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“NOTES ON

AMERICAN LAND SHELLS, .

AND OTHER

MISCELLANEOUS CONCHOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS,

Vor. 1. - "18361874.

ibrary
BY

W, G BINNEY.

BURLINGTON, N. J.:
PRINTED FOR THE ACU MIME On:
LB Pages
ai oui.
4 SN A

INI Z ))
f

™~, L/RonoitS

Havine from time to time distributed among my friends extra copies of
my conchological papers, I here offer a title-page and table of contents for
the series, which may be bound as Vol. I.

I add a complete list of all the other papers and works which I have pub-
lished prior to 1874.

Buruineton, N. J., May, 1874.

‘ COLLINS, PRINTER.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
. A 1. Descriptions of American Land Shells. From Proc. Philadelphia
Acad. Nat. Sci., 1857, p. 18, 19 : : EF pews
> #2. Notes on Annievleati Land Shells, No. 2, from game, p. 183192 oP us
_ 8. Notes on American Land Shells, deposited by Mr. Say, and still pre-
i served in the collection of the Academy, from same, p. 192,195 . 12
ww 4. Notes on American Land Shells, No. 3, from same, 1858, p. 114—116 15
. » 5. Notes on American Land Shells, No. 4, from same, 1858, p. 197—211 19
» V 6. Noteson American Land Shells, No. 5, from same, 1859, p. 188,189 35
, / 7. Notes on Geographical Distribution of N. A. Terrestrial and Fluvi-
atile Gasteropods, from same, 1860, p. 49, 50 . ; 37
8. Notes on American Land Shells, No. 6, from same, 1860, p. 1 50-1 54 39

. Descriptions of New Species of Pulmonata in the Collection of the

Smithsonian Institution, from same, 1860, p. 154 . ; : 43
Catalogue of the Terrestrial and Fluviatile Gasteropods shateabitiaa
the Continent of North America, from Smithsonian Miscellaneous

Collections. Distributed, in form of proof, about 1860, p. 15 .- 44

. Second edition of last appeared as Check List of the Shells of North
America. Terrestrial Gasteropoda, pp. 6, 1860; and, also . . 45
. Check List, &c. &c., Fluviatile Gasteropoda, 1860, pp. 7 ; 51

. Catalogue of Land and Fresh-water Univalve Mollusks collected in

British America, by Messrs. Ross, Kennicott, and Drexler, and de-
posited in the Smithsonian Collection, from Proc. Philadelphia
Acad. Nat. Sci., 1861, p. 330 . ; ; 59

. Notes on the Meanndsresl Mollusks of the erinaniie of Californibs

from same, 1861. p. 331—333, with wood-cuts : 60

. Synopsis of North American Limneide. Distiuiads in ai of

proof-sheets only, as part of Smithsonian Collections, May 4, 1868,
pp. 7 63

. Synopsis of Air- press Moles, of North Aiea) publianed

like the last, Dec. 9, 1863, pp. 12 . F fai

. Note on the Jawsof Helices, from American J eupnat of Conchotogy

I. 47, pl. vi., 1865 . : 93

. Description of the genus ecenivaces ‘Méreh, am same, p. 48, pu vi. 94
. Descriptions of New Species of North American Land and Fresh-

water Shells, from’same, p. 49—51, pl. vii, . VOD

. Synopsis of Invertebrata of Massachusetts, May, 1868, pp. 14 . 103
21.

The Mollusks of our Cellars, from American Naturalist, Vol. IV.,
p. 166—171, wood-cuts, May, 1870 . : ; : : : sailalts:

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

30.

34,

30.

36.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

. Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca, No. 1 (in connection with

Mr. T. Buanp), from Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of
New York, Vol. IX., 1870, p. 281—295, wood-cuts ; : 20

. Note on Vivipara lineata, Val., from same, p. 295—297 : . 139
. Notes on Lingual Dentition (in connection with Mr. BLanp), from

American Journal of an 1871, Vol. VI., p. 202—215,
wood-cuts, and pl. ix. . 2 . 148
. Notes on the genus Pinerta, and on the ice Dentition of Pi-
neria Viequensis, Pfr. (in connection with Mr. Bianp), from
same as No. 22, Vol. X., 1871 (actually distributed in April), D-
22—27 : 161
Notes on the Enea Deatition of Paneious Fina (in pbnaetiien
with Mr. Buanp), from same as No. 24, p. 312, 318, pl. xviii. . 168
On the Lingual Dentition of Clausilia tridens, Gade (in connec-
tion with Mr. BLAND), same as last, Vol. VII., pp. 28, 29, pl. ii.,

1871 5 : . 174
On the Lingual Dankinon! of Gee es et Cin cotunuiion with
Mr. Buanp), from same, p. 29, 30, pl. ii. F . 175

On the aes Dentition of Limnea appressa, ake ; ad lines
megasoma, Say (in connection with Mr. BLanp), from same, p.

AGE MGR pls axis) Hy: : : : : tee
On the Lingual Dentition of eronisalbe (in connection with Mr.
Buanp), from same, p. 163, 164, pl. xii. ; allies |

On the Lingual Dentition of Helix turbiniformis, Pfr. an pall then
species of Terrestrial Mollusca (in connection with Mr. BLAND),
from Ann. of Lyceum of Nat. Hist. of New York, X., p. 79—82,

Dla al Sid c . 185

. American Land Shells Waxed iM eae fae ieccibatel

p. 1, 1871 j : Seilil
On the Systematic eee oh of North eames Meeneatval
se ei (in connection with Mr. BLAND), from same as No. 31,

872 (actually distributed in May), p. 158—169 . : . 193
ace on Helix inversicolor, Fér., and other species from Na mriGine
from same as last, p. 169, 170 ‘ : . 206

On the Lingual Dentition and Jaws of Resceaual Motluses: ap 3
(in connection with Mr. BLAND), from American Journal of Con-
chology, Vol. VII., p. 174—184, 1872 . ‘ . 210
On the Lingual Dentition of Blandiella, Gustine, and Ample.
lima (in connection with Mr. ae from same, p. 185, 186, pl.
XVii. : . eek

. On the Lingual Dentition of aes oceramus ieabieek. Pfr. Cin connec-
. tion with Mr. BLanp), from same, p. 187, pl. xvii. . . 223
. On the Lingual Dentition of Nanina (in connection with Mr.

BLAND), from same, p. 188, 189, pl. xvii... . 224

. On the Generic Position of Helix Newberryana (in poticclen with

Mr. BLAND), from same, p. 190, 191, pl. xvii. .. : : . 226 .

J 44.

J 45.

46.

f A.

48.

V 49.

50.

CONTENTS. Vv

PAGE

. Notes on Lingual Dentition of certain species of North American

Land Shells (in connection with Mr. Buanp), from Proc. Phila.
Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 185—137 ; ‘ . 201

. On the Relations of Certain Genera of Terrestrial Meeliidates of or

related to, the sub-family Suecininw, with Notes on the Lingual
Dentition of Succinea appendiculata, Pfr. (in connection with Mr.
BuaAnpD), from Annals of Lyceum of Nat. Hist. of New York, X.,
p. 198—207, pl. ix., Dec. 1872 (actually distributed Jan. 1873) . 236

. Description of Hemphillia, a new genus of Terrestrial Mollusks (in

connection with Mr. BLAND), same as last, p. 208—211, pl. ix
(actually distributed with last) . : . 247

. On the Lingual Dentition of Certain Denese Mollaada, ree

to the United States (in connection with Mr. BLAND), from same

as last, Dec. 1872, p. 219—225 (actually distributed Jan. 1873) . 258
On the Lingual Dentition of Gwotzs (in connection with Mr. BLAND),

from same as last, p. 252—254, pl. xi., Jan. 1873 (actually distrib-

uted in March) : ; . 260
Note on a Curious Form of Lingua Dentition i in ee Gn connec-

tion with Mr. BLanp), from same as last (distributed with last),

p. 255—257, pl. xi. p . 265
On the Lingual Dentition aa fee of Ceram rbeerentiial Bultno-

nata from the United States, with Remarks on their Systematic

Value (in connection with Mr. BLAND), from Proc. Phila. Acad.
Nat. Sci., 1873 (actually distributed in June), p. 249—256, pl. vii. 270
On Prophysaon, anew Pulmonate Mollusk, on Ariolimaa, on Helix

lychnuchus, and other species (in connection with Mr. BLAND),

from Annals of Lyceum of Nat. Hist. of New York, X., p. 298—311,

pl. xiii. xiv., 1873 (actually distributed in August) ; ; . 289
Catalogue of the Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of North Amer-

ica, with Notes on their Geographical Range, from Bulletin of

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. III., No. 9, 1878, p.

191—220, with a Map (actually distributed in October) : . 318
On the Lingual Dentition and Anatomy of Achatinella, and other

Pulmonata (in conuection with Mr. BLanpD), from same as No.

47, p. 831—351, plate xv. xvi., 1873 (actually distributed Febru-

ary, 1874) 4 : . 345
Title-page and Table of @aabenes to Notes, ee von ie ‘1974 ial

In addition to the above papers, I have published the following articles,
of which extra copies have not been distributed :—

51.

52.

Note on Helix thyroides, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., April, 1857,
VIB; 128, 129.

Descriptions of two supposed new species of American Land
Shells, from same, Vol. VI., p. 155, 156, 1857.

vi

CONTENTS.

53. Note on Geographical Distribution of North American Land Shells,

from same, Vol. IX., p. 177, 1863.

54. On Lingual Dentition studied by the Microscope and Photography.

55.

56.

57.

From American Journal of Conchology, Vol. V:, Pp. 31, 38am
xi., 1869, with a note by Mr. Bnanp.

Notes sur quelques espéces de mollusques fluviatiles de 1’ Amérique
du Nord. From Journal de Conchologie, Vol. XX. (3d series,
Vol. VII.) ; Paris, 1867, p. 427—482.

Catalogue of Land Shells, p. 725. From Explorationsin Nebraska.
Preliminary Report of Lieut. G. K. Warren, Top. Eng., &c. Dr.
F. V. Hayden’s Report on Geotogy and Natural History. From
Executive Documents, printed by order of the House of Repre-
sentatives, during the second session of the 35th Congress, 1858-59,
Vol. II., Part II1., p. 728. Washington, 1859.

Report on the Land Shells collected on the Survey, from Reports
of Explorations and Surveys to ascertain the most practicable and
economical Route trom the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean,
made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1854-5, Vol.

_VL.,.p. 111—114. Washington, 1897.

a2@r

I have also published the following works :—

58. The Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States, Vol.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

IV., pp. 207, and six colored plates, forming also Part I. of Vol.
VII. of the Boston Journal of Natural History. Westermann &
Co.: New York, 1859.

Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America. Part II. Pul-
monata Limnophila and Thalassophila, pp. 161, and wood-cuts.
From Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Washington, 1865.

Part III. of same; Ampullariide, Valvatide, Viviparide, Fresh-
water Rissoide, Cyclophoride, Truncatellide, Fresh-water Neri-
tide, Helicinide, pp. 120, and wood-cuts, 1865.

Part I. of same; Pulmonata Geophila (in connection with Mr.
BLAND), pp. 316, and wood-cuts, 1869.

Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, by A. A. GouLp, M.D.
Second edition. Boston, 1870, pp. 524, wood-cuts, and eleven
colored plates.

The Complete Writings of Tuomas Say on the Conchology of the
United States. New York, H. Bailliére, 1858, pp. 252, 74 pl.
The ‘‘ Descriptions of Terrestrial Shells of North America’’ were
published separately in 1856. Philadelphia ; Childs & Peterson,
pp. 40.

CONTENTS.

64. The Complete Writings of ConsTANTINE SMALTZ RAFINESQUE, on
Recent and Fossil Conchology (in connection with G. W. Tryon,
Jr.). New York: Bailliére Bros., 1864, pp. 96, wood-cuts, and 3
plates.

65. The Bibliography of North American Conchology, previous to the
year 1860. From Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Wash-
ington, Part I., pp. 650, 1863.

66, The same, Part II., pp. 298, 1864.

Sit oe > el ale

[From the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philada., February. 1857.|

[18] Descriptions of Amtrican Land Shells.
BY W. G. BINNEY.

Herr intercisa. Testa solidissima, luteo-cinerea, apice rufa, globoso-conica ;
spira brevis, sutura impressa; anfr. quinque convexiusculi, lineis parallelis,
volentibus, valdé demissis, strias incrementales distinctas intercidentibus ;

19

anfractus ultimus globosus, supra perpheriam fascia unica, rufa, obscurissima
ornatus; apertura maximé obliqua, forma equicalcei, rotundata ; labrum albo-
cinereum, incrassatum, subtus reflexiusculum, subunidentum, umbilicum
occultans; marginibus approximatis, interjunctis. Diam. maj. 22; min. ee
alt. 15 mill.

Habitat in provincia Oregon.

Figurata est sub nomine H. Nickliniane, Lea, var. tabula vi. patris mihi
Amos Binney, Doctoris, (Terrestrial Mollusks, iii. t. vi. fig. 1, icon in medio
posita, vol. ii. p. 120). Sed differt ab hac specie et ab H. Californiense, Lea,
form’ testa solidiori, aperturd, et sculpture indente et granulate absentia.
Ab aliis Californie et Oregon speciebus hodie cognitis, lineis profundis volven-
tibus facile noscitur.

SuccinEA LINEATA. Testd oblongo-ovatd solidiori, albidd, vel cinerea ;
spira elevata, acuta, sutura, impressa, ‘anfr. ternis convexis, lineis crassis paral-
lelis inter rugas incrementales volventibus ornata ; apertura oviformis, partem
teste dimidian zquante; columella plicata. pariete callo albo induta. Diam-
6, alt. 12 mill.

In provincia Nebraska, ad flumen ‘ Yellowstone’ prope Fort Uniou speci-
mina plurima collegit Dr. F. V. Hayden.

Similis S. vermete, Say, sed forma magis ovali, apertura anfractibus con-
vexis et spira breviori differt. Cognoscitur inter Succineas Americanas testa
solidiori, apertura oviformi, et specialiter lineis volventibus in anfr. ultimo
positis.

[Feb. 1857.]

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From the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, October, 1857.

Notes on American Land Shells. No. 2.
BY W. G. BINNEY.

Hetix (PoLYGYRA) ACUTE-DENTATA. Testa superne et subtus parum planata,
discoidea, albida, glabra; anfractus 6 levigati, quorum quinque equaliter
accrescentes, apicem brevissimam, vix elevatam formantes ; ultimus permagnus,
inflatus, prope peristomata bis valde scrobiculatus, ad aperturam deflectus;
subtus anfractus 14, ultimus ventricosus, alter rapide decrescens ; umbilicus par-
yus, profundus ; sutura impressa ; apertura parva, perobliqua, ringens ; peristoma
circulare, acutum, album, incrassatum, patulo-reflexum, marginibus callo albo,
dentiformi, emarginato, excavato conjunctis, dextro dentibus duobus horizon-
talibus, uno obtuso, alteri acutissimo intus armato, basali dente unico perpen-
diculari in margine posito, munito.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 4 mill.

Specimen unicum in collectione Phillips conservatum in provincia Mexicana
Cinaloa ripis fluminis Mazatlan collegit Gambel.

This curious Helix differs from any hitherto known. It is readily distin-
guished by a white, shining, discoidal shell, curious aperture and internal
teeth. The upper surface is composed of six whorls, five of which regularly
increase from the spire, which is slightly elevated; the last is proportionally very
wide, inflated, and elevated above the others, almost to a level with the apex. -
Below, one full ventricose whorl is visible, and more than half of another,
which rapidly decreases until it becomes lost in the small umbilicus. The
aperture is oblique, basin-shaped, furnished with four teeth; of these one on
the parietal wall connecting the extremities of the peristome is broad, excavated
in the middle, angular, resembling that of H. Troostiana, Lea, (plicata, Say) ;
on the basal portion of the peristome is another, situated on the edge, perpen-
dicular and short; on the right lip, slightly removed within the aperture, are
two slight elongated lamine, running horizontally, the lower one raised above
the whorl for some distance, thus forming a slender, spear-like point. Behind
the teeth on the outer whorl are two pits, between which the shell is pinched
into a sharp ridge joining the peristome.

Hewix (Potyeyra) Lora. Testa albido-cornea, tenuis, superné minuté et
confertim striata, spira paululum elevata, sutura impressa, anfr. quinque, vix
convexiusculi, ultimus permagnus; subtus inflata, nitida, vix perforata, anfr.
1}, ultimus ventricosus, prope peristoma bis valde scrobiculatus ; alter rapidis-
simé decrescens, apertura ringens, quinquedentata ; perist. acutum, album
incrassatum, patulo-reflexiusculum, marginibus callo albo, crasso, dentiformi,

1857.]

a

4

paululum intrante, angulato conjunctis, dextro laminis duobus horizontalibus,
curtis, intus positis munito; basali dentibus duobus perpendicularibus in
margine positis, uno parvulo, altero majore, munito.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 11, alt. 5 mill.

In Provincia Mexicana Cinaloa ad flumen Mazatlan collegit Gambel. Collect.
Phillips.

Var. minor diam. maj. 10, min 7, alt.3. In Texas habitaredicitur. Collec.
Mea.

Shell above depressed, shining, with hardly perceptible striz, whitish, suture
slightly impressed, whorls five, rather convex, last whorl rather proportionally
larger, with two pits behind the peristome, and channelled; spire slightly
elevated ; below smooth and shining, one full ventricose whorl and a portion
of a second, which rapidly decreases in the slightly perforated umbilicus ; aper-
ture basin-shaped, much complicated by five teeth; one on the parietal wall is
white, heavy, angular, somewhat like that of H. Texasiana, connecting the
the two extremities of the sharp and reflected peristome. On the edge of the
peristome near the columella are two short, stout, perpendicular teeth, the
nearer one the shorter; within the aperture are two short, slender, tooth-like,
horizontal lamine, entering but a short distance; umbilicus nearly closed ;
peristome white, thickened, slightly reflected.

Nearest allied to H. ariadne, Pf., (Couchtana, Lea, Proc. Acad. N. S., anno
1857, April, p. 102.) I have compared it to Mr. Lea’s type, and find it to be
quite distinct. The latter is not perforated and has a very different arrange-
ment of teeth. That H. Loisa is not a less developed specimen of H. Couchiana
is shown by the fact of its being twice the size. Mr. Lea’s shell has the parie-
tal tooth more angular, flexuose, and entering farther into the aperture ; the
teeth on the right lip are not horizontal, heavier and longer, and extend to the
edge of the peristome, where they are very solid and elevated, while in Loisa
they are slender Jaminz, removed within the aperture.

Hewix (Potyera) Moorrana. Testa orbiculato-depressa, carinata, umbili-
cata, albida; spira obtusa, plus minusve elevata; anfr. 6, vix convexiusculi,
striati, ultimus infra carinam non rotundatus; sutura impressa; subtus striz
minus distincte; anfr. 1}, ultimus carinaé valde product&é anfr. alterum et
umbilicum profundum pene tegens; apertura orbicularis, contracta, tridentata ;
perist. album, incrassatum, vix reflexiusculum, margine basali dentibus duobus
curvatis marginalibus sinu parvulo orbiculari separatis, armato; plica alba
rectangularis, dentiformis, excavata, in medio aperture projecta ad columellam
adnata, et perist. margines connectans.

Diam. maj. 84, min. 7, alt. 3 mill.

Hab. Washington Co., Texas. Fr. Mcore ! :

Shell orbicular, depressed, white, carinated, umbilicated ; spire more or less
depressed, obtusely rounded; whorls 6, distinctly striated, hardly convex ;
suture impressed ; below the carina the body whorl is not rounded, but slants
down to the base which is parallel! with the suture; below, the strize are less
distinct ; at the umbilical region only 14 whorl is visible, the outer one strongly
carinated so as to conceal a portion of the umbilicus and a great part of the
remaining whorl; the umbilicus is very small, but perforates the shell to the
apex, showing all the volutions with the aid of a lens; aperture rounded, con-
tracted by three teeth ; lip heavy, broad, white, hardly reflected, near the basal
extremity, quite on the edge, armed with two short, incurving teeth, separated
by a small rounded sinus; on the columella there is a tooth-like fold, square,
projecting across the aperture, its extremities joining those of the peristome.

It is difficult to express correctly in words the specific differences of the vari-
ous Polygyre. This shell combines the characteristics of several American
species. It has the spire of H monodon, Rackett, and the columellar fold of
Dorfeuilleana, Lea, as figured Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. vi., pl. xxiv., f. 118. The
teeth are placed on the inner edge of the peristome, as in Zexasiana, Mor., and
the curious carination at the umbilical region resembles that of pustula, Fer.,

(October,

5

which has not been noticed in descriptions. In the collection of the Aca-
' demy.

HELIX CULTELLATUS, Thomson, MSS. Testa orbiculato-depressa, nitens, cari-
nata, corneo-rufescens, ad peripheriam et ad suturas albo-zonata; anfr. 6}
couvexiusculi, striis minutis incrementalibus et lineis microscopicis spiralibus
decussati; sutura impressa, apertura oblique lunaris; perist. simplex, acutum,
ad columellam vix reflexiusculum ; subtus levigata, albida, infra carinam laté
rufo-corneo-zonata; umbilicus perspectivus, anfr. omnes ad apicem monstrans.
Diam. maj. 35, min. 19, alt. 13 mill.

Habitat. ‘ Contra Costa Co., California.” J. H. Thomson.

Animal twice the length of the diameter of the shell; color reddish.

Mr. J. H. Thompson, of New Bedford, Mass., proposes this name for a shel!
found by him living in considerable quantities. The circumstances in which
it was discovered are very unfavorable to the supposition of its having been
brought from abroad. The chances of a Dalmatian shell having been intro-
duced into California, and already multiplying there, are very smallindeed. At
the same time the shell before me bears strong resemblance to the European
group of this type. It seems to be between H. albanica, Ziegler, and acies,
Partsch ; the carina being less sharp than inthe latter. Mr. Thomson suggests
that it may have been imported from the Sandwich Islands on vegetables, but
there is no species native to that region which bear any resemblance to this.

HeLIx ANACHORETA. T. orbiculato-convexa, aperté umbilicata, cinereo-
rufescens, granulata et raré indenta; spira elevata, conica; anf. 6 convexi,
ultimus subtus ventricosus ; sutura impressa ; perist. incrassatum, vix reflexius-
culum, Violaceo-albidum, umbilicum haud multum occultans, marginibus ap-
proximatis, callo conjunctis; faux violacea; apertura obliqua, transverso-
rotundata. Diam. maj. 26; min. 21: alt. 14 mill.

Habitat omniam Californian. J. H. Thomson.

Shell reddish ashen, orbicularly convex; spire elevated, conic; umbilicus
open, slightly concealed by the peristome; whorls six, granulated and sparsely
indented ; suture impressed ; below ventricose; aperture transversely rounded ;
peristome thickened, scarcely reflected, whitish, with a violet tinge, the ex-
tremities approaching each other and connected with a callous on the parietal
wall; throat violet.

