068, 1565; Scotch her-
ring fisheries act of 1867, 1559. Omitted from 1818 treaty altogether,
contention of Bond, 1575. On nontreaty coasts only delimited by Bayard-
Chamberlain treaty, U. S. C. Ap., 39-40, 1573. Right to use expressed,
Senate Committee Report, B. C. Ap., 436, 1573. Used differently in
treaties of 1783 and 1818, 1554.

Beale, pp. 74, 133, 302, 525, words to be given natural meaning, 1564.

Bond's contention: Absurdities of, 1575-6. Bays omitted from 1818 treaty
altogether, 1575.

Bond's distinction between ''coast" and "coasts," 1555, 1558.

Bonne Bay, case of the Bayard in, 1572.

Boyle to Lyttleton, Apr. 15, 1904, U. S. C. C. Ap., 338, Americans entitled
to winter fishery, 1575.

British proposal for treaty of 1818, B. C. Ap., 88, "coast" included "bays,"
1556-7.

Canada admitted American rights to coasts, Halifax Commiseion, 1571.

Canada, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

INDEX TO DEAL AEGUMENTS. 2397

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
Question 6 — Continued.

Canadian instructions, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 757, concession to Americans to
land, 1573.

Canadian statute, May 22, 1868, U. S. C. Ap., 133, license not necessary for
Americans, 1570.

Cape Ray and Ramea Islands, fishing rights between, Newfoundland customs
circular, Oct. 18, 1898, U. S. C. C. Ap., 331-2, 1574.

Cases cited: Anderson v. Anderson, 1895, 1 Q. B., 749, words to be used in
their usual sense, 1564-5. Grey v. Pearson, 61 H. L., 106, ordinary sense
of words to be adhered to, 1564. In re Harrison, SO Chan. Div., S9S-4,
negotiators of 1818 treaty had some purpose, 1576.

Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, U. S. C. Ap., 39-40, delimited bays on nontreaty
coasts only, 1573.

"Coast:" And "coasts," Bond's distinction, 1555, 1558. Canada admitted
American rights to, Halifax Commission, 1571. Includes "bays," Brit-
ish proposal for treaty of 1818, B. C. Ap., 88, 1556-7. Includes sinuosi-
ties, Imperial statute, 1809, U.S. C. C. Ap., 67, 1559. Intention of nego-
tiators of 1818 treaty as to, 1556. Meaning of, treaty of 1818, 1558-9.
Means same in treaties of 1783 and 1818, 1553-4. Means same with regard
to Labrador as to Newfoundland, Imperial Order in Council, 1819, U. S. C.
Ap., 115, 1567. Newfoundland Assembly Report, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 1068,
1565; Scotch herring fisheries act of 1867, 1559. Prima facie includes
indentations, harbors, and creeks, 1559. "Shores" means, 1555, 1560.

Concession to Americans to land, Canadian instructions, 1886, U. S. C. Ap.,
757, 1573.

Creeks, prima facie included in "coasts," 1559.

Cure and dry, right to, 1577.

Curing and drying rights, Newfoundland customs circular, Oct. 18, 1898,
U. S. C. C. Ap., SS1-2, 1574.

Customs circular, Newfoundland, Oct. 18, 1898, U. S. C. C. Ap., SS1-2, fishing
rights between Ramea Islands and Cape Ray, drying and curing rights,
1574.

Customs houses and entry, Grey to Reid, June 20, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1004,
1488.

Dry and cure, right to, 1577.

Drying and curing rights, Newfoundland customs circular, Oct. 18, 1898,
U. S. C. C. Ap., SS1-2, 1574.

Entry and customs houses, Grey to Reid, June 20, 1907, J7. S. C. Ap., 1004,
1488.

Franco-American dispute, 1821^1, 1568-9.

French rights on west coasts of Newfoundland, 1558.

Great Britain, statutes of. See Statutes cited, Imperial.

Grey to Reid, June 20, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1004, customs houses and entry,
1488.

Grey v. Pearson, 61 H. L., 106, ordinary sense of words to be adhered to, 1564.

Halifax Commission: Canada admitted American rights to coasts, 1571.
Damages demanded for fishing where British now assert there were no fish,
1569-71.

Hamilton, Bathurst to, June 21, 1819, B. C. Ap., 99, Americans expected to
fish in bays on west coast, 1567.

Harbors prima facie included in "coasts," 1559.

Harrison, in re, SO Chan. Div., 393-4, negotiators 1818 treaty had some pur-
pose, 1576.

2398 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Elder, Honorable Samuel J.— Continued.
Question 6 — Continued.

Herring fisheries act, Scotch, of 1867, bays included in coast, 1559.

Indentations, prima facie included in "coasts," 1559.

Interpretation of treaty Maxwell, p. S97, associated words, used in common

sensa, 1562-3. Ordinary sense of words to be adhered to, Grey v. Pearson,

H. L., 61:106, 1564. Words to be given natural meaning, Beale, pp. 74,

133, 302, 525, 1564; Wensleydale's Golden Rule, 1564. Words to be used

in their usual sense, Anderson v. Anderson, 1895, / Q. B., 749, 1564-5.
Instructions, Canadian, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 757, concession to Americana to

land, 1573.
Labrador, coast meant same as in Newfoundland, Imperial Order in Council,

1819, U. S. C. Ap., 115, 1567.
LAMMASCH. "land covered with water," 1562.
"Land covered with water," LAMMASCH, 1562.
Law Officers of Crown, opinion of, 1841, U. S. C. Ap., 1043, "shore" used in

general sense with reference to Magdalen Islands, 1561.
License not necessary for Americans, Canadian act, May 22, 1868, U. S. C.

Ap., 133, 1570.
Lyttleton, Boyle to, Apr. 15, 1904, U. S. C. C. Ap., 338, Americans entitled

to winter fishery, 1575.
Magdalen Islands: Meaning of "shores," 1560. "Shores" used in 1818

treaty with refeience to, 1555. "Shores" used in general sense with

reference to, opinion of Law Officers of Crown, 1841, U. S. C. Ap., 1043,

1561.

Mascot, case of the, 1572.
Maxwell, p. 397, treaty interpretation, associated words used in common

sense, 1562-3.

Negotiations, treaty of 1818, west coast of Newfoundland in, 1556.
Negotiators, 1818 treaty, had some purpose, In re Harrison, 30 Chan. Div.,

393-4, 1576.

Negotiators of 1818 treaty, intention as to "coasts," 1556.
Newfoundland assembly: Address to Queen, 1846, U. S. C. Ap., 1072-3,

Americans fished in bays, 1570. Report, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 1068, bays

included in coasts, 1565.
Newfoundland, coast meant same as in Labrador, Imperial Order in Council,

1819, U. S. C. Ap., 115, 1567.
Newfoundland customs circular, Oct. 18, 1898, U. S. C. C. Ap., 331-2, fishing

rights between Ramea Islands and Cape Ray, drying and curing rights, 1574.
Newfoundland, French rights on west coast of, 1558.
Newfoundland, west coast of: Americans expected to fish in bays, Bathurst

to Hamilton, June 21, 1819, B. C. Ap., 99, 1567. In 1818 treaty negotia-
tions, 1556.
Nontreaty coasts, only bays on, delimited by Chamberlain-Bayard treaty,

U. S. C. Ap., 39-40, 1573.
Pearson, Grey, v., 61 II. L., 106, ordinary sense of words to be adhered to,

1564.

"Person" and "persons," in Statute of Uses, analogy, 1563.
Queen, address of Newfoundland Assembly to, 1846, U. S. C. Ap., 1072-S,

Americans fished in bays, 1570.
Ramea Islands and Cape Ray, fishing rights between, Newfoundland customs

circular, Oct. 18, 1898, U. S. C. C. Ap., 331-2, 1574.

Regulations, authority for King to make, under 1818 treaty, Imperial stat-
ute, June 14, 1819, U. S. C. Ap., 112, 1566.

INDEX TO DEAL ABGUMENTS. 2399

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
Question 6 — Continued.

Reid, Grey to, June 20, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1004, customs houses and entry,
1488.

Scotch herring fisheries act of 1867, bays included in coast. 1559.

Senate Committee report, B. C. Ap., 436, right to use bays expressed, 1573.

"Shore" used in general sense with reference to Magdalen Islands, opinion
of Law Officers of Crown, 1841, U. S. C. Ap., 1043, 1561.

"Shores": Meaning of, Magdalen Islands, 1560. Means "coasts," 1555, 1560.
Used in 1818 treaty with reference to Magdalen Islands, 1555.

Sinuosities, "coast" includes, Imperial statute, 1809, U. S. C. C. Ap., 67,
1559.

Statute of Uses, analogy from words "person" and "persons" therein, 1563.

Statutes cited: Canada: May 22, 1868, U. S. C. Ap., 1SS, license not neces-
sary to Americans, 1570. Imperial: June 14, 1819, U. 8. C. Ap., 112,
authorizing King to make regulations under 1818 treaty, 1566; 1819, order
in council, U. S. C. Ap., 115, coast meant same as regards Labrador as
Newfoundland, 1567; 1867, Scotch herring fisheries act, "coasts" includes
bays, 1559; Mar. 30, 1809, U. S. C. C. Ap., 67, "coast" includes
sinuosities, 1559.

Summary, 1575-77.

Territorial waters, notice not to fish in British North American: Bayard
to West, Mar. 23, 1886, U, S. C. Ap., 755, 1573, West to Bayard, Mar. 19,
24, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 755, 1573.

Treaties cited: 1783: "bays" not same as in 1818, 1553-4; "coast" means
same as in 1818, 1553-4. 1818: "bays " not same as in 1783, 1553-4; British
proposal, B. C. Ap., 88, bays included in coast, 1566-7; "coast" means
same as in 1783, 1553-4; meaning of "coast," 1558-9.

Treaty coast, warning notices improper as to, 1572.

Warning notices improper as to treaty coast, 1572.

Wensleydale's Golden Rule, words to be given natural meaning, 1564.

West coast of Newfoundland: Americans expected to fish in bays, Bathurst
to Hamilton, June 21, 1819, B. C. Ap., 99, 1567. French rights on, 1558.
In 1818 treaty negotiations, 1556.

West, Bayard to, Mar. 23, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 755, notice not to fish in British
North American territorial waters, 1573.

West to Bayard, May 19, 24, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 755, notice not to fish in British
North American territorial watert, 1573.

Winter fishery, Americans entitled to, Boyle to Lyttleton, Apr. 15, 1904,

U. S. C. C. Ap., 338, 1575.
Question 7, pp. 1512, 1577-91 (July 21, 22, 1910).

Bait and supplies: Fishing vessels claim to buy, Tinder general trading
rights, GRAY, 1586-7. Purchase of, a commercial privilege, LAMMASCH,
1588-9.

Bayard to West, May 10, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 764, extension of reciprocal com-
mercial rights, 1581.

Commercial nonintercounse, if continued, President empowered to close
ports, United States statute, Mar. 3, 1887, B. C. Ap., 792, 1582.

Commercial privilege, purchase of bait and supplies is, LAMMASCH, 1588-9.

Commercial privileges extended to United States by British colonies: Nov.
5, 1830, Imperial order in council, B. C. Ap., 570-1, 1579-80. Reciprocal
commercial privileges, May 29, 1830, United States statute, B. C. Ap., 786,
and proclamation, Oct. 5, 1830, B. C. Ap., 786, 1579, 1580.

2400 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.
Quettion 7 — Continued.

Commercial privileges: General nature of, shown by " otherwise " in ques-
tion 7, 1579. Not destroyed by 1818 treaty, 1583-4. Not given by 1818

treaty, House of Representatives committee report, 1887, 1578. Not in-
volved in 1818 treaty, 1577. Of fishing vessels, 1512.
Commercial rights: Denial of, to fishing vessels, President's message, Dec.

5, 1870, B. C. Ap., 241, 1582. Not involved in 1818 treaty, Evarts in

Senate, Jan. 24, 1887, 1578. Reciprocal, extension of, Bayard to West,

May 10, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 764, 1581.

DRAOO: Inhabitants of United States entitled to fish from trading vessels, 1587.
Evarte, in Senate, Jan. 24, 1887, 1818 treaty does not involve commercial

rights, 1578.

Fish from trading vessel, or trade from fishing vessel, LAMMASCH, 1587-8.
Fishing and trading: No mention of impropriety of both, Grey to Reid, Feb.

2, 1906, U. S. C, Ap., 974-5, 1590. Permitted by United States register,

1588.
Fishing vessels: Can exercise trading privileges if authorized by United

States, FITZPATRICK, 1585-6. Claim to buy bait and supplies under general

trading rights, GRAY 1586-7. Commercial privileges of, 1512. Denial of

commercial rights to, President's message, Dec. 5, 1870, B. C. Ap., 241, 1582.
FITZPATRICK: Fishing vessels can exercise trading privileges if authorized by

United States, 1585-6.
GRAY: Fishing vessels claim to buy bait and supplies under general trading

rights, 1586-7.

Great Britain, statutes of. See Statutes cited, Imperial.
Grey to Reid, Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 974-5, no mention of impropriety

of both fishing and trading, 1590.
House of Representatives committee report, 1887, 1818 treaty does not give

commercial privileges, 1578.
Inhabitants fishing, can they also trade, 1582-3.

Inhabitants of United States entitled to fish from trading vessels, DRAOO, 1587.
LAMMASCH: Purchase of bait and supplies commercial privilege, 1588-9.

Right to fish from trading vessel or trade from fishing vessel, 1587-8.

Tribunal should not seek sources of American right to trade, 1584.
Manning's report to House of Representatives, 1818 treaty has no application

to right to "touch and trade," 1577-8.
"Otherwise" in question 7 shows general nature of commercial privileges,

1579.
Ports, President empowered to close, if commercial nonintercourse continued,

United States statute, Mar. 3, 1887, B. C. Ap., 792, 1582.
President's message, Dec. 5, 1870, B. C. Ap., 241, denial of commercial

rights to fishing vessels, 1582.
Reciprocal commercial privileges, British colonies and United States, United

States statute, May 29, 1830, B. C. Ap., 786, and proclamation, Oct. 5,

1830, B. C. Ap., 786, 1579, 1580.
Reciprocal commercial rights, extension of, Bayard to West, May 10, 1886,

U. S. C. Ap., 764, 1581.

Register, United States, of vessels permits both trading and fishing, 1588.
Reid, Grey to, Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 974-5, no mention of impropriety

of both fishing and trading, 1590.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2401

Elder, Honorable Samuel J. — Continued.

Question 7 — Continued.

Statutes cited: Imperial: Order in council, 1830, B. C. Ap., 570-1, com-
mercial privileges extended to U. S. by British colonies, 1579-80. United
States: May 29, 1830, B. C. Ap., 786, reciprocal commercial privileges,
1579, 1580, Mar. 3, 1887, B. C. Ap., 792, President empowered to close
ports if commercial nonintercourse continued, 1582.

"Touch and trade," 1818 treaty has no application to right to, Manning's
report to House of Representatives, 1577-8.

Trade from fishing vessel, or fish from trading vessel, LAMMASCH, 1587-8.

Trade, tribunal should not seek sources of American right to, LAMMASCH,
1584.

Trading and fishing, no mention of impropriety of both, Grey to Reid, Feb.
2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 974-5, 1590.

Trading and fishing permitted by United States register, 1588.

Trading by inhabitants who are fishing, 1582-3.

Trading privileges may be exercised by fishing vessels if authorized by
United States, FITZPATRICK, 1585-6.

Trading rights, general, fishing vessels claim under, right to buy bait and
supplies, GRAY, 1586-7.

Trading vessels, United States inhabitants entitled to fish from, DRAGO, 1587.

Treaties cited: 1818, does not destroy commercial privileges, 1583-4; does
not give commercial privileges, House of Representatives committee
report, 1887, 1578; does not involve commercial privileges, 1577; does not
involve commercial rights, Evarts in Senate, Jan. 24, 1887, 1578; has no
application to right to "touch and trade," Manning's report to House of
Representatives, 1577-8.

West, Bayard to, May 10, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 764, extension of reciprocal
commercial rights, 1581.

Ewart, John S., K. C.

Question 1, pp. 1367-1443. (July 18, 19, 1910.)

Adams' diary, Nov. 29, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., WS, "right" to ocean fishery
and "liberty" to coast fishery, 1377-8.

Adams drafted plan 1783 treaty using "liberty," 1376.

Adams' Memoirs, Dec. 14, 1814, B. C. C. Ap., 147, treaty right a continua-
tion of previous rights, 1432.

Adams to Castlereagh, Jan. 22, 1816, B. C. Ap., 74, partition theory, 1433.

Adams to Gallatin and Rush, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap., 85, partition theory,
1433.

Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 65, partition theory, 1432.

Adams to Rush, Apr. 5, 1815, U. S. C. C. Ap., 618, British and American
rights equal, 1431.

Adams to Russell, May 3, 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 156, treaty right a continuance
of previous rights, 1433.

Adams to Thomas, Aug. 10, 1822, U. 8. C. Ap., 318: Americans discovered
fisheries, New England defended them, 1375, 1379; partition theory,
1431; "right" and "liberty," 1376.

Adams, C. F.: B. C. C. Ap., 105, "right" to ocean fishery and "liberty" to
coast fishery, 1378.

Advantages of British fishermen, geographical and by treaty, 1422.

Alaska Packers Association. United States v.,79 Fed. Rep., 152: "in com-
mon," 1397-8; power of regulation, 1398.

2402 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

American commissioners, report of, Dec. 25, 1814, B. C. C. Ap., 150, parti-
tion theory, 1432.

American^Franco-, controversy, 1404-6.

Articles of confederation gave Congress limited authority, 1385.

Bait, regulations, imperial statute, 1824, B. C. Ap., 567, GRAY, 1401-2.

Ballast, regulations, imperial statute, 1824, B. C. Ap., 567, GRAY, 1401-2.

Bathurst to Hamilton, June 21, 1819, B. C. Ap., 99, regulations on Labrador
coast, 1401.

Boutwell circulars, reason for clause regarding obedience to local regula-
tions, 1407-9.

British condition in 1782, not helpless, 1374.

Canadian regulations, FITZPATRICK, 1407.

Canals, right to regulate, 1413.

Castlereagh, Adams to, Jan. 22, 1816, B. C. Ap., 74, partition theory, 1433.

Coastal waters defined, 1396.

Colonial charters: Fishing liberties, 1369-71. 1691, Massachusetts charter,
right of free fishery reserved to British subjects, 1369-70. 1620, Virginia
charter, right of King to give fishery monopoly disputed, Sabine's report,
U. S. C. Ap., 1166-70, 1369.

Colonial charters, laws regulating fisheries under, B. C. Ap., 770-76, 1370-1.

Colonial fishing rights covered in 1783 treaty by "free fishing," 1372.

Colonial liberties in fishery, 1369-71. See Liberties.

Colonial regulation statutes: Between 1783-1818, 1395-3. 1786, imperial
statute, B. C. Ap., 558, regulations, nets, desertion of fishermen, 1395.
1788, Lower Canada, B. C. Ap. , 592, regulations, interference with nets, offal,
1395. 1793, New Brunswick, B. C. Ap., 595, regulations, nets in rivers,
creeks, etc., 1395. 1807, Lower Canada, B. C. Ap., 601, regulations,
ballast, nets, seines in creeks and harbors. 1395-6. 1818, New Bruns-
wick, B. C. Ap., 605, regulations, offal, 1396.

Colonial rights in fishery preserved in 1783 treaty: Livingstone to Washing-
ton, Mar. 12, 1783, B. C. C. Ap., 132, 1382. Madison to Randolph, Mar.
12, 1783, B. C. C. Ap., 132, 1383.

Colonies not connected governmentally, 1370.

Confederation, Articles of, gave Congress limited authority, 1385.

Congress, report of committee, 1782, disclaimed right to in-shore fishery, 1372.

Constitutional limitations in United States, 1439.

Construction of treaty, rules, 1368.

Cooley, p. 575, right to regulate, 1440.

DRAQO: United States position re partition theory, 1428-9.

Dunham v. Lamphere, 3 Gray, 268, free fishing to American citizens does not
prohibit State regulation, 1391-4.

Evarts and Root only objected to regulations, 1439.

Evarts-Salisbury correspondence, 1415-20.

Evarta to Welsh, Aug. 1, 1879, B. C. Ap., 277, joint regulations, 1425.

Exclusion law, LAHHASCH, Forsyth to Stevenson, Feb. 20, 1841, B. C. Ap.,
124, 1407.

Exclusive, French rights claimed to be, 1404; are not, 1381-2.

Exclusive, grant to United States in 1783 not, 1381, 1382.

Executive and legislative acts alleged to be violations of treaty, list of
requested by tribunal, 1443.

Extraterritoriality, Americans claim, 1367.

Extraterritoriality, "liberty" is not right of, 1382.

INDEX TO OKAL ARGUMENTS. 2403

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Fishermen, American, not released from British control by treaty of 1783,

1381.

Fisheries conceded to Americans in 1782, reasons for, 1379-80.
Fisheries discovered by Americans, Adams to Thomas, Aug. 10, 1822, U. S.

C. Ap., 318, 1375, 1379.
Fishery rights insisted on by American commissioners, Fitzherbert to Shel-

burne, Dec. 4, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 110, 1378-9.

Fitzherbert to Shelburne, Dec. 4, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 110, American com-
missioners insist on fishery rights, 1378-9.
FITZPATRICK: Canadian regulations, 1407. Regulation must be authorized

by legislation, 1389. Security for fair administration of regulations, 1423.

Treaty right subject to preexisting laws, 1418. United States position re

partition theory, 1434.
Forsyth to Stevenson, Feb. 20, 1841, B. C. Ap., 124, treaty right subject to

local legislation, 1406, exclusion law, LAMMASCH, 1407.
Franco-American controversy, 1404-5.
Free fishing did not mean unlimited fishing, 1371. Imperial statute, 1699,

B. C. Ap., 525, 1371-2.
Free fishing, 1783 treaty, means freedom previously enjoyed by colonists,

1372.
Free fishing to American citizens does not prohibit State regulation: Dunham

v. Lamphere, S Gray, 268, 1391-4. Mass. v. Manchester, 152 Mass. R., 230;

139 U. S., 240, 1394-5.

Frelinghuysen, West to, Oct. 9, 1883, U. S. C. Ap., 751, joint regulations, 1425.
Frelinghuysen to West, July 11, 1884, U. S. C. Ap., 753, joint regulations,

1426.

French rights: Claimed to be exclusive, 1404; but are not, 1381-2.
French shore, regulations unnecessary on, 1404.
Gallatin and Rush, Adams to, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap., 85, partition theory,

1433.
Gardner's letter, B. C. Ap., 502, regulations unreasonable, position of United

States, 1438.

Geographical advantages of British fishermen, 1422.
Governors, Livingstone to the, Feb. 19, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., SO, hazardous

position of United States in 1782, 1375.

Grant of liberty to United States did not prevent similar grant to others, 1381.
Granville to Lowell, Oct. 27, 1880, B. C. Ap., 290, joint regulations, 1425.
Granville to Thornton, Apr. 2, 1881, U. S. C. Ap., 733, joint regulations, 1425.
Granville to West, July 15, 1882, U. S. C. Ap., 746, United States freedom

from regulations, joint regulations, 1425.
GRAY: American claim, any regulation is derogation of treaty right, 1386-8.

"On terms of equality" means "in common," 1413-14. Positions of two

Governments re partition theory, 1429. Regulations authorized by legis-
lation after 1818, 1406-7. Regulations, 1824, imperial statute, B. C.Ap., 567,

nets and harbors, bait, ballast, 1401-2. Treaty right subject to preexisting

laws, 1418.

Great Britain, statutes of. See Statutes cited, Imperial.
Great Britain's failure to regulate does not indicate inability, 1401.
Green, Livingstone to, Jan. 31, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., SO, hazardous position of

United States in 1782, 1374.
Grey's memorandum, B. C. 4P-, 495, partition theory, 1436-7.

2404 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Halifax commission: 3-mile limit follows sinuosities of coast, Proceedingt I:
169,1414-15. Trescott at: American right unlimited, B. C. Ap., 266,
1368-9; rights within 3-mile limit not invasion of territorial jurisdiction,
B. C. C. Ap., 187, 1411.

Hamilton, Bathurst to, June 21, 1819, B. C. Ap., 99, regulations on Labrador
coast, 1401.

Harbors, regulations, imperial statute, 1824, B. C. Ap., 567, GRAY, 1401-2.

Hoppin, Salibury to, Apr. 3, 1880, £. G.Ap., 278, American fishermen to be
regulated, GRAY, 1416-18.

Imperial or local regulations, existence of, 1404.

Imperial statute, 1699, free fishing not unlimited, 1371-2.

"In common": Defined, 1397. Means "on terms of equality," GRAY, 1413-14.
United States v. Alaska Packers Association, 79 Fed. Rep., 152, 1397-8.

Inhabitants of certain locality, treaty right limited to, 1427.

In-shore fishery, congressional committee report, 1782, disclaimed right to,
1372.

International and interstate relations, distinction, LAHHASCH, 1394-5.

Interpretation of treaties: 1871 and 1818 must be similarly construed, 1410.
Rules, 1368.

Interstate and international relations, distinction, LAMMASCH, 1394-5.

Joint regulations: Attempt to make failed, 1424. Difficulty of securing
American consent in 1783, Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap., 500, 1384.
Evarts to Welsh, Aug. 1, 1879, B. C. Ap.,277, 1425. Frelinghuysen to
West, July 11, 1884, U. S. C. Ap., 75S, 1426. Granville to Lowell, Oct. 27,
1880, B. C. Ap., 290, 1425. Granville to Thornton, Apr. 2, 1881, U. S. C.
Ap., 7SS, 1425. Impossibility of United States consent in 1783, 1383. Two
attempts at, on nontreaty shore, 1424-5, 1426. Vain attempt at, on treaty
shore, 1424-5. West to Frelinghuysen, Oct. 9, 1883, U. S. C. Ap., 751, 1425.

Jurisdiction, territorial, not invaded by rights within 3-mile limit, Trescott
at Halifax commission, B. C. C. Ap., 187, 1411.

Labrador coast, regulations on, Bathurst to Hamilton, June 21, 1819, B. C.
Ap., 99, 1401.

Labrador, regulations in, LAMMASCH, 1407.

LAMMASCH: British may make regulations not destructive of treaty right,
1389. Difference between interstate and international relations, 1394-5.
Exclusion law, Forsyth to Stevenson, Feb. 20, 1841, B, C. Ap., 124, 1407.
Regulations in Labrador, 1407. Right to regulate subject to remonstrance,
1419. Special Agreement, 1909, article 4, provision for agreement to regu-
lations, 1389-90. Imperial statute, 1775, B. C. Ap., 545, Sunday fishing,
1403. United States position re partition theory, 1429.

Lamphere, Dunham v., S Gray, 268, free fishing to American citizens does not
prohibit State regulation, 1391-4.

Laws regulating fisheries under colonial charters, B. C. Ap., 770-776, 1370-71.

Legislative and executive acts alleged to be violations of treaty, list of, re-
quested by tribunal, 1443.

Legislation, treaty cannot be modified by, Welsh to Salisbury, Nov. 7, 1878,
B. C. Ap., t71, 1415-16.

Legislation, treaty right subject to local: Forsyth to Stevenson, Feb. 20, 1841,
B. C. Ap., 124, 1406. Stevenson to Palmerston, Mar. 27, 1841, B. C. Ap.,
126, 1406. Van's report, 1839, B. C. Ap., 118, 1405-6.

INDEX TO ORAL ABGUMBNTS. 2405

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Liberties, colonial, in fishery: 1369-71. 1620, Virginia charter, right of King
to give fishery monopoly disputed, Sabine's report, U. S. C. Ap., 1166-70,
1369. 1691, Massachusetts charter, right of free fishery reserved to British
subjects, 1369-70. 1699, Imperial statute, free fishing not unlimited,
1371-2. Colonial charters enumerated, fishing liberties, 1370-71. Colo-
nial charters, laws regulating fisheries under, B. C. Ap., 770-76, 1370-1.
Colonial fishing rights covered in 1783 treaty by "free fishing," 1372. Free
fishing in 1783 treaty, means freedom previously enjoyed by colonists, 1372,
did not mean unlimited fishing, 1371. Liberty to fish not license, 1371.

Liberties in fisheries after 1783: 1390-95. Dunham v. Lamphere, 3 Gray, 268,
free fishing to American citizens does not prohibit State regulation, 1391-4.

International and interstate relations, distinction, LAMMASCH, 1394-5.

Manchester, Mass, v., 152 Mass. R. 230, 139 U. S.,240, free fishing to Ameri-
can citizens does not prohibit State regulation, 1394-5.

Ownership and regulation of fisheries rested in States after 1783, 1391.

"Liberty:" And "right," Adams to Thomas, Aug. 10, 1822, U.S. C.Ap.,S18,
1376. Defined, 1381-2. Does not mean license, 1371, 1381. Granted
United States in 1783 not exclusive, 1381, 1382. Is not right of extraterri-
toriality, 1382. To coast fishery, Adams' diary, Nov. 29, 1782, B. C. C. Ap.,
103, 1377-8. To coast fishery, C. F. Adams, B. C. C. Ap., 105, 1378.
Used in Adams' draft 1783 treaty, 1376.

License, liberty to fish is not, 1371, 1381.

Livingstone to the governors, Feb. 19, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., SO, hazardous
position of United States in 1782, 1375.

Livingstone to Green, Jan. 31, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., SO, hazardous position of
United States in 1782, 1374.

Livingstone to Washington, Mar. 12, 1783, B. C. C. Ap., 132, right to fishery
is same as before Revolution, 1382.

Local or Imperial regulations, existence of, 1404.

Lowell, Granville to, Oct. 27, 1880, B. C. Ap., 290, joint regulations, 1425.

Lower Canada, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Madison to Randolph, Mar. 12, 1783, B. C. C. Ap., 132, fishery rights same as
before Revolution, 1383.

Maine, statute 1883, B. C. C. Ap., 196, regulation under 1871 treaty, 1420.

Maine, statutes of. See. Statutes cited.

Manchester, Mass., v., 152 Mass. R. 230, 139 U. S., 240, free fishing to American
citizens does not prohibit State regulation, 1394-5.

Massachusetts charter, 1691, right of free fishery reserved to British subjects,
1369-70.

Mass. v. Manchester, 152 Mass. R. 230, 139 U.S., 240, free fishing to American
citizens does not prohibit State regulation, 1394-5.

Monroe, Adams to, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 65, partition theory, 1432.

Municipal legislation. See Local legislation.

Negotiations, 1782: 1376-79. Adams' diary, Nov. 29, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 103,
"right" to ocean fishery and "liberty" to coast fishery, 1377-8. Adams,
C. F., B. C. C. Ap., 105, "right" to ocean fishery and "liberty" to coast
fishery, 1378. Commissioners did not propose abdication of British sov-
ereignty, 1380. Fishery rights insisted on by American commissioners,
Fitzherbert to Shelburne, Dec. 4, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 110, 1378-9,

Negotiations, 1818, 1396-7.

New Brunswick, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

2406 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

New England defended fisheries, Adams to Thomas, Aug. 10, 1822, U. S. C.
Ap., S18, 1375, 1379.

Nontreaty shore, two attempts at joint regulations on, 1424-25, 1426.

Order in council and statute of 1819 do not indicate inability to regulate, 1401.

Ownership and regulation of fisheries rested in States after 1783, 1391.

Palmerston, Stevenson to, Mar. 27, 1841, B. C. Ap., 126, treaty right subject
to local legislation, 1406.

Partition theory: 1427-38. Adams to Castlereagh, Jan. 22, 1816, B. C.Ap.,
74, 1433. Adams to Gallatin and Rush, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap.,85, 1433.
Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 65, 1432. Adams to Thomas,
Aug. 10, 1822, U. S. C. Ap., S18, 1431. Grey's memorandum, B. C. Ap.,
495, 1436-7. Positions of two governments, GRAY, 1429. Report of Ameri-
can commissioners, Dec. 25, 1814, B. C. C. Ap., 150, 1432. Root to Reid,
June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap., 499, 1437. Senate Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions, 1888, B. C. Ap., 435-6, 1435. United States position, DRAGO.LAM-
MASCH, 1428-9, FITZPATRICK, 1434. Webster's view, U. S. C. Ap., 526,
1434-5.

Randolph, Madison to, Mar. 12, 1783, B. C. C. Ap., 1S2, fishery rights same
as before Revolution, 1383.

Regulate: Failure to, by Great Britain, does not show inability, 1401. In-
ability to, not indicated by order in council and statute of 1819, 1401 .

Regulation : And ownership of fisheries rested in Statesafter 1783, 1391 . Must
be authorized by legislation. FITZPATRICK, 1389. Of canals, right to, 1413.
Power of, United States v. Alaska Packers Asso., 79 Fed. Rep., 152, 1398.
Under treaty of 1871, Maine, 1883, B. C. C. Ap., 196, 1420.

Regulations: 1783-1881, no objection to by Americans, 1396. American
consent to, not provided in 1818 treaty, 1386. American fishermen to be
subject to, Salisbury to Hoppin, Apr. 3, 1880, B. C. Ap.,278, GRAY, 1416-18.
Any, is derogation of treaty right, American claim, GRAY, 1386-8. Author-
ized by legislation after 181S, GRAY, 1406-7. British, American "retaliatory
statute" to offset, 1887, B. C. Ap., 792, 1420-21. By one Government or
both, 1367. By states not prohibited by provision for free fishing to Amer-
ican citizens: Dunham v. Lamphere, S Gray, 268, 1391-4; Mass. v. Man-
chester, 152 Mass., /?., 230, 139 U. S., 240, 1394-5. Canadian, FITZPATICK,
1407. Colonial: Between 1783-1818, 1395-6: 1786, Imperial, B. C. Ap.,
558, regulations, nets, desertion of fishermen, 1395; 1788, Lower Canada,
B. C. Ap., 592, regulations, interference with nets, offal, 1395; 1793, New
Brunswick, B. C. Ap., 595, regulations, nets in rivers, creeks, etc., 1395;
1807, Lower Canada, B. C. Ap., 601, regulations, ballast, nets, seines in
creeks and harbors, 1395-6; 1818, New Brunswick, B. C. Ap., 605, regu-
lations, offal, 1396. Existence of local or Imperial, 1404. Imperial statute,
1824, B. C. Ap., 567, nets and harbors, bait, ballast, GRAY, 1401-2. In
Labrador, LAMMASCH, 1407. Joint, see Joint regulations. Local reason
for clause regarding obedience to, in Boutwell circulars, 1407-9. Not de-
structive of treaty right, British may make, LAMMASCH, 1389. Objected
to only by Root and Evarts, 1439. On Labrador coast, Bathurst to Ham-
ilton, June 21, 1819, B. C. Ap., 99, 1401. Preexistent, treaty right sub-
ject to, 1436. Provision for agreement to, Special Agreement, 1909, article
4, LAMMASCH, 1389-90. Right to make: Cooley, p. 575, 1440; subject to
remonstrance, LAMMASCH, 1419; treaty of 1871, arts. 26 and 28, 1412.
Security for fair administration of, FITZPATRICK, 1423. Statutory, under
colonial charters, B. C. Ap., 770-76, 1370-71. To be applied to American

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2407

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

fishermen, Salisbury to Hoppin, Apr. 3, 1880, B. 0. Ap., 278, GRAY, 1416-18.
United States freedom from, Granville to West, July 15, 1882, U. S. C. Ap.,
746, 1425. Unnecessary on French shore, 1404. Unreasonable, Gardner's
letter, B. C. Ap., 502, 1438. Treaty right not free from, 1412. Unnec-
essary on French shore, 1404.

Reid, Root to, June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap.,499, difficulty of securing American
consent to joint regulations, 1384; partition theory, 1437.

Restrictions stated in 1818 treaty not comprehensive, 1400.

"Right" and "liberty," Adams to Thomas, Aug. 10, 1822, U.S. C. Ap.,
318, 1S76.

"Right" to ocean fishery: Adams's diary, Nov. 29, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 10S,
1377-8. C. F. Adams, B. C. C. Ap., 105, 1378.

Right, treaty: A continuation of previous rights: Adams's Memoirs, Dec. 14,
1814, B. C. C. Ap., 147, 1432; Adams to Russell, May 3, 1822, B. C. C. Ap.,
156, 1433. Limited to inhabitants of certain locality, 1427. Not free from
regulation, 1412. Not permanent, 1427. Subject to local legislation: For-
eyth to Stevenson, Feb. 20, 1841, B. C. Ap., 124, 1406; Stevenson to Pal-
merston, Mar. 27, 1841, B. C. Ap., 126, 1406; Vail's report, 1839, B. C. Ap.,
118,1405-6. Subject to preexisting laws, GRAY, FITZPATRICK, 1418. Sub-
ject to preexistent regulations, 1436.

Right unlimited, American, Trescott at Halifax commission, B. C. Ap., 266,
1368-9.

Rights, British and American, equal, Adams to Rush Apr. 5, 1818, U. S. C.
C.Ap., 618, 1431.

Root and Evarts only objected to regulations, 1439.

Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap., 500, difficulty of American consent
to regulations in 1783, 1384; partition theory, 1437.

Rush, Adams to, Apr. 5, 1815, U. S. C. C. Ap., 618, British and American
rights equal, 1431.

Rush and Gallatin, Adams to, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap., 85, partition theory,
1433.

Russell, Adams to. May 3, 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 156, treaty right a continuance
of previous rights, 1433.

Sabine's report, U. S. C. Ap., 1166-70, Virginia charter, 1620, right of King to
give fishery monopoly disputed, 1369.

Salisbury-Evarts correspondence, 1415-20.

Salisbury, Welsh to, Nov. 7, 1878, B. C. Ap., 271, treaty can not be modified
by legislation, 1415-16.

Salisbury to Hoppin, April 3, 1880, B. C. Ap., 278, American fishermen to be
regulated, GRAY, 1416-18.

Senate Committee on Foreign Relations 1888, B. C. Ap., 435-6, partition
theory, 1435.

Servitude not involved here, 1427.

Shelburne, Fitzherbert to, Dec. 4, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 110, American com-
missioners insist on fishery rights, 1378-9.

Sinuosities of coast, 3-mile limit follows, Halifax commission Proceedings
1: 169,1414-15.

Sovereignty, commissioners in 1782 did not propose abdication of British,
1380.

Special Agreement, 1909, article 4: Order of tribunal regarding remarks on,
1444. Provision for agreement to regulations, LAMMASCH, 1389-90.

Statute and order in council of 1819 do not indicate inability to regulate, 1401.

2408 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Statutes cited: Imperial; 1699, free fishing not unlimited, 1371-2; 1775,
Sunday fishing, LAHHASCH, 1403; 1786, regulations, nets, desertion of fish-
ermen, 1395. 1824, regulations, nets and harbors, bait, ballast, GRAY,
1401-2. Lower Canada: 1788, regulations, interference with nets, offal,
1395; 1807, regulations, ballast, nets, seines in creeks and harbors, 1395-6.
Maine: 1883, regulation under treaty of 1871, 1420. New Brunswick: 1793,
regulations, nets in rivers, creeks, etc., 1395; 1818, regulations, offal, 1396.
United States: 1887, "retaliatory statute" to offset British regulations,

1420-1:

Stevenson, Foreyth to, Feb. 20, 1841, B. C. Ap., 124, treaty right subject to

local legislation, 1406, exclusion law, LAMMASCH, 1407.
Stevenson to Palmerston, Mar. 27, 1841, S. C. Ap., 126, treaty right subject to

local legislation, 1406.
Summary, 1441-2.

Sunday fishing, Imperial statute, 1775, B. C. Ap., 545, LAMMASCH, 1403.
Territorial jurisdiction, not invaded by rights within 3-mile limit, Trescott

at Halifax commission, B. C. C. Ap., 187, 1411.
Thomas, Adams to, Aug. 10, 1822, U. S. C. Ap., S18: Americans discovered

fisheries, New England defended them, 1375, 1379; partition theory, 1431;

"right" and "liberty," 1376.

Thornton, Granville to, Apr. 2, 1881, U. S. C. Ap., 733, joint regulations, 1425.
Three-mile limit: Follows sinuosities of coast, Halifax commission, Proceedings,

1 : 169, 1414-15. Rights within not invasion of territorial jurisdiction,

Trescott at Halifax commission, B. C. C. Ap., 187, 1411.
Treaty advantages to British fishermen, 1422.
Treaty can not be modified by legislation, Welsh to Salisbury, Nov. 7, 1878,

B. C. Ap., 271, 1415-16.

Treaties cited. See below, Treaty of 1783, Treaty of 1818, Treaty of 1871.
Treaty of 1783: Does not relinquish British control over American fisher-
men, 1381. "Free fishing" means preexisting colonial rights, 1372. Grant

not exclusive, 1381-2. Preserves colonial fishing rights: Livingstone to

Washington, Mar. 12, 1783, B. C. C. Ap., 132, 1382; Madison to Randolph,

Mar. 12, 1783, B. C. C. Ap., 132, 1383.
Treaty of 1818: Does not provide for American consent to regulations, 1386.

Must be construed same as 1783 treaty, 1410. Restrictions stated in, not

comprehensive, 1400.
Treaty of 1871, B. C. Ap., 41: Articles 26 and 28, right to regulate, 1412.

Maine regulation under, 1883, B. C. C. Ap., 196, 1420. Must be construed

same as 1818 treaty, 1410.
Treaty right. See Right, treaty.
Treaty shore, vain attempt at joint regulation, 1424-5.
Treecott, at Halifax commission: American right unlimited, B. C. Ap., 266,

1368-9. Rights within 3-mile limit not invasion of territorial jurisdiction,

B. C. C. Ap., 187, 1411.
United States position: In 1782, hazardous: Livingstone to the governors,

Feb. 19, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 30, 1375; Livingstone to Green, Jan. 31,

1782, B. C. C. Ap., 30, 1374. Partition theory, DRAOO, LAMMASCH,

1428-9, FITZPATRICK, 1434.
United States, statute 1887, B. C. Ap., 792, "retaliatory statute" to offset

British regulations, 1420-21.
United States, statutes of. See Statutes cited.
United States v. Alaska Packers' Aeso., 79 Fed. Rep., 152: "in common,"

1397-8; power of regulation, 1398.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2409

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Vail's report, 1839, B. C. Ap., 118, treaty right subject to local legislation,
1405-6.

Virginia charter, 1620, right of King to give fishery monopoly disputed,
Sabine's report, U. S. C. Ap., 1166-70, 1369.

Washington, Livingstone to, Mar. 12, 1783, B. C. C. Ap., 132, right to fishery
is same as before Revolution, 1382.

Webster's view re partition theory, U. S. C. Ap., 526, 1434-5.

Welsh, Evarts to, Aug. 1, 1879, B. C. Ap., 277, joint regulations, 1425.

Welsh to Salisbury, Nov. 7, 1878, B. C. Ap., 271, treaty can not be modified
by legislation, 1415-1416.

West, Frelinghuysen to, July 11, 1884, U. S. C. Ap., 753, joint regulations,
1426. •

West, Granville to, July 15, 1882, U. S. C. Ap., 746, United States free-
dom from regulations, 1425.

West to Frelinghuysen, Oct. 9, 1883, U. S. C. Ap., 751, joint regulations, 1425.
Question 2. Pp. 1340-1360. (July 14, 18, 1910.)

Adams did not contemplate others than Americans fishing from American
vessels, 1345.

Agent, principal and, argument of, 1354-56.

Agents: "Citizens," trading through, treaty of 1794, Great Britain-United
.States, B. C. Ap., 20, 1357-8. Fishing by, 1344. "Inhabitants trading
through," treaty of 1815, United States-Great Britain, B. C. Ap., 29,
1358-9. Trading through, treaty of 1871, United States-Great Britain,
B. C. Ap., 41, 1359.

Aliens fishing for natives, 1344.

Aliens not allowed to fish: Imperial statute, 1699, B. C. Ap., 525, 1341, 1344,
1346. Unless by treaty right, Imperial statute, 1824, B. C. Ap., 567,
1346, 1348; Imperial statute, 1906, B. C. Ap., 758, 1348.

Aliens, summary of statutes as to, 1347-8.

Bingham v. Salene, 14 Pac. Rep. (Oregon), disagrees with Wickham t>.
Hawker, 1359.

Canada, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Cases cited: Bingham v. Salene, 14 Pac. Rep. (Oregon), disagrees with
Wickham v. Hawker, 1359. Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M . & W. Ex. Rep.,
63, rule of interpretation not of law, 1359.

Citizen of state, must be to fish, Delaware statute of 1871, B. C. Ap., 788,
1355.

"Citizens" trading through agents, treaty of 1794, Great Britain-United
States, B. C. Ap., 20, 1357-8.

Delaware, statute of 1871, B. C. Ap., 788, must be citizen of state to fish, 1355.

Delaware, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Desertion of British fishermen, Imperial statute, 1786, B. C. Ap., 555, 1342.

Durand, Root to, Oct. 19, 1905, B. C. Ap., 492, "flag admits the man "-argu-
ment, 1351-3.

. Emigration of British fishermen forbidden, Imperial statute, 1775, B. 0-
Ap., 543, 1342.

Fishery nursery for seamen, 1341.

Fishing by agents, 1344.

"Flag admits the man" argument, Root to Durand, Oct. 19. 1905, B. C.
Ap., 492, 1351-3.

France, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

French excluded from Newfoundland waters by treaty, 1345.
92909°— VOL 12—13 12

2410 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question & — Continued.

Great Britain, statutes of. See Statutes cited, Imperial.

Great Britain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Hawker, Wickham v., 7 M. <fc W. Ex. Rep., 63: Disapproved by Bingham v.
Salene, 14 Pac. Rep. (Oregon), 1359. Rule of interpretation net of law, 1359.

"In common," argument based on, 1356-7.

"Inhabitanta" trading through agenta, treaty of 1815, United States-Great
Britain, B. C. Ap., 29, 1358-9.

"Inhabitanta, vessels and," Canadian statute, 1872, B. C. Ap., 631, LAM-
MASCH, 1349.

Intercourse difficult in 1818, 1345.

Interpretation, rule of, not of law, established by Wickham v. Hawker,
7 M . & W. Ex. Rep., 63, 1359.

LAMMASCH: Population of Newfoundland, 1786, 1343. "Ships or subjects"
in imperial statute of 1819, B. C. Ap. , 565, 1347. "Vessels and inhabitant* "
referred to, Canadian statute, 1872, B. C. Ap., 631, 1349.

Newfoundland, population, 1786, LAMMASCH, 1343.

Noninhabitants, employment of, Adams did not contemplate, 1346.

Nursery for seaman, fishery is, 1341.

Persons, three classes to be considered, 1340.

Principal and agent, argument of, 1354-6.

Root to Durand, Oct. 19, 1905, B. C. Ap., 492, "flag admits the man" argu-
ment, 1351-3.

Salene, Bingham v., 14 Pac. Rep. (Oregon), disagrees with Wickham v.
Hawker, 1359.

"Ships or subjects" in imperial statute of 1819, B. C. Ap., 565, LAMMASCH,
1347.

Spain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Spanish excluded from Newfoundland waters by treaty, 1818, 1345.

Spanish rights to fishery renounced, treaty of 1763, B. C. Ap., 7, Spain-Great
Britain, 1351.

Statutes cited: Canada: 1872, B'. C. Ap., 631, "vessels and inhabitant*,"
LAMMASCH, 1349. Delaware: 1871, B. C. Ap., 788, must be citizen of State
to fish, 1355. Imperial: 1699, B. C. Ap., 525, aliens not allowed to fish,
1341, 1344, 1346; 1775, B. C. Ap., 543, British fishermen not to emigrate to
America, 1342; 1786, B. C. Ap., 555, desertion of British fishermen, 1342;
1819, B. C. Ap., 565, "ships or subjects," LAMMASCH, 1347; 1824, B. C.
Ap., 567, aliens not to fish unless by treaty right, 1346, 1348; 1906, B. C.
Ap., 758, aliens not to fish unless by treaty right, 1348. Summary of
statutes as to aliens, 1347-8.

"Subjects" of France: Treaty of 1783, 1350. Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, B. C.
Ap., 7, 1350.

"Subjects, ships or," Imperial statute, 1819, B. C. Ap., 565, LAMMASCH,
1347.

Trading by agents: treaty of 1794, B. C. Ap., to. 1357-8; treaty of 1815, B.
C. Ap., 29, 1358-9; treaty of 1871, B. C. Ap., 41, 1359.

Treaties cited: 1713, France-Great Britain treaty of Utrecht, B. C. Ap., 7,
"subjects" of France, 1350. 1763, France-Great Britain-Spain, B. C. Ap.,
7, renunciation of Spanish rights to fisheries, 1351. 1783, Great Britain-
France, "subjecta" of France, 1350. 1794, Great Britain-United States,
B. C. Ap., 20, "citizens" trading through agents, 1357-8. 1815, Great
Britain-United States, B. C. Ap., 29, "inhabitants" trading through agenta,
1358-9. 1871, Great Britain-United States, B. C. Ap., 41, trading through
agenta, 1359.

INDEX TO OBAL ARGUMENTS. 2411

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.

Question 2 — Continued.

United States, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Universality of question, 1340.

Utrecht, treaty of, 1713. See Treaties cited.

"Vessels and inhabitants, " Canadian statute, 1872, B. C. Ap., fiSl, LAMMASCH,

1349.

Vessels, others than Americans fishing from American, Adams did not con-
template, 1345.
Wickham v. Hawker, disapproved by Bingham v. Salene, 14 Pac. Rep.

(Oregon), 1359.
Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M. . & W. Ex. Rep., 63, rule of interpretation not of

law, 1359.
Question 5, pp. 1228-1340. (July 12, 14, 1910.)

Aberdeen, Everett to: Aug. 10, 1843, B. C. Ap., ISO, Everett misread treaty,

1280. May 25, 1844, B. C. Ap., 1SS, "coasts" meant to include bays,

creeks, and harbors, except Bay of Fundy, 1281-2. Mar. 25, 1845, B. C.

Ap., 143, 144: bays renounced are those which might be entered, 1237;

right to fish in Bay of Fundy, 1286.
Aberdeen to Everett, Mar. 10, 1845, B. C. Ap., 141, relaxation of rule in case

of Bay of Fundy, 1285-6.

Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25, 1815, B. C. Ap., 67, marine league, 1260.
Adams to Castlereagh, Jan. 22, 1816, B. C. Ap., 75, 3-mile limit not accepted

prior to 1783, 1323.
Adams, Gallatin and Rush to, Oct. 20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94, fishermen's theory

supported, 1261-2.

Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 66, Jaseur incident, 1259.
Adams to Russell, 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 165, 3-mile limit not accepted prior

to 1783, 1321-2.

Admiralty, Secretary of, Seymour to, July 21, 1853, B. C. Ap., 202, instruc-
tions to British cruisers during 1845-52, 1301; Perry's admission, 1306.
Alaskan boundary arbitration: claim of United States, Proceedings, 4:S2,

1336-8; United States argument, Grotius' rule of jurisdiction, 1332.
"Alleganean," case of, Grotius' rule of jurisdiction, 1330, 1332.
American, Franco-, controversy of 1821-3, 1273-5. Concerned treaty coast,

LAMMASCH, 1274.
"Argus," seizure of, 1229. As evidence of headland theory repudiated,

Stanley to Falkland, Sept. 17, 1845, B. C. Ap., 151, 1229-30.
Attorney general of Nova Scotia, memorandum, Sept. 17, 1844, B. C. Ap.,

137, exclusion applies to outer as well as inner bays, 1282.
Baker, Bathurst to, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, "dominions" synonymous

with "possessions" and "territories," 1254.

Bathurst, Adams to, Sept. 25, 1815, B. C. Ap., 67, marine league, 1260.
Bathurst to Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, "dominions" synonymous

with "possessions" and "territories," 1254.
Bathurst to Keats, June 17, 1815, B. C. Ap., 63, "dominions" synonymous

with "possessions" and "territories," 1254.
Bay: Character of, determined by general configuration, LAMMASCH, 1331.

Chignecto, 1282. Existence of, presupposed in Warren 's argument, 1249-50.

George's, see George's Bay. Juristic and geographical meanings of , 1320.

Maces, 1282. Minas Basin, 1282. Of Chaleur, see Chaleur, Bay of. Of

Fundy, see Fundy, Bay of. St. John, 1282. St. Mary's, 1282. Territorial:

more than 6 miles wide, 1240; defined, 1240. Treaty of 1686, France-Gt.

Britain, B. C. Ap., 6, 1231. Within Bay of Fundy, LAMMASCH, 1241.

2412 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHEEIES ARBITRATION.

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Bayard to Phelps, Nov. 15, 1886, B. C. Ap., 357, proposal to settle difference*,
British position unchanged, 1318-20.

Bayard to West, May 20, 1886, B. C. Ap., 302, relates to commercial privi-
leges only, 1310-11.

Bays: As used by Rush and Marcy, applies to all indentations, 1264. British
do not contend that there was no fishing in, in 1824, 1271. Everett's
arrangement in 1845, abandonment of American contention as to, 129*.
Except Bay of Fundy, included in "coasts," Everett to Aberdeen, May
25, 1844, B. C. Ap., 1SS, 1281-2. Exclusion actually practiced from all,
1845-52, GRAY, 1290. Exclusion applies to outer as well as inner, memo-
randum of attorney general of Nova Scotia, Sept. 17, 1844, B. C. Ap., 1S7,
1282. In treaty of 1783, must mean larger bays, 1268-9. In treaty of 1818,
must mean all bays, GRAY, 1269-70. Inside, in Bay of Fundy, enumerated,
1282. International law on, 1320. Juristic definition of, nonexistent prior
to 1818, 1320. Not restricted to 6 miles by Everett, 1282. Objections to
opening, minute of executive council, New Brunswick, June 20, 1845,
B. C. Ap., 149, 1309. Renounced, are those which might be entered:
Cass in United States Senate, Aug. 3, 1852, B. C. Ap., 160, 1237; Davis in
United States Senate, Aug. 3, 1852, B. C. Ap., 167, 1237; Everett to Aber-
deen, Mar. 25, 1845, B. C. Ap., 144, 1237; Sabine's report, U. S. C. Ap.,
1873, 1237; Webster's memorandum, U. S. C. Ap., 5SO, 1237. Signified
same thing in treaties of 1783 and 1818, 1321. Three-mile limit measured
from shores or "fishermen's theory," 1234. Treaty of 1778, United States-
France, U. S. C. Ap., 92, 1232. Treaty of 1794, United States-Great Brit-
ain, B. C. Ap., 23, 1232. Used by United States in general sense, 1265.
Would be included in 5-mile limit, treaty of 1806, FITZPATRICK, 1328.

Behring Sea arbitration: American claim of jurisdiction over fisheries, Pro-
ceedings, 9:156, 1323. Claim of Russia in 1821, Moore, Dig., 1:890, 1324-26.
Morgan, arbitrator, Grotius' rule of jurisdiction, 1331-2.

British concessions not indicative of renunciation of principle, 1252.

British laxity in enforcing theory, 1250.

British position adhered to: 1228. Bayard to Phelps, Nov. 15, 1886, B. C.
Ap., S57, 1318-20. Rush to his executors, Dec., 1854, U. S. C. Ap., 547,
1308.

British position misunderstood by United States, U. S. C. C., 68, 1229.

Calhoun to Everett, July 5, 1844, B. C. Ap., 135, approving Everett's posi-
tion in re "Washington," 1283.

Campbell to Seymour, Aug. 26, 1852, B. C. Ap., 195, Perry's admission,
Bay of Chaleur, George's Bay, 1305.

Canadian customs circular instructions: Revision of, Lansdowne to Gran-
ville, June 8, 1886, B. C. Ap., 318, 1313. Roseberry to West, July 23,
1886, U. S. C. Ap., 823, 1316-17.

Canadian fishery instructions, 1886, B. C. Ap., 298, 299, 1312-18.

Cannon-shot rule: G. F. de Martens, 1329. Treaty of 1794, United States-
Great Britain, B. C. Ap., 23, 1232.

Cape Despair, 1304-5.

Cass in United States Senate, Aug. 3, 1852, B. C. Ap., 160, bays renounced
are those which might be entered, 1237; "shelter" idea, 1294.

Castlereagh, Adams to, Jan. 22, 1816, B. C. Ap., 75, 3-mile limit not ac-
cepted prior to 1783, 1323.

Chaleur, Bay of, Campbell to Seymour, Aug. 26, 1852, B. C. Ap., 195, 1305.

Chauncey, Vail to, Aug. 29, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 441, instructions for "Gram-
pus," 1276.

INDEX TO OBAL ABGUMF.NTS. 2413

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued,
Question 5 — Continued.
Chignecto Bay, 1282.

Coast line, 3 miles from, is fishermen's theory, 1239.
" Coasts " meant to include bays, creeks, and harbors, except Bay of Fundy,

Everett to Aberdeen, May 25, 1844, B. C. Ap., 1SS, 1281-2.
Colonists opposed to British policy, Fillmore's message, Dec. 6, 1852, U. S. C.

Ap., 545, 1308.
Commercial privileges only concerned in Bayard to West, May 20, 1886,

B. C. Ap., 302, 1310-11.

Concessions by British not indicative of renunciation of principle, 1252.

Conduct of nations as interpretative of treaty, 1251.

Construction, British: Acquiesced in by Webster, Crampton to Malmesbury,
Aug. 2, 1852, B. C. Ap., -156, 1293. Acquiesced in, Webster's notice,
July 6, 1852, B. C. Ap., 152, 1291. Changed at colonial request, Marcy
to Rush, July 6, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549, 1309.

Crampton, Malmesbury to: Aug. 11, 1852, B. C. Ap., 172, instructions long-
standing, 1306. Sept. 24, 1852, B. C. Ap., 197, denies statement re 3-mile
limit attributed to Malmesbury by Lawrence, 1307-8.

Crampton, negotiations with, Fillmore to Webster, July 20, 1852, U. S. C.

C. Ap., 160, 1292-3.

Crampton to Malmesbury: Aug. 2, 1852, B. C. Ap., 156, Webster acquiesces
in British construction, 1293. Aug. 9, 1852, B. C. Ap., 168, Fillmore dis-
agrees with Webster, 1295.

Creeks included in "coasts," Everett to Aberdeen, May 25, 1844, B. C.
Ap., 1SS, 1281-2.

Cure and dry, right to, limited to treaty coast, LAMMASCH, 1271.

Customs circular, Canadian, Roseberry to West, July 23, 1886, U. S. C.
Ap., 82S, 1316-17.

Davis in United States Senate, Aug. 3, 1852, B. C. Ap., 167: bays renounced
are those which might be entered, 1237; "shelter" idea, 1294.

Delaware Bay case: 1232. Kent's Commentaries, 1335. 3-mile limit not
accepted, 1326. Warren's argument criticised, 1334.

Despair, Cape, 1304-5.

Differences, proposal to settle, Bayard to Phelps, Nov. 15, 1886, B. C. Ap.,
357, 1318-20.

Disputes, none prior to 1841, Stevenson to Palmerston, Mar. 27, 1841, B. C.
Ap., 125, 1279.

Dobbin, Shubrick to: Aug. 7, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 176, instructions,
1303-4. Aug. 16, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 178, Seymour's instructions, 1304.

Dobbin to Shubrick, July 14, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 169, shelter theory,
fishermen's theory, instructions, 1302-3.

"Dominions" synonymous with "possessions" and "territories": Bathurst
to Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, 1254. Bathurst to Keats. June 17,
1815, B. C. Ap., 63, 1254.

"Dotterel," orders issued by captain not necessarily indicative of Admiralty
orders, 1272.

Dry and cure, right to, limited to treaty coast, LA MASCH, 1271.

English municipal courts accepted 3-mile limit prior to 1818, 1320-1.

Everett, Aberdeen to, Mar. 10, 1845, B. C. Ap., 141, relaxation of rule in
case of Bay of Fundy, 1285-6.

Everett, Calhoun to, July 5, 1844, B. C. Ap., 135, approving Everett's posi-
tion in re "Washington," 1283.

Everett does not restrict bays to six miles, 1282.

2414 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Everett to Aberdeen: Aug. 10, 1843, B. C. Ap., ISO, Everett misread treaty,
1280. May 25, 1844, B. C. Ap., 1SS, "coasts" meant to include bays,
creeks, and harbors except Bay of Fundy, 1281-2. Mar. 25, 1845, B.
C. Ap., 143, 144: bays renounced are those which might be entered, 1237;
right to fish in Bay of Fundy, 1286.

Everett to Ingersoll, Dec. 4, 1852, U. 5. C. Ap., 535, publication of Everett's
letter to Aberdeen. 1292.

Everett's arrangement in 1845, abandonment of American contention as to
bays, 1290.

Everett's letter to Aberdeen, publication of, Everett to Ingersoll, Dec. 4,
1852, U. 8. C. Ap., 535, 1292.

Exclusion actually practiced from all bays, 1845-52, GRAY, 1290.

Falkland, Stanley to: Nov. 28, 1842, U. S. C. Ap., 1046, regulations prac-
tically agreed to by Americans, 1279-80. May 19, 1845, B. C. Ap., 146,
relaxation of British position, 1258. Sept. 17, 1845, B. C. Ap., 151,
seizure of "Argus" as evidence of headland theory repudiated, 1229-30.

Falkland to Stanley, Sept. 17, 1844, B. C. Ap., 136, relaxation of rule in
regard to Bay of Fundy, 1283.

Farnham, 1: 25, American. 3-mile contention not supported, 1339.

Fillmore disagrees with Webster, Crampton to Malmesbury, Aug. 9. 1852,
B. C. Ap., 168, 1295.

Fillmore 's message, Dec. 6, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 545, opposition of colonists

to Great Britain, 1308.

1 . Fillmore, Webster to, Aug. 4, 1852, U. S. C. C. Ap., 166, Senate discussion
of fisheries, 1294-5.

Fillmore to Webster, July 20, 1852, U. S. C, C. Ap., 160, negotiations with
Mr. Crampton, 1292-3.

Fishermen's and territorial theories, practical difference, FITZPATRICK, 1245.

"Fishermen's" contrasted with "territorial" theory, U. S. A., 145, 146,
148, 198, 1243-46.

"Fishermen's theory": U. S. C., 65, 66, 76, 77, 95, 1243. Based on "shelter
theory," 1237. Contradicts treaty, 1237. Does 3-mile limit run from
bays or from shores, 1234. Does not involve territoriality, 1234. Dobbin
to Shubrick, July 14, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 169, 1302-3. Espoused by Marcy,
1236. Is simply 3 miles from coast line, 1239. Not mentioned in Web-
ster's incomplete memorandum, U. S. C. Ap., 527, 1298. Supported,
Gallatin and Rush to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94, 1261-2. Origin
of, Paine 's report, Dec. 29, 1839, B. C. Ap., 121, 1277-8. Supported, Rush
to Marcy, July 18, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549, 1263.

FITZPATRICK: International acceptance of 3-mile limit, 1320. Practical
difference between territorial and fishermen's theories, 1245. Treaty of
1806, 5-mile limit would include bays, 1328.
.Five-mile limit would include bays, treaty of 1806, FITZPATRICK, 1328.

Foster, Halifax commission, B. C. C. Ap., 18S, 3-mile limit not accepted
prior to 1783, 1322.

France, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Franco-American controversy of 1821-3: 1273-75. Concerned treaty coast,
LAMMASCH, 1274.

Fuca Straits, boundary line in, Warren's argument criticized, 1335-6. Ter-
ritorial line established by agreement, 1257.

INDEX TO ORAL ABGUMENTS. 2415

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Fundy, Bay of: Bay within, LAMMASCH, 1241. "Coasts" meant to include

bays, creeks, and harbors, except, Everett to Aberdeen, May 25, 1844,

B. C. Ap., 133, 1281-2. Inside bays in, enumerated, 1282. Relaxation

of rule in case of: Aberdeen to Everett, Mar. 10, 1845, B. C. Ap., 141,

1285-6; Falkland to Stanley, Sept. 17, 1844, B. C. Ap., 136, 1283; Sabine's

Report, U. S. C. Ap., 1230, 1287-9. Right to fish in, Everett to Aberdeen,

Mar. 25, 1845, B. C. Ap., 143, 1286. Shelter refused in, Thayer to Parris,

July 20, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 426, 1275.
Gallatin and Rush to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94, fishermen's theory

supported, 1261-2.

Geographical and juristic meanings of "bay," 1320.

George's Bay, Campbell to Seymour, Aug. 26, 1852, B. C. Ap., 195, 1305.
Gould, pp. 9-10, American 3-mile contention not supported, 1339.
"Grampus," instructions for, Vail to Chauncey, Aug. 29, 1839, U. S. C. Ap.,

441, 1276.
Granville, Lansdowne to, June 8, 1886, B. C. Ap., 318, revision of Canadian

customs circular instructions, 1313.
GRAY: "Bays" in treaty of 1818 must mean all bays, 1269-70. Exclusion

actually practiced from all bays, 1845-52, 1290. Right to fish in territorial

waters not dependent on grant, Webster's incomplete memorandum,

U. S. C. Ap., 527, 1300.

Great Britain, Treaties of. See Treaties cited.
Grotius' rule of jurisdiction: 1331; Alaskan Boundary Arbitration, United

States argument, 1332; Arbitrator Morgan in Behring Sea Arbitration,

1331-2; case of "Alleganean, " 1330, 1332; followed by United States

Attorney General, B. C. Ap., 55, 1330.
Gulf of St. Lawrence: Fishing rights in, Oswald, B. C. C. Ap., 87, 1268.

Rights in, Strachey to Townsend, Nov. 8, 1882, B. C. Ap., 84, 1267-8.

Treaty of 1783, 1266-7. 3-mile limit in, 1333.
Halifax Commission: Foster at, B. C. C. Ap., 183, 3-mile limit not accepted

prior to 1783, 1322. United States supported territorial theory, 1236, 1239.
Halleck, American 3-mile contention not supported, 1339.
Harbors included in "coasts," Everett to Aberdeen, May 25, 1844, B. C.Ap.,

133, 1281-2.