‘“« Animal light ashen color, tentacles nearly white; average length of some
thirty specimens 23 inches (2 diameters of shell); superior tentacles 5-8ths; inferior
3-16ths inch; foot broad at the posterior extremity ; a line of large granules
down the middle of the back; sides of foot margined with a line of light
granules (pores); genital orifice posterior to and beneath the larger tentacles.
In its habits solitary.”” Thomson.

It is with some hesitation that I propose aname for this shell. I at first con-
sidered is as a bandless variety of Californiensis, Lea. But on expressing this
opinion to Mr. Thompson, he gave me the above description of the animal and its
habits, which are quite distinct from those of Mr. Lea’s shell. Its characteris-
tics were found constant at various remote points of the State, and in a con-
siderable number of specimens. They seem too great for a simple variety.
The animal is also different in its habits from Calforniensis, being found only
solitary, while the latter is gregarious.

The shell is one of the very few bandless species of California.

Heuix #rvucinosa, Gould. (Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., Feb., 1855, p. 137.)
Nomen transmutandum est ob. H. eruginosam, Pf. (Pro. Zool. Soc., London,
1854.) This name being preoccupied for a Philippine Island shell, Dr. Gould
proposes to call it H. arroga. ‘ Inhabits only Redwoods.” (Thompson). It
seems a very variable shell. The type resembles in shape H. Towsendiana, Lea.
Among the land shells collected in California by Dr. J. S. Newberry, P. R. R.
Survey, was one which I called var. 8 of Dr. Gould’s shell. It has a very
elevated, conical spire, like clevata, Say, but agrees in other respects with the

1857.]

6

type. The Californian land shells seem very difficult to understand on account
of their varias on. Although this shell bears little resemblance to Californiensis,
Lea, as fig. in Tr. Am. Ph. Soc., vi., pl. xxiii., f. 19, there is a gradual blending
of the two. For some of the links in the connecting chain, see the fig. Terr.
Moll. iii, vi. a, Reeve, Con. Icon. 661, and Chemn. Ed. 2, pl. Ivii. fig. 14,15. The
last resembles arrosa, var. 8 very much. This connecting chain of resemblance
is also carried by specimens in my cabinet to Dupetithuarsi, Desh. Future
research will alone enable us to draw the correct divisions of the species.

Hewix (Potyayra) THoLUS. Testa solidiuscula, albida, nitens, costis obliquis
notata; spira rotundata, elevatiuscula, obtusa, tholiformis; sutura valde im-
pressa, anfr. 7, convexiusculi, superi magis planulati, ultimus ad apertu-
ram descendens, obtusé carinatus, carina peristoma non attingens, post
perist. canaliculatus; infra carinam coste minus distinct; basis plana, um-
bilicus latus, perspectivus, anfractus canaliculatos monstrans, quorum 2% per-
spicué alii obscuré videntur; apertura perobliqua, ab axe remota; perist. album,
semicirculare, latum, incrassatum, margine basali reflexiusculo, dentibus duobus
sinu rotundato disjunctis armatum; plica parietalis acuta, in medio aperture
projecta, margines peristomatis vix connectens. Diam. maj. 11; min. 9; alt.
4 mill.

Habitare in Texas suspicor, sed incertus sum. Specimen unicum vidi in coll.
Bland conservatum.

Shell rather solid, white, shining, ribbed above, smoother below; spire obtuse,
little elevated, rounded; whorls seven, convex, the upper ones more flattened,
the last bluntly carinated; carina not reaching the peristome; base parallel to
the suture; umbilicus broad, half the larger diameter of the shell, showing
two and a half deeply grooved whorls plainly, the others rapidly retreating
towards the apex; aperture very oblique, semicircular, removed from the axis
of the shell, bordered with a scarcely reflected, white, heavy rim, grooved
behind, and armed with two stout teeth near the basal extremity, broadly
reflected at the junction with the body whorl; on the parietal wall of the aper-
ture is a white fold, hardly connecting the extremities of the lip, and projecting
across the aperture into an acute point.

The aperture of this curious shell resembles that of H. fatigiata, Say. Itis
readily distinguished from that and all other described species by the umbili-
cus, broad at the commencement, and rapidly narrowing beyond the second
whorl, with the peculiar groove visible in all the whorls of the umbilicus, of the
same character as that noticed by Say in auriculata, though deeper.

The name is derived from the resemblance of the slightly raised, rounded
spire to a low dome.

HeLix kopnopEs. Testa depresso-globosa, corrugata, subtus levigata; spira
brevis, depressa; sutura mediocris; anfr. quinque, rapidé accrescentes, ultimus
permagnus, veutricosus, interdum lineis volventibus crassis notata; apertura
magna, rotundata; perist. simplex, acutum, marginibus approximatis, callo levi,
brunneo conjunctis; ad umbilicum parvum et profundum reflexiusculur.
Diam. maj. 35; min. 28; alt. 13 mill.

Habitat in Alabama, (C. 8. Hale!)

Forsan forma monstruorsa H. fuliginose, Binney, sed differt speciminibus
meridionalibus colore, testa majori, solidiori, magis globosa; umbilico angus-
tiori; apertura majori, magis rotundata, spira magis elevata; et lineis volventi-
bus. Varietates alligantes non exstant.

Figura Reeveana, Con. Icon. No. 672. Etsi minus globosa, affinis paritur sed
minuté costellato-striata dicitur.

Shell depressed-globose, wrinkled, below smooth; spire short, depressed ;
suture moderate; whorls five, rapidly increasing, the last very ventricose and
large, sometimes marked with coarse revolving lines; aperture large, round,
lip simple, acute, ends approached, joined by a slight deposition of brownish
callus over the parietal wail, reflected at the small and deep umbilicus.

It is a much larger and more globose shell than H. fuliginosa, Binney, with a

[October,

ve

smaller umbilicus, more rounded and larger aperture, and more ventricose body
whorl; its color is also lighter. The revolving lines are present in four out of
six specimens before me.

Reeve’s fig Con. Icon , No. 672, has some resemblance to it in shape, though
less globose—but differs in being striate above.

In the collection of the Academy.

HELIX FRIABILIS. Testa globosa, papyracea, friabilis, subdiaphana, nitens,
rufescens ; spira parvula, elevato-conica; anfr. quatuor, leviter corrugati, con-
vexi, ultimus permagnus, ventricosissimus; sutura mediocris; apertura circu-
laris, parum alta et longa, intus livida, callo levi albo sub-incrassata; perist.
acutum, tenue, simplex, ad basin reflexiusculum, violaceum, umbilicum parvum
et profundum aliquantum tegens. Diam. maj. 26; min. 20; alt. 13 mill.

Habitat in ripis fuminis Wabash, (Mrs. Say!) In Illinois (R. Kennicott!)

Species rara, ad sectionem H. fuliginose, Binney, referenda, sed testa papyra-
cea et rotundata, spira elevata, et apertura circulari distincta.

Shell very globose, transparent, brittle, thin, shining, reddish; spire very
short, conic; whorls four, convex, lightly wrinkled, rapidly increasing, the last
very large and ventricose; suture moderate; aperture circular, equally high and
broad, within bluish and slightly thickened by a very thin white callus; perist.
simple, sharp, thin, at its junction with the body whorl, violet colored and
reflected, so as to cover a portion of the small and deep umbilicus; the parietal
wall of the aperture is covered with a light violet colored callus.

Belongs to the same group as H. fuliginosa, Binney—but readily distinguished
from that and all described species by its transparent, globular shell, ventricose
body-whorl, and circular aperture. At the localities where it was found by
Mr. Kennicott, H. fuliginosa was not noticed.

There is a shell received from Texas, by Dr. Newcomb, which may prove to
be identical with this.

In the collection of the Academy.

HELIX REDIMITAe Testa globoso-conica imperforata, tenuiscula, minuté et
confertim granulata, corrugata, rufo-brunnea; apex levigata, obtusula, spira
elevata ; anfr. 6 convexi, sutura impressa distincti, ultimus permagnus, inflatus,
ad aperturam descendens, supra medium fascia fusci redimitus; apertura
perobliqua, transverso-orbicularis, intus unifasciata; perist. simplex, rufocine-
reum, incrassatulum, marginibus valde approximatis, basali reflexiusculo, callo
albo umbilicum tegente. Diam. maj. 21; min. 17; alt. 12 mill.

Syn. Helix Nickliniana, Binney, Terr. Moll. iii. pl. vi, f. 1, except4 icone in
medio posita.

Habitat in California aut in Oregon?

Shell globose-conic, imperforate, rather thin, wrinkled, covered with minute
and crowded granulations; color reddish brown; apex free from granules,
rather blunt; spire elevated; suture impressed; whorls six, convex, the last
quite large and rounded, falling towards the aperture, and banded with reddish
brown above the middle; aperture rather large in proportion to the size of the
shell, very oblique, transversely rounded, within showing the band; peristome
simple, reddish ash color, thickened, reflected slightly at the base, ends
approached; umbilicus entirely covered with a white callus.

This shell is figured by my father as a var. of H. Nickliniana, Lea. A refer-
ence to Mr. Lea’s figure and description will at once show it to be distinct,
according to the present notions of specific weight. Dr. Gould refers it (Terr.
Moll. iii. p. 26) to H. Californiensis ; Reeve, Con. Ivon. 661. It appears, how-
ever, to be distinct from the shell there figured.

In general outline it resembles H. Kellettii, Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc., London,
1850, pl. ix, f. 2, as well as Reeve’s fig. 665 5, not 665 a, Con. Icon. The resem-
blance will be found, however, to cease with the outline, on a comparison of
the two shells. H. Kelletéi is sometimes perforate, is differently colored, and
belongs rather to the group of California Helices represented by H. arcolata.

1857.]

8

Sowb. and H. Pandore, Forbes, than that of H. Californiensis, Lea, intercisa, nob.
and the shell before me.

Hetrx DuprtirHovuarsi, Desh. In the collection of the Smithsonian Institute
there are specimens of this shell which are furnished with a delicate greenish
yellow epidermis. As this has never been noticed in descriptions, I believe it
must exist only on very fresh specimens, which are rarely seen. On being
immersed some minutes in water, the epidermis becomes of a bright golden
color.

Hetix basrosa. Gould, (by many considered identical with Columbiana, Lea.)
To Mr. J. H. Thomson I am also indebted for the following interesting notes on
this shell. It will be very important to dissect the animal, as it may prove
generically distinct from Helix.

“Animal twice as long as the breadth of the shell, dark slate color, almost
black on the head and tentacles; a black line running along each side of the
back from the base of the longer tentacles; body covered with compressed
granules; tentacles black, acutely pointed : eyes at the base of superior tentacles ;
anatomy 'pelieved to resemble, somewhat, that of the Lymniade. Gregarious;
in its habits resembling Lymnea, being found always near water, and laying
its eggs on the water-cresses and other aquatic plants. Arrives at maturity in
one year, one half the time required by the other species.”

Heuix Cattrorniensis, Lea. ‘“ Animal reddish grey, tentacles and base of
foot bluish ; quite narrow in proportion to the length of the shell; tentacles
short. Gregarious, inhabiting dry gullies and hill sides; many specimens found
in a cabbage garden.” Thomson.

Hutrx sportetta, Gould. Iam indebted to Mr. Thomson for a fine specimen
of this rare species, the only one I have ever seen. His notes show the animal
to be quite distinct from that of H. concava, Say, however similar the shells may
be, with the exception of the striz on the Californian species. He writes, ‘‘ Ani-
mal uniformly white or flesh colored, with an orange line on top of back.
Solitary—or only found in pairs.”

Hewrx toricata, Gould. (Lecontii, Lea.) This rare species also was added
to my collection through the liberality of Mr. Thomson. One specimen found
by him was very much larger than Dr. Gould’s shell. He gives the following
description of the animal: “ white, linear, rough, posteriorly acute, tentacles
very short.”

Butimus DorMANI, n.s. Testa perforata, ovato-turrita, levigata, albida,
fasciis fuscis longitudinalibus ornata; sutura impressa; spira elongato-conica ;
acuta; apex punctulata ; anfr. 6 convexiusculitis, lineig minutissimis volventibus
ornati, superi striati, ultimus inflatus, ad marginem superam peristomatis, ob-
tusissimé carinatus ; apertura ovata, partem teste dimidiam subzquans ; perist.
simplex, acutum, margine columellari reflexiusculum, perforationem pene oc-
cultans. Diam. 12; long. 29 mill.

Habitat in peninsula Florida prope St. Augustine. O. 8S. Dorman!

Shell perforated, rather heavy, shining, elongated-conic; white, with several
regular revolving series of interrupted perpendicular, reddish brown patches ;
suture distinctly marked; apex punctured; whorls 6, rather convex, marked
with numerous very fine revolving lines ; upper whorls striate; last whorl! full,
with a hardly perceptible obtuse carina at the upper extremity of the peristome.

The only described species with which this shell can be confounded is B.
Floridianus, Pf., Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1855, p. 330. Though I have never
seen Dr. Peiffer’s shell, I should consider it nearly allied, though distinct. It
wants the minute revolving lines, the punctured apex, and striate upper whorls,
which characterize B. Dormant, is a smaller shell, and has a different marking,
being furnished with opaque whitish blotches as well as reddish patches; the
latter also do not extend to the body whorl.

[October,

9

GLANDINA CORNEOLA. Testa conico-oblonga, tenuis, nitens, cornea; anfr. 7
ad 8, convexi, tenuissimé et longitudinaliter striati, et lineis minutis creber-
rimis notati; sutura crenulata; apertura oblonga, partem teste dimidiam
zquans ; columella contorta, truncata, callo induta. Diam. 18 ; long. 50 mill.
~ Syn. Glandina truncata, var. Binney non Gmel. Terr. Moll. iii. pl. Ixi. f. 1.

Habitat in Rebuspublicis meridianis. Florida?

Shell oblong-conic, thin, shining, horn color; whorls 7 to 8, longitudinally
striate, and covered with numerous minute revolving lines; suture slightly
crenulated ; aperture oblong, half as long as the shell; columella curved, trun-
cated, covered with light callus.

This shell, very rare in collections, is distinguished by its light horn color,
thin shell and revolving lines.

GLANDINA PARALLELA. Testa solida, albida, nitens, cylindraceo-elongata,
striis creberrimis longitudinalibus notata; spira elevato-obtusa ; anfr. 5 ad 6,
superi convexi, ultimus lateribus rectis, equis intervallis inter se distantibus,
apertura angusta, partem teste 3-7 equans ; labrum flexuosum, in medio rec-
tum, margine basali curvatum; columella recta, truncata, calloinduta. Diam.
20; long. 56 mill.

Syn. Glandina truncata, var., Binney. Terr. Moll. iii. pl. Ixii. f. 2.

Habitat in Louisiana, Rev. E. R. Beadle! :

Shell heavy, shining, white, elongated, cylindrical; spire elevated, obtuse ;
whorls 6 to 7, with numerous, delicate, longitudinal striea, the upper ones con-
vex, the last one with straight parallel sides; lip straight along the middle, and
parallel to the rectilinear side of the opposite whorl, at the basal extremity
curved ; columella straight, truncated, covered with a heavy callus.

Distinguished by its peculiar parallel sides and heavy texture from any other
described species.

The following are notes on the plates contained in Vol. iii. of the Terres-
trial Mollusks.

Herrx Rugs, Shuttleworth, (Diag. neuer Moll. No. 2,) is described ag al-
ways larger than H. inflecta, Say. I have the latter of the same dimensions as
given for Rugeli, 13 mill., and some specimens of Mr. Shuttleworth’s shell only
8 mill.

HELIX MorDAX, Shuttleworth, is a variety of H. alternata, Say. I have a
large series, showing a gradual change from the typical Northern Shell to the
strongly ribbed and more or less carinated Southern form. H. strongolydes,
Pfeiffer, is also a variety of the same shell. Perhaps, also, H. infecta, Parr.

HELIX MULTILINEATA, Say. I have a variety of this with an open umbilicus.
Another, received from Mr. J. A. Lapham, of Wisconsin, is small, of an uniform
brownish-red, without any revolving lines.

Heuix cuausa, Say. Terrestrial Mollusks, pl. iv. The outline figures do not
represent this species.

H. vineta, Val., Terr. Moll. iii. pl. vi., is certainly distinct from Californien-
sis, Lea. (Compare his fig. and descr. T. Am. Ph. Soc. vi. pl. xxiii., f. 79.)

The centre figure of this plate is H. intercisa, nob. Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1857,
p. 18. Fig. 1. Upper and lower figure cannot be considered a variety of Nickli-
niana. I propose for it the name of redimita.

Pl. vi.a@. The European conchologists now consider H. Nickliniana and
Californiensis as identical, and figure this shell under the latter name.

H. pENTIFERA is not confined to Vermont. It is a mountain shell, has been
found by Mr. Edwards in Virginia, Dr. S. E. Shurtleff in Western Pennsylvania,
Mr. Conrad at Broad Top Mountain, and Mr. Phillips on the Lehigh.

1857. ]

10

H. Nurrauiiana, Lea, is universally considered as H. fidelis, Gray. Mr. a
description has the priority of several years.

H. VANCOUVERENSIS, Lea. Isee no reason why dH. vellicata, Forbes, should
not be considered as a variety of this.

H. sanmna, Gould non Say, pl. xxii.@. This shell, though never seen by Mr.
Say, is called by one of his names. It is certainly a disadvantage to increase
the already burthensome nomenclature, but is it not worse to make one name
serve for two distinct species? Mr. Say’s shell was found by Mr. J. 8S. Phillips
at the 8 mile lane above Philadelphia, and is still preserved in his collection.
I think it will prove to be distinct from chersina, Say. The latter has a much
more elevated spire, rounded at the top like labyrinthica, Say, and is only obtusely
carinated ; while in egena, Say, a very acute carina divides the shell into a short,
pyramidal, sharp spire, and a rounded, inflated base, whose outline forms a
semicircle. As Iconsider H. egena a good species, I leave it to Dr. Gould to
propose another name for the Florida shell.

HaLIX FALLAX, Say, is certainly more than a variety of tridentata, Say. Not
only are the characteristic differences well marked, but the habits of the re-
spective animals are different. Mr. J. G. Anthony tells me that trzdentata is found
on hill sides in the grass, while fallax inhabits rich soils, in woods, under logs,
and is not gregarious like the former. The difficulty is to mark the dividing
line bétween the many varieties of fallax, some of which are quite as distinct as
H. Hopetonensis, Shuttl.. In one specimen of fallax in my cabinet there is a
well developed ‘‘fulcrum” as in monodon, spinosa, and others mentioned by
Mr. Lea..

HeLix MINUTISSIMA, Lea, is certainly distinct from H. minuscula, Binney. Had
my father been spared to finish his work, he would have withdrawn the opinion
expressed in Vol. ii., p. 221. Ihave anote of his taken at Mr. Lea’s house, in
which he says they are distinct. Dr. Leidy tells me that he made a figure of
Lea’s type for engraving, which was subsequently lost.

Hetrx costata, Mull. Dr. F. V. Hayden collected many thousands of this
ribbed variety of pulchella, Mull. (minuta, Say,) in Nebraska. It had hitherto
been noticed only in Philadelphia and Cincinnati.

HELIX GLAPHYRA, Say, pl. xxix., f.4. That this shell is identical with cellaria,
Mill., was the opinion of Dr. Binney. Iam able to add to the same effect the
testimony of two of our first conchologists, Mr. J.G. Anthony and Dr. Griffith.
The former tells me that thirty years ago he found a shell in considerable num-
bers in his garden, at Providence, R. I., in all respects agreeing with the Euro-
pean cellaria. On carrying it to Philadelphia, the conchologists of that time
all called it glaphyra, Say. The testimony of Dr. Griffith 1s still more conclusive.
I have a letter of his to my father in which he says that he had seen Say’s type
of glaphyra in the collection of the Academy, and that it was certainly the
cellaria of Europe. He adds, that when arranging the collection, the shell was
broken and thrown aside.

HeLix saxicoLa, Binney non Pf. pl. xxix.a. f. 4, is H. inerustata, Poey. It
agrees in all respects with the Cuban specimens in the Academy received from
Mr. Poey.

HELIX LUcUBRATA, Binney non Say, pl. xxxii. does notrepresent Say’s shell.
Though figured by Deshayes in Fer. Hist. pl. lxxxii. f. 6, it was first described by
Pfeiffer, Mong. i, p. 64. The common form is hardly as globose as the shei
figured.

HELIX SULPLANA, Binney, has been found by Mr. J. S. Phillips on the banks
of the Susquehanna, near Wyoming, Pa.

Henrx INTERTEXTA, Binney, pl. xxxvi. The southern form of this shell would
by many be hardly considered as the same species. The spire is very much

[ October,

11

flattened, color much lighter, body whorl less inflated and very sharply cari-
nated. The northern form very rarely reaches the size figured.

Henix sEpTeMvOLVA, Say, pl. xxxviii. The middle figures come nearest to
Muhlfeldt’s type of cereolus, figured in the Berlin Magazine. The internal lamina
mentioned on page 31 is found constantly in H. microdonta, Desh. of Florida.
It is not, however, confined to that alone, (Shuttl. Diag. Neuer Moll. No. 2,) as I
have detected it in a few instances in the large cereolus and other forms. In
Florida there are several varieties of this shell as well worthy of specific distinc-
tion as microdonta, Desh., volvoxis, Parr, and delitescens, Shuttl. Muhlfeldt’s
name cereolus has priority, having been published in 1816, and not 1818 as quoted
by Pfeifer, &. The European conchologists, Pfeiffer, Reeve, &c., mention as
a synonym of this shell H. polygyrata, Binney, a name not even mentioned by
him.

HELIX supPRESSA, Say, small var. Pl. xxxvii. fig. 3. This appears to be
btcostata, Pf.

HeLIx piicata, Say, pl. xxxix. f. 2. Mr. Say’s type is preserved in the col-
lection of the Academy. Having carefully ccmpared it with Mr. Lea’s original
Troostiana, I am led to believe them identical. In this case Mr. Lea’s name alone
will stand, as that of Mr. Say is preoccupied. In Vol. ii. p. 195, H. plicata is
said to be identical with fatigiata, Say, Dorfeuilleana, Lea, and Troostiana, Lea.
I cannot agree with this opinion; H. fatigiata is certainly distinct from the
others. (Pl. xxxix. f.2.) The characters on which Mr. Lea’s two species are
founded are certainly not very distinct; at the same time their constancy gives
them weight. Of twenty-five specimens found in Tennessee by the Rt. Rev.
Bishop Elliott, all were well marked H. Troostiana.

Hewix LEporINA, Gould, had been found only in Mississippi and Arkansas,
until Mr. Postel discovered it at St. Simon’s Isle, Georgia, Dr. H. M. Neisler in
Butler County, ofthe same State, and Bishop Elliott at Savannah. Future re-
search will probably prove it an inhabitant of the whole South.

HELIX MAXILLATA, Gould, has also been found by Dr. H. M. Neisler in Butler
County, Georgia.

HELIX BUFFONIANA, Pf., pl. xliii. This seems rather the variety which Pfeiffer
described formerly as distinct under the name of Humboldtiana ; he now unites
the two.

Hewix mFiecta, Say, pl. xlv.f.3. It is a typographical error on p. 33 to call
this H. triodonta, Jahn.

Hexix ponycuroa, Binney, pl. xlvi. xlvii. It is hardly necessary to find
another name for this shell (ob. H. polychroam, Sowb.) as it seems to be varians,
Mke.

Hexix sEvenina, Gould, pl. xlviii. This is certainly H. vortex, Pf., of the
West Indies. I do not agree with Dr. Gould, (p. 34,) in considering H. tenui-
striata, Binney, as the same shell; a comparison of the description of the latter
will show them to be distinct. The geographical distribution is also very dif-
ferent. Dr. Binney’s shell is from Tennessee, while vortex, is a West Indian
species, introduced only into the Southern extremity of Florida, The description
on the cover, Boston Journal Nat. Hist. iv. part 1, anno 1842, is as follows.
‘t Helix tenuistriata. Testa depressa, carinata, umbilicata, albido cornea; anfr. 7
oblique striatis ; opertura angusta, depressa, labro subreflexo, basi convexo. Lat.
} poll. Hab. Tennessee.” I have a shell in my cabinet to which this descrip-
tion applies pretty well; Iam not sure, however, that itis the same. Future
research will undoubtedly bring the species to light.

HeLix AvricuLaTa, Say, pl. x]. Ido not consider fig. 2, H. avara, Say, as a

yar. of this, buta distinct species. There are some varieties of auriculata, which
may be confounded with it, but it is certainly a good species. Among other

1857. ]

12

distinctive characteristics it is hirsute, as mentioned by Say. Iam indebted to
Mr. James Postel, of St. Simon’s Isle, Georgia, for some very fine fresh hirsute
specimens. From Mr. 0. S. Dorman of St. Augustine, Fa., I have some fine
specimens of auriculata, 16 mill. in the greatest diameter.

Heutx ELeyaTa, Say. Mr. Robert Kennicott collected in Wisconsin two
specimens of a curious variety of this species, furnished with a broad, revolving,
brownish band on the body whorl.

HeLtx sTenoTrEMA, Fer. pl. xlii. f. 4, is a very well marked variety of hirsuta,
confined to the region of Tennessee.

BULIMUS DEALBATUS, Say, pl. li. However well defined may be the distinctive
characteristics of this species and B. schiedeanus, lactarius, &c., it is extremely
difficult to trace the dividing line between them, when seen in large quantities.
I have specimens picked from the same bush in Texas, some of which would be
referred to each of these species. At the same time it seems hardly possible
that the large, heavy shell figured on pl. li. b, should be the same species as the
small, fragile shell pl. li., fig. 1. Atall events, itis necessary to distinguish
them by different names.

ACHATINA PELLUCIDA, Pf. pl. liii. f. 2, is Blauneria (Voluta) heteroclita, Mont.
Dr. E. Foreman has specimens found in his garden at Washington, whither
they were brought on plants from Charleston, S. C, Mr. T. Bland found it in-
habiting brackish water in Jamaica.

BouLimus virgutatus, Binney non Fer. pl. lviii., (see remarks Vol. ii. p. 279.)
I concur entirely with Dr. Gould in considering this shell identical with B.
multilineatus, Say, which name has the priority of many years of Reeve’s name
venosus. Ferussac’s shell is quite distinct.. Mr. Say’s description of B. multili-
neatus, (Journ. Acad. N. S., Phila., Vol. 5, p. 120, anno 1825,) is as follows:
‘‘ Shell conic, not very obviously wrinkled; whorls not very convex, yellowish
white, with transverse, entire, reddish brown lines; a blackish subsutural
revolving line ; apex blackish ; umbilicus small, surrounded by a broad blackish
line; columella whitish, labrum simple, blackish. Length less than 7-19th
inch, greatest breadth less than 7-20th inch. This species was found by Mr.
Titian Peale on the southern part of East Florida.”

Mr. Bartlett found the virgulatus, Binney, in the same locality.

GLANDINA TRUNCATA, Binney non Gmel., pl. lxi. f. 1, is G. corneola, nob. vid.
supra. Fig. 2is G. Texasiana, Pf., Novitates Conch. p. 7, pl. xxii. f. 11, 12.
Figure 2, pl. lxii. is G. parallela, nob. vid. supra.

HELICINA ORBICULATA, Binney non Say, Pl. Ixxiii. last line, middle figure, is
Hel. tropica, Jahn.

HELICINA CHRYSOCHEILA, Binney, pl. lxxiv. f.4. Ihave Hantisns of this shell
in my cabinet, and consider it distinct from Hel. Jamaicensis, Sowb., and all
other described species. I have a note taken by my father at the collection of
M. Petit de la Saussaye in Paris, in which he says that asimilar shell is labelled
from Tampico. Compare Hel. turbinata, Wiegm., Ch. ed. 2, pl. iv. f. 13, 14, 15.

Notes on American Land-Shells, deposited by Mr. Say, and still preserved in
the collection of the Academy.

HgLIx LUcUBRATA, Say. I have lately found among the shells of the Acade~
my three specimens of a shell labelled many years ago, ‘“ Helix lucubrata, Say—
Mexico.” I have made a very critical comparison of them with authentic speci-
mens of H. caduca, Pf., received through the kindness of Mr. Cuming. I am now
confirmed in the opinion I expressed before, that the two shells are undoubt-
edly identical. The resemblance of these Mexican shells to H. fuliginosa, Binney,
is strong enough to have given Dr. Griffith the impression that they were the

(October,

13

same. He expressed himself to that effect in letters to my father. From Dr.
Griffith, Prof. Adams may have received the same impression (see Vt. Moll.) I
am inclined to differ from them, believing the species, though nearly allied, to be
quite distinct. Until we receive the true ZH. fuliginosa from the South-western
States, I shall doubt its existence there. Our country has been too little
searched, however, to allow us to draw very nicely the lines of geographical

distribution. IfI am correct in my view of this species, Mr. Say’s name will, of

course, take precedence over that of Dr. Pfeiffer.

HeLix chausa. The specimers are much more globose than that figured in
Am. Conch. The aperture is quite orbicular.

HELIX APPRESSA, HIRSUTA, INFLECTA, PROFUNDA, AURICULATA, LIGERA, SOLITARIA:
SUPPRESSA.

H. ratigiaTa, as fig. in Terr. Moll, iii. pl. xxxix, f. 4.
H. puicata. Like Troostiana, Lea.

H. raLLax. The upper denticle on the peristome placed within the aperture,
like that of H. vuliuosa, Gould.

H. sepTemvonva. Large and small var. of cereolus, Mhtl.
SUCCINEA AVARA, CAMPESTRIS. Same as figured in Terr. Moll.
HELICINA ORBICULATA, OCCULTA, (fossil.)

PUPA PENTODON, CORTICARIA, ARMIGERA.

ACHATINA SOLIDA. More elongated than that fig. in Terr. Moll.

1857.]

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AS Ses,

[114] 15

From the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, May, 1858.

Notes on American Land Shells. No. 3.
BY W. G. BINNEY.

The following species of Helicide, now first described, were collected by Dr.
F. V. Hayden, of the Yellowstone Ex. Ex., (Lieut. G. K. Warren), Dr. T. S.
Newberry, of the Colorado R. Ex. Ex., (Lieut. Ives), Mr. Robert Kenicott, during
a recent visit to the Red River of the North, and in Mexico by the late Mr. Ber-
landiére, whose valuable collections were bought and presented to the Smith-
sonian Institute by Lieut. Couch. Specimens of all the species are deposited
in the collection of that Institution, and also in that of the Academy, through
the kindness of Prof. Baird, and the gentlemen named above. Figures of these,
and all species described by me, will be published at some subsequent time.

Succinga HAYDENI.—Testa elongato-ovalis, tenuisypellucida, succinea ; spira
parva, acuta; anfr. 3 convexi, ultimus rugis levibus incrementalibus et
sulcis crassis spiralibus, interruptis, inequaliter notatus; sutura mediocris ;
columella callo levi induta, apicem interiorem a basi teste mostrans; apertura
obliqua, ovalis, 5-7 long. teste equans, ad basin expansior. Long. 21; diam. 9
mill.

Habitat in provincia Nebraska, frequens inter flumina ‘‘ Loup Fork,” et “ L’eau
qui court” Dr. F. V. Hayden! (Yellowstone Ex. Ex.)

[May, 1588.

16 [115]

Var. MINoR.—Long. 15 mill. ad “ Red River of the North,” legit R. Kennicott.

Shell elongate-oval, thin; shining, amber-colored ; spire short, acute; whorls
three, convex, the last marked with the wrinkles of growth, and irregular,
heavy, spiral furrows ; suture moderate; columella covered lightly with callus ;
and allowing all the interior whorls to be seen from below to the apex; aper-
ture oblique, oval, 5-7ths the length of the shell, the lower portion of its mar-
gin considerably expanded.

Mr. Say describes S. ovalis as showing the interior apex from the base of the
shell ; in other respects his description does not apply to this shell. Its aper-
ture is nearer that of S. ovalis, Gould non Say, but the peristome is much more
flexuose, and the upper third of the shell becomes gradually attenuated, so as
to give a sharp pointed appearance, though the spire itself is short. The re-
volving lines are sometimes continuous over the whole body whorl, but gene-
rally interrupted, or confined to the interstices of the incremental striz or
wrinkles. It shares this peculiarity with S. concordialis, Gould, and S. lineata,
nob.

Named in honor of Dr. F. V. Hayden.

Hexix cooprri.—Testa umbilicata; elevato-globosa: solida; striis obliquis
incrementi et lineis spiralibus leviter intercidentibus notata ; alba, ad periphe-
riam fascia unica, angusta, rufa, cincta, aut fasciis et lineis rufis, volventibus,
varié dispostis, ornata ; suturaimpressa; spira elevata; anfr. 5 convexi, ultimus -
rotundatus, ad aperturam valde descendens; umbilicus mediocris, pervius,
1-5 diam. maj. teste zequans; apertura perobliqua, circularis; perist. sim-
plex, incrassatum, ad umbilicum reflexiusculum, marginibus valde approximatis,
callo albo, crasso, conjunctis. Diam. maj. 15; min. 13; alt. 9 mill.

Habitat, Black Hills, provincia Nebraska, frequens. Dr. F. V. Hayden! ¢Yel-
lowstone R. Ex. Ex., Lieut. Warren.)

Shell umbilicated ; elevated, globose ; solid, with oblique incremental striz
intersected with delicate spiral lines; color white, variously marked with a
single narrow band, or broader longitudinal and spiral patches of reddish-
brown; suture impressed ; spire elevated ; whorls five, convex, the last rounded,
very decidedly deflected at the aperture; umbilicus moderate, pervious, 1-5th
the greater diameter of the shell ; aperture very oblique, circular ; perist. simple,
thickened, reflected at the umbilicus, with its extremities very nearly approach-

-ed, and joined by a heavy white callus.

Resembles nearly no described American species. Has an elevated spire like
H. pennsylvanica, Green, and somewhat approaches ZH. solitaria, Say. It is,
however, very much smaller, has rougher strie and revolving lines ; the umbili-
cus is different, as is also the circular aperture, with nearly approaching ends
like H. vittata, Mull., of Ceylon. There is a curious variety of H. solitaria, Say,
found by Lieut. Bryan at. Bridger’s Pass, which may be compared with this in
size, but the only specimen I have examined has no revolving lines, and wants
the characteristic aperture. Some specimens of this species have a more
flattened spire.

Named in honor of Dr. J. G. Cooper, of P. R. R. Survey.

HELIX NEWBERRYANA. Testa laté umbilicata; orbiculato-depressa; solida;
striis tenuibus incrementi et lineis subtilissimis, spiralibus, leviter granulato-
decussata ; nigra, aut rufo-brunnea, sub epiderme alba; sutura valdé impressa;
spira depressa; anfr. 6, regulariter accrescentes, superi plani, ultimus convexus,
subtus rotundatus, ad aperturam descendens; umbilicus latus, perspectivus,
anfr. omnes ad apicem mostrans; apertura obliqua, transverso-lunaris; in ex-
emplis junioribus, paries aperturalis, sculpturd anfr. precedentis, callo levi
obliterata, eleganter notata est lineis elevatis, numerosis, confertis, spiralibus ;
in exemplis maturis, hec sculptura occulta est callo incrassato, sed intus in anfr.
omnibus remanet; perist. simplex, acutum, intus callosum, marginibus sub-
convergentibus, callo albo conjunctis. Diam. maj. 37; min. 20: alt. 13 mill.

Habitat in California. Specimina plurima collegit Dr. J. 8S. Newberry,
(Colorado Ex. Ex. Lieut. Ives.)

[May,

[116] 17

Shell broadly umbilicated ; orbicularly-depressed; solid; lightly decussated
by incremental strie,and numerous fine spiral lines: color black or reddish
brown, under the epidermis white and shining ; suture deeply impressed ; spire
depressed; whorls 6, regularly increasing, the upper ones flattened, the last
convex, rounded below, and slightly deflected at the aperture ; umbilicus broad,
showing all the volutions clearly; aperture oblique, transversely-lunar; in
young specimens the decussated sculpturing of the shell on the parietal wal!
of the aperture is covered with a light callus as the animal grows, and ele-
gantly marked with numerous fine, crowded, spiral lines; in mature specimens
this beautiful marking is entirely obliterated by the deposition of callus, but
on breaking the shell, the lines will be found to exist within ; peristome simple,
acute, thickened within, ends slightly approximated, joined with a white
callus.

This species bears no close resemblance to any known American Helix. It
belongs to the same group as H. vancowverensis, Lea, but differs in size, color,
number of whorls, umbilicus, want of peculiar depression of the lip, by its
beautifully decussated surface, and peculiar parietal wall of the aperture. I
know of no species sharing this last beautiful peculiarity. In form alone, dead
specimens may be compared with H. algira, Lin., of Europe, but the spire is
Hatter and umbilicus larger.

Named in honor of Dr. J. 8. Newberry, the Geologist of the Colorado Ex. Ex.

BULIMUS PATRIARCHA.—T. perforata, ovata, solidissima, alba, rugosa; anfr.
6 convexi, ultimus ventricosus, 5-7 long. teste squans; apertura ovata;
perist. simplex, intus incrassatum, marginibus callo albo crassojunctis, columel-
lari reflexo, umbilicum subtegente. Long. 35; diam. 19, aperture long. 19;
diam. 13 mill. ’

Habitat in republicé Mexicana. Specimina plurima et matura et nondum
adulta, collegit Berlandiére in Buena Vista.

Shell perforate, ovate, heavy, white and wrinkled; whorls 6, convex, the last
yentricose, equalling in length 5-7 of the shell; aperture ovate; peristome sim-
ple, thickened within, the extremities joined by a heavy white callus, the
columellar extremity slightly reflected so as partially to conceal the umbilicus.

Belongs to the same group as Bul. dealbatus, Say, alternatus, Say, lactarius,
Mke., liquatilis, Reeve, Schiedeanus, Pf., &c. The characteristics which form its
differences are alike present in young and old specimens, and constant in all
from the locality. I therefore consider it as well entitled to specific distinction
as those named.

Named from its greater size and more antiquated appearance, as compared
with the allied species.

From the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, November, 1858.]

[Vol. x. p. 197 et seqq.]

Notes on American Land Shells, No. 4.
BY W. G. BINNEY.

The following Catalogue of American Terrestial Mollusks, is offered in the
hope of drawing attention to the subject, and by exciting criticism, to furnish
the first step towards an arrangement of the confused synonomy. The list is
necessarily incomplete, as but asmall portion of the oldest States has been
thoroughly searched, and an immense extent of territory remains quite unex-

plored.

The species of the Pacific coast north of Mazatlan, are catalogued separately.
The Mexican species will be published in a subsequent paper.
Reference is made only to authors giving a description or figure of each

species.
I

Famitra LIMACEA.

ARION.
l. A.foliatus Gid.

Limax.
. L.Columbianus Gid.

Fam1a HELICEA.
Succinga.
. S.cingulata Forbes.
.8S.Nuttalliana Lea, Pf, Binn.,
.S. Oregonensis Lea, Pf., Binn.,
.S.rusticana Gid., Pf.
Species exclusa.
S. aperta, Lea, Ins. Sandw. nec
Cal. teste Gould.
HELIx.
7. Hacutedenta W. G. Binn.
? var. 8 Helix Loisa, W. G. Binn.
i. eruginosa Gould, =H. arrosa.
8. H.anachoreta W. G. Binn.
H. arboretorum Val., =Helix Nick-
liniana.
9. H. areolata Pf, Phil., Chemn.»
Gid., Rve.
var. 3. Pfeiffer.
var. 7.’ Pfeiffer.
H. areolata var. Chemn.
10. H. arrosa Gid. in litteris.
H. eruginosa Gld. (olim,) W. G.
Bina.
11. H.aspersa Mull.?
H, Baskerville, Pf. &. =H. devia.
12. H. Californiensis Lea, Tros.
Chemn., Rve., DeK., Binn.
H. vincta Val., Rve., Pf., Chemn.,
H. Californiensis Pf., Chemn., Rve.,
=H. Nickliniana.

bo

Or Bm oo

fon)

13. H. Columbiana Lea, Tros.,

DeK., Chemn., Pf., Rve., Binn.
HM. labiosa Gld., Pf.
H. damascenus Gld.=H. Pandore.

. H. devia Gld., Pf.

H. Baskervillet Pf., Rve.

-H. Dupetithouarsi Desh.,
Chemn., Pf., Rve.. W. G. Binn.,
Gid.

(junior), H. Oregonensis Lea, Tros.,
DeK., Pf

16. H. exarata Pf?

17. H.fidelis Gray, Mull., Chemn.,
Pf., Rve., W. G. Binn.

H. Nuttalliana Lea, Tros., DeK.
Binn., Gld.

. H.germana Gld., Pf.

. Hinfumata Gid, W. G. Binn.

. Hointercisa W. G. Binn.

H. Nickliniana var. Binn.

21. H.Kelletti Forb., Chemn, Pf.,
Rve.
H. labiosa Gld., &c. =H. Colum-
biana.
H. Lecontii Lea, =H. loricata Gid.
22. H.levis Pf, Chemn.
var. @. Pfeiffer.
23. H.Loisa \W. G. Binn., (an H.

acutedentatz, var. ?)
. H. loricata Gd, Pf.
H. Lecontii Lea, Pf.
5. H. Mazatlanica Pf.
- H.Mormonum Py
H. nemoraviga Val., =H. Nicklini-
ana.
27. H.Newberryana W. G. Binn.

28. H. Nickliniana Lea, Tros.,
. Binn., (excl. varr.)

”

20

H. nemoraviga Val.

H. arboretorum Val.

H. Californiensis Pf. (et. 6.) Chemn.
(excl. var. 2.) Rve.

H. Nuttalliana Lea, &c. =H. fidelis.

H. Oregonensis Lea, &c. =H. Dupe-
tithouarsi.

9. H. Pandore Forb., Chemn., Pfs

Rve., Gild.
Ff. damascenus Gld., olim.

Ho ramentossa Gid.
. Horedemita W.G. Binn.

HH. Nickliniana var. Binn,

32. Hereticulata Pf.
. H.sportella Gid,, Pf.

_ Ef, vineta Val. &e. =H. Californi-

40.

41.

42.
43.

44.

45.

. B.Laurentii Sowerby, §c., var.

. B. Mexicanus Lam., Deless.,

ensis.
Species exclusa.
H. Sagraiana Orb., (teste Sowb.,
Carp.) Ins. Cuba.

BULIMUS.
.Californicus Rve., Pf.
-chordatus Pf.

. elatus Gld., vid. B. excelsus.

excelsus Gid.
elatus Gld., in tab.
Humboldti Rve., Pf.
. Mexicanus Val., nec Lam.

Mexicanus Pf. (exel. B. Mexicanus
Val.)

bt ed bin by

B. Pfeiffer.

Pf., Rve., nec Val.
Cochlogena vittata Fer.

B. Mexicanus Val., &c. =B, Hum-
boldti.

B. vegetus Gid.

(B. pallidior Sowb,. teste Cuming. )

B. vesicalis Gild.* nomen trans-
mutandum.

B. zebra Muller, $c. vide infra.

B. ZiegleriPf, Rve.
ACHATINA.

A. Californica Pf, Rve.

Species exclusee.

Achatina Albersi Pf. =Glandina.

Achatina turris Pf. =Glandina.
GLANDINA.

G. Albersi Pf

46. G. turris (Achatina), Pf, Rve,

Desh.

Glandina Albersi var. turriia P., P.
Carp.

Oleacina turris Gr. et PE.
Faminia AURICULACEA.

Sus-raminia MELAMPEHA.

MELAMPUS.
M. olivaceus Carp.

Famitta ACICULACHA.
TRUNCATELLA.
TT. Californica Pf
Truncatella —? Carpenter.
We

Faminia LIMACHA.
VAGINULUS.
. V. Floridianus Bina.
Species excluse.

Vaginulus flexuolaris Grat.
cs Fuscut@ Grat.
a oxyurus Grat.
me quadrulus Grat.

47.

TREBENNOPHORUS.

.T. Carolinensis (Limaz),
Bose.
Limax Carolinianus De Roissy.
“© Carolinensis Fer., Bosc.
Desh. in Lam., Mrs. Gray.
“ marmoratus DeK,, (teste
Newcomb,in litt. Linsley?
“ togata Gld.
Philomycus Carolinensis Fer., Gr.
et Pf.
T. Carolinensis Binn., Ad., DeK.,
Stimp., (abs. desc.)
T.dorsalis Binn.
Philomycus dorsalis Binn. (olim),
Ad., Gr. et Pf.
Limaz dorsalis Dek.

51.

ARION.
52. A. empiricorum Fer., (deste
Grat.)
53. A-hortensis Fer., Binn., DeK.,
Gr. et Pf. ;

Species exclusa.
Arion foliatus Gld., (teste Grat.,)
hab. litt. occid.

Limax.

54. L. agrestis Mill. Ad. DeK.,

Gr. et Pf.
LI. tunicata Gld.

*Dr. Gould suggests for B. vesicalis, the name sufflatus.

55.

56.

57.

21

L. campestris Binn.,Ad.,DeK.,
Gr. et Pf.

L, flavus Binn., Gr.‘et Pf =L.
variegatus.

L. tunicata Gid., Gr. et Pf. =L.
agrestis.

L.variegatus Fer., §c., Binn.

LL flavus Binn. olim,DeK.,Gr. et Pf.

Species excluse.

LE. Carolinianus De Roissy =Teben-
nophorus Carolinensis.

L.. Carolinensis Fér., &c. =Teben-
nophorus Carolinensis.