Headland line, modality for drawing, 1231.

Headland line, Warren's argument on difficulty of drawing, unfounded, 1231.
Headland theory: Not British, 1229. Seizure of "Argus" as evidence of,

repudiated, Stanley to Falkland, Sept. 17, 1845, B. C. Ap., 151, 1229-30.
Ingersoll, Everett to, Dec. 4, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 535, publication of Everett's

letter to Aberdeen, 1292.

"Inside bays" in Bay of Fundy enumerated, 1282.
Instructions, Canadian circular, revision of: Lansdowne to Granville, June 8,

1886, B. C. Ap., 318, 1313. Rosebeny to West, July 23, 1886, U. S. C.

Ap., 823, 1316-17.

Instructions, Canadian fishery, 1886, B. C. Ap., 298, 299, 1312-18.
Instructions, Dobbin to Shubrick, July 14, 1853, U. S. €. Ap., 169, 1302-3.
Instructions long-standing, Malmesbury to Crampton, Aug. 11, 1852, B. C.

Ap., 172, 1306.

Instructions, Perry's, not printed, 1306.
Instructions, Seymour's, Shubrick to Dobbin, Aug. 16, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap.,

178, 1304.
Instructions, Shubrick to Dobbin, Aug. 7, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 176, 1303-4.

2416 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHEBlES ABBITEATION.

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Instructions to British admiral, Malmesbury to Lawrence, Aug. 13, 1852,
U. S. C. Ap., 522, 1307.

Instructions to British cruisers during 1845-52, Seymour to Secretary of
Admiralty, July 21, 1853, B. C. Ap., 202, 1301.

Instructions to fishermen, request for, Leavitt Bros, to Woodbury, Juue 13,
1839, U, S. C. Ap., 428, 1276.

International law defines territorial waters as defined by 1818 treaty, 1257.

International law on "bays," 1320.

International law writers cited: American 3-mile limit contention not sup-
ported: Farnham, 1: 25, Gould, pp. 9-10, 1339; Halleck, Kent, Taylor,
Wheaton, 1338.

International law writers cited by United States to support 3-mile limit are
later than 1818, 1329.

Interpretation of treaties by conduct of nations, 1251.

Jaseur incident, Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 66, 1259.

Jurisdiction, broad British claims of, United States acquiesced in, up to 1783,
U.S.A. 121,1322.

Jurisdiction, Grotius' rule, 1331; Alaskan boundary arbitration, United States
argument, 1332; Arbitrator Morgan in Behring Sea arbitration, 1331-2;
case of "Alleganean," 1330, 1332; followed by United States Attorney
General, B. C. Ap., 55, 1330.

Jurisdiction over fisheries, American claim, Behring Sea arbitration, Pro-
ceedings 9: 156, 1323.

Juristic and geographical meanings of "bay," 1320.

Juristic meaning of bays nonexistent prior to 1818, 1320.

Keats, Bathurst to, June 17, 1815, B. C.Ap.,6S, "dominions" synonymous
with "possessions" and "territories," 1254.

Kent's Commentaries: American 3-mile contention not supported, 1338.
Delaware Bay case, 1335.

LAMM ASCII: Bay within Bay of Fundy, 1241. Character of bay determined
by general configuration, 1331. Discussion with Warren re "Triangle,"
1248. Franco-American controversy concerned treaty coast, 1274. Right
to dry and cure limited to treaty coast, 1271. Treaties of 1794 and 1806
compared, 1326-7.

Landsdowne to Granville, June 8, 1886, B. C. Ap., S18, revision of Canadian
circular instructions, 1313.

Lawrence, Malmesbury to, Aug. 13, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 522, instructions
to British admiral, 1307.

Lawrence to Webster, Aug. 13, 1852, B. C. Ap., 180, seizures to be confined
within 3-mile limit, 1307.

Leavitt Bros, to Woodbury, June 13, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 428, request for
instructions to fishermen, 1276.

Liberties granted in 1783 were renounced in 1818, 1257.

"Liberty" and "right," distinction, Webster's incomplete memorandum,
U. S. C. Ap., 527, 1299.

Maces Bay, 1282.

Mackerel, plenty on American coast until 1836, 1271.

Malmesbury, Crampton to: Aug. 2, 1852, B. C. Ap., 156, Webster acquiesces
in British construction, 1293. Aug. 9, 1852, B. C. Ap., 168, Fillmore dis-
agrees with Webster, 1295.

Malmesbury to Crampton: Aug. 11, 1852, B. C. Ap., 172, instructions long-
standing, 1306. Sept. 24, 1852, B. C. Ap., 197, denies statement re 3-mile
limit attributed to him by Lawrence, 1307-8.

INDEX To ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2417

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Malmesbury to Lawrence, Aug. 13, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 592, instructions to

British admiral, 1307.

Marcy applied "bay" to all indentations, 1264.
Marcy espoused fishermen's theory, 1236.
Marcy, Rush to, July 18, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549, supports fishermen's theory,

1263.
Marcy to Rush, July 6, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549, British construction changed

at colonial request, 1309.

Marine league, Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25, 1815, B. C. Ap., 67, 1260.
de Martens, G. F., common-shot rule, 1329.
Minas Basin, 1282.
Miscou, Point, 1304-5.
Modality for drawing headland line, 1231.

Monroe, Adams to, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 66, Jaseur incident, 1259.
Morgan, arbitrator, Behring Sea arbitration, Grotius' rule of jurisdiction,

1331-2.

Negotiations of 1806, 3-mile limit not accepted, 1326.
New Brunswick, minute executive council, June 20, 1845, B. C. Ap., 149,

objections to opening bays, 1309.
Nova Scotia, attorney general of, memorandum, Sept. 17, 1844, B. C. Ap.,

1S7, exclusion applies to outer as well as inner bays, 1282.
Oswald, B. C. C. Ap., 87, fishing rights in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1268.
Paine's instructions not printed, 1233.

Paine's report, B. C. Ap., 121, origin of fishermen's theory, 1277-8.
Palmerston, Stevenson to, Mar. 27, 1841, B. C. Ap., 125, no disputes prior to

1841, 1279.
Parris, Thayer to, July 20, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 426, refusal to furnish shelter

in Bay of Fundy, 1275.
Perry's admission: Campbell to Seymour, Aug. 26, 1852, B. C. Ap., 195, 1305.

Seymour's memorandum, B. C. Ap., 192, 1304. Seymour to secretary of

admiralty.. July 21, 1853, B. C. Ap., 202, 1306.
Perry's instructions not printed, 1306.
Phelps, Bayard to, Nov. 15, 1886, B. C. Ap., S57, proposal to settle differences,

British position unchanged, 1318-20.
"Possessions" and "territories" synonymous with "dominions:" Bathurst to

Keats, June 17, 1815, B. C. Ap., 63, 1254. Bathurst to Baker, Sept. 7,

1815, B. C. Ap., 64, 1254.
President, Vail to, Aug. 14, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 438, instructions for Messrs.

Leavitt, 1276.
Regulations practically agreed to by Americans, Stanley to Falkland, Nov.

28, 1842, U. S. C. Ap., 1046, 1279-80.
Relaxation of British position, Stanley to Falkland, May 19, 1845, B. C. Ap.,

146, 1258.
Relaxation of rule in case of Bay of Fundy: Aberdeen to Everett, Mar. 10,

1845, B. C. Ap., 141, 1285-6. Falkland to Stanley, Sept. 17, 1844, B. C.

Ap., 136, 1283. Sabine's report, U. S. C. Ap., 1230, 1287-9.
"Right" and "liberty," distinction, Webster's incomplete memorandum,

U. S. C. Ap., 527, 1299.

Right to fish in territorial waters not dependent on grant, Webster's incom-
plete memorandum, U. S. C. Ap., 527, GRAY, 1300.

Roseberry to West, July 23, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 823, Canadian customs cir-
cular, 1316-17.

2418 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 5— Continued.

Rush and Gallatin to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94, fishermen's theory

supported, 1261-2.

Rush applied "bay" to all indentations, 1264.
Rush, Marcy to, July 6, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549, British construction changed

at colonial request, 1309.
Rush to his executors, Dec., 1854, U. S. C. Ap., 547, British position adhered

to, 1308.
Rush to Marcy, July 18, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549, supports fishermen's theory,

1263.
Russell, Adams to, 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 165, 3-mile limit not accepted prior

to 1783, 1321-2.

Russia, claim of in 1821, Behring Sea Arbitration, Moore, Dig. I: 890, 1324-6.
Ryswick, treaty of, 1697, 3-mile limit not accepted, 1321.
Sabine's report: Bays renounced are those which might be entered, U. S.

C. Ap., 127S, 1237. Relaxation of rule in case of Bay of Fundy, U. S. C.

Ap., 1230, 1287-89; Everett's arrangement an abandonment of whole

matter, 1290.
St. John Bay, 1282.
St. Lawrence, gulf of: Fishing rights in, Oswald, B. C. C. Ap., 87, 1268.

Rights in Gulf of, Strachey to Townsend, Nov. 8, 1882, B. C. Ap., 84,

1267-8. Three-mile limit in, 1333. Treaty of 1783, 1266-7.
St. Mary's Bay, 1282.

Seizures in 1852 repudiated by colonial governments, 1230.
Seizures to be confined within 3-mile limit, Lawrence to Webster, Aug. 13,

1852, B. C. Ap., 180, 1307.
Senate discussion of fisheries, Webster to Fillmore, Aug. 4, 1852, U. S. C. C.

Ap., 166, 1294-5.

Seward in Senate, Aug. 14, 1852, B. C. Ap., 181, Webster's notice, 1297.
Seymour, Campbell to, Aug. 26, 1852, B. C. Ap., 195, Perry's admission, Bay

of Chaleur, George's Bay, 1305.

Seymour's memorandum, B. C. Ap., 192, Perry's admission of British posi-
tion, 1304.

Seymour to Secretary of Admiralty, July 21, 1853, B. C. Ap., 202, instruc-
tions to British cruisers during 1845-52, 1301; Perry's admission, 1306.
"Shelter argument" a desperation argument, 1237.
Shelter refused in Bay of Fundy, Thayer to Parris, July 20, 1839, U. S. C.

Ap., 426, 1275.
Shelter theory: Basis of fishermen's theory, 1237. Cass in United States

Senate, B. C. Ap., 160, 1294. Davis in United States Senate, B. C. Ap.,

167, 1294. Dobbin to Shubrick, July 14, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 169, 1302-3.
Shores, 3-mile limit measured from bays or, "fishermen's theory," 1234.
Shubrick, Dobbin to, July 14, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 169, shelter theory,

fishermen's theory, instructions, 1302-3.
Shubrick to Dobbin: Aug. 7, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 176, instructions, 1303-4.

Aug. 16, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 178, Seymour's instructions, 1304.
Soul6, in Senate, Aug. 12, 1852, B. C. Ap., 172, 174-5, territorial theory,

1241-2, 1296.

Spain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.
Stanley, Falkland to, Sept. 17, 1844, B. C. Ap., 136, relaxation of rule in

regard to Bay of Fundy, 1283.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2419

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Stanley to Falkland: Nov. 28, 1842, U. S. C. Ap., 1046, regulations practically
agreed to by Americans, 1279-80. May 19, 1845, B. C. Ap., 146, relaxation
of British position, 1258. Sept. 17, 1845, B. C. Ap., 151, seizure of "Argus"
as evidence of headland theory repudiated, 1229-30.

Stevenson to Palmerston, Mar. 27, 1841, B. C. Ap., 125, no disputes prior to
1841, 1279.

Strachey to Townsend, Nov. 8, 1882, B. C. C. Ap., 84, rights in Gulf of St.
Lawrence, 1267-8.

Taylor, American 3-mile contention not supported, 1338.

Territorial bay: More than 6 miles wide, 1240. Defined, 1240.

Territorial and fishermen's theories, practical difference: FITZPATRICK, 1245.
U. S. A. 145, 146, 148, 198, 1243-46.

Territorial line established by agreement in Fuca Straits, 1257.

Territorial theory: Difficulties of, 1240. Means 3 miles from territorial bays,
1239. Not mentioned in Webster's incomplete memorandum, U. S. C.
Ap., 527, 1298. Soul6, in Senate, Aug. 12, 1852, B. C. Ap., 172, 174-5,
1241-2, 1296. Supported by United States at Halifax Commission in 1877,
1237, 1239.

Territorial waters: Defined in 1818 treaty as in international law, 1257.
Right to fish in, not dependent on grant, Webster's incomplete memoran-
dum, U. S. C. Ap., 527, GRAY, 1299.

Territoriality not involved in "fishermen's" theory, 1234.

"Territories" and "possessions" synonymous with "dominions:" Bath-
urst to Keats, June 17, 1815, B. C. Ap., 63, 1254. Bathurst to Baker,
Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, 1254.

Thayer to Parris, July 20, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 426, refusal to furnish shelter
in Bay of Fundy, 1275.

Three league limit recognized by United States Congress, B. C. C. Ap., 18,
19, 21, 28, 29, 1322.

Three-mile limit: Accepted by English municipal courts prior to 1818, 1320-1.
American contention not supported by text writers: Farnham, 1:25,
Gould, pp. 9-10, 1339; Halleck, Kent, Taylor, Wheaton, 1338. Denial
of statement attributed to Malmesbury by Lawrence, Malmesbury to
Crampton, Sept. 24, 1852, B. C. Ap., 197, 1307-8. In Gulf of St. Law-
rence, 1333. International acceptance of, FITZPATRICK, 1320. Measured
from bays or from shores, "fishermen's theory," 1234. Not accepted
prior to 1783: 1320; 1697, treaty of Ryswick, 1321; 1713, treaty of Utrecht,
1321; 1763. France-Great Britain, treaty, 1321; Adams to Castlereagh, Jan.
22, 1816, B. C. Ap., 75, 1323; Adams to Russell, 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 165,
1321-2; Castlereagh, Adams to, Jan. 22, 1816, B. C. Ap., 75, 1323; Foster,
Halifax commission, B. C. C. Ap., 183, 1322; Halifax commission, Foster at,
B. C. C. Ap., 183, 1322; jurisdiction, broad British claims to, United States
acquiesced in, up to 1783, U. S. A., 121, 1322; Russell, Adams to, 1822,
B. C. C. Ap., 165, 1321-2; Ryswick, treaty of, 1697, 1321; 3-league limit
recognized by United States Congress, B. C. C. Ap., 18, 19, 21, 23, 29,
1322. Not accepted prior to 1818: Alaskan Boundary Arbitration, United
States argument, Grotius' rule of jurisdiction, 1332; "Alleganean,"
case of, Grotius' rule of jurisdicton, 1330, 1332; bays would be included in
5-mile limit, treaty of 1806, FITZPATRICK, 1328; Bearing Sea Arbitration,
Morga , arbitrator, Grotius' rule of jurisdiction, 1331-2; cannon-shot rule,
G. F. de Martens, 1329; Delaware Bay case, 1326; Grotius' rule of juris-
diction followed by United States Attorney General, B. C. Ap., 55, 1330;

2420 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Ewart, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

international law writers cited by United States to support 3-mile limit
are later than 1818, 1329; LAMMASCH, treaties of 1794 and 1806 compared,
1326-7; negotiations of 1806, 1326. Seizures to be confined within, Law-
rence to Webster, Aug. 13, 1852, B. C. Ap., 180, 1307.

Three miles from coast line is fishermen's theory, 1239.

"Three miles from shore " a mere phrase, 1238.

Three miles from territorial bays is territorial theory, 1239.

Townsend, Strachey to, Nov. 8, 1882, B. C. C. Ap., 84, rights in Gulf of St.
Lawrence, 1267-8.

Treaties cited: 1686, France-Great Britain, B C. Ap., 6, "bay," 1231. 1697,
treaty of Ryswick, 3-mile limit not accepted, 1321. 1713, Utrcrht, France-
Great Britain, 3-mile limit not accepted, 1321. 1763, Spain-France-
Great Britain, treaty, 3-mile limit not accepted, 1321. 1778, United
States-France, U.S. C. Ap., 92, "bays," 1232. 1783. United States-Great
Britain, first draft, B. C. C. Ap., 71, 1267; second draft, B. C. C. Ap., 86,
1268; Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1266-7. 1794, United States-Great Britain,
B. C. Ap., 2S, "bays," cannon-shot rule, 1232.

Treaties of 1794 and 1806 compared, LAMMASCH, 1326-7.

Treaty coast: Franco-American controversy concerned, LAMMASCH, 1274.
Right to dry and cure limited to, LAMMASCH, 1271.

"Triangle": DiflBculties of the, 1241, 1246-49. Discussion with Warren,
LAMMASCH, 1248.

United States acquiesced in British claims to broad jurisdiction up to 1783,
U. S. A., 121, 1322.

United States argument, Alaskan Boundary Arbitration, Grotius' rule of
jurisdiction, 1332.

United States claim, Alaskan Boundary Arbitration, Proceedings, 4: St,
1336-8.

United States has been inconsistent, 1232-35, 1242.

United States, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Utrecht, treaty of. See Treaties cited.

Vail to Chauncey, Aug. 29, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 441, instructions for "Grampus,"
1276.

Vail to President, Aug. 14, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 4S8, instructions for Messrs.
Leavitt, 1276.

Warren presupposes existence of a bay, 1249-50.

Warren's argument on difficulty of drawing headland line unfounded, 1231.

"Washington," approving Everett's position in re, Calhoun to Everett, July
5, 1844, B. C. Ap., 1S5, 1283.

Webster, Fillmore disagrees with, Crampton to Malmesbury, Aug. 9, 1852,
B. C. Ap., 168, 1295.

Webster, Fillmore to, July 20, 1852, U. S. C. C. Ap., 160, negotiations with
Mr. Crampton, 1292-3.

Webster, Lawrence to, Aug. 13, 1852, B. C. Ap., 180, seizures to be confined
within 3-mile limit, 1307.

Webster to Fillmore, Aug. 4, 1852, U. S. C. C. Ap., 166, Senate discussion of
fisheries, 1294-5.

Webster's incomplete memorandum, U.S. C. Ap., 527: J296; bays renounced
are those which might be entered, U. S. C, Ap., 5SO, 1237; GRAY, right to
fish in territorial waters not dependent on grant, 1300; neglects both fisher-
men's and territorial theories, 1298; "right" and "liberty," distinction,
1299.

INDEX TO OBAL ABGTJMENTS. 2421

E-warfc, John S., K. C. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Webster's notice: July 6, 1852, B. C. Ap., 15%, agrees with British view, 1235,
1291, 1293. Seward in Senate, Aug. 14, 1852, B. C. Ap., 181, 1297.

West, Bayard to, May 20, 1886, B. C. Ap., 302, relates to commercial privi-
leges only, 1310-11.

West, Roseberry to, July 23, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 823, Canadian customs cir-
cular, 1316-17.

Wheaton, American 3-mile rule contention not supported, 1338.

Woodbury, Leavitt Bros, to, June 13, 1839, U. 8. C. Ap., 428, request for

instructions to fishermen, 1276.
Question 7, pp. 1361-1367. (July 18, 1910.)

Aberdeen, Everett to, Mar. 25, 1845, B. C. Ap., 144, geographical advantages
of colonial fishermen, 1364.

Advantages, geographical, of colonial fishermen, 1364; Everett to Aberdeen,
Mar. 25, 1845, B. C. Ap., 144, 1364.

Bait: Prohibition of sale not recent, 1365-7. Purchase of, an industrial
advantage, 1365. Sale of, a commercial privilege said to be involved, 1362.

Commercial privileges: Alleged to be involved here are sale of bait, and of
herring, 1362. Industrial advantages, distinction, 1363-5. Not con-
cerned, 1361.

Everett to Aberdeen, Mar. 25, 1845, B. C. Ap., 144, geographical advantages
of colonial fishermen, 1364.

Geographical advantages of colonial fishermen, 1364; Everett to Aberdeen,
Mar. 25, 1845, B. C. Ap., 144, 1364.

Herring, sale of, a commercial privilege said to be involved, 1362.

Industrial advantage: Commercial privileges, distinction, 1363-5. Priby-
loff Islands, United States position, 1365. Purchase of bait is, 1365.

Pribyloff Islands, United States position re industrial advantages, 1365.

Reciprocal arrangements of 1830 not involved, 1361.

Scope of question, 1361.

Treaty of 1871, article 29 not involved, 1361.

Finlay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne.

Introduction, pp. 6-23. (June 6, 1910.)

Question 1. General remarks, 11-14; servitudes, 7-8.

Question 2. General remarks, 14-15.

Question 3. General remarks, 15-16.

Question 4. General remarks, 16.

Question 5. General remarks, 16-20; bays, 8; U. S. contention as to bays,
17-18.

Question 6. , General remarks, 20-21.

Question 7. General remarks, 21-23.
Historical resumt, pp. 23-294. (June 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 1910).

Aberdeen, Everett to: Aug. 10, 1843, B. C. Ap., ISO, "Washington," 146.
May 25, 1844, B. C. Ap., 133-4, shelter in Bay of Fundy, 150. May 25,
1844, B. C. Ap., 133-4, Bay of Fundy, 148. Oct. 9, 1844, B. C. Ap., 140,
"Argus," seizure of, 153. Mar. 25, 1845, B.C. Ap., 142-3, Bay of Fundy,
"Argus." 154.

Aberdeen to Everett: Apr. 15, 1844, B. C. Ap., 132-3, bays, 3-mile limit,
"Washington," 147-8. Mar. 10, 1845, B. C. Ap., 141, Bay of Fundy,
seizure of "Washington," 153. Apr. 21, 1845, B. C. Ap., 145, Bay of
Fundy, 154-5.

2422 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHEKIES ARBITRATION.

Finlay, Right Honorable Sir Bobert Bannatyne— Continued.
Historical resume — Continued.

Abrogation of treaty of 1783 by war: 62. Adams to Castlereagh, Jan. 22, 1816,

B. C. Ap., 72-76, 81. Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, 73.

Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 30, 1815, B. C. Ap., 69, 78-9. Gallatin and Rush

to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94, 91. Castlereagh to Robinson and

Goulburn, Aug. 24, 1818, B. C. Ap., 85, 84. Rush to Marcy, July 18, 1853,

U. S. C. Ap., 549-557, 177. U. S. contention, 59. Webster's unfinished

draft, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 532, 65.
Acquiescence and dominion ground for jurisdiction, 43.
Adams, Bathurst to, Oct. 30, 1815, B. C. Ap., 69: bays, 77, abrogation of treaty

of 1783, 78-9.

Adams-Bathurst correspondence of 1815, 67-81.
Adams, Gallatin and Rush to, Oct. 20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94, abrogation of

1783 treaty by war, 91.

Adams' Journal, Nov. 28, 29, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 103-4, fishery article, 34-5.
Adams' memoirs, Nov. 7, 1814, B. C. C. Ap., 137, 138, 140, treaty of 1814, 60-1.
Adams, Shepley to, Nov. 16, 1824, U. S. C. Ap., 35S, Bay of Fundy

seizures, 121-23.
Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25, 1815, U. S. C. Ap.,268, exclusion of American

fishermen from coasts, nature of rights, 74-5.
Adams to Castlereagh, Jan. 22, 1816, B. C. Ap., 72-6, abrogation of treaty

of 1783, 81; "liberty" and "right," 82.
Adams to Gallatin and Rush, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap., 8S-5, instructions,

bays, 52.
Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64: reporting conversation with

Bathurst re bays and maritime jurisdiction, 71; abrogation of 1783 treaty

by war, 73.
Adams to Rush, June 27, 1823, B. C. Ap., 107, French exclusive rights,

109-10.
Adams to Russell: May 3, 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 161, effect of war on treaty of

1783; maritime jurisdiction, 53; 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 163, maritime juris-
diction, 54-5.
Addington, Brent to, Sept. 8, 1824, U. S. C. Ap., 334, evidence, Bay of

Fundy seizures, 117.
Admiralty, Lords of, Cardwell to, Apr. 12, 1866, B. C. Ap., 221, bays,

regulations, 205.

Agreement between negotiators, 1818, unsupported by Webster's notice, 163.
American colonies, independent power in 1782, 29.

American-Franco controversy, 1821-24. See Franco-American controversy.
American position, 1844, indefinite re 3-mile limit, 149.
Americans, regulations against: Canada: 1868, B. C. Ap., 628, 133; 1870,

B. C. Ap., 630, 133; 1886, B. C. Ap., 631-2, 133; 1886, Revised Statutes,

B. C. Ap., 632-4, 133-4. New Brunswick: 1853, B. C. Ap., 62S, 133.

Prince Edward Island: 1843, B. C. Ap., 617, 133.
Americans, statute to restrain, Nova Scotia, Mar. 12, 1836, B. C. Ap., 613,

132-3.
Argus, seizure of: 152. Arbitration of, 181. Everett to Aberdeen: Oct. 9,

1844, B. C. Ap., 140, 153; Mar. 25, 1845, B. C. Ap., 142-3, 154. Everett to

Buchanan, Apr. 23, 1845, B. C. Ap., 145, 155.

Award in "Washington" case, by Bates, Aug. 8, 1856, B. C. Ap., 216, 179.
Babson, Evarts to, Aug. 5, 1879, U. S. C. Ap., 67S, right to regulate, 267-8.
Bacon to Bryce, Feb. 21, 1909, U. S. C. Ap., 9, Bay of Fundy excluded

from present arbitration, 178-9.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2423

Finlay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Historical resume — Continued.

Baird' s report and proposals to save fish, Dec. 2, 1872, B. C. C. Ap., 181-2,
246.

Bait: 288. Bond-Blaine convention, 1891, B. C. Ap., 46, 289. Newfound-
land: statutes regarding sale of: Feb. 21, 1887, B. C. Ap., 711; May 9,
1888, B. C. Ap., in; June 1, 1889; B. C. Ap., 713; 1893, foreign fishing
vessels act, B. C. Ap., 730, 289; 1905, foreign fishing vessels act, B. G.
Ap., 757, 290.

Baker, Bathurst to, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, bays and maritime
jurisdiction, 70.

Baker to Monroe, Aug. 31, 1815, U. S. G. Ap., 264, denies approval of
Jaseur incident, 67-8.

Bank and inshore fisheries differ, 83, 116.

Bannerman to Newfoundland House of Assembly, French rights, U. S. C.
C. Ap., 262, 106.

Barrington Bay, Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888, B. C, Ap., 42,

- 283.

Bates' award in "Washington" case, B. C. Ap., 216, 179.

Bathurst, Adams to, Sept. 25, 1815, U.S. C.Ap.,268, exclusion of Americans
from coast; nature of rights, 74-5.

Bathurst-Adams correspondence of 1815, 67-81.

Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 30, 1815, B. C. Ap., 69: bays, 77; abrogation of 1783
treaty, 78-9.

Bathurst to Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, bays and maritime juris-
diction, 70.

Bathurst to Keats, June 17, 1815, B. C. Ap., 63, instructions to exclude
Americans during war, 66.

"Bay," definition might be compromised, Kimberley to Lisgar, Feb. 16,
1871, B. C. Ap., 246, 213.

Bayard-Chamberlain treaty, Feb. 15, 1888, B. C. Ap., 42, 281-288. See, also
Chamberlain-Bayard treaty.

Bays: Aberdeen to Everett, Apr. 15, 1844, B. C. Ap., 132-3, 147-8. Adame,
instructions to Gallatin and Rush, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap., 83-5, 52.
Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, reporting conversation
with Bathurst, 71. American argument, U. S. A. 137, 139, 68-9. Ameri-
cans fishing in bays, Nova Scotia, address to the King, Feb. 24, 1836,
U. S. C. Ap., 1040-1, 131-2. Attorney General's report, in letter of Jeffer-
son, May 14, 1793, B. C. Ap., 54, 40. Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 30, 1815,
B. C. Ap., 69, 77. Bathurst to Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, 70.
Barrington Bay, 283. Bates' award in "Washington" case, B. C. Ap., 216,
180. Cape Cod Bay, 175. Cardwell to Lords of Admiralty, Apr. 12, 1866,
B. C. Ap., 221, 205-7. Chaleurs Bay, 42, 126, 128, 157, 163, 164, 282.
Chedabucto Bay, 284. Chesapeake Bay, 43, 175, 222. Conception Bay
Case, L. R. 2 App. Cases (1877) 394, 95-102. Decision to uphold British
contention, Falkland to Stanley Sept. 17, 1845, B. C. Ap., 151, 157.
Delaware Bay: 175, 182, 222; seizure of "Grange," 39; Attorney General's
report in letter of Jefferson, May 15, 1793, B. C. Ap., 54, 40; under treaty of
1854, 182. "Dominion" and "acquiescence" ground for jurisdiction, 43.
Egmont Bay, 283. Falkland to Stanley, Sept. 17, 1844, B. C. Ap., 136,
151-2. Fortune Bay, 283. Fundy, Bay of: 103, 143, 148, 169, 170-1;
seizures in, 1821-24, 114-126; Thayer's report re Bay of Fundy, July 20,
1839, U. S. C. Ap., 426-7, 134-5. See also Seizures in Bay of Fundy and
Fundy, Bay of. George Bay, 165, 166. Instructions of Canada, May 14,

2424 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Historical resume — Continued.

1870, U. 8. C. Ap., 582, 207-8. Islands, Bay of, French interference, 112.
Joint commission to delimit, 212. Malmesbury to Crampton: Aug. 10,
1852, B. C. Ap., 169, 169; Sept. 16, 1852, B. C. Ap., 196, 174-5. Mira Bay,
284. Miramichi Bay, 283. Not concerned in instructions to Gallatin and
Rush, B. C. Ap., 83, 84. "Of Her Majesty's dominions," Kimberley to
Young, Oct. 10, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 628-9, 212. Opinion of law officers,
144. Placentia Bay, 284. Port au Port, French interference in bay of, 112.
Relaxation of British position, Colebrooke's report. B. C. Ap., 148, 156-7.
St. Ann's Bay, 283. St. George, French interference in bay of, 112. St.
Mary's Bay, 284. St. Peter's Bay, 284. Seward's speech, Aug. 14, 1852,
B. C. Ap., 181, 172. Seymour's conversation with Perry, Aug. 17, 1852,
B. C. Ap.t 191-2, 164-5. Six-mile bays: first mentioned by U. S., 172;
Granville to Young, June 6, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 609, 209; instructions of
Canada, June 27, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 611, 210; opinion of provincial gov-
ernors, 156; Stanley to Falkland, May 19, 1845, B. C. Ap., 145, 156. Stan-
ley's proposal to relax British position, no argument for U. S., 156, 158.
Territorial coast belt and bays, distinction, GRAY, 71. Ten-mile rule,
208-9. Treaty of 1806 did not consider, 51. U. S. Senate Committee
on Foreign Relations, minority report on Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, B. C.
Ap., 451, 286. Webster's notice, July 6, 1852, B. C. Ap. 152-3, 161-3.

Blaine-Bond convention, 1891, B. C. Ap., 45, 289.

Elaine, Thornton to, May 28, 1871, U. S. C. Ap., 736, closing Fortune Bay
controversy, 278.

Elaine to Thornton, May 28, 1871, U. S. C. Ap., 737, closing Fortune Bay
controversy, 278.

Bond-Blaine convention, 1891, B. C. Ap., 45, 289.

Bond-Hay convention, Nov. 8, 1902, B. C. Ap., 46, 290.

Boutwell's circulars: First circular, June 9, 1870, B. C. Ap., 237. Second cir-
cular, Mar. 6, 1872, B. C. Ap., 249-250, 213-219. Admit right of Great
Britain to regulate, 215-16, 255 Apply to treaty coast, 219.

Brent to Addington, Sept. 8, 1824, U. 8. C. Ap., 334, evidence in Bay of
Fundy seizures, 117.

British gave up contention as to Bay of Fundy, 151.

British position in 1838 as to regulations, 138.

British proposition for fishery article, treaty of 1818, B. C. Ap., 89, 85-6.

Bryce, Bacon to, Feb. 21, 1909, U. S. C. Ap., 9, Bay of Fundy excluded from
present arbitration, 178-9.

Buchanan, Everett to, Apr. 23, 1845, B. C. Ap., 145, seizure of "Washing-
ton" and "Argus," Bay of Fundy, 155.

Campbell to Seymour: Aug. 15, 1852, B. C. Ap., 190, mackerel fishery, 128.
Aug. 26, 1852, B. C. Ap., 195, Perry's position on treaty violations, 165-6.

Canada: Ceded to Great Britain, 1763, 25. Instructions regarding regulations
and bays, May 14, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 582, 207-8. Instructions as to
3-mile limit and 6-mile bays, June 27, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 611, 210. Reg-
ulations against Americans: 1868, B. C. Ap., 628, 133; 1870, B. C. Ap., 630,
133; 1886, B. C. Ap., 631-2, 133; 1886, Revised Statutes, B. C. Ap., 632-4,
133-4.

Canadian fishery, British case before Halifax commission, U. S. C. C. Ap.,
525-546, 233-248.

Canadian order in council, Jan. 8, 1870, B. C. Ap., 230, licensee discontinued,
204.

INDEX TO DEAL ARGUMENTS. 2425

Finlay, Rfght Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne— Continued,
Historical resum& — Continued.

Canadian statutes: 1868, B. C. Ap.t 628, regulations, 133; 1870, B. C. Ap.,
630, regulations, 133; 1886, B. C. Ap., 631-2, regulations, 133; 1886, Re-
vised Statutes, B. C. Ap., 6S2-4, regulations, 133-4.

G. Canning, S. Canning to, May 6, 1824, B. C. Ap., 112-13, U. S. rights on
French coast, 111-12.

Canning, Rush to, May 3, 1824, B. C. Ap., Ill, U. S. rights on French
coast, 111.

S. Canning to G. Canning, May 6, 1824, B. C. Ap., 112-13, U. S. righte on
French coast, 111-12.

Canso, Gut of, 143, 165, 166.

Cape Cod Bay, 175.

Cardwell to Lords of Admiralty: Apr. 12, 1866, B. C. Ap., Ml, bays, regu-
lations, 205. Thornton to Fish re Cardwell letter, June 3, 1870, U. S.
C. Ap., 597, 219-220. Fish to Thornton re Cardwell letter, June 8, 1870,
U. S. C. Ap., 609, 221. Lack of objection to, is admission of British posi-
tion, 219.

Cases cited: Conception Bay case, L. R. 2 App. Cases (1877) 394, 95-102;
Queen v. Cunningham, Bell's Crown Cases Reserved, p. 72, 98-9.

Castlereagh, Adams to, Jan. 22, 1816, B. C. Ap., 72-6; abrogation of treaty
of 1783; "liberty" and "right," 81-2.

Castlereagh, exclusion of American fishermen during war, Apr. 16, 1816,
B. C. C. Ap., 176, 67.

Castlereagh, Robinson to, Oct. 10, 1818, B. C. Ap., 92, reasons for dropping
British proposed fishery clause, 87.

Castlereagh to Robinson and Goulburn, Aug. 24, 1818, B. C. Ap., 85, abroga-
tion of 1783 treaty by war, 84.

Chaleurs Bay: 42, 163, 164. Admission to Americans, Colebrooke's report,
B. C. Ap., 148, 157. Campbell to Seymour, Aug. 15, 1852, B. C. Ap., 190,
128. Chamberlain - Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888, B. C. Ap., 42, 282.
Enforcement of regulations, 135. Lyman, 2:100, 126. Perry sent to, 163.

Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888, B. C. Ap., 42, 281-288. Barrington,
Bay, 283. Chaleurs Bay, 282. Chedabucto Bay, 284. Egmont Bay, 283.
Fortune Bay, 283. Mira Bay, 284. Miramichi Bay, 283. Modus vivendi,
285. Placentia Bay, 284. Regulations, 284. Report of Senate Committee
on Foreign Affairs: majority report, B. C. Ap., 435; minority report, B. C.
Ap., 451, 464, 474, bays, 286, character and value of fisheries, 92-3, mari-
time jurisdiction, 287. St. Ann's Bay, 283. St. Mary's Bay, 284. St.
'Peter's Bay, 284. Sir Charles Hamilton Sound, 283. Ten-mile rule, 282.
Treaty rejected by United States, Aug. 23, 1888, 286.

Chateaubriand, Gallatin to, Jan. 22, 1823, B. C. Ap., 102; Mar. 14, 1823, B. C.
Ap., 103, French exclusive rights, 107-108.

Chateaubriand to Gallatin, Feb. 28, 1823, B. C. Ap., 102-3, French exclusive
rights, 107-8.

Chedabucto Bay, Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888,5. C. Ap.,42,
284.

Chesapeake Bay: 43, 175, 222. Under treaty of 1854, 182.

Clarendon, Crampton to: June 1855, B. C. Ap., 206, regulations, Marcy's
first circular, 185. Aug. 7, 1855, B. C. Ap., 208, criticising Marcy'sfirst cir-
cular, 186. Apr. 25. 1856, B. C. Ap., 210, revision of Marcy 's first circular,
189.
92909°— VOL 12-13 13

2426 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Fiulay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Banna tyne— Continued.
Historical return^ — Continued.

Clarendon to Crampton, Oct. 11, 1855, B. C. Ap., 208, Marcy's first circular,
187.

Colebrooke's report, B. C. Ap., 148, relaxation of British position regarding
Chaleurs Bay, 156-7.

Colonial governments and Imperial government held same view, 136-7.

Commercial privileges, 230; not claimed before Halifax commission, 241-2, 252.

Conception Bay: Case cited, L. R. 2 App., Cotes (1877), 394, 95-102. Not
on treaty coast, 101.

"Concession" and "right" in Bay of Fundy, Seward's speech, Aug. 14, 1852,
B. C. Ap., 181, 170-7.

Concessions of 1870 in exercise of jurisdiction were temporary, 211-12.

Concessions of 1871, mutual, Evarts to President, May 17, 1880, B. C. Ap.t

280, 273.

;• ' Continental Congress, proceedings in: Common right to fish, report of com-
mittee, B. C. C. Ap., 12, 31-33. Independence prerequisite of negotiation,
report of committee, Feb. 23, 1779, B. C. C. Ap., 10, 30. Right in "com-
mon, " report of committee, Jan. 8, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 28, 29, 32. Resolu-
tions, B. C. C. Ap., 20, 31,

Control over fisheries, idea in 1782, 29.

"Coral, " seizure of, Malmesbury to Crampton, Aug. 10, 1852, B. C. Ap., 169,
169.

Correspondence preliminary to treaty of 1818, 68-83.

Crampton, Clarendon to, Oct. 11, 1855, B. C. Ap., 208, Marcy's first circular,
187.

Crampton, Malmesbury to: Aug. 10, 1852, B. C. Ap., 169, Bay of Fundy,
seizure of "Coral," bays, 169. Sept. 16, 1852, B. C. Ap., 196, bays, three-
mile limit, 174-5. Sept. 24, 1852, B. C. Ap., 197, errors in Lawrence's
report of British position, 176.

Crampton, Marcy to: Mar. 28, 1856, B. C. Ap., 209, submits modified circular,
187. Apr. 24, 1856, B. C. Ap., 210, copy of revised second circular, 189-90.

Crampton, Sutton to, June 16, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205, enforcement of regula-
tions under treaty of 1854, 183-4.

Crampton, Webster to, July 17, 1852, B. C. Ap., 154, Webster's notice, 168.

Crampton to Clarendon: June, 1855, B. C. Ap., 206, regulations, Marcy's first
circular, 185. Aug. 7, 1855, B. C. Ap.,208, Marcy's first circular, 186. Apr.
25, 1856, B. C. Ap., 210, revision of Marcy's first circular, 189.

Crampton to Governor-General of Canada, June 28, 1855, B. C. Ap., 206,
regulations, 185.

Crampton to Malmesbury: July 20, 1852, B. C. Ap., 154, Fillmore's opinion,
168. Aug, 2, 1852, B. C. Ap., 156, Webster's opinion, 163-4.

Crampton to Sutton, June 27, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205, Marcy's first circular, 184.

Crew of American vessel: Newfoundlanders in: Foreign fishing vessels acts:
1905, B. C. Ap., 757, 290; 1906, B. C. Ap., 758, 290-1. Non-inhabitants
of U. S. in, 288.

Cunningham, Queen v., Bell's Crown Cotes Reserved, p. 72, 98-9.

Damages: Fortune Bay case, Evarts to Lowell, Feb. 4, 1881, B. C. Ap., 290,
277-8; Granville to Lowell, Oct. 27, 1880, B. C. Ap., 289, 275-77.

Dana, before Halifax commission, B. C. C. Ap., 188, mackerel fishery, 129.

Debate in United States Senate in 1852, 169-174.

Delaware Bay; 175-222. Described, 39-40. "Grange, " seizure of, 39. Under
treaty of 1854, 182.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2427

Finlay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Historical resume — Continued.

"Diligent, " deposition of Picket, master of, Bay of Fundy seizures, U. S. G>

Ap., 337, 118.

"Dominion and acquiescence" ground for jurisdiction, 43.
"Dotterel," seizures in Bay of Fundy, 116; statement of commander, U. S.

C. Ap., 374, 123; affidavits of British sailors, etc., U. S. C. Ap., 380-406, 124.
Drying fish, French rights 1763, 25.

Egmont Bay, Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888, B. C. Ap., 42, 283.
Employment of Newfoundlanders in American crews, Newfoundland act

1906, B. C. Ap., 758, 290-1.

Employment of noninhabitants of United States in American crews, 288.
"Escape, " statement of master of, U. S. C. Ap., 362, Bay of Fundy seizures,

123.
Evarts' report, May 17, 1880, B.C. Ap., 280: contrary to fact, 197-8; Marcy's

second circular, 196; mutual concessions in 1871, Marcy circular, 273-5.
Evarts to Babson, Aug. 5, 1879, U. S. C. Ap., 673, right to regulate, 267-8.
Evarts to Lowell, Feb. 4, 1881, B. C. Ap., 290, Fortune Bay controversy,

damages, 277-8.
Evarts to Thornton, Mar. 2, 1878, B, C. Ap., 268, Fortune Bay controversy,

256.
Evarts to Welsh: Sept. 28, 1878, B. C. Ap., 268, Fortune Bay controversy,

regulations, 257-260. Aug. 1, 1879, B. C. Ap., 272, municipal legislation,

regulation, Fortune Bay controversy, 261-263.
Everett, Aberdeen to: Apr. 15, 1844, B. C. Ap., 1S2-3, bays, 3-mile limit,

"Washington," 147-8. Mar. 10, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 141, Bay of Fundy,

zeiure of "Washington," 153. Apr. 21, 1845, B. C. Ap., 145, Bay of Fundy,

154^5.
Everett to Aberdeen: Aug. 10, 1843, B. C. Ap., ISO, "Washington," 146.

May 25, 1844, B. C. Ap., 133-4, Bay of Fundy, 148; shelter in Bay of

Fundy, 150. Oct. 9, 1844, B. C. Ap., 140, "Argus," seizure of, 153.

Mar. 25, 1845, B. C. Ap., 142-S, Bay of Fundy, "Argus, " 154.
Everett to Bucha»an, Apr. 23, 1845, B. C. Ap., 145, seizure of "Washington"

and "Argus," Bay of Fundy, 155.
Exclusion of American fishermen during war, 67. Bathurst to Governor

Keats, June 17, 1815, B. C. Ap., 63, 66. Castlereagh, Apr. 16, 1816, B. C.

C. Ap., 176, 67.
Exclusion of American fishermen from coasts, Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25,

1815, U. S. C. Ap., 268, 74.
Exclusive right of French, GRAY, 39.

Falkland, Stanley to, May 19, 1845, B. C. Ap., 145, 6-mile bays, 156.
Falkland to Russell: Apr. 28, 1841, U. S. C. Ap., 1043, asking opinion of law

officers, 143. May 8, 1841, B. C. Ap., 1X7, 3-mile limit, regulations, 140-3.
Falkland to Stanley: Oct. 17, 1843, B. C. Ap., 1ST, "Washington," 146-7.

Sept, 17, 1844, B. C. Ap., 136, bays, 151-2. Sept. 17, 1845, B. C. Ap., 151,

decision to uphold British contention as to bays, 157.
"Fanny, " incident of, 43-4.
Fillmore on Law Officers' opinion, 168.
Fillmore, opinion of President, Crampton to Malmeebury, July 20, 1852,

B. C. Ap., 154, 168.

Fillmore to Webster, July 20, 1852, B. C, Ap., 165, modui vlvendi, 168.
Fish, Thornton to: June 3, 1870, U, 8. C, Ap., &97, Cardwell's letter, 219-220.

June 11, 1870, B. C. Ap., SS8, instruetioni to Imperial police vessels,

210-11,

2428 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Historical resume — Continued.

Fish to Thornton: June 8, 1870, U. S. C. Ap.t 609, Card well's letter, Welles-
ley's instructions, 221. June 30, 1870, B. C. Ap., 239, acknowledges tern"
porary character of 1870 instructions, 211. June 25, 1873, B. C. Ap., 25H'
Newfoundland act making effective 1871 treaty, 225.

Fishery, character and value of, report of minority of Senate committee on
Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, B. C. Ap., 474, 92-3.

Fishing on banks not fishing in Bay of Fundy, 116,

FTTZPATRICK: Coast opened up by 1854 treaty, 203. Liberty to prosecute
freely sea fishery, Halifax commission, 236. Marcy's second circular,
limitation of effect of, 198-9, 200.

Five-mile limit in nonratified treaty of Dec. 31, 1806, 48-52.

Foreign fishing vessels acts, Newfoundland, 1893, B. C. Ap., 7SO, bait, 289;
1905, B. C. Ap. 757, 290.

Fortune Bay controversy: 1878-1882, 255-279. Elaine to Thornton, May 28,
1871, U. S. C. Ap., 737, closing Fortune Bay controversy, 278. Chamber-
lain-Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888,5. C. Ap.,42,283. Evarts to Lowell,
Feb. 4, 1881, B. C. Ap., 290, damages, 277-8. Evarts to President, May
17, 1880, B. C. Ap., 280, 273-5. Evarts to Thornton, Mar. 2, 1878, B. C.
Ap., 268, 256. Evarts to Welsh: Sept. 28, 1878, B. C. Ap., 268, right to
regulate, 257-60; Aug. 1, 1879, B. C. Ap., 272, municipal legislation, right
to regulate, 261-3. Evidence before Halifax commission, 264-7. Gran-
ville to Lowell, Oct. 27, 1880, B. C. Ap., 289, joint regulations, damages,
275-77. Salisbury to Hoppin, Apr. 3, 1880, B. C. Ap., 278, "in common"
as regards regulation, 268-73. Salisbury to Welsh: Aug. 23, 1878, U. S. C.
Ap., 650, report, 256; Nov. 7, 1878, B. C. Ap., 271, right to regulate,
260-1. Thornton to Elaine, May 28, 1871, U. S. C. Ap., 736, closing For-
tune Bay controversy, 278.

Foster, Dwight, Halifax arbitration, B. C. C. Ap., 182-3, maritime jurisdic-
tion, 57; mackerel fishery, 129.

Fox, Palmerston to, Oct. 6, 1838, B. C. Ap., 117, instructions as to regulations,
137-8.

France, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Franco-American controversy during 1821-4, 103-113; origin, U. S. C. C., 89,
103-4; evidence, U. S. C. C. Ap., 105, 104, 105.

"Freedom, "not from regulation, British case before Halifax commission, 249-
50, 252.

French coast: 25. United States rights on: Rush to Canning, May 3, 1824,
B. C. Ap., Ill; 8. Canning to G. Canning, May 6, 1824, B. C. Ap., llg-13,
111-12.

French exclusive rights: Adams to Rush, June 27, 1823, B. C. Ap., 107,
109-10. Chateaubriand to Gallatin, Feb. 28, 1823, B. C. Ap., 102-S, 107-S.
Claim to exclusive fishing, 104-105. Gallatin to Chateaubriand, Jan. 22,
1823, B. C. Ap., 102, Mar. 14, 1823, B. C. Ap., 103, 107-108. Governor of
Newfoundland to House of Assembly, U. S. C. C. Ap., 262, 106. GRAY,
39. Perrier to Malmesbury, July 5, 1852, U. S. C. C. Ap., 225, 105.
Rueh to Gallatin, Oct. 10, 1822, B. C. Ap., 101, 106. Treaty of 1783,
between France and Great Britain, B. C. Ap., 11, 38.

French interference in Bay of Islands, Port au Port, and St. Georges Bay, 112.

Frenchrighta: Under treaty of Utrecht of 1713,24, 25; under treaty of 1763, 25.

Fundy, bay of: 103, 143. Aberdeen to Everett, Mar. 10, 1845, and Apr. 21,
1845, B. C. Ap., 141, 146, 153, 154-5. British gave up contention as to, 151.
Enforcement of regulations in, 135. Everett to Aberdeen, May 25, 1844,

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2429

Finlay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Historical resume — Continued.

Mar. 25, 1845, B. C. Ap., 1SS-4, 142-3, 148, 154. Everett to Buchanan,
Apr. 23, 1845, B. C. Ap., 145, 155. Excluded from present arbitration,
BacontoBryce, Feb. 21, 1909, U. S.C.Ap.,9,178-9. Malmesbury to Cramp-
ton, Aug. 10, 1852, B. C. Ap., 169, 169. Renunciation of British position
not general, 155. " Right" and "concession" in opening, Seward's speech,
Aug. 14, 1852, B. C. Ap., 181, 170-71. Seizures in, during 1821-4, 114-126;
see also Seizures in Bay of Fundy. Shelter in, Everett to Aberdeen, May
25, 1844, B. C. Ap., 133-4, 150. Thayer's report, July 20, 1839, U. S. C.
Ap., 426-7, 134-5.

"Galeon," deposition of master and crew, Bay of Fundy seizures, U. S. C.
Ap., 341, 343, 356, 118.

Gallatin and Rush, Adams to, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap., 83, intsructions: bays,
52; do not concern bays, 84.

Gallatin and Rush to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94, abrogation of 1783
treaty by war, 91.

Gallatin, Chateaubriand to, Feb. 28, 1823, B.C.,Ap. 102-3, French exclusive
rights, 107-8.

Gallatin, Rush to, Oct. 10, 1822, B. C. Ap., 101, French exclusive rights, 106.

Gallatin to Chateaubriand, Jan. 22, 1823, B. C. Ap., 102, Mar. 14, 1823, B.
C. Ap., 103, French exclusive rights, 107-8.

Genet, Jefferson to, Nov. 8, 1793, re "Fanny," B. C. Ap., 56, 43-4.

George Bay, 165, 166.

Goulburn and Robinson, Castlereagh to, Aug. 24, 1818, B. C. Ap., 85, abro-
gation of 1783 treaty by war, 84.

Governor-General of Canada, Crampton to, June 28, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205,
regulations, 185.

" Grange " seizure of: 39. Jefferson's letter to French minister and report of
Attorney General, May 15, 1793, B. C. Ap., 54, 40-1.

Granville, Thornton to: June 23, 1873, B. C. Ap., 251, Newfoundland act
making 1871 treaty effective, 224. June 30, 1873, B. C. Ap.,252, regulations,
act of Newfoundland making 1871 treaty effective, 226.

Granville to Lowell, Oct. 27, 1880, B. C. Ap., 289, Fortune Bay controversy,
275-77.

Granville to Young, June 6, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 609, 3-mile limit, 6-mile
bays, 209.

Granville to West, July 15, 1882, B. C. Ap., 29S, vain efforts for modus vivendi,
278-9.

GRAY: Distinction between territorial coast belt and bays, 71. Exclusive
right of French, 39. Exemption from municipal regulations subsequent
to 1871 treaty, 272.

Great Britain asserts right to regulate, Halifax commission, 229.

Great Britain, statutes of, see Statutes cited, Imperial.

Great Britain, treaties of, see Treaties cited.

Great Britain's position always same, 293.

Grey-Root correspondence during 1905-7, 291.

Gulliver's Hole, seizure in, 125.

Gut of Canso, 143, 165, 166.

Halifax arbitration (1877): 229-254. American argument concerning British
position at, U. S. A., 74-76, 231-232; is unfounded, 233-255, 264-269; aa
to right to regulate is erroneous, 233-241, 242, 255. British case: Canadian
fisheries, U. S. C. C. Ap., 525-546, 233-248; Newfoundland fisheries, U. S.

2430 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Finlay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Historical resumt — Continued.

C. Ap., 546-555, 248-255. Commercial privileges not claimed, 241-2, 252.
Dana, mackerel fishery, B. C. C. Ap., 188, 129. FITZPATRICK, liberty to
prosecute freely sea fishery, 236. Foster, Dwight, B. C. C. Ap., 182-3,
mackerel fishery, 57; maritime jurisdiction, 129. " Freedom " from regu-
lation not admitted, 249-250, 252. Great Britain asserted right to regulate
at, 229. United States' answer, B. C. Ap., 257, 263, 241-2.

Hamilton Sound, Sir Charles, 283.

Hammond, Jefferson to, Nov. 8, 1793, B. C. Ap., 57, the "Fanny," 44-5.

Hay-Bond convention, Nov. 8, 1902, B. C. Ap., 46, 290.

"Headland" in law officers' opinion, 144.

Henderson, partition of empire theory, 63-5.

" Hero," statement of master, U. S. C. Ap., 370, Bay of Fundy seizures, 123.

Herring fisheries, 288.

Hill, Thornton to, July 10, 1873, B. C. Ap., 253, Newfoundland act making
effective 1871 treaty, 226.

Historical account of fishery controversy, Putnam's report, Apr. 16, 1888,

B. C. Ap., 4*7-34, 286.

Hoppin, Salisbury to, Apr. 3, 1880, B. C. Ap., 278, "in common" as regards

regulation, Fortune Bay, 268-273.

Hudson Bay, France cedes, treaty of Utrecht, B. C. Ap., 6, 90.
Iddesleigh, Phelps to, Dec. 3, 1886, B. C. Ap., 362-3, proposals to settle

fisheries difficulties, 281.

Imperial government and colonial governments held same views, 136-7.
Impressment: 45-6. Madison to Monroe and Pinckney, Feb. 3, 1807, U. S.

C. C. Ap., 97, 98, 48, 49.

" In common: " As regards regulation, Salisbury to Hoppin, Apr. 3, 1880, B. C.

Ap., 278, 268-273. Report of committee. Continental Congress, Jan. 8, 1782,

B. C. C. Ap. 28, 29, 32. Resolutions, Continental Congress, B. C. C. Ap. 20,

31.
Independence prerequisite to treating for peace, B. C. C. Ap., 38-69, 33-4;

report of congressional committee, Feb. 23, 1779, B. C. C. Ap., 10, 30.
Inhabitants, persons not, employed by American vessels, 288.
Inshore fisheries and bank fisheries distinct, 83.
Instructions, Canadian: May 14, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 583, regulations, bays,

jurisdiction, 207-8. June 27, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 611, 3-mile limit, 6-mile

bays, 210.

Instructions to commissioners, Adams', July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap. 83-5, bays, 52.
Instructions to U. S. commissioners to France, Dec. 30, 1776, B. C. C. Ap.,

6, 30.

Irrevocability of the fisheries concession, 75-6.
Islands, Bay of, French interference in, 112.
Jaseur incident, 67.

Jay's treaty, 1794, article 25, B. C. Ap. 16, 45.
Jefferson to Genet, Nov. 8, 1793, B. C. Ap. 56, re" Fanny," 43-4.
Jefferson to Hammond, Nov. 8, 1793, B. C. Ap., 57, the "Fanny," 44-5.
Jefferson to Secretary of the Treasury, Sept. 8, 1804, B. C. Ap., 59, maritime

jurisdiction, 46.
Jefferson to Ternant, May 15, 1793, B. C. Ap., 54, Attorney General's report

on "Grange" incident, bays, 40-1.
Jeffreys' map, 36.

Joint commission to delimit bays, 212.
Joint regulations, difficulties in making, 268.

INDEX TO OBAL AKGUMENTS. 2431

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Historical resume — Continued.

Jurisdiction: Concessions of 1870 temporary, 211-12. "Dominion and acqui-
escence" ground for, 43. Instructions of Canada, May 14, 1870, U. S. C.
Ap., 582, 208.

Keats, Bathurst to, June 17, 1815, B. C. Ap., 63, instructions to exclude fisher-
men during war, 66.

Kimberley to Lisgar, Feb. 16, 1871, B. C. Ap., 246, definition of "bay " may be
compromised, 213.

Kimberley to Young, Oct. 10, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 628-9, bay "of Her Maj-
esty's dominions," 212.

LAMMASCH: Marcy circular, regulations "enjoined" or "enforced" 193.
Treaty and nontreaty coasts abolished by treaty of 1854, 199-200.

Law officers' opinion, 144; Fillmore on, 168.

Lawrence's report, Aug. 13, 1852, B. C. Ap., 180, errors in, Malmesbury to
Crampton, Sept. 24, 1852, B. C. Ap., 197, 176.

Leavitt, letter of Messrs., June 13, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 428, enforcement of
regulations against Americans, 135.

"Liberty" in Adams' draft of fishery article, Nov. 28, 29, 1782, B. C. C. Ap.,
103-4, 34-35.

"Liberty" and "right," Adams to Castlereagh, Jan. 22, 1816, B. C. Ap., 72-6,
82.

Liberty of fishing possessed by colonists as British subjects, 60.

Liberty to prosecute freely sea fisheries, Halifax Commission, FITZPATRICK,
236.

Licenses, 1866-1870, U. S. C., 135-38, partly replaced expired 1854
treaty, 204.

Licenses discontinued, Canadian order in council, Jan. 8, 1870, B. C. Ap., 230,
204.

Limitations on early British claims, 58.

Lisgar, Kimberley to, Feb. 16, 1871, B. C. Ap., 246, definition of "bay" suit-
able for compromise, 213.

Long Island Sound, 175.

Lowell, Granville to, Oct. 27, 1880, B. C. Ap., 289, Fortune Bay controversy,
joint regulations, damages to fishermen, 275-77.

Lowell, Evarts to, Feb. 4, 1881, B. C. Ap., 290, Fortune Bay controversy,
damages, 277-8.

Lyman: 2:100, Bay of Chaleurs, 126.

Mackerel fishery: Change in 1836, 103. Dana at Halifax arbitration, B. C. C.,
Ap., 188, 129. First attracted Americans to inshore fisheries, 128, 129.
Foster at Halifax arbitration, B. C. C. Ap., 182-3, 129. Tuck's speech,
1851-2, U. S. C. C. Ap., 624-5, 127.

Madison, Monroe and Pinckney to, Jan. 3, 1807, B. C. Ap., 62, maritime
jurisdiction, 50-1.

Madison to Monroe and Pinckney: May 17, 1806, B. C. Ap., 60, maritime
jurisdiction, 47. Feb. 3, 1807, U. S. C. C. Ap., 97, 98, impressment, mari-
time jurisdiction, 48, 49.

Malmesbury, Crampton to: July 20, 1852, B. C. Ap., 154, Fillmore's opinion,
168. Aug. 2, 1852, B. C. Ap., 156, Webster's opinion on treaty rights, 163-4.

Malmesbury, Perrier to, July 5, 1852, U. S. C. C. Ap., 225, French exclusive
rights, 105.

Malmesbury to Crampton: Aug. 10, 1852, B. C. Ap., 169, Bay of Fundy,
seizure of "Coral," bays, 169. Sept. 16, 1852, B. C. Ap., 196, bays, 3-mile
limit, 174-5. Sept. 24, 1852, B. C. Ap., 197, errors in Lawrence's report of
British position, 176.

2432 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Finlay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Hittorical rfoumc — Continued.

Manan Bank, Bay of Fundy seizures, 115.

Marcy, Rush to, July 18, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549-557: not evidence in this
case, 178; rights acknowledged in 1783 not abrogated by war, 177; Webster's
notice, 177.

Marcy to Crampton: Mar. 28, 1856, B. C. Ap., 209, submits modified circular,
187. Apr. 24, 1856, B. C. Ap., 210, incloses copies of second circular, 189.

Marcy 'a circulars: General: admission of right to regulate, 255; American
argument discussed, not consistent, 191-3; American position to-day in-
consistent with, 195-6; Evarts' report, May 17, 1880, B. C. Ap., 280,
273-75; regulations "enjoined" or "enforced," LAHMASCH, 193, also Root,
193. First circular, July 12, 1855, B. C. Ap., 207: 184; Clarendon to
Crampton, Oct. 11, 1855, B. C. Ap. 208, 187; Crampton to Clarendon,
June 1855, B. C. Ap. 206, 185, Aug. 7, 1855, B. C. Ap. 208, 186; Crampton
toSutton June 27, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205, 184; insufficient, 185; revision of,
189-91. Second circular, Mar. 28, 1856, B. C. Ap., 209: 188-204; applicable
to both treaties of 1818 and 1854, 200-3; Evarts' report, 1880, B. C. Ap.,
283, 196; limitation of effect of, FITZPATRICK, 198-9, 200; Marcy to Cramp-
ton, Mar. 28, 1856, B. C. Ap. 209, 187, Apr. 24, 1856, B. C. Ap. 210, copy
of, 189-90.

Maritime jurisdiction: Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, report-
ing conversation with Bathurst, 71. Adams to Russell, May 3, 1822,
B. C. C. Ap., 156, 161, and 163, 53, 54-6. American argument, 68-9. Bath-
urst to Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, 70. Chamberlain-Bayard treaty,
B. C. Ap., 42, Feb. 15, 1888, 282. Fish to Thornton, June 30, 1870, B. C. Ap.,
2S9, British instructions of 1870 temporary, 211. Foster, D., Halifax arbi-
tration, 1877, B. C. C. Ap., 183, 57. Jefferson to Secretary of Treasury,
Sept. 8, 1804, B. C.Ap., 59, 46. Madison to Monroe and Pinckney, May 17,
1806, B. C. Ap., 60, and Feb. 3, 1807, U. S. C. C. Ap., 97, 98, 48, 49. Monroe
and Pinckney to Madison, Jan. 3, 1807, B. C. Ap., 62, 50-1. Senate com-
mittee on foreign relations, minority report, Chamberlain-Bayard treaty,
B. C. Ap., 464, 287. Thornton to Fish, June 11, 1870, B. C. Ap., 238, in-
structions to imperial vessels, 210-11. Three league limit, instructions for
treaty of commerce with Great Britain, Aug. 14, 1779, B. C. C. Ap., 23, 32.
Treaty of Dec. 31, 1806 (unratified), B. C. Ap. 26, 48-52.

Mira bay, Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888, B. C. Ap., 42, 284.

Miramichi bay, Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888, B. C. Ap., 4f, 282.

Mitchell's map, negotiations of 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 103-104, 35.

Modus vivendi: Proposed, Fillmore to Webster, July 20, 1852, B. C. Ap., 155,
168. Unsuccessful efforts toward, Granville to West, July 15, 1882, B. C.
Ap., 293, 278-9. Of 1885, B. C. Ap., 295, 280. Of 1888, B. C. Ap., 426-7,
etill operative in Canada, 285.

Monroe, Adams to, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64: conversation with Bathurst
re bays, maritime jurisdiction, 71; abrogation of 1783 treaty by war, 73.

Monroe Baker to, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap. 64, denies approval of Jaseur
incident, 70.

Monroe and Pinckney, Madison to: May 17, 1806, B. C. Ap., 60, maritime
jurisdiction, 47. Feb. 3, 1807, U. S. C. C. Ap., 97, 98, impressment, mari-
time jurisdiction, 48, 49.

Monroe and Pinckney to Madison, Jan. 3, 1807, B. C. Ap., 62, maritime juris-
diction, 50-1.

Municipal legislation: Evarts to Welch, Aug. 1, 1879, B. C. Ap., 272, 261-3.
Exemption from subsequent to 1871 treaty, GRAY, 272.

INDEX TO OBAL ARGUMENTS. 2433

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Historical resume — Continued.

Murr bank, Bay of Fundy seizures, 115.

Nature of right to fisheries: Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25, 1815, U. S. C. Ap.,
268, 75. Report, American commissioners, Oct. 20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94, 91.

Negotiations prior to treaty of 1783: 33-35. American colonies independent,
29.

Negotiations prior to treaty of 1814, 58-64.

Negotiations prior to treaty of 1818, 84-93.

New Brunswick, 1853, B. C. Ap., 623, regulations against Americans, 133.

Newfoundland act making 1871 treaty effective; American objections thereto
did not deny right to regulate, 228-9.

Newfoundland ceded to Great Britain, treaty of Utrecht (1713), 24. ^

Newfoundland fisheries, British case at Halifax arbitration, U. S. C. Ap.,
546-555, 248-255.

Newfoundland, special provision of 1871 treaty, 223.

Newfoundland statutes: Bait: 1887, 1888, B. C. Ap., 711, 712, 289; 1889,
B. C. Ap., 713, 289; 1893, foreign fishing vessels act, B. C. Ap., 730,
289; 1905, repealing act of 1893. B. C. Ap., 757, 290. Newfoundlanders in
American crews: foreign fishing vessels acts, 1905, B. C. Ap., 757, 290;
1906, B. C. Ap., 758, 290-1. Treaty of 1871, act making effective, B. C.
Ap., 705-3: 224; Fish to Thornton, June 25, 1873, B. C. Ap., 252, 225;
Thornton to Granville: June 23, 1873, B. C. Ap., 251, 224, June 30, 1873,
B. C. Ap., 252, 226; Thornton to Hill, July 10, 1873, B. C. Ap., 253, 226.

Noninhabitants of United States, rights, 288, 293.

Nontreaty and treaty coasts abolished by treaty of 1854, LAMMASCH, 199-200.

Nova Scotia: Address to King, Americans in bays, Feb. 24, 1836, U. S. C. Ap.,
1040-1, 131-2. Ceded to Great Britain, treaty of Utrecht (1713), 24. En-
forcement of regulations on coast of, 135. Statute to restrain Americans,
Mar. 12, 1836, B. C. Ap., 613, 132-3.

Orders in council: June 19, 1819, B. C. Ap.; 566, treaty of 1818, 94. July 6,
1836, B. C. Ap., 571, regulations, 133. Jan. 8, 1870 (Canada), B. C. Ap.,
230, licenses discontinued, 204.

Origin of Franco-American controversy, U. S. C. C., 89, 103-4.