I. Columbianus Gld., (teste Grat.)

L. dorsalis DeK. =Tebennophorus
dorsalis.

LL. fuliginosus Gld., (teste Grat.)

L. gracilis Raf., Gr. et. Pf.

NS

. marmoratus DeK., Linsley, —v.
Tebennophorus Carolinensis.
LL. olivaceus Gld., teste Grat.
LI. togata Gld., =Tebennophorus
Carolinensis.
E Limaceis excluse.
Bumelus Raf.
a lividus Raf.
7 nebulosus Raf.
Deroceras Raf.
u gracilis Raf.
Philomycus Raf.
ue _ Carolinensis Fer. =Te-
bennophorus Caroli-
nensis.
< dorsalis Binn., (olim.)
=Tebennophorus dor-
salis.
oe flecuolaris Raf.,Gr. et Pf.
Ks fuscus Raf., Gr. et Pf.
C lividus Gr. et Pf.
ct nebulosus Gr. et Pf.
Testacina Raf. teste Gr. et Pf.
Ureinella Raf., teste Gr. et Pf..
Zilotea Raf., teste Gr. et Pf.
Oxyrus Raf., Gr. et Pf.
4 quadrilus Raf.,Gr. et Pf.

Faminia HELICEA.
VITRINA.

V.angelice Beck. (abs. desc.)
Moil., Pf.

Helix pellucida Fabr.

Helix domestica Strom, teste Fabr.

V. Americana Pf., &. =V. limpida.

. V. limpida Gild., Pf.

V. pellucida Say, Ad., DeK.,Stimp.,
(abs. desc.) Binn., nec Mill.
V. Americana Pf., (olim).

*H. Berlanderiana Mor., Desh.

Reeve, Binn.

H. pachyloma Mke., Pf. ?
Hi. virginalis Pf.? Chemn. ?

59.

60.

61.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

AM RM %&

s.
8S.
aS
8.
8.

V. pellucida Say, &c. =V. limpida,
Succinga.

S. aurea Lea, Pf., Gid.,

S. ovalis teste Anthony, abs. desc.

S. avara Say, Ad., Gid., (excl. S.

vermeta,) Pf-,DeK.,Chemn., Binn.
_ (excl. 8. vermeta).

S. Wardiana Lea, Pf.

var. major.

S.campestris Say, Pf, (excel.
S. campestris Gld.,) Chemn. (excl.
do.) Desh. in Fer., Binn., nec
Gld., DeK.,§c. Sreipt. Am., (abs.
desc.)

. campestris Gld., &c. =S. obliqua.

concordialis Gid., Pf.

. munita Binn., vol. 1, abs. desc.

. effusa Shutt., Chemn., Pf.

.Groenlandica Beck. (abs.
desc.) Méll., Pf.

5 S.Haydeni W.G. Binn.

var. minors.

. S.inflata Lea, Pf.

8S.

campestris var. (teste Binn.)

lineata W. G. Binn.

lineata DeK., =S. obliqua.

luteola Gld., Pf. in litt.

munita Binn. =S. concordialis.
obliqua Say, Ad. DeK.,

Chemn., Binn., (excl. S. Totten-

tana.) '

. ovalis Say, Ad., DeK., Desh. in

Lam., Enc. Mech., et in Fer.,

Pf., Chemn., nec Gld. ;

campestris Gld., DeK., &c. Ser.

Am., (absq. desc.), nec Say-

S. lineata DeK.

Cochlohydra ovalis Fer.

S.ovalis Gid., (non Say,) Binn.,
(excl. S. ovalis Ad., ?)

. ovalis Say, &c. =S. obliqua.

.retusa Lea, DeK., Pf.

. ovalis Binn., (excl. syn. desc. et

fig.)

. campestris Anthony (pars.) abs.

desc.), nec Say.

Salleana Pf, Chemn.

. Texasiana Pf. =S. luteola.

Totteniana Lea, Pf., Gid.

. obliqua Binn., (pars.) nec Say.

.vermeta Say. (=S. avara,
Say, var. teste Gild., Ad., Binn.,

Pf.)

&R

8.

DAnnnn R nn

(i A ee ee
in Lam., Chemn., Pf. in vol. tit., nee vol. i

Are

30.
81.

22

S. Wardiana Lea, &c. =S. avara.

Species excluse.
S. amphibia Dr., an in Am.?
S. putris Lin., an in Am.?
HELIx.
H. abjecta Gld., =Helix divesta.

5. H. albolabris Say, Ad., Binn.,

Gid., DeK.,Desh. in Fer., (excl.

xlvi. A. f. 7 et xliii. f. 4.) Chenu,

Chemn. (excl. varr. C and D,) Pf.

(excl. varr. 7 d,) ve., Billings,

Bid., (excl. H. majore.)
Helicogena albolabris Fer., (exvl. y.)
Lister fig. 45, Petiver, No. 3.

junior, Helix rufa DeK.

var. =dentata.

HH. albozonata Binn., =Helix gris
eola.

H. alliaria Forb. vid. Helix Steeus-
trupil.

H. annulata Case. =Helix exigua.

.H. alternata Say, Binn., Ad.,

Gld., DcK., Pf., Desh. in Fer.,
_ Pot. et Mich., Chemn., Rve., Bil-
lings.
Helicella alternata Fer.
H. scabra Lam., Chenu, Desh. in
Lam., DeK.
H. radiata Gmel.
Petiver, No. 5, List., t. 90, f. 69.
H. infecta Pf.
H. strongylodes Pf.? Rve.?
Var. 1. albina.
2. Australis.
3. carinata (H. mordax Sh.?)
4. levigatior.

H. apex Rve., =H. minuscula.

H. apicina Menke., vid. H. varians.

H. appressa Say, Binn., DeK.,
Chemn., Pf., Desh, in Fer., Rve.

H. linguifera Lam., Desh. in Lam.,
Deless.,Chenu.,Pf., (olim. Symb.
1),

Helicodonta linquifera Fer.

Var. a. Say.

. H.arborea Say, Binn.,Ad., Gid.,

DeK., Chemn.,. Pf., (excl. #.
Oitonis,) Rve.

Helicella arborea Fer., (H. nitidee
var.)

.HAriadne Pf., Chemn.

H. Couchiana Lea.
H.aspersa Mill., Pf., §c., Binn.

H. asteriscus Morse.
H. minutissima Gld., nee Lea.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.
92.

H. auriculata (Polygyra) Say.
HZ. auriculata Binn., (excl. H. avara
et Texasiana), Chemn., Desh.
in Lam. et in Fer., Pf., Rve.
Helicodonta auriculata Fer.,
ts minor Fer.? Conf. H.
uvulifera.
Hf, auriculata var. avara, Binn.?

H.avara (Polygyra,) Say.

H. avara DeK., Chemn.? Pf., Rve.?
Desh, in Fer.

H. auriculata Binn., pars.?

A, Saytt Wood.

Helicodonta avara Fer.

H. barbigera Redf., Gld.*

Hl. bicostata Pf. &c., =Helix gularis.

H. bucculenta Gid., Pf.

Hi. thyroides var. 8. Pf.?

Helicodonta thyroides var. 8, Fer?

Var. minor.

H. bulbina Desh. in Fer.
H capillacea Pf., —H. fuliginosa.

H. capsella Gid.

H. rotula Gld., (olim nec Lowe), Pf.

Hi. placentula Shutt., Pf., Gld.

H. carnicolor Pf., &c., =H. varians.

HM. carolinensis Lea, &c., vid., H.
palliata.

H.cellaria Mull. Pf. §c., Binn.,
Gild., DeK.

? H. glaphyra Say, nec Pf., Bld.

Helicella glaphyra Fer., abs. desc.

H. cereolus Muhl., Chemn., Pf.
Rve.

Polygyra septemvolva Say.

H. septemvolva Binn., (pars), Wood,
Sow., Pot. et Mich., Desh. in
Fer.

Helicodonta septemvolva Fer.

Hi. planorbula Lam., Desh. in Lam.,
Chenu, Deless.

Var. laminifera.

H. chersina Say, Binn., (excl.
HI. egena), Ad., Gld. DeK.

H. fulva, teste Chemn., Pf., Rve.,
Forb. & Hani.

HI. cicericula Fer, —H. griseola.

H. Clarkii Lea.

H.clausa Say, Chenu., DeK ?
Binn. in Terr. Moll. (excl. synon.)
Bid.

H. Pennsylvanica Pf. pars., Rve.,
Chemn. pars., nec Green.

Var.

H, clausa Binn, fig. in Bost. Journ.

28

Hi. clausa =Pf., Fer., &c. —H. in-

flecta.

93, H.concava Say, Binn.in T. M.,
Ad. DeK., Binn. in B. J. (excl,
syn et tab.)

H. planorboides Pf., Chemn., Rve.,
Desh. in Fer.

Felicella planorboides Fer. abs. des.

TH. dissidens Desh.

H. convexa Chemn., Pf., &. =H.
monodon.
HH. (Stenostoma) convexa Raf. —H.
hirsuta. -
94. H. Cooperi W.G. Binn.

Hi. costata Mull., —H. pulchella.
H. Couchiana Lea, =H. Ariadne.
95.H.Cumberlandiana (Carocol-
la) Lea, Trosc.
H. Cumberlandiana Binn., DeK., Rve.
WER
HT, (Omphalina) cuprea Raf., vid. H.
fuliginosa.
Hi. dejecta Gld. —Helix divesta.
6.H. demissa Binn., Pf., Rve.
H. (Helicodonta) denotata Fer. &c.
= Helix palliata.

97.H. dentifera Binn., Ad., DeK.,
Mrs. Gray, Pf., (excl. syn.)
Chemn., (excl. syn. et fig.)

H. diodonta Say, &c. =Helix
Sayii Binn.
98. H. divesta Gld.
Hi. abjecta Gld., (olim.,) Pf.
H dejecta Gld., olim.

99.H. Dorfeuilliana (Polygyra)

Lea, Tros.
H. fatigiata Binn., (pars. excl.
syn. et fig.)
H. Dorfeuilliana Bid. nec. Pf.,
Desh. in Fer., Rve.
H. Dorfeulliana Desh. =H. Haz-
ardi.
100.H. Edgariana (Carocolla) Lea,
Tros.
H. Edgariana Pf., Rve., Gld.
Hi. spinosa var. Binn.
101. H. Edvardsi Bid.
102, H. egena Say, DeK., Chemn., Pf.,
ve.
non H. egena Gld., in Terr. Moll.
HZ, egena Gld. =Helix Gundlachi.
103. Pipes Gid., Binn., DeK.,

H. nitidosa var. Pf., olim.
HI. pura pars Chemn., Pf., Rve.

104.

105.
106.

107.

108.

109.

110.

aL Lit

112.

H.elevata Say, Binn., DeK.,
Chemn., Pf., Mrs. Gray, Rve.,
Desh. in Fer. (excl. H. elevata
Orb.)

Helicodonta Knoxvilliana Fer.

junior Helix Tennesseensis Lea,
Pf.

H. Elliotti Redf., Gid.

H. exigua Stim., Pf., Gld.

H. annulata Case, Pf., Ann. et
Mag. N. H.

Hi. striatella junior, teste, Gld.,
olim (Sill. Journ.)

H. exoleta Binn. Dek.

HI, albolabris d unidenta Pf., olim.

ee var. D. Chemn.

Helicodonta albolabris var. Fer.

H. zaleta Binn. olim, Pf., Desh.
in Fer., Rve., Mrs. Gray.

H. Fabricii (Petasia) Beck.

H. Fabricii Moll., Pf., Rve.

H. Hammonis Strom.?

H. nitida Fabr.?

H. alliaria Forb. teste Morch.

H. fallax Say, DeK., Chemn.,
Pf., Rve.

H, tridentata Binn., pars.

H. fatigiata (Polygyra) Say.

H. fatigiata Binn., (in B. J. ex
parte, excl. syn. et fig.) ditto. in
Terr. Moll. (ex parte, excl. syn.
et t. xxxix. f. 2,) Shut., Bland.

H. Texasiana var. B. Chemn.,
(excl. desc. syn. et fig.) Desh.
in Fer., (excl. desc. syn. et
fig.

H. Texasiana @ Pf., (excl. desc. et
syn.)

H. Dorfeuilliana Desh. in
(excl. syn.)

Helicina fastigiata DeK.

Hi. fatigiata Binn., pars vid. H.
Hazardi.

Hi, florulifera Rve. =Helix uvuli-
fera.

H. fraterna Say, &c., vid. H. mono-
don.

H. fraterna Wood =Helix hir-
suta.

H. friabilis W. G. Binn.

Hi. lucubrata Pf. in litt.

H. fuliginosa JBinn., (an
Bost. J., excl. H. lucubrata et
H. levigata) do. in Terr. Moll.
(excl. H. levigata), Ads., (excl.
Hl. lucubrata) DeK., Chemn.
Pf., Rve.?

Fer.,

24

H. capillacea Pf., olim, nec. Fer.

Omphalina cuprea Raf. 2
Hi. glaphyra Pt.,Rve. =Helix inor-
nata.
Hi. glaphyra Say, vid. Helix cella-
ria.
113. H. griseola Pf., Chemn., Rve.,
HI. splendidula An. (abs. dese.)

teste Pf.
H. cicercula Fer., MSS. teste Pf.,
Brandybene pisum, Beck (In

dex) teste Pf.
HZ. albozonata Binn.?

114. H. gularis Say, Binn., De K.,

Chemn. (excl. var.) Mrs. Gray,
Pf. (excl. var. 8) Rve.

H. bicostata Pf., (olim. nec in
litteris), Chemn., Rve.

Helicodonta gularis, Fer.

Helicostyla Rafinesquea, Fer.?

var. umbilicata.

115.H. Gundlachi Pf. Chemn.
HZ. pusilla Pf., olim. nec Lowe.
H. egena Gld., nec Say.

HI. Hammonis Strom. = Helix Fab-

ricii.?
116. H. Hazardi Bland.

Polygura plicata, Say.

H. fatigiata Binn. in Bost., J.,
(excl. syn. et t. xix. f. 3), ditto
in Terr. Moll. (excl. syn. et f.
3

H. Texasiana Pf., (excl. desc. et
fig.) Chemn., (excl. desc. syn.
et fig.)

HI. Dorfeuilliana Desh. in Fer.,
(excl. dese. syn. et fig.) nec
Lea.

Hi. Troostiana W. G. Binn., olim.
nec Lea.

Helicina plicata DeK.

A. (Carocolla) helicoides Lea =H.
obstricta, Say.

117.H. Hindsi Pf, Chemn., Rve.,

Gid.

118.H. hippocrepis Pf, Rve.,
Chemn.

119. H. hirsuta Say, Binn., (excl.,
H. stenotrema), DeK., Gid.,

Desh. in Lam. et En. M., Mrs.
Gray, Chemn., (excl. var.), Pf,
(excl. 8), Rve., Desh. in Fer.

AM. fraterna, Wood.

Hf. sinuata y Gmelin.

H. isognomostomus y Gmelin ex
parte.

Helicodonta hirsuta Fer.,
var. a).
Tridopsis hirsuta Woodw.
Stenostoma convexa Raf.
? junior H. porcina Say, DeK.,
Pf., Bland.
120.H. hispida Linn.
121.H.Hopetonensis Shut., Rve.,
Chemn., Pf., Gid.
HI. tridentata Binn. (ex parte),
Fer., (ex parte), nec Say.

122.H. hortensis Mull., Binn.,
Gid.
H. nemoralis Stim., (abs. des.)
Hi. subglobosa Binn., (olim,) DeK.

123. H. hydrophila Ingalls ined.
H. lucida ODyrap. teste Binn.,
Gld., et Pf., in litteris.

124.H. incrustata Poey, Pf.
HI. saxicola Binn., Gld. in Terr.
Moll., nec Pf.
125.H. indentata Say, Binn.,
DeK., Gild., Ad., Chemn., Pf.,
Rve.
var. umbilicata.
H. infecta Pf. =H. aiternata.

126. H. inflecta Say, Binn., DeK.,
Mrs. Gray.
Xolotrema clausa Raf.
Helicodonta clausa Fer.

(excl.

Helix clausa, Desh. in Lam.,
Chemn., Pf., Desh. in Fer., Rve.,
nec Say.

Lister, 93, f. 93?
junior? H. porcina Say, &c.

127.H. inornata Say, Binn., Ad.,
DeK., Pf. in Symb. 1, (excl H.
Suliginosa) et Mon.
H. glaphyra Pf. Rve., nec Say.
HI. inornata Rve. =H. levigata.
128. H. interna Say, Binn., DeK.,
Chemn., Pf., Rve.
H. pomum-Adami Green.
var. albina.
129. H.intertexta Binn.,
Chemn., Phil., Pf., Rve.
var. carinata.
HH. isognomostomus, Gmel. vid. H.
hirsuta.

130.H. jejuna Say, DeK., Pf,
Bland.

H. Mobiliana Lea, Pf., Binn.
es junior ? teste, Pf.
in litteris.

Dek.,

131.
132.

133.

134.

135.

136.

137.

138.

139.

25

H. (Helicodonta)
Fer., =H. elevata.

H.kopnodes W. G. Binn.

H. labyrinthica Say., Binn.,
Gild., Ad., Pf., DeK., Chemn.,
Desh. in Fer., Rve.

Helicodonta labyrinthica Fer.

H. laevigata, £7. (axel. H.
inornata,) Chemn., Rve.

Helicella laevigata Fer. ? absq.
desc.

Hi. inornata Rve., (excl. syn).

HZ. lucubrata Binn., in Ter. Moll.,
(excl. syn.) nec Sav.

H. fuliginosa Binn. in B. J., pars.
(excl. desc. syn. et fig.)

var. major. Pf., (an #H. levi-
gata, Rve.?)

H. lasmodon Piill., DeK.,
Pf., Binn.

2H. macilenta Shutt., Gld., Pf.

H. Lavelleana Orb, vid. H. mi-
nuscula.

H. leporina Gld., Rve., Bid.

H. pustula, var. 8 Pf.

H.ligera Say., Binn., DeK.,
(excl. fig.) Chemn., Pf., Desh.
in Fer., Rve.

Helicostyla Rafinesquea Fer.?

H. Rajinesquea Pf., olim.

Lister, p. 81, f. 82.

H. Wardiana Lea, Trosc., DeK.

H.limatula Ward. in Binn.,
Pf.

H. lineata Say, Binn., Ad.,
Gld., Pf., DeK., Chemn., Desh.
in Fer., Rve.

Helicella lineata Fer.

Planorbis parallelus Say.?

H. lucida Binn., &c., vid. H. hy-
drophila.

H. lucubrata Binn. =H. levigata.

Hi. lucubrata Pf. in litteris =H.
friabilis.

Hi. macilenta
modon.

H. major Binn.,
Gray.

H. albolabris Pf., (y maxima),
Chemn. (C), Desh. in Fer.,
(pars t. 43, f. 4, et 46 A., f. 7,)
Rve. 656?, Bld., nec Say.

Helicogena albolabris y Fer.

H. Mauriniana Orb. vid. H. mi-
nuscula.

Shutt. =H. las-

DeKk., Mrs.

141.

an

42.

143.

144.

145.
146.

147.

148.

Knoxvilliana )140.H. microdonta Desh, in Fer.,

Chemn., Pf., Rve.
H. plana Dunker.

H. minuscula Binn., (excl.
syn.), Pf., (excl. minutissima?)
Ad., Chemn., Rve., Shutt.

H. minutalis More., nec Fer,

H. apex Rve.

H. Lavelleana Orb. in textu.

Hi. Mauriniana Orb. in tab.

H. minuta Say =H. pulchella.

HA minutalis Mor. =H. minuscula,

H. minutissima Lea., Tros.,
Pf.

H. Mitchella Kirt. =H. Mitch-
elliana ?

H. Mitchelliana Lea, Tros.,
DeK., Chemn.? Pf., Bld., nec
Desh. in Fer.

Hi. clausa Binn., pars nec Say.

H. Mitchella Kirt.? absq. dese.

H. Mitchelliana Desh. =H. Penn-
sylvanica.

H. Mobiliana Lea =H. jejuna.

H. monodon Rack., Binn. in
Bost. J., Gild., DeK., Mrs.
Gray, Bill., Binn. in Terr.
Moll., (excl. H. fraterna).

H. convexa Chemn., (excl. syn.
et t. 66, f. 24-27), Pf., (excl. ¢
et 7), Desh. in Lam. et in Fer.,
Rve.

Helicodonta hirsuta, a, Fer., (excl.
syn).

var. 1. H.fraterna Say., Binn.
in B. J., Mrs. Gray.

H. monodon, ex parte DeK., Binn.
in Terr. Moll.

H. monodon Wood.

HI. convexa Chemn. pars.

‘ var. Rve.

ne var. 6 Pf.
var. 2. H. Leaii Ward, ined.
H. monodon, var. y Pf.

ss ex parte Binn.

H. Mooreana W. G. Binn.

H. mordax Shutt.. Pf, Gid.,
conf. H. alternata var. carinata.

H. multidentata Binn., Ad.,
Chemn., Pf., Rve.

H. multilineata Say., Binn.,
DeK., Pf., Chemn., Desh. in
Fer., Rve.

Helicogena multilineata, Fer.
var. albina.
var. rufa, unicolor.

149.

150.

151.

152.

153.

26

A, nemoralis St. =H. hortensis.

Hi. nitida Fabr. vid. H. Steens-
trupii.

H. nitidosa var. Pf. =H. elec-
trina.

H. notata Desh. =H. palliata.

H. obstricta Say, Pf., Rve.
H. palliata var. a. Say.

os var. a. b. DeK.
Hi. palliata var. Binn.

H. appressa var. Desh.
(in tab. non in tex).
Helicodonta denotata var. Fer.

Carocolla helicoides Lea.

H. Ottonis Pf., olim, Binn.
H. arborea Pf. (Mon., a. Rve.,
(pars, ) nec Say.

H. palliata Say, Binn. osm
HI. obstricta, et Car. helicoides)
Ad., DeK., (excl. var. a. 6.)
Chemn., Pf., Mrs. Gray, Desh.
in Fer., Rve.

Helicodonta denotata Fer.,
var).

Hf. denotata Desh. in Lam.

HZ, notata Desh. (olim).
var. Carolinensis.

HZ. Carolinensis Lea.

Hi. palliata var. ¢., DeK.

ie pars. Fer.,

Pf., Desh.

in Fer.,

(excl.

Binn.,
Chemn., in Fer.,

Rve.

H. patula Desh.
tiva.

H. patula ? Pf. =H. striatella.

H. Pennsylvanica Green,
Bian: Deka; Bye; (excl... A.
clausa,) Chemn., (excl. H.
clausa,) Mrs. Gray, Rue. (676,
excl. syn.) Bld.

=H. perspec-

H. Mitchelliana Desh. in Fer.,
nec Lea.
H. Pennsylvanica Pf., &c., nec

Green =H. clausa.

H. perspectiva Say, Binn.,
DeK., Pot. et Mich., Desh.
in Lam. et in Fer., Chemn.,
Pf., (excl. H. jiliola olim) Rve.

Helicella perspectiva Fer.

A. patula Desh., olim.

H. pisana Mart. & Chem. =H.
varians.
H, placentula Shutt. =H. cap-

sella.
H. plana Dunk. =H. microdon-
ta.

154.

155.

156.

157.

158.