Palmerston, Stevenson to, Mar. 27, 1841, B. C. Ap., 125, 3-mile limit, regu-
lations, 139-140.

Palmerston to Fox, Oct. 6, 1838, B. C. Ap., 117, instructions as to regulations,
137-8.

Paris negotiations leading to 1783 treaty, 33-35.

Paris, treaty of 1763, arts. 2, 4, 5, 18, B. C. Ap., 7, 25.

Partition of empire theory: 27-29, 63. Henderson, 63-5. Pomeroy, "North
Eastern Fisheries," American Law Review, 5:389, 63. Russell to Secretary
of State, Feb. 11, 1815, B. C. C. Ap., 150, 63.

Perrier to Malmesbury, July 5, 1852, U. S. C. C. Ap., 225, French exclusive
right, 105.

Perry, Commodore: Conversation with, Seymour's memorandum, Aug. 17,
1852, B. C. Ap., 191-2, bays, 164-5. Position on treaty violations, Camp-
bell to Seymour, Aug. 26, 1852, B. C. Ap., 195, 165-6. Sent to Chaleure
Bay, 163. To Seymour, Aug. 20, 1852, B. C. Ap., 193, British leniency in
enforcing treaty, 165.

Perry's admission, 163-7.

Phelps to Iddesleigh, Dec. 3, 1886, B. C. Ap., S62-S, proposals to settle
fisheries difficulty, 281.

2434 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Finlay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Historical rcsumi — Continued.

"Pilgrim," Bay of Fundy seizures, deposition of master, U. 5. C. Ap., 345,
120; deposition of seaman, U. S. C. Ap., 362, 123.

Pinckney and Monroe, Madison to: May 17, 1806, B. C. Ap., 60, maritime
jurisdiction. Feb. 3, 1807, U. S. C. C. Ap., 97, 98, impressment, maritime
jurisdiction, 48, 49.

Pinckney and Monroe to Madison, Jan. 3, 1807, B. C. Ap., 62, maritime
jurisdiction, 50-1.

Placentia Bay, Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888, B. C. Ap., 42, 284.

Pomeroy on North Eastern Fisheries, American Law Rev., 1871, 5:389, par-
tition of empire theory, 63.

Port au Port, Bay of, French interference in, 112.

President's message, Dec., 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 1265, seven years' peace,
1845-52, 160.

Prince Edward Island, 1843, B. C. Ap., 617, regulations against Americans,
133.

Proposals to settle fishery dispute: Phelps to Iddesleigh, Dec. 3, 1886, B. C.
Ap., 362-3, 281; Salisbury to White, Mar. 24, 1887, B. C. Ap., 413, 281.

Provincial governors' opinion on 6-mile bays, 156.

Putnam's report, Apr. 16, 1888, B. C. Ap., 427-34, history of fishery con-
troversy, 286.

Queen v. Cunningham, Bell's Crown Cases Reserved, p. 72, 98-9.

"Rebecca," deposition of master, Bay of Fundy seizures, U. S. C. Ap.t
358, 372, 122.

Reciprocity treaty of 1854, B. C. Ap., 36, 181-3.

Regulations: Against Americans: enforcement of, Messrs. Leavitt, June 13,
1839, U. S. C. Ap., 428, 135; Thayer's report, July 20, 1839, U. S. C. Ap.,
426-7, 134-5; statutes: Canada: 1868, B. C. Ap., 628, 133; 1870, B. C. Ap.,
630, 133; 1886, B. C. Ap., 6S1-2, 133; 1886, Revised Statutes, B. C. Ap.,
632-4, 133-4; New Brunswick: 1853, B. C. Ap., 623, 133; Prince Edward
Island: 1843, B. C. Ap., 617, 133. American argument against right to
make, based on Halifax proceedings, wrong, 233-241, 242-255, 264-267.
American argument on approval of, by Marcy, 194-5. American objections
to Newfoundland act making effective 1871 treaty did not deny right to
make, 228-229. Boutwell circulars uphold British position, 215-16, 219.
British position in 1838, as to, 138. British position was always same, 293.
Canadian, Crampton to Governor-General of Canada, June 28, 1855, B. C.
Ap., 206, 185. Cardwell to Lords of Admiralty, Apr. 12, 1866, B. C. Ap.,
221, 205-6; lack of American objection to this letter admits British posi-
tion, 219. Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888, B. C. Ap., 42, 284.
Crampton to Clarendon, June, 1855, B. C. Ap., 206, 185. Crampton to
Button, June 27, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205, 184. Enforcement of: in Bay of
Fundy, 135; on coast of Nova Scotia, 135; Palmerston, Oct. 6, 1838, B. C.
Ap., 117, 137; Sabine's report (1852), U. S. C. Ap., 1213, 136; under treaty
of 1854, Sutton to Crampton, June 16, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205, 183-4, and Sutton
to Russell, May 5, 1855, B. C. Ap., 204, 183; Vail's report, Aug. 14, 1839,
U. S. C. Ap., 436, 135. Exemption from municipal, subsequent to 1871
treaty, GRAY, 272. Falkland to Russell, May 8, 1841, B. C. Ap., 127, 140-3.
Fortune Bay controversy, 1878-82, 255-279. Halifax commission: Great
Britain did not admit inability to make, 229; nor admit "freedom"
from, 249-250, 252. "In common," Salisbury to Hoppin, Apr. 3, 1886,
B. C. Ap., 278, 268-73. Instructions: Canadian, May 14, 1870, U. S. C.
Ap., 582, 207; Palmerston to Fox, Oct. 6, 1838, B. C. Ap., 117, 137-8.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2435

Fiulay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne— Continued.
Historical resume — Continued.

Joint: difficulties in making, 268; Granville to Lowell, Oct. 27, 1880,
B. C. Ap., 289, 275-77. Marcy's first circular, July 12, 1855, B. C. Ap.,
207, 184-187. Marcy's second circular, Mar. 28, 1856, B. C. Ap., 209,
188-204. Nova Scotia, statute of Mar. 12, 1836, B. C. Ap., 613,
132-3. Order in Council, July 6, 1836, B. C. Ap., 571, 133. Right to
make: 87; Boutwell circular, 255; Evarts to Babson, Aug. 5, 1879, U.S. C.
Ap., 67S, 267-8; Evarts to Welsh, Aug. 1, 1879, B. C. Ap., 272, 261-3, and
Sept. 28, 1878, B. C. Ap., 268, 257-260; Marcy's circular, 255; Salisbury to
Welsh, Nov. 7, 1878, B. C. Ap., 271, 260-1. Stevenson to Palmerston,
Mar. 27, 1841, B. C. Ap., 125, 139-140. Thornton to Granville, June 30,
1873, B. C. Ap., 252, 226.

"Reindeer," deposition of master, Bay of Fundy seizures, U. S. C. Ap., 336,
354, 117.

Report of American commissioners, Oct. 20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94: 89; abroga-
tion of treaties by war, 91; nature of right to fisheries, 91.

Report of committee, Continental Congress, common right of fishery, B. C. C.
Ap., 12, 31.

Report, United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations: Chamber-
lain-Bayard treaty, majority report, B. C. Ap., 435, 286; minority report,
B. C. Ap., 451, 286; character and value of fisheries, 92-3.

Resolutions of Continental Congress, common right to fish, B. C. C. Ap.,
20, 31.

"Right" and "concession" in opening Bay of Fundy, Seward's speech,
Aug. 14, 1852, B. C. Ap., 181, 170-71.

"Right" and "liberty:" Adams to Castlereagh, Jan. 22, 1816, B. C. Ap.,
72-6, 82. J. Adams's diary, B. C. C. Ap., 104, 37. Webster, 1852,
unfinished draft, U. 8. C. Ap., 531, 65.

"Right" in Adams's draft of fishery article, Nov. 28, 29, 1782, B. C. C. Ap.,
103-4, 34.

Rights, treaty, Webster's opinion on, Crampton to Malmesbury, Aug. 2,
1852, B. C. Ap., 156, 163-4.

Robinson and Goulburn, Castlereagh to, Aug. 24, 1818, B. C. Ap., 85, abro-
gation of 1783 treaty by war, 84.

Robinbon to Castlereagh, B. C. Ap., 92, Oct. 10, 1818, reasons for dropping
British proposal for fisheries clause in 1818 treaty, 87.

Root, Marcy circular, regulations "enjoined" or "enforced," 193.

Root-Grey correspondence of 1905-7, 291.

"Ruby " deposition of Small, master, Bay of Fundy seizures, U. S. C. Ap.,
337, 366, 118.

Rush, Adams to, June 27, 1823, B. C. Ap., 107, French exclusive rights,
109-10.

Rush to Canning, May 3, 1824, B. C. Ap., Ill, United States rights on French
coast, 111.

Rush to Gallatin, Oct. 10, 1822, B. C. Ap., 101, French exclusive rights, 106.

Rush to Marcy, July 18, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549-557: not evidence in this
case, 178; rights acknowledged in 1783 not abrogated by war, 177; Web-
ster's notice, 177.

Rueh and Gallatin, Adams to, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap., 83, instructions,
bays, 52; did not touch bays, 84.

Ruah and Gallatin to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94, abrogation of 1783
treaty by war, 91.

2436 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Historical resume — Continued.

Russell, Adams to: May 3, 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 161, effect of war on treaty of
1783, maritime jurisdiction, 53. 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 16S, maritime jurisdic-
tion, 54-5.

Russell, Falkland to: Apr. 28, 1841, U. 8. C., Ap., 1043, asking opinion of
law officers, 143. May 8, 1841, B. C. Ap., 127, 3-mile limit, regulations,
140-143.

Russell, Button to, May 5, 1855, B. C. Ap., 204, enforcement of regulations
under treaty of 1854, 183.

Russell to Secretary of State, Feb. 11, 1815, B. C. C. Ap., 150, partition of
empire theory, 63.

Sabine's report, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., HIS, 1284-5: enforcement of regula-
tions, 136; seveu years' peace 1845-1852, 158-9.

St. Ann's Bay, Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888, B. C. Ap., 42, 283.

St. George, Bay of, French interference in, 112.

St. Lawrence, Gulf of, enforcement of regulations in, 135.

St. Mary's Bay: 143. Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888, B. C. Ap.,
42, 284.

St. Peter's Bay, Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888, B. C. Ap., 42, 284.

Salisbury to Hoppin, B. C. Ap., 278, Apr. 3, 1880, "in common" as regards
regulation, Fortune Bay, 268-273.

Salisbury to Welsh: Aug. 23, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 650, Fortune Bay contro-
versy, 256. Nov. 7, 1878, B. C. Ap., 271, right to regulate, Fortune Bay
controversy, 260-1.

Salisbury to White, Mar. 24, 1887, B. C. Ap., 413-15, criticisms of proposals
to settle fisheries difficulty, 281.

"Sally," deposition of master of, Nov. 5, 1824, U. S. C. Ap., 355, Bay of
Fundy seizures, 121.

"Sea Flower," deposition of master, U. S. C. Ap., 360, Bay of Fundy seiz-
ures, 122.

Secretary of the Admiralty, Seymour to, Aug. 31, 1852, and July 21, 1853,
B. C. Ap., 196, 202, Perry's admission, 166-7.

Secretary of Treasury, Jefferson to, Sept. 8, 1804, B. C. Ap., 59, maritime
jurisdiction, 46.

Seizures: "Argus," 152-153, arbitration regarding, 181. "Coral," 169. "Wash
ington," 145, arbitration regarding, B. C. Ap., 212-217, 178-181.

Seizures in Bay of Fundy: 1821-24, U. S. C. Ap., 1077, 113-126. Brent to
Addington, Sept. 8, 1824, U. S. C. Ap., 334, evidence, 117-120; "Dili-
gent," deposition of Picket, master of, U. S. C. Ap., 337, 118. Dotterel,
seizures by, 116, statement of commander, U. S. C. Ap., 374, 123; affi-
davits of British sailors, U. S. C. Ap., 380-406, 124. "Escape," statement
of master, U. S. C. Ap., 362, 123. Fishing in these cases occurred outside
the actual Bay of Fundy, 124. Fishing on banks is not fishing in Bay of
Fundy, 116. "Galeon," depositions of master and crew, U. 8. C. Ap., 341,
343, 356, 118. "Hero," statement of master, U. S. C. Ap., 370, 123. Manan
bank, 115. Murr bank, 115. "Pilgrim," deposition of master, U. S. C.Ap.,
345, 120; deposition of seaman on, U. 8. C. Ap.,362, 123. "Rebecca,"
deposition of master, U. S. C. Ap., 358, 372, 122. "Reindeer," deposition
of master, U. S. C. Ap., 336, 354, 117. "Ruby," Small, master, his deposi-
tion, U. S. C. Ap., 337, 366, 118. "Sally," deposition of master, U. S. C.
Ap., 355, 121. "Sea Flower," deposition of master, U. S. C. Ap., 360, 122.
Shepley to Adams, Nov. 16, 1824, U. S. C. Ap., 363, evidence, 121-23.
United States' position, 114. "William," depositions of master and crew,
U. S. C. Ap., 342, 347, 359, 119.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2437

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Historical resume— Continued.

Senate of United States, debate (1852), 169-174.

Seward's speech, Aug. 14, 1852, B. C. Ap., 181: "right" and "concession"
in opening Bay of Fundy, 170-171; Webster's notice, bays, 172.

Seymour, Campbell to: Aug. 15, 1852, B. C. Ap., 190, mackerel fishery, 128.
Aug. 26, 1852, B. C. Ap., 195, Perry's position on treaty violations, 165-6.

Seymour, Perry to, Aug. 20, 1852, B. C. Ap., 193, admits British leniency in
enforcing treaty, 165.

Seymour's memorandum, Aug. 17, 1852, B. C. Ap., 191-2, conversation with
Perry on bays, 164-5.

Seymour to Secretary of Admiralty, Aug. 31, 1852, July 21, 1853, B. C. Ap.,
196, 202, Perry's admission, 166-7.

Shelter in Bay of Fundy, Everett to Aberdeen, May 25, 1844, B. C. Ap.,
133-4, 150.

Shepley to Adams, Nov. 16, 1824, U. S. C. Ap., S5S, Bay of Fundy seizures,
121-3.

Sir Charles Hamilton Sound, Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888,
B. C. Ap., 42, 283.

Six-mile bays, see Bays, supra.

Sixty-mile limit, British position, 56-7.

Spain, treaties of, see Treaties cited.

Spanish renunciation, 1763, 26.

Stanley, Falkland to: Oct. 17, 1843, B. C. Ap., 1S1, 146-7. Sept. 17, 1844,
B. C. Ap., 136, Bays, 151-2. Sept. 17, 1845, B. C. Ap., 151, decides to
uphold British contention as to bays, 157.

Stanley to Falkland, May 19, 1845, B. C. Ap., 145, six-mile bays, 156.

Stanley's proposal to relax British position regarding bays, 156.

Statutes cited: Imperial: 1819, B. C. Ap., 565, treaty of 1818, 94. Canada:
1868, B. C. Ap., 628, regulations against Americans, 133; 1870, B. C. Ap.,
€30, same, 133; 1886, B. C. Ap., 6S1-2, same, 133; 1886, Revised Statutes,
B. C. Ap., 632-4, same, 133-4. New Brunswick: 1853, B. C. Ap., 623,
regulations against Americans, 133. Newfoundland: 1873, act putting 1871
treaty in force, B. C. Ap., 705-6, 224; 1887, B. C. Ap., 711, bait, 289; 1888,
B. C. Ap., 712, bait, 289; 1889, B. C. Ap., 713, bait, 289; 1893, foreign fish-
ing vessels act, B. C. Ap., 730, 289; 1905, foreign fishing vessels act, B. C.
Ap., 757, 290; 1906, foreign fishing vessels act, B. C. Ap., 758, 290-1.
Nova Scotia: Mar. 12, 1836, to restrain Americans, B. C. Ap., 613, 132-3.
Prince Edward Island: 1843, regulations against Americans, B. C. Ap.,
617, 133.

Stevenson to Palmerston, Mar. 27, 1841, B. C. Ap., 125, 3-mile limit, regula-
tions, 139-40.

Sutton, Crampton to, June 27, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205, Marcy's first circular, 184.

Sutton to Crampton, June 16, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205, enforcement of regulations
under treaty of 1854, 183-4.

Sutton to Russell, May 5, 1855, B. C. Ap., 204, enforcement of regulations
under 1854 treaty, 183.

Ten-mile rule: 208-9. Chamberlain-Bayard treaty, Feb. 15, 1888, B. C. Ap.,
42, 282.

Ternant, Jefferson to, May 15, 1793, B. C. Ap., 54, Attorney General's report
on "Grange" incident, bays, 40-41.

Territorial coast belt and bays, distinction, GRAY, 71.

Thayer's report, July 20, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 426-7, enforcement of regula-
tions against Americans, 134-5.

2438 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Historical ritume — Continued.

Thornton, Elaine to, May 28, 1871, U. S. C. Ap., 7S7, closing Fortune Bay

controversy, 278.
Thornton, Evarts to, Mar. 2, 1878, B. C. Ap., 268, Fortune Bay controversy,

256.

Thornton, Fish to: June 8, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 609, Cardwell's letter, Welles-
ley's instructions, 221. June 30, 1870, B. C. Ap., 239, British instructions

1870 temporary, 211. June 25, 1873, B. C. Ap., 252, Newfoundland act
:. making effective 1871 treaty, 225.

Thornton to Blaine, May 28, 1871, U. S. C. Ap., 736, closing Fortune Bay
controversy, 278.

Thornton to Fish: June 3, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 597, Cardwell's letter, 219-220.
June 11, 1870, B. C. Ap., 238, instructions to imperial vessels, 210-211.

Thornton to Granville: June 23, 1873, B. C. Ap., 251, Newfoundland act
making 1871 treaty effective, 224. June 30, 1873, B. C. Ap., 252, regula-
tions, Newfoundland act making treaty of 1871 effective, 226.

Thornton to Hill, July 10, 1873, B. C. Ap., 253, Newfoundland act making

1871 treaty effective, 226.

Three-league limit, instructions for treaty of commerce with Great Britain,
Aug. 14, 1779, B. C. C. Ap., 23, 32.

Three-mile limit: Aberdeen to Everett, Apr. 15, 1844, B. C. Ap., 132-3,
147-8. American position in 1844, not definite, 149. Canadian instructions,
June 27, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 611, 210. Falkland to Russell, May 8, 1841.
B. C. Ap., 127, 140-3. Granville to Young, June 6, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 609,
209. Malmesbury to Crampton, Sept. 16, 1852, B. C. Ap., 196, 174-5.
Stevenson to Palmerston, Mar. 27, 1841, B. C. Ap., 125, 139-40.

Treaties cited: 1713, France-Great Britain (Utrecht), B. C. Ap., 6-7, New-
foundland and Nova Scotia ceded, 24-5; Hudson Bay ceded, 90. 1763,
Great Britain-France-Spain, Paris, B. C. Ap., 7, 25. 1783, Great Britain-
United States, B. C. Ap., 12, 27; J. Adams' draft, B. C. Ap., 103, 34; J.
Adams' Journal, B. C.Ap., 103-4, 34; negotiations at Paris, 33-35; original
draft of fishery article, B. C. Ap., 96, 34. See Abrogation of treaty of 1783.
1783, Great Britain-France, B. C. Ap., 11, 38. 1794, Jay's, B. C. Ap., 16,
45. 1806, Dec. 31 (unratified), Great Britain-United States, B. C. Ap., 24,
maritime jurisdiction, did not consider bays, 48-52. 1814, Great Britain-
United States (Ghent), B. C. Ap., 25, 58; negotiations leading to, 58-64;
"fishing" therein, British position, B. C. C. Ap., 137, 148, 58-9; Adams'
memoirs, Nov. 7, 1814, B. C. C. Ap., 137, 138, 140, 60-1. 1818, Great Britain-
United States, B. C. Ap., 31,92: British proposition for fishery article, B. C.
Ap., 89, 85-6; correspondence preliminary to, 68-83; enforcement of, Web-
ster's notice, July 6, 1852, B. C. Ap., 152-3, 161-3; imperial statute,
1819, B. C. Ap., 565, 94; Marcy's second circular applicable to, 200-3;
negotiations preceding, 84-93; order in council, June 19, 1819, B. C. Ap.,
666, 94; renunciatory clause, 92; report of American commissioners on, Oct.
20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94, 89; Robinson to Castlereagh, Oct. 10, 1818, B. C. Ap.,
92, reasons for dropping British proposal for fishery clause, 87; United States
proposition for fishery article, B. C. Ap., 88, 85. 1854, United States-Great
Britain (reciprocity), B. C. Ap., 36, 181-3: abolished treaty and nontreaty
coasts, LAMMABCH, 199-200; coasts opened up by, FITZPATRICK, 203; Dela-
ware Bay under, 182; partly replaced by license system 1866-1870, U. S. C.,
135-8, 204. 1871, United States-Great Britain (Washington), B. C. Ap., 31,
222-3, 230; determined by United St&teB,B. C.Ap. ,294, 280; Newfoundland
act making effective: B. C. Ap., 705-6, 224; Fish to Thornton, June 25, 1873,

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2439

Finlay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Historical resume — Continued.

B. C. Ap., 252, 225; Thornton to Granville, June 23, 1873, B. C. Ap., 251,
224, and June 30, 1873, B. C. Ap., 252, 226; Thornton to Hill, July 10, 1873,
B. C. Ap., 253, 226. 1888, Feb. 15, Chamberlain-Bayard (unratified), B. C.
Ap., 42, 281-8; 1891, Bond-Blaine convention (unratified), B. C. Ap., 45,
289; 1902, Nov. 8, Hay-Bond convention (unratified), B. C. Ap., 46, 290.

Treaty and nontreaty coasts abolished by treaty of 1854, LAMMASCH, 199-200.

Treaty coast, Boutwell circular applies to, 219.

Treaty rights, Webster's opinion on, Crampton to Malmesbury, Aug. 2, 1852,
B. C. Ap., 156, 163-4.

Tuck's speech, mackerel fishery, 1851-2, U. S. C. C. Ap., 624-5, 127.

United States' objections to British fishery article, 1818, B. C. Ap., 91, 86.

United States' proposition for fishery article, 1818, B. C. Ap., 88, 85.

United States rights on French coast: S. Canning to G. Canning, May 6, 1824,
B. C. Ap., 112-3, 111; Rush to Canning, May 3, 1824, B, C. Ap., Ill, 111.

United States Senate, debate in, 1852, 169-174.

United States, treaties of, see Treaties cited.

Utrecht, treaty of, see Treaties cited.

Vail's report, Aug. 14, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 436, enforcement of regulations, 135.

War, see Abrogation of treaty of 1783 by.

War of 1812 did not abrogate treaty of 1783, U. S. contention, 59.

"Washington:" Aberdeen to Everett, Apr. 15, 1844, B. C. Ap., 1S2-S, 147-8,
and Mar. 10, 1845, B. C. Ap., 141, 153. Arbitration of, B. C .Ap., 212-217:
178-181; award by Bates, Aug. 8, 1856, B. C. Ap., 216, 179. Everett to
Aberdeen, Aug. 10, 1843, B. C. Ap., ISO, 146. Everett to Buchanan, Apr.
23, 1845, B. C. Ap., 145, 155. Falkland to Stanley, Oct. 17, 843, B. C. Ap.,
1S1, 146-7. Seizure of, 145.

Washington, Treaty of, see Treaties cited.

Water and wood, law officers' opinion, 145.

Webster, Fillmore to, July 20, 1852, B. C. Ap., 155, proposed modus vivendi,
168.

Webster to Crampton, July 17, 1852, B. C. Ap., 154, Webster's notice, 168.

Webster's notice, July 6, 1852, B. C. Ap., 152-3: Bays, 161-3. Does not
uphold claim of agreement between negotiators in 1818 as to British claim,
163. Enforcement of regulations under treaty of 1818, 161-3. Rush to
Marcy, July 18, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549-557, 177. Seward's speech, Aug.
14, 1852, B. C. Ap., 181, 172. Webster to Crampton, July 17, 1852, B. C.
Ap., 154, 168.

Webster's opinion on treaty rights, Crampton to Malmesbury, Aug. 2, 1852,
B. C. Ap., 156, 163-4.

Webster's unfinished draft, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 531, "rights" and "liber-
ties, " abrogation of 1783 treaty by war, 65.

Wellesley's instructions, U. S. C. Ap., 598: 208. Fish to Thornton, June 8,
1870, U. S. C. Ap., 609, 221.

Welsh, Evarts to: Sept. 28, 1878, B. C. Ap., 268, Fortune Bay, right to regu-
late, 257-260. Aug. 1, 1879, B. C. Ap., 272, municipal legislation, right to
regulate, Fortune Bay controversy, 261-3.

Welsh, Salisbury to: Aug. 23, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 650, Fortune Bay contro-
versy, 256. Nov. 7, 1878, B. C. Ap., 271, right to regulate, Fortune Bay
controversy, 260-1.

West, Granville to, July 15, 1882, B. C. Ap., 293, unsuccessful efforts to estab-
lish modus vivendi, 278-9,

2440 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Finlay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Uistorii-.nl resume — Continued.

White, Salisbury to, Mar. 24, 1887, B. C. Ap., 413-15, criticisms of proposal
to settle fisheries difficulties, 281.

"William, " depositions of master and crew, Bay of Fundy seizures, U. S. C.
Ap., 34*, 347, 359, 119.

Wood and water, law officers' opinion, 145.

Young, Granville to, June 6, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 609, 3-mile limit, 6-mile
bays, 209.

Young, Kimberley to, Oct. 10, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 628-9, bay "of her Maj-
esty's dominions, " 212.
Question 1, pp. 8, 11-14, 294-363. (June 6, 14, 16, 1910.)

Abrogation of 1783 treaty by 1812 war, 304.

Adams advanced partition theory, 304.

Aliens, regulations: Imperial: 1786, B. C. Ap., 555, 330; 1824, B. C. Ap., 567,
333-334.

American argument, kinds of regulations, U. S. A., 66-7, 320-325.

Anchorage, regulations: Lower Canada, 1836, B. C. Ap., 615, 333. Newfound-
land, 1653, B. C. Ap., 511, 325, 326; 1699, B. C. Ap., 525-6, 326-7; 1660,
Star Chamber rules, B. C. Ap., 513, 326.

Arbitral tribunal, recourse to in case of prejudicial regulations, GKAT, 337,
338; provisions of Special Agreement of 1909 discussed, 338-9.

Babson, Evarts to, Aug. 5, 1879, U. S. C. Ap., 673, "right" or "license," 315,

Bait regulations: Lower Canada, 1788, B. C. Ap., 592, 331-2; 1807, B. C.
Ap., 600, 332. Newfoundland, 1663, B. C. Ap., 517, 326; 1699, B. C. Ap.,
525-6, 326-7.

Ballast, regulations: Lower Canada, 1788, B. C. Ap., 592, 331-2; 1807, B. C.
Ap., 600, 332; 1836, B. C. Ap., 615, 333. Newfoundland, 1611, B. C. Ap.,
689,325; 1653, B. C.Ap.,511, 325, 326; 1660, Star Chamber rules, B. C.Ap.,
613, 326; 1699, B. C. Ap., 525-6, 326-7. Imperial statutes, 1824, B. C. Ap.,
667, 333-4; 1838, B. C. Ap., 697, 334. New Plymouth, 1670, B. C. Ap., 770,
329.

Bays, Chaleurs, 331-2; Gasp6, 331-2; Miramichi, 330-1, 332.

Bello, 112-13, servitudes; presumption in favor of servient state, 310.

Bluntechli, 214, servitudes, presumption in favor of servient state, 307.

Boutwell circulars, 1870-2, B. C. Ap., 237, recognition of right of British claim
as to regulations, 317.

British position as to regulations recognized five times, 316.

Canal and river navigation, liberty of, 346.

Cardwell letter, 1866, B. C. Ap., 221, recognition of right of British claim aa to
regulations, 317.

Case cited: The "Exchange," 7 Crunch ( U. S.), 116, servitudes, 313.

Chaleurs Bay, regulations: Lower Canada, 1788, B. C. Ap., 592, 331-332.

Clauss, 206, servitudes, presumption in favor of servient state, 307.

Close season, regulations: Newfoundland, 1879, B. C. Ap., 708, 335.

Colonial governments, rights of, Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap., 499,
298.

Colonial Laws Validity Act of 1865, 348.

Concurrence of United States and reasonableness of regulations, GRAY, 295;
LAMMASCH, 294.

Davis, Bancroft, reported in Thornton to Hill, July 10, 1873, B, C. Ap., 253,
recognition of right of British claim as to regulations, 318, Gray, 319.

Delaware, regulations, Mar. 28, 1871, B. C. Ap., 788-9, Sunday fishing, 335.

Despagnet, p. 188, servitudes, presumption in favor of aervient state, 308.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2441

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Des Voeux to Stanhope, Nov. 24, 1886, B. C. Ap., S19, French shore regula-
tions, 356.

Discrimination in shore regulations not permissible, 297.

DRAGO: meaning of articles 2 and 4 of Special Agreement, 1909, 340-41.

Drying, regulations: Lower Canada, 1788, B. C. Ap., 592, 331-332; 1807, im-
perial statute, B. C. Ap., 600, 332.

Evarts to Babson, Aug. 5, 1879, U. S. C. Ap., 67S, "right" or "license," 315.

"Exchange," the, 7 Crunch (U. S. \-116, servitudes, 313.

"Exclusive" or "in common," French rights, LAMMASCH, opinion English
law officers, 362.

Fabre, 114, servitudes, 362.

Fish, reported in Thornton to Granule, 1873, B. C. Ap.t 252, recognition of
right of British claims as to regulations, 318.

•FITZPATRICK: "Any sort of fishing, " Imperial statute of 1824 regarding New-
foundland, 333-334. Municipal legislation, 344. " Partition " theory , 349.
Treaty of 1763, Great Britain-France-Spain, B. C. Ap., 8, 5th sec., French
shore, 352.

Fortune Bay case, LAMMASCH, 335.

France, treaties of, See Treaties cited.

French shore question: 349-360,361-3. American argument, 349-350. DCB
Voeux to Stanhope, Nov. 24, 1886, B. C. Ap., S19, regulation French shore,
356. Exclusive rights of France, 350. Fabre, p. 114, 362. France-United
States treaty of Feb. 6, 1778, B. C. C. Ap., S, French exclusive right, 350.
LAMMASCH, French rights "in common" or "exclusive," opinion English
law officers, 362. Regulation of French shore, 1886, order in council, Aug. 9,
1886, U. S. C. C. Ap., 319, lobsters, 356. Statutes carrying out 1818 United
States treaty and 1783 French treaty dissimilar, 355. Statutes: 1788, B. C.
Ap., 561-3, giving effect to French coast treaty, 354-5; 1819, B. C. Ap.,
565, 354; 1824, B. C. Ap., 567, LAMMASCH, 357. Treaties with France and
United States unlike, 350, 354. Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, B. C. Ap., 7, art.
13, 351. Treaty of 1763, B. C. C. Ap., 8, 5th section, FITZPATRICI, 351.
Treaty of 1783, B. C. Ap., 11, arts. 4, 5, 352. Treaty of 1904, B. C. Ap.,
48, local regulations, 359.

GaspS Bay, regulations: Lower Canada, 1788, B. C. Ap., 592, 331-332.

Gasp6 fisheries, regulations: Lower Canada, 1829, B. C. Ap., 610, 333.

General remarks, 11-14.

Grant, treaty of 1783 is, not partition, 303.

Granville, Thornton to, June 30, 1873, B. C. Ap., 252, Fish's views on
right of British claim to regulations, 318.

GRAY : Divisibility of subdivision (c) of question 1, 295. Municipal legislation,
343. Recourse to arbitral tribunal against prejudicial regulations, 337, 338.
Remedy for regulations prejudicial to Americans, 342. Thornton to Hill,
July 10, 1873, B. C. Ap., 253, Bancroft Davis on right of British claim to
regulations, 319.

Great Britain, statutes of, See Statutes cited, Imperial.

Great Britain, treaties of, See Treaties cited.

Gurry grounds, regulations: New Brunswick, 1853, B. C. Ap., 62S, 332; 1854,
Revised Statutes, B. C. Ap., 626, 332-333.

Halifax arbitration, 1877, American recognition of right of British claim as to
regulations, 319-20.

Hall, 159-160, servitudes, presumption in favor of servient state, 310-311.
92909°— VOL 12—12 14

2442 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Harbor admiral, regulations: Newfoundland, 1699, B. C. Ap., 525-6, 326-7.

Heffter, p. 9S, servitudes, presumption in favor of eervient state, 308.

Herring, regulations: Newfoundland, 1862, JB. C. Ap., 702, 334-335.

Hill, Thornton to, July 10, 1873, B. C. Ap., 253, Bancroft Davis on right of
British claim to regulations, 318; GRAY, 319.

Holtzendorff, 2:247, servitudes, presumption in favor of servient state, 306.

In-barring, regulations: Newfoundland, 1862, B. C. Ap., 702, 334-335.

"In common," 315.

"In common" or "exclusive," French rights, LAMMASCH, opinion English
law officers, 362.

International law writers cited : Bello, 112-113, servitudes, 310. Bluntechli,
214, servitudes, 307. Clauss, 206, servitudes, 307. Despagnet, 188, servi-
tudes, 308. Hall, 159-160, servitudes, 310-311. Heffter, 93, servitudes, 308.
Holtzendorff, 2:247, servitudes, 306. Klttber, 238, servitudes, 309. F. de
Martens, 1:483, servitudes, 310. Phillimore, 1:391, servitudes, 308. Pitt
Cobbett, 1:159, servitudes, 312. Pradier-Fodere, 2:405, servitudes, 309.
Rivier, 1:296, servitudes, 307.

Jigging squids, regulations: Newfoundland, 1877, B. C. Ap., 707, 335.

Jurisdiction of Great Britain: Asserted by United States in 1822, 297; unques-
tioned, 296.

Jurisdictional powers of Great Britain not test of limits of American rights,
Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap., 500, 299.

Kluber, 238, servitudes; presumption in favor of servient state, 309.

Labrador, regulations, 1765, B. C. Ap., 690, 691, 327.

LAMMASCH: Fortune Bay case, 335. French rights "in common" or "exclu-
sive," opinion English law officers, 362. Meaning of articles 2 and 4,
Special Agreement, 1909, 339-40. Municipal legislation, 344. Statute of
1824, B. C. Ap., 567, French shore, statute of 1788, 357. Subdivision (c)
of question 1 divisible, 294.

Legislation, municipal. See Municipal legislation.

Liberties, analogous: Property rights, 347; residence privileges, 346; river
and canal navigation, 346; trade privileges, 346.

"Liberty" and "right," 304, 315.

"Licence" or "right," Evarte to Babson, Aug. 5, 1879, U. S. C. Ap., 673,
315.

License, regulations: New Plymouth, 1672, B. C. Ap., 771, 329-330; Nova
Scotia, 1665, B. C. Ap., 586, 327-328.

Lobsters, regulation French shore, order in council, Aug. 9, 1886, V. S. C.
C. Ap., 319, 356.

Lower Canada, regulations: 1788, B. C. Ap., 592, Chaleurs and Gasp6 Bays,
bait, drying, seining, ballast, offal, 331-332. 1807, B. C. Ap., 600, bait,
drying, seining, ballast, offal, 332. 1824, B. C. Ap., 607, 333; 1829, B. C.
Ap., 610, Gasp6 fisheries, 333. 1836, B. C. Ap., 615, ballast, anchorage, 333.

Mackerel fishing, regulations: Massachusetts, 1702, B. C. Ap., 773, 329.
New Hampshire, 1687, B. C. Ap., 772, 329.

Marcy circulars, 1855-56, B. C. Ap., 209, recognition of right of British claim
as to regulations, 316.

F. de Martens, 1:483, servitudes; presumption in favor of servient state, 310.

Maryland, regulations, 1896, B. C. Ap., 793, nets, 335.

Massachusetts, regulations: 1668, B. C. Ap., 770, spawning, offal, 328; 1692,
B. C. Ap., 772, seining, 329; 1702, B. C. Ap., 773, mackerel fishing, 329.

Meaning of this question, 294.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2443

Finlay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Miramichi Bay, regulations: New Brunswick, 1799, B. C. Ap., 597, 330-331;
1823, B. C. Ap., 607, 332; 1829, B. C. Ap., 609, 332; 1834, B. C. Ap.,
612, 332.

Municipal legislation: Effect of, when violative of treaty: 343-344; GKAT,
343; FITZPATRICK, 344; LAMMASCH, 344. Right of U. S. to concur in, 345.

Nets, regulations as to setting: New Brunswick, 1799, B. C. Ap., 597, 330-331.
Maryland, 1896, B. C. Ap., 793, 335. New Brunswick, 1810, B. C. Ap.,
604, 331; 1853, B. C. Ap., 62S, 332. Newfoundland, 1824, imperial statute,
B. C. Ap., 567, 333-334. New York, 1775, B. C. Ap., 776, 330.

New Brunswick, regulations: 1793, B. C. Ap.,595, seining, Sunday fishing,
330. 1799, B. C. Ap., 597, Miramichi Bay, setting nets, seining, 330-331.
1810, B. C. Ap., 604, nets, 331. 1818, B. C. Ap., 605, offal, 332. 1823, B. C.
Ap., 607, seining, Miramichi Bay, 332. 1829, B. C. Ap., 609, seining,
Miramichi Bay, 332. 1834, B. C. Ap., 618, seining, Miramichi Bay, 332.
1853, B. C. Ap., 623, nets, gurry grounds, 332. 1854, Revised Statutes,
B. C. Ap., 626, gurry grounds, seining, spawning, 332-333.

Newfoundland: Imperial statute regarding, 1824, FITZPATRICK, "any sort of
fishing," 333-334. Regulations: 1611, B. C. Ap., 689, ballast, 325; 1653,
B. C. Ap., 511, ballast, anchorage, 325, 326; 1660, B. C. Ap., 513, Star
Chamber Rules, anchorage, ballast, 326; 1663, B. C. Ap., 517, bait, 326;
1699, B. C. Ap., 525-526, bait, ballast", harbor admiral, anchorage, Sunday
fishing, 326-327; 1765, B. C. Ap., 690, Labrador coast, 327; 1786, imperial
statute, B. C. Ap., 555, seine meshes, aliens, 330; 1824, imperial statute,
B. C. Ap., 567, ballast, nete, aliens, 333-334; 1838, imperial statute, B. C.
Ap., 697, ballast, 334; 1862, B. C. Ap., 702, herring, salmon, seining, in-
barring, seine meshes, treaty rights, 334-335; 1876, B. C. Ap., 707, seining,
Sunday fishing, treaty rights, 335; 1877, B. C. Ap., 707, jigging squids,
335; 1879, B. C. Ap., 708, close season, 335.

New Hampshire, regulations, 1687, B. C. Ap., 772, mackerel fishing, seining,
329.

New Jersey, regulations, 1826, B. C. Ap., 785, seining, 335.

New Plymouth, regulations: 1668, B. C. Ap., 770, offal, 329; 1670, B. C. Ap.,

770, ballast, 329; 1672, B. C. Ap., 771, license, 329-330; 1684, B. C. Ap.,

771, seining, 330.

New York, regulations: 1772, B. C. Ap., 775, seine meshes, 330; 1775, B. G.

Ap., 776, setting nets, 330.
Nova Scotia, regulations: 1665, B. C. Ap., 586, Sunday fishing, license,

offal, 327-328; 1770, B. C. Ap., 587, offal, 328; 1786, B. C. Ap., 591,

seining, Sunday fishing, 330.
Offal regulations: Lower Canada, 1788, B. C. Ap., 592, 331-332; 1807, B. C.

Ap., 600, 332. Massachusetts, 1668, B. C. Ap., 770, 328. New Brunswick, 1818,

B. C. Ap., 605, 332. New Plymouth, 1668, B. C. Ap., 770, 329. Nova

Scotia, 1665, B. C. Ap., 586, 327-328; 1770, B. C. Ap., 587, 328.
Order in council, regulation French shore, Aug. 9, 1886, U, S. G. C. Ap.,

319, lobsters, 356.

Partition of empire theory, 302; FITZPATRICK, 349.
Partition theory advanced by Adams, 304; dropped by United States in

argument, 305.

Partition, treaty of 1783 is not, but grant, 303.

Phillimore, 1:391, servitudes, presumption in favor of servient state, 308.
Pitt-Cobbett, /.- 159, servitudes, presumption in favor of servient state, 312.
Police power remains with Great Britain, 297.

2444 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Finlay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Pradier-Fodere, 9:405, servitudes, presumption in favor of servient state, 309.

Property rights in foreign countries, 346.

Reasonableness of regulations and concurrence of United States separable,
GRAY., 295; LAMMASCH, 294.

Reasonableness of regulations to be decided by this tribunal, 298.

Regulations: Abuse of, American argument, 336-7, 341. Aliens, imperial
statutes, 1786, B. C. Ap., 555, 330; 1824, B. C. Ap., 567, 333-4. British
position recognized five times (1) Marcy circulars, 1855-6, B. C. Ap.,
909, 316; (2) Boutwell circulars, 1870-2, B. C. Ap., 237, 317; (3) Card-
well letter, 1866, B. C. Ap., 291, 317; (4) Davis, Bancroft, reported in
Thornton to Hill (July 10), 1873, B. C. Ap., 253, 318; GRAY, 319; (5)
Halifax Commission, 1877, 319. Can not be passed without concur-
rence of United States, GRAY, 295; LAMMASCH, 294. Consent of United
States thereto can not be compelled, 315-16. Delaware: Mar. 28, 1871, B.
C. Ap., 788,9, Sunday fishing, 335; destructive, power to make not
claimed by Great Britain, 301; different kinds of, U. S. A., pp. 66, 67,
discussed, 320-325; existed at time of 1818 treaty, 336. French shore:
Des Voeux to Stanhope, Nov. 24, 1886, B. C. Ap., 319, 356; lobsters, order
in council, 1886, U. S. C. C. Ap., 319, 356; Labrador: 1765, B. C. Ap., 690,
691, 327. Lower Canada: 1788, B. C. Ap., 592, Chaleurs and Gaspe Bays,
bait, drying, seining, ballast, offal, 331-332; 1807, B. C. Ap., 600, bait,
drying, seining, ballast, offal, 332; 1824, B. C. Ap., 607, 333; 1829, B. C.
Ap., 610, Gaspe fisheries, 333; 1836, B. C. Ap., 615, ballast, anchorage, 333.
Maryland: 1896, B. C. Ap., 793, nets, 335. Massachusetts: 1668, B. C. Ap.,
770, spawning, offal, 328; 1692, B. C. Ap., 772, seining, 329; 1702, B. C.
Ap., 773, mackerel fishing, 329. Municipal, 343-344. Must be reasonable,
301. New Brunswick: 1793, B. C. Ap., 595, seining, Sunday fishing, 330;
1799, B. C. Ap., 597, Miramichi Bay, setting nets, seining, 330-331; 1810,
B. C. Ap., 604, nets, 331; 1818, B. C. Ap., 605, offal, 332; 1823, B. C. Ap.,
607, seining, Miramichi Bay, 332; 1829, B. C. Ap., 609, seining, Miramichi
Bay, 332; 1834, B. C. Ap., 612, seining, Miramichi Bay, 332; 1853, B. C. Ap.,
623, nets, gurry grounds, 332; 1854, Revised Statutes, B. C. Ap., 626,
gurry grounds, seining, spawning, 332-333. Newfoundland: 1611, ballast,
B. C. Ap., 689, 325; 1653, ballast, anchorage, B. C. Ap., 511, 325, 326;
1660, Star Chamber Rules, B. C. Ap., 513, ballot, anchorage, 326; 1663,

B. C. Ap., 517, bait, 326; 1699, B. C. Ap., 525-6, bait, ballast, harbor
admiral, anchorage, Sunday fishing, 326-7; 1765, B. C. Ap., 690, Labrador
coast, 327; 1786, imperial statute, B. C. Ap., 555, seine meshes, aliens, 330;
1824, imperial statue, B. C. Ap., 567, ballast, nete, aliens, 333-334; 1838,
imperial statute, B. C. Ap., 697, ballast, 334; 1862, B. C. Ap., 702, herring,
salmon, seining, in-barring, seine meshes, treaty rights, 334-335; 1876, B.

C. Ap., 707, seining, Sunday fishing, treaty rights, 335; 1877, B. C. Ap.,
707, jigging squids, 335; 1879, B. C. Ap., 708, close season, 335. New Hamp-
shire: 1687, B. C. Ap., 772, mackerel fishing, seining, 329. New Jersey:
1826, B. C. Ap., 785, seining, 335. New Plymouth: 1668, B. C. Ap., 770,
offal, 329; 1670, B. C. Ap., 770, ballast, 329; 1672, B. C. Ap., 771, license,
329-330; 1684, B. C. Ap., 771, seining, 330. New York: 1772, B. C. Ap., 775,
seine meshes, 330; 1775, B. C. Ap., 776, setting nets, 330. Not excluded
from 1818 treaty, 336. Nova Scotia: 1665, B. C. Ap., 586, Sunday fishing,
license, offal, 327-328; 1770, B. C. Ap., 587, offal, 328; 1786, B. C. Ap., 591,
seining, Sunday fishing, 330. Prejudicial, recourse to arbitral tribunal
against, GRAY, 337, 338. Prejudicial to American fishermen a breach of

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2445

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

the treaty, 337. Prejudicial to American, remedy for, GRAY, 342. Reason-
ableness of, to be decided by this tribunal, 298. Right of Great Britain
and colonies to make, controlled by treaty, 301. Right of United States
to concur in, 345. Shore regulations, discrimination not allowed in,
297. Sunday fishing, 323-25. Three periods: First period, up to 1783,
325-330; second period, 1783-1818, 330-332; third period, since 1818, 332-
336. Treaty provisions of Special Agreement, 1909, discussed, 338-9.
United States concurrence in, not necessary, 301.

Reid, Root to, June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap., 499, 500: jurisdictional powers of
Great Britain not test of limits of United States rights, 299; rights of colonial
governments, 298.

Residence privileges in foreign countries, 346.

"Right" and "liberty," 304, 315.

"Right" or "license," Evarts to Babson, Aug. 5, 1879, U. S. C. Ap., 673, 315.

River and canal navigation, liberty of, 346.

Rivier, 1:296, presumption in favor of servient state; servitudes, 307.

Root to Reid, June 30, 1906,- B. C. Ap., 499,500: jurisdictional powers of
Great Britain not test of limits of United States rights, 299; righte of
colonial governments, 298.

Salmon regulations: Newfoundland, 1862, B. C. Ap., 702, 334-335.

Seine meshes, regulations: Imperial, 1786, B. C. Ap., 555, 330. Newfoundland,
1862, B. C. Ap., 702, 334-335. New York, 1772, B. C. Ap., 775, 330.

Seining regulations: Lower Canada, 1788, B. C. Ap., 592, 331-332; 1607,
B. C. Ap., 600, 332. Massachusetts, 1692, B. C. Ap., 772, 329. New Bruns-
wick, 1793, B. C. Ap., 595, 330; 1799, B. C. Ap., 597, 330-331; 1799, B. C.
Ap., 597, 330-331; 1823, B. C. Ap., 607, 332; 1829, B. C. Ap., 609, 332;
1834, B. C. Ap., 612, 332; 1854, Revised Statutes, B. C. Ap., 626, 332-333.
Newfoundland, 1862, B. C. Ap., 702, 334-335; 1876, B. C. Ap., 707, 335.
New Hampshire, 1687, B. C. Ap., 772, 329. New Jersey, 1826, B. C. Ap.,
785, 335. New Plymouth, 1684, B. C. Ap., 771, 330. Nova Scotia, 1786, B. C.
Ap., 591, 330.

Servitudes: 8, 306-315. "Exchange," case of 7, Crunch (U. S.) 116, 313.
Fabre, 114, 362. Presumption in favor of servient state: Bello, 112-113, 310;
Bluntschli, 214, 307; Clauss, 206, 307; Despagnet, 188, 308; Hall, 159-160,
310-311; Heffter, 93, 308; Holtzendorff, 2:247, 306; Kliiber, 238, 309; F.
de Martens, 1:483, 310; Phillimore, 1:391, 308; Pitt-Cobbett, 1:159, 312;
Pradier-Fodere, 2:405, 309; Rivier, 1:296, 307.

Shore regulations must not discriminate, 297.

Sovereignty, reserved, argument of United States, 344-5.

Spawning, regulations: Massachusetts, 1668, B. C.Ap., 770, 328. New Brunt-
wick, 1854, Revised Statutes, B. C. Ap., 626, 332-333.

Special Agreement of 1909, meaning of articles 2 and 4: DRAGO, 340-341;
LAMMASCH, 339-340.

Stanhope, Des Voeux to, Nov. 24, 1886, B. C. Ap., 319, French shore
regulations, 356.

Star Chamber Rules: Newfoundland, 1660, B. C. Ap., 513, Ballast, anchorage,
326.

Statutes cited: Imperial, 1788, B. C. Ap., 561-563, French coast treaty of
1783, 354-355; 1807, B. C. Ap., 600, bait, drying, seining, ballast, offal,
332; 1819, B. C. Ap., 565, treaty of 1818, 344, 354; 1824, B. C. Ap., 567, act
of 1788, French treaty, 356; 1824 (Newfoundland), B. C. Ap., 567, ballast,
nets, aliens, FITZPATRICK, 333-5; 1838 (Newfoundland), B. C. Ap., 697,

2446 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Finlay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

ballast, 334; 1865, Colonial Laws Validity Act, 348. Lower Canada: 1788,
B. C. Ap., 592, Chaleure and Gasp6 Bays, bait, drying, seining, ballast,
offal, 331-332; 1807, B. C. Ap., 600, bait, drying, seining, ballast, offal,
332; 1824, B. C. Ap., 607, regulations, 333; 1829, B. C. Ap., 610, Gasp6
fisheries, 333; 1836, B. C. Ap., 615, ballast, anchorage, 333. Massachusetts:
1668, B. C. Ap., 770, spawning, offal, 328; 1692, B. C. Ap., 772, seining,
329; 1702, B. C. Ap., 77S, mackerel fishing, 329. New Brunswick: 1793,
B. C. Ap., 595, seining, Sunday fishing, 330; 1799, B. C. Ap., 597, Mira-
michi Bay, setting nets, seining, 330-331; 1810, B. C. Ap., 604, nets, 331;
1818, B. C. Ap., 605, offal, 332; 1823, B. C. Ap., 607, seining, Miramichi
Bay, 332; 1829, B. C. Ap., 609, seining, Miramichi Bay, 332; 1834, B. C.
Ap., 612, seining, Miramichi Bay, 332; 1853, B. C. Ap., 623, nets, gurry
grounds, 332; 1854, Revised Statutes, B. C. Ap., 626, gurry grounds, sein-
ing, spawning, 332-333. Newfoundland: 1663, bait, B. C. Ap., 517, 326;
1699, B. C. Ap., 525-526, bait, ballast, harbor admiral, anchorage, Sunday
fishing, 326-327; 1786, B. C. Ap., 555, seine meshes, aliens, 330; 1862,
B. C. Ap., 702, herring, salmon, seining, in-barring, seine meshes, treaty
right*, 334-335; 1876, B. C. Ap., 707, seining, Sunday fishing, treaty rights,
335; 1877, B. C. Ap., 707, jigging squids, 335; 1879, B. C. Ap., 708, close
eeason, 335. New Hampshire: 1687, B. C. Ap., 772, mackerel fishing,
seining, 329. New Plymouth: 1668, B. C. Ap., 770, offal, 329; 1670, B. C.
Ap., 770, ballast, 329; 1672, B. C. Ap., 771, license, 329-330; 1684, B. C.
Ap., 771, seining, 330. New York: 1772, B. C. Ap., 775, seine meshes,
330; 1775, B. C. Ap., 776, net setting, 330. Nova Scotia: 1770, B. C. Ap.,
587, offal, 328; 1786, B. C. Ap., 591, seining, Sunday fishing, 330.

Statutes, regulations, three periods, (1) up to 1783, 325-330; (2) 1783-1818,
330-332; (3) since 1818, 332-336.

Summary of first question, 360-361.

Sunday fishing, 323-325. Regulations: Delaware, Mar. 28, 1871, B. C. Ap.,
788-789, 335; New Brunswick, 1793, B. C. Ap., 595, 330; Newfoundland,
1699, B. C. Ap., 525-526, 326-327; 1876, B. C. Ap., 707, 335; Nova Scotia,
1665, B. C. Ap., 586, 327-328; 1786, B. C. Ap., 591, 330.

Thornton to Granville, June 30, 1873, B. C. Ap., 252, Fish's views on right of
British claim to regulations, 318.

Thornton to Hill, July 10, 1873, B. C. Ap., 25S, Bancroft Davis on right of
British claim to regulations, 318; Gray, 319.

Trade privileges in foreign countries, 346.

Treaties cited: Special Agreement of 1909, meaning of articles 2 and 4, DRAGO,
340-41; LAMMASCH, 339-40. Treaty of 1763, France-Great Britain, B. C.
Ap., 8, 5th sec., French shore, FITZPATRICK, 351; B. C. Ap., 11, arts. 4, 5,
French shore, 352. Treaty of 1778, United States-France, B. C. C. Ap.,S,
French shore, 350. Treaty of 1783 is not partition but grant, 303. Treaty
of 1818, regulations prejudicial to Americans would be breach of, 337.
Treaty of 1904, France-Great Britain, B. C. Ap., 48, French shore, 359.
Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, B. C. Ap., 7, art. 13, French shore, 351.

Ultra vires, municipal legislation violative of treaty is, 344.

United States: asserted jurisdiction of Great Britain in 1822, 297; asserts no
regulations can be passed without concurrence, 294; consent to regulations
can not be compelled, 315-16; dropped partition theory in ita argument,
305. Treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Utrecht, treaty of. See Treaties cited.

War of 1812 abrogated 1783 treaty, 304.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 244?

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Question 2, pp. 14-15, 292, 363-393. (June 6, 13, 16, 1910.)

Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25, 1815, B. C. Ap., 68, motives in 1818, 386-7.

Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, 65, object of 1818 and 1783
treaties, 385.

Agents, rights of, 389.

Aliens in crews: British argument, 380-1; American argument, 382-3.

American fishermen and inhabitants only grantees of treaty rights, 389.

"American fishermen": "Inhabitants" in 1818 treaty, 365. Means persons
actually fishing, 384. Treaty of 1783, B. C. Ap., 13, 383. Treaty of 1818,
B. C. Ap., SO, and treaty of 1854, B. C. Ap., 36, 384. Treaty of 1871, B. C.
Ap., S9, 385.

Bathurst, Adams to, Sept. 25, 1815, B. C. Ap., 68, motives in 1818, 386-7.

Bond-Hay convention, Nov. 8, 1902, B. C. Ap., 46, rejection, 366.

Cases cited: Duchess of Norfolk's case, Year Book Henry VII, 387, 388;
Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M . & W., Ex. Rep., 63, 387-8.

"Citizens," commercial privileges of, 390-2.

Commercial privileges, "citizens," "inhabitants," 390-392.

Construction of 1818 treaty should be strict, 363.

Crews: Aliens in: American argument, 382-3. British argument, 380-381.
From Newfoundland, no treaty right to, 374. Newfoundland, Gardner to
Gloucester Board of Trade, July 7, 1906, B. C. Ap., 502, 377-8. Newfound-
land, Reid to Grey, July 12, 1907, B. C. Ap., 509, 379. Shall be "inhabi-
tants," Boot to Reid, June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap., 498, 373-4.

Duchess of Norfolk's case, Year Book Henry VII, 387, 388.

Durand, Root to, Oct. 19, 1905, B. C. Ap., 492, "inhabitants," or "vessels,"
licences, 371-2.

Elgin to Governor of Newfoundland, Sept. 7, 1907, B. C. Ap., 510, modua
vivendi of 1907, 370.

Employment of foreigners: American argument, 382-3; British argument,
380-381.

Employment of Newfoundlanders by Americans, GRAY, LAMMASCH, 367-8.

Employment of Newfoundlanders: Foreign fishing vessels act, 1906, B. C.
Ap., 758, 368-9. Reid to Grey, July 12, 1907, B. C. Ap., 509, 379.

Evarta to the President, May 17, 1880, B. C. Ap., 284, Fortune Bay incident,
"inhabitants, "390.

Fishery for profit or pleasure, 387.

"Fishing" and "trading" distinguished, 391.

"Fishing" by noninhabitants, 383-393.

Fishing, definition of, 375-377; LAMMASCH, 375.

Fortune Bay incident: 365-66. Evarts to the President, May 17, 1880, B. (7.
Ap., 284, 390.

Gardner to Gloucester Board of Trade, July 7, 1906, B. C. Ap., 502, New-
foundland crews, inhabitants, 377-378.

General remarks on question 2, 14-15.

Gloucester Board of Trade, Gardner to, July 7, 1906, B. C. Ap., 502, New-
foundland crews, inhabitants, 377-378.

Grantees of treaty right, class of, 389.

GRAY: Nationality of vessel, 375. Newfoundland acts against employment
of Newfoundlanders by Americans, 367-8. Visit and search, 375.

Grey, Reid to: July 12, 1907, B. C. Ap., 509, employment of Newfoundlanders,
379; Oct. 6, 1906, B. C. Ap., 506, modus vivendi of 1906, 369.

Grey to Reid:Feb. 2, 1906, B. C. Ap., 494, 496, 497, "inhabitants" or "vessels,"
372-3; June 20, 1907, B. C. Ap.,507, "vessels" v. "inhabitants," 378-9.

2448 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Knlay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Question £ — Continued.

Hawker, Wickham v.,6 M. <fe W., Ex. Rep. 63, fishery for profit or pleasure.
387-8.

Hay-Bond convention, Nov. 8, 1902, B. C. Ap., 46, rejection, 366.

"Inhabitants": "American fishermen", in 1783 treaty, 383; in 1818 treaty,
365, 384. "Crews" shall be, Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap., 498,
373-4. Evarts to the President, May 17, 1880, B. C. Ap. , 284, 390. Gardner
to Gloucester Board of Trade, July 7, 1906, B. C. Ap., 502, 377-8. Or " ves-
sels," Grey to Reid: Feb. 2, 1906, B. C. Ap., 494, 496, 497, 372-3; June 20,
1907, B. C. Ap., 507, 378-9. Treaty of 1783, B. C. Ap., IS, treaty of 1818,
B. C. Ap., SO, treaty of 1854, B. C. Ap., 36, 383-5 "Vessels" and, 374-
377.

Inhabitants and American fishermen only grantees of treaty right, 365, 389.

41 Inhabitants, " commercial privileges of: 390-2. Treaty of 1815, B. C. Ap.,
£9, 291.

"Inhabitants" or "vessels," Root to Durand, Oct. 19, 1905, B. C. Ap., 49t,
371-2.

LAMMASCH: "Fishing, " definition of, 375. Newfoundland acts against em-
ployment of Newfoundlanders by Americans, 368.
. Licenses discontinued: Newfoundland, act of 1905, B. C. Ap., 757, 366.

Licenses, Root to Durand, Oct. 19, 1905, B. C. Ap., 492, 371-2.

Modus vivendi: 1906, B. C. Ap., 506, 369-371; Reid to Grey, Oct. 6, 1906,
B. C. Ap., 506, 369. 1907, B. C. Ap., 510, 370; Elgin to governor of New-
foundland, Sept. 7, 1907, B. C. Ap., 510, S70.

Monroe, Adams to, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, 65, object of 1818 and 1783
treaties, 385.

Motives in 1818: 385; Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25, 1815, B. C. Ap., 68, 386-7.

Nationality of vessel, GRAY, 375.

Newfoundland: Act of 1905, B. C. Ap., 757, licenses discontinued, 366; act
of 1906, B. C. Ap., 758, foreign fishing vessels act, employment of New-
foundlanders, 368-9.

Newfoundland can legislate for Newfoundlanders, 392-3.

Newfoundland, Governor of, Elgin to, Sept. 7, 1907, B. C. Ap., 510, modus
vivendi of 1907, 370.

Newfoundlanders: Employment of , by Americans: Foreign fishing vessels act,
1906, B. C. Ap., 758, 368-9. GRAY, LAMMASCH, 367-8. Newfoundland
can legislate for, 392-3. Reid to Grey, July 12, 1907, B. C. Ap., 509, 379.

Norfolk, case of Duchess of, Year Book, Henry VII, 387, 388.

Origin of question 2, 292.

President, Evarte to the, May 17, 1880, B. C. Ap., 284, Fortune Bay incident,
"inhabitants," 390.

Reid, Grey to, Feb. 2, 1906, B. C. Ap. 494, 496, 497, June 20, 1907, B. C.Ap.,
507, " vessels"?;, "inhabitants," 372-3, 378-9.

Reid, Root to, June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap., 498, "crews" shall be "inhabitants,"
373-4.

Reid to Grey: July 12, 1907, B. C. Ap., 509, employment of Newfoundlanders,
379. Oct. 6, 1906, B. C. Ap., 506, modus vivendi of 1906, 369.

Root, Grey to, Feb. 2, 1906, B. C. Ap., 494, 496, 497, "inhabitants" or "ves-
sels," 372-3.

Root to Durand, Oct. 19, 1905, B. C. Ap., 492, right of American "vessels,"
licenses, 371-2.

Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap., 498, "crews" shall be "inhabitants,"
373-4.

Search, visit and, GRAY, 375.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2449

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Question 2 — Continued.

Servants, rights of, 389.

Statutes cited: Newfoundland: Act of 1905, B. C. Ap., 757, licensee discon-
tinued, 366; foreign fishing vessels act, 1906, B. C. Ap., 758, employment
of Newfoundlanders, 368-9.

"Trading" and "fishing" distinguished, 391.

Treaties cited, 1783, Great Britain-United States, B. C. Ap., IS, "inhabi-
tants" "American fishermen," 383. 1794, Great Britain-United States,
B. C. Ap., 20, "citizens" with regard to commercial privileges, 390. 1815,
Great Britain-United States, B. C. Ap., 29, "inhabitants" with regard to
commercial privileges, 391. 1818, Great Britain-United States, B. C. Ap.,
SO, "inhabitants." "American fishermen," 384; should be strictly con-
strued, 363. 1854, Great Britain-United States, B. C. Ap., S6, "inhabi-
tants," 384-5. 1871, Great Britain-United States, B. C. Ap., 41, "citizens"
with regard to commercial privileges, 391; "United States fishermen,"
385.

Treaty rights extend only to inhabitants of United States, 365.

Two-fold nature of question, 364.

"Vessels" or "inhabitants:" 374-377. Grey to Reid: Feb. 2, 1906, B. C. Ap.,
494, 496, 497, 372-3; June 20, 1907, B. C. Ap., 507, 378-9. Root to Durand,
Oct. 19, 1905, B. C. Ap., 492, 371-2.

Visit and search, GRAY, 375.

Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M. & W., Ex.. Rep., 6S, fishery for profit or pleasure,

387-S.
Questions S and 4, pp. 15-16, 393-406. (June 6, 16, 1910.)

Canada, Revised Statutes 1906, B. C. Ap., 651, report, 395.

"Conditional" equivalent of "modus", 406.

"Conditional" in question 4, LAMMASCH, 405.

Durand, Root to, Oct. 19, 1905, B. C. Ap., 492, Newfoundland's powers limited,
398.

Entry and report excused if impossible, 401.

Entry and report, 1775, Imperial statute, B. C. Ap., 54S, 402.

Entry into harbor requires report, universal rule, 394.

Exemption of local fishing vessels from light dues, Grey to Reid, June 20,
1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1007, 404.

Great Britain, statutes of. See Statutes cited, Imperial.

Grey, Reid to, Oct. 6, 1906, B. C. Ap., 506, light dues, report, possibility
of, 396.

Grey to Reid: Feb. 2, 1906, B. C. Ap., 495, light dues, report, 397-8. June 20,
1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1007, exemption of local fishing vessels from light
dues, 404.

International law writer cited: Twiss, p. 304, light dues, 403.

LAMMASCH: "Conditional" in question 4, 405.

Light dues: Colonial statutes, 403-4. Exemption of local fishing vessels
from, Grey to Reid, June 20, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1007, 404. First com-
plaint of United States, 1905, 404. Grey to Reid, Feb. 2, 1906, B. C. Ap.
495,397-8. Modus vivendi of 1907, 396. Not condition precedent to fishing,
Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap., 501, 398. Not inconsistent with
treaty rights, 398. Reid to Grey, Oct. 6, 1906, B. C. Ap.,506, 396. Sabine'a
report, U. S. C. Ap., 1206, 1276, 404. T. Twiss, p. 304, 403.

Meaning of questions 3 and 4, 393-4.

"Modus" equivalent of "conditional," 406.

Modus vivendi, 1907, light dues, report, 396.

2450 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Fiulay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Questions 3 and 4 — Continued.

Negotiators, intention of in 1818, as basis of United States argument, 399-400.

New Brunswick, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Newfoundland's powers limited, Root to Duraiid, Oct. 19, 1905, B. C. Ap.t
491, 398.

Newfoundland, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Nova Scotia, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Questions 3 and 4 may be considered together, 393-4.

Reid, Grey to: Feb. 2, 1906, B. C. Ap., 495, light dues, report, 397-8, June
20, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1007, exemption of local fishing vessels from light
dues, 404.

Reid, Root to, June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap., 501, light dues and report not condi-
tion precedent to fishing, 398.

Reid to Grey, Oct. 6, 1906, B. C. Ap., 506, light dues, report, possibility of,
396.

Report and entry at customhouse: Colonial statutes, 395. Excused if impos-
sible, 401. Imperial statute, 1775, B. C. Ap., 543, 402. Not condition prece-
dent to fishing, Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap., 501, 398.

Report: Canada, Revised Statutes, 1906, B. C. Ap., 651, 395. Grey to Reid,
Feb. 2, 1906, B. C. Ap., 495, 397-8. Modus vivendi of 1907, 396. Not incon-
sistent with treaty righte, 398. Possibility of, Reid to Grey, Oct. 6, 1906,
B. C. Ap., 506, 396. Required upon entry into harbor, universal rule, 394.

Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, B. C. Ap., 501, light dues and report not con-
dition precedent to fishing, 398.

Root to Durand, Oct. 19, 1905, £. C. Ap., 49t, Newfoundland's powers
limited, 398.

Sabine's report, light dues, U. S. C. Ap., 1206, 1276, 404.

Servitudes as basis of United States argument, 399-400.

Statutes cited: Canada: Revised Statutes 1906, B. C. Ap., 651, report, 395.
Imperial: 1775, B. C. Ap., 543, entry and report, 402. New Brunswick:
1810, B. C. Ap., 60S, light dues, 404. Newfoundland: 1834, B. C. Ap.,
694, light dues, 404; 1839, B. C. Ap., 697, light dues, 404; 1852, B. C. Ap.,
699, light dues, 404; 1855, B. C. Ap., 700, light dues, 404; 1898, B. C. Ap.,
733, report 395; 1899, B. C. Ap., 754, light dues, 404J.1908, B. C. Ap., 733,
395. Nova Scotia: 1787, B. C. Ap., 591, light dues, 404; 1793, B. C. Ap.,
594, light dues, 404; 1809, B. C. Ap., 602, light dues, 404; 1812, B. C. Ap.,
604, light dues, 404.

Twiss, p. 304, light dues, 403.

United States argument based on servitudes and intention of negotiators in

1818, 399.
Question 5, pp. 8, 16-20, 407-469. (June 6, 17, 1910.)

Acquiescence not basis of claim to Delaware Bay, 411.

Adams to American commissioners, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap., 84, "bays" not
defined, 414.

Adams to Russell: 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 163, "bays," not defined, 413. May 3,
1822, B. C. C. Ap., 161, 413.

Alaska boundary arbitration, British position, maritime jurisdiction, 460-464;
not inconsistent with present position, 464.

"Alleganean," case of, maritime jurisdiction, 4 Moore's Int. Arb., p. 4333,
447.

American commissioners, Adams to, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap., 84, "bays" not
defined, 414.

Argument of United States as to 6-mile bays, 419-422.

INDEX TO OKAL ARGUMENTS. 2451

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Azuni, 1:205, maritime jurisdiction, 429.

Baker, Bathurst to, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, maritime jurisdiction, 3-mile

limit, bays, 413.
Bathurst to Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, S. C. Ap., 64, maritime jurisdiction, 3-mile

limit, bays, 413.
Bay: Bathurst to Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, 413. Biscay Bay, 434,

439. British contention, 407. British have always exercised jurisdiction

over, 467. British position as to, always the same, 467. Chaleurs Bay, 417,

438. Chesapeake Bay, 411, 438, 447. Delaware, 411, 438. Hudson Bay,

439, 444. In a class by themselves as to jurisdiction, 466. In treaty of
1783 includes all bays, 411. Kent, p. 97, 416. Miramichi Bay, 438. Not
defined, Adams to American commissioners, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap., 84,
414; Adams to Russell, 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 163, and May 3, 1822, B. C.
C. Ap., 161, 413. "Of His Majesty's dominions" is purely geographical
expression, 418. Spezia Bay, 439. Treaty of 1794, B. C. Ap., 23, 412.
United States contention as to, 17-18, 407. Wheaton, 417. See Maritime
jurisdiction.

Bays on Nova Scotia coast, 408-9.

Behring Sea case, British position, maritime jurisdiction, 457.

Biscay, Bay of, 434, 439.

Bishop, sec. 105, maritime jurisdiction, 438.

Blackburn's opinion in Conception Bay case, 415.

Bluntschli, tec. S09, maritime jurisdiction, 444.

Bonfils, 299, maritime jurisdiction, 455.

British contention, 407.

British have always exercised jurisdiction over bays, 467.

British position as to bays always same, 467.

Burlamaqui, vol. S, ch. 8, art. IX, maritime jurisdiction, 425.

Bynkershoek, ch. 2, maritime jurisdiction, 425.

Calvo, T., sees. 353, 355, 356, 357, 367, maritime jurisdiction, 450.

Cape Breton, 409.

De Casaregis, maritime jurisdiction, 425.

Cases cited: "Alleganean," 4 Moore's Int. Arb. 4333, 447. Conception
Bay case, L. R. 2 App. Cases (1877) 394, 415. Moray Firth, 1906, 457-9.
Queen v. Cunningham, Bell's Crown Cases Reserved 72, maritime jurisdic-
tion, 434-437. Queen v. Keyn, L. R. (1876) 2d Ex. Div. 63, maritime
jurisdiction, 440.

Cauchy, maritime jurisdiction, 437.

Chaleurs Bay: 417, 438. Lyman, 2:100, 417.

Channel, St. George's, 444.

Chesapeake Bay, 411, 438, 449.

Chitty, maritime jurisdiction, 430.

Conception Bay case, L. R. 2 App. Cases (1877) 394, 415.

Continental Congress: Committee report, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 29, 3-league
limit, 410. Resolution of, 1779, B. C. C. Ap., 20, 3 league limit, 410.

Commissioner's instructions regarding commercial treaty with Great Britain,
1779, B. C. C. Ap., 23, 3-league limit, 410.

Cunningham, Queen v., Bell's Crown Cases Reserved, 72, maritime jurisdic-
tion, 434-437.

de Cussy, 1856, 1:91, 97, sec. 41, maritime jurisdiction, 433.

Dana's argument, 1877, Halifax arbitration, maritime jurisdiction, 443.

Delaware Bay: 411, 438. Wheaton, 417.

Despagnet, sec. 418, maritime jurisdiction, 451.

2452 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Finlay, Right Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne— Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Farnham, p. 25, maritime jurisdiction, 454.

Field, p. 15, maritime jurisdiction, 440.

Fiore, T., maritime jurisdiction, 438-9.

FITZPATRICK: right of Americans to enter bays, 422.

France, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Fuca Straits and Oregon boundary arbitration: maritime jurisdiction, 455;
treaty providing for, 1846, B. C. Ap., 32, 455.

Galiani, maritime jurisdiction, 426-7.

Godey, maritime jurisdiction, 452.

Great Britain, treaties -of. See Treaties cited.

Grotius, Bk. 2, ch. S, sec. 7, 8, maritime jurisdiction, 424.

Gulf of Mexico, 444.

Gulf of St. Lawrence, 409.

Halifax arbitration, 1877: Dana's argument, maritime jurisdiction, 443.

Hall, p. 154, maritime jurisdiction, 454.

Halleck, 1:67, 191, maritime jurisdiction, 441, 454.

Hautefeuille, 1:57, maritime jurisdiction, 434.

Hecate Straits case, maritime jurisdiction, 464-6.

Holtzendorff, 2:458, maritime jurisdiction, 450.

Hudson Bay, 439, 444.

Imbart-Latour, ch. 1, sec. S, ch. 2, sec. 3, maritime jurisdiction, 450.

Institut de Droit International, 1894, 1895, maritime jurisdiction, 452.

International law writers cited: Azuni, 1:205,429. Bishop, sec. 105, maritime
jurisdiction, 438. Blackburn's opinion in Conception Bay case, 415.
Bluntschli, sec 309, maritime jurisdicton, 444. Bonfils, 299, maritime juris-
diction, 455. Burlamaqui. vol.3,ch. 8, art. IX, maritime jurisdiction, 425;
Bynkerehoek, ch. 2, maritime jurisdiction, 425. Calvo, T. , sees. 353, 355, 356,
357, 367, maritime jurisdiction, 450. De Casaregis, maritime jurisdiction,
425. Cauchy, maritime jurisdiction, 437. Chitty, maritime jurisdiction,
430. de Cussy, 1:91, 97, sec. 41, maritime jurisdiction, -433. Despagnet,
tec. 413, maritime jurisdiction, 451. Farnham, p. 25, maritime jurisdiction,
454. Field, p. 15, maritime jurisdiction, 440. Fiore, T., maritime jurisdic-
tion, 438-9. Galiani, maritime jurisdiction, 426-7. Godey, maritime juris-
diction, 452. Grotius, Bk. 2, ch. 3, sec. 7, 8, maritime jurisdiction, 424. Hall,
p. 154, maritime jurisdiction, 454. Halleck, 1:167, 191, maritime jurisdic-
tion, 441, 454. Hautefeuille, 1:57 maritime jurisdiction, 434. Holtzendorff,
2:468, maritime jurisdiction, 450. Imbart-Latour, ch. 1, sec. 3, ch. 2, sec. 3,
maritime jurisdiction, 450. Kent, maritime jurisdiction, bays, 416-17.
Kluber, sec. ISO, 131, maritime jurisdiction, 430-431. Lapradelle, Revue gen-
erate de droit international public, vol. 5, maritime jurisdiction, 453. Lyman,
t:100, 417. G. F. von Martens, sec. 40, 41, 42, maritime jurisdiction, 428-9.
Masse, maritime jurisdiction, 431-432. Me'rignhac, maritime jurisdiction,
454. Nys, maritime jurisdiction, 453. Oppenheim, 1:2 46, man time jurisdic-
tion, 454. Ortolan, Bk. 2, ch. 8, p. 145, 158, maritime jurisdiction, 437. Perels,
pp. 28, 34, maritime jurisdiction, 446. Phillimore, 1:284, maritime juris-
diction, 442. Puffendorf, Bk. 4, ch. 5, sec. 8, maritime jurisdiction, 424.
Rayneval, sec. 10, maritime jurisdiction, 431. Riquelme, maritime jurisdic-
tion, 433. Rivier, maritime jurisdiction, 452. Schucking, maritime juris-
diction, 452. Taylor, sec. 229, maritime jurisdiction, 453. Twiss, p. 293 et
$eq., maritime jurisdiction, 445. Vattel, sec. 289, 291, 294, maritime juris-
diction, 425. Westlake, maritime jurisdiction, 454. Wharton, 267, mari-
time jurisdiction, 449. Wheaton, "Bays," King's Chambers, Delaware
Bay, 417. Woolsey, sec. 60, maritime jurisdiction, 450.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2453

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Jeffreys' map, 408.

Jurisdiction act of 1878, territorial waters, 441-2.

Jurisdiction, summary of statutes showing exercise of, 468.

Kent: "bays, "416; maritime jurisdiction, 416-17.

Keyn, Queen v., L. R. 1876, 2 Ex. Div. 63, maritime jurisdiction, 440.

King's Chambers, Wheaton, 417.

Kltiber, sec. 130, 131, maritime jurisdiction, 430-431.

Lapradelle, Revue generale de droit international public, vol. 5, maritime
jurisdiction, 453.

Lyman, 2 : 100, Bay of Chaleur, 417.

Maps, Mitchell's, Jeffreys', 408.

Maritime jurisdiction: Alaska Boundary arbitration: British position, 460^-
464; not inconsistent with present position, 464. " Alleganean," case of, 4
Moore's Int. Arb., 4S3S, 447. Bathurst to Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap.,
64, 413. British position, Behring Sea case, 457. Dana's argument, 1877,
Halifax arbitration, 443. Definition prior to 1818: Azuni, 1:205, 429;
Burlamaqui, vol. 3, ch. 8, art. IX, 425; Bynkershoek, ch. 2, 425; De
Casaregis, 425; Galiani, 426-7; Grotius, Bk. 2, ch. 3, sees. 7, 8, 424; G. F.
von Martens, sees. 40, 42, 41, 428-9; Puffendorf, Bk. 4, ch. 5, sec. 8, 424;
Vattel, sec. 289, 291, 294, 425-6. Definition since 1818: Bishop, sec. 105,
438; Bluntschli, sec. 309, 444; Bonfils, 299, 455; Calvo, sees. 353, 355,
S56, 357, 367, 450; Cauchy, 437; Chitty, 430; de Cussy, 1:91, 97, sec. 41,
433; Despagnet, sec. 413, 451; Farnham, p. 25, 454; Field, p. 15, 440;
Fiore, 438-9; Godey, 452; Hall, 154, 454; Halleck, 1:167, 191, 441, 454;
Hautefeuille, 1:57, 434; Holtzendorff, 2:468, 450; Imbart-Latour, ch. 1,
sec. 3, ch. 2, sec. 3, 450; Kliiber, sees. 130, 131, 430-431; Lapradelle, Revue
generale de droit international public, vol. 5, 453 ; Masse, 431-432 ; Me'rignhac,
454; Nys, 453; Oppenheim, 1:246, 454; Ortolan, Bk. 2, ch. 8, p. 145, 158,
437; Perels, pp. 28, 34, 446; Phillimore, 1:284, 442; Rayneval, sec. 10,
431; Riquelme, 433; Rivier, 452; Schucking, 452; Taylor, sec. 229, 453;
Twiss, 293 et seq., 445; Westlake, 454; Wharton, 267, 449; Woolsey, sec.
60, 450. Encyclopedia of the Laws of England, 455. Institut de Droit
International, 1894, 1895, 452. Hecate Straits case, 464-6. Kent, 416-17;
Moray Firth case, 1906, 457-9. Oregon Boundary and Fuca Straits Arbi-
tration, 455. Treaty providing for, B. C. Ap., 32, 455. Queen v. Cunning-
ham, Bell's Crown Cases Reserved, 72, 434^37. Queen v. Keyn, L. R. 1876,
2 Ex. Div. 63, 440.

G. F. von Martens, sees. 40, 42, 41, maritime jurisdiction, 428-9.

Masse", maritime jurisdiction, 431-432.

Me'rignhac, maritime jurisdiction, 454.

Mexico, Gulf of, 444.

Miramichi Bay, 438.

Mitchell's map, 408.

Moray Firth case, 1906, 457-9; does not affect present question, 459.

Nova Scotia coasts, bays on, 408-9.

Nys, maritime jurisdiction, 453.

Oppenheim, 1:246, maritime jurisdiction, 454.

Oregon Boundary and Fuca Straits Arbitration : maritime jurisdiction, 455;
treaty providing for, 1846, B. C. Ap., 82, 455.

Ortolan, Bk. 2, ch. 8, p. 145, 158, maritime jurisdiction, 437.

Paris. See Treaties cited.

Perele, pp. 28, 34, maritime jurisdiction, 446.

2454 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Finlay, Bight Honorable Sir Robert Bannatyne — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Phillimore, 1:284, maritime jurisdiction, 442.

Puffendorf, Bk. 4, ch. 5, sec. 8, maritime jurisdiction, 424.

Queen v. Cunningham, Bell's Crown Cases Reserved, 72, maritime jurisdic-
tion, 434-437.

Queen v. Keyn, L. R. 2 Ex. Div. 6S (1876), maritime jurisdiction, 440.

Rayneval, sec. 10, maritime jurisdiction, 431.

Right of Americans to enter bays, FITZPATRICK, 422.

Riquclme, maritime jurisdiction, 433.

Rivier, maritime jurisdiction, 452.

Russell, Adams to, 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 16S, and May 3, 1822, B. C. C. Ap.,
161, "bays" not defined, 413.

St. George's Channel, 444.

St. Lawrence, Gulf of, 409.

Schucking, maritime jurisdiction, 452.

Seward's speech, 1852, six-mile bays, 423.

"Sight test" of maritime jurisdiction, Bishop, sec. 105, 438.

Six-mile bays: Argument of United States as to, 419-422. Seward'e speech,
1852, 423. Theory not sanctioned by international law, 423.

Spain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Spezia, Bay of, 439.

Statutes cited: Imperial: Territorial waters jurisdiction act of 1878,441-2.

Summary of statutes showing exercise of jurisdiction, 468.

Taylor, sec. 229, maritime jurisdiction, 453.

Territorial waters jurisdiction act of 1878, 441-2.

Three-league limit: Commissioner's instructions regarding commercial treaty
with Great Britain, 1779, B. C. C. Ap., 23, 410. Continental Congress, com-
mittee report, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 29, 410. Resolution of Continental Con-
gress, 1779, B. C. C. Ap., 20, 410.

Three-mile limit: Bathurst to Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, B, C. Ap., 64, 413. Certain
as to general coast-line, 466.

Treaties cited: Utrecht, 1713, Great Britain-France, fishing off Nova Scotia,
B. C. Ap., 6, bays, 409. 1763, Great Britain-France-Spain, B. C. Ap., 7,
varying jurisdictional limits off shore of Gulf of St. Lawrence, Nova
Scotia, Cape Breton, 409-10. 1794, Great Britain-United States, B. C.
Ap., 2S, bays, 412.

Twiss, p. 29S et seq., maritime jurisdiction, 445.

United States, contention as to bays, 17-18, 407.

United States, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Utrecht, Treaty of. See Treaties cited.

Vattel, sees. 289, 291, 294, maritime jurisdiction, 425-6.

Westlake, maritime jurisdiction, 454.

Wharton, 267, maritime jurisdiction, 449.

Wheaton, "bays," King's Chambers, Delaware Bay, 417.

Wooleey, sec. 60, maritime jurisdiction, 450.
Question 6, pp. 20-21, 469. (June 6, 17, 1910.)

Bays not included in liberty of fishing on treaty coast, 469.

"Liberty" of fishing on treaty coast does not include bays, 469.

Treaty coast, bays not included in liberty of fishing on, 469.

Question 7, pp. 21-23, 469-471. (June 6, 17, 1910.)
Commercial privileges, 470.
United States seeks to change question, 469.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2455

Bobson, Sir William Snowden.

Question 1, pp. 1593-1722. (July 25, 26, 28, 1910.)

Adams, Bathurst to, Oct. 30, 1815, B. C. Ap., 71, "in common," 1648.

Adams, Rush to, Aug. 12, 1824, U. S. C. C., Ap. 122, "in common,"
Franco-American controversy, 1718.

Adams, Gallatin to, Nov. 6, 1818, B. C. Ap., 97, servitudes, 1659.

Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25, 1815, J?. C. Ap., 67: "in common," 1646; regu-
lation, 1626.

Adams to Rush, June 27, 1823, B. C. Ap., 108, French fishery rights, 1632.

Adams to Russell, May 3, 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 162, fisheries before 1783, 1612.

Alexander, Captain, value of services, 1681.

American contention on divided sovereignty, servitudes, stated and discussed,
1594; based on grant and joint ownership, 1595.

American, Franco-, dispute of, 1821-3, 1629-31.

American independence, effect of, 1624.

Americans abandoned claim to joint sovereignty, 1596.

Bagot, Castlereagh to, Mar. 22, 1817, B. C. C. Ap., 177, servitudes, 1659.

Bagot to Monroe, Nov. 27, 1816, B. C. Ap., 77, regulation, 1627.

Baird's report, Dec. 6, 1852, B. C. C. Ap., 181, regulations necessary, 1605.

Bathurst, Adams to, Sept. 25, 1815, B. C. Ap., 67: "in common," 1646;
regulation, 1626.

Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 30, 1815, B. C. Ap., 71, "in common," 1648.

Bond's attitude, Sir Robert, 1598-1601.

Canadian acts complained of by United States, 1681.

Canning, Rush to, May 3, 1824, B. C. Ap., 110, title of United States to
take fish, 1632.

Cardwell's letter, Apr. 12, 1866, B. C. Ap., 221, "in common," 1644.

Castlereagh to Bagot, Mar. 22, 1817, B. C. C. Ap., 177, servitudes, 1659.

Chateaubriand, Gallatin to, Apr. 2, 1823, B. C. Ap., 105, reply to French con-
tentions, 1630.

Clauss, competency as authority, 1708-9.

Colombia-United States, treaty of 1909, servitudes, B. C. C. Ap., 3, 207, 1661.

"Common fishery" v. "common of fishery," 1646-7.

"Common sea:" 1607; Derby on, 1608.

Custom in servitudes, 1666, 1668-9, 1682, 1683, 1709.

Dawson, Urrutia to, Mar. 15, 1909, B. C. C. Ap., 207, United States-Columbia
treaty, servitudes, 1662.

Dawson to Urrutia, Mar. 23, 1909, B. C. C. Ap., 207, United States-Columbia
treaty, servitudes, 1662.

Definition of servitude, 1663.

Derby on "common sea," 1608.

Dominium: 1678; DRAGO, 1676; FITZPATRICK, 1676, 1677; LAMMASCH, 1676-7;
LOHMAN, 1676.

DRAGO: Dominium, imperium, 1676. Effect of servitudes on sovereignty,
1674. Public and private property of state, 1679. Servitudes, French law,
1673.

Economic servitudes, 1655-6.

English writers do not mention servitudes prior to 1818, 1694-5.

Evarts to Welsh: Sept. 27, 1878, 0. A. Ap., 2280, Halifax award, 1652-3.
Sept. 28, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 656-7, Fortune Bay, 1651-2.

Eviction of United States, FITZPATRICK, 1635.

"Exclusive" fishery of France, 1718-20.

"Exclusive right," LAMMASCH, 1719.

Executive acts complained of by United States, 1681, 1721.

2456 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Hobaon, Sir William. Snowden — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Fish, Thornton to, June 3, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 597, colonial regulations, 1645.

Fisheries before 1783, 1609-1615; after 1783, 1615-1622.

Fishery, common, 1646.

FITZPATRICK: Dominium, imperium, 1676, 1677. Eviction of United States,
1635. "In common," 1649. Law of the case, 1714. Limitation of exercise
of sovereignty, 1688. Regulation involves legislation, 1691. Servitudes
between private individuals, 1669.
• "Forever:" 1717-18. LAMMASCH, 1717.

Fortune Bay, Evarte to Welsh, Sept. 28, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 656-7, 1651-2.

France, "exclusive" fishery of, 1718-20.

"Franchise" defined, 1640.

Franco-American dispute of 1821-3: 1629-31. "In common," Rush toAdams,
Aug. 12, 1824, U. S. C. C. Ap., 122, 1718.

French fishery right: Adams to Rush, June 27. 1823, B. C.Ap.,108, 1632;
west and south coast, 1607.

French regulations, LAMMASCH, 1622.

Fur Seal Arbitration, Hanford's opinion, "in common," Proceedings, II; 124,
1648-9.

Gallatin, Rush to, B. C. Ap., 102, Oct. 10, 1822, sole sovereignty of Great
Britain, 1630.

Gallatin to Adams, Nov. 6, 1818, B. C. Ap., 97, "servitudes," 1659.

Gallatin to Chateaubriand, Apr. 2, 1823, B. C., Ap., 105, reply to French
contentions, 1630.

Ghent, negotiations of 1814 at, 1626-7.

Goode's report, destructive fishing, 1605.

"Grampus," 1721.

GEAY: Limitation on sovereignty, 1688. Position of United States on servi-
tudes, 1672. Servitude dependent on contract, 1667. Title of United States
to take fish, 1633. Transfer of sovereignty, 1684.

Great Britain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Halifax award: Evarts to Welsh, Sept. 27, 1878, 0. A. Ap., 2280, 1652-53.
Payment of, 1650-54.

Halifax Commission, Trescot on servitudes, B. C. C. Ap., 187, 1660-61.

Hanford's opinion as to "in common," Fur Seal Arbitration, Proceedings t:
124, 1648-49.

Harbor and railway privileges, 1656-7.

Huxley's report discussed, 1603.

Imperium: 1678; DRAGO, 1676; FITZPATRICK, 1676-77; LAMMASCH, 1676-7;
LOHMAN, 1676.

"In common:" 1717-18. Adams to Bathuret, Sept. 25, 1815, B. C. Ap., 67,
1646. Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 30, 1815, B. C. A., 71, 1648. FITZPATRICK,
1649. Franco-American controversy, Rush to Adams, Aug. 12, 1824, U. S.
C. C. Ap., 122, 1718. Hanford's opinion, Fur Seal Arbitration, Proceedings
II; 124, 1648-9. Jay's treaty, 1794, 1646. LAMMASCH, 1717. Significance of:
in treaty of 1854, 1644; treaty of 1871, 1644; CardweU's letter, Apr. 12,
1866, B. C. Ap., 221, 1644; Fur Seal Arbitration, Proceedings 2; 124, 1648-9.

Independence, effect of American, 1624.

International law, sanction of, 1712.

International law writers cited as to servitudes: Arrigo, 1711; Bluntschli, 1710,
1711; Bonfils, 1710, 1711; Bulmerincq, 1711; Calvo, 1679, 1710, 1711; Cava-
glieri,1711; Challandes, 1711; Chretien, 1710, 1711; Clauss, 1670, 1693, 1707-8,
Creasy, 1710; Despagnet, 1710, 1711; Diena, 1711; Dresch, 1705; Engelbrecht;

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2457

Robson, Sir William Snowden — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

1703; Fabre" 1711; Fiore, 1711; Flicker, 1711; Gareis, 1710; Gonner,
1704-5; Grotius, 1702; Hall, 1680, 1711; Hartmann, 1710, 1711; Heffter,
1710, 1711; Heilbom, 1710; Hollatz, 1711; Holtzendorff, 1711; Jellinek,
1711; Kluber, 1710, 1711; Von Liszt, 1711; Lomanaco, 1710, 1711; de Louter,
1711; Majer, 1704; Martens, 1669; F. de Martens, 1710; G. F. de Martens,
1710; von Martens, 1706; Merignhac, 1710; Neumann, 1679, 1710; Nys,
1711; Oppenheim, 1636; H. B. Oppenheim, 1678, 1710, 1711; L. Oppenheim,
1711; Phillimore, 1711; Pradier-Fode>e', 1710; Rivier, 1710, 1711; Romer,
1670; Rutter, 1704; Saalfeld, 1705; Schmalz, 1705; Schmelzing, 1705;
Schmidt, 1704, 1711; Twiss, 1711; von Ullman, 1711; Vattel, 1703; Vitri-
arnis, 1703; Wharton, 1711; Wolf, 1706; K. A. Zacharia, 1704; K. Zacharia,
1669.

Interpretation of treaties, Oppenheim, p. 559, 1636.

Jay's treaty, 1794, "in common," 1646.

LAMMASCH: Baird and Huxley reports, 1606. Common agreement on regula-
tions, 1690. "Exclusive right," 1719. "Forever," 1717. French regula-
tions, 1622. Imperium, dominium, 1676-7. "In common," 1717.
Praedium dominans, prsedium serviens, 1695. Title to take fish, 1634.

Law of case, FITZPATRICK, 1714.

Legislative acts complained of by United States, 1681, 1721.

"Liberty" defined, 1637^2.

Limitation of sovereignty, 1715-17, FITZPATRICK, 1688.

LOHMAN, imperium, dominium, 1676.

Lower Canada, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Massachusetts, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Minister of fisheries for Canada, report, 1605.

Monroe, Bagot to, Nov. 27, 1816, B. C. Ap., 77, regulations, 1627.

Newfoundland, acts of, complained of by United States, 1681.

New Brunswick, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Newfoundland, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Nova Scotia, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Oppenheim, p. 559, interpretation of treaties, 1636.

Paris, treaty of, servitudes, 1682.

"Partition of empire," theory abandoned by United States, 1596-7.

Permanence as element of servitude, 1701-2.

Personal servitudes in Roman law, 1696-1701.

Praedial servitudes in Roman law, 1696-1701.

Praedium dominans: 1698-1701. LAMMASCH, 1695.

Prsedium serviens, LAMMASCH, 1695.

Property of state, public and private, DRAGO, 1679.

Reasonableness of British regulations, 1598-1602.

Regulations between years 1611-1783, 1783-1812, and after 1812, list of,
0. A. Ap., 2254, 1618.

Regulations: Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25, 1815, B. C. Ap., 67, 1626. After
1783,1619. Always existed, 1622. American claim to take part in, 1597 et
Beq. Bagot to Monroe, Nov. 27, 1816, B. C. Ap., 77, 1627. Colonial,
Thornton to Fish, June 3, 1870, U. S. C. Ap. 597, 1645. Common agree-
ment on, LAMMASCH, 1690. French, LAMMASCH, 1622. Great Britain will
make reasonable, 1711-1715. Involve legislation, FITZPATRICK, 1691.
Necessary, Baird's report, Dec. 6, 1852, B. C. C. Ap., 181, 1605. Neces-
sity for reasonable, 1600 et seq. Prior to 1783, 1614-1619.
92909°— VOL 12—13- — 15

2458 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Robson, Sir William Snowden — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

"Right" defined, 1637-42.

Rights of United States, antecedent, 1608-14, 1623.

Root cited as willing to cooperate in regulation, 1602.

Root submits list of acts of Newfoundland complained of by United States,
1681.

Rush, Adams to, June 27, 1823, B. C. Ap., 108, French fishery rights, 1632.

Rush to Adams, Aug. 12, 1824, V. S. C. C. Ap. 122, Franco-American con-
troversy, "in common," 1718.

Rush to Canning, May 3, 1824, B. C. Ap., 110, title of United States to take
fish, 1632.

Rush to Gallatin, Oct. 10, 1822, B. C. Ap., 102, sole sovereignty of Great
Britain, 1630.

Russell, Adams to, May 3, 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 162, fisheries before 1783,
1612.

Russell, negotiations at Ghent, B. C. C. Ap., 154, 1614.

Servitudes: As international law, 1664. Authors not unanimous on servi-
tudes: (1) Servitude a real restriction on sovereignty, 1710; (2) servitude a
real restriction on territorial sovereignty: (a) restriction on powers of state
within its territory, 1710, (6) restriction on powers of state over land form-
ing its territory, 1710-11; (3) servitude is a misleading conception, 1711;
(4) servitude is permanent, 1711; (5) servitude is for a term, 1711. Between
private individuals, FITZPATRICK, 1669. Castlereagh to Bagot, Mar. 22, 181 7,
B. C. C.Ap., 177,1659. Claim of United States, 1655. Clauss, 1670, 1693.
Custom, 1666, 1668-9, 1682, 1683, 1709. Definition, 1663, 1693-6. Depend-
ent upon contract, GRAY, 1667. Divided sovereignty, American contention,
1592-9. Dominium and imperium, 1678. Economic, 1655-6. Effect on sov-
ereignty, DRAOO, 1674. English writersdid not mention before 1818, 1694-5.
Fiore, 1679. French law, DRAQO, 1673. Gallatin to Adams, Nov. 6, 1818,
B. C. Ap., 97, 1659. Hall, 1680. Harbor and railway privileges, 1656-7.
Ill adapted to international law, 1693. Knowledge thereof by negotiators in
1818, 1659. More than a limitation of sovereignty, United States argument,
1664. Neumann, 1679. H. B. Oppenheim, 1678. Permanence, 1701;
Right of fishing is a servitude, United States argument, 1665. Roman law,
1695-1701. State as juristic personality and as sovereign entity, 1672-6.
Text writers: Grotius, 1702; Vattel, 1703; Rutter, 1704; Gonner, 1704-5;
Schmelzing, 1706. Transfer of sovereignty, 1684-5. Treaty governs, 1670.
Treaty of 1854, 1701 . Treaty of Paris, 1682. Trescot at Halifax Commission,
B. C. C. Ap., 187, 1660-1. Turner's definition, 1699-1700. Unknown in
1818, 1706-7. United States asks more than mere limitation of sovereignty,
1686-92. United States-Colombia, treaty, 1661-2. United States position.
GRAY, 1672. Universally known at time of treaty of 1818, United States
argument, 1664. Urrutia-Dawson, Mar. 15, 23, 1909, B. C. C. Ap., 206,
United States-Colombia treaty, 1662.

Sovereignty: Divided, 1594. Effect of servitudes on, DRAOO, 1674. Joint,
1596. Limitation of exercise of, FITZPATRICK, 1688. Limitation of United
States position, 1686-92. Limitation on, GRAY, 1688. Of Great Britain
under treaty of 1818, 1625. Partition of empire theory, 1596-7. Scope of
limitation, 1715-17. Servitude a real restriction on, 1710. Sole, 1630.
State as juristic personality and sovereign entity, 1672-6. Transfer of,
1684-5. Transfer of, GRAY, 1684.

Special Agreement of 1909, art. 4, 1600-1.

State as juristic personality and sovereign entity, 1672-6.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2459

Robson, Sir William Snowden — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Statutes cited: Lower Canada: Acts of 1785, 1786, 1788, 1807, regulations, 1619.
Massachusetts: Charter, 1691, regulations, 1609; act of 1692, regulations, 1610.
New Brunswick: 1793, regulations, 1619; Newfoundland (regarding): 1653,
regulations, 1618; 1660, regulations, 1618; 1670, regulations, 1618; 1699,
right to fish, 1610, regulations, 1618; 1775, right to fish, 1610; 1786, regu-
lations, 1618; 1824, regulations, 1620; 1838, regulations, 1620; 1862, regula-
1620. Nova Scotia: 1665, license, 1611; 1786, regulations, 1619.

Thornton to Fish, June 3, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 597, colonial regulations, 1645.

Title of United States to take fish: GRAY, 1633; LAMMASCH, 1634; Rush
to Canning, May 3, 1824, B. C. Ap., 110, 1632.

Trescot before Halifax Commission, servitudes, B. C. C. Ap., 187, 1660-1.

Treaties cited: Jay treaty, 1794, Great Britain-United States, "in common"
1646; Special Agreement of Jan. 27, 1909, art. 4, 1600-1; United States-
Colombia, 1909, servitude, B. C. C. Ap., S, 207, 1661; of 1818, Great
Britain-United States, 1625; of 1854, Great Britain-United States, "in
common," 1644; of 1854, Great Britain-United States, "servitude," 1701;
of 1871, Great Britain-United States, "in common," 1644.

Turner cited to show United States position, 1596-7.

Turner's definition of servitude, 1700.

United States: Antecedent rights of, 1608-14, 1623. Claim under question
1 based on servitudes, 1655. Colombia and, treaty of 1909, servitude, B.C.C.
Ap., 3, 207, 1.661. Position on limitation of sovereignty, 1686-92. Proposal
of, negotiations of 1814, nature of right, Nov. 30, 1814, 1628. See Treaties
cited.

Urrutia, Dawsonto, B. C. C. Ap., 207, Mar. 23, 1909, United States-Colombia
treaty, servitude, 1662.

Urrutia to Dawson, Mar. 15, 1909, B. C. C. Ap., 207, United States-Colombia
treaty, servitude, 1662.

Welsh, Evarts to: Sept. 27, 1878, 0. A. Ap., 2280, Halifax award, 1652-3.

Sept. 28, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 656-7, Fortune Bay, 1651-2.
Question 2, pp. 1722-68, 1925-6 (July 28, Aug. 2, 1910).

Adams, John Quincy: argument for treaty rights, 1725-6; humane and eco-
nomic grounds for 1818 treaty rights, 1853.

Agents, question of employing, 1765.

Aliens: British statutes regarding, 1743. Discrimination against United States
employment of, FITZPATRICK, 1766-7, 1925-6. Every nation has right t»
exclude, 1723. General and special prohibition against, LAMMASCH, 1761.
In crews, LOHMAN, 1731. Legislation of United States against, 1756. May
Newfoundland employ, 1925-6. See Statutes cited.

American position in 1905-6, 1757-9.

Burge, 1729.

Cases cited: Duchess of Norfolk's case, Year Book Henry VII, 1724. Wickham
v. Hawker, 7 M . & W. Ex Rep. 6S, 1724.

Citizen, subject, inhabitant, GRAY, 1736.

Crews: British must be three-fourths English, 1743; foreigners in, LOHMAN,
1731.

Droit de renvoi, Halleck, p. 493, 1728, 1762.

Duchess of Norfolk's case, Year Book Henry VII, 1724.

Economic grounds for treaty rights in 1818: 1725-7. Adams, letter of (1815),
Year Book Henry VII, 1753. Do not apply to islands, 1727.

Elder, British statutes on employment of aliens, 1743.

2460 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Robson, Sir William Snowden — Continued.
Question £ — Continued.

FITZPATRICK: discrimination against United States, employment of aliens,

1766-7, 1925-6.

GRAY: inhabitant, citizen, subject, 1736.
Great Britain, statutes of. See Statutes cited, Imperial.
Great Britain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.
Grey, Sir Edward, view in 1905, 1742.
Halleck, p. 393, droit de renvoi, 1728, 1762.
Hawker, Wickham v., 7 M. & W. Ex. Rep., 63, 1724.

Humane grounds for 1818 treaty rights: 1725-7. Adams, letter of 1815, 1753.
Inhabitancy, true test under treaty, 1741.
Inhabitant, citizen, subject, GRAY, 1736.
Inhabitants of United States, effect of increase in, 1754.
International law writers cited: Burge, 1729. Halleck, 1728, 1762.
Jurisdiction of Newfoundland over its citizens, 1760-1.
LAMMASCH: General and special prohibition against foreigners, 1761. Intent

of treaty, 1740.

Legislation of United States against aliens, 1756.
LOHMAN: Foreigners in crews, 1731. Right under treaty, character of, 1729,

1737.

Newfoundland has jurisdiction over noncitizens, 1760-1.
Newfoundlanders, employment of aliens by, 1925-6.
Noninhabitants: British crews must be three-fourths English, 1743. Right

to employ on United States vessel, 1722-68, 1925-6. Rights of: Im-
perial Statute 1819, sec. 2, B. C. Ap., 565, 1732; Imperial Statute 1824,

sec. 2, B. C. Ap., 567, 1733.
Nursery for seamen, fisheries as, 1731-2.
Political situation in 1818, 1731-5, 1737-9.
Renvoi, droit de, Halleck, p. 493, 1728, 1762.
Right to fish not synonymous with right to trade, 1734.
Root's position in 1905-6, 1757-8.
Sovereignty, 1766.
Statutes cited: Imperial: 1660, B. C. Ap.,514, crews, 1744; 1699, B. C. Ap.,

52.5, aliens, 1745; 1775, B. C. Ap., 544, aliens, 1751; 1819, sec. 2, B. C. Ap.,

565, aliens, 1732, 1749, 1752; 1824, sec. 2, B. C. Ap., 567, aliens, 1733, 1749.
Subject, citizen, inhabitant, GRAY, 1736.
Tariff, United States regulations against Newfoundland, 1756.
Trade, right to, not synonymous with right to fish, 1734.
Treaties cited: 1818, Great Britain-United States, inhabitanta, 1723; 1854,

Great Britain-United States, B. C. Ap., 36, inhabitants, fishermen, 1742;

1871, Great Britain-United States, B. C. Ap., 39, inhabitanta, fishermen,

1742.

Treaty rights, nature of, LOHMAN, 1729, 1737.
United States, treaties of. See Treaties cited.
Vessels and men distinguished, 1758-9.
Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M . de W. Ex. Rep., 63, 1724.
Questions 3 and 4, pp. 1768-1800. (July 28, 29, 1910.)

Anchorage dues: protest against by Americans, 1781; statutes, 1790, Nova

Scotia B. C. C. Ap., 171, 173, 1780.
Annapolis lighthouse (Nova Scotia) light dues levied in 1803, 1809, and

1812 ,1780.

Bannerman, Norton to, Oct. 28, 1852, B. C. Ap., 198, light dues, 1781.
Bay of Islands: case of the Columbia, 1790-3; customhouses therein, 1793.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2461

Robson, Sir William Snowden — Continued.
Questions 3 and 4 — Continued.

Boston harbor, light dues in 1715, 1778.

Bounty, question of in this case, 1784.

Canso, gut of, American first protest against fees in 1806, 1780; Sabine'e re-
port, heavy dues in 1852, 1781.

Cases cited: "Columbia," U. S. C. C. Ap., 632, 1790-3.

Clearance not necessary so far as Newfoundland is concerned, 1797-8.

Columbia, case of, U. S. C. C. Ap., 632, 1790-3.

Customs dues, list of statutes, 0. A. Ap., 2276, 1777. See Customs Reports.

Customs laws should be executed with least possible inconvenience to fish-
ing vessels, 1771.

Customs reports: Great Britain did not require when customhouse not con-
venient, 1793. Necessity of, Sabine, U.S. C. Ap.,1186, Manning,^. C.Ap.,
372, 1794. Report and entry synonymous, 1796. Statutes: Imperial: act
of 1661, 1787; act of 1763, 1788; act of 1767, 1788; act of 1775, 1789. New
Brunswick: Act of 1807, 1790. Nova Scotia: act of 1769, 1789. Prince
Edward Island: Act of 1775, 1789. United States: act of 1789, 1790.

Distress, element of difference between questions 3 and 4, LAMMASCH, 1785.

Entry and report practically synonymous, 1796.

Fishing vessels, exemption from dues, 1783.

Great Britain, statutes of, See Statutes cited.

"Hovering" conducive to smuggling, 1770.

"Hovering" laws: Imperial: 1763, B. C. Ap., 531, 1788.

"In common:" light dues, Newfoundland statute, 1834, B. C. C. Ap., 695,
LAMMASCH, 1782-3; Newfoundland act of 1899, B. C. Ap., 754, 1784.

International law writers cited: right to charge light dues: Azuni, 1773;
Grotius, 1771; Vattel, 1772.

Interpretation of treaties, rights under trading or fishing treaty, 1769.

LAMMASCH: Difference between questions 3 and 4, 1785; discrimination in
Newfoundland act, 1834, 1782-3.

Light dues: Azuni, 1773. Based on security of navigation, 1773. Grotius,
1771. Gut of Canso in 1806, 1780. Modus vivendi of 1907, 1785. Norton
to Bannerman, Oct. 28, 1852, B. C. Ap., 198, light dues, 1781. Statement
of statutes, 0. A. Ap., 2276, 1777. Statutes: Imperial: act of 1661, 1777;
act of 1834, 1782; act of 1899, 1784. Massachusetts: acts of 1715, 1751, and
1770-1, 1778. New Brunswick: act of 1810, 1780. Newfoundland: acts of
1834, 1835, 1839, and 1852, 1782-4. Nova Scotia: acts of 1803, 1809, and
1812, 1780; acts of 1759, 1787, 1793, and 1795, 1778-9. United States: act
of 1804, 1780. Vattel, 1772.

Macgregor: "Progress of America," smuggling, 1794.

Manning's report on necessity. of customs reports, B. C. Ap., 372, 1794.

Massachusetts, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Miramichi Bay: light dues 1810, 1780; Sabine's report, complaint against
anchorage dues, 1852, 1781.

Modus vivendi, 1907, 1785.

New Brunswick, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Newfoundland, conditions in 1818, 1798.

Newfoundland, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Nontreaty -coasts in question 4, 1768.

Norton to Bannerman, Oct. 28, 1852, B. C. Ap., 198, light dues, 1781.

Nova Scotia, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Regulations. See Customs reports, Light dues.

Report and entry synonymous, 1796.

2462 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Bobson, Sir William Snowden — Continued.
Qurstwns S and 4 — Continued.

Right of fishing must be exercised according to laws of fiscal defense, 1769.
Sabine's report: complaint against anchorage dues in Miramirhi and Canso

light dues, U. S. C. Ap., 1976, 1781; necessity of customs reports, U. S. C.

Ap., 1186, 1794.

St. John's Harbor (New Brunswick) light dues, 1780.
Sambro Island lighthouse (Nova Scotia), 1778.
Senate committee report, 1887, rights American seamen, payment of dues,

1782.

Shelburne Harbor (Nova Scotia) light dues, 1787, 1779.
Smuggling: avoided by British project, Oct. 6, 1818, B. C. Ap., 89, 1799;

hovering assists, 1770; regulations should prevent, 1774-5; Macgregor in

" Progress of America," 1794,
Statutes cited: Imperial: 1661, light dues, 1777, customs reports and dues,

1787; 1763, customs reports and dues, 1788; 1834, light dues, 1782; 1767,

customs reports and dues, 1788; 1775, customs reports and dues, 1789; 1899,

light dues, 1784. Massachusetts: 1715, 1751, 1770-1, light dues, 1778. New

Brunswick: 1810, light dues, 1780; 1807, customs reports and dues, 1790.

Newfoundland: 1834, 1835, 1839, 1852, light dues 1782-4. Nova Scotia:

1759, 1787, 1793, 1795, light dues, 1778-9; 1769, customs reports and dues,

1789; 1790, anchorage dues, 1780; 1803, 1809, 1812; light dues, 1780.

Prince Edward Island: 1775, customs reports and dues, 1789. United

States: 1804, light dues, 1780, 1789, 1790; customs reports and dues, 1790.
Trading and fishing vessels Under questions 3 and 4, 1770.
Thatchers Island lighthouse (Mass.) light dues, 1770-1, 1778.
Treaty coasts, question 3 and, 1768.

Turner's contention that fishing vessels exempt from light dues, 1783.
Turner's reference to smuggling provision of British project of Oct. 6, 1818,

B. C. Ap., 89, 1799.

United States, treaties of, See Treaties cited.
Question 5. Pp. 1800-1905, 2234-2239. (July 29, Aug. 1, 2, 12, 1910.)

Aberdeen, Everett to, Mar. 25, 1845, B. C. Ap., 142, admission as to bays,

1834.
Adams, instructions to United States Commissioners, July 28, 1818, U. S. C.

Ap., S04, 1879.

Adams, interpretation of "bays" in treaty of 1818, 1893.
Adams, President, testimony of, regarding use of Mitchell's Map in 1783, 1901.
Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, maritime jurisdiction, 1872-4.
"Admitted to enter," 1880.
Auckland and Holland to Howick, Nov. 14, 1806, S. C. Ap., 61, maritime

jurisdiction, 2237.
Azuni, bays, 1825.
Bagot to Monroe, Nov. 27, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 291, maritime jurisdiction,

1877.

"Bait" omitted in renunciatory clause, 1880.
Baker, Bathurst to, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, bays, maritime jurisdiction,

1870-1.

Baker to Castlereagh, Nov. 28, 1815, 0. A. Ap., 2309, Jaseur incident, 1871.
Bank fisheries, 1812.

Bathurst, instructions to Keats, June 17, 1815, B. C. Ap., 63, 1869.
Bathurst, "the usual maritime jurisdiction," 1883.
Bathurst to Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, bays, maritime jurisdiction,

1870-1.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2463

Kobson, Sir William Snowden — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Bathurst to Commissioners at Ghent, Oct. 18, 1814, 0. A. Ap., 2947, jurisdic-
tion, 1865.

Bayard-Chamberlain treaty, 1888 (unratified), B. C. Ap., 42, bays, 1897.

Bays: 2235. American fishing on shores of, under 1783 treaty, LOHMAN,
1830-1. And coasts distinguished prior to 1818, 1852-3. And creeks of " His
Majesty's Dominions," same in 1783 and 1818, 1815. Bathurst to Baker,
Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, 1870-1. Bay of Islands, 1847. Biscay, 1822.
British position that " bays " used geographically in 1818 treaty, B. A. 92,
1069. Buctouche, 1899. Chaleurs, 1813, 1856-7, 1900. Cocagne Bay,
1899. Conception Bay case, 1900. Contention of United States, 6-mile
limit, 1821. Did "coast" include, LOHMAN, 1844, FITZPATRICK, 1815.
Chesapeake, 1813, 1828, 1856-7. Defensibility, 1813. Delaware, 1828,
1851, 1856-7, 1894-5. Delaware Bay incident, 1850-9. Distinguished
from creek, 1848. Everett to Aberdeen, Mar. 25, 1845, B. C. Ap., 142,
1834. Exampled of, 1813. Franco-American controversy, 1821-3, 1889-93.
Hudson, 1818, 1822. In expression "coasts, bays, and creeks," 1846.
Included in "coast" used by British fishermen, LAMMASCH, 1845. Inter-
national law writers cited: Azuni, 1825; Burlamaqui, 1820; Chitty, 1825;
Galiani, 1822; Grotius, 1819; Hiibner, 1821; G. F. von Martens, 1824;
Puffendorf, 1820; Rutherforth, 1820; Vattel, 1820, 1821. Interpretation of
treaties of 1783 and 1818, 1824. Instructions to commissioners, 1782,
1839. Jay's draft, 1838. Jefferson's position, 1793, B. C. Ap., 56-7,
1859-60. Journals of Congress (1779), B. C. C. Ap., 12, 1836. Jurisdiction
over, GRAY, 1866. LOHMAN'S preliminary questions, 1800-1; Robson's
replies, 1802-12, 1822. Maritime jurisdiction, agreement before 1818, 1814.
Miramichi, 1813, 1856-7, 1899, 1900. Most important factor in 1815, 1869.
No right of innocent passage, 1827. North American, in special class, 1 902-3.
Not included in coasts in 1783, 1816. Richibucto Bay, 1899. St.
Georges, 1813, 1847. Treaties cited: 1686, France-Great Britain,
B. C. Ap., 6, 1817; 1778, France-United States, B. C. C. Ap., 3, 1817,
1826; 1713, France-Great Britain, B. C. Ap., 6, 1818-9; 1783, United
States-Great Britain, B. C. Ap., 12, 1814, 1819. Treaty of 1818: Inter-
pretation by Rush, Gallatin, and Adams, 1893; term "bays" not mere et
cetera, 1863^1. Unwillingly renounced by United States in 1818,1831-2.
Used in same sense in 1783 and 1818, 1814. Warren's theory, 1834, 1886-7.

Belligerency, article in treaty of 1818, 2236.

Biscay, Bay of, 1822.

British position that "bays" used geographically in 1818 treaty, B. A. 92,
1069.

Buchanan to Jordan, Jan. 23, 1849, Moore, Dig. 1:705, marginal sea, 1902.

Buctouche bay, 1899.

Burlamaqui, bays, 1820.

Cape Breton, maritime jurisdiction, 1819.

Cases cited: Conception Bay case, L. R. 2 App. Cases (1877) S94, 1900;
Moray Firth, 1904.

Castlereagh, Baker to, Nov. 28, 1815, 0. A. Ap., 2309, Jaseur incident, 1871.

Castlereagh: Correspondence, 1814-16, 0. A. Ap., 224S, 1^64-7, 1876. Defini-
tion of maritime jurisdiction, 1865.

Chaleurs, 1813, 1856-7, 1900.

Chamberlain-Bayard treaty (unratified), 1888, B. C. Ap., 42, bays, 1897.

Chesapeake Bay, 1813, 1828, 1856-7.

Chitty, bays, 1825.

2464 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Robson, Sir William Snowden— Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

"Coast" did not include "bays" in 1783, 1816.

" Coast " includes "bays, FITZPATRICK, 1815;" LOHMAN, 1844.

Coast used by British fishermen, includes bays, LAMMASOH, 1845.

"Coasts, "Jay's draft, 1838.

Coasts and bays distinguished prior to 1818, 1852-3.

"Coasts, bays, and creeks," 1815, 1846.

Coasts, LOHMAN 's preliminary quejtions, 1800-1, Robson 's replies, 1802-12,

1822.

Cocagne bay, 1899.

Conception bay case, L. R. 2 App. Cases (1877) S94, 1900.
Creek distinguished from bay, 1848-9.
"Creeks, coasts, bays, and." 1815, 1846.
Delaware Bay, 1828, 1851, 1856-7, Warren's argument, 1894-5.
Delaware Bay incident, 1850-9, claim of United States, 1858, FITZPATRIOT,

1858.

"Dominions" defined, 1885.

Everett to Lord Aberdeen, Mar. 25, 1845, B. C. Ap., 142, " bays, " 1834.
Fisheries adjacent to land, 1812.
Fisheries twofold in 1783 and 1818, 1812.
Fishery article in treaty of 1818, 2236.

Fishing rights included in territorial rights, LAMMASCH, LOHMAN, 1853.
Fitzmaurice on Moray Firth case, 1903.
FITZPATRICK: Coast included bays in 1783, 1815. Creek distinguished from

bay, 1848. Delaware bay incident, 1858. Landing and drying has nothing

to do with maritime jurisdiction, 1867. "On" applied to "bays" and

"creeks" in treaties of 1783 and 1818, 1830.
"For no other purpose" denied right to fish, 1881.
France, treaties of. See Treaties cited.
Franco-American controversy, 1821-3, 1889-93.
"French coast" opinion of law officers, 1904-5.
French shore difficulty, opinion of law officers, 1904-5.
Galiani, bays, 1822.

Gallatin, interpretation of "bays" in treaty of 1818, 1893.
Gallatin to Monroe, Dec. 25, 1814, renunciation of rights, U. S. C. Ap., 961,

1868.

Gallatin and Rush's report, 1878, 3-mile limit, 1883.

Ghent, commissioners at, Bathurst to, Oct. 18, 1814, 0. A. Ap., £247, juris-
diction, 1865.
GRAY: Creek distinguished from bay, 1848-9; jurisdiction over bays, 1866;

"on any other of the coasts of British North America, " 1877.
Great Britain's position in 1806, 2239.
Great Britain's refusal to treat bays as territorial, 2234.
Great Britain, statutes of. See Statutes cited.
Great Britain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.
Grotius, bays, 1819.
Holland and Auckland to Howick, Nov. 14, 1806, B. C. Ap., 61, maritime

jurisdiction, 2237.
Howick, Auckland and Holland to, Nov. 14, 1806, B. C. Ap.t 61, maritime

jurisdiction, 2237.
Hubrter, bays, 1821.
Hudson Bay, 1818, 1822.
Hudson Straits, 1818.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2465

Kobson, Sir William Snowden — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Impressment, question of 1806, LAMMASCH, 1883.

Innocent passage, no right of, in a bay, 1827.

Instructions of Congress to 1782 commissioners, 1839.

International law writers cited re bays, maritime jurisdiction: Azuni, 1825;
Burlamaqui, 1820; Chitty, 1825; Galiani, 1822; Grotius, 1819; Hiibner,
1821; G. F. von Martens, 1824; Puffendorf, 1820; Rutherforth, 1820;
Vattel, 1820, 1821.

Interpretation of treaties : " All bays ' ' in 1783 and 1818, 1824 . " Bays ' ' treaty
of 1818, 1893. Inconsistency of United States' position, 1834. "On"
applied to "bays" and "creeks" in treaties of 1783 and 1818, FITZPATRICK,
1830.

Islands, Bay of, 1847.

Jaeeur incident: 1870; Baker to Castlereagh, Nov. 28, 1815, 0. A. Ap., 2S09,
1871.

Jay's draft, bays in treaty of 1783, note of, 1838.

Jay's treaty, LAMMASCH, 1852, 1857.-

Jefferson's position re bays and coasts, in 1793, B. C. Ap., 57, 1859.

Jefferys' map not so authoritative as Mitchell's, LAMMASCH, 1888-9.

Jordan, Buchanan to, Jan. 23, 1849, Moore, Dig. 1: 705, marginal sea, 1902.

Jurisdiction, territorial, defined, 1850.

Jurisdiction, Bathurst to commissioners at Ghent, Oct. 18, 1818, 0. A. Ap.t
2247,. 1865.

Keats, Bathurst's instructions to, June 17, 1815, B. C. Ap., 63, 1869.

King's Chambers, 2235.

Labrador coast, 1837.

LAMMASCH: Creek distinguished from bay, 1848-9. Fishing rights in terri-
torial rights, 1853. Impressment in 1806, 1883. Included in coast used
by British fishermen, 1845. Jay'? treaty, art. 25, 1857. Jefferys' map not
BO authoritative as Mitchell's, 1888-9.

"Landing and drying" has nothing to do with maritime jurisdiction, Frrz-
PATRICK, 1867.

LOHMAN: American fishing on shores of bays under treaty of 1783, 1830-1.
' 'Coast' ' includes ' 'bays, " 1844. Fishing rights in territorial rights, 1853.
Preliminary questions on question 5, 1800-1; Robson's replies 1802-12, 1822.

Madison to Monroe, Jan. 5, 1804, B. C. Ap. 58, 1806 negotiations, 1861-2.

Maps: Jefferys', 1888-9; Mitchell's, 1888-9, 1900-2.

Marginal sea, Buchanan to Jordan, Jan. 23, 1849, Moore, Dig. 1: 705, 1902.

Maritime jurisdiction: 1865-6,2236. Agreement before 1818, 1814. Adams to
Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, 1872-4. Auckland and Holland to
Howick, Nov. 14, 1806, B. C. Ap. 61, 2237. Bathurst to Baker, Sept. 7,
1815, B. C. Ap., 64, 1870-1. Bathurst's statement as to usual, 1883-5. Bay
of Biscay, 1822. Bays: Journals o Congress (1779), B. C. C. Ap., 12, 1836;
theory of defensibility, 1813; Cape Breton, 15 leagues around, 1819; claims
to 90 miles from shore, 1817; "coast" did not include "bays" in 1783,
1816; FITZPATRICK: coast included bays in 1783, 1815; Hudson Bay, 1818,
1822; Hudson Straits, 1818; LOHMAN: preliminary questions, 1800-1, Rob-
sons replies, 1802-12, 1822; meant coastal belt in 1818, 2239. Castlereagh'a
definition, 1865. Text writers cited: Azuni, 1825; Burlamaqui, 1820;
Chitty, 1825; Galiani, 1822; Grotius, 1819; Hu:>ner, 1821; G.F. von Mar-
tens, 1824; Puffendorf, 1820; Rutherforth, 1820; Vattel, 1820, 1821. Treaties
cited: 1686, France-Great Britain, B. C. Ap., 6, 1817; 1713, France-Great
Britain, B. C. Ap., 6, 1818-19; 1763, France-Great Britain-Spain, B. C.

2466 NOBTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Robson, Sir William. Snowden — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Ap.,8, 1819, 1828; 1778, France-United States, B. C. C. Ap., S, 1817, 1826;

1794, United States-Great Britain, art. 25, B. C. Ap., 23, 1852; 1783, United

States-Great Britain, B. C. Ap., 12, 1819. Treaty of 1783 construed, 1815

et eeq. Warren criticised, 1829.
Martens, G. F. von, bays, 1824.
Miramichi Bay, 1813, 1856-7, 1899, 1900.
Mitchell's map, LAMMASCH, 1888-9, 1900-2.

Monroe, Adams to, Sept. 19, 1815, B.C. Ap., 64, maritime jurisdiction, 1872-4.
Monroe, Bagotto, Nov. 27, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 291, maritime jurisdiction, 1877.
Monroe, Gallatin to, Dec. 25, 1814, U. S. C. Ap., 261, renunciation of rights,

1868.

Monroe, Madison to, Jan. 5, 1804, B. C. Ap., 58, 1806 negotiations, 1861-2.
Moray Firth, 1904.
Negotiations of 1783, 1839-1844.
Negotiations of 1806: Am. St. Papers, For. Rel., S:8S, 1861. Madison to

Monroe, Jan. 5, 1804, B. C. Ap., 58, 1861-2. United States interpretation

of, 1882.
Negotiations of 1814, B. C. C. Ap., 149, report American Commissioners,

1867-8.

Negotiations of 1818, B. C. Ap., 79, U. S. C. Ap., 304, 311, 1870-81.
New Brunswick, statutes of. See Statutes cited.
North American bays in special class, 1902-3.
Nova Scotia, statutes of. See Statutes cited.
"On" applied to "bays" and "creeks" in treaties of 1783 and 1818, FITZ-

PATRICK, 1830.
Puffendorf, bays, 1820.
Renunciatory clause, bait omitted in, 1880.
Richibucto bay, 1899.

Robson's replies to LOHMAN'S preliminary questions, 1802-12, 1822.
Rush and Gallatin 's report, 1878, 3-mile limit, 1883.
Rush, interpretation of bays in 1818, 1893.
Russell, report of, B. C. C. Ap., 152, sovereignty, 1868.
Rutherforth, bays, 1820.
Sabine's report, Labrador coast, 1837.
St. Georges Bay, 1813, 1847.
Six-mile limit, U. S. contention, 1821.
Sovereignty, Russell's report, B. C. C. Ap., 152, 1868.
Spain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.
Statutes cited: Imperial: 1785 (Chaleurs bay), 1900. New Brunsvnck: 1810,

B. C. Ap., SOS (Miramichi, Buctouche, Richibucto, Cocagne bays), 1899;

1823, B. C. Ap., 607 (Miramichi bay), 1900; 1795, Nova Scotia: B. C. Ap.,

597 (Miramichi bay), 1899.
Territorial jurisdiction defined, 1850.

Three-mile limit, 1800-1905; Rush and Gallatin's report, 1883.
Townshend, proposals in 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 96, 1842.
Treaties cited : France-Great Britain: 1686, B. C. Ap., 6, bays, 1817; 1713, B. C.

Ap., 6, bays, 1818-9. France-Great Britain-Spain: 1763, B. C. Ap., 8,

maritime jurisdiction, 1819, 1828. France-United States: 1778, B. C. C.

Ap., 3, bays, 1817, 1826. United States-Great Britain: 1783, B. C. Ap., 12,

"bays," 1814, 1819, 1824, Americans fishing on shores of bays, LOHMAN,

1830-31, "bays," 1814, negotiations, 1839-14, construed, 1815 et seq.; 1794

ISTDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2467

Robson. Sir William Snowden.
Question 5 — Continued.

(Jay's), B. C. Ap., 23, maritime jurisdiction, 1852, 1857; 1806, B. C. Ap.,
24, bays, 1861; 1818, B. C. Ap., SO, "bays," 1814, 1824; 1888, B. C. Ap.,
42 (unratified), bays, 1897.

United States: admitted that bays must be treated differently from coasts,
1828; claim as to Delaware Bay, 1858; Contention as to 6-mile limit, 1821;
inconsistency of position re bays, 1834; interpretation of 1806 negotiations,
1882; renounced bays unwillingly in 1818, 1831-2; renounced nothing in
1818 not obtained in 1783, 1847. See Treaties cited.

Vattel, bays, 1820-21.

Warren's argument: Delaware Bay incident, 1851, 1894; maritime jurisdic-
tion, 1829, 1865; new theory as to bays, 1834, 1886-7.
Question 6, pp. 1905-1910. (Aug. 2, 1910.)

Bays, British failure to maintain position of 1818, 1909.

Bays on southern and western coasts of Newfoundland not mentioned in
1818, 1909.

British failure to maintain position of 1818 regarding bays, 1909.

British proposition in 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 312, 1908.

Labrador and Newfoundland, treatment of in 1818, Sabine's report, 1907.

Newfoundland, bays on southern and western coasts not mentioned in 1818,
1909.

Newfoundland and Labrador, treatment of in 1818, Sabine's report, 1907.

Negotiations in 1818, 1906.

Treaties cited: 1783, U. S. C. Ap., 24, bays of Newfoundland and Labrador,
1907.

United States proposition in 1818, U. 8. C. Ap., 310, SIS, 1906, 1908.
Question 7, pp. 1910-1925. (Aug. 2, 1910.)

Bait: Newfoundland's right to refuse to sell, 1914; right to buy desired by
United States, 1913.

Bond's position on bait question, U. S. C. C. Ap., 424, 1913-4.

Commercial privileges: must be given by special agreement, 1911; treaty of
1818 gives none, 1911; United States shows no title to, 1922-25.

Elder's argument on question 7, 1916, 1918, 1923-4.

Fishing from trading vessel, 1912.

Fishing distinguished from trading by Great Britain, 1911.

FITZPATRICK: Fishing from trading vessel, 1912. Hovering acts, 1917. Trad-
ing rights conferred upon individual, not vessel, 1916. Treaty of 1818 only
basis of award, 1918.

Hovering acts, FITZPATRICK, 1917.

LAMMASCH, treaty of 1818 only basis of award, 1919.

Municipal legislation not within scope of this tribunal, 1917.

Newfoundland's right to refuse right to sell bait, 1914.

Trader fishing imperils trading right, 1917.

Trading kept separate from fishing by Great Britain, 1911.

Trading rights conferred upon individual not vessel, FITZPATRICK, 1916.

Trading rights imperiled by fishing, 1917.

Trading vessel, may inhabitant of United States fish from, 1912.

Treaties cited : 1818, B. C. Ap., SO: gives no commercial privileges, 1911 ; only
basis of award, FITZPATRICK, 1918, LAMMASCH, 1919.

United States: desired right to buy bait, 1913; has burden of proving ques-
tion 7, 1919-21; produces no documentary evidence of rights, 1911; shows
no title to commercial privileges, 1922-25.

2468 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Robson, Sir William Snowden— Continued.

Reply argument, pp. 2231-2239. (Aug. 12, 1910.)

Alaska Packers' Association v. United States, 79 Fed., 152, "in common,"

2231.

Campbell v. Hall, Cowper's Rep., 204, powers of British Crown, 2233.
Cases cited: Campbell v. Hall, Cowper's Rep., £04, powers of British Crown,

2233. Jamea G. Swan, 50 Fed., 108, "in common," 2231. United States v.

Alaska Packers' Association, 79 Fed., 152, "in common," 2231. U. S. v.

Winans, 73 Fed. Rep., 72; 198 U.S., 371, 2232.

Halifax Commission's proceedings, no objection to introduction of, 2234.
Hall, Campbell v., powers of British Crown, Cowper's Rep., 204, 2233.
"In common:" United States v. Alaska Packers' Association, 79 Fed., 152,

2231. James G. Swan, 50 Fed. Rep., 108, 2231. United States v. Winans,

73 Fed., 72; 198 U. S., 371, 2232.

Newfoundland decision in 1820, 0. A. Ap., 1421, powers of Crown over New-
foundland, 2232.

Swan, The James G., "in common," 50 Fed., 108, 2231.
United States v. Alaska Packers' Association, 79 Fed., 152, "in common," 2231.
Winans, United States v.,72 Fed., 72; 198 U.S. ,371, "in common," 2232.

Boot, Honorable Elihu.

Question 1, pp. 1928-2139. (Aug. 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 1910.)

Adams, Bathurst to, Oct. 30, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., 273: liberty and right,

1942-6; partition of empire theory, 2009-10; 1783 grant fell with war of

1812, 2060; refusal to continue grant of 1783, 2075-6.
Adams, full power granted to, to negotiate convention, Feb. 27, 1816, U. S.

C. Ap., 288, 2062.
Adams, Gallatin to, Nov. 6, 1818, B. C. Ap., 97: "forever," 2012; refusal of

Great Britain to renew grant of 1783, 2073.
Adams, Gallatin and Rush to, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 307, "forever,"

2012.

Adams, John, fishery right necessary to 1783 treaty, 1958.
Adams, Monroe to, Feb. 27, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 287, joint regulation, 2062.
Adams to Bathuret, Jan. 22, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 286, "in common," 1947,

joint regulations, 2061.
Adams to Castlereagh, Jan. 22, 1816, U. 8. C. Ap., 283, drying and curing

fish, 2071.