159.

H. planorboides Pf., &. =H
concava.

H. planorbula Lam. =H. cereo-
lus.

H., plicata Shutt. =H. Trostiana.

HT, (Polygyra) plicata Say
Hazardi.

HZ. polychroa Binn. =H. varians.

H. pomum-Adami Green =H. in-
terna.

HI. porcina Say, vid. H. hirsuta

et H. inflecta.
H. profunda Say, Binn., DeK.,
Chemn., Pf., Chenu, Desh. in
Fer., Rve., Mrs. Gray.
Helieella Richardi Fer.

HZ, Richardi Lam., Desh. in Lam.
et En. Meth., Deless., Chenu.
Polygyra profundum Ad. Gen., abs.

esc?
var. unicolor.
var. albina.

H. pulchella Mull.,
Ad., Gid, Say in MSS.
H minuta Say, DeK., Stimp.
var. costata, H. costata, Mull.
Hi. pura vid. H. electrina.
H, pusilla Pf. =H. Gundlachi.

H. pustula (Helicodonta) Fer.

Hi. pustula Pf., (excl., var. ()
Chemn., Desh. in Fer., Rve.,
Bld., non Binn.

Hl, fatigiata Binn., olim (ex parte
excl. desc. syn, et fig.)

H. leporina W. G. Binn., olim ex
parte.

Binn.,

Hi. pustula Binn. =H. pustu-
loides.
H. pustuloides Bid.

HZ. pustula Binn., non Fer.

H. (Helicostyla) Rafinesquea Fer.,
vid. H. ligera et H. gularis.

Hi. radiata Gmel. =H. alternata.

HM. rhodocheila Binn. =H. yari-
ans.

H. Richardi Fer. &c. =H. pro-
funda.

H. Roémeri Pf. olim, Rve.

HI. dentifera Pf. pars, Chemn.
pars. nec Binn.

Hi. rotula Gld. =H. ee.

H. ruderata Ad. =H. striatella.

H. rufa DeK. =H. cates ju

nior.
H. Rugeli Shutt., Pf, Gid.

160.

161.

162.

163.

164.

165.

166.

167.
168.

169.

170.

27

H. Sayii Binn., Ad., Chemn.,
Mrs. Gray, Pf., Desh. in Fer.,
Rve.

H. diodonta Say, DeK.

Hi. Sayii_ Wood. =H. avara.

Hi. saxicola Binn., Gld. =H. in-
crustata.

H. scabra Lam. &. =H. alternata.

H. sculptilis Bld.

H. selenina Gld. =H. vortex.

Hi, sinuata y Gmel. =H. hirsuta.

H. solitaria Say, Binn., DeK.,
Pf., Chemn., Rve.

var. minor.

H. spinosa (Carocolla,) Lea.

H. spinosa Binn., (excl. H. Edga-
riana) DeK., Chemn., Pf., Rve.

H, splendidula Anton =H. griseola.

H. Steenstrupii (Helicella)
Mérch.

Helicella n. s. Steens., teste
Morch.

H. alliaria Forbes Br. Ass., teste
Morch.

fi. nitida Fab., teste Morch conf.
H. Fabricii.

H. stenotrema Fer., (ined.,)
in Pf. Sym., (excl. H. pustu-
la?) Rve.

HH. hirsuta var. 8., Pf. Mon.

Hi. hirsuta var. stenotrema,
Chemn.

A. hirsuta var. B., Pf.

H. striatella Anth., Binn.,
Gild., Ad. olim, DeK., (excl.
syn.) Chemn., Pf., (exel. H. per-
spectiva, olim) Rve.

H, patula junior? Pf. olim.

HZ, ruderata Ad., nec Studer.

Hf. strongylodes Pf. —H. alternata.

H. subglobosa =Binn., &c. =H.
hortensis.

Hi. submeris Mighels =H. varians,

H. subplana Binn., Pf.

H.suppressa Say, Binn., DeK.,
Rve.

Hi. gularis var. B Pf.,
EC var. Chemn.
H. Tamaulipasensis
Texasiana.
Hi. Tennesseensis Lea, =H. elevata.

H. tenuistriata Binn., Pf.
Hi. vortex Gld., (excl. desc. syn.
et. fig.) nec Pf.

H. Texasiana Mor., Pf., (excl.

Lea, =H.

a7
172.

173.

174.

175.

176.

syn. et var. B), Chemn., (excl.
var. et fig.) Desh. in Lam. 3d
ed., Shutt., Rve., Desh. in Fer.?
Binn.

H, auriculata Binn., olim, ex
parte, nec. Say.

HI. fatigiata Fer., Bull. Zool., nec
Say.

var. 6 Pf.

var. (an sp. dist.?) H. triodonta,
Iahn.? (H. Texasiana Fer.,69 D.
f. 2, teste Pf.)

H.tholus W. G. Binn..

H.thyroides Say.
H. thyroidus Say, Binn., Ad., Gld.,
DeK., Mrs. Gray, Desh. in

Lam. 3d ed.
Helicodonta thyroidus Fer., (excl.
var. £).
H. thyroides Chemn., Pf., Rve.
Anchiostoma thyroides Ad. Gen,
Lister, f. 91, Petiver No. 4.
H. tridentata Say, Binn.,
(excl. syn.) Ad., Gld., DeK.,
Pot. et Mich., Wood, Chemn.,
Pf., Desh. in Lam. et in Fer.,
Mrs. Gray, Rve.
Helicodonta tridentata Fer.
Triodopsis lunula Raf.
Lister, fig. 92.
Petiver No. 6.

H. Troostiana (Polygyra) Lea,
Tros.

H. Troostiana Pf., Desh. in Fer.?
Chemn., Rve., Bland.

H. fatigiata Binn., (in tab.Bost.J.
in textu ex parte excl. syn.)
in Terr., Moll., (exparte excl.
syn. et fig.)necSay. __ f

H. fatigiata var. plicata,Binn., in
tab. Terr. Moll.

H. plicata Shutt., nec. Say.

H. uvulifera Shutt., Chemn.,
Pi Glide

Hi. florulifera Rve.

HZ. auriculata minor Feyr.?

H. varians Menke,
Pf., Rve.

Hi. carnicolor Pf. olim, Desh. in
Fer., Rve.

Hi. pisana Mart. et Chemn., Fer.?
nec Mull.

H., submeris Migh., Pf.

H. rhodocheila Binn., olim.

HZ. polychroa Binn.

Helicella carnicolor Fer.

Hemitrochus hemastomus Sowb.

Cheman.,

28

var. @ H. apicina Menke, ( Chemn.)
177.H. ventrosula Pf, Chemn.,
Rve.
var. depressa.
178. H. volvoxis Pf., Chemn., Rve.
Polygyra septemvolva Beck? (Pf.)

179.H. vortex Pf, Chemn., Rve.,
Gid.
A. selenina Gld. olim, Rve.
180.H. vultuosa Gild., Reeve,
Chemn., Pf.

H. Wardiana Lea =H. ligera.
Hi. zaleta Binn., &c. —H. exoleta.
Species excluse.

HZ, arbustorum Linn.

Hi. Bonplandi Lam., Florida ?

Hi. harpa Say =Bulimus.

H. dealbata Say, DeK. =Bul. deal-
batus.

HM. depicta Grat.

ff. domestica Strom.

. angelice.

A. hieroglyphica (Euryomphala,)
Beck ?

— Vitrina

H. irrorata Say =H. lactea.

H. lactea Muller, Say.

Helixirrorata Say olim, DeK., Pf.
olim.

HT. nemoralis Lin. ? (teste Gray.)

H. pellucida Fabr. =Vitrina an-
gelice.

1, Pisana Mull. ? teste Gray.

H. subcylindrica Pult., Mont. —
Truncatella.

HA. Trumbulli Lins. —Skenia
serploides, Mont., teste Gld.

H. virgata Mont. ? (teste Gray.)

Bouirmvs.
131. B. acicula (Buccinum,) Miller,

Cc.

182.B. alternatus Say., Pf.

B. lactarius Pf. Rve., Gld., W-

G. Binn.

B. dealbatus Binn. pars. nec Say.
183.B. Binneyanus Pf. in litt.

B. dealbatus Binn. pars, nec Say.

B. Schiedeanus Gld., W. G. Binn.,

nec Pf.
B. confinis Rve., &. =B. deal-
batus.
184.B. dealbatus (Helix) Say.
eK.

B. dealbatus Pot. et Mich.,
Phil., Rve., Pf., Chemn., Binn.,
(excl. varr.)

B. confinis Rve., Pf.

B. liquabilis Rve.

B.decollatus (Helix) Linn.,
Binn., &e.

B. mutilatus Say, DeK., Pf., Rve.

B. Dormani W. G. Binn.

B. Floridianus Pf.

B. gracillimus Pf, Rve.

Achatina gracillima Pf. olim, Binn.

B. striaticostatus Orb. -

B. harpa (Helix) Say.

B. harpa Pf., Chemn., Rve. Binn.

Pupa costulata Migh.

B. hortensis Ad. —B. subula?

B. lactarius Pf. &. —B. alterna-
tus.

B. liquabis Rve. =B. dealbatus.

B. marginatus (Cyclostoma)
Say.

B. marginatus Pf.

B. fallax Gld. in Binn., Stimp. ab.
dese.

Pupa fallax Say, Gld., DeK.,
Chemn., Pf., (olim).

Pupa albilabris Ad.
‘¢ Parraiana Orb.

185.

186.
187.
188.

189.

190.

191. B. multilineatus Say, DeK.,
BE
B. virgulatus Binn. (excl. syn.)
nec Fer.

B. Menkei Gruner, Pf?

B. venosus Rve. ?
B. mutilatus Say =B. decollatus.
192. B. octona Ch. (in hortis.)

B. octonoides Orb. =B. subula.
B. princeps Brod. &c., =B. zebra,
B. procerus Ad. =B. subula.
193.B. Schiedeanus Pf., Phil.,
Chemn.
var. 3 fauce nigra.
var. y apice nigra.
194.B. serperastrus Say, Rve.,
Phil., Chemn., Pf., Binn.
var. 6 ? vid. Cat. Mex.
var. 7 ? vid. Cat. Mex.
B. straticostatus Orb. =B. gracil-
limus.
B. subula Pf., Rve., Binn.
B. procerus Ad., teste Pf.
B. octonoides Orb.
B. hortensis Ad. ?
Achatina subula Pf., olim.
B. undatus Brug. &c. —B. zebra.

196.B. zebra (Buccinum) Mill.

195.

29

Zebra Miilleri Mart. et Chemn. var. 7. Achatina crenata Swain.

Bulla zebra Gmelin, Dill. “ anats Less., Wiegm. Ach.

Bulimus undatus Brug., Lam., “ fasciata var. Rve.
Chemn., Val. Cochlitoma vexillum var. Fer:

Cochlostyla undata Fer. Bulimus zebra Orb.

B. zebra Ant., Orb., Pf., Rve., var. €. Achatina solida Say, DeK..,
Desh., Chemn., Binn. Pf., olim.

Achatina flammigera Say, nec Fer. Achatina lineata Val. =Ach. fas-
es zebra Pf., (olim.) ciata.

Agatina fuscata Raf. 199. A lubrica (Helix) Mill.

Orthaliscus undatus Shutt. Achatina lubrica GE.

var. y- Bulimus princeps Brod., Bulimus lubricus Ad., Gld., DeK.,
Sowb. Binn.

Cochlostyla princeps Orb. Bulimus lubricoides Stimps. abs des

Orthaliscus princeps Shutt. De ansipehedh Toes ete fasei-
Species excluse. ata.

B. exiguus Binn. —Carychium., A. pallida Sw. = Ach. fasciata.

B. fasciatus Binn. —Achatina. 200. A. Di
‘ i . A. picta Rve., Trosch. Pf.
B. Gossei Pf., vid. Macroceramus Bulimus fasciatus var. Binn.

pontificus. ; iy kere:
B. Kieneri Pf., vid. Macroceramus S ee pee ay ea es
pontificus. . vexillum a ae ch. fasciata.
ari i lubricus Ad., &c.,—Acha- A ialaia Be = inniak ,

B. obscurus Dr. vid. Pupa placida ete By alts "ze-
Say. . we ee xs
B. striatus Brug. —Glandina trun- PM ip Pf. =Bulimus gra-

cata. iS ; :
B. verillum Brug. =Achatina fas-| 4: petlueida Pf. olim, Binn, —Blan-
ciata. i .
B. zebra Orb. =Achatina fasciata. reve Desh. =Glandina trun-
MacRocERAMUS. A. striata DeK., &c. =Gl. trun-,
197. M. pontificus (Cylindrella) cata?
Gid. A. subula Pf, —Bulimus.

Cylindrella pontifica Gld. in Binn, A. Texasiana Pf. —Glandina.
=Bulimus Kieneri Pf., (teste Pf.) A. truncata Pf., &c. =Glandina.

=Bulimus Gossei Pf. (teste Poey.) A. vexillum DeK., v. A. virginea.
Pupa unicarinata Binn. A. Vanuxemensis Pf., &c. —Glan-
ACHATINA. dina. e
Achatina Anais Less. Ach. fas-| 4. virginea Linn. (A. verillum DeK..
rare nec Brug.) an in Florida?
198. A.fasciata (Buccinum) Mill. GLANDINA.
Bulla fasciata Mart. et Chemn.,| 201. G. bullata Gid.
Gmel., Dill. Achatina bullata Pf.
Bulimus vexillum Brug., nec DeK. Oleacina bullata Gr. et Pf.
Cochlitoma vexillum Fer. 202. G.corneola W. G. Binn.
ys vexillum Lam., Chemn. Glandina truncata var? Binn.
chatina fasciata Swain., Reeve ,
Orb., Pf., Desh. in Fer. 11/903. G. parallela W. G. Binn.

dela tinue. cin Valen Glandina truncata var. Binn.
Lister t. 12, f. 7. Knorr. t. 25, f. 4.| 204. G. Texasiana (Achatina) Pt.,

Bulimus fasciatus Binn. W. G. Binn.

Agatina variegata Raf. 205. G. truncata (Bulla) Gul. Dill.

junior Achatina murrhea Rye. Buccinum striatum Mart. et Chemn.
Var. 8. Achatina pallida Swain. Bulimus striatus Brug.

Cochlitoma vexillum var. Fer. Cochlicopa rosea Fer.

30

Achatina rosea Desh. in En. Meth.
“ striata Desh. in Lam., Ch.
trucunta Orb., Chemn., Pf.,
Reeve.
Glandina truncata Say, DeK., Chem.
Mrs. Gray, Binn. (excl. var.)
Oleacina truncata Gr. et Pf.
Polyphemus glans Say, olim.
Planorbis glans DeK.
206. G. Vanuxemensis Lea, Binn.,
Pf. olim.
Achatina Vanuxemensis Pf. Reeve.
Oleacina Vanuxemensis Gr. et Pf.
PUPA.

Pupa armigera Pot. et Mich.=P. ar-
mifera.

207. P.armifera (Carychium?) Say.
Pupa armifera Gld., Ad., Pf., DeK.,
Chemn., Binn.
armigera Pot. et Mich.
rupicola Pf. (Symb.)
208. P. badia Ad. Gld., DeK.:Chemn.,
~ Binn.
Pupa muscorum Linn. (teste Forb.
et Hanl.)
muscorum, @. Pf.
Pupa carinata Gld. =P. rupicola.

209. P. contracta (Carychium) Say.
Pupa contracta Gld., Pf., DeK.,
Chemn., Binn.
* Pupa deltostoma Charp. in Chemn.
“ corticaria Pf., (Symb.)

Vertigo contracta Ad. Gen. abs. desc.
210. P. corticaria Say, Gid., DeK.,
Chemn., Binn., (Vertigo ?)
Odostomia corticaria Say, olim.

“c

cc
ce

“ec

Carychium corticaria Fer. (abs.
desc. =

Pupa corticaria Pf. (Symb.) =P.
contracta.

Pupa curvidens Gld.=P. pentodon.

211. P. decora Gid., Pf.
Vertigo decora Ad. Gen. abs. desc.)
Pupa deltostoma Charp. =P. con-
tracta.
Pupa detrita Shull., &. =P. in-
cana.
Pupa gibbosa Chemn.—P. rupicola.
212. P. Hoppii Méll., Tros., Chemn.,
P

Pupa Steenbuchii Beck, teste Mérch.
213. P.incana Binn., Pf.
Pupa detrita Shutt., Pf., (olim.)
“maritima y Pf. (olim.)
‘“ maritima y Gld. in Terr. Méll.

yar. fasciata.

Pupa maritima Gld. =P. incana.
P. maritima y., Pf. = P. ineana.
P. minuta Pf. = P. rupicola.

214. P. modica Gid., Pf.
P. muscorum 6. Pf, =P. badia.

215. P.pentodon (Vertigo) Say.
Pupa pentodon Gld., DeK., Chemn.,
Pf., Binu.
Pupa Tappaniana Ad., Pf., (olim.)
P. curvidens Gld., (olim.)
216. P. placida Say.
=Bulimus marginatus Say, teste
DeK., Gld., (olim.)
= Bulimus obscurus Mull., teste Gld.
Dek... Pi

Pupa procera Gld., &c. =P. rupi-
cola,

217. P.rupicola (Carychium) Say.
Pupa rupicola Gld., DeK., Pf., Binn.
nec Pf. Symb.
Pupa procera Gld., Chemn., Pf.,
(olim.)
Pupa carinata Gld., (olim.) Pf.
Vertigo rupicola Binn.
‘¢ = minuta Ad., Gen?
Pupa gibbosa Chemn.?
“ minuta Pf.

P. rupicola Pf., (Symb.) =P. armi-
fera.

P. Steenbuchii Beck., v. P. Hoppii.

P. Tappaniana Ad., &c.,= P. pen-
todon.

P.variolosa Gid., Pf.
Species exclusce.

P. albilabris Ad. =Bul. margina-
tus.

P. costulata Mighels =Bul. harpa.

P. exigua Say, &. =Carychium.

P. fallax Say, &¢.=Bul. margina-
tus.

P. Gould Binn., &c. =Vertigo.

P. milium Gld., &c. =Vertigo.

P. modesta Say, &. =Vertigo
ovata.

P, ovata Gld.,-&c. =Vertigo.

P, ovulum Pf. —Vertigo ovata.

P. Parraiana Orb. =Bul, margin-
atus.

P. simplex Gld., &c. =Vertigo.

P. unicarinata Binn. =Macrocer-
amus pontificus.

VERTIGO.

219. V.Gouldii Binn., Stimpy. (abs.
dese.)

218.

31

Pupa Gouldii Binn., (olim), Gld., | 224. C.jejuna Gld., Pf.

Chemn., Pf.

- V. milium Gild., Stimp. (abs.

desc.), Binn.
Pupa milium Gld., (olim), Ad.,
DeK., Chemn., Pf.

. V. ovata Say, Stimp. (abs. dese.) | 996.

Binn.

Pupa ovata Gld., Ad., DeK., Pf.,
Chemn.

Pupa modesta Say, Gld.
‘“< ovulum Pf., (olim).

.V. simplex Gid., Stimp. (abs.

desc.) Binn.
P. simplex Gld., (olim), DeK., Pf.

Species excluse.

V. contracta Ad. Gen. =Pupa.

V. decora Ad. Gen. =Pupa.

V. minuta Ad. Gen., v. Pupa rupi-
cola.

V. pentodon Say =Pupa.

V. rupicola Binn. =Pupa.

E Heliceis excluse.

Aplodon Raf.
Aplodon nodosum Raf.
Chimotrema Raf.
Chimotrema planiuscula Raf.
Hemiloma Raf.
Hemiloma avara Raf.
Mesodon Raf.
Mesodon maculatum Raf.
Mesomphix Raf.
Odomphium Raf.
Odostomia Say =Pupa.

we corticaria Say =Pupa.
Odotropis Raf.
Omphalina Raf.

ee cuprea Raf. v. Helix 229.

fulignosa.
Partula Otaheitana Fer.
Stenostoma Raf.
Stenotrema Raf.

e convexa Raf.
Toxostoma Raf.
Toxostoma globularis Raf.
Toxotrema Laf.
Toxotrema globularis Raf.
Toxotrema complanata Raf.
Triodopsis Raf.
Trophodon Raf.
Xolotrema Raf.

: lunula Raf.

a triodopsis Raf.

CYLINDRELLA.

223. C. Goldfussi Menke, Phil.,

Pf.

C. lactaria Binney =C. Poeyana
Orb.

225. C. Poeyana Orb., Pf.

C. lactaria Binn., (excl. desc. et
syn.) nec Gld.

C.Remeri Pf, Remer.
Var. 6.

Species exclusa.
C. pontifica Gd.
samus.
Famitia AURICULACEHA.
Sub-familia MELAMPEA.
MELAMPUS.

= Macrocer-

. M.bidentatus Say, Rus.,Pf.,

(excel. M. borealis).
M. biplieatus Pf.
M. corneus Stimp., (abs. desc.)
M. Jaumei Pf.
Auricula biplicata Desh.
ct cornea Desh.
4 bidentata Gld.,
Chemn.
non Auricula bidens (Say), Pot. et
Mich.
Auricula Jaumet Mittre.
Var. lineatus Say.
Melampus bidentatus (. Pf.
Auricula bidentata var, a. DeK.

M. biplicatus Pf. =M. bidentatus.

DeK..

228. M.cingulatus Pf, Shuit.

Auricula cingulata Pf. (olim),
Chemn.
“ oliva Orb.
sc stenostoma Kust. teste Pf.

M. co ffe a ( Voluta) Linn., Schré.
Gmel., Dill.
Bulla coffea Linn.
Voluta minuta Gmel., Dill.
Auricula mide parva &c., Martini?
Ellobium Barbadense Boelten ?
Bulimus coniformis Brug.
Melampus coniformis Montf., Lowe,
C. B. Ad., Shutt.
“fusca Morch. (teste Pf.)
A coffea Moérch. (teste Pf.)
Melampa minuta Pf., Schw.
Tornatelle coniforme Blain.’
Auricula coniformis Fer., Lam.,
Pot. et Mich., Rve., Sowb.
Chemn.
Auricula ovula Orb.
Conovulus coniformis Lam.,Anton.,
Woodw.
M. coffeus Beck., abs. desc.

32

M. coffee Gray.
M. obliquus Say ?
Var.G?
Melampus coniformis Mont., &c.
=M. coffea.
M. corneus Stimp. =M. bidentatus.
230. M. Fleridianus (Auricula)
Shutt.
M. Floridianus Pf.
M. fusca Morch. =M. coffea.
M. Jaumei Pf. =M. bidentatus.
M. nitens Shutt. =M. pusillus.

231. M. obliq uus Say, Pf.
Auricula obliqua DeK., Conf. M.

coffea.
Melampus ovulum Lowe ee
pusillus.
232. M.pusillus (Voluta) Gmel.,
Dill., Wood.