Admission of British position by United States, 2096-2108.
Alaska Packers' Asso. v. U. S., 79 Fed. Rep., 152, treaty rights, 2133.
Aliens: right of, to hold property, LAMMASCH, 2033; rights to use shore,

Salisbury to Hoppin, Apr. 3, 1880, U. S. C. Ap., 683, 1965.
Amazon River, 2029.
American claim, general ideas of international law as basis for, LAMMASCH.

1990.
American fishermen: dependent upon American sovereignty, LAMMASCH.

2004; not subject to regulations, 2055.
"American fishermen," personification of vessel, 1956; used as equivalent of

"people" and "inhabitants," DRAGO, 1955.
American internal relations, cases, and statutes have no relation to inter*

national question, 2132.
American right same as French right, 2039.
American right to use shore. Bond's speech, Apr. 7, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap.,

411, 1966.
Anstruther's report, Dec. 4, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 366, modus vivendi of

1906, 1962, 2139.

LNDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2469

Eoot, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Argentine, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Artopaeus, servitudes, 2128.

d'Aubigny to Iddesleigh, Sept. 20, 1886, U. S. C. C. Ap., S16, French rights,
2036.

Austin's definition of sovereignty, 2002-3.

Austria, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Bagot to Monroe, Nov. 27, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 289, joint regulation, 2065;
Dec. 31, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 292, negotiations, 2067.

Bahia Blanca (bay), 1957.

Bahia Honda (bay), 1957.

Bait: 1959-1966. Act of 1887, B. C. Ap., 711, 1961. "Bait fishery" and
"bank fishery" were one, 1958. Bond, Sir Robert, speech on, U. S. C. C.
Ap., 447, 1959. Bond's policy to control, 1961. Conception Bay contro-
versy as to taking, affidavits, U. S. C. Ap., 715, 716, 1963-4. Fortune
Bay case affidavits, U. S. C. Ap., 694-5, 699, 700, 1962. See Newfound-
land legislation.

"Bancroft" treaties, LAMMASCH, 1956.

"Bank fishery" and "bait fishery" were one, 1958.

Bank fishery: length of season, LAMMASCH, 1973; summer fishery, 1960; value
of, stated by British at Halifax Arbitration, U. S. C. C. Ap., 554, 1958-9.

Bannennan, Newcastle to, Aug. 3, 1863, U. S. C. Ap., 1082, regulations non-
effective beyond 3 miles, 2086.

Banquereau, 2055.

Bantry Bay, 1457.

Basis of modern claim for limited maritime jurisdiction, 2006.

Bathurst, Adams to, Jan. 22, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 286, "in common," 1947;
joint regulations, 2061.

Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 30, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., £73: liberty and right,
1942-6; partition of empire theory, 2009-10; 1783 grant fell with war of
1812, 2060; refusal to continue grant of 1783, 2075-6.

Bathurst to Hamilton, June 21, 1819, B. C. Ap., 99, order in council of 1819,
2083.

Bathurst's admission of United States position, U. S. C. Ap., 274, 2108-9.

Bays: Bahia Blanca, 1957. Bahia Honda, 1957. Bantry, 1957. Bay of Islands,
1957. Biscay, 1957. Bonne, 1957. Chaleur, 1957. Conception, 1957, 1963-4.
Fortune, 1933-35, 1962, 1970, 2090-5; Fundy, 1957. Hudson, 1957.
Miramichi, 2054. Naples, 1957. New York, 1957. Placentia, 1970. Rio,
1957. St. Georges, 1957.

Bays, Americans fishing in, criticizing Finlay, 2055.

"Bays, harbors, creeks," 1957.

Biscay, Bay of, 1957.

Bluntschli, servitudes, 2125.

Bond on bait question, U. S. C. C. Ap., 447, 1959.

Bond, speech of Apr. 7, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 411, rights of Americana to
use shore, 1966.

Bond's expression of purpose of legislation, U. S. C. C. Ap., 414, 1979.

Bond 's policy of control of bait, 1961.

Bonfils, servitudes, 2125.

Bonne Bay, 1957.

Bothnia, Gulf of, 1957.

Boutwell, Fish to, Apr. 23, 1870, U. S. C. C. Ap., 187, Boutwell circular,
2100-7.

2470 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Root, Honorable Eliliu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Boutwell's circular, May 16, 1870, B. C. Ap., 235: Not admission of British
position, 2100. Labrador coast, Magdalen islands, treaty coast, 2102.

Boutwell's new circular, June 9, 1870, B. C. Ap., 237, 2105.

Brazil, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

British admission of correctness of United States position, 2108-10.

British subject resident of United States included in "inhabitant," LAM-
MASCH, 1956.

British imperial act of 1819, U. S. C. Ap., 112: contemplates no regulation,
2081; art. 4, LAMMASCH, 2081.

British negotiators' report in 1818 not presented to the court, 2074.

British position at Halifax proceedings, 1877, U. S. C. C. Ap., 551, 554, 1958-9.

British position, sovereignty controls regulations, 1989.

British statutes, schedule of, presented by Robson, discussed, 2042-54.

Buenos Ayres, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

"Bultows:" 1977; defined, 1967-8; legislation regarding, not uniform, 1968.

Calvo, servitudes, 2125.

Canada, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Canadian act of 1870, repealing act of 1868, 2104-5.

Canals, 2030.

Canning, protocol of 1824, 1953.

Cape Chapeau Rouge, 1973.

Cape Raye, 1973.

Cardwell, Apr. 12, 1866, U. S. C. Ap., 601-10, admission by United States of
British position, 2097-99.

Cases cited: Queen v. Keyn, L. R. (1876), 2 Ex. Div., 63, claims to mari-
time jurisdiction, 2006. U. S. v. Alaska Packers' Asso., 79 Fed. Rep., 152,
treaty rights, 2133. U. S. v. J. G. Swan, '50 Fed. Rep., 108, treaty rights.
2133. U. S. v. Winans, 7S Fed. Rep., 72, reversed, 198 U. S., S71, treaty
rights, 2133. Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M. & W. Ex. Rep., 63, right of fish-
ery, 1942.

Castlereagh, Adams to, Jan. 22, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 283, drying and curing,
2071.

Castlereagh, Robinson to, Oct. 10, 1818, B. C. Ap.,92, 2075; permanency of
right, 2012; regulations, 2065.

Castlereagh, Robinson and Goulburn to, Sept., 1818, B. C. Ap., 86: liberty
and right, 1945; joint regulations, 2067; permanency of right, 2012-13.

Central America, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Chaleur, Bay of, 1957.

Chretien, servitudes, 2125, 2131.

"Citizens" and "inhabitants" convertible, protocol of 1824, Rush, Huskis-
son, and Canning, U. S. C. C. Ap., 126, 1953.

"Citizens" or "subjects," "inhabitants" equivalent of, 1952.

Clarendon, Crampton to, Apr. 25, 1856, B. C. Ap., 210-211, suggested change
in Marcy's circular, 1932.

Clauss, authority of, 2001; servitudes, 2125, 2130.

Coast of Newfoundland from Cape Ray to Ramea Islands, 2066.

Cod traps, 1978.

Code civil of France, articles 637, 686, 697, 701, servitude, 2073-4.

Coke's Lyttleton, servitudes, 2118-0.

Colonial office to Foreign office, Feb. 12, 1887, U. S. C. C. Ap., 320, French
right, 2036.

Columbia, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

INDEX TO OKAL ARGUMENTS. 2471

Boot, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

"Common law" in England in 1855, LAMMASCH, FITZPATRICK, 2070.
Conception Bay, 1957; controversy as to bait taking, affidavits, U. S. C. Ap.,

715, 716, 1963-4.

Confederation, Articles of, "inhabitants," 1952.
Congress of Vienna, 1815, river navigation, 2029.
Constitutional difficulties, FITZPATRICK, 2114.
Crampton, Malmesbury to, Aug. 10, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 519: views of British

Government, 2084; admissions of U. S. position, p. 2109.
Crampton, Sutton to, June 16, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205, provincial regulations,
' 2057.
Crampton to Clarendon, Apr. 25, 1856, B. C. Ap., 210, 211, suggested change

in Marcy's circular, 1932.
Crampton to Governor General of Canada, June 28, 1855, B. C. Ap., 206-7,

local regulations, 2059, 2060.
Crampton to Sutton, June 27, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205-6: Marcy'B circulars, 1931;

regulations, 2059.
"Creeks, bays, harbors," 1957.
Crowdy to Pakington, Sept. 22, 1852, U. S. C. C. Ap., 229, French rights,

2039.
Cure and dry fish: Adams to Castlereagh, Jan. 22, 1816, U. 8. C. Ap., 283,

2071; permanency of right, LAMMASCH, 2072.

Darling to Molesworth, Sept. 29, 1855, U. S. C. C. Ap., 250, provincial regu-
lations, report of colonial law officers, 2070.
Davis, Thornton, to: May 18, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 587, Canadian act of 1868,

2104. July 30, 1873, U. S. C. C. Ap., 197, Newfoundland regulations,

2088-9.

Decision of tribunal, practical bearing of, 1957.
Delaware, statute of 1871, fishing regulations, 2044.
Delaware, statutes of. See Statutes cited.
Denmark, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Derby to Glover, June 12, 1884, U. S. C. C. Ap., 297, French right, 2036.
Despagnet: sec. 411, basis of extension of sovereignty over sea, 2008; servi-
tudes, 2126, 2131.
Des Voeux to Stanhope, Nov. 24, 1886, U. S. C. C. Ap., 319, French rights,

2036.

Diena, servitudes, 2126, 2131.

DRAGO: Duration of article 4, Special Agreement of 1909, 1999. "Inhabit-
ants" and "people" convertible terms, treaty of 1783, art. 3. 1954.

Sovereignty v. property right over sea, 2008.
Dry and cure fish: Adams to Castlereagh, Jan. 22, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 283,

2071; permanency of right, LAMMASCH, 2072.
Duchess of Norfolk's case, Year Book Henry VII, 1942.
Elgin to MacGregor, Aug. 8, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 986, Imperial statute of

1775, 2050.
Elgin, MacGregor's reports to, Nov. 22, Dec. 29, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 360,

366, modus vivendi of 1906, 2138.
English-French treaty of 1763, original use of word "liberty," U. S. C. Ap.,

52, 1944.

Enragee, Point, 1973.
Evarts-Salisbury correspondence, limits on action of Great Britain, U. S. C.

Ap., 652-87, 1933-5.

2472 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Root, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Evarte to Welsh: Sept. 28, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 652, 655, 657, Fortune Bay,
1933-^, 2090-1; Aug. 1, 1879, U. S. C. Ap., 671, British regulations in-
fringing American rights, 2092.

" Exclusiveness, " "in common" distinguished from, GRAY, 1948.

Expert Commission, American member designated, 2041.

Fabre, servitudes, 2126, 2131.

Finland, Gulf of, 1951.

Finlay : On Americans fishing in bays, 2055. On analogy of travel and trading
privileges, 2023-24. On French rights, 2041-2. On requirement of rea-
sonable regulations and consequences therefrom, 1939. On right to make
regulations, 1988.

Fiore, servitudes, 2126, 2131.

Fish-Thornton conversation, B. C. Ap., 253, right to make regulations, 1936.

Fish-Thornton correspondence, limits on action of Great Britain, 1835-6.

Fish, Thornton to: Apr. 14, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 580, Canadian act of 1868,
2103. Apr. 22, 1870, U. S. C. C. Ap., 581, Canadian act of 1868, 2103. May
26, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 589, Canadian act of 1868, 2104-5. June 19, 1873,
June 20, 1873, U. S. C. C. Ap., 195, 196, Newfoundland regulations, 2087-8.

Fish to Boutwell, Apr. 23, 1870, U. S. C. C. Ap., 187, Boutwell circular,
2100-7.

Fish to Thornton: Apr. 21, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 581, Canadian act of 1868, 2103.
June 25, 1873, B. C. Ap., 252, Newfoundland regulations, 1936.

Fisheries convention, Russia-Japan, July 15, 1907, 0. A. Ap., 2326, 2021-3.

Fishery, history of, Hamilton to Newcastle, Sept. 28, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap.,
247, 2084.

Fishery right a sine qua non of treaty of 1783, 1958.

Fishing righte, of Indians in United States: U. S. v. Alaska Packers' Asso.,
79 Fed. Rep., 152, 2133. U. S. v.J. G. Swan, 50 Fed. Rep., 108,2133. U.S.
v. Winans, 73 Fed. Rep., 72, reversed 198 U. S., S71, 2133.

Fitzherbert, fishery right essential to treaty of 1783, 1958.

FITZPATBICK: "Common law" in England in 1855, 2070. Constitutional diffi-
culties, 2114. Discrimination in regulation, 1974. Limited class would
enjoy treaty rights, 1955; property right in fish, 2018-19. References to
Hague Tribunal of disputed regulations, 1994. Regulation in the treaty
iteelf, 2063. Regulations outside and river fisheries, 2057-8. Saving
clause in Newfoundland statutes, 1974-5. Sovereignty involves right to
protect, 2004. Treaty of 1818 without "in common" might be exclusive,
1949.

Foreign fishing vessels acte (Newfoundland) 1872, 1887, 1889, 1892, 1893,
1898, 1905, B. C. Ap., 704, 711, 717, 720, 730, 731, 757, 2085.

Foreign office, Colonial office to, Feb. 12, 1887,. U. S. C. C. Ap., 320, French
right, 2036.

"Forever:" Gallatin to Adams, Nov. 6, 1818, B. C. Ap., 97, 2012. Gallatin
and Rush to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 307, 2012.

Fortune Bay, 1933-5, 1962, 1970, 2090-95.

Fortune Bay case, affidavits, U. S. C. Ap., 694-5, 699, 700, 1962.

France, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Frankfort, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Franklin, fishery right necessary to treaty of 1783, 1958.

French "off-season," LAMMASCH, 1969.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2473

Boot, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

French rights: 2034-41. Argument of Finlay, 2041-2. Exclusiveness of,

LAMMASCH, 2040. "In common," 1950. Memorandum handed to court,

0. A. Ap., 2359, 2134. Salisbury's speech 1891, 2013. Same as American

rights, 2039.
"Full powers " to Adams to negotiate convention, Feb. 27, 1816, U. S. C. Ap.,

288, 2062.

Fundy, Bay of, 1957.
Gallatin, biography, 2034.
Gallatin, to Adams, Nov. 6, 1818, B. C. Ap., 97: "forever," 2012; refusal of

Great Britain to renew grant of 1783, 2073.
Gallatin and Rush to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 307, "forever,"

2012.

Genoa, Gulf of, 1957.

Glover, Derby to, June 12, 1884, U. S. C. C. Ap., 297, French right, 2036.
Goulburn and Robinson's Report, Sept. 1818, B. C. Ap., 86: liberty and

right, 1945; joint regulations, 2067; permanency of treaty right, 2012-13.
Goulburn, biography of, 2032.
Governor-General of Canada, Crampton to, June 28, 1855, B. C. Ap. 206-7,

local regulations, 2059-60.
Grand Bank, 2055.

Grant in treaty of 1818 limits British sovereignty, 2015.
Grant of 1783: British refusal to renew, Gallatin to Adams, Nov. 6, 1818,

B. C. Ap., 97, 2073. Fell with war of 1812, Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 30,

1815, U. S. C. Ap., 274, 2060.
Granted rights, viewpoint of United States, 1930.
GRAY: Discrimination in regulations, 1974. Force of merely excluding acts,

2106. "In common" distinguished from "exclusiveness," 1948. Knowl-
edge of servitudes by negotiators of 1818, 2131. Regulation in the treaty

itself, 2063. Regulations outside and river fisheries, 2057-8. Treaty coasts,

2103. Treaty right unilateral, 1986. United States can renounce right,

2004.
Great Britain: can not be sole judge of regulations, 2080; can not destroy or

impair treaty right, 2020.

Great Britain, statutes of. See Statutes cited, Imperial.
Great Britain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.
Great Britain's viewpoint stated, 1930.
Greece, treaties of. See treaties cited.

Gulfs of Bothnia, Finland. Genoa, St. Lawrence, Mexico, 1957.
Hague Convention for pacific settlement of international disputes, art. 88,

U. S. C. Ap., 21, LAMMASCH, 1999.
Halifax proceedings, 1877: 2089-90; value of bank fishery, U. S. C. C. Ap.,

554, 1958-9; rights on Magdalen Islands, 1965.
Hall, servitudes, 2126.
Hamilton, Bathurst to, June 21, 1819, B. C. Ap., 99, order in council of 1819,

2083.
Hamilton to Newcastle, Sept. 28, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 247, history of fishery,

2084.
Hammond, Le Clerc to, Sept. 22, 1886, U. S. C. C. Ap., 317, French rights,

2036.

Hanover, treaties of. See Treaties cited.
Hanseatic Republics, treaties of. See Treaties cited,
92909°— VOL 12—13 16

2474 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Boot, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

"Harbors, bays, creeks," 1957.

Hartmaun, servitudes, 2126, 2131.

Hawker, Wickham v., 7 M. & W. Ex. Rep. 63, right of fishery, 1942.

Heffter, servitudes, 2126, 2131.

Heilborn, servitudes, 2126.

Herring fishery, winter fishery, 1960-61.

Hollatz, servitudes, 2126, 2131.

Holtzendorf, sources of international law, 2123; servitudes, 2127, 2132.

Hoppin, Salisbury to, Apr. 3, 1880, U. S. C. Ap., 68S: treaty of Washington.
2093; treaty limits of British sovereignty, 1935; rights of aliens to use
shore, 1965; right of fishing in territorial waters, 2094.

Hudson Bay, 1957.

Huskisson, protocol of 1824, 1953.

Iddesleigh, d'Aubigny to, Sept. 20, 1886, U. S. C. C. Ap., S16, French rights,
2036.

"In common:" 1947-52, 2016-17, 2020. Adams to Bathuret, Jan. 22, 1816,
U. S. C. Ap., 286, 1947. Argument of United States, 1947. Both sides
agree as to ordinary use of, 1947. Distinguished from "exclusiveness."
Gray, 1948. French right, 1950. In 1782-83 and reciprocity, Lammasch,
1949. Jay to Livingston, Oct. 24, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 78, 1948. Omitted,
treaty of 1818 might be exclusive, Fitzpatrick, 1949. Opposite to "exclu-
sive' ' in treaty of 1818, 1947. Oswald to Townshend, Oct. 2, 1782, B. C. C.
Ap., 71, 1948. Protocol 1824, U. S. C. C. Ap., 126, 1951. Rush, British
argument, 6, 1948. de Vergennes to de Rayneval, Dec. 4, 1782, 1948.

"Inhabitants:" 1952-57. And "citizens" convertible. Protocol 1824 signed
by Rush, Huskisson, and Canning, U. S. C. C. Ap., 126, 1953; equivalent of
"subjects' ' or "citizens, " 1952. And "people' ' convertible terms, DRAGO,
1954. Meaning of, LAMMASCH, 1953-54. Reason for use of term, 1952.
Taken into treaty of 1818 from treaty of 1783, 1952.

" Inhabitants of the United States ' ' included British subjects resident therein,
LAMMASCH, 1956.

Institute of International Law, 1899, territorial sea, 2008.

International law writers cited: Despagnet, sec. 411, basis of extension of
sovereignty over seas, 2008. Servitudes: Artopaeus, 2128; Bluntschli,
2125; Bonfils, 2125; Calvo, 2125; Chretien, 2125, 2131; Clause, 2125, 2130;
Despagnet, 2126, 2131; Diena, 2126, 2131; Fabre, 2126, 2131; Fiore, 2126,
2131; Hall, 2126; Hartmann, 2126, 2131; Heffter, 2126, 2131; Heilborn,
2126; Hollatz, 2126, 2131; Holtzendorff, 2127, 2132; Kluber, 2127, 2130;
Lomonaco, 2127; G. F. de Martens, 2127; Merignhac, 2132; Neumann,
2127; Olivart, 2132; Oppenheim, 2132; H. B. Oppenheim, 2127; L. Op-
penheim, 2127; Phillimore, 2127; Pradier-Fodere, 2132; Rivier, 2127,
2131; Ullmann, 2128, 2131; Vattel, 2129, 2131; Wharton, 2131; Wilson
and Tucker, 2132; Wolf, 2129, 2132. Sources of international law: Holt-
zendorff, 2123; Kent, 2123; Phillimore, 2123; Wheaton, 2123.

Interpretation of treaties: 2119-20; Queen v. Keyn, L. R. (1876) t Exch.
Div. 6S, 2122.

Islands, Bay of, 1957.

Italy, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Iter and via in Roman law, 2114, 2118.

Japan-Russia: Convention concerning fisheries, July 15, 1907, 0. A. Ap..
2326, 2021-3.

Jay, fisheries necessary to treaty of 1783, 1958,

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2475

Root, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Jay to Livingston, Oct. 24, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 78, "in common," 1948.

Jay treaty of 1794, B. C. Ap., 20, trade and travel privileges, 2024.

Joint regulations: 2061-2, 2065, 2067; Great Britain and United States could
easily agree on, 2136.

Joncas's report, 1883, U. S. C. C. Ap., 606, purse seines, 1976.

Justinian's Digest, 2:65, "via," 2118.

Kent, sources of international law, 2123.

Keyn, Queen v. L. R. (1876) 2 Exchequer Div., 63: 2053; claims to maritime
jurisdiction, 2006 ; rule of construction, proof of, 2122.

Kliiber, servitudes, 2127, 2130.

Knuteford to O'Brien, May 31, 1889, U. S. C. C. Ap., S25, regulations, 2136.

Labrador: Boutwell circular, 2102; coast, regulations on, 1978; no regula-
tions on coast of in 1783 or 1818, 2045, 2052.

LAMMASCH: American fishermen dependent upon American sovereignty, 2004.
"Bancroft" treaties, 1956. Bank fishery, act of 1775, B. C. Ap., 543, 2049.
Claim of United States to veto regulations, 1994. "Common law" in Eng-
land in 1855, 2070. Connection between permanency and exemption from
regulation, 2012. Equality of rights of Great Britain and United States,
2019. Exclusiveness of French right, 2040. "French «ff season," 1969.
General ideas of international law as basis for American claim, 1990. Hague
Convention for pacific settlement of international disputes, art. 88, U. S.
C. Ap., 21, 1999. Implied reservation of sovereignty, 2016. " In common "
in 1782-3 and reciprocity, 1949. "Inhabitants of United States" includes
British subjects residing therein, 1956. Length of bank fishery season, 1973.
Length of spawning season. 1976. Magdalen Islands, 1967. Marcy circular
concerning complaints, 1933. Meaning of " inhabitants, " 1953-4. Nets,
1970. Non-treaty coast, application of act of 1819 to, 2081. Periods in New-
foundland statute of 1862, 1969. Permanency of right to dry and cure, 2072.
Perpetual obligation and transfer of sovereignty, 2013. Perpetual right in
conveyance, 2014. Perpetuity of treaty right, 1986. Regulation in the
treaty itself, 2063. Regulation outside and river fisheries, 2057-8. Restri-
ctions in article 1, treaty of 1818, 2079-2080. Right of aliens to hold property,
2033. Rights in non treaty waters, 2106. Rights of United States guarded by
suspensive veto, 1995. Rights under treaties of 1854 and 1871, 1986. Special
agreement of 1909, article 4, 1999. Trade and travel privileges, 2028.
Treaty of 1818 in a special class, 1938.

Le Clerc to Hammond, Sept. 22, 1886, U. S. C. C. Ap., 317, French rights,
2036.

"Liberty," meaning thereof: Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 30, 1815, U. S. C.
Ap., 273, 1942^16; Robinson and Goulburn to Castlereagh, Sept., 1818,

B. C. Ap., 86, 1945; treaty of 1783, U. S. C. Ap., 25, 1945.

Liberty of 1783 fell with war of 1812, Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 30, 1815, U. S.

C. Ap., 27$, 2060.

Licenses, fishing, Order in Council, Jan. 8. 1870, B. C. Ap., 230-1, 2102.

Limit of British sovereignty in 1818 treaty, 2015.

Limits of regulation, by whom to be determined, 1938.

Limits on action of Great Britain: 1932-40; Evarts-Salisbury correspond-
ence, U. S. C. Ap., 652-687, 1933-5; Fish-Thornton correspondence,
1935-6; Marcy circulars, July 12, 1855, and Mar. 28, 1856, B. C. Ap., 207,
209, 1931.

Limitation on Great Britain's right of regulation utterly destroyed by British
argument, 1940.

2476 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Boot, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Livingston, Jay to, Oct. 24, 1782, B. C. C. Ap. 78, "in common," 1948.

Lomonaco, servitudes, 2127.

Lower Canada, regulations in, 2053.

Lyttleton, Coke upon, servitude, 2118.

MacGregor, Elgin to, Aug. 8, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 986, Imperial statute of

1775, 2050.
MacGregor's reports to Elgin, Nov. 22, Dec. 29, 1906, U. S. C. C., Ap.,

S60, 366, modus vivendi of 1906, 2138
Magdalen islands: Boutwell circular, 2102; LAMMASCH, 1967; rights thereon,

U. S. C. C. Ap., 5S8, Halifax Commission, 1965.
Malmesburyto Cramp ton, Aug. 10, 1852, U.S. C.Ap.,519: British position,

2084; admissions of United States position, 2109.
Mansfield's definition of international law, 2078.
Marcy approved regulations, 2059.
Marcy circulars, 1855, 1856, B. C.Ap., 207, 209: 2056, 2058. As admissions

by United States, 2096. Limits on Great Britain 's power to regulate, 1931.

Suggested changes: Cramptonto Clarendon, Apr. 25, 1856, B. C. Ap., 210-

tll, 1932; Crampton to Button, June 27, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205-6, 1931.
Marcy circular, provisions concerning complaints, LAMMASCH, 1933.
Marine and fisheries, act establishing department of (Newfoundland, 1898),

B. C. Ap., 731, 2085.

Maritime jurisdiction: Basis of modern claim limited, 2006; Despagnet, 2008;

Queen v. Keyn, L. R. (1876) 2 Exch. Div., 63, 2006.
Martens, G. F. de, servitudes, 2127.

Maryland statute of 1896, fishing regulations, B. C. Ap., 79S, 2044.
Maryland, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Massachusetts statute of 1668, fishing regulations, B. C. Ap., 770, 2043.
Massachusetts, statutes of. See Statutes cited.
Merignhac, servitudes, 2132.
Mexico, Gulf of, 1957.
Mexico, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Minister of marine of Canada, report, U. S. C. Ap., 588, 2104.
Miramichi bay, regulations, 2054.
Modus vivendi of 1888, 2137.
Modus vivendi of 1906: 1988, 2137; Anstruther's report, Dec. 4, 1906, U. S.

C. C. Ap., 366, 1962, 2139; MacGregor's reports to Elgin, Nov. 22, Dec.
29, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 360, 366, 2138.

Modus vivendi of 1907, 2137.

Molesworth, Darling to, Sept. 29, 1855, U. S. C. C. Ap., 250, provincial reg-
, ulations, reports of colonial law officers, 2070.

Monroe, Bagot to, Nov. 27, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 289, joint regulations, 2065.

Monroe, Bagot to, Dec. 31, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 292, negotiations, 2067.

Monroe to Adams, Feb. 27, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 287, joint regulations, 2062.

Municipal regulation of trade and travel privileges, reserved, 2024.

Naples, Bay of, 1957.

Negotiations of 1818: Bagot to Monroe, Dec. 31, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 292, 2067.
British articles, U. S. C. Ap., 312, 2062-3. British Commissioners to Castle-
reagh: report, B. C. Ap., 86, 1945, 2075; some reports not furnished present
court, 2074. Instructions to United States Commissioners, U. S. C. Ap.,
304, 2012. Memorandum of United States Commissioners, U. S. C. Ap.,
314, 2064.

Negotiators in 1818 did not intend Great Britain to have power to restrict, 2031.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2477

Boot, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Netherlands, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Nets, use of, LAMMASCH, 1970.

Neumann, servitudes, 2127.

New Brunswick, regulations, 2054.

Newcastle, Hamilton to, Sept. 28, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 247, history of
fishery, 2084.

Newcastle to Bannerman, Aug. 3, 1863, U. S. Ap., 1082, regulations
ineffective outside 3 miles, 2086.

Newfoundland attempting to get rid of treaty burden, 1987.

Newfoundland, coast from Cape Ray to Ramea Islands, 2066.

Newfoundland legislation: Bait: act of 1862, B. C. Ap., 702, 1968; act of 1876
(Sunday statute) B. C. Ap.t 707, 1971; act of 1884, B. C. Ap., 709, 1970;
consolidated statutes, 1892, sec. 9, U. S. C. Ap., 176, 1973; regulations,
1908, sees. 25, 54, 62, 63, 78, U. S. C. Ap., 202, 206, 208, 209, 1970, 1972,
1977-8. Clause saving treaty rights, act of 1862, B. C. Ap., 702, 2085.
Foreign fishing vessels acts: Consolidated statutes, 1872, B. C. Ap., 704,
2085; act of 1887, B. C. Ap., 711, 2085; act of 1889, B. C. Ap., 717, 2085;
act of 1892, B. C. Ap., 720, 2085; act of 1893, B. C. Ap., 730, 2085; act
establishing department of Marine and Fisheries, 1898, B. C. Ap., 731,
2085; act of 1905, B. C. Ap., 757, 2085. Purpose of, Winter, 1980. Reso-
lution of 1876, French rights, U. S. C. C. Ap., 276, 2039. Treaty of Wash-
ington: acts adopting: May 5, 1873, B. C. Ap., 705, 1935; Mar. 28, 1874,
B. C. Ap., 706, 1937, 2089. See ako Statutes cited.

Newfoundland: Local regulations, 2087-9. No regulations on coast of, in 1783
or 1818, 2045, 2052. Order in Council of 1670, B. C. Ap., 519, subjection to
regulations, 2046. Police regulations, right to make, Fish to Thornton,
June 25, 1873, B. C. Ap., 252, 1936. Policy, twofold nature of, 1961.
Statutes, saving clause in, FITZPATRICK, 1974-5. See also Statutes cited.

New Hampshire: Statute of 1687, B. C. Ap., 772, fishing regulations, 2044.
See also Statutes cited.

New Jersey: Statute of 1826, B. C. Ap., 785, fishing regulations, 2044. See
also Statutes cited.

New Plymouth: Statutes of 1668, 1670, 1672, 1677, B. C. Ap., 770-71, fishing
regulations, 2044. See also Statutes cited.

New York, Bay of, 1957.

New York: Statute of 1772, B. C. Ap., 775, fishing regulations, 2044. See
also Statutes cited.

Nontreaty coast, Imperial statute of 1819, art. 4, LAMMASCH, 2081.

Nontreaty waters, rights in, LAMMASCH, 2106.

Norfolk, case of Duchess of, Year Book Henry VII, 1942.

Nova Scotia, regulations, 2053.

O'Brien, Knutsford to, May 31, 1889, U. S. C. C. Ap., 325, regulations, 2136.

Olivart, servitudes, 2132!

Oppenheim, servitudes, 2132.

H. B. Oppenheim, 2127.

L. Oppenheim, 2127.

Orders in Council: Mar. 10, 1670, Newfoundland, B. C. Ap., 519, sub-
jection to regulations, 2046; June 19, 1819, U. S. C. Ap., 114, no regula-
tion, 2081, 2082; Jan. 8, 1870, fishing licenses, B. C. Ap., 230-1, 2102.

Orinoco River, 2029.

Oswald, fishery right essential to 1783 treaty, 1958.

Oswald to Townshend, Oct. 2, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 71, "in common," 1948.

2478 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Boot, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Pakington, Crowdy to, Sept. 22, 1852, U. S. C. C. Ap., 229, French rights,
2039.

Parana River, 2029.

Partition of empire theory, Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 30, 1815, U. 8. C. Ap.,
£74, 2009-10.

*' People " and " inhabitants " equivalentof "Ameri< an fishermen," DRAGO,
1955.

Permanency of right to dry and cure, LAMMASCH, 2072.

Permanency of treaty right: 2011, 2013-2020, LAMMASCH, 1986; and exemp-
tion from regulation, LAMMASCH, 2012; as conveyance, 2014; Goulburc
and Robinson's report, Sept., 1818, B. C. Ap., 86, 2012-3; instructions to
negotiators of 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 304, 2012; LAMMASCH, 1986; Robinson to
Castlereagh, Oct. 10, 1818, B. C. Ap., 92, 2012.

Perpetual obligation and transfer of sovereignty, LAMMASCH, 2013-14.

Personification of "vessel" in statutes: Act of 1775, B. C. Ap., 545, act of
1819, B. C. Ap., 565, 1956.

Phillimore: servitudes, 2127; sources of international law, 2123.

Placentia Bay, 1970.

Point Enragee, 1973.

Point of view of United States and Great Britain, 1930.

Police regulation defined, 1938.

Police regulations, right to make, by Newfoundland, Fish to Thornton, June
25, 1873, B. C. Ap., 252, 1936.

Porcupine River, 2029.

Portugal, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Pradier-Fodere1, servitudes, 2132.

Prince Edward Island, no regulations, 2053.

Property, right of aliens to hold, LAMMASCH, 2033.

Property right in fish, FITZPATRICK, 2018-19

Property right v. Sovereignty over sea, Drago, 2008.

Prussia, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Queen v. Keyn, L. R. (1876) 2 Exch. Div., 63: 2053; maritime jurisdiction,
2006; rule of construction, proof of, 2122.

Quero. See Banquereau.

de Rayneval, de Vergennes to, Dec. 4, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 110, "in common, "
1948.

Real right, treaty right is, 2111-13.

"Reasonableness" in regulation, concession of, by Great Britain is limitation
of sovereignty, 2116.

Reasonableness: is limitation on regulations, 1939; obligation of in regula-
tions, 1988-9.

Reciprocity and "in common," LAMMASCH, 1949.

Regulations: American fishermen not subject to, 2055. Approved by Marcy,
2059. British position, sovereignty controls, 1989. British right of, in For-
tune Bay, 2090-95. Claim of United States to veto, LAMMASCH, 1994. Con-
nection between exemption from, and permanency of right, LAMMASCH,
2012. Darling to Molesworth, Sept. 29, 1855, U. S. C. C. Ap. 250, 2070.
Did not exist on Newfoundland or Labrador coasts in 1783 or 1818,
2045, 2052. Did not exist prior to 1818, 2054. Discrimination in, GRAY,
FITZPATRICK, 1974. Fortune Bay, 1933. Great Britain and United States,
could easily agree on, 2136. Great Britain not sole judge, 2080. Ineffective
outside 3 miles, Newcastle to Bannerman, Aug. 3, 1863,5. U. C. Ap., 1082,

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2479

Boot, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

2086. In treaty itself, LAMMASCH, GRAY, FITZPATRICK, 2063. Joint, 2061-2,
2065 2067. Knutsford to O'Brien, May 31, 1889, U. S. C. C. Ap., 325,
2136. Labrador coast, 1978. Limit must be clearly defined, 2135-6. Limits
on right of Great Britain to make, 1931, 1932, 1935-6 ; by whom to be
determined, 1938. Local, Crampton to Governor General of Canada, June"
28, 1855, B. C. Ap., 206-7, 2059-60. Lower Canada, 2053. Marcy circular,
1931, 1933. Must be reasonable, 1939, 1988-9, 2078-9. New Brunswick,
2054. Newfoundland regulations, Thornton to Davis, July 30, 1873, U. 8.
C. C. Ap., 197. 2088-9; Thornton to Fish, June 19, 20, 1873, U. S. C. C.
Ap., 195, 196, 2087=-8; Fish to Thornton June 25, 1873, B. C. Ap., 252;
1936. Newfoundland, "Trade " policy in, 1983. New Hampshire, 1687, B. C.
Ap., 772, 2044. New Jersey, 1826, B. C. Ap., 785, 2044. New Plymouth,
1668, 1670, 1672, 1677, B. C. Ap., 770-1, 2044. New York, 1772, B. C. Ap.,
775,2044. None in Prince Edward Island, 2053. Nova Scotia, 2053. Order
in Council, June 19, 1819, U. S. C. Ap., 114, 2081, 2082. Outside and river
fisheries, FITZPATRICK, LAMMASCH, GRAY, 2057-8. Police, defined, 1938.
Provincial, Russell to Button, B. C. Ap.,205,Uay25, 1855, 2056; Button to
Crampton, June 16, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205, 2057; Robinson to Castlereagh,
Oct. 10, 1818, B. C. Ap., 92, 2065; Sutton to Russell, May 5, 1855, B.
C. Ap., 204, 2056. Reference to Hague Tribunal of disputed regula-
tions, FITZPATRICK, 1994. Right to, can not be read into treaty grant,
2110-11. Rights of United States to, in treaty guarded by suspensive
veto, LAMMASCH, 1995. Statutes: Attorney General's schedule of British,
2042-54; Delaware, 1871, B. C. Ap., 788, 2044; imperial, 1819, art. 4,
LAMMASCH 2081; memorandum of United States concerning O..A. Ap., 2335,
2045; Newfoundland regulations, 1908, sees. 25, 78, 1970, 1972; Robson
on statute of 1824, 2068-70; saving clause in Newfoundland, FITZPATRICK,
1974-5. U. S. concurrence in necessary, 2113-14. See Newfoundland
legislation, and Newfoundland, local regulations.

Repeal of act of 1824 and consequences, 2069-70.

Reservation of sovereignty: implied, LAMMASCH, 2016; none in 1818 treaty,
2016.

"Right," defined: Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 30, 1815, U.S. C. Ap., 273,
1942-46; Robinson and Goulburn to Castlereagh, Sept. 1818, B. C. Ap.,
86, 1945.

Right to regulate can not be read into treaty grant, 2110-2111.

Rights of Great Britain and United States equal, LAMMASCH, 2019.

Rights under treaties of 1854 and 1871, LAMMASCH, 1986.

Rio, Bay of, 1957.

River navigation: Congress of Vienna, 1815, 2029; treaty of 1871, B. C. Ap.,
39, 2029.

Rivier, servitudes, 2127, 2131.

Robinson, biography of, 2032.

Robinson and Goulburn's report to Castlereagh, Sept. 1818, B. C. Ap., 86:
liberty and right, 1945; joint regulation, 2067; permanency of treaty right,
2012-13.

Robinson to Castlereagh, Oct. 10, 1818, B. C. Ap., 92: 2075; permanency of
right, 2012; regulations, 2065.

Robson: admits that international law may be read into contract, 2121:
definition of sovereignty, 2002; duration of article 4, special agreement of
1909, 2000; schedule of British regulations, 2042-54; statement of treaty
right, 2005; statute of 1824, 2068-70.

2480 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST i-'lSil KK1KS AKlilTKATlON.

Root, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Rush: biography of, 2034; "in common," B. A., 6, 1948.

Rush and Gallatin to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap.t 307, "forever,"
2012.

Rush, protocol of 1824, 1953.

Russell, Sutton to, May 5, 1855, B. C. Ap., 204, provincial regulations, 205(5.

Russell to Sutton, May 25, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205, provincial regulations, 2056.

Russia-Japan: convention concerning fisheries, July 15, 1907, 0. A. Ap.,
X326, 2021.

Sable Island, 2055.

St. George's Bay, 1957.

Saint Lawrence, Gulf of, 1957.

Saint Lawrence River, 2029.

Salisbury-Evarts correspondence, limits on action of Great Britain, U. S.
C. Ap., 652-87, 1933-5.

Salisbury, speech, 1891, French rights, 2013.

Salisbury to Hoppin, Apr. 3, 1880, U. S. C. Ap., 683: treaty limits of Brit ish
sovereignty, 1935; rights of aliens to use shore, 1965; treaty of Washington,
2093; right of fishing in territorial waters, 2094.

Salisbury to Waddington, July 9, 1889, U. S. C. Ap., 1083, French rights,
2035.

Salisbury to Welsh, Nov. 7, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 657-8, Fortune Bay, 1934, 1935,
2092.

Salisbury's admission of United States position, Apr. 3, 1880, U. S. C. Ap.,
684, 2110.

Sardinia, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Saving clause in Newfoundland statutes, FITZPATRICK, 1974-5.

Scope of art. 4, Special Agreement of 1909, 1992-1999.

Seines, purse, Joncas's report, 1883. U. S. C. C. Ap., 606, 1976.

Servitudes: 2123-4. Coke's Lyttleton, 2118-9. French theory, 2073.
Knowledge thereof by negotiators of 1818, GRAY, 2131. See also Inter-
national law writers cited.

Shore, American rights to, Bond's speech, Apr. 7, 1905, U.S. C. C. Ap., 411,
1966.

Smith, Hugh M., designated member of commission under article 3, 2041.

Sovereign rights, viewpoint of Great Britain, 1930.

Sovereignty: 2001 et seq. American fishermen dependent upon American,
I.A M M ASCII . 2004. Austin's definition, 2002-3. Basis of extension of, over
seas, Despagnet, sec. 411, 2008. Controls in regulation, British position,
1989. Involves right to protect, FITZPATRICK, 2004. No reservation of, in
1818 treaty, 2016. Robson's definition, 2002. Sovereignty, transfer of,
and perpetual obligation, LAMMASCH, 2013. v. property right, DRAGO,
2008.

Sovereignty of Great Britain: Argument based thereon results in no limita-
tion to regulation, 1941. "Reasonableness" in regulation, concession of .
by Great Britain, is limit on, 2116. Restrictions on, 2113, 2115. Treaty of
1818, limits, 2015. Salisbury, Apr. 3, 1880, U. S. C. Ap., 683, 1935. United
States not seeking to infringe upon, as a whole, 1930.

Spain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Spawning season, length of, LAMMASCH, 1976.

Special Agreement of 1909, art. 4, 1992-99; DRAGO, 1999; LAMMASCH, 1999;
Robson, 2000.

Special class of treaties, treaty of 1818 is in, LAMMASCH, 1938.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2481

Root, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Stanhope, Des Voeuxto, Nov. 24, 1886, U. S. C. C. Ap., 319, French rights,
2036.

Statutes cited: Canada: Act of 1868,5. C.Ap., 628, 2101-5. Delaware: 1871,
fishing regulations, B. C. Ap., 788, 2044. Imperial: 1663, B. C. Ap., 517,
2045-48; 1699, B. C. Ap., 525, 2046, 2048; 1775, B. C. Ap., 543, 2049, LAM-
MASCH, 2049; 1788, B. C. Ap., 561, LAMMASCH, 2040; 1819, U. S. C. Ap.,
112, 2081; 1824, B. C. Ap., 567, 2051; 1878, territorial waters act, B. C.
Ap., 574, 2007. Maryland: 1896, fishing regulations, B. C. Ap., 793, 2044.
Massachusetts: 1668, fishing regulations, B. C. Ap., 770, 2043. Newfound-
land: Bait: Act of 1862, B. C. Ap., 702, 1968; act of 1876 (Sunday statute),
B. C. Ap., 707, 1971; act of 1884, B. C. Ap., 709, 1970; act of 1887, B. C. Ap.,
711, 1961; consolidated statutes, 1892, sec. 9, U. S. C. Ap., 176, 1973; regu-
lations, 1908, sees. 25, 54, 62, 63, 78, U. S. C. Ap., 202, 206, 208, 209, 1970,
1972, 1977-8. Clause saving treaty rights, act of 1862, B. C. Ap.,702, 2085,
Foreign fishing vessels acts: Consolidated statutes of 1872, B. C. Ap., 704,
2085; act of 1887, B. C. Ap., 711, 2085; act of 1889, B. C. Ap., 717, 2085; act
of 1892, B. C. Ap., 720, 2085; act of 1893, B. C. Ap., 730, 2085; act establish-
ing department of marine and fisheries, 1898, B. C. Ap., 731, 2085; act of
1905, B. C. Ap., 757, 2085. Resolution of 1876, French rights, U. S. C. C.
Ap., 276, 2039. Treaty of Washington: Acts adopting: May 5, 1873, B. C.
Ap., 705, 1935; Mar. 28, 1874, B. C. Ap., 706, 1937. New Hampshire: 1687,
fishing regulations, B. C. Ap., 772, 2044. New Jersey: 1826, fishing regula-
tions, B. C. Ap., 785, 2044. New Plymouth: 1668, 1670, 1672, 1677, fishing
regulations, B. C. Ap., 770-1, 2044. New York: 1772, fishing regulations,
B. C. Ap., 775, 2044.

Statutes of Great Britain concerning regulation of fisheries. Memorandum of
United States, 0. A. Ap., 2335, 2045.

Stikine River, 2029.

Strachey, fishery right essential to 1783 treaty, 1958.

Subjects or citizens, inhabitants equivalent of, 1952.

Sunday statute, Newfoundland, 1876, B. C. Ap., 707, 1971.

Sutton, Crampton to, June 27, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205-6: Marcy circulars, 1931;
regulations, 2059.

Sutton, Russell to, B. C. Ap., 205, May 25, 1855, provincial regulations, 2056.

Sutton to Crampton, June 16, 1855, B. C. Ap., 205, provincial regulations, 2057.

Sutton to Russell, May 5, 1855, B. C. Ap., 204, provincial regulations, 2056.

Swan v. U. S., 50 Fed. Rep., 108, treaty rights, 2133.

Sweden, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Territorial sea, institute of international law, 2008.

Territorial waters act, 1878, B. C. Ap., 574, 2007.

Territorial waters, right of fishing therein, Lord Salisbury, 2094.

Thornton-Fish conversation, B. C. Ap., 253, right to make regulations, 1936.

Thornton-Fish correspondence, limits on action of Great Britain, 1935-6.

Thornton, Fish to: April 21, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 581, Canadian act of 1868,

2103. June 25, 1873, B. C. Ap., 252, Newfoundland regulations, 1936.
Thornton to Davis: May 18, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 587, Canadian act of 1868,

2104. July 30, 1873, U. S. C. C. Ap., 197, Newfoundland regulations,
2088-9.

Thornton to Fish : Apr. 14, 1870, U. S. C.Ap., 580, Canadian act of 1868, 2103.
Apr. 22, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 581, Canadian act of 1868, 2103. May 26, 1870,
U. S. C. Ap., 589, Canadian act of 1868, 2104-5. June 19, 1873, U. S. C. C.
Ap., 195, June 20, 1873, U. S. C. C. Ap. 196, Newfoundland regulations,
2087, 2088.

2482 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Boot, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Thornton's admission of United States position, June 20, 1873, U. S. C. C.
Ap., 196, 2109.

Townshend, Oswald to, Oct. 2, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 71, "in common," 1948.

Three-mile limit, Newfoundland regulations ineffective outside of, Newcastle
to Bannennan, Aug. 3, 1863, U. S. C. Ap., 1082, 2086.

Trade and travel privileges: Finlay's argument on analogy, 2023—4. Principle
of international law, LAMMASCH. 2028. Reservation of right of municipal
control over, 2024. Treaty provisions (see memorandum of United States,
0. A. Ap.,2312.) Great Britain and: Austria, 1829 and 1838, 2025; Buenos
Ayres, 1825, 2025; Colombia, 1825, 2025; Denmark, 1660 and 1670, 2025;
France, 1786 and 1815, 2025; Frankfort, 1832, 2025; Mexico, 1826, 2025;
Netherlands, 1815 and 1824, 2025; Portugal, 1642, 1654, and 1810, 2025;
Spain, 1669, 2025; Sweden, 1654, 1661, and 1826, 2025; Two Sicilies, 1816,
2025. United States: 1794, Jay treaty, B. C. Ap., 20, 2024-5; 1806, unrati-
fied treaty, U. S. C. C. Ap., 19, 2024; 1815, B. C. Ap. 29, 2024-5; 1871,
Washington treaty, B. C. Ap., S9, 2029. United States and: Argentine Con-
federation, 1853, 2025; Austria-Hungary, 1829, 2025, Brazil, 1828, 2025; Cen-
tral America, 1825, 2025; Colombia, 1824, 2.025; Denmark, 1826, 2025; Great
Britain, see supra; Greece, 1837, 2025; Hanover, 1840, 2025; Hanseatic
Republics, 1827, 2025; Netherlands, 1782, 2025; Portugal, 1840, 2025; Prus-
sia, 1785, 1799, and 1828, 2025; Sardinia, 1838, 2025; Sweden and Norway,
1816 and 1827, 2025; Two Sicilies, 1855, 2025.

"Trade" policy in Newfoundland regulations, 1983.

Trading right contrasted with treaty right, 1985.

Travel and trading privileges. See Trade and travel privileges, 2023-2031 .

Treaties cited : Argentine Confederation-United States, 1853, trade and travel
privileges, 2025. Austria-Great Britain, 1829, 1838, trade and travel privi-
leges, 2025. Austria-Hungary-Italy, 1878, fishing limit, 1974, 2030. Aus-
tria-Hungary-United States, 1829, trade and travel privileges, 2025. "Ban-
croft" treaties, LAMMASCH 1956. Brazil -United States, 1828, trade and
travel privileges, 2025. Buenos Ayres-Great Britain, 1825, trade and travel
privileges, 2025. Central America-United States, 1825, trade and travel
privileges, 2025. Colombia-Great Britain, 1825, trade and travel privileges,
2025. Colombia-United States, 1824, trade and travel privileges, 2025;
Denmark-Great Britain, 1660, 1670, trade and travel privileges, 2025. Den-
mark-United States, 1826, trade and travel privileges, 2025. France-Great
Britain, 1713 (Utrecht) French rights, 2035; 1763, U. S. C. Ap.,52, original
use of "liberty," 1944; 1783, B. C. Ap. 11, French rights, 2037; 1786,
1815, trade and travel privileges, 2025; 1863, U. S. C. Ap., 52, 1944. Frank-
fort-Great Britain, 1832, trade and travel privileges, 2025. Great Britain-
United States: 1783, U. S. C. Ap., 23, analogous to French treaty, 1944,
fishery right a sine quo non, 1958, DRAGO, article 3, 1954; 1794, Jay treaty,
B. C. Ap., 20, trade and travel privileges, 2024, 2025, regulation, 2031; 1806,
unratified treaty, U. S. C. C. Ap., 19, trade and travel privileges, 2024;
1815, B. C. Ap., 29, trade and travel privileges, 2024, 2025, regulation,
2031-2, compared with treaty of 1818, 2073, 2076-7; 1818, article 1, 1928,
compared with treaty of 1815, 2073, 2076-7, in a special class, LAMMASCH,
1938, restriction in, LAMMASCH, 2079-80; 1854, U. S. C. Ap., 25, liberty
and right, 1945; 1871 (of Washington), B. C. Ap., S9, acts of Newfoundland
adopting, May 5, 1873, Mar. 28, 1874, B. C. Ap., 705, 706, 1935, 1937, 2089,
river navigation in, 2029, Salisbury to Hoppin, Apr. 3, 1880, U. S. C. Ap.,
683, 2093; 1909, Special Agreement, article 4, 1992. Greece-United States,

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2483

Root, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

1837, trade and travel privileges, 2025. Hanover-United States, 1840, trade
and travel privileges, 2025. Hanseatic Republics-United States, 1827, trade
and travel privileges, 2025. Japan-Russia, 1907, convention concerning fish-
eries, 2021-3. Mexico-Great Britain, 1826, trade and travel privileges, 2025.
Netherlands-Great Britain, 1815, 1824, trade and travel privileges, 2025.
Netherlands-United States, 1782, trade and travel privileges, 2025; Port-
ugal-Great Britain, 1642, 1654, 1810, trade and travel privileges, 2025.
Portugal-United States, 1840, trade and travel privileges, 2025. Prussia-
United States, 1785, 1799, 1828, trade and travel privileges, 2025. Sardinia-
United States, 1838, trade and travel privileges, 2025. Spain-France-Great
Britain, 1763, French rights, 2035. Spain-Great Britain, 1669, trade and
travel privileges, 2025. Sweden-Great Britain, 1654, 1661, 1826, trade and
travel privileges, 2025. Sweden and Norway-United States, 1816, 1827,
trade and travel privileges, 2025. Two Sicilies-Great Britain, 1816, trade
and travel privileges, 2025. Two Sicilies-United States, 1855, trade and
travel privileges, 2025. United States-France, 1778, U. S. C. Ap., 92,
French rights, 2035. United States, see Great Britain, supra.

Treaty coast: Boutwell circular, 2102; French and American, 1970; GRAY,
2103; Imperial statute, 1819, art. 4, LAMMASCH, 2081.

Treaty right: Can not be destroyed or impaired by Great Britain, 2020. Con-
trasted with trading right, 1985. National not individual, 2000. Nature of,
1985. Newfoundland legislation makes practically worthless, 1980-1.
Permanent grant, 2011, 2013-2020. LAMMASCH, 1986, perpetual and unilat-
eral, 1986. Real right, 2111-13. Robson's statement of, 2005. Saving clause
in Newfoundland statutes, 2085. United States can control exercise of,
2003. Winter admits treaty right worthless, 1984.

Treaty rights: U. S. v. Alaska Packers' Asso., 79 Fed. Rep., 152, 2133; U. S.
t). J. G. Swan, 50 Fed. Rep., 108, 2133; U. S. v. Winans, 73 Fed. Rep., 72,
reversed, 198 U. S., S71, 2133. Infringed by British regulations, Evarts
to Welsh, Aug. 1, 1879, U. S. C. Ap., 671, 2092.

Tribunal's duty to determine powers of Great Britain, 1930.

Two Sicilies, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Yukon River, 2029.

Ullmann, servitudes, 2128, 2131.

Unilateral, treaty right is, GRAY, 1986.

United States admissions of British position, 2096-2108.

U. S. v. Alaska Packers' Asso., 79 Fed. Rep., 152, treaty rights, 2133.

United States, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

United States can control exercise of treaty right, 2003.

United States can renounce right, GRAY, 2004.

United States' concurrence in regulations necessary, 2113-14.

United States has national not individual right in treaty, 2000.

United States position, Bathurst'd admission of, U. S. C. Ap., 274, 2108-9.

U. S. v. J. G. Swan, 50 Fed. Rep., 108, treaty rights, 2133.

United States view-point stated, 1930.

U. S. v. Winans, 73 Fed. Rep., 72, reversed, 198 U. 8. S71, treaty rights, 2133.

Uruguay River, 2029.

Vattel, servitudes, 2129, 2131.

de Vergennes, to de Rayneval, Dec. 4. 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 110, "in common,"
1948.

"Vessel," personification 01, in statutes, act of 1775, B. C. Ap., 545, act of
1819, B. C. Ap., 565, 1956.

2484 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Root, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question /—Continued.

Veto of regulation, United States rights to suspensive, LAMMASCH, 1995.

Via and Her in Roman law, 2114, 2118.

Vienna, Congres< of, 1815, river navigation, 2029.

Waddington, Salisbury to, July 9, 1889, U. 8. C. Ap., 1083, French righte,
2035.

Webster's memorandum, U. 8. C. Ap., 526, 1943.

Welsh, Evarts to: Sept. 28, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 652, 655, 657, Fortune Bay,
1933-4, 2090-1; Aug. 1, 187&, U. 8. C. Ap., 671, British regulation infring-
ing American rights, 2092.

Welsh, Salisbury to, Nov. 7, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 657, 658. Fortune Bay,
1934, 1935, 2092.

Wharton, servitudes, 2131.

Wheaton, sources of international law, 2123.

Whiteway to House of Lords, Apr. 23, 1891, U. S. C. C. Ap., 329 British act
of 1824, 2052.

Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M . <t W. Ex. Rep. 63, right of fishery, 1942.

Wilson and Tucker, servitudes, 2132.

Winans v. U. S., 73 Fed. Rep., 72, reversed, 198 U. S., 371, treaty rights, 2133.

Winter fishery, herring fishery is, 1960-61.

Winter, Sir James: American treaty right worthless, 1984; legislation regard-
ing bultows not uniform, 1968; purpose of Newfoundland legislation, 1980.

Wolf, servitudes, 2129, 2132.
Question g, pp. 2194-2207, 2216-18. (Aug. 12, 1910.)

Agents and servants, 2202-2204.

Aliens: Crews may be partly, 2202. Employment of: restrictions on, B. C.
Ap., 757, 758, U. S. C. Ap., 197, 199, 2196; Robson's argument discussed,
2202-3; universal custom, 2201.

Cases cited: Duchess of Norfolk's case. Year Boole Henry VII, agents and serv-
ants, 2205; Terre Haute Railroad case, right to employ aliens, 2194;
Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M. & W. Ex. Rep. 63, agents and servants, 2205.

Chinese, danger of, on the coast, 2206.

Delaware and Maryland statutes, aliens fishing, 2206.

Difficulty of categorical answer to question 2, LAMMASCH, FITZPATRICK,
2216-18.

Duchess of Norfolk's case, Year Book Henry VII, 2205.

Employing Newfoundland fishermen: Reid to Grey, Oct. 6, 1906, July 12,
1907, B. C. Ap.. 506 and 509, FITZPATRICK, 2198, 2200.

Fishing is "industrial" enterprise, 2201.

FITZPATRICK: Difficulty of categorical answer to question 2, 2216-18. Hiring
Newfoundland fishermen, 2198-2200. Structure of question 2, 2217-18.

Great Britain, statutes of. See Statutes cited, Imperial.

Grey: crews may be partly aliens, 2202.

Grey, Reid to, Oct. 6, 1906, July 12, 1907, B. C. Ap., 506, 509, employing
Newfoundland fishermen, 2198, 2200.

Hawker, Wickham v., 7 M. <k W. Ex. Rep. 63, 2205.

LAMMASCH: Difficulty of categorical answer to question 2, 2216-18. Scope of
question 2, 2199. Structure of question 2. 2216-18.

Maryland and Delaware statutes, aliens fishing, 2206.

Newfoundland fishermen, employing: Reid to Grey, Oct. 6, 1906, July 12,
1907, B. C. Ap., 506,509, FITZPATRICK. 2198,2200.

Newfoundland restrictions on employment of aliens, B. C. Ap., 757, 758,
U.S. C. Ap., 197,199,2196.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2485

Boot, Henorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 2 — Continued.

Newfoundland, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Newfoundlander can ship in American crew, 2196.

Norfolk, Duchess of, case, Year Book Heury VII, 2205.

Practical bearing of question 2, 2195.

Reid to Grey, Oct. 6, 1906, July 12, 1907, B. C. Ap., 506,509, employing
Newfoundland fishermen, 2198,2200.

Right belongs to vessels not individual, 2205.

Robson, employment of aliens, argument discussed, 2202-3.

Scope of question 2: 2194. LAMMASCH, 2199.

Servants and agents, 2202-2204.

Statutes cited: Imperial: 1663, B. C. C. Ap., 213, 2201; 1699, B. C. Ap.,525,
2201, 2204; 1775, B. C. Ap., 543, agents and servants, 2202, 2204. Maryland
and Delaware, aliens fishing, 2206. Newfoundland: 1905, 1906, B. C. Ap.,
757, 758, employment of aliens, 2196; act of 1906, art. 67, B. C. Ap., 758,
employment of aliens, 2196.

Structure of question 2, FITZPATRICK, LAMMASCH, 2216-2218.

Terre Haute Railroad case, 2194.

Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M . & W. Ex. Rep. 63, 2205.
Question 3, pp. 2207-2212. (Aug. 12, 1910.)

Basis of charge for light, harbor, and other dues, 2209-10.

Canada charges no light dues, 2211.

Discrimination in light, harbor, and other dues, 2211-12.

Dues, harbor, light, and other, 2209-12; Newfoundland statutes, 2210.

Duties should not be exacted from fishing vessels, 2208.

Entry and report, 2207-10, FITZPATRICK, 2208.

FITZPATRICK: report and entry, 2208.

Great Britain-France treaty of 1839, regulations, 2207.

Harbor, light and other dues, 2209-12; Newfoundland statutes, 2210.

LAMMASCH: "report," 2209.

Light dues not charged by Canada, 2211.

Light, harbor, and other dues, 2209-12; Newfoundland statutes on, 2210.

Modus vivendi with Canada of 1888, 2209.

Newfoundland statutes, light, harbor, and other dues, 2210.

North Sea Convention of 1882, regulations, 2207.

Reasonableness of exemption of American fishing vessels from dues, 2211-2212.

Regulations: Great Britain-France treaty of 1839, 2207; North Sea Conven-
tion of 1882, 2207.

"Report," LAMMASCH, 2209.

Report and entry: 2207-10; FITZPATRICK, 2208.

Treaties cited: Great Britain-France, 1839, regulations, 2207; modus vivendi

of 1888, 2209; North Sea Convention, 1882, regulations, 2207.
Question 4, pp. 2212-2216. (Aug. 12, 1910.)

Fish, sale of, Newfoundland act of 1905, B. C. Ap., 757, 2214.

FITZPATRICK: Intercourse with land during shelter, repairs, and securing wood
and water, 2213. North Sea fishery regulations, 2215.

Gear, sale of, Newfoundland act of 1905, B. C. Ap.t 757, 2214.

Harbor and light dues not within renunciation clause of 1818 treaty, 2214.

Light and harbor dues not within renunciation clause of 1818 treaty, 2214.

Meaning of question 4, 2212.

Modus vivendi of 1888 with Canada, U. S. C. Ap., 44, shelter, repairs,
wood and water 2213,

2486 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Boot, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 4 — Continued.

Newfoundland act of 1905, B. C. Ap., 757, sale of fish and gear, 2214;
1906, B. C. Ap., 758, suspension of, 2215.

Newfoundland statutes, questions not argued by United States, 2215-16.

North Sea fishery regulations: 2215; FITZPATRICK, 2215.

Regulations, North Sea fishery: 2215; FITZPATRICK, 2215.

Shelter, repairs, wood, and water, FITZPATRICK, 2213.

Statutes cited: Modus vivendi of 1888 with Canada, U. S. C. Ap., 44,
2213. Newfoundland: act of 1905, B. C. Ap., 757, 2214; act of 1906, B. C.
Ap., 755,2215.

Treaty right impaired by act of 1905, 2214.
Question 5, pp. 2139-2193. (Aug. 11, 1910.)

Aberdeen to Everett, Mar. 10, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 488, relaxation of position
re Bay of Fundy, 2144.

Adams, Gallatin and Rush to, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 307, shore and
coast, 2177.

Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25, 1815, B. C. Ap., 66, Jaseur incident, 2179-80.

Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 265, Jaseur incident, 2178.

American, Franco-, dispute, 1821-3, 2185-6.

"Any" in renunciatory clause, treaty of 1818, LAMMASCH, 2182^1.

Argus, The, 2141, 2162, 2176.

Auckland's, Holland and, report, Nov. 14, 1806, B. C. Ap., 61: Maritime
jurisdiction, 2152, 2155, 2158, 2164; LAMMASCH, 2152.

Baker, Bathurst to, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64: Bays, FITZPATRICK, 2193;
maritime jurisdiction, 2171-4.

Bannerman, Newcastle to, Aug. 3, 1863, U. S. C. Ap., 1083, maritime juris-
diction, 2163.

Bathurst, Adams to, Sept. 25, 1815, B. C. Ap., 66, Jaseur incident, 2179-80.

Bathurst to Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64: Bays, FITZPATRICK, 2193;
maritime jurisdiction, 2172-2174.

Bays: Aberdeen to Everett, Mar. 10, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 488, 2144. British
contention same as United States, 2140-1. British position that "bays "
used geographically in 1818 treaty, B. C. 83, 103, 104, B. C. C. 43, B. A.
92, 1068-9. Cape Cod Bay, 2177. Chaleur Bay, 2151, 2153, 2160, 2167,
2188. Chesapeake Bay, FITZPATRICK, 2157. Coasts and, FITZPATRICK,
2176. Conception Bay, 2151. Contention of British as to meaning of, 2140.
Contention of United States as to meaning of, 2140; creeks and harbors,
LAMMASCH, 2174. Delaware Bay, 2151, 2167, FITZPATRICK, 2157. Egmont
Bay, GRAY, 2177. FITZPATRICK, 2154, 2158-9. Bathurst to Baker, Sept.
7, 1815, B. C. Ap. 64, 2193. Foreign office memorandum, U. S. C. Ap.,
629, 2143-4. Fortune Bay, 2153, 2160. Fundy Bay, 2151, 2153, 2144,
2160. Great Britain's position up to 1818, 2153. Harbors, rivers, creeks,
and inlets, 2172. In other treaties, 2187. In renunciatory clause of 1818,
2174. Included in coasts, resolution American Congress, B. C. C. Ap., 13,
2186, LAMMASCH, 2186. Jurisdiction not asserted over, 2153. Kimberley
to Lisgar, Feb. 16, 1871, U. S. C. Ap., 6S6, 2143. Less than 6 miles wide,
FITZPATRICK, 2181. Madison to Monroe and Pinkney, May 17, 1806, B. C.
Ap., 60, 2154. Maritime jurisdiction must be asserted, 2150. Massachu-
setts Bay, 2177. Memorandum on, Kimberley to Young, Oct. 10, 1870,
U. S. C. Ap., 629, 2143-4. Miramichi Bay, 2151, 2153, 2160, 2167, 2188.
Notre Dame Bay, 2153. Placentia Bay, 2151, 2153, 2160. St. Georges
Bay, 2153, 2186. Stanley to Falkland, May 19, 1845, B. C. Ap., 145-6,
2141. Territoriality, Ewart's statement, GRAY, 2147. White Bay, 2151,
2153.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2487

Boot, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

British contention as to meaning of bays same as United States, 2140-1.

British position, maritime jurisdiction in 1806, 2150.

British position, meaning of bays, 2140.

British position that "bays" used geographically in 1818 treaty, B. C. 8S,

103, 104, B. C. C. 43, B. A. 92., 1068-9.
Buoys, regulations, 1810, B. C. Ap., 60S, Miramichi, 2189.
Canada, territorial waters, 2161.
Canada, statutes of. See Statutes cited.
Cape Cod Bay, 2177.
Cases cited: Moray Firth, 3-mile limit, 2166, 2168; Queen v. Keyn, L. R.

(1876), 2 Ex. Div. 63, abandonment of King's Chambers, 2164; Twee

Gebroeders, 3-mile limit, 2149, 2151.
Chaleur, Bay of, 2151, 2153, 2160, 2167, 2188.
"Chambers between headlands," 2176, FITZPATRICK, 2154.
Chesapeake Bay, FITZPATRICK, 2157.
Chitty: Maritime jurisdiction, 2152, 2162.
"Coast" and "shore" convertible, 2177-8.
"Coast" and "shore," Gallatin and Rush to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C.

Ap., 307, 2177.

Coast, nature of, as bearing on maritime jurisdiction, LAMHASCH, 2158.
Coasts, FITZPATRICK, 2158-9.
Coasts and bays, FITZPATRICK, 2176.
"Coaste:" history of use of word in treaty of 1818, 2183; in British proposals

of Nov. 25, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 96, 2183-4; includes "bays," LAMMASCH,

2186; resolution of American Congress, B. C. C. Ap., 13, 2186.
Conception Bay, 2151.

Controversy limited to territorial waters, 2145-6.
Crampton-Fillmore conversation, July 20, 1852, B. C. Ap., 154, Webster

circular, 2192.
Crampton, Malmesbury to, Aug. 10, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 518, arrangement

of 1844 regarding Bay of Fundy, 2185.
Delaware Bay, 2151, 2167, FITZPATRICK, 2157.
Egmont Bay, GRAY, 2177.
European political situation in 1806, 2159-60.

Everett, Aberdeen to, Mar. 10, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 488, relaxation of posi-
tion re Bay of Funday, 2144.

Ewart's argument on maritime jurisdiction and bays, 2147.
Ewart's statement on territoriality of bays, Gray, 2147.
Falkland, Stanley to, May 19, 1845, B. C. Ap., 145-6, bays, 2141.
Falkland to Russell, May 8, 1841, B. C. Ap., 127, Nova Scotia's claim to

jurisdiction, 2162.
Fillmore-Crampton conversation, July 20, 1852, B. C. Ap., 154, Webster

circular, 2192.

Fishermen, line of jurisdiction should be intelligible to, 2182.
Fitzmaurice, Feb. 21, 1907, territorial waters denned, 2166-7.
FITZPATRICK: Bathurst to Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, bays, 2193.

Bays, 2154. Bays less than 6 miles wide, 2181. Coasts and bays, 2176.

Coasts, bays, and harbors, 2158-9. Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, 2157.

King's Chambers, 2160.

Foreign office memorandum on bays, U. S. C. Ap., 629, 2143-4.
Fortune Bay, 2153, 2160.
Foster's report (minister of marine and fisheries of Canada), U. S. C. Ap.,

fig, maritime jurisdiction, 2163.

2488 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Root, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

France, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Franco-American dispute, 1821-3, 2185-6.

Fundy, Bay of: 2151, 2153, 2160. British position in 1844, 2185. Relaxa-
tion of position regarding bays in, 2144. Stanley to Falkland, May 19,
1845, B. C. Ap., 145-6, 2141.

Gallatin and Rush to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, shore and coast, U. 8. C.Ap.,
307, 2177.

GRAY: Egmont Bay, 2177. Ewart's statement on territoriality of bays,
2147.

Great Britain-France, treaty of 1839, 2161.

Great Britain never exercised jurisdiction in disputed bays, 2170-1.

Groat Britain not asserting territorial waters, 2161.

Great Britain's position up to 1818, 2153.

Great Britain, statutes of. See Statutes cited, Imperial.

Great Britain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Gurry, regulations, 1799, B. C. Ap., 597, Miramichi, 2189.

Harbors, Fitzpatrick, 2158-9.

Headlands, American position in 1818, American proposal, Sept. 17, 1818,
Am. St. Papers, 4 For. Rel., 337, 2169.

Holland and Auckland's report, Nov. 14, 1806, B. C. Ap., 61: maritime
jurisdiction, 2152, 2155, 2158, 2164; Lammasch, 2152.

Institute of International Law, 6 miles jurisdiction, 2150.

International law writers cited: Chitty, maritime jurisdiction, 2152, 2162.
De Martens, maritime jurisdiction, 2152.

Interpretation of treaties, renunciatory clause, treaty of 1818, 2145, 2174.

Jaseur incident: 2171-2. Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25, 1815, B. C. Ap., 66,
2179-80. Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 265, 2178.

Jurisdiction not asserted over bays, 2153.

Jurisdiction over disputed bays, Great Britain never exercised, 2170-1.

Jurisdictional line should be intelligible to fishermen, 2182.

Keyn, Queen v., L. R. (1876), 2 Ex. Div., 63, abandonment of claim to
King's Chambers, 2164.

Kimberley to Lisgar, Feb. 16, 1871, U. S. C. Ap., 636: bays, 2143; maritime
jurisdiction, 2173.

Kimberley to Young, Oct. 10, 1870, memorandum on bays, U. S. C. Ap., 629,
2143-4.

King's Chambers: 2176. LAMMASCH, 2176. FITZPATRICK, 2160. Abandon-
ment of claim to: LAMMASCH, 2164; Queen v. Keyn, L. R. (1876), 2 Ex.-
Div., 63, 2164; Robson, 2164.

LAMMASCH: Abandonment of claims to King's Chambers, 2164. "Any" in
renunciatory clause, treaty of 1818, 2182-3. "Bays, creeks, and harbors,"
2174. "Coaste" includes "bays," 2186. Effect of circumstances on British
position in 1806, 2156. Extent of controversy, 2146. King's Chambers,
2176. Nature of coast as affecting maritime jurisdiction, treaty of!806, 2158.
Places without marine league, 2173. Report of negotiators of 1806, 2152.
Statutory limit of jurisdiction, 2162-4.

Lansdowne, Nov. 11, 1907, British position as to territorial waters, 2168.

Lisgar, Kimberley to, Feb. 16, 1871, U. S. C. Ap., 636: bays, 2143; maritime
jurisdiction, 2173.

Madison to Monroe and Pinckney, May 17, 1806, B. C. Ap., 60, bays, 2154.

Malmesbury to Crampton, Aug. 10, 1852, U, S, C. Ap., 618t arrangement of
1844 re Bay of Fundy, 2185.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2489

Boot, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Maritime jurisdiction: Abandonment of claims to King's Chambers, 2164.
American position in 1818, American proposal, Sept. 17, 1818, Am. St. Pap.,
4 For Rel, 337, 2169. Bathurst to Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, 2171-4. Controversy
limited to matters within, 2145-6. Ewart'sargument,2147. Fixed by statute,
Lammasch, 2162-4. Fitzmaurice, Feb. 21, 1907, 2166-7. Foster's report
(Canadian minister of marine and fisheries), U. S. C. Ap., 812, 2163. Hol-
land and Auckland's report, Nov. 14, 1806, B. C. Ap., 61, 2152, 2155, 2158,
2164. Institute of International Law, 6-mile limit, 2150. Kimberley to
Lisgar, Feb. 16, 1871, U. S. C. Ap., 636, 2173. LAMMASCH: effect of nature of
coast, 2158; abandonment of claims to King's Chambers, 2164; effect of cir-
cumstances on British position, 1806, 2156; limit of, 2146; limit fixed by
statute, 2162^4; places without marine league, 2173. Lansdowne, Nov. 11,
1907, 2168. de Martens, 2152. Monroe and Pinckney's report, Nov. 11,
1806, U.S. C. C. Ap., 95, 2155. Must be asserted, 2150; Chitty, 2152, 2162;
Robson, 2151. Newcastle to Bannerman, Aug. 3, 1863, U. S. C. Ap.,
1083, 2163. Newfoundland claims, Falkland to Russell, May 8, 1841, B. C.
Ap., Ig7, 2162. Norway claims 4 miles, 2150. Nova Scotia act of 1836,

2163. Pinckney-Monroe report, Jan. 3, 1807, U. S. C. C. Ap., 96, 2156.
Positions of Great Britain and United States in 1806, 2150. Queen v. Keyn,
L. R. (1876), 2 Ex. Div., 63, abandonment of claims to King's Chambers,

2164. Reference by negotiators of 1818, 2147.
De Martens, maritime jurisdiction, 2152.
Massachusetts Bay, 2177.

Miramichi Bay, 2151, 2153, 2160, 2167, 2188, 2189.

Mitchell's map not used in 1818, 2148.

Monroe, Adams to, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 265, Jaseur incident, 2178.

Monroe and Pinckney, Madison to, May 17, 1806, B. C. Ap., 60, bays, 2154.

Monroe and Pinckney reports, Nov. 11, 1806, Jan. 3, 1807, U. &. <7. C. Ap.,

95, 96, maritime jurisdiction, 2155, 2156.
Moray Firth case, 3-mile limit, 2166, 2168.
Negotiators in 1818 referred to maritime jurisdiction, 2147.
Newfoundland, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Newcastle-Bannerman, Aug. 3, 1863, U. S. C. Ap., 108S, maritime juris-
diction, 2163.
North Sea coasts, 2159.

North Sea convention, 1882, 3-mile limit, 2161.
Notre Dame Bay, 2153.
Norway claims 4 miles jurisdiction, 2150.
Nova Scotia, act of 1836, maritime jurisdiction, 2163; asserting territorial

waters, 2161-2. See also Statutes cited.
Opinion of law officers of the Crown, 2142.

Pinckney and Monroe, Madison to, bays, May 17, 1806, B. C. Ap., 60, 2154.
Pinckney and Monroe reports, Jan. 3, 1807, Nov. 11, 1806, U. S. C. C. Ap.,

95, 96, maritime jurisdiction, 2155, 2156.
Placentia Bay, 2151, 2153, 2160.
Queen v. Keyn, L. R. (1876), 2 Ex. Div., 6S, abandonment of claims to

King's Chambers, 2164.

Regulations, shore, statutes, Chaleur and Miramichi Bays, 2188-9.
Renunciatory clause in treaty of 1818: 2145; 2174; 2189-90; British proposal,

a grant, 2190; "any" in, LAMMASCH, 2182-4; Robson's view, 2189.
Robson: abandonment of claims to King's Chambers, 2164; jurisdiction must

be asserted, 2151; renunciatory clause, 2189.
92909°— VOL 12—13 17

2490 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Boot, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Rush, Gallatin and, to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, "shore and coast" U. 8. C. Ap.,
307, 2177.

Russell, Falkland to, May 8, 1841, B. C. Ap., 1X7, Nova Scotia's claim to
jurisdiction, 2162.

St. Georges Bay, 2153, 2186.

"Shore" and "coast" convertible: 2177-8; Gallatin and Rush to Adams, Oct.
20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 307, 2177.

Six-mile limit, Institute of International Law, 2150.

Stanley to Falkland, May 19, 1845, bays, B. C. Ap., 145-6, 2141.

Stowell, Lord, "Twee Gebroeders" case, 2149, 2151.

Statutes asserting jurisdiction over Chaleurs and Miramichi Bays; shore regu-
lations, 2188-9.

Statutes cited: Canada: 1788, B. C. Ap.,592, 2188; Imperial: 1785, B. C.Ap.,
654, Chaleurs Bay, 2188; 1851, Boundary between Old Canada and New
Brunswick, B. C. Ap., 57t, 2188, 2189. New Brunswick, statutes re Mira-
michi Bay: 1799, shore regulations; casting of gurry, B. C. Ap., 597, 2189;
1810, placing buoys, B. C. Ap., 60S, 2189. Nova Scotia: 1836, maritime
jurisdiction, 2163.

Ten-mile bay, France-Great Britain, Treaty of 1839, 2161.

Territorial waters: Canada, Nova Scotia and Great Britain, 2161 ; Fitzmaurice,
Feb. 21, 1907, 2166-7; Lansdowne, Nov. 11, 1907, 2168; subject matter of
controversy limited to, 2145-6.

Three-mile limit, places without, LAMMASCH, 2173. See also Cases cited.

Treaties cited: 1806 (unratified) U. S. C. C. Ap., XX, 2154-59; European
history prior thereto, 2159-60; LAMMASCH, 2158. 1818, renunciatory clause,
2145, 2174, 2189-90. 1839, Great Britain-France, 10-mile bay, 2161. 1882,
North Sea convention, 3-mile limit, 2161.

"Twee Gebroeders" case, 3-mile limit, 2149, 2151.

United States contention as to meaning of bays, 2140.

United States position, headlands, 1818, Am. St. Pap. 4 For. Pel., SS7, 2169.

United States position, maritime jurisdiction, 2150.

United States, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

"Washington, " The, 2141, 2162, 2176.

Webster circular, B. C. Ap., 152, 2190-93.

White Bay, 2151, 2153.

Young, Kimberley to, Oct. 10, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 6X9, bays, 2143-4.
Question 6, pp. 2219-2224. (Aug. 12, 1910.)

"Coaste, " historical use thereof reviewed, 2219.

Hague convention, 1907, introduction of documents, 2223.

Halifax Commission, proceedings introduced by Root, 2219-20; objection
thereto by Robson, 2220.

Robson, objection to introduction of Halifax Commiasion proceedings, 2220.

Question 7, pp. 2224-2230. (Aug. 12, 1910.)

Bait, purchase of, by trading vessel, GHAT, 2227.

Basis of decision of question 7, 2229-30.

DRAQO: trading and fishing, 2230.

Durand, Root to, Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 966, right to trade, licensed and

registered vessels, 2225-6.
Durand to Root, Oct. 22, 1905, U.S. C. C.Ap., 633, right to trade, licensed and

registered vessels, 2226.
Elgin, MacGregor to, Sept. 1, 14, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1013, 1014, right to trade,

2224.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2491

Root, Honorable Elihu — Continued.
Question 7 — Continued.

Elgin to MacGregor, Sept. 2, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1014, right to trade, 2225.

FITZPATRICK: trading and fishing, 2230.

GRAY: Purchase of bait by trading vessel, 2227.

Grey to Reid, Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 971, right to trade, 2226.

"Hovering, "2227.

LAMMASCH: Trading and fishing, 2229.

Licensed and registered vessels, Durand to Root, Oct. 22, 1905, U. S. C. C.

Ap., 6SS, 2226; Root to Durand, Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 966, 2225-6.
MacGregor, Elgin to, Sept. 2, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1014, right to trade, 2225.
MacGregor to Elgin, Sept. 1, 14, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1013, 1014, right to trade,

2224.

Newfoundland proposed question 7, 2224.
Purchase of bait by trading vessel, GRAY, 2227.
Question 7 framed by both parties, 2224.

Reid, Grey to, Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 971, right to trade, 2226.
Registered and licensed vessels: Durand to Root, Oct. 22, 1905, U. S. C. C.

Ap., 63S, 2226; Root to Durand, Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 966, 2225-6.
Root, Durand to, Oct. 22, 1905, U. S. C. C. Ap., 6SS, right to trade, licensed

and registered vessels, 2226.
Root to Durand, Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 966, right to trade, licensed and

registered vessels, 2225-6.
Trade, right to: Elgin to MacGregor, Sept. 2, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1014, 2225;

Grey to Reid, Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 971, 2226; MacGregor to Elgin,

Sept. 1, 14, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 101S, 1014, 2224; Root to Durand, Oct. 19,

1905, U. S. C. Ap., 966, 2225-6; Durand to Root, Oct. 22, 1905, U.S. C. C.

Ap., 6SS, 2226.

Trading and fishing, FITZPATRICK, DRAGO, 2230; LAMMASCH, 2229.
Trading vessel, purchase of bait by, GRAY, 2227.

Turner, Honorable George.

Introduction, pp. 471-479. (June 20, 1910.)

Bays, British doctrine of, never practically applied by Great Britain, 478-9.

Bays, question introduced, 478-9.

British and United States contentions compared, 476-8.

British doctrine of bays never practically applied by Great Britain, 478-9.

Colonial pressure forced Great Britain, 473.

Contentions of United States and Great Britain compared, 476-478.

Controversy long-standing, LAMMASCH'S opening speech, 472, 495.

Diplomatic function does not attach to this court, 474.

Impartial legal decision expected by United States, 474.

International law questions of case must be decided, 475.

LAMMASCH: Controversy is long-standing, 472, 495.

Legal questions must be dealt with, 474.

Question 5 introduced, 478-9.

Res adjudicata, 474.

Stare decisis, 474.

Treaty rights undisputed for quarter of century, 473.

United States and British contentions compared, 476-8

Historical rtsume, pp. 479-540. (June 20, 22, 1910.)

Accretion increases praedium dominans, GRAY, 503; FITZPATRICK, 504.
Adams: p. 184; nature of fishery rights and liberties, 513-14; banks most
valuable, 514; fishery is "one," 514.

2492 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Historical resumi — Continued.

Adams's diary, U. S. C. Ap., ggS, "right," "liberty," final form of 1783
treaty article, 490.

Adams's opinion, treaty of 1783, 484-87.

Adams's reference to codfish, FITZPATRICK, 514.

Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., 272, view of American nego-
tiators, treaty of 1818, 524.

Adams to Rush, Apr. 5, 1815, U. S. C. C. Ap., 617, negotiations 1782, 485.

Adams to Thomas, Aug. 1, 1822, U. S. C. Ap., 317, negotiations 1782, 486.

American negotiators, view of, treaty of 1818, Adams to Bathuret, D. S. C.
Ap., 272, Sept. 25, 1815, 524.

Anglo-American Telegraph Co., Direct United States Cable Co. v., Conception
Bay, 540.

Auckland's speech, effect of war on treaties, Parliamentary History of Great
Britain, xxxvi: 704, 505.

Bait, entrance for under 1818 treaty, GRAY, 526.

Bait, treaty of 1818, 532-3.

Bank fishery most valuable, Adams: p. 184, 513-14.

Bathurst, Adams to, Sept. 25, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., 272, view of American nego-
tiators, treaty of 1818, 524.

"Bays," treaty of 1783 meant narrow, LAMMASCH, 512.

Bays, treaty of 1818, 538-540.

"Bays" as defined by United States, 511-513.

British concession, negotiations 1818, Robinson to Castlereagh, Oct. 10, 1818,
B. C. Ap., 92, 529.

Burke's speech on conciliation, fisheries, 515-16.

Bynkershoek's rule of jurisdiction based on defensibility, 509, 540.

Calvo: D. 11, 214, 215, effect of war on treaties, 501.

Carnarvon: Effect of war on treaties, Parliamentary History oj Great Britain,
xxxvi: 715, 506.

Cases cited: Direct United States Cable Co. v. Anglo-American Telegraph
Co., Conception Bay, 540; Queen v. Keyn, 3-mile limit, L. R. (1876), 2
Ex. Div., 63, 510.

Castlereagh, Robinson to, Oct. 10, 1818, B. C. Ap., 92, negotiations 1818,
British concessions, 529.

Changes in phraseology, treaty of 1818, 525.

Clauss, p. 213, effect of war on treaties, 499-500.

Coast, description of, in treaty of 1818, summary of provisions, 531.

"Coasts," negotiations, 1818, 537-8.

Coasts limited, negotiations, 1818, 528.

Codfish, Adams's reference to, FITZPATRICK, 514.

Conception Bay, Direct United States Cable Co. v. Anglo-American Tele-
graph Co., 540.

Congressional committee report, Jan. 8, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 28, re open sea,
LAMMASCH, 484, 508, 523.

Continental Congress, Secret Journals of, treaty of 1783, 481.

Contract analogy applied to abrogated treaties, GRAY, 497.

Counter-memorandum to first project, not filed, treaty 1818, 527.

Counter-project, British, treaty of 1818, 527.

"Cure" and "dry," negotiations 1818. 537.

Defensibility, Bynkershoek's theory of jurisdiction, baaed on, 509, 540.

Direct United States Cable Co. v. Anglo-American Telegraph Co., Concep-
tion Bay, 540.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2493

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Historical resume — Continued.

"Dry" and "cure," negotiations 1818, 537.

Fabre, p. S3, effect of war on treaties, 501.

Ferguson, 2:63, 64, effect of war on treaties, 502.

First project, treaty of 1818, 525.

Fisheries; Burke's speech on conciliation, 515-16.

Fisheries, History of North Atlantic, prior to 1783, 520-522.

Fishery described, Newfoundland, 513-516, 518-19.

Fishery is "one." Adams: p. 184, 513-14.

FITZPATRICK: Accretion to prsedium dominans, 504. Adams's reference to
codfish, 514. Jurisdiction, 510.

Fitzherbert to Shelburne, Dec. 4, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 110, "right," 487.

"Forever," treaty of 1818, 533-35.

"Franchise," liberty means, 491.

French treaty rights, 507.

GRAY: Contract analogy applied to abrogated treaties, 497. Entrance for bait
under 1818 treaty, 526. Prsedium dominans, 503, 588.

Great Britain, condition of, 1783, Shelburne to Parliament, Jan. 27, 1783,
B. C. C. Ap., 123, 482-3.

Great Britain, policy of, Knox's report, 518-19.

Great Britain, repressive policy of, 516.

Great Britain, repressive policy of, M'Gregor, U. S. C. Ap., 579, 577, 517-18.

Hawkesbury : Effect of war on treaties, Parliamentary History of Great Britain,
xxxvi: 763, 507.

History of North Atlantic fisheries prior to 1783, 520-522.

Holtzendorff, effect of war on treaties, 501.

"In common," negotiations, 1818, 535-7.

Independence insisted upon in negotiations for treaty of 1783, 480.

International law writers cited: Calvo, D: II: 214, 215, effect of war on
treaties, 501. Clauss, 213, effect of war on treaties, 499-500. Fabre, SS,
effect of war on treaties, 501. Ferguson, 2:63, 64, effect of war on trea-
ties, 502. Holtzendorff, effect of war on treaties, 501. Olivart, effect of
war on treaties, 501. Westiake, I: 60-62, effect of war on treaties, 498.
Wheaton, sec. 268, effect of war on treaties, 498.

Journals, Secret, of Continental Congress, treaty of 1783, 481.

Jurisdiction, FITZPATRICK, 510.

Jurisdiction based on defensibility, Bynkershoek's rule, 509, 540.

Keyn, Queen v., 3-mile limit, L. R. (1876), 2 Ex. Div., 63, 510.

Knox's report, policy of Great Britain, 518-19.

LAMMASCH: British opposition to renunciatory clause, 534. Congressional
committee report, Jan. 8, 1782, re open sea, B. C. C. Ap., 28, 484, 508,
523. Treaty of 1783 meant narrow bays, 512. What is prsedium dominans,
502, 588.

Liberties and rights, fishery, Adams, p. 184, 513-14.

"Liberty," Adams's diary, U. S. C. Ap., 223, 490.

"Liberty" and "right," 487.

"Liberty" and "right" synonymous to certain extent, 491.

"Liberty" means "franchise," 491.

Maps, Mitchell's, purpose of, in 1782, 511.

M'Gregor, U. S. C. C. Ap., 572, 577 repressive policy of Great Britain, 517-18.

Memorandum explaining first project, treaty of 1818, 526.

Mitchell's maps, purpose of, in 1782, 511.

2494 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Historical resume — Continued.

Negotiations, 1782: 483-91. Adams to Rush, Apr. 5, 1815, U. S. C. C. Ap.,

617, 485. Adams to Thomas, Aug. 1, 1822, U. S. C. Ap., 317, 486. Inde-
pendence insisted upon, 480.
Newfoundland fishery described, 513-516, 518-19.
Newfoundland, M'Gregor, U. S. C. C. Ap., 572, 577 repressive policy of Great

Britain, 517-18.

No question under treaty of 1783, 523-524.
Olivart, effect of war on treaties, 501.
Open sea, congressional committee report re, Jan. 8, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 98,

LAMMASCH, 484, 508, 523.
Parliament, Shelburne to, Jan. 27, 1783, B. C. C. Ap., 123, condition of Great

Britain, 1783, 482-3.
Partition of empire theory, 492.
Partition of sovereignty, treaty of 1783, 480.
Policy of Great Britain, Knox's report, 518-19.
Policy of Great Britain repressive: 516; M'Gregor, U. S. C. C. Ap., 57*, 577,

517-18.

Praedium dominans: GRAY, 503, 588; LAMMASCH, 502, 588.
Praedium dominans increased by accretion: FITZPATRICK, 504; GRAY, 503.
Provisional articles, treaty of 1783, 488-490.
Queen v. Keyn, L. R. (1876) 2 Ex. Div., 63, 3-mile limit, 510.
Question 5, 509-513.
Real right not ended by war, 496.

Reciprocal rights in provisional article, treaty of 1783, 491.
Renunciatory clause, treaty of 1818: 532; 538-40; British opposition to,

LAMMASCH, 534.
"Right:" Adams's diary, U. S. C. Ap., 223, 490; Fitzherbert to Shelburne,

Dec. 4, 1782, ti . C. C. Ap., 110, 487.
"Right" and "liberty:" 487; synonymous to certain extent, 491; in fishery,

Adams, p. 184, 513-14.
Robinson to Castlereagh, Oct. 18, 1818, B. C. Ap., 92, British concessions,

negotiations 1818, 529.

Rush, Adams to, Apr. 5, 1815, U. S. C. C. Ap., 617, negotiations 1782, 485.
Shelburne, Fitzherbert to, Dec. 4, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 110, "right," 487.
Shelburne to Parliament, Jan. 27, 1783, B. C. G. Ap., 123, condition of

Great Britain, 1783, 482-3.
Shelter, treaty of 1818, 532-3.
Sovereignty, partition of, treaty of 1783, 480.
Tenure, words of, negotiations of 1818, 531.

Thomas, Adams to, Aug. 11, 1822, U. S. C. Ap., 317, negotiations, 1782, 486.
Three-mile limit, Queen v. Keyn, L. R. (1876), g Ex. Div., 63, 510.
Trade limitation, negotiations 1818, 528.

' Treaties cited. See below, Treaty of 1783, Treaty of 1814, Treaty of 1818.
Treaties, effect of war on, 493-506. See War, effect of, on treaties, under

Treaty of 1783.
Treaty of 1783: Adams's diary, U. S. C. Ap., 223, "right," "liberty," final

form of treaty article, 490. Adams's opinion, 484-87. Adams to Rush, Apr.

6, 1815, U. S. C. C. Ap., 617, negotiations 1782, 485. Adams to Thomas, Aug.

1, 1822, U. S. C. Ap.,317, negotiations 1782, 486. Bays, narrow, LAMMASCH,

512. Congressional committee report, Jan. 8, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 28, re open

aea, LAMMASCH, 484, 508, 523. Continental Congress, Secret Journals of, 481.

Fitzherbert to Shelburne, Dec. 4, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 110, "right," 487.

DSTDEX TO OEAL ARGUMENTS. 2495

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Historical Resume — Continued.

Great Britain, condition of, 1783, Shelburne to Parliament, Jan. 27, 1783,

B. C. 0. Ap., 123, 482-3. Independence insisted upon, 480. "Liberty,'1
Adams's diary, U. S. 0. Ap., 223, 490. "Liberty" and "right," 487.
"Liberty" and "right" synonymous to certain extent, 491. "Liberty''
means "franchise," 491. Negotiations, 1782, 483-491. No question arose
under, 523-524. Partition of empire theory, 492. Provisional articles, 488-90.
Reciprocal rights in provisional article, 491. "Right," Adams's diary, U. 8.

C. Ap., 223, 490. "Right," Fitzherbert to Shelburne, Dec. 4, 1782, B. C. 0.
Ap., 110, 487. Shelburne to Parliament, Jan. 27, 1783, B. C. Ap., 123, con-
dition of Great Britain, 1783, 482-3. War, effect of, on treaties, 493-506:
Auckland's speech, Parliamentary History of Great Britain, xxxvi: 704, 505;
British argument not based on record, 494; Calvo, D. II, 214, 215, 501;
Carnarvon, Parliamentary History of Great Britain, xxxvi: 715, 506; Clauss,
p. 213, 499-500; contracts, analogy of executed and executory, GRAY, 497;
Fabre, p. SS, 501; Ferguson, 2:63, 64, 502; French treaty rights, 507,
Hawkesbury, Parliamentary History of Great Britain, xxxvi: 763, 507; Holt-
zendorff, 501; Olivart, 501; Real right not ended by war, 496. Westlake,
1:60-62, 498. Wheaton, sec. 268, 498.

Treaty of 1814, position of negotiators, 524.

Treaty of 1818: Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., 272, view
of American negotiators, 524. Anglo- American Telegraph Co., Direct United
States Cable Co. v., Conception Bay, 540. Bait, 532-3. Bait, entrance for,
GRAY, 526. Bays, 538-540. Bynkershoek's theory of defensibility, 540.
Negotiations: American negotiators to British negotiators, note, trade limi-
tations, limited coasts, 528; bait, summary of provisions, 532-3; British
concessions, Robinson to Castlereagh, Oct. 10, 1818, B. C. Ap., 92, 529;
changes in phraseology, 526; "coasts," 537-538; coast, description of,
summary of provisions, 531; counter-project, 527; "cure" and "dry," 537;
"explanatory memorandum to first project, 526; failure to file counter-
memorandum, 527; first project, 525; "forever," 533-35; "in common,"
535-537; LAMMASCH, British opposition to renunciatory clause, 534; limited
coasts, 528; renunciatory clause, 532; Robinson to Castlereagh, Oct. 10,
1818, B. C. Ap., 92, British concessions, 529; shelter, summary of pro-
visions, 532-3; trade limitations, 528; water, summary of provisions,
532-3; wood, summary of provisions, 532-3; words of tenure, summary of
provisions, 531. Renunciatory clause, 538-540.

War, effect of on treaties, 493-506.

See same title under Treaty of 1783.

Water, treaty of 1818, 532-3.

Westlake, I: 60-62, effect of war on treaties, 498.

Wheaton, sec. 268, effect of war on treaties, 498.

Wood, treaty of 1818, 532-3.

Words of tenure, negotiations of 1818, 531.
Question 1, pp. 540-867. (June 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, July 1, 1910.)

Act of sovereignty defined, 697-8.

Acts of internal administration of governments not binding here, 787.

Adams, Bathurst to, Oct. 30, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., 277, "in common," 738.

Adams' diary, "liberty" as used by negotiators, 1782, 707.

Adams, Gallatin to, Nov. 6, 1818, B. C. Ap., 97, servitude, "for ever" 580,
863-4.

Adams to Castlereagh, Jan. 22, 1816, U. S. C.Ap., 279: "In common," 722;
"liberty" and "right," 708-9.

2496 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ABBITRATlON.

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Administrative acts construing 1818 treaty, 787.

Administrative acts of internal character not binding on governments here,
787.

Admiralty, Lords of, Cardwell to, April 12, 1866, B. C. Ap., ttl: "In com-
mon," 710; subjection to regulations, 812.

Aliens, right to employ, 769, 770.

American and French rights same, 683, 853.

American fishermen, competition of British with, cannot be more extended
than with French, 858.

American position on British fishermen in American waters, treaty of 1871,
716.

American and French rights of regulation similar, 863.

American right, Clauss, p. 87, GRAY, 633.

American right is servitude, FITZPATRICK, 629.

American to British plenipotentiaries, Oct. 7, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 314, re-
newal of 1783 right, 740.

American writers follow continental on servitudes, 679.

Analogy between international and civil law servitudes, 502-505, 587-592.

Appeal of United States against unreasonable regulations, 554-556.

Archibald and Strachey to Perrier, June 4, 1853, U.S.C.C.Ap., 234, French
right limitation of sovereignty, 859-60.

Artopaeus, servitudes, 576; application of servitude, 692.

Ash's Dictionary: "In common," 717.

Attorney General v. Sillem, g H. & C., 531, strict construction, 702.

d'Aubigny to Iddesleigh, Sept. 20, 1886, U. S. C. C. Ap., 316, French right.
853.

Austria-Hungary, Bosnia, Herzegovina, servitude relationship, 604.

Authority of text writers (servitudes): Queen v. Keyn, L. R. (1876), t Exch.
Div., 68, 568; Phillimore, 569; Lord Esher, 570; Russell at Fur Seal Ar-
bitration, IS Proceedings, 10, 11, 689-90.

Bagot to Monroe, Dec. 31, 1816, U. S. C, Ap., £93, renewal of 1783 right, 739.

Baird's report, disappearance of herring, 782.

Barclay's Dictionary: "In common," 717.

Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 30, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., 977, "in common," 738.

Bathuret to Hamilton, June 21, 1819, B. C. Ap., 99, explains act of 1819, no
restrictions on Americans, 750-1.

Belgium, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Berlin, treaty of, 1878, servitudes, 682.

Blackstone's Commentaries: "In common," 727.

Elaine, Lowell to, Mar. 12, 1881, U. S. C. Ap., 730, joint regulations, 839.

Blaine to Lowell, Mar. 14, 1881, U. S. C. Ap., 731, joint regulations, 839.

Bluntschli, servitudes, sees. 353-8, servitudes, 657.

Bond's speeches, U. S. C. C. Ap., 413, 438, 446, 448, policy of Newfound-
land legislation, 773, 774, 775.

Bonfils, tecs. 333, 340, 342, servitudes, 643-5.

Bosnia, Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary, servitude relationship, 604.

Boutwell circulars, 803-812. Duty to observe regulations, GRAY, 808; LAM-
MABCH, 810. First circular, May 16, 1870, B. C. Ap., 235, 805. Fish to
Boutwell, Apr. 23, 1870, U. S. C. C. Ap., 187, 804-5. Reason for,
LAUMASCH, 807. Related only to nontreaty coasts, 808, 809. Second
circular, June 9, 1870, B. C. Ap.t 237, 806.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2497

jDurner, Honorable George — Continued.

Question 1 — Continued.

Boutwell, Fish to, Apr. 23, 1870, U. 8. C. C. Ap., 187, Boutwell circular,

804-5.

Boutwell not representative of United States, 811.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary: "Liberties," 706.
Boyle, Lyttleton to, Apr. 19, 1904, U. S. C. C. Ap., SS9, French right to

summer fishery only, 862.
Boyle to Lyttleton, Apr. 15, 1904, U. S. C. C. Ap., SS8, French right only to

summer fishery, 861.
Bracton, p. 375, "in common," 726.
British act of 1788, interpretation of notes attached to French-British treaty

of 1783, 855.
British act of June 14, 1819, U. S. C. Ap., 112, legislative construction of

treaty of 1818, 788.

British admission of limitation of sovereignty, 767.
British admission that Great Britain never attempted regulation of French

right, 858.

British assumptions in Halifax arbitration, 814.
British attitude before Halifax arbitration, Evarte to Welsh, Aug. 1, 1879,

U. 8. C. Ap., 671, 832.

British concession, "liberty" is "right," 708.
British fishermen have no more rights to compete with Americans than with

French, 858.

British fishermen in American waters; American position, treaty of 1871,716.
British memorandum. May 3, 1882, U. 8. C. Ap., 742-S, joint regulations,

839-40.

British objection to French claim, 857.
British Order in Council, 1819, U. S. C. Ap., 115, construction of 1818

treaty, 747-8.

British plenipotentiaries, American to, Oct. 7, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 314, re-
newal of 1783 right, 740.

British position inconsistent with view at Halifax arbitration, 825.
British position re servitudes, 1818, 580.
British position to-day on limitation of sovereignty, 550.
British sovereignty limited by treaty, 829.

Bulmerincq, sec. 49, objections to servitude, 687, servitudes, 611.
Bultow or trawl defined, 785.

Bultow violates treaty, Sabine's report, U. S. C. Ap., 1153, Lammasch, 786.
Bultows, 784.

Cables as economic servitudes, 692.
Calvo, D., servitudes, 650.

Canada did not regulate treaty coast until 1868, 757.
Canada discontinued fishing licenses, 804.
Canada, first regulations, in 1892, 759.
Canada-Labrador boundaries, LAMMASCH, 812'.

Canada-Labrador, change of boundary did not affect treaty rights, 810.
Canada, statutes of. See Statutes cited.
Canadian fisheries, nontreaty coasts, GRAY, 823.

Canadian foreign fishing vessels act, May 12, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 136: Thorn-
ton to Davis, May 26, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 589, 805-6.
Canadian policy, change of, Thornton to Fish, Apr. 14, 1870, U. S. C. Ap.,

580, 803.

2498 NOBTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHEB1ES ABBITBATION.

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Cardweil circular: 812-813. Communicated to United States four yean after
date, 812. Objections to, Fish to Thornton, June 8, 1870, B. C. Ap.,
tS6, 812.

Cardweil to Lords of Admiralty, Apr. 12, 1866, B. C. Ap., 221, "in common,"'
710; subjection to regulations, 812.

Cases cited; Attorney General v. Sillem, 2 H. & C., SSI, strict construction,
702; Malcolmson v. O'Dea, 10 H. L., 591, "in common," 729; Queen v.
Keyn, L. R. (1876) 2 Ex. Div., 6S, municipal law and treaty, 802; Whit-
ney v. Robertson, 124 U. S., 124, municipal law and treaty, 802.

Castlereagh, Adams to, Jan. 22, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 279: "in common," 722;
"liberty" and "right," 708-9.

Castlereagh, Robinson to, Oct. 10, 1818, B. C. Ap., 92, renewal of right of
1783, drying and curing, 741.

Castlereagh, Robinson and Goulburn to, Sept., 1818, B. C. Ap., 86, right to
be unlimited, 740.

Chretien, sees. 259, 260, servitudes, 646-8.

Civil and international law servitudes, analogy, 502-505, 587-592.

Civil law servitude, nature of, LAMMASCH, 590.

Clarendon on "in common," 549.

Clarendon, Crampton to: June, 1855, B. C. Ap., 206, Marcy circulars, 795;
Apr. 25, 1856, B. C. Ap., 210, Marcy circular, 796.

Clarendon to Crampton, Oct. 11, 1855, B. C. Ap., 208, "in common," 710.

Clauss, servitudes, 561, 570-80, 584-588, 612, 622-624, 627-634, 692-694,
695-698; trading rights not servitudes, 764.

Coke's Lyttleton, pp. 268-9, "in common." 726.

Commercial treaty not limitation of sovereignty, LAMMASCH, 844.

"Concurrent rights" used in Halifax arbitration, 815.

Construction of treaty of 1818: 701-865. Contemporaneous, 744, 788. Im-
perial statute of June 14, 1819, U. S. C. Ap., 112, making 1818 treaty
effective, 744, 788. Order in council, June 19, 1819, U. S. C. Ap., 115,
relating to 1819 statute, 747-8.

Construction, strict: Attorney General v. Sillem, 2 H.AC., 5S1, 702. Lieber,
p. 65, 703-5. Of treaty right as to servitude, 600. Rule, 701-05. Rule not
necessary to determine economic servitude, 611. Sedgwick, p. 326, 703.
Sutherland, tec. 347, 701-2.

Continental Congress, use of "in common" by, 719-20.

Continental writers unanimous on servitude theory, 663.

Cowley to Walewski, Dec. 13, 1858, U. S. C. C. Ap., 257, French right, 851.

Crarapton, Clarendon to, Oct. 11, 1855, B. C. Ap., 208, "in common," 710.

Crampton to Clarendon, June, 1855, B. C. Ap., 206, Marcy circulars, 795.

Crampton to Clarendon, Apr. 25, 1856, B. C. Ap., 210, Marcy circular, 796.

Crane and Dubois, case against, LAMMASCH, 558.

Creasy, sees. 256, 257, 261, servitudes, 665-666.

Crews, Newfoundlanders in, 769.

Curing and drying, 552.

Curing and drying: Halifax arbitration, 817; Robinson to Castlereagh, Oct.
10, 1818, B. C. Ap., 92, 741; sine qua non in 1818, 741.

Davies' Dictionary: "In common," 717.

Davis, Thornton to: May 26, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 589, Canadian foreign fishing
vessels act, May 12, 1870, 805; July 30, 1873, U. S. C. C. Ap., 197, Newfound-
land act making 1871 treaty effective, 789-90.

INDEX TO DEAL ARGUMENTS. 2499

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Derby to Glover, June 12, 1884, U. S. C. C. Ap., 308, French right a servitude,
583.

Despagnet, sec. 190, servitudes, 645.

Detention and seizure, 771.

Destruction of fish, 779, 781, 782.

Diena, servitudes, 654-56.

Diplomatic correspondence construing treaty, 787.

Dispute between Newfoundland and Great Britain during 1906-7, 555.

Distinction between state and inhabitants immaterial, 700.

DRAGO: All treaties limit sovereignty, 845. Force of regulations prior and
subsequent to 1871 treaty, 842. Real and personal rights, 845. Regulations
viola tive of treaty, 843. Servitude doctrine in diplomatic correspondence,
580.

Drying and curing: 552; Halifax arbitration, 817; Robinson to Castiereagh,
Oct. 10, 1818, B. C. Ap., 92, 741; sine qua non in 1818, 741.

Dubois, Crane and, case against, LAMMASCH, 558.

Durand, Root to, Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 968, Newfoundland fishery
regulations, 771.

Economic servitude: cable lines, 692; fisheries, 692; must be enjoyed by
citizens, 639; passes to successor of dominant nation, 847; railways, 691,
698; rule of strict construction not necessary to determine, 611.

Elgin to McGregor, Aug. 8, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 986, existence of regulations,
753, 758.

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed. 1879, U. S. C. C. Ap., 585, destruction of
fish, 779.

Engelbrecht, application of servitude, 693.

Esher, Lord, authority of text writers, 570.

Exclusive claim of France not sustainable on principle, 857.

Exclusiveness of French right never acknowledged by Great Britain, 855.

Evarts' report, May 17, 1880, B. C. Ap., 280: "in common," 732-4; Halifax
case, 832.

Evarts to Welsh: Sept. 28, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 652, Fortune Bay controversy,
827. Nov. 4, 1878, U. S. C. C. Ap., 201, Fortune Bay controversy, 829,
Halifax award, payment, 829. Nov. 9, 12, 16, 1878, U. 8. C. C. Ap.,
£02-3, Halifax award, payment, 830-31. Aug. 1, 1879, U. S. C. Ap., 671-2:
"in common," 732-4; Fortune Bay controversy; Halifax arbitration,
British attitude before, 832-3.

Extradition treaty not limit on sovereignty, LAMMASCH, 844.

Fabre, servitudes, 648-9.

Finlay on limitation of sovereignty, 548.

Fiore, T.: Sees. 380, 829, 830, and C.: Sees. 615, 616, 617, 1095, 1096, servitudes,
652^1.

First distinct issue between United States and Great Britain regarding regu-
lations, 789.

Fish objected to regulations in 1873, 551.

Fish, right to, a servitude in Roman law, FITZPATRICK, 591.

Fish, Thornton to, June 19, 1873, U. S. C. C. Ap., 195, Newfoundland act
making effective 1871 treaty, 788.

Fish, Thornton to: Apr. 14, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 580, change of Canadian policy,
803. Apr. 22,' 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 581, May 18, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 588,
treaty coasts, 804.

Fish to Boutwell, Apr. 23, 1870, U. S. C. C. Ap., 187, Boutwell circular, 804-5.

2500 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Fish to Thornton: Apr. 21, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 581, treaty coasts, 804. May 31,
1870, U. S. C., 149, limits of treaty coasts, 831. June 8, 1870, B. C. Ap., 236,
objections to Cardwell circular, 812. June 25, 1873, U. S. C. C. Ap., 196,
Newfoundland act making effective treaty of 1871, 789.

Fisheries as economic servitudes, 692.

Fishery right of 1783, renewal of: American to British plenipotentiaries, Oct.
7, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 314, 740. Bagot to Monroe, Dec. 31, 1816, U. S. C.
Ap., 293, 739. Robinson to Castlereagh, Oct. 10, 1818, B. C. Ap., 92, 741.

Fishing and hunting rights as servitudes, GRAY, 607.

Fishing, destructive, 779, 781, 782.

Fishing licenses discontinued by Canada, 804.

Fishing, limitation on time and manner of, none in treaty of 1871, 790.

Fishing regulations, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 201: Sunday fishing, 783; bultowa,
trawls, 784; purse seines, 778-9, 783.

Fishing right a special right, LAMMASCH, 766.

FITZPATRICK: Authority that American right is servitude, 629. Implied ab-
rogation of sovereignty, servitudes, 626. "In common" does not imply
exclusive grant, 724-5. Participation of United States in enforcing regu-
lations, 542, 543. Partition theory, 733. Regulations of 1786, B. C. Ap.,
555, 754. Right to fish a servitude in Roman law, 591. Servitude, 845.
Sovereignty restricted without express words, 547.

Fleming's Dictionary: "In common," 717.

"For ever," Gallatin to Adams, Nov. 6, 1818, B. C. Ap., 97, 864.

Foreign fishing vessels acts, 1905, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 197, 555, 769-771.

Fortune Bay controversy: 826-843. Connection of Halifax award with, 829.
Evarts to Welsh, Sept. 28, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 652, 827, Nov. 4, 8, 9,
12, 16, 1878, U. S. C. C. Ap., 201-203, 827-31, Aug. 1, 1879, U.S. C. Ap.,
671-2, 832-3. Granville to Lowell, Oct. 27, 1880, U. S. C. Ap., 713, 836.
Salisbury to Hoppin, Apr. 3, 1880, U. S. C. Ap., 685, 834. Salisbury to
Welsh, Aug. 23, Nov. 7, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 650, 658, 827, 828. Settlement
of, local laws not discussed, 837.

Fourth article of special agreement of 1909 affords relief from regulations,
556-557.

France, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

"Franchise" and "liberty" synonymous, 705-6.

Franklin, Jay, Rayneval, conversation, Oct. 24, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 78,
"in common," 721.

Frelinghuysen's memorandum, May 9, 1882, U. S. C. Ap., 743, joint regula-
tions, 840.

French and American rights of regulation similar, 863.

French and American rights same, 683, 853.

French, competition of British with American fishermen can not be more
extended than with, 858.

French fishery: Imperial act, 1788, B. C.. Ap., 561, 749; "in common,"
Perrier to Malmesbury, July 26, 1852, U. S. C. C. Ap., 227, 723; inter-
mittent, 860; "liberty," "right," 707.

French fishery rights: 848-863; British position regarding, 848.

French right : British admit no attempt to regulate, 858. Cowley to Walewski,
Dec. 13, 1858, U. S. C. C. Ap., 257, 851. Limits British sovereignty, 859-
60. Lyttleton to Boyle, Apr. 19, 1904, U. S. C. C. Ap., 339, 862. Palm-
ereton to Sebastiani, July 10, 1838, U. S. C. Ap., 1096, 855. Salisbury to
Waddington, July 5, 1887, U. S. C. C. Ap., 322, and July 9, 1889, U. S.
C. Ap., 1083, 853, 856. To summer fishing only, Boyle to Lyttleton, Apr.
15, 1904, U. S. C. C. Ap., 338, 861.

INDEX TO OKAL ARGUMENTS. 2501

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

French right a servitude, Derby to Glover, June 12, 1884, U. S. C. C. Ap.,
308, 583.

French right, never acknowledged as exclusive by Great Britain, 855; British
objection to, 857; exclusiveness of not sustainable on principle, 857.

French rights, Halifax arbitration, 819; 853.

French shore question, Salisbury on, 581-3, 634.

French treaty right, a servitude, 581, 601, 625-7, 632-37.

Funck-Brentano and Sorel, servitudes, 650.

Fur Seal Arbitration, speech of Russell, 13 Proceedings, 10, 11, authority of
text writers, 689-90.

Gallatin to Adams, Nov. 6, 1818, B. C. Ap., 97, servitude, "for ever," 580,
863-4.

Gareis, servitudes, 612.

Germany, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Glover, Derby to, June 12, 1884, U. S. C. C. Ap., 308, French right a servi-
tude, 583.

Gonner, servitudes, 584, 597, 624, 693; application of servitude, 693.

Goulburn and Robinson to Castlereagh, Sept., 1818, B. (7. Ap., 86, treaty
right unlimited, 740.

Granville on limitation of sovereignty, 549.

Granville, Thornton to: June 23, 1873, B. C. Ap., 251, admission of Mr. Fish
as to regulations, 792; June 30, 1873, B. C. Ap,, 252, right to make police
regulations, 793; Mar. 14, 1881, U. S. C. Ap., 732, joint regulations, 839.

Granville to Lowell, Oct. 27, 1880, U. S. C. Ap., 712: "In common," 712,
Fortune Bay controversy, 836; joint regulations, 838.

Granville to Thornton, Feb. 24, 1881, U. S. C. Ap., 725, joint regulations,
838.

GRAY: American right, Clauss, p. 87, 633. Boutwell circular, duty to observe
regulations, 808. Canadian fisheries, nontreaty coasts, 823. Fishery and hunt-
ing rights as servitudes, 607. " In common," 626. Introduction of words " in
common," 737. Liberty subject to regulation is servitude, 625. Marcy cir-
culars not result of controversy, 799. Notes attached to British-French treaty
of 1783, 854. Obligations versus servitudes, 597. Regulations before 1862,
752. Regulations in derogation of treaty right, 546. Sovereign rights in
servitudes, 586. Sunday law included in "in common," 837.

Great Britain admits regulations must be reasonable, 767.

Great Britain and Newfoundland, dispute between, during 1906-7, 555.

Great Britain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Great Britain never admitted exclusive French right, 855.

Great Britain, sovereignty limited by treaty of 1871, 843.

Great Britain, statutes of. See Statutes cited, Imperial.

Grey on limitation of sovereignty, 550.

Grey's memorandum, Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 973; "in common," 712-3;
fishery regulations, 772.

Halifax arbitration: 813-26, 831. British attitude before, Evarts to Welsh,
Aug. 1, 1879. U. S. C. Ap., 671, 832. British position inconsistent with
view at, 825. "Concurrent rights" used at, 815. Drying and curing, 817.
French rights, 819, 853. " Full freedom " on treaty coasts, 818. Inexhaust-
ible supply of fish, 816. Limits of 1818 treaty rights in, LAMMASCH, 823.
Offal, 817. Over-fishing, 820. Seines, 817. Trescot on unlimited fishery
before, B. C. Ap., 266, 831. Vague references to regulation in, 824.
Winter fishery, 820.

2502 NORTH ATLANTIC C(JAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Halifax award, connection with Fortune Bay controversy, 829; payment of,
829.

Halifax case, Evarte' report, May 17, 1880, B. C. Ap., 280, 832.

Hall, p. 159, servitudes, 673-4; criticised, 674-5; shows national prejudice
on servitudes, 675-6.

Halleck, gee. 20, servitudes, 677-8.

Hamilton, Bathurst to, June 21, 1819, B. C. Ap., 99, explains act of 1819, no
restrictions on Americans, 750-1.

Hartmann, servitudes, 607-8.

Heffter, servitudes, 602.

Heilborn, servitudes, 618-21; application of servitude, 694.

Herring, disappearance of, Baird's report, 782.

Herring fishery, 820.

Herzegovina, Bosnia, Austria-Hungary, servitude relationship, 604.

Hill, Thornton to, July 10, 1873, B. C. Ap., 253, police regulations, 794.

History of servitudes, 561-2.

Hollatz, servitudes, 592, 637-40.

Holtzendorff, servitudes, 609-10.

Hoppin, Salisbury to, Apr. 3, 1880, U. S. C. Ap., 685: "In common," 711;
Fortune Bay controversy, 834.

Hunting and fishing rights as servitudes, GRAY, 607.

Huxley, lectures at International Fisheries Exhibition, destruction of fish,
U. S. C. C. Ap., 598, 599, 781.

Iddesleigh, d'Aubigny to, Sept. 20, 1886, U. S. C. C. Ap., 316, French rights,
853.

Imperial statutes: 1775, B. C. Ap., 545, regulation of bank and coast fishery,
757. 1786, B. C. Ap., 555, regulations, 754. 1788, B. C. Ap., 561. inter-
pretation of notes attached to French-British treaty of 1783, 855; French
fishery, 749. 1819, U. S. C. Ap., lit, making 1818 treaty effective, 744,
788. 1907. U. S. C. Ap., 116, Order in Council suspending colonial legisla-
tion, 772.

"In common:" 709-738; Adams to Castlereagh, Jan. 22, 1816, U. S. C. Ap.,279,

722. American sources considered, 719-721. Bathuret to Adams, Oct. 30,
1815, U.S. C.Ap.,277,738. Blackstone's Commentaries, 727. Bracton, p.
S75, 726. British construction not justified colloquially, 730. British con-
struction not justified grammatically, 730. British sources considered, 721-

723. British position bare and unsupported, 713. CardwelJ toLordsof Ad-
miralty, Apr. 12, 1866, B. C. Ap.,221, 710. Clarendon on, 549. Clarendon
to Crampton, Oct. 11, 1855, B. C. Ap., 208, 710. Coke upon Lyttleton, pp.
268, 269, 726. Defined in dictionaries, Johnson's, Davies's, Fleming's, Ken-
rick's, Ash's, Barclay's, Sheridan's, Perry's, Walker's, 717-719. Does not
imply exclusive grant, FTTZPATRICX, 724-5. Does not imply exclusive
right, 714. Evarts' report, May 17, 1880, B. C. Ap., 284, 732-4. Evarts
to Welsh, Aug. 1, 1879, U. S C. Ap., 671-2, 732-1. Extended to future laws
for first time, 837. French fishery, Perrier to Malmesbury, July 26, 1852,
U. S. C. C. Ap., 227, 723. Granville to Lowell, Oct. 27, 1880, U. S. C. Ap.,
712,712. GRAY, 626. Grey's memorandum, Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap.,
973, 712-13. Implies submission to regulation, 709. In diplomatic corre-
spondence, 710-14, 720-23. In national statutes, 724. In treaties of 1854 and
1871,714-717. In treaties of 1854, 1871, LAMMASCH. 714-16. Introduction of
words, GRAY, 737. Kent's Commentaries, 727. Lord Salisbury's position,

INDEX TO OKAL ARGUMENTS. 2503

Tomer, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

549. Malcomson v. O'Dea, 10 H. L., 591, 729. Moore and Moore, p. 34, 728.
Rayneval, Jay, Franklin, conversation, Oct. 24, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 78, 721.
Root to Reid, June 30, 1906. U. S. C. Ap., 980, 713. Rush's memorandum.
Mar. 29, 1824, J7. 8. C. C. Ap., 124, 723. Salisbury to Hoppin, Apr. 3, 1880,
U. S. C. Ap., 685, 711. Stormont in Parliament, B. C. C. Ap., 120, 721-22.
Sunday law included in, GEAT, 837. Used by Continental Congress, 719-20.
Used by negotiators, treaty of 1818, 736-740.

Inexhaustible supply of food fishes, Halifax arbitration, 816.

Inhabitants and state, distinction between, immaterial, 700.

International and civil law servitudes, analogy, 502-505, 587-592.

International law, servitude should exist in, 563.

International law writers cited as to servitudes: Artopaeus, 576, 692; Blunt-
echli, sees. S5S-8, 657; Bonfils, sees. SS9, 340, 342, 643-5; Bulmerincq, sec.
49, 611, 687; Calvo, D., 650; Chretien, sees. 259, 260, 646-8; Clauss, 561,
570-80, 584-88, 612, 622-624, 634-637, 692-94, 695-98, 764; Creasy, sees. 256,
157, 261, 665-666; Deepagnet, sec. 190, 645; Diena, 654-6; Engelbrecht, 693;
Fabre, 648-9; Fiore, T., sees. 380, 829, 830, C., sees. 615, 616, 617, 1095, 1096,
652-4; Funck-Brentano and Sorel, 650; Gareis, 612; Gonner, 584, 597, 624,
693; Hall, p. 159, 673-4; Halleck, sec. 20, 677-8; Hartmann, 607-8; Heffter,
602; Heilborn, 618-21, 694; Hollatz, 592, 637-40; Holtzendorff, 609-10;
Jellinek, 687; Kluber, sees. 137, 138, 599, 694; Laband, 594; Von Liszt,
616, 687; Lomonaco, 654; F. de Martens, sec. 93, 661-2; G. F. de Martens,
597,660-1; Merignhac, 648; Moser, 628, 693; Von Neuman, 621, 694; Nys,
688; Olivart, 651-2; H. B. Oppenheim, 605; L. Oppenheim, 662, 667-70,
677; Phillimore, sec. 278, 663^; Pitt Cobbett, 670-673; Pradier-Fodere,
tecs. 834, 835, 837, 838, 839, 840, 640-643, 695, 763; Rivier, 658-60, 680-
84, 694; Sohms, 564; Sorel and Funck-Brentano, 650; Taylor, 678; Twiss,
tec. 245, 665; Von Ullman, sec. 99, 613-16, 695; Vattel, 565-6, Book g,
cap. 17, sec. 245, 743; Westlake, 666-7; Wharton, sec. 149, 678; Wheaton,
677; Wilson and Tucker, 679; Wolff, 596, 693. Phillimore, authority of
text writers, 569.

International servitudes. See Servitudes.

Interpretation of treaty. See Construction of treaty.

Japan, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Jay, Franklin, Rayneval, conversation, Oct. 24, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 78,
"in common," 721.

Jellinek, objections to servitude, 687.

Johnson's Dictionary: "in common," 717-19.

Joint regulations. See Regulations, joint.

Kenrick's Dictionary: "in common," 717.

Kent's Commentaries: "in common," 727.

Keyn, Queen, v., L. R. (1876), 2 Ex. Div., 63; authority of text writers,
568; conflict between municipal law and treaty must be settled by political
branch of Government, 802.

Kluber, sec. 137, 138, servitudes, 599; application of servitude, 694.

Laband, servitudes, 594.

Labrador-Canada boundaries, LAMMASCH, 812.

Labrador-Canada, change of boundary did not affect treaty rights, 810.

Labrador: Newfoundland Consolidated Statutes, 1902, U. S. C. Ap., 175, not
applicable to, 776. Transfer from Newfoundland to Quebec, LAMMASCH,
758. Under jurisdiction of Quebec until 1867, 756.

2504 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

LAMMASCH: act of sovereignty, 698; Boutwell circular, duty to observe regu-
lations, 810; Canada-Labrador boundaries, 812; case against Crane and
Dubois, 558; commercial or extradition treaty not limit on sovereignty,
844; distinction between territorial sovereignty and general sovereignty,
696-7; 1819 statute limited to nontreaty coasts, 746; essence of real right,
846; force of laws prior and subsequent to 1871 treaty, 841; limit on sov-
ereignty, 846; limits of 1818 treaty rights in Halifax arbitration, 823; naked
servitude, 627; nature of civil law servitude, 590; obligatory right versus
servitude, 764; real right without control, 847; reason for Boutwell circulars,
807; regulated right a servitude, 626; regulation of bank and coast fishery,
1775, B. C. Ap., 545, 757; regulations during 1783-1812, 753, 755, 756; regu-
lations in force in 1818, 750; right of fishing a special right, 766; Sabine's re-
port U. S. C. Ap., 1153, bultow violates treaty, 786; sovereignty limited by
all treaties, 844; sovereignty only limited by real right, 844; transfer of
Labrador from Newfoundland to Quebec, 758; treaties of 1854, 1871, "in
common" in, 714-16; Woodbury's circular, Jan. 21, 1836, B. C. Ap.,
115, 807.

Lausanne treaty, 1564, servitudes, 680.

Law officers, 1855, U. S. C. C. Ap., 251, no regulations prior to 1855, 752.

Laws in force at time of treaty of 1871, Salisbury did not confine himself
to, 835.

Laws prior and subsequent to treaty of 1871, force of, LAMMASCH, 841.

Legislation, none on part of United States construing treaty, 788.

Legislative act construing 1818 treaty, 788.

"Liberty" and "franchise" synonymous, 705-6.

"Liberty" and "right," meaning of: 705-709; Adams to Castlereagh, Jan.
22, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 279, 708-9.

"Liberty:" As used by negotiators, 1782, Adams's diaryi 707; Bouvier's Law
Dictionary, 706; definition, 626; French fishery, 707; in treaty of 1854,
708; is "right," British concession, 708; of 1783 was renewed, in 1818, 741;
subject to regulation is servitude, GRAY, 625; to prosecute fisheries freely,
815; United States definition, 705.

Licenses, fishing, discontinued by Canada, 804.

Lieber, p. 65, strict construction, 703-5.

Limitation on time and manner of fishing, none in treaty, of 1871, 790.

Liszt: servitudes, 616; objections to servitude, 687.

Local laws: United States does not claim exemption from all, 545; not dis-
cussed in settlement of Fortune Bay controversy, 837.

Lomonaco, servitudes, 654.

London, treaty of, May 11, 1867, servitudes, 681.

Lowell, Elaine to, Mar. 14, 1881, U. S. C. Ap., 731, joint regulations, 839.

Lowell, Granville to, Oct. 27, 1880, U. S. C. Ap., 712: "In common," 712;
Fortune Bay controversy, 835; joint regulations, 838.

Lowell to Elaine, Mar. 12, 1881, U. 8. C. Ap., 730, joint regulations, 839.

Lyttleton, Boyle to, Apr. 15, 1904, U. S. C. C. Ap., SS8, French right to sum-
mer fishery only, 861 .

Lyttelton, Coke upon, pp. 268, 269, "in common," 726.

Lyttleton to Boyle, Apr. 19, 1904, U. S. C. C. Ap., 339, French right to sum-
mer fishery only, 862.

McGregor, Elgin to, Aug. 8, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 986, existence of regulations,
753, 758.

Magdalen Islands under jurisdiction of Quebec until 1867, 756.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2505

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Malcolmson v. O'Dea, 10 H. L., 591, "in common", 729.

Malmesbury, Perrier to, July 26, 1852, U. 8. C. C. Ap., 227, French fishery,

"in common," 723.
Maps showing regulations, 785.

Marcy circulars: 795-803; circular of July 12, 1855, B. C. Ap., 207, 796;
Crampton to Clarendon, June 1855, B. C. Ap., 206, 795, Apr. 25, 1856,

B. C. Ap., 210, 796; not result of controversy, GRAY, 799.

F. de Martens, servitudes, sec. 93, 661-2.

G. F. de Martens, servitudes, 597, 660-1.
Meaning of question 1, 540-544.
Merignhac, servitudes, 648.

Military servitudes, 691.

Monroe, Bagot to, Dec. 31, 1816, U. S. C. Ap. 29S, renewal of 1783 right, 739.

Moore and Moore, p. 34, "in common, " 728.

Moser, 628; application of servitude, 693.

Municipal law and treaty, conflict between, must be settled by political
branch of government: Queen v. Keyn, L. R. (1876) 2 Ex. Div., 63, 802;
Whitney v. Robertson, 124 U. S., 124, 802.

Municipal laws: Not discussed in settlement of Fortune Bay controversy,
837. Prior and subsequent to 1871 treaty, force of, DRAGO, 842, LAMMASCH,
841. . United States does not claim exemption from all, 545.

Municipal legislation, Fortune Bay controversy, 827 et seq.

Naked servitude: 625; LAMMASCH, 627.

Nature of servitudes, 563.

Negotiations of 1818: Gallatin to Adams, Nov. 6, 1818, B. C. Ap., 97, 863-4;
"in common" as used by negotiations, 736-740.

Netherlands, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

New Brunswick, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Neuman: servitudes, 621, 694; application of servitude, 694.

Newfoundland acts making effective treaty of 1871, U. S. C. C. Ap., 86, 87:
788, 790; Fish to Thornton, June 25, 1873, U. 8. C. C. Ap., 196, 789; Thorn-
ton to Davis, July 30, 1873, U. 8. C. C. Ap., 197, 789-90; Thornton to
Fish, June 19, 1873, U. S. C. C. Ap., 195, 788.

Newfoundland and Great Britain, dispute between, during 1906-7, 555.

Newfoundland, first regulations in 1905, 759.

Newfoundland fishery regulations: Baird's report, disappearance of herring,
782. Bultow violates treaty, Sabine's report, U. S. C. Ap., 1153, LAM-
MASCH, 786. Consolidated statutes, 1902, U. 8. C. Ap., 175, seining, not
applicable to Labrador, 776. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed. 1879, U. S.

C. C. Ap., 585, destruction of fish, 779. Fishing regulations, 1905, U. S. C.
Ap., 201: Purse seines, effect of, 778-9, 782-3; Sunday fishing, 783; bultows,
trawls, 784. Foreign fishing vessels acts, 1905, 1906: Bond's speech, Apr.
12, 1905, U. 8. C. C. Ap., 438, 775; Bond's speeches, U. S. C. C. Ap., 413,
448, Apr. 7, 12, 1905, policy of Newfoundland legislation, 773, 774; crew, 769;
Grey's memorandum, Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 978, 772; ice, 769; lines and
seines, 769; order in council, Sept. 9, 1907, suspending acts, 772; right of
visit and search, 771; right to employ aliens, 770; Root to Durand, Oct. 19,
1905, U. S. C. Ap., 968, 771; Root to Reid, June 30, 1936, U. S. C. Ap., 985,
772; seizure and detention, 771; stringent provisions, 769. Huxley: Lecture
at International Fisheries Exhibitions, U. S. C. C. Ap., 598, 599, destruc-
tion of fish, 781. Labrador transferred to Quebec, LAMMASCH, 758. LAM-

92909°— VOL 12—13 18

2506 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

MASCH, Sabine's report, U. S. C. Ap., 115S, bultow violates treaty, 786.
Maps showing regulations, 785. None on treaty coast until 1862, 757.
Policy to injure United States, 768. Sabine's report, U. 8. C. Ap., 1153,
bultow violates treaty, LAMMASCH, 786; trap-fishing, 785. Trawl or bultow,
denned, 784.

Newfoundland foreign fishery vessels act of 1905, 1906, 555.

Newfoundland statutes all provide against infringing treaty rights, 759.

Newfoundland, statutes of. Ste Statutes cited.

Newfoundlanders in crews, 769.

Nontreaty coasts: Boutwell circular related only to, 808, 809; Canadian fish-
eries, GRAY, 823; 1819 statute limited to, LAMMASCH, 746.

Norway, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Nova Scotia, act of 1786, B. C. Ap., 591, regulations, 754.

Nova Scotia, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Nys, objections to servitude, 688.

Obligations versus servitudes, GRAY, 597.

Obligatory right versus servitude, LAMMASCH, 764.

O'Dea, Malcomflon v., 10 H. L., 591, "in common," 729.

Offal, Halifax arbitration, 817.

Olivart, servitudes, 651-2.

H. B. Oppenheim, servitudes, 605.

L. Oppenheim, servitudes, 662, 667-70, 677.

Order in Council, June 19, 1819, U. S. C. Ap., 115, relating to 1819 statute,
treaty construction, 747-8.

Order in Council, Sept. 9, 1907, suspending foreign fishing vessels act, 772.