Voluta n. 108, Sch.
Favanne t. 68, f. H. 4.
_ Auricula mide parva &c., Mart. et
Chemn.
Voluta triplicata Don., Mont., Dill.,
Wood.
Bulimus ovulus Brug.
Melampa ovulum Schw.
Conovula ovula Fer., Pot. et Mich.
Auricula nitens Lam., Chemn.
«pusilla Desh., Petit.
w“ leucodonta Nuttall., MSS.
teste H. and A. Ad.
Conovulus nitens Voigt.
« pusillus Anton.
Melampus ovulum Lowe.
as nitens Shutt.
Pythia ovulum Beck, (abs.
teste Pf.
P. triplicata Beck, (abs. desc.) teste
Pf.

desc.)

Tralia pusilla Ad. Gen.
“* ovulum Mérch. (abs. desc.)
test Pf.
Species excluse.
Melampus borealis Conrad —Alexia
myosotis.
Melampus denticulatus Stimp. —Al-
exia myosotis.

Sub-familia AuvRICcULBA.
AURICULA.
Species excluse.

Auricula bidentata Gld., &c. —Mel-
ampus.

A. biplicata Desh. =Melampus bi-
dentatus.

A. cingulaia Pf., &c. =Melampus.

' A. coniformis Fer. =Melampus cof-

fea.

A. cornea Desh. =Melampus bi-
dentatus.

A. denticulata Gld., DeK. —Alexia
myosotis.

A. Floridianus Shutt. —Melampus.
A. Joumei Mittre. —Melampus bi-
dentatus.

A. nitens Lam.

sillus.
A. obliqua DeK.

=Melampus pu-

=Melampus.

A. oliva Orb. =Melampus cingu-
latus.

A. pusilla Desh. —Melampus.

A. Sayii Kuster. =Leuconia.

A. stenostoma Kuster. =Melampus
cingulatus.

ALEXIA.

233. A.myosotis (Awrcula) Drap.
&e

Alecia myosotis Pf,

Auricula denticulata Gld., DeK.,
nec Mont.
Melampus denticulatus Stimp., (abs.
desc.)
M. borealis Con.
BLAUNERIA.

234. B. pellucida Pf.

Achatina ? pellucida Pf., olim.

Achatina a Gl a.

Tornatellina Cubensis Pf. olim.;
Chemn.

Odostomia 2 Cubensis Poey.

LEUCONIA.

235. L? Sayii (Auricula.) Kiist.

Eeuconia? Sayii Pf.
An Alexia myosotis ?
Carycuium.

236. C.exiguum (Pupa?) Say.

Carychium exiguum Pf., Chemn.,
Stimp., Gld. Frau., Bourg.

C. exile H. C. Lea, Tros.

C. existelium Bourg ?

Of euphaum Bourg ?

Bulimus exiguus Binn.

Pupa exigua Gld., Ad., DeK.

Pupa exigua (abs. desc. ) Kirt., &.
Script. Am.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea =Car.
exiguum ?

C. existelium
uum ?

C. cupheum Bourg.
uum ?

Bourg. =Car. exig-

=Car. exig-

241,

we

33

Species excluse.
Carichium ? armigera Say =Pupa.
uh corticaria Fer. —Pupa.
A contracta Say —Pupa.
4 rupicola Say —Pupa.

Famitra ACICULACEA.
TRUNCATELLA.

. T. bilabiata Pf. Kist.
. T. Caribeensis Sowbd. mss.,

Rve., Pf., Kiist.
T. variabilis Pf., olim, abs. desc.
T. Gouldii C. B. Ads. abs. desc.,
Bronn.
T. Geurinii Parr. abs. desc., nec
Villa. j
T. succinea ©. B. Ads.

T. Caribeensis v. T. subcylindrica,
T. Gouldii Ads. =T. Caribeensis,
-T. Guerinti Parr. =T. Caribeensis,

. T.pulchella Pf, Shutt., Kiist.,

Ads. Gen.

subcylindrica Gray,
Shutt., Pf., Orb., (exc. pars syn.)

Helix subeylindrica Pult., Mont.

T. truncatula Lowe ?

T. Caribeensis Pf., olim, ex parte,
Kiust. ex parte.

T. succinea Ads. =T. Caribeensis.

T. truncatula Lowe ? v. T. subcylin-
drica.

T. variabilis Pf. =T. Caribeensis.

Faminia CYCLOSTOMACEA.
Sub-familia Cistubza.

CHONDROPOMA.
C. crenulatum Pf. =C. dentatum.

C. dentatum (Cyclostoma) Say.
Cyclostoma dentatum DeK., Binn.
‘“ Lineolatum Anton. teste Pf.
“ — Auberianum Orb.?
lunulatum Morch. teste Pf.
‘“< crenulatum Pf., ¢olim),
Chemn. nec Fer.
Chondropoma crenulatum Pf., (olim).
es dentatum Pf., Gr. et Pf,

Cyclostomacea exclusa.
Cyclostoma, Auberianum Orb. v.

“

Chondropoma dentatum.
C. Cincinnatensis Lea—=Amnicola.

C. crenulatum Pf., Ch. =Chondro-
poma dentatum.
C. dentatum Say, &c. =Chondro

poma.

C. lapidaria Say —=Amnicola.

C. lineolatum Anton. =Chondro-

poma dentatum.

C. lunulatum Morch. —Chondro-
poma dentatum.

C. marginalis Kirt. =Bul. mar-
ginatus.

C. marginata Say, &c. =Bulimus.

C. tricarinata Say =Valvata.

Blanes HELICINACEA.

HELICINA.
H. ambeliana Sowb. =H. tropica.

' H. castanea Gld. =H. orbiculata.

242,
243.

244,

245.

246.
247.

H. chrysocheila Binn., Pf.

H. Hanleyana Pf., Ch., Gr. e
Pf.

H. occulta Say, DeK., Ch.,
Chenu., Binn., Pf., Gr. et Pf.

H. orbiculata Say, DeK.,
Chenu., Ch., Binv., Binn., (pars)
Gld., (excl. H. rubella), Pf., (excl.
H. rubella Green), Gr. et Pf., non
Sowb.

Oligyra orbiculata Say, olim.

junior Helicina vestita Guild.,Sowb..,
Gr. et Pf.

junior Helicina castanea Guild.,
Sowb.?

H.subglobulosa Poey, Pf.

H. tropica Pf, Ch., Tros., (teste
Fs) iG Io Cheb.

H. ambeliana Sowb., nee DeB.

H. orbiculata Binn., pars nec Say

H. vestita Guild. =H. orbiculata.

Species excluse.

H. fastigiata DeK. =Helix fatigi-
ata Say.

HH. plicata DeK. =Helix Hazardi
Bland.

Oligyra Say =Helicina.

O. orbiculata Say =Helicina.

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sR sa SPS a ays = “teh Tabet

* r {ir ‘ riety $e. Qo2F) onanas
‘ re oma aa Fe, e
ue st ts 2 a» '

E ny a Biv ak, 0)

se

sot wart nh Heo Vy

area
Hl Bi adie Be T= 99 oie re sts "
p= a

un ‘ , “-
een or yr, ‘i chee 7 -_*
Mm

; meet ay thy soit iis

: | ergpatenbb ak ve, Pectin, igen tae a

wrt ¢ severe BALD ries >
Sei Jie ua © a

hee ar eC

ae awe! Add 4 0,
it dats tet Me tut S
wie A Bh:
AML we MGR 'ysen hed ay ¥
al ae TURE egaletdie .S
el botetyhe Pie SBT ee Sim:
: : ‘

he ‘
SET NSD Bok ie) pe
«igitalt vile Tiss, Meth awteihem, Maney:
te? Whe Li

itroig ie cig Jef} Pr

helt
- Pri fail ces Z treaQ :*
Yedihihtas SAO? ede ae “cas d hay i 4
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x9 asl oh

39

(From the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, July, 1859.)

[Vol. xi.

p. 188, 189.]

Notes on American Land Shells, No. 5.

BY W.

In the Catalogue of American Land

C

4

BINNEY.

Te

Shells, published in the last volume of

the Proceedings, a few species were accidentally omitted. These and some

additional authorities ara given below.

also given.

1. A. foliolatus non foliatus.

12. H. Californiensis Zea, Trosch.
DeK., Binn.—nec Clann , Reve.

ayes Ee ae Diesen.

33a. H. strigosa Gld., Binn.,
Te fies

dob. H. Townsendiana Tea,
Binn., DeK., Tros., Pfr., Gld.,
Chemn. , Roe.

Spiry 2alae ail di culata Binn., Pfr.

dod. H. Vancouverensis

Lea, Tros., DeK.,
Chemn., Gild., Rve.
Hf. concava Binn. olim.
H. vellicata Forbes,
Rve., Pfr.
41. B. sufflatus Gid. in litt.
BB. vesicalis Gld. olim.
48a. (in addenda) is syn. of 48.
49a. T. bilineatus Cart. (Grat.)
sp. mihi ignota.
5da. L. lineatus Dek.
sp. ined.—mihi ignota.
Limax—sp. excl..
Limax gracilis Grat.
Lumelus lividus Grat.
Gb nebulosus Grat.
Philomycus dele lividus.
‘* nebulosus.
adde.
P. oxyrus Raf., Gr. et Pf.
P. quadrilus Raf., Gr. et Pfr.
dele
Oxyrus

“6

Pfr., Binn.,

Chemn.,

oe

quadrilus.

58. adde V. Americana Chemn.

68. S. Texasiana Pir., Chem.

69. S. obiqua Pfr.

$2. H. auriculata DeK.

83. Stenotrema avara Hart.

84a. H. Berlanderiana Mor.,

Desh. in Lam., Chemn., Pfr. in

vol. iii. nec vol.i., Rve., Binn.
HT. pachyloma Mke., Pfr. ?
H. virginalis Pfr., Chemn.?

.36. H. bulbina Pfr.

Several newly detected species are

Shay Wan cade ¢ a) Biir.,
Rve.

97. H. dentifera Pfr. vol, i. nec vol.
iii., nec Chemn.

After JT. diodonta Say, read /7.
dissidens Desh. = H. concava.

104. H. Tennesseensis Tros.

130. HZ. Mobiliana Tros.

After 132 read 7. Leaii Ward =
H. monodon.

Chemn.,

133. H. levigata Desh.

1394. H. maxillata Gid., Pfr.
140a. H. milium Morse.

141. ZH. apex Ad.

144,

|

dele 17. monoden var. y. Pf.--legge

H. convexa var. y. Pfr.

158. H. dentifera Pf. in vol. iii. nee.

vol.i., Chemn., nec. Binn.

After 161 2. septemvolva Say, Ke.
=H. cereolus Muhi.

170. IH. Tamaulipasensis Lea.

172. HH. thyroidus Desh. in Fer.

176. dele H. varians Rve.

187a. B. Gossei Pfr., (Réemer.)

192a. B. patriareha W.G. Binn.

193. Adde ve.

195. B. hortensis Ad.!

213. P. maritima Gld., (nec 4.)

214a. P. pellucida Pfr., Chemn.

| 217. P. rupicola Chemn.

218. Vertigo variolosa Ad. Gen.
E Heliceis exclusa.
Triodopsis lunula Raf.

229a. M. flavus Gmel., Pfr.
Auricula Mide &c. Mart.

Chemn. ‘

Yoluta Schr.

‘¢ flava Gmel., Dillw.
jlammea y. Gmel.
Bulimus monile Brug.
Melampa monile Schw.
Conovulus monile Goldf.

gs flavus Anton.

[July, 1859.

and

66

36

Auricula monile Fer., Lam.,Chem.
se

cf 3

Melampus torosa Mirch.
flava Desh. in Lam. “¢ monilis Shuttl.
|

coniformis Orb. |232a. M. Red fieldi Pfr.
Melampus monile Lowe.

(245. H. vestita Pfr.

[July, 1859.

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(a CoP Hee ee
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] ay mie

37.

From the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1860, p. 49, 50.

Mr. Binney remarked, that having prepared for the Smithsonian Institution:
a catalogue of the terrestrial and fluviatile Gasteropods of North America, he
was able to present the following results:

Of the boreal regions but little is known. The only data we have are from
Greenland. Both the fresh water and land species are peculiar to that country,
excepting the European Helix hortensis, which has been introduced also in
Canada and New England.

Of Mexico also but little is known. <A few of its land species are found in
Texas; they are, however, confined to that region, not extending farther north.
The genera are more tropical than in the rest of the continent. Fluviatile
species are very rare in Mexico, judging from the few data we have. The
species appear different from those of the Atlantic region.

On the west coast the species of land shells are quite distinct from those of
the Atlantic region, excepting Bulimus zebra; the genera, however, are the
same, though fewer iu number. Among the fluviatile species are found eleven
species of Pulmonates, which also inhabit the Atlantic region.

In the Atlantic region are two or three species of land shells found in
Europe, and a few fluviatile Pulmonates. The occurrence of the Asiatic
species quoted from the United States may well be doubted.

The following table shows the facts presented by Mr. Binney. It is neces-
sarily imperfect, owing to the small amount of material, the somewhat con-
fused synonymy, &c.

Column 1 contains the species found in the Pacific region.

Column 2, those of the Atlantic region.

Column 3, those common to the Pacific.and Atlantic region.

Column 4, those of Mexico, excepting the west coast.

Column 5, those common to Mexico and the Atlantic region.

Column 6, those of Greenland,

1860.]

38

Class GASTEROPODA.
Order PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

Suborder ROSTRIFERA.

Family, Subfamily. Genus. 1 | 2.) oo Sees eae
AMPUBDARDID AG. 2-2 < cccstce a. 005s Ampullaria: - -- -- 0 4 0 5 0 0 9
CYCLOPHORIDX. ---Cyctormna- ...Cyclotus -------- 0 0 0 1 0| 9 L

CycLopHoRiIna...Cyclophorus: -- -- 0 0 0 2 0; 0 2
LICININA.:---+- Ctenopoma.------ 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
CYcLosTOMIN#/.-Tudora ---------- 0 0 0 1 0} 9 1
Cistula.---------- 0 0 0 1 0; 0 1
Chondropoma: - - 0 1 0 2 0; 0 3
RTE T AEC UND) Ais faleletecetteate) ele stout sisie tesa Helicina------+-- 0 6 0 | 22 2\ 0| 26
Schazicheila----- 0 0 0 3 0; 0 3
LITTORINIDAL.-- +--+ +e eee seca. Amnicola- ----++ ++ 2 as 0 0 0}; 0} 20
TRUNCATTELLIDA,..-.-..----+---- Truncatella- -. -| 1 4 0 1 ay ac) 5
WAM AN BOD ORE ece ok on odos odes se5 Melania.------ «: 9 |292 0 4 0 0 | 805
Gyrotoma:------: 0 | 10 0 0 Oo} Oni a6
Leptoxis--------- 3 | 54 0 0 0| 0} 57
iO sf ve ayn:0) c:e ea ,0 0 80 10 0 0 0 0 0 10
VIVIPARIDE.-- +--+ ...2eeeeeee..n. Viviparus-------- 4 | 60 0 [ Oo Ea 768
Bithinia--------- 0 0 0 0 Olea 1
VALVATID AE... 02 2e cee eee ci ccens Valvata------+++ 0 8 0 1 0} 0 9
Order SCUTIBRANCHIATA,
Suborder PSEUDOBRANCHIA.
PROSE PINUD Alisa aeaiet's/<\clu'c.o,a/elc eae Ceres: ---<--esee 0 0 0 2 0 0 2
Order PNEUMOBRANCHIATA.
Suborder GEOPHILA.
TESTACELLIDA Glandina.-------- 2 6 0 | 16 eal het) | pie)
ARIONIDAE ...«- « sAPION + e0cee cc eee 1 1* 0 0 0 0 2
15 OW DR OH Ds DOS SR oesoce oor ood tonocs Tebennophoru | 9 2 0 0 0 0 2
Limax ecw ececeecs TI 3 0 0 0 1 4
Vitrina---------- 0 1 0 1 0 71 3
Simpulopsis.----- 0 0 0 3 o| 0 3
Succinea: vse +> 745 4/165 | 0 | 2] of 1| 22
Helix. -------+-+- 29 /l11t] 0 | 31 | 6| 2I| 167
Bains === 9 >< 9 | 17} 0 | 26 | 4) o| 48
Rpiepmae 0 | © | 0 fone onpeay
Orthalicus------- 1 2 1 3 Tee) 4
Macroceramus.::-| 9 id 0 0 a 1
Achatina.-------- 1 3 0 5 0| 0 9
Pupa coe eccr ences 0 12 0 0 0 1 13
Vertigo ------...«. 0 4 0 0 0 0 4
Cylindrella.------ 0 4 0 115 0| 0] 19
VERONICELLIDZ.......-.....-.---Weronicella.------ 0 1 0 0 0! 0 1
ONGCHIEDERD:AG ~it/ cis ctuia\ats sinloistaly siren Onchidium:--:--- 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Suborder LIMNOPHILA,
AURICULID...--.----MELAMPIN#- -Melampus.------- 1 8 0 a #10 9
AURICULINE.: Alexia--------.-- 0 1 0 0 0} 0 i!
Blauneria ------- 0 1 0 0 0} 0 i
Leuconia -------- 0 1 0 0 0| 0 1
Carychium -..--- 0 ne 0 0 0| 0 1
PSDVENG AGI CAPS 0 e1~ ja,csois iolae le aiotais, aisie(steiate Limnea.------.-.. 138 45 5 4 0 4 61
Pompholyx ------ 1 0 0 0 0; 0 1
Physa----------- 10 | 30 2 3 OF 0) |e aL
Planorbis -------- 11 | 31 3 4 Oo] 1| 44
Ancylus --------- 4 | 10 0 0 0|.0; 14
117 =(|770 111 #%I177 | 17 1 18 '1048
* Imported. { Found also in the Atlantic region, and imported.
{ Two species imported. | One species imported.

[Feb.

39

From the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1860, p. 150, et seq,

Notes on American Land Shells. No. 6.
BY W. G. BINNEY.

The Catalogue of the Terrestrial Mollusks of North America, commenced in
the Proceedings of the Academy for November, 1858, and continued in the
number for July, 1859, is here completed. The list is believed to contain all
the species described as inhabiting Mexico. I have followed the systematic
arrangement of Drs. Gray and Pfeiffer in grouping the genera, and the de-
cisions of the latter in regard to the synonymy.

Many Central American species will undoubtedly be added to the list when
their geographical range is better known. The species of the Pacific coast,
included in the first section of the Catalogue, are omitted here, viz.: Nos. 3,
7, 8, 11, 23, 25, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47.

For additional species, changes of nomenclature, &., &c., of the section of
the United States, see Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. vii., and the
Remarks on North American Helicide, by Mr. T. Bland, in Annals of New
York Lyceum of Natural History, voi. vi.

Famitia TESTACELLIDA. 252. G. corneola W. G. Binn. vid.
GLANDINA. 202.
248. G. candida (Achatina) Shuttl., 252d. G. de Li catu la (Achatina)
Pf. (olim.) Shutil., Ly, (olim.)
Oleacina delicatula Gr. et Pf., Pf.

Oleacina candida Gr. et Pf., Pf.
253. G. Ghiebreghti (Achatina)

249. G. i is Mor., Ads. :
49. G. Carminensis WMor., s Pf. (olim.)
hes Oleacina Ghiesbreghti Pf
Achatina Carminensis Desh. in eacina Ginesbreghit Pf.
Fer., Pf. (olim.) 253a. G.indusiata Pf.
¢é rosea var. Rve. (46 b.) | 254. G. Isabellina (Achatina) Pf.
Oleacina Carminensis Gr. et Pf., (olim), Rve.
Pf. Oleacina Isabellina Gr. et Pf., Pf.
250. G. conularis (Oleacina) Pf.) 255. G. Liebmanni (Achatina) Pf.
Achatina conularis Pf. (olim.) (otim), Chemn.
251. G. Cordovana (Oleacina) Pf. Achatina striata Rve. (19.)
Achatina Cordovana Pf. (olim.) Oleacina Liebmanni Gr. et Pf., Pf,

1860.]

40

256. G. margaritacea (Achatina)
Pf. (olim.)
Oleacina margaritacea Pf.

256a. G. monilifera (Achatina)
Pf. (olim), Rve.
Oleacina monilifera Gr. et Pf., Pf.
257. G. nana (Achatina) Shuttl., Pf.
(olim.)
Oleacina nana Gr. et Pf., Pf.
257a. G. Orizabe (Achatina) Pf.
(olim.)
Oleacina Orizabe Pf.
258. G. pulehella (Oleacina) Pf.

259. G. solidula (Achatina) Pf.
(olim), Chemn., Rve., Desh. in
Fer.

Polyphemus solidulus Pf. (olim.)
Glandina solidula Pf. (olim), Phil.
“ folliculus Gld. (teste Pf.)

Oleacina solidula Gr. et Pf., Pf.
var. Glandina paragramma Mor.

- G. Sowerbyana (Achatina)
Pf. (olim), Rve.

Oleacina Sowerbyana Gr. et Pf.,
ine ;

G. speciosa (Achatina) Pf.
(olim.)
Oleacina speciosa Pf.

G. stigmatica (Achatina)
Shuttl., Pf. (olim.)
Oleacina stigmatica Gr. et Pf., Pf.

3. G Vanuxemensis Lea, vid.
206.

Famitia HELICIDA.

VITRINA.

264. V. Mexicana Beck.

SimPULOPSIS.
. Chiapensis Pf.
. Cordovana Pf.
- Salleana Pf.

SuccingEa.
-268. S. brevis Dunk., Pf., Chemn.
269. S. undulata Say, Pf, Chemn.
Herix.

H. Ariadne Pf, vid. 79.

H. Berlandieriana Mor. vid.
84a.

H. bicincta Pf, Chemn., Phil.
H. Di erm eye

“265.
266.
267.

LN Hh

270.
271.

272.
273.

274. H. bilineata Pf, Chemn., Rve.
Hi. zonites Rve. 615.

275. H. caduca Pf. Rve., Chemn.,
=290?
276. H. Chiapensis Pf.
277. H. coactiliata Fer.
278. H.contortuplicata Beck.
279. H. Cordovana Pf.
280. H. Couloni Shuttl., Pf.
281. H. flavescens Wregm., Pf,
Chemn.
282. H. fulvoidea Mor., Pf.
283. H. Ghiesbreghti Myst., Pf.
feve., Chemn., Desh. in Fer.
284. H. griseola Pf vid. 113.
285. H. Guillarmodi Shwiil., Pf,
Chemn., Rve.
286. H. helictomphala Pf.
287. H. Hindsi Pf. vid. 117.
288. H. Humboldtiana Val., Pf,
Chemn., Rve., Desh. in Fer.,
Phil.
H. Buffoniana Pf., Phil., Chemn.,
Fer., Rve., Binn.
H. badiocincta Wiegm.
289. H.implicata Beck.
290, H. Vu ciulbiriatias Saya eye ae.
Binn. vid. 2'75.
291. H. Mexicana Koch., Chemn.,
Le p
292. H. Oajacensis Kockh., Chemn.;
Pf.
293. H. plagioglossa Pf.
294. H. Salleana Pf, Rve., Chemn.
295. H. stoleph ora) Val, 27,
Chemn., Desh., Rve.
Hclicella bupthalmus Fer.
Helix Lamarkiana B. Pf.
Nanina stolephora Pf., Gr. et Pf.
“bicolor Pf. (olim.)

296. H. tenuicostata
Chemn., Rve., Pf.

297. H. Texasiana Mor. vid. 170.

298. H. trypanompala Pf.

299. H. Veracruzensis Pf.

300. H. zonites Pf, Reve. (excl.
615.)
Nanina zonites Gr.

Dunk.,

BULINnvs.

301. B. alternatus Say, vid. 182.
[ May.

302. B. attenuatus Pf. Chemn.

303: B. auriflaus Pf

304. B. Cordovanus Pf.

305. B. coriaceus Pf.

306. B. costatostriatus Pf.

307. B. Droueti Pf.

308. B. Dunkeri Pf, Roe.

309. B. emeus Say, Pf.

310. B. fenestratus Pf, Rve.,
Phils :

311. B. gnomon Beck.

312, B. Gruneri Pf. Rve., Chemn.

313. B. Hegewischi Pf, Rve.

314.

B. Humboldti Pf, Rve.
B. Mexicanus Val., nec Lam.
var. @.
var. y. Bulimus primularis Rve.,
Pf. (olim.)
var. 0.
var. ¢.

315. B. livescens Pf, Rve., Phil.
316. B, Marie Albers, =183.
317. B. Martensi Pf.

318. B. Mexicanus
Deless., Desh. in Lam.
Conchlogena vittata Fer.
Orihalicus? Mexicanus Carp.

Te fr SEDUR?

318a. B. patriarcha W. G. Binn,

319. B. punctatissinus Less.
Rve., Pf., Chemn.
Clausilia punctatissima Less.
a exesa Pot. et Mich.
Auricula fuscagula Lea.
Pupa septemplicata Muhilf.
Bulimus fuscagula Orb.
‘\ septemplicatus Pf. (olim.)
dentatus King ?
Cochlodrina exesa Fer.

B. rudis Anton, Rve., Pf.
B. Schiedeanus Pf wid. 193-
B. serperastrus Say, Pf,
Chemn.
var, 2. Bulimus Liebmanni Pf.
fs Ziebmanni Rve.
Serperastrus Var.

Chemn.
var, 7. Bulimus nitelinus Rye.

323, B. sulcosus Pf., Phil., Rve.,
B. hyematus Rye.

1860.]

ce

320.
321.
322.

“cc

324. B. sulphureus Pf.

325. B. truncatus Pf, Rve., Phil.

326. B. varicosus Pf.. Chemn.
SPIRAXIS.

327. S. acus Shutil., Pf.

328. S. auriculacea Py.

329. S. biconica Py.

330. S. catenata Pf.

331. S. coniformis Shutil., Pf.

sere Ss Glinlo ney Jee

333. S. euptycta Pf.

334. S. irrigua Shutti., Pf.

335. S. lurida Shutil., Pf.

336. S. mitreformis Shutil., Pf.

337. S. Nicoleti Shuttl., Pf.

Achatina Nicoletti Chemn.

338. S. nigricans Pf., Shutil.
Achatina nigricans Pf. olim, Rve.,
Desh. in Fer.
Glandina nigricans PY. olim.

339. S. oblonga Pf.
340. S. parvula Pf.
341. S. Shuttleworthi Pf.

342. S. streptostyla Pf.
Achatina streptostyla Pf.
Chemn.

343. S. turgidula Pf.
ORTHALICUS.

343a. O. Boucardi Py.

344. O. livens Pf, Bk., Shuttl.

345. O. longus Pf,
Bulimus zebra @. Pf. (olim.)

346. O. undatus Brug. vd. 196.

olim,

ACHATINA,.

347.
348.
349.
350.
351.

A.

ambigua Py.
A. Chiapensis Py.
A. Rangiana Pf., Rve.
A. trochlea Pf, Chemn.
A. trypanodes Py.

CYLINDRELLA.

352. C. apiostoma Pf.

352a. C. arctispira Pf.

353. C. attenuata Pf, Chemn.
354. C. Boucardi Pf.

355. OC. clava Pf. Chemn.
|355a. C. cretacea Pf.

4

356. C. decollata Nyst. (Pupa),|

Pf., Chemn.
357. C. denticulata Pf., Chemn.

358. C. filicosta Shuttl., Pf.,
Chemn.

359. C.GhiesbreghtiPf, Chemn.

360. C. goniostoma Pf, Chemn-

360a. C. grandis Pf.

361: C. Liebmanni Pf., Chemn.,
Phil.

361la. C. Mexicana Cum,

362. C. Pfeifferi Menke, Chemn.,
Phil.

363. C. PilocereiPf., Chemn., Phil.

364. C. polygyra Pf, Chemn.

365. C. teres Menke, Pf., Chemn.,
Phil.

365a. C. splendida Pf.

366. C. turris Pf, Chemn.
Famitia AURICULIDAL.

MELAMPUS.

367. M. coffea Linn. vid. 229.

Famitia TRUNCATELLID A.
TRUNCATELLA.

368. T. Caribeensis Sowbd. vid.

238.
Faminia CYCLOPHORID AL.

CyYcLotus.

369. C. Dysoni PF.
Cyclostoma Dysoni
Chemn.
Cyc Dysoni Pf.
Gr

Pf. (olim),

lophorus (olim),
~e

erbis
CYCLOPHORUS.

370. C. Boucardi Sallé, Pf.
371. C. Mexicanus (Cyclostoma)
Menke, Vgt., Phil., Sby., Chemn.
Cyclotus Mexicanus Gr. et Pf., Pf.
(olim. )
TUDORA.

372. T. planospira Pf.
Oyclostoma planospira Pf. (olim.)

CISTULA..
373. C. trochlearis Pf., Gr. et

Cyclostoma trochleare Pf. (olim),
Chemn.

2
Cyclostoma trochlea Pf. (olim),
neé Bens.
CHONDROPOMA.
374. C. Cordovanum Pf.

Cyclostoma Cordovanum Pf. (olim.)

C. truncatum (Cyclostoma)
Wiegm., Rossm.

Chondrepoma truncatum Pf., Gr.
et Pf.
Fama HELICINIDA. -

HELICINA.

H. brevilabris Pf.

H. Chiapensis &F

H. chrysocheila Binn. vid.
242,

375.

376.
377.
378.

379. H. chrysocheila Shuttl., Pf.

(nomen tr.)
380. H. cinctella Shuttl., Pf.
381. H. concentrica Pf, Gr. et
Pf., Chemn.
. H. Cordillere Sallé, Pf.
- H. delicatula Shuttl., Pf.
. H. elata Shuitl., Pf.
H. flavida Menke,
Chemn., Pf., Gr. et Pf.
H. Ambieliana Boissy, Pot. et
Mich.
Hi. trossula Mor.
386. H. Ghiesbreghti Pf
386a. H. Heloise Sallé.
387. H. Lindeni Pf, Chemn., Gr.
et Pf.
HH. dirata 2 Gre et by
Chemn.
389. H. merdigera Sallé, Pf.
390. H. notata Sallé, Pf.
391. H. Oweniana Pf,
Gr. et Pf.
. H. Sandozi Shuttl., Pf.
. H. sinuosa Pf., Chemn., Gr.
et Pf.
.H. tenuis Pf, Chem., Gr. et
Ef.

382
383
384

385. Sowb.»

388.

Chemn.,

392
393

394

395. H. tropica Pf. vid. 247.
366. H. turbinata Wriegm., Pf,
Mke., Chemn., Gr. et Pf.
H, zephyrina var. Sowb.
397. H. zephyrina Ducl., Sowb.,
Chemn., Orb., Gr. et Pf.
H. Ambeliana Sowb.
Olgyra zephyrina Mrs. Gray.

[ May,

43

ScHAZICHEILA. Faminta PROSERPINID &.
a CERES.
398. 8. alata (Helicina) Mke, Gr.| 40), G. eolina (Carocolla) Duclos.
es ak j H elicodonta eolina Fer.
Schazicheila alata Shuttl., Pf, Odontostomus eolinum Pfr. (olim.)
Ad: Gen. Proserpina eolina Pf. (olim.)
399. Ss. N i co le ti Shuttl., Pie Ceres eolina PY Gr. et Pr
400. S. pannucea Mor. 402. C. Salleana Cum., Pf., Gr. et
FHelicina alata var.? Gr. et Pf. Pi

Descriptions of New Species of Pulmonata in the Collection of the
; Smithsonian Institution.

BY W. G@. BINNEY.

Pspipes uiraTa. TT. imperforata, globoso-conica, solida, liris regularibus
spiraliter cincta, nitens, straminea; spira brevis, depressa, apice obtusa ; anfr.
3, superi brevi, ultimus 5-6 longitudinis subequans; apertura semicircularis ;
paries aperturalis callo nitente induta, et plicd elevata, crassi, unca et intrante
armata; labium columellare callosum, dentibus 2 approximatis, crassis, acutis,
munitum; perist. acutum, intus callo nitente in medio dentem formante
munitum. Diam. maj. 24, long. 34; aperture long. 24, mill.

Ad promont. St. Lucas peninsule Californie collegit J. Xantus (cum Buli-
mo proteo Brod., B. pallidiort Sowb. et B. excelso Gould.)

OncHipium CarpentseriI. Among the mollusca from the Straits of De Fuca,
Mr. Carpenter has detected five specimens of a shelless mollusk, which evi-
dently belong to the genus Onchidium. Being preserved in alcohol, it is diffi-
cult to obtain any more satisfactory specific characters than the following:
The body is oblong, with its extremities circularly rounded ; the upper sur-
face is regularly arched ; below, quite near the edge, the border of the mantle
is readily distinguished, most of the under surface is oecupied by the broad,
distinct, locomotive disk; the body is uniformly smoke-colored ; in size the

individuals vary considerably, the length of the largest being 5, the extreme
breadth 3 millimetres.

1860.]

[SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.]

[SECOND EDITION|]

CHECK DEST

OF THE

SHELLS OF NORTH AMERICA.

TERRESTRIAL GASTEROPODA.

BY
w. G@ BINNEY

List No. 1. The species of the Pacific coast from the extreme north to
Mazatlan.

No. 2. The species of Hastern North America, from the boreal regions
to the Rio Grande.

No. 8. The species found in Mexico exclusive of those included in No. 1
(viz. 3, 7, 8, 11, 23, 25, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47)

Section I—PACIFIC COAST.

PULMONOBRANCHIATA. | 14. Helix arrosa, (id.

Westacellidz. 15. Helix aspersa, Mull.?
1. Glandina Albersi, Pf. 16. Helix californiensis, Lea.
2. Glandina turris, Pf. 17. Helix columbiana, Lea.
Avrionidae. 18. Helix cultellata, Thomson.
3. Arion foliolatus, Gd. 19. Helix devia, Gid.
Helicide. 20. Helix Dupetithouarsi, Desh.
4. Limax columbianus, (id. 21. Helix exarata, Pf.
5. Succinea cingulata, Morbes. 22. Helix fidelis, Gray.
6. Succinea Nuttalliana, Lea. 23. Helix germana, Gd.
7. Succinea oregonensis, Lea. 24, Helix infumata, Gid.
8. Succinea rusticana, Gld. 25. Helix intercisa, W. G. B.
9. Helix acutedentata, W. G. B. 26. Helix Kelletti, Forb.
10. Helix anachoreta, W. G. B. 27. Helix levis, Pf.
11. Helix areolata, Pf. 28. Helix levis, Pf.
12. Helix areolata, Pf. var. B. Pf.
var. 8. Pf. 29. Helix loricata, Gld., Pf.,
13. Helix areolata, Pf. 30. Helix mazatlanica, Pf. .
var. y. Pf. 31. Helix mormonum, Pf.

(e)

- Helix
- Helix
. Helix
. Helix
- Helix
- Helix
- Helix
- Helix
. Helix
- Helix
- Helix
- Bulimus californicus, Rve.
- Bulimus chordatus, Pf.

- Bulimus excelsus, Gid.

- Bulimus Humboldti, Rve.

- Bulimus mexicanus, Lum.

Newberryana, W. G. B.
Nickliniana, Lea.
pandore, Forb.
ramentosa, Gid.
redemita, W. G. B.
reticulata, Pf.
sportella, Gld.
strigosa, Gd.
Townsendiana, Lea.
tudiculata, Binn.
vancouverensis, Lea.

48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.

Bulimus pallidior, Sowd.
Bulimus proteus, Brod.
Bulimus sufflatus, Gd.
Bulimus Ziegleri, Pf.
Orthalicus zebra, Mull.
Achatina californica, Pf.
Pupa Rowellii, Newce.
Onchidiide.
Onchidium Carpenteri,
WeGares

55.

Auriculidz.
56, Melampus olivaceus, Cpr.
57. Pedipes lirata, W. G. B.
Pruncateilidee.
58. Truncatella californica, Pf.

Section IL—EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

PULMONOBRANCHIATA.
‘ Testacellidze.

- Glandina bullata, Gid.

- Glandina corneola, W. G. B.
. Glandina parallela, W. G. B.
- Glandina texasiana, P/r.

- Glandina truncata, Gmel.

- Glandina Vanuxemensis, Lea.

Arionidze.

- Arion empiricorum, Fer.?
- Arion hortensis, Fer.

Helicide.

-. Tebennophorus carolinensis,
Bose.

. Tebennophorus dorsalis, Binn.

. Limax agrestis, Lin.

- Limax campestris, Binn.

. Limax flavus, Lin.

2. Vitrina angelice, Beck.

- Vitrina limpida, Gid.

. Succinea aurea, Lea.

75. Succinea avara, Say.

76. Succinea avara, Say.

var. major.

- Succinea campestris, Say.

-. Succinea concordialis, Gld.

- Succinea effusa, Shutt.

- Succinea groenlandica, Beck.
- Succinea Haydeni, W. G. B.
- Succinea Haydeni, W. G. B.

var. minor.

. Succinea inflata, Lea.
- Succinea lineata, W. G. B.
- Succinea luteola, Gid.

(e)

100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.

108.
109.
110.
ifhils
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.

86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
on.
92.
93.

Succinea obliqua, Say.
Succinea ovalis, Gid. non Say.
Succinea retusa, Lea.
Succinea Salleana, Pf.
Succinea Totteniana, Lea.
Succinea vermeta, Say.
Helix albolabris, Say.
Helix albolabris, Say.
var. dentata.
Helix alternata, Say.
Helix appressa, Say.
Helix appressa, Say.
var. a.
Helix arborea, Say.
Helix ariadne, Pf.
Helix aspersa, Mill.
Helix asteriscus, Morse.
Helix auriculata, Say.
Helix auriformis, Bland.
Helix avara, Say.
Helix barbigera, Redf.
Helix Berlandieriana, Mor.
Helix bucculenta, Gid.
Helix bucculenta, Gid.
var. minor.
Helix bulbina, Desh.
Helix caduca, Pf.
Helix capsella, Gid.
Helix Carpenteriana, Bland.
Helix cellaria, Mull.
Helix cereolus, Muhl.
Helix chersina, Say.
Helix Christyi, Bland.
Helix Clarkii, Zea.

94.
95.
96.

97.
98.
99.

HAlvee
118.
iTS).
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139:
140.
141.

142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.

153.
154.
155.
156.

157.
158.

159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.

Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix

clausa, Say.
concava, Say.
Cooperi, W. G. B.
cumberlandiana, Lea.
demissa, Binn.
dentifera, Binn.
divesta, Gid.
Dorfeuilliana, Lea.
Edgariana, Lea.
Edvardsi, Bid.
egena, Say.
electrina, Gid.
elevata, Say.
Blliotti, Redf.
espiloca, Bland.
exigua, Stim.
exoleta, Binn.
Fabricii, Beck.
Helix fallax, Say.
Helix fatigiata, Say.
Helix friabilis, W. G. B.
Helix fuliginosa, Binn.
Helix griseola, Pf.
Helix gularis, Say.
Helix gularis, Say.

var. umbilicata.
Helix Gundlachi, Pf.
Helix Hazardi, Bland.
Helix Hindsi, Pf.
Helix hippocrepis, Pf.
Helix hirsuta, Say.
Helix hispida, Linn.
Helix hopetonensis, Shut.
Helix hortensis, Mull.
Helix incrustata, Poey.
Helix indentata, Say.
Helix indentata, Say.

var. umbilicata.
Helix inflecta, Say.
Helix inornata, Say.
Helix interna, Say.
Helix interna, Say.

var. albina.
Helix intertexta, Binn.
Helix intertexta, Binn.

var. carinata.
Helix introferens, Bland.
Helix jejuna, Say.
Helix kopnodes, W. G. B.
Helix labyrinthica, Say.
Helix levigata, Pf.
Helix lasmodon, Phill.
Helix leporina, Gld.
Helix ligera, Say.
Helix limatula, Ward.

168.
169.
170.
Vite
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.

177.

178.
179.
180.
181.
182.

183.

184,
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.

190.
Lon
192.
183.
194,
195.

196.
UG)y(-
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.

213.

214.
(e)

Helix lineata, Say.
Helix major, Binn.
Helix maxillata, Gid.
Helix milium, Morse.
Helix minuscula, Binn.
Helix minutissima, Lea.
Helix Mitchelliana, Leu.
Helix monodon, Rack.
Helix monodon, Rack.
var. 1. Helix fraterna, Say.
Helix monodon, Rack.
var. 2. Helix Leaii, Ward.
Helix Mooreana, JW. G. B.
Helix mordax, Shutt.
Helix multidentata, Binn.
Helix multilineata, Say.
Helix multilineata, Say.
var. albina.
Helix multilineata, Say.
var. rufa, unicolor.
Helix nitida, Mull.
Helix obstricta, Say.
Helix oppilata, Mor.
Helix Ottonis, P/.
Helix palliata, Say.
Helix palliata, Say.
var. carolinensis.
Helix pennsylvanica, Green.
Helix perspectiva, Say
Helix Postelliana, Bid.
Helix profunda, Say.
Helix pulchella, Jill.
Helix pulchella, Mill.
var. costata.
Helix pustula, Fer.
Helix pustuloides, Bld.
Helix Roemeri, Pf.
Helix Rugeli, Shutt.
Helix Sayii, Binn.
Helix sculptilis, Bid.
Helix septemvolva, Say.
Helix solitaria, Say.
Helix spinosa, Lea.
Helix Steenstrupii, Mérch.
Helix stenotrema, Ler.
Helix striatella, Anth.
Helix subplana, Binn.
Helix suppressa, Say.
Helix tenuistriata, Binn.
Helix texasiana, Mor.
Helix texasiana, Mor.
Var. 6, Pf.
Helix texasiana, Mor.
Var. .

Helix tholus, W. G. B.

. Helix
. Helix
- Helix
. Helix
- Helix
- Helix
- Helix
. Helix
. Helix
- Bulimus
- Bulimus
- Bulimus
- Bulimus
- Bulimus
- Bulimus
- Bulimus
. Bulimus
- Bulimus
. Bulimus
- Bulimus
- Bulimus
- Bulimus
. Bulimus
- Bulimus
- Bulimus
. Bulimus

thyroides, Say.
tridentata, Say.
Troostiana, Lea.
uvulifera, Shutt.
varians, Menke.
ventrosula, Pf.
vortex, Pf.

vultuosa, Gid.
Wheatleyi, Bland.
acicula, Miiller.
alternatus, Say.
dealbatus, Say.
decollatus, Lin.
Dormani, W. G. B.
floridanus, Pf.
Gossei, Pf.
gracillimus, Pf.
harpa, Say.
marginatus, Say.
Marie, Albers.
modicus, Gid.
multilineatus, Say.
-octona, Ch.
patriarcha, W. G. B.
Schiedeanus, Pf.
Schiedeanus, Pf.
var. apice nigra.

- Bulimus serperastrus, Say.

. Bulimus subula, Pf.

. Orthalicus undatus, Brug.

. Orthalicus zebra, Mull.

- Macroceramus Kieneri, Pf.

. Achatina fasciata, Miill.

. Achatina fasciata, M4@il.

var. 1. Achatina crenata, Sw.
. Achatina fasciata, JZill.

var. 2. Achatina solida, Say.

. Achatina lubrica, Miill.
. Achatina picta, Ave.

- Pupa armifera, Say.

. Pupa badia, Ad.

. Pupa contracta, Say.

- Pupa corticaria, Say.

. Pupa decora, Gid.

- Pupa Hoppii, d/l.

257.
258.
259.
260.
261.
262.
263.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.

271.

272.
273.
274.
275.
276.
277.
278.
279.
280.
281.
282.
283.

284.
285.
286.
287.

288.
289.

(¢)

290.
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.

incana, Binn.
pellucida, Pf.
pentodon, Say.
placida, Say.

Pupa rupicola, Say.

Pupa variolosa, Gld.
Vertigo Gouldii, Binn
Vertigo milium, Gid.
Vertigo ovata, Say.
Vertigo simplex, Gid.
Cylindrella Goldfussi, Menke
Cylindrella jejuna, Gid.
Cylindrella Poeyana, Orb.
Cylindrella Reemeri, Pf.

Veroniceillidae.
Veronicella floridana, Binn.
Auriculide.
Melampus bidentatus, Say.
Melampus cingulatus, Pf.
Melampus coffea, Linn.
Melampus flavus, Gel.
Melampus floridanus, Shut.
Melampus obliquus, Say.
Melampus pusillus, (mel.
Melampus Redfieldi, Pf.
Alexia myosotis, Drap.
Blauneria pellucida, Pf.
Leuconia Sayii, Kiist.
Carychium exiguum, Say.
Truncatellidee.
Truncatella bilabiata, Pf
Truncatella caribzensis, Sowbd
Truncatella pulchella, Pf
Truncatella subcylindrica, Gr.
Cyclophoridz.
Ctenopoma rugulosum, Pf.
Chondropoma dentatum, Say.

Helicinidz.
Helicina chrysocheila, Binn.
Helicina Hanleyana, P7/.
Helicina occulta, Say.
Helicina orbiculata, Say.
Helicina subglobulosa, Poey.
Helicina tropica, Pf.

Pupa
Pupa
Pupa
Pupa

296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
303.
304.
. Glandina
. Glandina
. Glandina
. Glandina
. Glandina
. Glandina
. Glandina
. Glandina
. Glandina
. Glandina
. Glandina

Section ITI.—MEXICO.

PULMONOBRANCHIATA.,.
Testacellide.

Glandina
Glandina
Glandina
Glandina
Glandina
Glandina
Glandina
Glandina
Glandina

candida, Shuttl.
carminensis, Mor.
conularis, Pf.
cordovana, Pf.
corneola, W. G. B.
delicatula, Shuttl.
Ghiesbreghti, Pf.
indusiata, Pfr.
isabellina, Pf.
Liebmanni, Pf.
margaritacea, Pf.
monilifera, Pf.
nana, Shutil.
pulchella, Pf.

orizabe, Pf.
solidula, Pf.?
Sowerbyana, Pf.
speciosa, Pf.
stigmatica, Shuttl.
Vanuxemensis, Lea.
Helicidz.