Over-fishing, 820.

Palmerston to Sebastiani, July 10, 1838, U. S. C. Ap., 1096, French exclusive
right, 855.

Panama, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Paris, annex to treaty of, Mar. 30, 1856, servitudes, 681.

Paris, treaty of, May 30, 1814, servitudes, 681, 684.

Paris, treaty of, Nov. 18, 1815, servitudes, 681.

Partition theory, FTTZPATRICK, 733.

Perpetuity, treaty right is in, 700.

Perrier, Archibald and Strachey to, June 4, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 234, French
right limits sovereignty, 859-60.

Perrier to Malmesbury, July 26, 1852, U. S. C. C. Ap., 227, French fishery,
"in common," 723.

Perry's dictionary: "In common," 717.

Personal and real rights, DRAOO, 845.

Phillimore: authority of text writers, 569; sec. 278, servitudes, 663-4.

Pitt Cobbett: Servitudes, 670-73; shows national prejudice, 673.

Pradier-Fodere: Sea. 834, 835, 837, 838, 839, 840, servitudes, 640H13; applica-
tion of servitude, 695; sec. 839, rights to trade not servitudes, 763.

Praedium dominans, 588-9.

"Privilege" as used in British case, 705.

Proprietary interest in soil necessary to servitude, 617.

Puree seines, 778-9, 782-3.

Quebec: Labrador transferred to from Newfoundland, LAMMASCH, 758; juris-
diction of, over Labrador until 1867, 756; Magdalen Islands under jurisdic-
tion of, until 1867, 756.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2507

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Queen v. Keyn, L. R. (1876), 2 Ex. Div., 63, authority of text writers, 568;
conflict between municipal law and treaty must be settled by political
branch of government, 802.

Question 1, summary of United States position on, 559-60, 865-7.

Railways as economic servitudes, 691, 698.

Rayneval, Jay, Franklin, conversation, Oct. 24, 1782, B. C. G. Ap.t 78, "in
common," 721.

Real and personal rights, DRAGO, 845.

Real right, essence of, LAMMASCH, 846.

Real right without control, LAMMASCH, 847.

Redress of United States against regulations: Appeal to British Government,
554. Appeal to Hague Tribunal, 556. Unreasonable regulations violate
treaty, 555.

Regulated right a servitude, LAMMASCH, 626.

Regulation of bank and coast fishery, LAMMASCH, 1775, B. C. Ap., 545, 757.

Regulation of French right never attempted by Great Britain, 858.

Regulations: Admission of Mr. Fish referred to others than those regulating
fisheries, 792. Before 1862, GRAY, 752. Dependent on balancing of
conveniences, 553. Duty to observe, Boutwell circular, GRAY, 808,
LAMMASCH, 810. Existence of, Elgin to McGregor, Aug. 8, 1906,
U. S. C. Ap., 986, 753, 758. First distinct issue regarding, 789. First
in Canada, 1892, first in Newfoundland, 1905, 759. French and American
rights of, similar, 863. " In common" implies submission to, 709. In dero-
gation of treaty right, GRAY, 546. In force in 1818, LAMMASCH, 750. In force
prior and subsequent to 1871 treaty, force of, DRAGO, 842. Maps showing,
785. Must be reasonable admitted by Great Britain, 767. Never enforced
under statutes of 1862 and 1868, 551. New Brunswick, 1783, B. C. Ap.,
596, 756. Newfoundland, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 201, 778-9, 782-3, 784. None
prior to 1855, law officers' statement, U. S. C. C. Ap., 251, 752. Not made
prior to 1862, 752. Nova Scotia, 1786, B. C. Ap., 591, 754. Objected to by
Fish, in 1873, 551. Of bank and coast fishery, Imperial statute, 1775, B. C.
Ap., 545, LAMMASCH, 757. Of 1786,5. C.Ap., 555, FITZPATRICK, 754. On
treaty coast, first, Newfoundland, 1862, and Canada, 1868, 757. Participa-
tion of United States in enforcing, FITZPATRICK, 542, 543, GRAY, 544. Police,
Fish's admission as to right to make, 793, 794. Policy of Newfoundland to
injure United States, 768. Prior and subsequent to 1871 treaty, force of,
LAMMASCH, 841. Redress of United States against unreasonable: appeal to
British Government, 554 ; appeal to Hague Tribunal, 556 ; unreasonable regu-
lations violate treaty, 555. Regulations in 1783-1812, LAMMASCH, 753, 755,
756. Subjection to, Cardwell to Lords of Admiralty, Apr. 12, 1866, B. C. Ap.,
221,812. United States must concur in making and enforcing, 543-46. Vague
references to, in Halifax arbitration, 824. Violative of treaty, DRAGO, 843.

Regulations, joint: Blaine to Lowell, Mar. 14, 1881, U. S. C. Ap., 731, 839.
British memorandum, May 3, 1882, U. S. C. Ap., 742-3, 839-10. France-
Great Britain, treaty of 1857, 848, treaty of 1885, 849, treaty of 1904, 851.
Frelinghuy sen's memorandum, May 9, 1882, U. S. C. Ap., 743, 840. Gran-
ville to Thornton, Feb. 24, 1881, U. S. C. Ap.,725, 838. GranviUe to Lowell,
Oct. 27, 1880, U. S. C. Ap.,713, 838. Lowell to Blaine, Mar. 12, 1881, U. S. C.
Ap. , 730, 839. Thornton to Granville, Mar. 14, 1881, U. S. C. Ap. , 732, 839.

Reid, Root to, June 30, 1906, V. S. C. Ap., 980: 'In common," 713; New-
foundland fishery regulations, 772.

2508 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Restrictions; none on Americans, Bathurst to Hamilton, June 21, 1819, B. C.

Ap., 99, explains act of 1819, 750-1; should be expressed in treaty, Vattel,

Book 2, cap. 17, sec. 245, 743; struck out during negotiations, 1818, 744.
"Right" and "liberty:" Adams to Castlereagh, Jan. 22, 1816, U. 8. C. Ap.,

£79, 708-9; meaning of, 705-709.
"Right," exclusive: "in common" does not imply, 714; French fishery,

707; is in perpetuity, 700; "liberty" is, British concession, 708; restricts

territorial sovereignty, 700; to be unlimited, Robinson and Goulburn to

Castlereagh, Sept., 1818, B. C. Ap., 86, 740.

Rivier: servitudes, 658-60, 680-84, 694; application of servitude, 694.
Robertson, Whitney v., 124 U. S., 124, conflict between municipal law and

treaty must be settled by political branch of Government, 802.
Robinson and Goulburn to Castlereagh, Sept., 1818, B. C. Ap., 86, right to

be unlimited, 740.
Robinson to Castlereagh, Oct. 10, 1818, B. C. Ap., 92: renewal of right of

1783; drying and curing, 741.
Root to Durand, Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 968, Newfoundland fishery

regulations, 771.

Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 980, "in common," 713.
Rule of strict construction, 701-05.

Rush's memorandum, Mar. 29, 1824, U. S. C. C. Ap.,124, "in common," 723.
Russell at fur seal arbitration, IS Proceedings, 10, 11, authority of text

writers, 689-690.

Russia, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Sabine's report, U. S. C. Ap., 1153, bultow violates treaty, LAMMASCH, 786.
St. Julien treaty, 1603, servitudes, 680.
Salisbury, Lord: did not confine himself to laws in force at time of treaty of

1871, 835; on French shore question, 581-3, 634; on "in common," 549, 711;

on limitation of sovereignty, 548; to Hoppin, Apr. 3, 1880, U. S. C. Ap.,

685, Fortune Bay controversy, 834; to Waddington, July 5, 1887, U. S. C.

C. Ap., 322, and July 9, 1889, U. S. C. Ap., 1083, French exclusive right,

853, 856; to Welsh, Aug. 23, Nov. 7, 1878, Fortune Bay controversy, U. S. C.

Ap., 650, 658, 827, 828.

" Saving clause " in all Newfoundland statutes, 759.
Search and visit of vessels, 771.
Sebastiani, Palmerston to, July 10, 1838, U. S. C. Ap., 1096, French exclusive

right, 855.

Sedgwick, 326, strict construction, 703.
Seines, 769; Halifax arbitration, 817; purse, 778-9, 782-3.
Seining, 776.

Seizure and detention of vessels. 771.
Servitudes: Act of sovereignty defined, 697-8. American right, Clatiss on,

GRAY, 633; American right is servitude, authority for, FTTZPATRICK, 629;

American writers-follow continental, 679. Analogybetween international and

civil law servitudes, 502-505, 587-592. Application of doctrine: Artopaeus,

692; Austria-Hungary, Bosnia, Herzegovina, servitude relationship, 604;

economic servitudes, cable lines, 692, fisheries, 692, railways, 691, 698;

Engelbrecht, 693; G6nner, 693; Heilborn, 694; Klttber, 694; military

servitudes, 691; Moser, 693; Von Neumann, 694; Pradier-Fodere, 695;

Rivier, 694; Von Ullmann, 695; Wolf, 693. Artopaeus, 576. Authority of

text writers: 568, Lord Esher, 570, Phillimore,«569, Queen v. Keyn, L. R.

(1876), 2 Exch. Div., 63, 568. Bluntechli, tecs. S5S-8, 657. Bonfils, sees. SS9,

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2509

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

S40, 342, 643-45. British position in 1818, 580. Bulmerincq, sec. 49, 611.
Calvo, D., 650. Chretien, sees. 259, 260, 646-48. Civil and international law
srevitudes, analogy, 502-505, 587-592. Civil law servitude, nature of, LAM-
MASCH, 590. Clauss, 561, 570-80, 584-588, 612, 622-624, 627-634, 692-694,
695-698. Continental writers unanimous, 663. Creasy, sees. 256, 257, 261,
665-6. Derby to Glover, June 12, 1884, U. 8. C. C. Ap., 308, French right,
583. Despagnet, sec. 190, 645. Diena, 654-56. Distinction between state and
inhabitants immaterial, 700. Doctrine of servitude in diplomatic corre-
spondence, DRAGO, 580. Economic servitude must be enjoyed by citizens,
639. Economic servitude passes to successor of dominant nation, 847. Eco-
nomic servitudes, rule of strict construction not necessary to determine
existence of, 611. Fabre, 648-9. Fiore, T.; sec. 380, 829, 830, C.; sec. 615,
1095, 1096, 652^1. Fish, right to, a servitude in Roman law, Fitzpatrick, 591.
Fishery and hunting rights, GRAY, 607. FITZPATRICK: 845; authority that
American right is servitude, 629. Implied abrogation of sovereignty, 626;
right to fish a servitude in Roman law, 591. French and American right
same, 683. French right a servitude, 581, 601, 625-7, 632-7. French right,
Derby to Glover, June 12, 1884, U. S. C. C. Ap., 308, 583. French treaty
right, 581, 601, 625-27, 632-37. Funck-Brentano and Sorel, 650. Gallatin
to Adams, Nov. 6, 1818, B. C. Ap., 97, 864. Gareis, 612. Conner, 584,
597, 624, 693. GRAY: Clauss on American right, 633; fishery and hunting
rights, 607; "in common," 626, liberty subject to regulation is servitude,
625; obligations versus servitudes, 597; sovereign rights, 586. Hall, p.
159, 673-4. Hall criticized, 674-5. Hall shows national prejudice, 675-6.
Halleck, sec. 20, 677-8. Hartmann, 607-8. Heffter, 602; Heilborn 618-
21. History, 561-2. Hollatz, 592, 637^0. Holtzendorff, 609-10. "In
common," GRAY, 626. Inhabitants and state, distinction between, im-
material, 700. Kliiber, sec. 137, 138, 599. Laband, 594. LAMMASCH: act
of sovereignty, 698; distinction between territorial sovereignty and general
sovereignty, 696-7; naked servitude, 627; nature of civil law servitude,
590; regulated right a servitude, 626. "Liberty," definition, 626. Liberty
subject to regulation is servitude, GRAY, 625. Liszt, 616. Lomonaco, 654.
F. de Martens, 661-2. G. F. de Martens, 597, 660-1. Merignhac, 648.
Moser, 628. Naked servitude 625. LAMMASCH, 627. Nature of servitudes,
563. Von Neumann, 621, 694. Objections to servitude conception: Bul-
merincq, sec. 49, 687, Jellinek, 687, Liszt, 687, Nys, 688. Obligations
versus servitudes, GRAY, 597. Obligatory right versus LAMMASCH, 764.
Olivart, 651-2. H. B. Oppenheim, 605. L. Oppenheim, 662, 667-70, 677.
Perpetuity, right is one in, 700. Phillimore, sec. 278, 663-4. Pitt Cobbett,
670-73, shows national prejudice, 673. Pradier-Fodere, sec. 834, 835,837-40,
640-43. Praedium dominans, 588-9. Proprietary interest in soil necessary
to servitude, 617. Regulated right as servitude, LAMMASCH, 626. Right
is one in perpetuity, 700. Right restricts territorial sovereignty, 700.
Rights to trade are not, Pradier-Fodere, sec. 839, 763. Rivier, 658-60, 680-
684, 694. Salisbury on French shore question, 581-3, 634. Servitude right
in treaty determined by strict construction, 600. Servitude should exist,
in international law, 563. Servitude to be exercised civiliter, 554. Servi-
tudes long existent in practice of nations, 565. Sohms, 564. Sorel and
Funck-Brentano, 650. Sovereign rights, GRAY, 586. Sovereignty, act of,
denned 697-8. Sovereignty, act of, LAMMASCH, 698. Sovereignty can
not be eliminated, 599. Sovereignty, general and territorial, distinguished,
LAMMASCH, 696-7. Sovereignty, implied abrogation of, FITZPATRICK, 626.

2510 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Sovereignty, territorial, restricted by treaty right, 700. State and inhabit-
ants, distinction between, immaterial, 700. Strict construction of treaty
establishing servitude right, 600. Strict construction, rule of, not neces-
sary to determine existence of economic servitudes, 611. Summary of
United States position, 567. Taylor, 678. Territorial restriction necessary
to international servitude, 614. Territorial sovereignty and general sover-
eignty distinguished, LAMMASCH, 696-7. Territorial sovereignty restricted
by treaty right, 700. Trading rights not servitudes, 761-67, Clauss, 764;
Pradier-Fod6re, sec. 8S9, 763. Treaties creating servitudes: Annex to
treaty of Paris, Mar. 30, 1856, 681; Belgium-Netherlands, Apr. 19, 1839,
681; Berlin, 1878, 682; Congress of Vienna, June 9, 1815, 682; France-
Switzerland, Dec. 8, 1862, 681; Lausanne, 1564, 680; London, May 11,
1867, 681; Norway-Sweden, Oct. 26, 1905, 686; May 30, 1814, treaty of
Paris, 681, 684; Paris, Nov. 18, 1815, 681; Peace of Versailles, 1783, 684;
Russia-Japan, Sept. 5, 1905, 686; St. Julien, 1603, 680; Spain-Germany,
June 30, 1899, 685; United States-Panama, Nov. 18, 1903, 685. Treaty
grants right from nation to nation, 699. Treaty of 1818 created international
servitude, 546, 701. Treaty to be strictly construed, 562. Twiss, 665.
Ullmann, sec. 99, 613-16, 695. United States position, summary of, 567.
Vattel, 565-6, 656. Westlake, 666-7. Wharton, 678. Wheaton, G77.
Wilson and Tucker, 679. Wolff, 596, 693.

Sheridan's Dictionary: "In common," 717.

Shore rights of United States, 552.

Sillem, Attorney General, v. 2 H. & C., 5S1, strict construction, 702.

Sohms, servitudes, 564.

Sorel and Funck-Brentano, servitudes, 650.

Sovereign acts to be performed by United States, 766.

Sovereign rights in servitudes, GRAY, 586.

Sovereignty: Act of, defined, 697-8, LAMMASCH. 698. British admission of
limitation of, 767. British, limited by treaty, 829. Can not be eliminated,
599. General and territorial, distinguished, LAMMASCH. 696-7. Implied
abrogation of, servitudes, FITZPATRICK, 626. Limitation of : 843-47; British
position to-day as shown in its case and argument, 550; Finlay's posi-
tion, 548; Granville's position, 549; Grey's position, 550; Salisbury's
position, 548; limited by all treaties, DRAGO, 845, LAMMASCH, 844;
limited by French right, Archibald and Strachey to Perrier, June 4,
1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 234, 859-60; not limited by commercial or extradi-
tion treaty, LAMMASCH, 844; of Great Britain limited by 1871 treaty, 843;
limited by all treaties, LAMMASCH, 844; only limited by real right, LAM-
MASCH, 844; restricted without express words, FTTZFATRICK, 547; territorial,
restricted by treaty right, 700; what is limit on, LAMMASCH, 846.

Spain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Special Agreement of 1909, sec. 4 affords relief from regulations, 556-7.

State and inhabitants, distinction between, immaterial, 700.

Statutes cited: Canada: Foreign fishing vessels act, May 12, 1870, U. S. C.
Ap., 1S6, 806. Imperial: 1788, B. C. Ap., 561, French fishery, 749; 1775,
B. C. Ap., 545, regulation of bank and coast fishery, 757; 1786, B. C. Ap.,
555, regulations, 754; 1819, U. S. C. Ap., 112, making 1818 treaty effect-
ive, 744, 788; 1907, order in council, 772. New Brunswick: 1783, B. C. Ap.,
696, regulations, 756. Newfoundland: 1873-4, acts making effective treaty
of 1871, U. S. C. C. Ap., 86, 87, 788, 790; 1902, consolidated Statutes,

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2511

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

U. S. C. Ap., 175, 776; 1905, 1906, foreign fishing vessels acta, U. S. C.
Ap., 197, 555, 769-771; 1905, fishing regulations, U. S. C. Ap., 201, 778-9,
782-3, 784. Nova Scotia: 1786, B. C. Ap., 591, regulations, 754.

Stormont in Parliament: "In common," B. C. C. Ap., 120, 721-22.

Strachey and Archibald to Perrier, June 4, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 2S4,
French right limitation of sovereignty, 859-60.

Strict construction. See Construction.

Summary of United States position on question 1, 559-560, 865-67.

Sunday fishing, 783.

Sunday law included in "in common," GRAY, 837.

Sutherland, sec. 347, strict construction, 701-2.

Sweden, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Switzerland, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Taylor, servitudes, 678.

Territorial restriction necessary to international servitude, 614.

Territorial sovereignty and general sovereignty distinguished, LAMMASCH,
696-7.

Territorial sovereignty restricted by treaty right, 700.

Thornton, Fish to: Apr. 21, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 581, treaty coasts, 804; May
31, 1870, U.S. C., 149, limits of treaty coasts, 831; June 8, 1870, B. C,
Ap., 236, objections to Cardwell circular, 812; June 25, 1873, U. S. C. C.
Ap., 196, Newfoundland act making effective treaty of 1871, 789.

Thornton, Granville to, Feb. 24, 1881, U. S. C. Ap., 725, joint regulations, 838.

Thornton to Davis: May 26, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 589, Canadian foreign fishing
vessels act of May 12, 1870, 805; July 30, 1873, U. S. C. C. Ap., 197, New-
foundland act making effective 1871 treaty, 789-90.

Thornton to Granville: June 23, 1873, B. C. Ap., 251, admission of Mr. Fish
as to regulations, 792; June 30, 1873, B. C. Ap., 252, right to make police
regulations, 793; Mar. 14, 1881, U. S. C. Ap., 732, joint regulations, 839.

Thornton to Fish: Apr. 14, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 580, change of Canadian policy,
803; Apr. 22, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 581, May 18, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 588,
treaty coasts, 804; June 19, 1873, U. S. C. C. Ap., 195, Newfoundland
act making effective 1871 treaty, 788.

Thornton to Hill, July 10, 1873, B. C. Ap., 253, police regulations, 794.

Trade, treaty rights to, not servitudes, 761-67.

Trading rights not servitudes: Clauss, 764; Pradier-Foder6, sec. 839, 763.

Trap-fishing, 785.

Trawl or bultow defined, 785.

Trawls, 784.

Treaties cited : 1564, Lausanne, servitudes, 680. 1603, St. Julien, servitudes,
680. 1783, peace of Versailles, servitudes, 684. Paris, May 30, 1814, servi-
tudes, 681, 684. June 9, 1815, Congress of Vienna, servitudes, 682.
Nov. 18, 1815, Paris, servitudes, 681. 1818, construction of, 701-865;
contemporaneous construction, 744; created international servitude, 546,
701; to be strictly construed, 562. Apr. 19, 1839, Belgium-Netherlands,
servitudes, 681. 1854, "liberty" therein, 708; "in common" in, 714-717,
LAMMASCH, 716. Mar. 30, 1856, annex to treaty of Paris, servitudes, 681.
1857, France-Great Britain, U. S. G. Ap., 67, fishery rights, joint regu-
lations, 848; "in common" in, 714-717, LAMMASCH, 716. Dec. 8, 1862,
France-Switzerland, servitudes, 681. May 11, 1867, London, servi-
tudes, 681. 1878, Berlin, servitudes, 682. 1871, American position re

2512 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

British fisherman in American waters, 716; limited sovereignty of Great
Britain, 843. 1885, France-Great Britain, U. S. C. Ap., 71, fishery rights,
joint regulations, 849. June 30, 1899, Spain-Germany, servitudes, 685.
Nov. 18, 1903, United States-Panama, servitudes, 685. 1904, France-Great
Britain, B. C. Ap., 48, fishery rights, joint regulations, 851, French right
intermittent, 861; treaty right is in perpetuity, 700. Sept. 5, 1905, Russia-
Japan, servitudes, 686. Oct. 26, 1905, Norway-Sweden, servitudes, 686.

Treaty coasts: Fish to Thornton, Apr. 21, 1870, U. S. C.Ap.,581, 804; "full
freedom" on, Halifax arbitration, 818; limits of, Fish to Thornton, May
31, 1870, U. S. C., 149, 831; Thornton to Fish, Apr. 22, 1870, U. S. C.
Ap., 581, May 18, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 588, 804; unregulated until 1862 by
Newfoundland and 1868 by Canada, 757.

Treaty grants right from nation to nation, 699.

Treaty right of 1783, renewal of, Bagot to Monroe, Dec. 31, 1816, U. S. C.
Ap., 293, 739.

Treaty rights: Newfoundland statutes all provide against infringing, 759;
not affected by Labrador-Canada change of boundary, 810; of French and
American identical, 683, 853; to trade not servitudes, 761-767.

Trescot on unlimited fishery before Halifax arbitration, B. C. Ap., 266, 831.

Twiss, tee. £45, servitudes, 665.

Ullmann: servitudes, sec. 99, 613-16, 695; application of servitude, 695.

United States must concur in making and enforcing regulations, 543-546.

United States, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

United States position on servitudes summarized, 567.

United States position, summary of, on question 1, 559-560, 865-867.

United States, shore rights of, 552; sovereign acts to be performed by, 766.

Vattel: servitudes, 565-6; Book 2, cap. 17, sec. 245, restrictions should be
expressed in treaty, 743.

Versailles, peace of, 1783, servitudes, 684.

Vienna, Congress of, June 9, 1815, servitudes, 682.

Visit and search of vessels, 771.

Waddington, Salisbury to, July 5, 1887, U. S. C. C. Ap., 322, and July 9,
1889, U. S. C. Ap., 1083, French exclusive right, 853, 856.

WalewBki, Cowley to, Dec. 13, 1858, U. S. C. C. Ap., 257, French right, 851.

Walker's Dictionary: "In common, " 717.

Welsh, Evarts to: Sept. 28, 1878, U. S. C. Ap., 652, Nov. 4, 8, 9, 12, 16,
1878, U. S. C. C. Ap., 201-3, Fortune Bay controversy, and payment of
Halifax award, 827-31; Aug. 1, 1879, U. S. C. Ap., 671-2, Halifax arbitration,
British attitude before, Fortune Bay controversy, 832-3, "in common,"
732-4.

Welsh, Salisbury to, Aug. 23, Nov. 7, 1878, Fortune Bay controversy, U. 8.
C. Ap., 650, 658, 827, 828.

Weetlake, servitudes, 666-7.

Wharton, servitudes, 678.

Wheaton, servitudes, 677.

Whitney v. Robertson, 124 U. S., 124, conflict between municipal law and
treaty must be settled by political branch of government, 802.

Wilson and Tucker, servitudes, 679.

Winter fishery, Halifax arbitration, 820.

Wolff, servitudes, 596; application of servitude, 693.

Woodbury's circular, Jan. 21, 1836, B. C. Ap.t 115, LAMMASCH, 807.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2513

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 2, pp. 867-883. (July 1, 1910.)

Agents and servants may exercise right, Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M. & W.,
Ex. Rep. 63, 881-2.

Agents may fish, 881-3.

British contend that right to employ Newfoundlanders is involved, 868.

Categorical answer to question 2, effect of: GRAY, 875, 879; LAMMASCH, 876, 879.

Durand, Root to, Oct. 19, 1905, U. 8. C. Ap., 967, rights of vessels, 870.

Employment of Newfoundlanders not within submission, 876-83, 892-3.

Fishing vessels received rights under treaty, 869.

Gardner, right to employ Newfoundlanders, 877.

GRAY: Effect of categorical answer to question 2, 875, 879.

Great Britain insists that employment of Newfoundlanders be decided, 880.

Grey to Reid: Feb. 2, 1906, U. 8. C. Ap., 972, rights of vessels, 871-2; right to
employ Newfoundlanders, LAMMASOH, 874. June 20, 1907, U. 8. C. Ap.,
1005, right to fish limited to inhabitants of United States, 873.

Hawker, Wickham v., 7 M. & W., Ex. Rep. 63, servants and agents may exer-
cise right, 881-2.

Inhabitants, rights of, as distinguished from vessels, 869-73.

LAMMASCH: effect of categorical answer to question 2, 876, 879; Grey to Reid,
Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 972, right to employ Newfoundlanders, 874.

Meaning of question 2, 867-881.

National right, treaty right is, 881.

Newfoundlanders, employment of: no assertion of right to employ contrary
to local law, 873; Gardner's statement, 877; Great Britain insists on de-
cision of question as to, 880; not within submission, 876-83; 892-3; right
to employ, 868, 873-4.

Noninhabitants, right to employ, 873.

Norfolk, Duchess of, case of, Year Book Henry VII, 882.

Reid, Grey to: Feb. 2, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 972, right to employ Newfound-
landers; LAMMASCH, 874; rights of vessels, 871-2. June 20, 1907, U. S. C.
Ap., 1005, right to fish limited to inhabitants of United States, 873.

Reid, Root to, June 30, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 979, rights of vessels, 870-1, 872.

Root to Durand, Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 967, rights of vessels, 870.

Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 979, rights of vessels, 870-1, 872.

Servants and agents may exercise right, Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M . & W.,
Ex. Rep. 63, 881-2.

Servants may fish, 881-3.

Treaty right is national right, 881.

"Vessels," fishing, have rights under treaty, 869.

Vessels, rights of: 869-873; Root to Durand, Oct. 19, 1905, U. S. C. Ap., 967,
870; Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 979, 870-1.

Wickham v. Hawker, 7 M. & W., Ex. Rep. 63, servants and agents may exer-
cise right, 881-2.

Question 3, pp. 883-899. (July 1, 1910.)

British fishing vessels in 1818 exempt from dues, 895.

British statement of issues, 883.

Canadian fishermen, light dues on, GRAY, 886.

Castlereagh, Robinson and Goulburn to, Sept., 1818, B. C. Ap., 86, payment

of dues, etc., 894.
Commercial privileges: not covered by question 3, 899; not part of liberties

of 1818 treaty, 884.
Commercial vessels not analogous to fishing vessels as regards dues, 885.

2514 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHEBIES ARBITRATION.

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question S — Continued.

Construction of treaty of 1818, regarding payment of dues, 891.

Convenience does not govern validity of 1818 treaty, report of Privy Council
of Canada, approved June 14, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 810, 898.

Dues: admits injustice of imposing, on Americans, Grey to Reid, June 20,
1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1007, 897; British fishing vessels in 1818 exempt
from, 895; construction of treaty of 1818 concerning, 891; exception of
French vessels from, LAMMASCH, 896, 897; French vessels exempted from,
Newfoundland statute of, May 10, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 88, 886; negotia-
tions in 1818 did not contemplate, 891; payment of, Robinson and Goul-
burn to Castlereagh, Sept., 1818, B. C. Ap., 86, 894; treaty of 1818 did
not contemplate imposition of, 888. See Light dues.

Entry, light and other dues not collectible from fishing vessels under inter-
national law, 885.

Fishing vessels, British, exempt from dues in 1818, 895.

Fishing vessels, commercial vessels not analogous to, as regards dues, 885.

Fishing vessels in special class in international law, 895.

French right, vessels not liable to dues in exercise of, 886.

French vessels, exception of, from dues: LAMMASCH, 896, 897; Newfound-
land statute of May 10, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 88, 886.

Goulburn and Robinson to Castlereagh, Sept., 1818, B. C. Ap., 86, payment of
dues, etc., 894.

GRAY: light dues on Canadian fishermen, 886.

Great Britain, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Grey to Reid, June 20, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1007, admits injustice of imposing
dues on Americans, 897.

Joint regulations. See Regulations, joint.

Labrador, condition in, 1818, 890.

LAMMASCH: exception of French vessels from dues, 896, 897.

Light and other dues not collectible from fishing vessels under international
law, 885.

Light dues in Newfoundland removed, statute of 1899, B. C. Ap., 755, 896.

Light dues on Canadian fishermen, GRAY, 886.

Negotiations in 1818: did not contemplate payment of dues, 891; smuggling
provisions, 894.

Newfoundland: imperial policy toward, 888; statute of 1899, B. C. Ap., 755,
light dues removed, 896; statute of May 10, 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 88,
French vessels exempted from dues, 886. Statutes, see Statutes cited.

Policy of Great Britain toward Newfoundland: 888; Sabine's report, 890;
Winter, 888-890.

Popuktion of Newfoundland, Sabine'e report, 890.

Privy Council of Canada, report, approved June 14, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 810,
treaty of 1818, validity depends not on convenience, 898.

Question 3 does not relate to commercial privileges, 899.

Regulations, joint, Root to Reid, June 30, 1906, U. S. C. Ap., 98S, 887.

Regulations of ports apply to trading vessels, 884.

Reid, Grey to,. June 20, 1907, U. S. C. Ap., 1007, admits injustice of imposing
dues on Americans, 897.

Reid, Root to, U. S. C. Ap., 983, June 30, 1906, joint regulations, 887.

Report of Privy Council of Canada, approved June 14, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 810,
treaty of 1818, validity depends not on convenience, 898.

Robinson and Goulburn to Caetlereagh, Sept., 1818, B. C. Ap., 86, payment of
dues, etc., 894.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2515

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 3 — Continued.

Root to Reid, U. S. C. Ap., 983, June 30, 1906, joint regulations, 887.

Sabine's report, population of Newfoundland, and policy of Great Britain, 890.

Servitude may be moderated only by mutual agreement, 887.

Smuggling provisions, negotiations of 1818, 894.

Statutes cited: Imperial: 1775, British fishing vessels exempt from dues in
1818, 895; Newfoundland: 1899, light dues in Newfoundland removed, B.
C. Ap., 755, 896; 1906, U. S. C. C. Ap., 88, French vessels exempted from
dues, 886.

Trading vessels not immune from port regulations, 884; validity of, not de-
termined by convenience, report of Privy Council of Canada, June 14,
1886, U. S. C. Ap., 810, 898.

Treaty of 1818 did not contemplate imposition of dues, 888.

Winter: Imperial policy toward Newfoundland, 888-90.
Question 4, pp. 899-908. (July 1, 1910.)

Bayard to Phelps, Nov. 6, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 851, vessels forced into porta
in distress, 906-7.

Brown & Jenks, Hallett v., S Cranch, 210, vessels in distress relieved of
certain duties, 906.

Cases cited: "Charlotta," 1 Edwards, 152, vessels in distress may enter block-
aded port, 906; "Concord," 9 Cranch, 387, vessels in distress relieved of cer-
tain duties, 906; "Eleanor," 1 Edwards, 159-160, vessels in distress relieved
of certain duties, 906; "Forest King," 17 Wallace (U.S.), 29, vessels in
distress may enter blockaded port, 906; "Hurtige Hane," 2 Robinson, 127,
vessels in distress may enter blockaded port, 906; Hallett v. Brown &
Jenks, S Cranch, 210, vessels in distress relieved of certain duties, 906;
"Neustra Senora de Ragla," 17 Wall., SO, vessels in distress may enter
blockaded port, 906; "Short Staple," 9 Cranch, 55, vessels in distress re-
lieved of certain duties, 906.

"Charlotta," 1 Edwards, 152, vessels in distress may enter blockaded port,
906.

Commercial privileges not covered by question 4, 899.

Conclusion, question 4, 908-910.

"Concord," 9 Cranch, 387, vessels in distress relieved of certain duties, 906.

Customhouse, fishermen need not seek, 901.

"Eleanor," 1 Edwards, 159-160, vessels in distress relieved of certain duties,
906.

Entry at ports, 900.

"Forest King," 17 Wallace ( U. S.), 29, vessels in distress may enter blockaded
port, 906.

Hallett v. Brown & Jenks, S Cranch, 210, vessels in distress relieved of cer-
tain duties, 906.

"Hurtige Hane," 2 Robinson, 127, vessels in distress may enter blockaded
port, 906.

International law writers cited: Hall, 711, vessels in distress may enter
blockaded port, 905; Halleck, II: 234, vessels in distress may enter block-
aded port, 905.

Negotiators of 1818, intent of, 900.

"Neustra Senora de Ragla," 17 Wall., 30, vessels in distress may enter block-
aded port, 906.

Phelps, Bayard to, Nov. 6, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 851, vessels forced into porta in
distress, 906-7.

Question 4 does not relate to commercial privileges, 899.

2516 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHEBIES ARBITRATION.

Turner, Honorable George — Continued.
Question 4 — Continued.

Report, fishermen need not go to distant customhouse to, 900.

Restrictions: in treaty not revenue restrictions, 901; should be reasonable,

903; should not nullify treaty right, 904.

"Short Staple," 9 Cranch, 55, vessels in distress relieved of certain duties, 906.
Smuggling, 901; restriction in draft struck out, 901.
Treaty right should not be nullified by restrictions, 904.
Vessels in distress forced into port, Bayard to Phelps, Nov. 6, 1866, U. S. C.

Ap., 851, 906-7.
Vessels in distress, forced into ports, relieved of certain contractual liabilities:

"Concord," 9 Cranch, 387, 906; "Eleanor," 1 Edwards, 159-160, 906; Hallett

v. Brown & Jenks, S Cranch, 210, 906; "Short Staple," 9 Cranch, 55, 906.
Vessel in distress may enter blockaded port: Hall, 711, 905; "Charlotta,"

1 Edwards, 152, 906; "Forest King," 17 Wallace (U. S.), 29, 906; Halleck:

II: 234, 905; "Hurtige Hane," 2 Robinson, 127, 906; "Neustra Senora de

Ragla," 17 Wall., SO, 906.
Vessels seeking ports only in distress should not pay dues, 905-908.

Warren, Honorable Charles B.

Question 5, pp. 997-1228. (July 5, 7, 8, 11, 1910.)

Aberdeen-Everett correspondence, 1844-5, British position not acquiesced
in by Americans, 1170-73.

Aberdeen, Everett to: Aug. 10, 1843, B. C. Ap., 1S1, cod fishing in bays prior
to mackerel fishing, 1162. May 25, 1844, U. S. C., Ap., 478, treaty con-
siders "general outline" of coast, 1170-1. Mar. 25, 1845, U. S. C. Ap.,
497, Bay of Fundy, relaxation of British position, 1172-3.

Aberdeen to Everett, Mar. 10, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 489: opinion of law offi-
cers of Crown, 1169; Bay of Fundy, relaxation of British position, 1171.

Abrogation of 1783 treaty, 1031.

Adams, pp. 211-215, 223, cod fishing in bays prior to mackerel fishery, 1160,
1161.

Adams-Bathurst correspondence, 1041-43, 1102-06.

Adams, Bathurst to, Oct. 30, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., 278, renewal of liberties,
1105.

Adams, Castlereagh to, May 7, 1817, U. 8. C. Ap., 295, British limits, 1107.

Adams, Gallatin and Rush to, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 306: report, "for-
ever," "any" of the coasts, 1128-9, 1130-32; 3-mile limit, 1015, 1128-9,
1130-2, 1151; Hudson Bay, 1128-32, 1151; Franco-American controversy,
1151.

Adams' diary: Nov. 25, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 101, cod and haddock in bays,
1159. July 8, 1823, B. C. Ap., 108, Mitchell's map not used 1818 negotia-
tions, 1148.

Adams, Journal, U. S. C. Ap., 223, right to fishery, 1033.

Adams, Monroe to: July 21, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., 26S, Jaseur incident, right
to fish unshaken, 1101. Feb. 27, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 287, fishing, curing,
and drying, 1106.

Adams' opinion, Dec. 26, 1814, B. C. C. Ap., 168, "liberty," "rights,"
1097-^8.

Adams, Rush and Gallatin to, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 306: Hudson Bay,
1128-9, 1130-2, 1151; 3-mile limit, 1015, 1128-9, 1130-2; Franco-American
controversy, 1151; report, "forever," "any of the coasts," 1128-9, 1130-2.

Adams, Russell to, Feb. 11, 1815, B. C. C. Ap., 150, Mississippi and the
fisheries, 1096.

INDEX TO DEAL ARGUMENTS. 2517

Warren, Honorable Charles B — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Adams-Russell controversy, British claim of broad jurisdiction, 1095-98.

Adams, Seward to, Apr. 10, 1866, U. S. C. Ap., 566, "historic position" of
United States regarding bays, 1013.

Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., 268, territorial jurisdiction,
1103. '

Adams to Gallatin and Rush, July 28, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 304: instructions,
1104-5, 1109; fishing, curing, drying, 1109.

Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 65: Bathurst on territorial juris-
diction, 1045, 1102; LAMMASCH, 1045.

Adams to Russell: 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 165, renunciation clause, 1097. May
3, 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 162, 3-mile limit, 1097, 1140; renunciation clause,
1097.

Alaskan boundary arbitration: British position re 3-mile limit, 1091-95.
Did not concern maritime jurisdiction, LAMMASCH, 1094. Finlay, Pro-
ceedings, 5:237, Conception Bay case decision narrow, 1205.

Alverstone, fur seal arbitration, 13 Proceedings 544, British claim of broad
jurisdiction, 1099.

American commissioners, British to, Dec. 22, 1814, U. S. C. Ap., 256, Mis-
sissippi River, 1071.

American commissioners, Monroe to, June 25, 1814, U. S. C. Ap., 242, fish-
eries not to be discussed, treaty of Ghent, 1070.

American commissioners to Monroe, Dec. 25, 1814, U. S. C. Ap., 256, fishery
within exclusive British jurisdiction, 1072.

American draft, renunciatory clause, 1113.

American, Franco-, controversy. See Franco-American controversy.

American interpretation of jurisdiction concurred in by British, 1023.

Anglo-Russian treaty, 1825, "coast" in, 1092.

Ann, The, 1 Gallison's Reports 62, cannon-shot rule is 3 miles, 1053.

Anna, The, 5 Robinson's Admiralty Reports 373, cannon-shot rule is 3 miles,
1053.

"Any " in renunciatory clause, LAMMASCH, GRAY, FITZPATHICK, DRAGO, 1112.

"Any" of the coasta, report, Gallatin and Rush to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818,
U. S. C. Ap., 306, 1128-9, 1130-32.

"Argus," case of: Seizure of, 16 miles off shore, test case, 1169-70, 1173-77.
Umpire's award, U. S. C. 133, no treaty violation, 1175.

Auckland and Holland to Howick, Nov. 14, 1806, B. C. Ap., 61, cannon shot
or 3-mile general limit, 1056.

Azuni, sec. 15, p. 205, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1208, 1226.

Baker, Bathurst to, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, exclusion from bays, LAM-
MASCH, 1045.

Baker-Monroe correspondence, 1815, Jaseur incident, 1100.

Bannerman to Grey, Feb. 12, 1852, U. S. C. C. Ap., 217, regulations, Prince
Edward Island act of 1843, never enforced, 1177.

Bathurst-Adams correspondence, 1041-43; 1102-06.

Bathurst, Adams to, Sept. 25, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., 268, territorial jurisdiction,
1103.

Bathurst made no claim to extended jurisdiction, 1048.

Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 30, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., 278, renewal of liberties, 1105.

Bathurst to Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, exclusion from bays, LAM-
MASCH, 1045.

Bathurst to British commissioners, Oct. 18, 1814, 0. A. Ap., 2247, maritime
jurisdiction, 1026; 3-mile limit, 1041, 1098.

2518 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5— Continued.

Bathurst's position as regards bays in 1815, 1042, 1047-49.

Bay: "British," 3 miles from, Cardwell's letter. April 22, 1866, B. C. Ap., 991,
1023. British bay defined, Report of Senate Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions re Chamberlain-Bayard treaty of 1888, 1197. Buzzard's, jurisdic-
tion of United States over, 1086-88. Chesapeake, case of, 1204. Concep-
tion, case of, 1087, 1204-6. Conception, United States never acknowledged
British jurisdiction over, 1087, 1206. Delaware, case of, 1202-4. Meaning
of, Paine's report, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 451, LAMMASCH, 1016. Method of
acquiring jurisdiction over, 1202. Of Chaleurs fishing lost to United States,
Lyman,f. :100, 1155-6. Of Fundy. 5ecFundy,Bayof. "Of His Majesty 'a
dominions," Kimberley to Young, Oct. 10, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 628, 1024-5.
Port au Port, limits of, Newfoundland fishing regulations, 1908, U. S. C.
Ap., 209, 1144, 1145. St. George's, British jurisdiction over not admitted,
Franco- American controversy, 1152. Territorial within geographical, GRAY,
1138. Webster's circular does not accept British construction, 1180. Web-
ster's nonacceptance of British construction, Crampton to Malmesbury,
Aug. 9, 1852, B. C. Ap., 168, 1183. White: attempt to delimit, 1143-4;
limits of, GRAY, 1144; limits of, Newfoundland fishing regulations, 1908,
U. S. C. Ap., 209, 1144, 1145.

Bayard-Chamberlain treaty of 1888. See Chamberlain-Bayard treaty.

Bayard to West, May 29, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 774, June 14, 1886, U. S.
C. Ap., 787, objection to original Canadian Customs Circular No. 371, 1194-5.

Bays: American contention as to, U. S. A., 144-146, 1004-7. Americans
fished in, memorial of Gloucester, Mass. , to Webster, July, 1852, U. S. C. C.
Ap., 159, 1179. Americans fishing in, Watson to Shubrick, Sept. 2, 1853,
U. S. C. C. Ap., 182, 1190-91. As used in various treaties, 1075. Bathurst's
position regarding, in 1815, 1042, 1047-49. British contention as to, B. C.,
8S, 10S, 122, B. A., 92, 1002-4. "Coasts" comprehends edges of, 1114-
1118. Comprised in maritime jurisdiction, 1059. Creeks, harbors in 1818
referred to those within 3-mile limit, 1130. Exclusion from, Bathurst to
Baker, Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, LAMMASCH, 1045. Fishing in, 1845-
52: 1179, Crowell's report, Feb. 10, 1852, U. S. C. C. Ap., 209, 1179;
Sabine's report, U. S. C. Ap., 128S-4, 1179; "St. John New Bruns-
wicker," 1179. France-Great Britain, 1713 treaty, B. C. Ap., 7, 1035.
Geographically known as such, 1028. "Historic position" of United
States regarding, 1012-1016. Impossibility of delimiting according to
British contention, 1142. In 1818 treaty used geographically, British
position, 1068-69. Instructions to provincial authorities limiting, Card-
well's letter, Apr. 12, 1866, B. C. Ap. , 221, 1191. Jurisdiction over, failure to
prove assertion of, 1074. Land-locked, Jefferson to Genet, Nov. 8, 1793, B. C.
Ap., 56, 1081. Land-locked, Jefferson to Hammond, Nov. 8, 1793, B. C.
Ap., 57, 1081. No extended jurisdiction over, Jay treaty, 1064. Port
Negro, 1108. Publicly known as such, 1002. Ragged Island Harbor, 1108.
Seizures in Lipscomb Harbor, 1128. Shores without would be negligible,
GHAY, 1133. Six-mile: adopted by British, Stanley to Falkland, May 19,
1845, B. C. Ap., 145, 999, 1017, 1172; British position to-day, Parliamen-
tary Debates, clxix, column 989, 999; Commonwealth v. Manchester, 152
Mass. Rep., 2SO, 139 U. S., 240, 1086, 1088; Cutts to Seward, Apr. 7,
1866, U. S. C. Ap., 566, 1014; Fitzmaurice, speech in Parliament, 999;
instructions regarding circular, Fillmore to Webster, July 20, 1852, B. C.
Ap., 155, 1181-2; Massachusetts Statute, 1859, 1087-88; objections of Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick, 999; position of United States at Halifax arbi-

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2519

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

tration, 1014; Senate committee's report, 1887, 1014; Westlake, 1:187, 999.
Ten-mile, 1024, 1092-3. Three-mile limit in, Gallatin and Rush to Adams,
Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 306, 1015, 1128-9, 1130-2, 1151. Treaty of
Utrecht, B. C. Ap., 6-7, 1075. Treaty of 1763, France-Spain-Great Britain,
B. C. Ap., 7, 1075-76. "Triangle " in, 1008. Used territorially orgeograph-
ically in renunciatory clause, LAMMASCH, 1067. United States position to-
day not in conflict with past, 1011-12.

"Betsey," seizure of, 1128.

Bonfils, sec. 516, maritime jurisdiction, 1060.

Boosey, Jeffreys v., 4 H. L. Cases 926, jurisdiction, continued exercise and
international acquiescence therein, 1221.

Boundary treaty, United States-Mexico, Feb. 2, 1848, B. C. Ap., 34, Great
Britain not affected by, Buchanan to Crampton, Aug. 19, 1848, U. S. C. 0.
Ap., 62.4, 1089-90.

Brier Island, Bay of Fundy, 1163.

British claimed all seizures 1821-24 were within 3-mile limit, 1153.

British commissioners, Bathurst to, Oct. 18, 1814, 0. A. Ap.,2247, maritime
jurisdiction, 1026; 3-mile limit, 1041, 1098.

British commissioners, Castlereagh to, Aug. 14, 1814, 0. A. Ap.,2244, 3-mile
limit, 1098.

British concurrence in American interpretation, 1023.

"British limits," 1044.

British limits, Castlereagh to Adams, May 7, 1817, U. 8. C. Ap., 995, 1107.

British position that "bays" in 1818 treaty used geographically, 1068-69.

British to American commissioners, Dec. 22, 1814, U. S. C. Ap.,256, Missis-
sippi River, 1071.

Buchanan to Crampton, Aug. 19, 1848, U. 8. C. C. Ap., 684, Great Britain not
affected by United States-Mexico boundary treaty, 1846, 1089-90.

Burlamaqui, p. 252, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1225.

Buzzards Bay, jurisdiction of United States over, 1086-88.

Calvo, T., sees. 353, 356, 367, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1209, 1214.
Sec. 365, p. 498, maritime jurisdiction, 1060.

Canning, Rush to, May 3, 1824, U. S. C. C. Ap., 1X7, vessels within 3-mile
limit, Franco-American controversy, 1150.

Canning to Wellington, Sept. 27, 1822, Fur Seal Arbitration, Proceedings,
V: 574, British claims to broad jurisdiction, 1078-9.

Cannon-shot distance is 3 miles, Twee Gebroeders, S Robinson's Admiralty
Reports, 162, 836, Anna, 5 Robinson's Admiralty Reports 373, Ann, 1 Gallison't
Reports 6t, 1051-2, 1053.

Cannon shot or 3 miles general limit, Holland and Auckland to Howick,
Nov. 14, 1806, B. C. Ap. 61, 1056.

Cannon-shot rule interpreted by nations of world to be 3-mile limit: Azuni,
sec. 15, p. 205, 1208, 1226. Burlamaqui, p. 252, 1225. Calvo, T., sees. 35S,
S56, S67, 1209, 1214. De Cussy, I: 96-7, 1213. Despagnet, sec. 415, 1216.
Ferguson, p. 399, 1208; pp. 396-7, 1215. Fiore, C., sees. 205, 808, 1208, 1214.
Funck-Brentano and Sorel, p. 375, 1215. Galiani, p. 422, 1207, 1226. Hall,
p. 154, 1209. Hautefeuille, p. 57, 1212. Heffter, sees. 75, 76, 1207, 1211.
Holland, Letters, p. 132 et seq., 1219. Kluber, sees. 130, 131, 1211. Liszt,
p. 91, 1217. G. F. de Martens, sees. 40, 41, 1210, 1225. Mass*, sec. 105
1227. Neyron, p. 239, 1210. Nys, 1: 446, 1218. Oppenheim, I: 241,
1209; I: 246, 247, 248, 1218, 1222. Ortolan, I: 171, 1207; I: 152, 1212.
Perels, p. SO, 1209. Phillimore, I: 274, 276, 1207. Piedelievre, vol. I,

2520 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

sec. 417, 1216. Pradier-Fodeie, sec. 632, 1208; sec. 662, 1215. Rivier, 1 : 146,
1208; 1: 154, 1216. Sorel, Funck-Brentano and, p. S75, 1215. Stoerk, in
Holtzendorff, //: 474, 1208. Testa, p. 69, 1216. Twiss, p. 292-5, 1208,
1213. Vattel, /: 23, 1210. Westlake, 7: 187-8, 1217.

Cannon-shot rule interpreted by United States and Great Britain to be 3-mile
limit, 1206-7.

Cannon-shot rule, treaty of 1806, 1051.

Cape North, 1169

Cape Percy, 1161

Cape Rogue, 1145.

CardwelFs letter, Apr. 12, 1866, B. C. Ap., 921: instructions to provincial
authorities limiting bays, 1191; 3 miles from any "British" bay, 1023.

Cases cited: Ann, 1 Gallison's Reports, 62, Anna, 5 Robinson's Admiralty
Reports, 373, cannon-shot rule is 3 miles, 1053. Commonwealth v. Man-
chester, 152 Mass. Rep., 230; 139 U. S. Rep. ,240, 6-mile bays, 3-mile limit,
1086, 1088. The Commonwealth v. Peters, 12 Metcalfs Rep., 387 (Mass.),
"sight" as test of jurisdiction, 1082-3. Conception Bay, L. R. (1877)
g App. Cos., 394, 1204-5. Cope v. Doherty, 2 de Gex and Jones 614, juris-
diction, continued exercise and international acquiescence therein, 1221.
Dunham v. Lamphere, 3 Gray's Rep., 268, 3-mile limit distinguished from
"sight" test, 1086. "Le Louis," 2 Dodson, 239, jurisdiction, continued
exercise and international acquiescence therein, 1221. Moray Firth case,
1001. Regina v. Keyn, L. R. (1876) 2 Ex. Div., 63, jurisdiction, continued
exercise and international acquiescence therein, 1221. Twee Gebroedern,
S Robinson's Admiralty Reports, 162, 336, cannon-shot distance is 3 miles,
1051-2. U. S. v. Grush, 5 Mason's Rep., 290, "sight" as test of jurisdic-
tion, 1083-4.

Castlereagh to British commissioners, Aug. 14, 1814, 0. A. Ap., 2244, 3-mile
limit, 1098.

Castlereagh to Adams, May 7, 1817, U. S. C. Ap., 295, British limits, 1107.

Castlereagh to Robinson and Goulburn: July 28, 1814, 0. A. Ap., 2241, open
sea fishery, maritime jurisdiction, 1026. Aug. 24, 1818, B. C. Ap., 85,
instructions, 1105.

Chaleurs, Bay of, fishing lost to United States, Lyman, 2:100, 1155-6.

Chamberlain-Bayard treaty of 1888, 1196-8. Report of Senate Committee on
Foreign Relations, B. C. Ap., 444, British bay defined, 1197.

Chambers between headlands, Madison to Monroe and Pinkney, May 17, 1806,
B. C. Ap., 60, 1055.

Charts showing nontreaty coasts, 1142.

Chesapeake Bay, case of, 1204.

Coast. See also Nontreaty coast.

Coast and shore convertible terms, FTTZPATRICK, 1061.

"Coast" and "shore" interchangeable, 1806 treaty, 1051.

"Coast" comprehends edges of bays, 1114-1118.

Coast, "general outline" of, considered by treaty, Everett to Aberdeen, May
25, 1844, U. 8. C. Ap., 478-82, 1170-71.

"Coast" in Anglo-Russian treaty, 1825, 1092.

"Coast," treaty of 1763, Great Britain-France-Spain, U. S. C. Ap., 52, 1117.

Cod and mackerel fisheries, one-third forfeited by new construction treaty,
Sabine's report, U. S. C. Ap. 1287, 1159.

Cobbett, Pitt, p. 143, maritime jurisdiction, 1060.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2521

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Cod fishing existed in bays prior to mackerel fishery, 1157-1163: Aberdeen,
Everett to, Aug. 10, 1843, B. C. Ap., 131, May 25, 1844, U. S. C. Ap., 478,
1162. Adams, pp. 211-215, 223, 1160, 1161. Adams' diary, Nov. 25, 1782,
B. C. C. Ap., 101, cod and haddock in bays, 1159. Bay of Fundy, herring,
mackerel, shad, and cod in, Johnston, attorney general of Nova Scotia,
Sept. 17, 1844, B. C. Ap., 139, 1159. Davis in United States Senate, Aug. 3,
1852, B. C. Ap., 167, 1162. Everett to Ingersoll, Dec. 4, 1852, U. S. C. Ap.,
640, 1162. Forsyth to Stevenson, Feb. 20, 1841, B. C. Ap., 124, 1162.
Gloucester, Mass., memorial to Webster, July, 1852, U.S.C. C. Ap., 159, 1161.
LAMMASCH, cod, haddock, herring, mackerel in bays, 1158. Lawrence to
Webster, Aug. 10, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 517, conversation with Malmes-
bury, 1162. Leonard to Sullivan, Nov. 10, 1802, B. C. Ap., 57, 1159.
Palmerston, Stevenson to, Mar. 27, 1841, B. C. Ap., 126, 1162. Perley's
report, U. S. C. C. Ap., 580, 1161. Sabine's report, U. S. C. Ap., 1281,
1161; mackerel fishery, 1158; U. S. C. Ap., 1287, new construction treaty
forfeits one-third cod and mackerel fisheries, 1159. Soul6 in United States
Senate, Aug. 12, 1852, B. C. Ap., 173-4, 1162. Upshur to Everett, July
30, 1843, U. S. C. Ap., 472, 1162.

Cod in bays, Adams' diary, Nov. 25, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 101, 1159. LAM-
MASCH, 1158.

Cod in Bay of Fundy, Johnston, attorney general of Nova Scotia, Sept. 17,
1844, B. C. Ap., 139, 1150.

Common law, English, adopts Grotius' views on territorial jurisdiction, 1224.

Commonwealth v. Manchester, 152 Mass. Rep., £30, 139 U. S., 240, 6-mile
bays, 3-mile limit, 1086, 1088.

Commonwealth v. Peters, 12 Metcalf's Rep., S87 (Mass.), "sight" as test of
jurisdiction, 1082-3.

Conception Bay case, L. R. (1877) % App. Cos., 394, 1087, 1204-5. Based on
narrow ground, Holland, Letters, p. 133, 1205. Decision narrow, Finlay,
Alaskan Boundary Arbitration, Proceedings, 5:237, 1205.

Conception Bay, jurisdiction over not acquiesced in by United States,
1087, 1206.

Cope v. Doherty, £ De Gex & Jones, 614, jurisdiction, continued exercise
and international acquiescence therein, 1221.

Cow Bay Head, 1169.

Crampton, Buchanan to, Aug. 19, 1848, U. 8. C. C. Ap., 624, Great Britain not
affected by United States-Mexico boundary treaty, 1846, 1089-1090.

Crampton, Malmesbury to, Aug. 11, 1852, B. C. Ap., 172, British Admiral's
instructions same for many years, 1184.

Crampton to Malmesbury: Aug. 2, 1852, B. C. Ap., 157, Webster's circular
and Fillmore's instructions, 1182-3. Aug. 9, 1852, B. C. Ap., 168, Web-
ster's nonacceptance of British construction of bay, 1183.

Creasy, p. 232, maritime jurisdiction, 1060.

Creeks comprised in maritime jurisdiction, 1059.

Creeks in 1818 referred to those within 3-mile limit, 1130.

Crowell's report, Feb. 10, 1852, fishing in bays, 1845-52, U. S. C. C. Ap.,
209, 1179.

Curing, fishing, or drying, "within the exclusive British jurisdiction" cause
of differences prior to 1818, 1041.

Curing: instructions, Adams to Gallatin and Rush, July 28, 1818, U. S. C.
Ap., 304, 1109. Monroe to Adams, Feb. 27, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 287, 1106.
92909°— VOL 12—13 19

2522 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Customs Circular No. 371, (Canadian) U. S. C. Ap., 761, 791, seizures within

3-mile limit, 1194.
Customs Circular No. 371, (Canadian) amended, in exact accord with treaty,

Roseberry to West, July 23, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 82S, 1194, 1196. Objections

to original, Bayard to West, May 29, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 774, 1194-5; June

14, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 787, 1195.

Cutts to Seward, Apr. 7, 1866, U. S. C. Ap., 566, 6-mile bays, 1014.
Davis in United States Senate, Aug. 3, 1852, B. C. Ap., 167, cod fishing in

bays prior to mackerel fishing, 1162.
De Cussy: I: 96-7, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1213. /; 96, maritime

jurisdiction, 1060.
"Dee," seizure by, in 1817, 1107.
Delaware Bay, case of, 1202-4.
de Martens, G. F., sees. 40, 41, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1210, 1225.

Sec. 15,t, p. -S99, maritime jurisdiction, 1060.
Despagnet, sec. 415, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1216.
Diplomatic history 1783-1815 reviewed, 1048-72.
Dobbin to Shubrick, July 14, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 169, instructions, fishing

within 3-mile limit, 1185-90.
Dodd to Howe, Sept. 1, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 1082, seizures to be within 3 miles,

1185.
Doherty, Cope v., 2 De Gex & Jones, 614, jurisdiction, continued exercise

and international acquiescence therein, 1221.
"Dominion" and "dominions," 1005.
"Dominion" defined, 1114.

"Dominions, His Britannic Majesty's," LAMMASCH, 1005.
"Dominions in America, His Britannic Majesty's," 1114.
"Dotterel," 998.

DRACO: "Any" in renunciatory clause, 1112.
Drying, curing, or fishing, "within the exclusive British jurisdiction" cause

of differences prior to 1818, 1041.
Drying: Instructions, Adams to Gallatin and Rush, July 28, 1818, U. S. C.

Ap., 304, 1109. Monroe to Adams, Feb. 27r 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 287, 1106.
Dunham v. Lamphere, S Gray's Rep., 268, 3-mile limit distinguished from

"sight" test, 1086.
Everett-Aberdeen correspondence, 1844-5, British position not acquiesced in

by Americans, 1170-73.
Everett, Aberdeen to, Mar. 10, 1845, U. 8. C. Ap., 489, opinion of law officers

of Crown, 1169, Bay of Fundy, relaxation of British position, 1171.
Everett, Upshur to, July 30, 1843, U. S. C. Ap., 472, cod fishing in bays prior

to mackerel fishing, 1162.
Everett to Aberdeen: Aug. 10, 1843, B. C. Ap., 131, cod fishing in bays prior

to mackerel fishing, 1162. May 25, 1844, U. S. C. Ap., 478-82, treaty con-
siders "general outline" of'coast, 1170-71. Mar. 25, 1845, U. S. C. Ap.,

497, Bay of Fundy, relaxation of British position, 1172-3.
Everett to Ingersoll, Dec. 4, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 540, cod fishing in bays prior

to mackerel fishing, 1162.
Exclusion from high sea by treaty, GRAY, 1078.
"Exclusive British jurisdiction, " 1044. Fishing, drying, curing, within;

cause of differences prior to 1818, 1041.
Exclusive right of French, Protocols American-British conference, Mar. 29,

1824, U. S. C. Ap., 124, Franco-American controversy, 1151.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2523

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

"Exclusive sovereignty of Great Britain," 1044.

Falkland, Stanley to, May 19, 1845, B. C. Ap., 145, 6-mile bays adopted by
British, 999, 1017, 1172.

Falkland's stated case, for opinion of Crown law officers, 1168.

Ferguson, /: 399, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1208; pp. 396-7, 1215.
I: 399, maritime jurisdiction, 1060.

Fillmore to Webster, July 20, 1852, B. C. Ap., 155, instructions regarding
circular, 6-mile bays, 1181-2.

Finlay, Alaskan Boundary Arbitration, Proceedings, 5: 237, Conception Bay
case decision narrow, 1205.

Fiore, C., sec. 205, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1208; T.t sec. 808, 1214.

Fish, Thornton to, Jan. 26, 1871, U. 8. C. Ap., 632, joint high commission,
1026.

Fishery controversy, none since 1818, Vail's report to President, Aug. 14,
1839, U. S. C. Ap., 436, 440, 1164-5.

Fisheries, Mississippi and the, Russell to Adams, Feb. 11, 1815, B. C. C. Ap.,
150, 1096.

Fisheries not to be considered, treaty of Ghent, 1814, Monroe to American
commissioners, June 25, 1814, U. S. C. Ap., 242, 1070.

Fishery in nonterritorial waters, Russell at Fur Seal Arbitration, Proceedings
IS: 320, 1027.

Fishery officers, Mitchell to, June 27, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 611, 613, seizures
only within 3-mile limit, 1192.

Fishery rights outside British jurisdiction, GRAY, 1134.

Fishery within exclusive British jurisdiction, American commissioners to
Monroe, Dec. 25, 1814, U. S. C. Ap., 256, 1072.

Fishing in bays between 1845 and 1852, 1179.

Fishing, drying, or curing "within the exclusive British jurisdiction" cause
of differences prior to 1818, 1041.

Fishing, instructions: Adams to Gallatin and Rush, July 28, 1818, U. 8. C.
Ap., 304, 1109; Monroe to Adams, Feb. 27, 1816, U. S. C. Ap. 287, 1106.

Fitzmaurice. speech in Parliament, 6-mile bays, 999-1000.

FTTZPATRICK: "Any" in renunciatory clause, 1112. Coast and shore convert-
ible terms, 1061. Jurisdiction not asserted, 1812-1818, 1119. Renuncia-
tory clause, 1019. Seizures in 1817, 1108. The "triangle," 1010.

Five-mile limit, 1063. Treaty of 1806, 1050.

"Forever, " report Gallatin and Rush to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap.,
306, 1128-9, 1130-32.

Forsyth, Paine to, Dec. 29, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 451, headland theory, 3-mile
limit, 1167.

Forsyth, Primrose to, Nov. 25, 1840, U. S. C. Ap., 458, headland theory, 1167.

Forsyth to Stevenson, Feb. 20, 1841, B. C. Ap., 124, cod fishing in bays prior
to mackerel fishing, 1162.

France, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Franco- American controversy, 1149-1152: Bay, St. Georges, British juris-
diction over not admitted, 1152. French exclusive right, protocols Amer-
ican-British conference, Mar. 29, 1824, U. S. C. C. Ap., 124, 1151. Rush
and Gallatin to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 306, 1151. Rush
to Canning, May 3, 1824, U. S. C. C. Ap., 127, vessels within 3-mile limit,
1150.

French exclusive right, protocols American-British conference, Mar. 29, 1824,
U. S. C. C. Ap., 124, Franco- American controversy, 1151.

2524 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Funck-Brentano and Sorel: p. 375, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1215.
Page S75, maritime jurisdiction, 1060.

Fundy, Bay of: Grand Manan Island, 1163. Herring, mackerel, shad, and
cod in, Johnston, attorney general of Nova Scotia, Sept. 17, 1844, B. C.
Ap., 139, 1159. Limite of, 1163-4. Murr Ground, 1164. Relaxation of
British position: Everett to Aberdeen, Mar. 25, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 497,
1172-3; Aberdeen to Everett, Mar. 10, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 489, 1171.

Fur Seal Arbitration: Alverstone, Proceedings, IS: 544, British claim of
broad jurisdiction, 1099. American contention no more than 3-mile limit,
1120-6. American position, LAMMASCH, 1099. Canning to Wellington,
Sept. 27, 1822, Proceedings, 5: 574, British claims to broad jurisdiction,
1078-9. Russell: Proceedings IS: S15-21, British claims to broad jurisdic-
tion, 1076-78, 1098; fishery in nonterritorial waters, 1027; Oregon treaty,
13 Proceedings 79, 1090-91. Salisbury, Proceedings, 5: 572, British claim to
broad jurisdiction, 3-mile limit, 1079-80. Thompson, Proceedings 13: 79,
Oregon treaty, 1091.

Galiani, p. 422, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1207, 1226.

Gallatin and Rush, Adams to, July 28, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 304, instructions,
1104-5, 1109; fishing, curing, drying, 1109.

Gallatin and Rush to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 306: Franco-
American controversy, 1151; Hudson Bay, 1128-9, 1130-2; report, "for-
ever," "any" of the coaste, 1128-9, 1130-32; 3-mile limit, 1015, 1128-9,
1130-2, 1151.

Genet, Jefferson to, Nov. 8, 1793, B. C. Ap., 56, 3-mile limit, landlocked bays
1081.

Ghent, Treaty of, see Treaty of 1814,

Gloucester, Mass., memorial of, to Webster, July, 1852, U. S. C. C. Ap., 159:
Americans fished within bays, 1179; cod fishing in bays prior to mackerel,
fishery, 1161.

Goulburn and Robinson, Castlereagh to: July 28, 1814, 0. A. Ap., 2241, open
sea fishery, maritime jurisdiction, 1026. Aug. 24, 1818, B. C. Ap., 85,
instructions, 1105.

Grand Manan Island, Bay of Fundy, 1163.

Granville, Lansdowne to, Mar. 25, 1886; U. S. C. Ap., 756, instructions,
seizures to be in 3-mile limit, 1193.

Granville to Young, June 6, 1870, U. 8. C. Ap., 609, seizures only within
3-mile limit, 1192.

GRAY: "Any" in renunciatory clause, 1112. Exclusion from high sea by
treaty, 1078. Fishery rights outside British jurisdiction, 1134. Hudson
Bay under 1818 treaty, 1132. Limits of White Bay, 1144. Maritime belt,
1059. Moray Firth case, 1001. Seizures in 1817, 1108. "Shores" without
"bays" would be negligible, 1133. "Sight" as test of jurisdiction, 1084.
Territorial bay within geographical bay, 1138. "Triangle," 1010.

Great Britain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Grey, Bannerman to, U. S. C. C. Ap., 217, regulations, Prince Edward
Island, act of 1843, never enforced, 1177.

Grotius discussed : Territorial jurisdiction, 1 223. Views on territorial jurisdic-
tion adopted in English common law , 1224.

Grush, United States v., 5 Mason's Rep., 290, "sight" as test of jurisdiction,
1083-4.

Gulf of St. Lawrence, in treaty of 1783, LAMMASCH, 1020.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2525

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Haddock in bays: Adams' diary, Nov. 25, 1782, B. C. C. Ap., 101, 1159.

LAMMASCH, 1158.

Halifax arbitration, position of United States regarding 6-mile bays, 1014.
Hall, p. 157, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1209.
Halleck, /: 167, maritime jurisdiction, 1060.

Hammond, Jefferson to, Nov. 8, 1793, B. C. Ap., 57, 3-mile limit, land-
locked bays, 1081.
Harbors, American claim to, Madison to Monroe and Pinkney, Feb. 3, 1807,

U. S. C. C. Ap., 98, 1065.
Harbors: Comprised in maritime jurisdiction, 1059. In 1818 referred to

those within 3-mile limit, 1130. Search within, Madison to Pinkney and

Monroe, May 20, 1807, U. S. C. C. Ap., 100, 1066.
Harvey's instructions to prevent Americans coming within 3 miles of land,

U. S. C. Ap., 451, 998.

Hautefeuille, p. 57, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1212.
Headland theory: Is new theory, case of "Washington," award of umpire,

U. S. C. 131-2, 1173-5. Paine to Forsyth, Dec. 29, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 451,

1167. Primrose to Forsyth, Nov. 25, 1840, U. S. C. Ap., 458, 1167. Rejected

by Great Britain in unratified treaty of 1806, 1049.
Headlands, chambers between, Madison to Monroe and Pinkney, May 17,

1806, B. C. Ap., 60, 1055.

Heffter, sees. 75, 76, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1207, 1211.
Herring fishery. See Mackerel fishery.
Herring in Bay of Fundy, Johnston, attorney general of Nova Scotia, Sept.

17, 1844, B. C. Ap., 1S9, 1159.
Herring in bays, LAMMASCH, 1158.
"His Britannic Majesty's dominions in America," 1114.
"His Britannic Majesty's dominions," LAMMASCH, 1005.
"Historic position" of United States on bays, 1012-1016.
Historical r&mme\ 1036-39.
Hoare to Lake, Nov. 25, 1824, U. S. C. Ap., 374-77, seizures to be within

3-mile limit, 1154.
Holland and Auckland to Howick, Nov. 14, 1806, B. C. Ap., 61, cannon

shot or 3 miles general limit, 1056.
Holland, Letters, p. 132 et seq., cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1219; p. 133,

Conception Bay case based on narrow ground, 1205.
Howe, Dodd to, Sept. 1, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 1082, seizures to be within 3

miles, 1185.
Howe to Laybold, Aug. 26, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 1080, seizures to be within 3

miles of land, 1185.
Howick, Holland and Auckland to, Nov. 14, 1806, B. C. Ap., 61, cannon

shot or 3 miles general limit, 1056.
Howick's instructions, treaty of 1806, not printed, 1065.
Hudson Bay: Rush and Gallatin to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap.,

306, Franco-American controversy, 1128-9, 1130-2, 1151. Three-mile limit

in, Gallatin and Rush to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 306, 1015.

Under 1818 treaty GRAY, 1132.
Imperial statute 1819 unimportant, 1153.
Impressment, 1063.
Ingersoll, Everett to, Dec. 4, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 540, cod fishing in bay»

prior to mackerel fishing, 1162.
Institute of International Law, 12-mile limit, approved in 1894, 1220.

2526 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHEBIES ARBITRATION.

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Instructions to Admiral Harvey to prevent Americans coming within 3 miles
of land, U. S. C. Ap., 451, 998.

Instructions to American commissioners, July 28, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., 304,
1104-5.

Instructions to British admiral re fishery, Malmesbury to Lawrence, Aug.
13, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 522, 1184.

Instructions to British admiral same for many years, Malmesbury to Cramp-
ton, Aug. 11, 1852, B. C. Ap., 172, 1184.

Instructions to British commissioners, Aug. 24, 1818, B. C. Ap., 85, 1105.

International Law writers cited: Azuni, sec. 15, p. 205, cannon-shot rule is
3-mile limit, 1208,1226. Bonfils, sec. 516, maritime jurisdiction includes
bays, creeks, harbors, and 3-mile belt, 1060. Burlamaqui, p. 252, cannon-
shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1225. Calvo, T. sec. 356, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile
limit, 1209; sees. 353, 367, 1214; sec. 365, p. 498, maritime jurisdiction
includes bays, creeks, harbors, and 3-mile belt, 1060. Cobbett, p. 143,
maritime jurisdiction includes bays, creeks, harbors, and 3-mile belt,
1060. Creasy, p. 232, maritime jurisdiction includes bays, creeks, har-
bors, and 3-mile belt, 1060. De Cussy, I: 96-7, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile
limit, 1213; I: 96, maritime jurisdiction includes bays, creeks, harbors,
and 3-mile belt, 1060. Despagnet, sec. 415, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile
limit, 1216. Ferguson, pp. 396-7, 399, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit,

1208, 1215; I: 399, maritime jurisdiction includes bays, creeks, harbors,
and 3-mile belt, 1060. Fiore, C. sec. 205, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit,
1208; T., sec. 808, 1214. Funck-Brentano and Sorel, p. 375, cannon-shot
rule is 3-mile limit, 1215; p. 375, maritime jurisdiction includes bays,
creeks, harbors, and 3-mile belt, 1060. Galiani, p. 422, cannon-shot rule
is 3-mile limit, 1207, 1226. Hall, p. 154, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit,

1209. Halleck, /• 167, maritime jurisdiction includes bays, creeks, har-
bors, and 3-mile belt, 1060. Hautefeuille, p. 57, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile
limit, 1212. Heffter, sees. 75, 76, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1207,
1211. Holland, Letters, p. 132 et seq., cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit,
1219. Kent, U. S. A., 218-220, jurisdiction, continued exercise and in-
ternational acquiescence therein, 1221. Kluber, sees. 130, 131, cannon-shot
rule is 3-mile limit, 1211; sec. ISO, maritime jurisdiction includes bays,
creeks, harbors, and 3-mile belt, 1060. Liszt, p. 91, cannon-shot rule is
3-mile limit, 1217. G. F. de Martens, sees. 40, 41, cannon-shot rule is
3-mile limit, 1210, 1225; sec. 153, p. 399, maritime jurisdiction includes
bays, creeks, harbors, and 3-mile belt, 1060. Masse, sec. 105, cannon-
shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1227. Neyron, p. 239, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile
limit, 1210. Nys, I: 446, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1218. Op-
penheim, I: 241, 246, 247, 248, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1209,
1218, 1222; sec. 177, maritime jurisdiction includes bays, creeks, harbors,
and 3-mile belt, 1059. H. B. Oppenheim, p. 128, maritime jurisdiction
includes bays, creeks, harbors, and 3-mile belt, 1060. Ortolan, I: 171,
cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1207; /: 152, 1212. Perels, p. SO, can-
non-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1209. Phillimore, I: 274, 276, cannon-shot
rule is 3-mile limit, 1207; J: 284, maritime jurisdiction includes bays,
creeks, harbors, and 3-mile belt, 1060. Piedelievre, vol. I, sec. 417, can-
non-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1216. Pradier-Fodere, sees. 692, 662, cannon-
shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1208, 1215. Rivier, I: 146, 154, cannon-shot rule
is 3-mile limit, 1208, 1216. SchQcking, p. 29, "sight" as test of juris-
diction, 1081-2. Sorel, Funck-Brentano and, p. 375, cannon-shot rule is

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2527

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
tion 5 — Continued.

3-mile limit, 1215. Stoerk, in Holtzendorff, II: 474, cannon-shot rule
is 3-mile limit, 1208. Taylor, U. S. A., 218-220, jurisdiction, continued
exercise and international acquiescence therein, 1221; sec. 217, p. 263,
sec. 228, p. 277, maritime jurisdiction includes bays, creeks, harbors, and
3-mile belt, 1060. Testa, p. 69, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1216.
Twiss, p. 292-5, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1208, 1213. Vattel, I: 23,
cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1210. Westlake, I: 187-8, cannon-shot rule
is 3-mile limit, 1217; I: 187, 6-mile bay, 999. Wheaton, U.S. A., 218-220,
jurisdiction, continued exercise and international acquiescence therein,
1221.

Interpretation of 1818 treaty: British concurrence in American interpreta-
tion of jurisdiction, 1023. Change in British, Rush to his executors, Dec.,
1854, U.S.C.Ap., 547, 1141.

Interpretation of renunciatory clause, Kent, 1200.

"Intersection of 3-mile lines" theory, 1136-7.

Introduction, 997.

Jaseur incident: 1100-1101. Baker-Monroe correspondence, 1815, 1100.
Monroe to Adams, July 21, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., 263, 1101.

Jay treaty, 1794, no extended jurisdiction over bays, 1064.

Jefferson to Genet, Nov. 8, 1793, B. C. Ap., 56, 3-mile limit, landlocked
bays, 1081.

Jefferson to Hammond, Nov. 8, 1793, B. C. Ap., 57, 3-mile limit, landlocked
bays, 1081.

Jefferson to Secretary of Treasury, Sept. 8, 1804, B. C. Ap., 59, "sight" as
test of jurisdiction, 1081.

Jeffreys v. Boosey, 4 H. L. Cases, 926, jurisdiction, continued exercise and
internationat acquiescence therein, 1221.

Johnston, attorney general of Nova Scotia, Sept. 17, 1844, B. C. Ap., 139,
herring, mackerel, shad, and cod in Bay of Fundy, 1159.

Joint high commission, Thornton to Fish, Jan. 26, 1871, U. S. C. Ap., 6S2,
1026.

Jurisdiction : American contention at fur-seal arbitration no more than 3-mile
limit, 1120-26. American interpretation concurred in by British, 1023.
Bathurst made no claim to extended, 1048. British limits, Castlereagh
to Adams, May 7, 1817, U. S. C. Ap., 295, 1107. British, over St. Georges
Bay not admitted, Franco-American controversy, 1152. Broad, British
claim of: Alverstone, fur-seal arbitration, Proceedings, IS: 544, 1099; Can-
ning to Wellington, Sept. 27, 1822, fur-seal arbitration: Proceedings, 5: 574,
1078-9; Madison to Monroe, Jan. 5, 1804, B. C. Ap., 58, 1054; Russell-
Adams controversy, 1095-98; Russell at fur-seal arbitration, Proceedings,
13: 320, 1076-8, 1098; Salisbury, fur-seal arbitration, Proceedings, 5: 572,
1079-80. Continued exercise and international acquiescence therein: Cope
v. Doherty, 2 De Gex. & Jones, 614, 1221; Jeffreys v. Boosey, 4 H. L. Cases,
926, 1221; Kent, U. S. A., 218-220, 1221; "Le Louis," 2 Dodson, 239, 1221;
Mass<§, sec. 105, 1227; not involved here, 1220-1; Regina v. Keyn, L. R.
2 Ex. Div., 210, 1221; Taylor, U. S. A., 218-220, 1221; Wheaton, U. 8. A.,
218-220, 1221. Exclusive British: 1044; American renunciation in 1818
referred only to, 1018. Fishing, drying, curing, within, cause of differ-
ences prior to 1818, 1041. Fishery rights outside British, GRAY, 1134.
Fishery within exclusive British, American commissioners to Monroe,
Dec. 25, 1814, U. S. C. Ap., 256, 1072. Maritime, Alaskan boundary
tribunal did not concern, LAMMASCH, 1094. See Maritime jurisdiction.

2528 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Method of acquisition over bay 1202. Not asserted, 1812-1818, FITZPAT-
RICK, 1119. Of United States over Buzzards Bay, 1086-88. Over bays,
failure to prove assertion of, 1074. Over bays, no extended, Jay treaty,
1064. Over Conception Bay not acquiesced in by United States, 1087,
1206. Rule of, in 1818, 1201. "Sight" as test of, See "Sight" as test of
jurisdiction. Territorial: Adams to Bathurst, Sept. 25, 1815, U.S. C. Ap.,
268, 1103; British, limited to 3 miles, report of Senate Committee on
Foreign Relations, 1887, B. C. Ap., S90, 1198; Grotius discussed, 1223;
Grotius's views adopted by English common law, 1224. "Within British,"
LAHHASCH, 1134; report of British commissioners, 1818, B. C. Ap., 86,
1133-4.
Jurisdictional claims, wide, by British, Madison to Monroe, Jan. 5, 1804,

B. C. Ap., 58, 1054.

Kent, U. S. A., 218-220, jurisdiction, continued exercise and international
acquiescence therein, 1221.

Keyn, Reginav., L. R. (1876), 2 Ex. Div., 63, jurisdiction, continued exercise
and international acquiescence therein, 1221.

Kimberley to Young, Oct. 10, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 628, "bay of His Majesty's
dominions," 1024-5.

Kliiber: Sees. 130, 131, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1211. Sec. 130, mari-
time jurisdiction, 1060.

Lake, Hoare to, Nov. 25, 1824, U. S. C. Ap., 374-77, seizures to be within
3-mile limit, 1154.

LA MM ASCII: Alaskan boundary arbitration did not concern maritime juris-
diction, 1094. "Any" in renunciatory clause, 1112. "Bays" used
territorially or geographically in renunciatory clause, 1067. Cod, haddock,
herring, mackerel in bays, 1158. Exclusion from bays, Bathurst to Baker,
Sept. 7, 1815, B. C. Ap., 64, Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap.,
65, 1045. Fur Seal arbitration, American position, 1099. Gulf of St. Law-
rence in treaty of 1783, 1020. "His Britannic Majesty's Dominions,"
1005. Paine's report, meaning of "bay," U. S. C. Ap.,451, 1016. Seizures
in 1817, 1108. "Triangle," 1008. "Within British jurisdiction," 1134.

Lamphere, Dunham v., 3 Gray's Rep., 268, 3-mile limit distinguished from
"sight" test, 1086.

Lansdowne to Granville, Mar. 25, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 756, instructions,
seizures to be in 3-mile limit, 1193.

Law officers of crown, opinion of: Aberdeen to Everett, Mar. 10, 1845, U. S.

C. Ap., 489, 1169. Falkland's stated case for, 1168.

Lawrence, Malmesbury to, Aug. 13, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 522, British admiral's

instructions re fishery, 1184.
Lawrence to Webster, Aug. 10, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 517, conversation with

Malmesbury, cod fishing in bays prior to mackerel fishing, 1162.
Laybold, Howe to, Aug. 26, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 1080, seizures to be within

3 miles, 1185.
"Le Louis, " 2 Dodson, 239, jurisdiction, continued exercise and international

acquiescence therein, 1221.
Le Marchant to Seymour, Aug. 26, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 1079, British admiral

instructed not to interfere unless vessel within 3 miles, 1184.
Leonard to Sullivan, Nov. 10, 1802, B. C. Ap., 57, cod fishing in bays prior to

mackerel fishery, 1159.
Liberties, renewal of, Bathurst to Adams, Oct. 30, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., 278,

1105.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2529

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

"Liberty", Adams' opinion, Dec. 26, 1814, B. C. C. Ap., 168, 1097-8.

License system, 1024, 1191-2.

Lipscomb Harbor, seizures in, 1128.

Liszt, p. 91, cannon-ehot rule is 3-mile limit, 1217.

Lyman, 2: 100, Bay of Chaleurs fishing lost to United States, 1155-6.

Mackerel and cod fisheries, one-third forfeited by new construction treaty,
Sabine's report, U. S. C. Ap., 1287, 1159.

Mackerel fishery, Sabine's report, 1158.

Mackerel fishery, see Cod fishing existed in bays prior to mackerel fishery.

Mackerel in Bay of Fundy, Johnston, attorney general of Nova Scotia, Sept.
17, 1844, B. C. Ap., 139, 1159.

Mackerel in bays, LAMMASCH, 1158.

Madison, Monroe and Pinkney to, Nov. 11, 1806, U. S. C. C. Ap., 95, American
claim of 3-league limit, 1062.

Madison to Monroe, Jan. 5. 1804, B. C. Ap., 58, British wide jurisdictional
claims, 1054.

Madison to Monroe and Pinkney: May 17, 1806, B. C. Ap., 60, chambers
between headlands, 1055. Feb. 3, 1807, U. S. C. C. Ap., 98, American
claim to harbors, 1065. May 20, 1807, U. S. C. C. Ap., 100, search within
harbors, 1066.

Malmesbury, conversation with, cod fishing in bays prior to mackerel fishing,
Lawrence to Webster, Aug. 10, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 517, 1162.

Malmesbury, Crampton to: Aug. 2, 1852, B. C. Ap., 157, Webster's circular
and Fillmore's instructions, 1182-3. Aug. 9, 1852, B. C. Ap., 168, Web-
ster's nonacceptance of British construction of bay, 1183.

Malmesbury to Crampton, Aug. 11, 1852, B. C. Ap., 172, British admiral's
instructions same for many years, 1184.

Malmesbury to Lawrence, Aug. 13, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 522, British admiral's
instructions re fishery, 1184.

Manchester, Commonwealth v., 152 Mass. Rep., 230; 139 U. S. Rep., 240,
6-mile bays, 3-mile limit, 1086, 1088.

Maps, none before negotiators, in 1818, 1147.

Marcy, Rush to, July 18, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549, 3-mile limit, shelter, wood,
water, 1140.

Maritime belt, GRAY, 1059.

Maritime jurisdiction: Alaskan boundary tribunal did not concern, LAM-
MASCH, 1094. American renunciation referred only to British exclusive,
1018. Bathurst to British commissioners, Oct. 18, 1814, 0. A. Ap., 2247,
1026. Castlereagh to Robinson and Goulburn, July 28, 1814, 0. A. Ap.;
2241, 1026. Claims of, 1818, 1029-30. Comprises bays, creeks, harbora
and 3-mile belt: Bonfils, sec. 516, 1060; Calvo, sec. S65, p. 498, 1060;
Cobbett, p. 143, 1060; Creasy, p. 2S2, 10GO; De Cussy, I: 96, 1060; Fergu-
son, I: 399, 1060; Funck-Brentano and Sorel, p. 375, 1060; Halleck, I: 167,
1060; Kliiber, sec. 130, 1060; G. F. de Martens, sec. 153, p. 399, 1060; Op-
penheim, sec. 177, 1059; H. B. Oppenheim, p. 128, 1060; Phillimore,
I: 284, 1060; Taylor, sec. 217, p. 263; sec. 228, p. 277, 1060.

"Maritime limits," 1044.

Massachusetts, statutes of, see Statutes cited.

Masee: sec. 105, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit; jurisdiction, continued
exercise and international acquiescence therein, 1227.

Mexico-United States, boundary treaty, Feb. 2, 1848, B. C. Ap. 34, Great
Britain not affected by, Buchanan to Crampton, Aug. 19, 1848, U. S. C. C.
Ap. 624, 1089-90.

2530 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Warren, Honorable Charles B.— Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Mexico, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Mississippi and the fisheries, Russell to Adams, Feb. 11, 1815, B. C. C. Ap.t
150, 1096.

Mississippi River, British to American commissioners, Dec. 22, 1814, U. S.
C. Ap., 956, 1071.

Mitchell to fishery officers, June 27, 1870, U. 8. C. Ap., 611, 613, seizures only
within 3-mile limit 1192.

Mitchell's map not used 1818 negotiations, Adams' diary, July 8, 1823, B. C.
Ap. 108, 1148.

Modus vivendi of 1885, 1193.

Monroe, Adams to, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 65: Bathuret on territorial juris-
diction, 1045, 1102; LAMMASCH, 1045.

Monroe, American commissioners to, Dec. 25, 1814, U. S. C. Ap., 256, fishery
within exclusive British jurisdiction, 1072.

Monroe and Pinkney, Madison to: May 17, 1806, B. C. Ap., 60, chambers
between headlands, 1055. Feb. 3, 1807, U. S. C. C. Ap., 98, American
claim to harbors, 1065. May 20, 1807, U. S. C. C. Ap., 100, search within
harbors, 1066.

Monroe and Pinkney to Madison, Nov. 11, 1806, U. 8. C. C. Ap., 95, American
claim of 3-league limit, 1062.

Monroe-Baker correspondence, 1815, Jaseur incident, 1100.

Monroe, Madison to, Jan. 5, 1804, B. C. Ap., 58, British wide jurisdiction*!
claims, 1054.

Monroe to Adams: July 21, 1815, U. S. C. Ap., 965, Jaseur incident, right to
fish unshaken, 1101. Feb. 27, 1816, U. S. C. Ap., 987, fishing, curing, and
drying, 1106.

Monroe to American commissioners, June 25, 1814, U. S. C. Ap., 949, fish-
eries not to be discussed, treaty of Ghent, 1070.

Moray Firth case, 1001.

Murr Ground, Bay of Fundy, 1164.

"Nabby," seizure of, 1128.

Negotiations, 1783 treaty, 1031-35.

Negotiations, treaty of Ghent (1814) : Fisheries not to be discussed, Monroe to
American commissioners, June 25, 1814, U. S. C. Ap., 949, 1070. Fishery
within exclusive British jurisdiction, American commissioners to Monroe,
Dec. 25, 1814, U. S. C. Ap., 956, 1072. Mississippi River, British to Amer-
ican commissioners, Dec. 22, 1814, U. S. C. Ap., 956, 1071.

Negotiation of treaty of 1818, 1109-1119. Mitchell's map not used, Adams's
diary, July 8, 1823, B. C. Ap., 108, 1148.

Negotiators 1818 treaty did not have maps, 1147.

New Brunswick: Objection to 6-mile bays, 999. Regulations, May 3, 1853,
B. C. Ap., 69S, 1177.

Newfoundland, statutes of. See Statutes cited.

Newfoundland Legislature, report of, right to fish, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 1068,
1177-8.

Neyron, p. 939, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1210.

Nontreaty coast, question 5 concerns only, 1010.

Nonterritorial waters, fishery in, Russell at Fur Seal Arbitration, Proceeding,
IS: S90, 1027.

Nontreaty coasts, charts showing, 1142.

North, Cape, 1169.

North Sea fisheries convention rule of 1882, 1092.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2531

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Nova Scotia: Attempt to nullify treaty provisions, V. 8. C. Ap., 1040-4t,

1165. Objection to 6-mile bays, 999. Statutes, see Statutes cited.
Nys, I: 446, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1218.
Open-sea fishery, Castlereagh to Goulburn and Robinson, July 28, 1814,

0. A. Ap., 2241, 1026.
Oppenheim, /: 241, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1209, 1212; I: 246, 247,

248, 1218, 1222. Sec. 177, maritime jurisdiction, 1059.
Oppenheim, H. B., p. 128, maritime jurisdiction, 1060.
Oregon boundary treaty, June 15, 1846, B. C. Ap., 32, 1089-91.
Oregon treaty: Russell, Fur Seal Arbitration, Proceedings, IS: 79, 1090-1.

Thompson, Fur Seal Arbitration, Proceedings, IS: 79, 1091.
Ortolan: I: 171, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1207; 1: 152, 1212.
Oswald to Townshend, Nov. 30, 1782, U. S. C. Ap., 2S4, 3-league limit, 1033.
Paine to Forsyth, Dec. 29, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 451, headland theory, 3-mile

limit, 1167.

Paine'a report, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 451, meaning of "bay," LAMMASCH, 1016.
Palmerston, Stevenson to, Mar. 27, 1841, B. C. Ap., 126, cod fishing in bays

prior to mackerel fishing, 1162.
Percy, Cape, 1169.

Perels, p. SO, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1209.
Perley's report, U. S. C. C. Ap., 580, cod fishing in bays prior to mackerel

fishing, 1161.

Perry, admission of commodore, 1185.
Peters, Commonwealth v., 12 Metcalfs Rep., S87 (Mast.), "sight" as test of

jurisdiction, 1082-3.

Phillimore: I: 274, 276, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1207; /: 284, mari-
time jurisdiction, 1060.

Piedelievre, Vol. I, sec. 417, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1216.
Pinkney and Monroe, Madison to: May 17, 1806, B. C. Ap., 60, chambers

between headlands, 1055. Feb. 3, 1807, U. S. C. C. Ap., 98, American

claim to harbors, 1065. May 20, 1807, U. S. C. C. Ap., 100, search within

harbors, 1066.
Pinkney and Monroe to Madison, Nov. 11, 1806, U. S. C. C. Ap., 95, American

claim of 3-league limit, 1062.
Port au Port Bay, limits of, Newfoundland fishing regulations, 1908, U. S. C.

Ap., 209, 1144, 1145.
Port Negro, 1108.
Pradier-Fodere, sec. 632, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1208; sec. 662,

1215.

President's message, Dec. 29, 1818, re 1818 treaty, 1129.
Primrose to Forsyth, Nov. 25, 1840, U. S. C. Ap., 458, headland theory, 1167.
Prince Edward Island, act of 1843, B. C. Ap., 617, never enforced, Banner-
man to Grey, U. S. C. C. Ap., 217, regulations, 1177.
Protocols American-British conference, Mar. 29, 1824, U. 8. C. C. Ap., 124,

exclusive right of French, Franco-American controversy, 1151.
Protocols of negotiations, Treaty of 1818, 1111-12.
Question 5 concerns only nontreaty coast, 1010.
Ragged Island Harbor, 1108.
"Raven," seizure of, 1128.
Reciprocity treaty of 1854, duration of, 1191.
Regina v. Keyn, L. R. (1876) 2 Ex. Div., 63, jurisdiction, continued exercise

and international acquiescence therein, 1221.

2532 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Regulations: New Brunswick, May 3, 1853, B. C. Ap., 623, 1177. New-
foundland, finning regulations 1908, U. S. C. Ap., 209, White Bay, Port au
Port Bay, limits of, 1144, 1145. Prince Edward Island, act of 1843, B. C.
Ap., 617, never enforced, Bannerman to Grey, U. S. C. C. Ap., 217, 1177.

Renunciation, purpose of, Rush, 1833, 1139.

Renunciation clause: Adams to Russell, May 3, 1822, and 1822, B. C. C.
Ap., 162, 165, 1097. American draft, 1113. Bays used territorially or
geographically, LAMMASCH, 1067. "Any" in, LAMM ASCII, GRAY, DRAOO,
1112. FITZPATRICK, 1019, 1112. Interpretation, Kent, 1200.

Repairs, wood, water, and shelter, vessel seeking, may go within 3-mile
limit, 1136.

Right to fish, report of Newfoundland Legislature, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 1068,
1177-8.

Right to fish unshaken, Jaaeur incident, Monroe to Adams, July 21, 1815,
U. S. C. Ap., 26S, 1101.

Right to fishery, Adams, Journal, U. 8. C. Ap., 22S, 1033.

"Rights," Adams' opinion, Dec. 26, 1814, B. C. C. Ap., 168, 1097-8.

Rivier, 1:146, 154, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1208, 1216.

Robinson and Goulburn, Castlereagh to: July 28, 1814, 0. A. Ap., 2241, open-
sea fishery, maritime jurisdiction, 1026. Aug. 24, 1818, B. C. Ap., 85,
instructions, 1105.

Rogue, Cape, 1145.

Roseberry to West, July 23, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 82S, amended Canadian
Customs Circular No. 371 in exact accord with treaty, 1194, 1196.

Rush, 1833, purpose of renunciation, 1139.

Rush and Gallatin, Adams to: July 28, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., S04: instructions,
1104-5, 1109; fishing, curing, drying, 1109.

Rush and Gallatin to Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap., S06: report, "for-
ever," "any" of the coasts, 1128-9, 1130-32; Hudson Bay, 1128-9, 1130-32,
1151; 3-mile limit, 1015, 1128-9, 1130-32, 1151; Franco- American contro-
versy, 1151.

Rush to Canning, May 3, 1824, U. 8. C. C. Ap., 127, vessels within 3-mile
limit, Franco- American controversy, 1150.

Rush to his executors, Dec., 1854, U. S. C. Ap., 547, change in British con-
struction of 1818 treaty, 1141 .

Rush to Marcy, July 18, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549, 3-mile limit, shelter, wood,
water, 1140.

Russell-Adams controversy, British claim of broad jurisdiction, 1095-98.

Russell, Adams to: May 3, 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 162, renunciation clause,
1097; 3-mile limit, 1097, 1140. 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 165, renunciation
clause, 1097.

Russell to Adams, Feb. 11, 1815, B. C. C. Ap., 150, Mississippi and the
fisheries, 1096.

Russell, Fur Seal Arbitration: Proceedings, IS: 315-21, British claims to broad
jurisdiction, 1076-78, 1098; fishery in nonterritorial waters, 1027. Proceed-
ings, 13: 79, Oregon treaty, 1090-91.

Russia, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Sabine's report: Cod fishing in bays prior to mackerel fishing, U. S. C. Ap.t
1281, 1161. Fishing in bays, 1845-62, U. S. C. Ap., 1283-4, 1179, mackerel
fishery, 1158. U. S. C. Ap., 1287, new construction treaty forfeits one-
third cod and mackerel fisheries, 1159.

\

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2533

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued .

St. Georges Bay, British jurisdiction over not admitted, Franco-American
controversy, 1152.

"St. John New Brunswicker, " fishing in bays, 1845-52, 1179.

St. Lawrence, Gulf of, in treaty of 1783, LAMMASCH, 1020.

Sale and seizure of vessels and goods, Nova Scotia statute, 1836, U. S. C.
Ap., HO, 122, 1166.

Salisbury, Fur Seal Arbitration, Proceedings, 5: 572, 3-mile limit, British
•claim to broad jurisdiction, 1079-80.

Schucking, p. 29, "eight" as test of jurisdiction, 1081-2.

Secretary of the Treasury, Jefferson to, Sept. 8, 1804, B. C. Ap.,59, "sight"
as test of jurisdiction, 1081.

Seizure and sale of vessels and goods, Nova Scotia statute, 1836, U. 5. C.
Ap., 120, 122, 1166.

Seizure of "Argus," 16 miles off shore, test case, 1169-70, 1173-77.

Seizure of "Washington," a test case, 1128, 1169, 1173-77.

Seizures, 1812-1818, all within 3-mile limit, 1127.

Seizures in 1817: 1107. GRAY, FITZPATRICK, LAMMASCH, 1108. Were with-
in 3-mile limit, 1108.

Seizures in 1821-24; 1153-55. British claimed all seizures were within 3-mile
limit, 1153. Hoare to Lake, Nov. 25, 1824, U. S. C. Ap., 374-77, seizures
to be within 3-mile limit, 1154.

Seizures to be within 3 miles: Canadian Customs Circular No. 371, U. S. C.
Ap., 761, 791, 1194. Dodd to Howe, Sept. 1, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 108i,
1185. Granville to Young, June 6, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 609, 1192. Howe
to Laybold, Aug. 26, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 1080, 1185. Lansdowne to Gran-
ville, Mar. 25, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 756, 1193. Mitchell to fishery officers^
June 27, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 611, 613, 1192.

Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, report, 1887, B.C. Ap., 380: British
territorial jurisdiction limited to 3 miles, 1198. Six-mile bays, 1014.

Seward, Cutts to, Apr. 7, 1866, U. S. C. Ap., 566, 6-mile bays, 1014.

Seward to Adams, Apr. 10, 1866, U. S. C. Ap., 566, "historic position" of
United States regarding bays, 1013.

Seymour, Le Marchant to, Aug. 26, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 1079, British admiral
instructed not to interfere unless vessel within 3 miles, 1184.

Shad in Bay of Fundy, Johnston, attorney general of Nova Scotia, Sept. 17r
1844, B. C. Ap., 139, 1159.

Shelter, Rush to Marcy, July 18, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549, 1140.

Shelter, wood, water, and repairs, vessels seeking, may go within 3-mile-
limit, 1136.

"Shore" and "coast" convertible terms, FITZPATRICK, 1061.

"Shore" and "coast" interchangeable, 1806 treaty, 1051.

"Shores" without "bays" would be negligible, GRAY, 1133.

Shubrick, Dobbin to, July 14, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 169, instructions, fish-
ing within 3-mile limit, 1185-90.

Shubrick, Wateon to, Sept. 2, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 182, Americans fishing
in bays, 1190-91.

"Sight" as test of jurisdiction: Commonwealth v. Peters, 12 Metcalfs Rep.,
387 (Mass.), 1082-3. Distinguished from 3-mile limit, Dunham v. Lam-
phere, 3 Gray's Rep., 268, 1086. GRAY, 1084. Jefferson to Secretary of
Treasury, Sept. 8, 1804, B. C. Ap., 59, 1081. Schucking, p. 29, 1081-2.
United States v. Grush, 5 Mason's Rep., 290, 1083-4.

Six-mile bays. See Bays, six-mile.

2534 NOBTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Sorel, Funck-Brentano and, p. 375, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1215.

Soule, in United States Senate, Aug. 12, 1852, B. C. Ap., 173-4, cod fishing
in bays prior to mackerel fishing, 1162.

"Sovereignty, exclusive, of Great Britain," 1044.

Spain, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

Stanley to Falkland, May 19, 1845, B. C. Ap., 145, 6-mile bays adopted by
British, 999, 1017, 1172.

Statutes cited: Massachusetts: 1859, 3-mile limit, 6-mile bays, 1087-88. New-
foundland, fishing regulations, 1908, U. S. C. Ap., 209, White Bay, Port
au Port Bay, limits of, 1144, 1145. Nova Scotia: 1836, U. S. C. Ap., 120 1
122, seizure and sale of vessels and goods, 1166.

Stevenson, Forsyth to, Feb. 20, 1841, B. C. Ap., 124, cod fishing in bays
prior to mackerel fishing, 1162.

Stevenson to Palmerston, Mar. 27, 1841, B. C. Ap., 126, cod fishing in bays
prior to mackerel fishing, 1162.

Stoerk, in Holtzendorff, //: 474, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1208.

Story, cannon-shot rule is 3 miles, 1053.

Stowell, 3 miles is cannon-shot rule, 1051-2, 1053.

Sullivan, Leonard to, Nov. 10, 1802, B. C. Ap., 57, cod fishing in bays prior
to mackerel fishery, 1159.

Summary of argument, 1199-1202.

Taylor: U. S. A., 218-220, jurisdiction, continued exercise, and international
acquiescence therein, 1221. Sec. 217, p. 263, and sec. 228, p. 277, maritime
jurisdiction, 1060.

Ten-mile bay, 1024, 1092-3.

Territorial jurisdiction: Adams to Bathuret, Sept. 25, 1815, U. S. C. Ap.,268,
1103. Bathurst on, Adams to Monroe, Sept. 19, 1815, B. C. Ap., 65, 1045,
1102, LAMMASCH, 1045. British, limited to 3 miles, report of Senate Com-
mittee on Foreign Relations, 1887, B. C. Ap., 390, 1198. Grotius dis-
cussed, 1223. Views of Grotius, adopted by English common law, 1224.

Testa, p. 69, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1216.

Thompson, Fur Seal Arbitration, Proceedings, 13: 79, Oregon treaty, 1091.

Thornton to Fish, Jan. 26,1871, U. S. C. Ap., 632, joint high commission, 1026.

Three-league limit: American claim of, Monroe and Pinkney to Madison,
Nov. 11, 1806, U. S. C. C. Ap., 95, 1062. Great Britain-France-Spain, 1763
treaty, B. C. Ap., 8, 1035. Oswald to Townshend, Nov. 30, 1782, U. S. C.
Ap., 234, 1033. Rejected by United States, 1032-33.

Three-mile belt comprised in maritime jurisdiction, 1059.

Three-mile limit: Adams to Russell, May 3, 1822, B. C. C. Ap., 162, 1097,
1140. American contention Fur Seal Arbitration no more than, 1120-6.
Bathurst to British commissioners, Oct. 18, 1814, 0. A. Ap., 2247, 1098.
British claimed all seizures 1821-24 were within, 1153. British seizures
in 1817 were within, 1108. Cannon-shot rule interpreted to be, by
United States and Great Britain, 1206-7. Bays, creeks, harbors, in
1818 referred to those within, 1130. British position before Alaskan
boundary arbitration, 1091-95. Commonwealth v. Manchester, 152 Mats.
Hep., 230; 139 U. S., 240; 1086, 1088. Distinguished from "sight" test,
Dunham v. Lamphere, 3 Gray's Rep., 268, 1086. Gallatin and Rush to
Adams, Oct. 20, 1818, U. S. C. Ap.t 306, 1015, 1128-9, 1130-32; Franco-
American controversy, 1151. Instructions re fishing within, Dobbin to
Shubrick, July 14, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 169, 1185-90. Jefferson to Genet,
Nov. 8, 1793, B. C. Ap., 56, 1081. Jefferson to Hammond, Nov. 8, 1793,

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2535

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

B. C. Ap., 57, 1081. Massachusetts statute, 1859, 1087-88. Paine to
Forsyth, Dec. 29, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 451, 1167. Rush to Marcy,
July 18, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549, 1140. Salisbury, Fur Seal Arbitration,
Proceedings, 5: 572, 1079-80. Seizures 1812-1818 all within, 1127. Sei-
zures in 1817 within, 1108. Seizures only within: Canadian Customs Cir-
cular No. 371, U. S. C. Ap., 761, 791, 1194; Dodd to Howe, Sept. 1, 1852,
U. S. C. Ap., 1082, 1185; Granville to Young, June 6, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 609,
1192; Hoare to Lake, Nov. 25, 1824, U. S. C. Ap., 374-77, 1154; Howe to
Laybold, Aug. 26, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 1080, 1185; Lansdowne to Granville,
Mar. 25, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 756, 1193; Mitchell to Fishery officers, June 27,
1870, U. S. C. Ap., 611, 613, 1192. Vessel seeking shelter, wood, water,
and repairs may go within, 1136. Vessels within, Rush to Canning, May 3,
1824, U. S. C. C. Ap., 127, Franco-American controversy, 1150. See also
Cannon-shot rule.

Three-mile lines, theory of the intersection of, 1136-7.

Three-mile rule. See Cannon-shot rule.

Three-mile rule, method of application, 1118.

Three miles, British admiral instructed not to interfere unless vessel within,
Le Marchant to Seymour, Aug. 26, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 1079, 1184.

Three miles is cannon-shot distance: Ann, 1 Gallison's Reports, 62, 1051-2,
1053; Anna, 5 Robinson' s Admiralty Reports, 373; Twee Gebroders, 3 Robin-
son's Admiralty Reports, 162, 336.

Three miles is limit of British territorial jurisdiction, report of Senate Com-
mittee on Foreign Relations, 1887, B. C. Ap., 390, 1198.

Three miles of land, Harvey's instructions to prevent Americans coming
within, U. S. C. Ap., 451, 998.

Three miles, or cannon shot, general limit, Holland and Auckland to Howick,
Nov. 14, 1806, B. C. Ap., 61, 1056.

Three miles, seizures to be within. See Three-mile limit.

Townshend, Oswald to, Nov. 30, 1782, U. S. C. Ap., 234, 3-league limit, 1033.

Treasury, Secretary of, Jefferson to, Sept. 8, 1804, B. C. Ap., 59, "sight" as
test or jurisdiction, 1081.

Treaties cited: 1713, (Utrecht) France-Great Britain, B. C. Ap., 7, "bays,"
1035, 1075. 1763, France-Spain-Great Britain, U. S. C. Ap., 52, "bays,"
1075-6, coast, 1117, 3-league limit, 1035. 1783, Great Britain-United
States, abrogation of, 1031, negotiations, 1031-5. 1794, Great Britain-
United States, no extended jurisdiction over bays, 1064. 1806, Great
Britain-United States, discussed, 1049-51; negotiation of: cannon-shot rule,
1051; "coast" and "shore" interchangeable, 1051; five-mile limit, 1050,
1063; Holland and Auckland to Howick, Nov. 14, 1806, B. C. Ap., 61,
cannon-shot or 3-mile general limit, 1056; Howick's instructions not
printed, 1065; Madison to Monroe, Jan. 5, 1804, B. C. Ap., 58, British wide
jurisdictional claims, 1054; Madison to Monroe and Pinkney, May 17, 1806,
B. C. Ap., 60, chambers between headlands, 1055, Feb. 3, 1807, U. S. C. C.
Ap., 98, American claim to harbors, 1065, May 20, 1807, U. S. C. C. Ap.,
100, search within harbors, 1066; Monroe and Pinkney to Madison, Nov. 11,
1806, U. S. C. C. Ap., 95, American claim of 3-league limit, 1062. 1814,
Oreat Britain-United States, 1070-72; negotiations, fisheries not to be dis-
cussed in, Monroe to American Commissioners, June 25, 1814, U. S. C. Ap.,
242, 1070. 1818, Great Britain-United States, Mitchell's map not used,
Adam's diary, July 8, 1823, B. C. Ap., 108, 1148; negotiations, 1109-1119,
protocoles of negotiations, 1111-12; President's message regarding, Dec.

2536 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ABBITBAT1ON.

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

29, 1818, 1129. 1825, Great Britain-Russia, "coast," 1092. 1839, France-
Great Britain, 10-mile bay, 1024. 1846, United States-Great Britain, B. C.
Ap.t Si, Oregon boundary treaty, 1089-91. 1848, Mexico-United States,

B. C. Ap., 34, boundary treaty, 1089. 1854, Great Britain -United States,
reciprocity, duration of, 1101. 1871 (Washington), Great Britain-United
States, duration of, 1193.

Treaty, new construction of forfeits one-third cod and mackerel fisheries,
Sabine's report, U. S. C. Ap., 1287, 1159.

Treaty not violated, umpire's awards cases of "Washington" and "Argus,"
1173-5.

"Triangle": 1008, 1118-1119. GRAY, FITZPATBICK, 1010. Is territorial
waters, 1008. LAMMASCH, 1008.

Tribunal, question by, "bays" used territorially or geographically in renun-
ciatory clause, 1067.

Twee Gebroeders, S Robinson's Admiralty Reports, 162, 336, cannon-shot dis-
tance is 3 miles, 1051-2, 1053.

Twelve-mile limit, Institute of International Law, approved in 1894, 1220.

Twiss, p. 292-5, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1208, 1213.

United States-Mexico, boundary treaty, Feb. 2, 1848, B. C. Ap., 34, Great
Britain not affected by, Buchanan to Crampton, Aug. 19, 1848, U. S. C.

C. Ap., 624, 1089-90.

United States position to-day not in conflict with past, 1011-12.

United States rejected 3-league limit, 1032-33.

United States, treaties of. See Treaties cited.

United States v. Grush, 5 Mason's Rep., 290, "sight" as test of jurisdiction,

1083-4.
Upshur to Everett, July 30, 1843, U. S. C. Ap., 472, cod fishing in bays prior

to mackerel fishing, 1162.

Utrecht, treaty of, "bays," B. C. Ap., 6-7, 1075.

Vail's report to President, Aug. 14, 1839, U. S. C. Ap., 436, 440, no con-
troversy since 1818, 1164-5.

Vattel, I: 23, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1210.
Vessel seeking shelter, wood, water, and repairs, may go within 3-mile line,

1136.
"Washington," case of the: 1017. Award of umpire, U. S. C., 131-32, treaty

not violated, headlands doctrine new, 1173-5.
"Washington," seizure of, 1128. A test case, 1169, 1173-77.
Washington, treaty of. See Treaties cited.
Water, repairs, wood, and shelter, vessel seeking may go within 3-mile limit,

1136.

Water, Rush to Marcy, July 18, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549, 1140.
Watson to Shubrick, Sept. 2, 1853, U. S. C. C. Ap., 182, Americans fishing

in bays, 1190-91.
W7ebster, Fillmore to, July 20, 1852, B. C. Ap., 155, instructions regarding

circular, 6-mile bays, 1181-2.
Webster, Gloucester, Mass., memorial to, July, 1852, U. S. C. C. Ap., 159,

Americans fished within bays, 1179. Cod fishing in bays prior to mackerel

fishery, 1161.
Webster, Lawrence to, Aug. 10, 1852, U. S. C. Ap., 517, conversation with

Malmesbury, cod fishing in bays prior to mackerel fishing, 1162.
Webster's circular, July 19, 1852, does not accept British construction of bay,

1180.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2537

Warren, Honorable Charles B. — Continued.
Question 5 — Continued.

Webster's circular and Fillmore's instructions, Crampton to Malmesbury,
Aug. 2, 1852, B. C. Ap., 157, 1182-3.

Webster's nonacceptance of British construction of bay, Crampton to Malmes-
bury, Aug. 9, 1852, B. C. Ap., 168, 1183.

"Wellington, Canning to, Sept. 27, 1822, Fur Seal Arbitration. Proceedings,
V: 574, British claims to broad jurisdiction, 1078-9.

West, Bayard to, May 29, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 774, and June 14, 1886, U. S. C,
Ap., 787. objections to original Canadian Customs Circular No. 371, 1194-5.

West, Roseberry to, July 23, 1886, U. S. C. Ap., 8tS, amended Canadian
Customs Circular No. 371 in exact accord with treaty, 1194, 1196.

Westlake: 1:187-8, cannon-shot rule is 3-mile limit, 1217. 1: 187, 6-mile
bays, 999.

Wheaton. U. S. A., 218-220, jurisdiction, continued exercise and interna-
tional acquiescence therein, 1221.

White Bay: Attempt to delimit, 1143-4. Limitsof: GRAY, 1144; Newfound-
land fishing regulations, 1908, U. S. C. Ap., 209, 1144, 1145.

"Within British jurisdiction": LAMMASCH, 1134. Report of British com-
missioners, 1818, B. C. Ap., 86, 1133-4.

Wood, Rush to Marcy, July 18, 1853, U. S. C. Ap., 549, 1140.

Wood, water, repairs, and shelter, vessel seeking may go within 3-mile
limit, 1136.

Young, Granville to, June 6, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 609, seizures only within
3-mile limit, 1192.

Young, Kimberley to, Oct. 10, 1870, U. S. C. Ap., 628, ''bay of HisMajesty'i
dominions," 1024-5.

Winter, Sir James S.

Question 1, pp. 911-955. (July 4, 1910.)

Americans purchased herring, did not seine for it, 918-19.
. Bait act, 1887, American purchased herring prior to, 919.

Bait: caplin for, 928; purchase of by Americans, GHAY, 922; purchase of
through licenses, 920.

Ballast, Newfoundland statute, 1889, B. C. Ap., 717, 939-40.

Bays: cod-fishery practically nonexistent in, 921; herring fishery is in, 926.

Bond on policy of prohibition of sale of herring. 945.

Bultows: Prohibition against is local matter, 952. Prohibition against, ap-
plies to non treaty coast, GRAY, 951. Regulations against, 951. Trawls
and, damage caused by, 949.

Caplin, fishery is valuable, 928.

Close season: 933. Act of 1879, B. C. Ap., 708, 933. In herring fishery,
winter is, GRAY, 937.

Cod fishery practically nonexistent in bays, 921; principally on banks, 920.

Cod net, defined, 938.

Cod trap, defined, 938; act of 1882, B. C. Ap., 709, 934.

Commercial privileges only terminated by prohibition against sale of herring,
944.

Conditions in 1862, 917.

DRAGO: Sunday fishing law related to nets, 933.

Employment of Newfoundlanders, 930, 944; not per se illicit, 946.

FITZPATRICK: purchase of herring for commercial purposes, 925.

Foreign fishing vessels act (Newfoundland) 1893, B. C. Ap., 7SO, 941.

'Fortune Bay, herring most abundant in, 948. Use of seines, 918.
92909°— VOL 12—13 20

2538 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FlSHEIttli.S ARBITRATION.

Winter, Sir James S. — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

G RAY : Prohibition of sale of herring was retaliatory legislation, 945. Prohibi-
tion of bultows applies to non treaty coast, 951. Purchase of bait by Ameri-
cans, 922. Right to catch herring, 925. Sunday fishing, 932. Winter a
close season in herring fishery, 937.

Haddock not in Newfoundland waters, 923.

Halibut not in Newfoundland waters, 923.

Harbors, cod fishing practically nonexistent in, 921.

Herring fishery: Discrimination against Americans, Newfoundland statute,
1884, B. C. Ap., 709, 936. Is in bays and harbors, 926. Methods used,
only question to-day, 924. Notcarried on by Americans in Newfoundland
waters, 922. Winter a close season in, GRAY, 937.

Herring: Americans purchased, prior to Bait act of 1887, 919. For com-
mercial purposes, nets used in catching, 937. In-barring of, defined, 927;
prohibited, 928. Most abundant in Fortune Bay, 948. Prohibition
against sale only terminated commercial privileges, 944. Prohibition of
gale of was retaliatory legislation, GRAY, 945. Prohibition of sale of, Bond
on, 945. Purchase of, a trading not fishing right, 942-3. Purchase of
forbidden, 1905, 924. Purchase of for commercial purposes, FITZPATRICK.
925. Purchase of more convenient for Americans, 918. Right to catrh,
GRAY, 925. Sale of, forbidden, Newfoundland statute, 1905, B. C. Ap.,
757, 944. Seines used principally for, 939.

Hiring men without license, foreign fishing vessels act of 1893, B. C. Ap.,
730, 941.

In-barring of herring, defined, 927. Prohibited, 928.

LAMMASCH: License fee, 920. Seining, Newfoundland statute of 1892, B. C.
Ap., 720, 926-7. Use of nets, 933.

Legislation up to 1885 applicable to both Americans and Newfoundlanders,
939.

Liberty to fish in prescribed waters always worthless, 926.

License, hiring men without, foreign fishing vessels act of 1893, B. C.
Ap., 730, 941.

Licenses: Foreign fishing vessels act (Newfoundland) 1893, B. C. Ap., 730,
941-2. Newfoundland statute, 1892, B. C. Ap., 7ZO, 941. Purchase of
bait through, 920.

License fee, LAMMASCH, 920.

Mackerel not in Newfoundland waters, 923.

Minister of Fisheries of Canada on purse seines, B. C. C. Ap., 195, 952, 954.

Modality, regulation of fisheries is not, 954.

Modus vivendi, 1888, 920.

Note: Remaining set over Sunday, Newfoundland statute, 1891, B. C. Ap.,
7SO, 935. Sunday fishing law related to, DRAOO, 933. Use of, LAMMASCH,
933. Use of, act of 1872, B. C. Ap., 704, 933. Used in catching herring
for commercial purposes, 937.

Newfoundland legislation, regulation by, 912-955.

Newfoundland regulations: As a whole not injurious to Americans, 948. Of
1908 not prejudicial to Americans, 948. Summary of, 928-930. Turner's
position on, 913-916.

Newfoundland, statutes of, see Statutes cited.

Newfoundlanders, employment of, 930, 944. Not per se illicit, 946.

Non treaty coast, prohibition of bultows applies to, GRAY, 951.

Purse seines: Not included in act of 1862, B. C. Ap., 70S, 927. Report of
Canadian Minister of Fisheries on, B. C. C. Ap., 195, 952, 954. Very
destructive, 952.

Regulation, right of, 912.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2539

Winter, Sir James S. — Continued.
Question 1 — Continued.

Regulations: Against bultows, 951. Injurious to Americans would also be
so to Newfoundlanders, 949. Of fisheries is not modality, 954. New-
foundland, as a whole not injurious to Americans, 948. Newfoundland,
of 1908 not prejudicial to Americans, 948. Summary of Newfoundland,
928-930.

Right of regulation by Newfoundland legislature, 912-955.

Rubbish, Newfoundland statute, 1889, B. C. Ap., 717, 939-40.

Sand, Newfoundland statute, 1889, B. C. Ap., 717, 939-40.

Seines: Always used by Newfoundland fishermen, 917. Purse, report of
Canadian Minister of Fisheries on, B. C. C. Ap., 195, 952, 954. Purse,
very destructive, 952. Sunday fishing confused with regulations against,
916. Used principally for herring, 939. Use of in Fortune Bay, 918.

Seining: Newfoundland statute of 1892, B. C. Ap., 720, LAMMASCH, 926-7.
Sunday prohibition only applied to, 932.

Statutes cited: Newfoundland: 1887, bait act, B. C. Ap., 711, 919. 1862, did
not concern purse seines, B. C. Ap., 702, 927. 1872, Consolidated Statutes,
nets, use of, B. C. Ap., 704, 933. 1876, Sunday fishing, B. C. Ap., 707,
931; 1877, Sunday fishing, B. C. Ap., 707, 932. 1879, close season, B. C.
Ap., 708, 933. 1882, cod traps, B. C. Ap., 709, 934. 1884, herring fishery,
discrimination against Americans, B.C. Ap., 709, 936. 1889, ballast,
Band, rubbish. B. C.Ap., 717, 939-940. 1891, Sunday fishing, netsremain-
ing set, B. C.Ap., 720, 935. 1892, licenses, B. C. Ap., 720, 941. 1892,
B. C. Ap., 720, seining, 926-927. 1893, foreign fishing vessels act, licenses,
visit of ships, hiring men without license, B. C. Ap., 730, 941. 1905,
sale of herring forbidden, B. C.Ap., 757, 944.

Sunday fishing: 931, 932. GRAY, 932. Confused with regulations against
seines, 916. Law related to nets, DRAGO, 933. Newfoundland statutes,
1876, B. C. Ap., 707,. 931; 1877, B. C. Ap.,707, 932; 1891, B. C. Ap., 720,
935.

Sunday prohibition applied only to seining. 932.

Trawls and bultows, damage caused by, 949.

Turner's position on Newfoundland regulations, 913-916.

Visit of ships, foreign vessels act of 1893, B. C. Ap., 730, 941.

Washington, treaty of, expired in 1885, 934.

Question 6, pp. 956-997. (July 4, 5, 1910.)

Adams to Gallatin and Rush, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap., 83, resumption of
negotiations, treaty of 1818, west coast not mentioned, 978-9.

American fishing on French coast not waiver by Great Britain, 993.

American method of curing different from French and Newfoundland, 973.

Americans fish on banks or Labrador coasts, 974.

Bagot, Monroe to: Dec. 30, 1816, B. C. Ap., 78, fish on coasts, drying in har-
bors and creeks, 971-2i Jan. 7, 1817, B. C. Ap., 79, negotiations prac-
tically dropped, 978.

Bagot to Monroe, Nov. 27, 1816, B. C. Ap., 77, beginning of 1818 treaty nego-
tiations, 970.

Bank fishery, Newfoundland cod fishery is practically, 973-4.

Banks, American fish on, 974.

Bays: Americans had right to enter under 1783 treaty, DRAGO, LAMMASCH,
963. Believed to be within treaty right by negotiators, GRAY, 968. Cod
do not come into certain Newfoundland, 960. Cod fisheries in, compara-
tively valueless, 974. Drying and curing in, GRAY, 959. Newfoundland,
rights of French in, LAMMASCH, 967. Nontreaty, necessity for express
right of shelter in, GRAY, 976. Not mentioned in treaty with France,
LAMMASCH, 967. Labrador, cod come into, 960.

2f)40 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Winter, Sir James S. — Continued.
Question 6 — Continued.

"Buys, harbors, and creeks of the southern part of the coast," grammatical
sense of. LAMMASCH, 962.

Bond, Sir Robert, first gave treaty construction now contended for, 992.

British contention, 956.

British have prima facie case, 996.

Cape Ray to Quirpon, no evidence of American fishing except in 1823. 993.

"Coast:" Article 3, 1818 treaty, FITZPATRICK. 965. Common definition. Oof).
Interpretation of treaty, Maxwell, p. 396, 989. Versus "coasts." 980,
DHAGO, GRAY, FITZPATRICK, LAMMASCH, 981-3.

Coast, French, see French coaat.

Coasts and harbors, Americana may fish all along, Journal Newfoundland
legislative assembly, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 1068, FITZPATRICK, LAMMABCH,
990-91.

Cod come into bays of Labrador, 960.

Cod do not come into certain Newfoundland bays, creeks, and harbors, 960.

Cod fishery: In bays comparatively valueless, 974. In Newfoundland, prac-
tically bank fishery, 973-4. In shallow water only on Labrador coast ,
987. Negotiations of 1818 treaty related only to, 987. Only one in 1818,
Dana, Halifax commission, B. C. C. Ap., 188, 988. 1818, treaty not lim-
ited to, LAMMASCH, 996.

Cod not caught by French on their treaty coast, 969.

Construction of treaty now contended for first given by Sir Robert Bond, 992.

(reeks, drying and curing in, GRAY, 959.

Creeks, see Bays.

Curing, American method of, different from French and Newfoundland, 973.

Curing and drying, in bays, harbors, and creeks. GRAY. 959. Right of, gives
shelter, 976.

Curing fish on shipboard, GRAY, 973.

Dana, Halifax commission, B. C. C. Ap., 188, mackerel fishery unknown
until 1830, cod fishery only in 1818, 988.

DRAOO: Americans had right to enter bays under 1783 treaty, 963. "Coast"
versus ''coasts," 981-3.

Drying, American negotiators' report, 1818, GRAY. 985.

Drying and curing, in bays, harbors, and creeks, GRAY, 959. Right of. gives
shelter, 976.

Drying in harbors and creeks, Monroe to Bagot, Dec. 30, 1816, B. C. Ap., 78,
971-2.

Falkland to Russell, May 8, 1841, B. C. Ap., 130, fishing entirely outride
3-mile limit, 987.

Fish, American right to, along all coasts and harbors, Journal of Newfound-
land Legislative Assembly, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 1068, FITZPATRICK, LAM-
MASCH, 990-1.

Fish can not be cured where caught, 960.

Fisheries not new grant, treaty of 1818, 986.

Fishing: American negotiators' report. 1818. GRAY, 985. Entirely outside
3-mile limit, Falkland to Russell, May 8, 1841, B. C. Ap., ISO, 987. On
coasts, Monroe to Bagot, Dec. 30, 1816, B. C. Ap., 78, 971-2.

FITZPATRICK: Americans may fish along all coasts and harbors, Journal New-
foundland Legislative Assembly, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 1068, 990-1. " Coast,"
article 3, 1818 treaty, 965. "Coast" versus "coasts," 981-3.

French coast, American fishing on, not waiver by Great Britain, 993.

French did not catch cod on their treaty coasts, 969.

French method of curing different from American, 973.

INDEX TO ORAL ARGUMENTS. 2541

Winter, Sir James S. — Continued.
Question 6 — Continued.

French rights in Newfoundland bays, LAMMASCH, 967.

French treaty, bays not mentioned in, LAMMASCH, 967.

Gallatin and Rush, Adams to, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap., 8S, resumption of
negotiations, treaty of 1818, west coast not mentioned. 978-9.

Gallatin and Rush to Robinson and Goulburn, Oct. 7, 1818, B. C. Ap., 91,
American ultimatum did not mention west coast of Newfoundland, 984.

Gallatin and Rush to Secretary of State, Oct. 20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94, right on
west coast of Newfoundland, 985.

Goulburn and Robinson, Rush and Gallatin to, Oct. 7, 1818, B. C. Ap., 91,
American ultimatum did not mention west coast of Newfoundland, 984.

Grant, fisheries not a new, treaty of 1818, 986.

GRAY: Americans now claiming new right — herring fishery, 994. "Coast"
versus " coasts, ' ' 981-3. Curing fish on shipboard, 973. Drying and curing
in bays, harbors, and creeks, 959. Fishing, drying, shelter, American
negotiators' report, 985. Necessity for express right to shelter in nontreaty
bays, 976. Negotiators believed bays were within treaty right, 968. Right
of shelter exists only on nontreaty coasts, 975.

Halifax commission, Dana's speech, B. C. C. Ap..l88, mackerel fishery
unknown until 1830, cod fishery only in 1818, 988.

Harbors. See Bays, and Coasts.

Harbors, drying and curing in, GHAT, 959.

Herring fishery now claimed is new right. GRAY, 994.

Interpretation of treaty: "Coast," Maxwell, p. 396, 989. Freedom of this tri-
bunal from technical rules, 958. Sir Robert Bond first gave construction
now contended for, 992. VatteL U. S. C. C. Ap., 524, 989.

Labrador coast has only shallow-water cod fishery, 987.

Labrador coasts, Americans fish on, 974.

Labrador, cod come into bays of, 960.

Labrador, rights in distinguished from those in Newfoundland, 956.

LAMMASCH : Americans had right to enter bays under 1783 treaty, 963. Ameri-
cans may fish along all coasts and harbors, Journal Newfoundland Legisla-
tive Assembly, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 1068, 990-1. Bays not mentioned in
treaty with France. 967. "Coast" versus "coasts," 958, 981-3. Gram-
matical sense of phrase " bays, harbors, and creeks of the southern part of the
coast," 962. Rights of French in Newfoundland bays, 967. 1818 treaty not
limited to cod fishery, 996.

Mackerel fishery unknown until 1830, Dana, Halifax commission, B. C. C.
Ap., 188, 988.

Maxwell, p. 396, interpretation of treaty, "coast," 989.

Monroe, Bagot to, Nov. 27, 1816, B. C. Ap., 77, beginning of 1818 treaty
negotiations, 970.

Monroe to Bagot: Dec. 30, 1816, B. C. Ap., 78, fish on coasts, drying in harbors
and creeks, 971-2. Jan. 7, 1817, B. C. Ap., 79, negotiations practically
dropped, 978.

Negotiations, treaty of 1818: 966-973, 978-981, 983. Beginning, Bagot to
Monroe, Nov. 27, 1816, B. C. Ap., 77. 970. Practically dropped, Monroe to
Bagot, Jan. 7, 1817, B. C. Ap., 79, 978. Related only to cod fishery, 987.
Report of negotiators on fishing, drying, and shelter, GRAY, 985. Re-
sumed, Adams to Gallatin and Rush, July 28, 1818. B. C. Ap., 83, 978-9.

Newfoundland bays: Cod do not come into certain, 950. Rights of French
in, LAMMASCH, 967.

Newfoundland cod fishery practically bank fishery, 973-4.

2542 NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES ARBITRATION.

Winter, Sir James S. — Continued.
Question 6 — Continued.

Newfoundland Legislative Assembly, Journal, 1845, U. S. C. Ap., 1068,

Americans may fish along all coasts and harbors, FITZPATRICK, LAMMA.SCH,

990-1.

Newfoundland method of curing different from American, 973.
Newfoundland, rights in distinguished from those in Labrador. 956.
Newfoundland, west coast of: No fishery on, 977. Not mentioned in American

ultimatum, Rush and Gallatin to Robinson and Goulburn, Oct. 7, 1818,

B. C. Ap., 91, 984. Not mentioned on resumption of negotiations, Adams

to Gallatin and Rush, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap., 83, 978-9. Right on,

Rush and Gallatin to Secretary of State, Oct. 20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94, 985.
Nontreaty bays, necessity for express right of shelter in, 976.
Nontreaty coasts, right of shelter exists only on, GRAY, 975.
Prima facie case established by Great Britain, 996.

Quirpon, Cape Ray to, no evidence of American fishing except in 1823. 093.
Renunciation extended only to 3 miles from coast, 986.
Robinson and Goulburn, Rush and Gallatin to, Oct. 7, 1818, B. C. Ap., 91,

American ultimatum did not mention west coast of Newfoundland, 984.
Rush and Gallatin, Adams to, July 28, 1818, B. C. Ap., 83, resumption of

negotiations, treaty of 1818, west coast not mentioned, 978-9.
Rush and Gallatin to Robinson and Goulburn, Oct. 7, 1818, B. C. Ap., 91,

American ultimatum did not mention west coast of Newfoundland, 984.
Rush and Gallatin to Secretary of State, Oct. 20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94, right

on west coast of Newfoundland , 985.
Russell, Falkland to, May 8, 1841, B. C. Ap., ISO, fishing entirely outM<ie

3-mile limit, 987.
Secretary of State, Rush and Gallatin to, Oct. 20, 1818, B. C. Ap., 94, right

on west coast of Newfoundland, 985.
Shelter: American negotiators' report, 1818, GRAY, 985. Given by right to

dry and cure, 976. In nontreaty bays, necessity for express right of,

GRAY, 976. Right of, exists only on nontreaty coasts, GRAY, 975.
Three-mile limit, fishing entirely outside, Falkland to Russell, May 8, 1841.

B. C. Ap., ISO, 987.

Three miles from coast, renunciation extended only to, 98(5.
Treaties cited: 1783, Americans had right to enter bays under, DRAGO, LAM-

MASCH, 963. 1818, See Negotiations, treaty of 1818. 1818 not limited to

cod fishery, LAMMABCH, 986. See also Interpretation of treaties.
Vattel, U. S. C. C. Ap., 524, cited by Bond on interpretation of treaty, 989,
West coast. See Newfoundland, west coast.

Miscellaneous.

Executive and legislative acts alleged to be violations of the treaty, list of,

requested by the Tribunal. 1443.
Great Britain, representatives of, 1, 2.

LAMM ARCH, President, opening address, 2-5; closing remarks, 2239.
Limitation of argument, 911.
Opening session of the Tribunal, 1.
Order of the Tribunal regarding remarks on article 4 of the Special Agreement

of 1909, 1444.

Telegram from Queen of Holland to Tribunal, 6.
Telegram from Tribunal to Queen of Holland, 5.
Tribunal, members of, 1.
United States, representatives of, ] , 2.

o

THE LIBRARY
OF
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Permanent Court
of Arbitration^
North Atlantic
coast fisheries

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