. Vitrina mexicana, Beck.

- Simpulopsis chiapensis, Pf.
. Simpulopsis cordovana, Pf.
- Simpulopsis Salleana, Pf.

. Succinea brevis, Dunker.

- Succinea undulata, Say.

-. Helix ariadne, Pf.

. Helix Berlandieriana, Mor.
- Helix bicincta, Pf.

5. Helix bicruris, Pf.

- Helix bilineata, Pf.

- Helix caduca, Pf.

- Helix chiapensis, Pf.

- Helix coactiliata, Fer.

-. Helix contortuplicata, Beck.
- Helix cordovana, Pf.

- Helix Couloni, Shuttl.

- Helix flavescens, Wiegm.

. Helix fulvoidea, Mor.

- Helix Ghiesbreghti, Nyst.

- Helix griseola, Pf.

- Helix Guillarmodi, Shutil.

- Helix helictomphala, Pf.

- Helix Hindsi, Pf.

- Helix Humboldtiana, Val.
- Helix implicata, Beck.

342.
343.
344.
345.
346.
347.
348.
349.
350.
15)
352.
Boas
354,
355.
356.
357.
358.
309.
360.
361,
362.
363.
364,
365.
366.
367.
368.
369.
370.
371.
372.
373.
374.
375.
376.
311.
378.
379.
380.
381.
382.
383.
384,
385.
386.
387.
- Spiraxis
. Spiraxis
- Spiraxis

Helix lucubrata, Say.
Helix mexicana, Koch.

Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Bulimus
Spiraxis
Spiraxis
Spirazxis
Spiraxis
Spiraxis
Spiraxis
Spiraxis
Spiraxis

oajacensis, Koch.
plagioglossa, Pf.
Salleana, Pf.
stolephora, Val.
tenuicostata, Dunk.
texasiana, Mor.
trypanompala, Pf.
veracruzensis, Pf.
zonites, Pf.

alternatus, Say.
attenuatus, Pf.
aurifluus, Pf.
cordovanus, Pf.
coriaceus, Pf.
costatostriatus, Pf.
Droueti, Pf.
Dunkeri, Pf.
emeus, Say.
fenestratus, Pf.
gnomon, Beck.
Gruneri, Pf.
Hegewischi, Pf.
Humboldti, Rve.
livescens, Pf.
Marie, Albers.
Martensi, Pf.
mexicanus, Lam.
patriarcha, W. G. Binn
punctatissimus, Less.
rudis, Anton.
Schiedeanus, /7f.
serperastrus, Say.
sulcosus, Pf.
sulphureus, Pf
truncatus, Pf.
varicosus, Pf.
acus, Shuttl.
auriculacea, Pf.
biconica, Pf.
catenata, Pf.
coniformis, Shutil.
dubia, Pf.
euptycta, Pf.
irrigua, Shuttl.
lurida, Shutél.
mitreformis, Shuttl.
Nicoleti, Shutil,

. Spiraxis nigricans, Pi:

. Spiraxis oblonga, Pye

. Spiraxis parvula, 126

. Spiraxis Shuttleworthi, Pf.
. Spiraxis streptostyla, Pf.

. Spiraxis turgidula, ef

. Orthalicus Boucardi, Pf.

. Orthalicus livens, Pf.

. Orthalicus longus, PY.

. Orthalicus undatus, Brug.

. Achatina ambigua, P/.

. Achatina chiapensis, Pf.

. Achatina Rangiana, Pf.

. Achatina trochlea, P/-

. Achatina trypanodes, Pf.

. Cylindrella apiostoma, ie
. Cylindrella arctospira, 1Pie
. Cylindrella attenuata, Pf.

. Cylindrella Boucardi, Pf.

. Cylindrella clava, Pf.

. Cylindrella cretacea, Pfs

. Cylindrella decollata, Nyst.
. Cylindrella denticulata, Leife
. Cylindrella filicosta, Shuttl.
. Cylindrella Ghiesbreghti, Pf.
. Cylindrella goniostoma, Pf.
. Cylindrella grandis, Ff.

. Cylindrella Liebmanni, Pf.
. Cylindrella mexicana, Piz

. Cylindrella Pfeifferi, Menke.
. Cylindrella Pilocerei, Pfs
2. Cylindrella polygyra, ley

. Cylindrella splendida, 12h

. Cylindrella teres, Menke.

. Cylindrella turris, Ph.

. Melampus coffea, Linn.

. Truncatella caribeensis, Sowb.

Auriculidee.

Wrumcatellidz.

(e)

Cyclophoridz.

. Cyclotus Dysoni, Tf.

. Cyclophorus Boucardi, Sallé.
. Cyclophorus mexicanus, J.
. Tudora planospira, Pf.

. Cistula trochlearis, Pf.

. Chondropoma cordovanum, ips,
. Chondropoma truncatum, W.

Helicinidz.

. Helicina brevilabris, Pf.

. Helicina chiapensis, Ff.

. Helicina chrysocheila, Binn.
. Helicina chrysocheila, Shuttl.
. Helicina cinctella, Shuttl.

. Helicina concentrica, Pf.

. Helicina cordillere, Sallé.

. Helicina delicatula, Shuttl.

. Helicina elata, Shuttl.

. Helicina flavida, Menke.

. Helicina Ghiesbreghti, P/-

. Helicina Heloise, Sallé.

. Helicina Lindeni, F7/-

. Helicina lirata, Pf.

. Helicina merdigera, Sallé.

. Helicina notata, Salle.

. Helicina Oweniana, Pf.

. Helicina Sandozi, Shutil.

. Helicina sinuosa, Pf.

. Helicina tenuis, Pf.

. Helicina tropica, Pf.

. Helicina turbinata, Wiegm.

. Helicina zephyrina, Ducl.

. Schasicheila alata, Mke.

. Schasicheila Nicoleti, Shuttl
. Schasicheila pannucea, Mor.

Proserpinide.

. Ceres eolina, Ducl.
. Ceres Salleana, Gray.

[SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.]

CHECK LIST

OF THE

SHELLS OF NORTH AMERICA.

FLUVIATILE GASTEROPODA.

BY
Ww. G. BINNEY.

THE species whose range is confined to Eastern North America are not
indicated by any peculiar mark. The letter W. distinguishes those confined
to the Pacific coast; the letters W. E. are affixed to the names of those
found in both the Eastern and Western sections, while the Greenland and
Mexican species are also respectively designated by the letters G. and M.

This list has been compiled from all American publications and the few
European monographs treating of this branch of the Mollusca. I have
preferred giving the name of many doubtful species rather than omit that
of any which my own limited knowledge of the subject does not lead me
to consider a synonym. The list, therefore, is not offered as a complete
elimination of the synonymy, but rather as a temporary guide to the
arrangement of this portion of the collection. It should not be quoted as
authority.

PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 18. Melania approximata, Haid.

Melaniidze. 19. Melania arachnoidea, Anth.
1. Melania abbreviata, Anth. 20. Melania arctata, Lea.
2. Melania abrupta, Lea. 21. Melania armigera, Say.
3. Melania abscida, Anth. 22. Melania assimilis, Lea.
4, Melania acuta, Lea. 23. Melania athleta, Anth.
5. Melania acuto-carinata, Lea. 24, Melania auriculzformis, Lea.
6. Melania adusta, Anth. 25. Melania auriscalpium, Menke.
7. Melania zqualis, Hald. 26. Melania Babylonica, Lea.
8. Melania alexandrensis, Lea. 27. Melania baculum, Anth.
9. Melania altipeta, Anth. 28. Melania basalis, Lea.
10. Melania altilis, Lea. 29. Melania bella, Conr.
11. Melania alveare, Conr. 30. Melania bellacrenata, Hald.
12. Melania ambusta, Anth. 31. Melania bicincta, Anth.
13. Melania ampla, Anth. 32. Melania bicolorata, Anth.
14. Melania angulata, Anth. 33. Melania bicostata, Anth.
15. Melania angulosa, Menke. 34. Melania bitzeniata, Conr.
16. Melania angustispira, Anth. 35. Melania bizonalis, DeKay.
‘ 17. Melania annulifera, Conr. 36. Melania blanda, Lea.

37. Melania Boykiniana, Lea.

38.
Oo.
40.
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania

Melania
Melania
Melania

Melania

- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
. Melania

51. Melania

or ON
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. Melania
- Melania
. Melania
. Melania
. Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
2. Melania
- Melania
. Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
. Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
2. Melania
- Melania
- Melania
. Melania
- Melania
- Melania

Melania

- Melania
- Melania
- Melania

brevis, Lea.
brevispira, Anth.
Brumbyi, Lea.
brunnea, Anth.
Buddii, Lea.
bulbosa, Gld. W.
ealiginosa, Lea.
canaliculata, Say.
cancellata, Say.
carinata, Rav.
carinifera, Lam.
carino-costata, Lea.
casta, Anth.
castanea, Lea.
catenaria, Say.
catenoides, Lea.
circinata, Lea.
clara, Anth.
Clarkii, Lea.
claveeformis, Lea.
ceelatura, Conr.
cognata, Anth.
columella, Zea.
comma, Conr.
compacta, Anth.
concinna, Lea.
congesta, Conr.
conica, Say.
consanguinea, Anth.
coracina, Anth.
corneola, Anth.
coronilla, Anth.
corpulenta, Anth.
costata, Rav.
costifera, Hald.
costulata, Lea.
crebri-costata, Lea.
crebri-striata, Lea.
crenatella, Lea.
cristata, Anth.
eubicoides, Anth.
Curreyana, Lea.
curta, Hald.
curvata, Lea.
curvilabris, Anth.
cuspidata, Anth.
cylindracea, Conr.
decora, Lea.
decorata, Anith.
depygis, Say.
Deshayesiana, Lea
densa, Anth.
dislocata, Rav.
dubiosa, Lea,

- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania

Melania
Melania
Melania
Melania

- Melania

Melania

- Melania
. Melania

Melania
Melania

- Melania

Melania
Melania
Melania
Melania
Melania

- Melania
- Melania

Melania

. Melania

Melania
Melania

- Melania

Melania
Melania
Melania

. Melania
. Melania

Melania
Melania
Melania
Melania
Melania

- Melania

Melania
Melania

. Melania

Melania

2. Melania
. Melania
- Melania
- Melania

Melania

Duttoniana, Lea.
ebenum, Lea.
Edgariana, Lea
elata, Anth.
elegantula, Anth.
elevata, Say.
eliminata, Anth.
elongata, Lea.
exarata, Menke.
exarata, Lea.
excavata, Anth.
excurata, Conr.
exigua, Conr. W.
exilis, Hald.
eximia, Anth.
expansa, Lea.
fastigiata, Anth.
filum, Lea.
Florentiana, Zea.
Foremani, Lea.
formosa, Conr.
fuliginosa, Lea.
funebralis, Anth.
furva, Lea.
fuscata, Desh.
fusiformis, Lea.
fusco-cincta, Anth.
gemma, DeKay.
germana, Anth.
giobosa, Lea.
gibbosa, Raf.
glabra, Lea.
glandula, Anth.
glauca, Anth.
globula, Lea.
gracilior, Anth.
gracilis, Zea.
gracillima, Anth.
gradata, Anth.
grata, Anth.
gravida, Anth.
grisea, Anth.
Haleiana, Lea.
harpa, Lea.
hastata, Anth.
Haysiana, Lea
Hildrethiana, Lea.
Holstonia, Lea.
hybrida, Anth.
Hydeii, Conr.
imbricata, Anth.
impressa, Lea.
incrassata, Anth.
inemta, Anth.
inflata, Hald.

147.
148.
vy
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
_ 158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
74.
175.
176.
ie
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.

Melania inflata, Lea.
Melania infrafasciata, Anth.
Melania inornata, Anth.
Melania intersita, Hald.
Melania intertexta, Anth.
Melania iostoma, Anth.
Melania iota, Anth.
Melania Jayana, Léa.
Melania Kirtlandiana, Lea.
Melania leta, Jay.
Melania levis, Lea.
Melania laqueata, Say.
Melania latitans, Anth.
Melania Lecontiana, Lea.

Melania Liebmanni, Phil. M.°

Melania ligata, Menke.
Melania livescens, Menke.
Melania lugubris, Lea.
Melania marginata, Raf.

Melania Menkeana, Zea. W.

Melania modesta, Lea.
Melania monozonalis, Lea.
Melania multilineata, Say.
Melania napilla, Anth.
Melania nassula, Conr.
Melania nebulosa, Conr.
Melania neglecta, Anth.

202. Melania pernodosa, Lea.
203. Melania perstriata, Lea.

Melania Newberryi, Lea. W. | 229.

Melania niagarensis, Lea.
Melania nigrocincta, Anth.
Melania nigrina, Lea. W.
Melania nitens, Lea.
Melania nobilis, Lea.
Melania nodulosa, Lea.
Melania nucleola, Anth.
Melania oblita, Lea.
Melania obtusa, Lea.
Melania occidentalis, Lea.
Melania occulta, Anth.
Melania Ocoensis, Lea.
Melania oliva, Lea.
Melania olivula, Conr.
Melania opaca, Anth.
Melania oppugnata Lea.
Melania Ordiana, Lea.
Melania ovalis, Lea.
Melania ovoidea, Lea.
Melania ovularis, Menke.
Melania pagodiformis, Anth.
Melania pallescens, Lea.
Melania pallidula, Anth.
Melania paucicosta, Anth.
Melania perangulata, Conr.
Melania percarinata, Conr.
Melania perfusca, Lea.

De)
oo
bo

204, Melania pilula, Lea.

205. Melania picta, Lea.

206. Melania pinguis, Lea.

207. Melania planogyra, Anth.
208. Melania planospira, Anth.
209. Melania plebeius, Anth.
210. Melania plena, Anth.

211. Melania plicifera, Lea. W.
212. Melania pluristriata, Say. M.
213. Melania ponderosa, Anth.
214. Melania Postellii, Lea.

215. Melania Potosiensis, Lea.

. Melania prasinata, Conr.

. Melania producta, Lea.

. Melania proscissa, Anth.

. Melania proteus, Lea.

- Melania proxima, Say.

. Melania pulchella, Anth.

. Melania pulcherrima, Anth.
. Melania pumila, Lea.

. Melania pupoidea, Anth.

. Melania pyramidalis, for. M
. Melania pyrenella, Conr.

. Melania regularis, Lea.

. Melania rhombica, Anth.

Melania rigida, Anth.

. Melania robulina, Anth.

. Melania robusta, Lea.

. Melania rubida, Lea. M.
. Melania rufescens, Lea.

. Melania rufula, Hald.

- Melania rugosa, Lea.

Melania Saffordii, Lea.

. Melania Schiedeana, Phil. M
. Melania sculptilis, Lea.

-. Melania Sellersiana, Lea.

. Melania semicarinata, Say.

Melania semicostata, Conr.
Melania shastaensis, Lea. W.

. Melania silicula, Gld. W

Melania simplex, Say.

. Melania solida, Lea.

- Melania sordida, Lea.

- Melania spinalis, Zea.

. Melania spurea, Lea.

- Melania striatula, Zea.

- Melania strigosa, Lea.

. Melania stygia, Say.

. Melania subangulata, Anth.

Melania subcylindracea, Lea
Melania subglobosa, Say.
Melania subsolida, Lea.
Melania substricta, Hald.

<1 ~I ~I

Melania

. Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
. Melania
. Melania
. Melania
- Melania
- Melania
. Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
. Melania
. Melania
. Melania
. Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania

Melania

subularis, Lea.
succinulata, Anth.
sulcosa, Lea.
symmetrica, Conr.
symmetrica, Hald.
tapulata, Anth.
tzeniolata, Anth.
Taitiana, Lea.
tecta, Anth.
tenebro-cincta, Anth.
tenebrosa, Lea.
terebralis, Lea.
teres, Lea.
textilosa, Anth.
torquata, Lea.
torta, Lea.
torulosa, Anth.
tracta, Anth.
trochiformis, Conr.
Troostiana, Lea.
tuberculata, Lea.
turgida, Lea.
uncialis, Hald.
undosa, Anth.
undulata, Say.

- Melania
. Melania
- Melania
. Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
- Melania
}. Melania
- Melania
- Melania
. Lithasia
. Lithasia
. Lithasia
. Lithasia
. Lithasia

valida, Anth.
Vanuxemensis, Lea.
varicosa, Ward.
venusta, Lea.
versipellis, Anth.
vestita, Conr.

vicina, Anth.

virens, Anth.

virgata, Lea.
virginica, Gmel.
viridis, Lea.

viridula, Anth.
vittata, Anth.

vittata, Raf.
wahlamatensis, Ll. W.
Warderiana, Lea.
zonalis, Raf.
geniculata, Hald.
lima, Conr.
nuclea, Lea.
nupera, Say.
salebrosa, Conr.

. Lithasia Showalterii, Lea.
- Gyrotoma
. Gyrotoma
. Gyrotoma
- Gyrotoma
- Gyrotoma
- Gyrotoma
- Gyrotoma

alabamensis, Lea.
ampla, Anth.
babylonica, Lea.
Buddii, Lea.
bulbosa, Anth.
carinifera, Anth.
castanea, Lea.

Ww.

- Gyrotoma

Gyrotoma

. Gyrotoma
. Gyrotoma

Gyrotoma
Gyrotoma
Gyrotoma
Gyrotoma
Gyrotoma
Gyrotoma

2. Gyrotoma

Gyrotoma

. Gyrotoma
. Gyrotoma
- Gyrotoma
- Gyrotoma

Gyrotoma
Gyrotoma

. Gyrotoma
. Gyrotoma
. Gyrotoma
. Gyrotoma
- Gyrotoma
. Gyrotoma
}. Gyrotoma
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis

Leptoxis

. Leptoxis

Leptoxis

. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
- Leptoxis
-. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis

Leptoxis
Leptoxis
Leptoxis

. Leptoxis

Leptoxis
Leptoxis
Leptoxis
Leptoxis
Leptoxis

. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis

Leptoxis

. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis

Leptoxis
Leptoxis

constricta, Lea.
costata, Sutil.
curta, Mighels.
cylindracea, Miill.
demissa, Anth. |
excisa, Lea.
funiculata, Lea.
glandula, Lea.
glans, Lea.
globosa, Lea.
Hartmanii, Zea.
incisa, Lea
laciniata, Lea.
ovalis, Anth.
ovoidea, Shuttl.
pagoda, Lea.
pumila, Lea.
pyramidata, Shuttl.
quadrata, Anth.
recta, Anth.
robusta, Anth.
salebrosa, Anth.
Showalterii, Lea.
virens, Lea.
wetumpkaensis, L

affinis, Hald.
altilis, Lea.
ampla, Anth.
angulata, Conr.
Anthonyi, Redfield.
carinata, Anth.
carinata, DeKay
carinata. Lea.
carinifera, Anth.
cincinnatiensis, Lea
contorta, Lea.
corpulenta, Anth.
costata, Anth.
crassa, Hald.
crenata, Hald.
dentata, Couthouy.
dentata, Lea.
dilatata, Conr.
dissimilis, Say.
elegans, Anth.
flammata, Zea.
formosa, Lea.
Foremani, Lea.
fusca, Hald. W.
gibbosa, Lea.
Griffithiana, Lea.
incisa, Lea.
inflata, Lea.
integra, Say.
isogona, Say.

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Leptoxis

-. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
- Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
- Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
-. Leptoxis
- Leptoxis
- Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
-. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
- Leptoxis
- Leptoxis
-. Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
- Leptoxis
- Leptoxis
- Leptoxis
. Leptoxis
- Leptoxis
brevis, Anth.
fluvialis, Say.
inermis, Anth.
spinosa, Lea.
spirostoma, Anth.
tenebrosa, Lea.
turrita, Anth.

ligata, Anth.
littorina, Hald.
melanoides, Conr.
monodontoides, Con.
Nickliniana, Lea.
nigrescens, Conr.
Nuttalliana, Lea. W.
obovata, Say.
ornata, Anth.
patula, Anth.
picta, Conr.
pisum, /ald.
plicata, Conr.
prerosa, Say.
pumila, Conr.
Rogersii, Conr.
rubiginosa, Lea.
solida, Lea.
Showalterii, Lea.
squalida, Lea.
subglobosa, Say.
teeniata, Conr.
trilineata, Say.
trivittata, DeKay.
Troostiana, Lea.
tuberculata, Lea.
turgida, Hald.
variabilis, Lea.
virens, Lea. W.
viridula, Anth.
vittata, Lea.
zebra, Anth.

Viviparidz.

. Vivipara

acuta, Raf.

- Vivipara
. Vivipara
. Vivipara
. Vivipara
. Vivipara
. Vivipara
. Vivipara
. Vivipara
- Vivipara

- Vivipara
. Vivipara

alleghanensis, Gr.
angulata, Lea.
castanea, Mill.
castanea, Val.
coarctata, Lea.
contorta, Shuitl.
coosaensis, Lea.
cornea, Val.
cyclostomatiformis,
Lea.

G.

decapitata, Anth.
decisa, Say.
Vivipara Elliotti, Lea.

- Vivipara

Vivipara
Vivipara

- Vivipara
- Vivipara
. Vivipara
. Vivipara
. Vivipara
- Vivipara
. Vivipara
- Vivipara
- Vivipara
- Vivipara
- Vivipara

- Vivipara
- Vivipara
- Vivipara
. Vivipara
. Vivipara
. Vivipara
. Vivipara
. Vivipara
. Vivipara
- Vivipara
- Vivipara
- Vivipara
. Vivipara
}. Vivipara
. Vivipara
- Vivipara
- Vivipara
. Vivipara
. Bithinia nuclea, Lea.
. Bithinia seminalis, Hinds.
Bithinia tentaculata, Lin.
. Valvata humeralis, Say.
. Valvata pupoidea, Gid.

. Valvata sincera, Say. W.E.
. Valvata tricarinata, Say.

. Ampullaria depressa, Say.

exilis, Anth.
genicula, Conr.
georgiana, Lea.
gonula, Raf.
Haleiana, Lea.
humerosa, Anth.
incrassata, Lea.
integra, Say.
intertexta, Say.
lacustris, Raf.
lima, Anth.
magnifica, Conr.
microstoma, A‘ril.
multicarinata,
Hald. M
nitida, Rav.
plaioxis, Raf.
ponderosa, Say.
scalaris, Jay.
regularis, Lea.
rudis, Rav.
rufa, Hald.
rugosa, Raf.
subcarinata, Say.
subglobosa, Say.
subpurpurea, Say.
subsolida, Anth.
sulculosa, Menke.
transversa, Suy.
Troostiana, Lea.
verrucosa, faf.
vivipara, Lin.
Wareana, Shuttl
Ww.
Ww.
G.
M.

. Ampullaria reflexa, Sw.
. Ampullaria scalaris, D’Orb. M.
. Ampullaria urceus, Linn. ?
. Ampullaria violacea, Val.
- Amnicola attenuata, Hald.
- Amnicola cincinnatensis, A.
. Amnicola decisa, Hald.

. Amnicola elongata, Jay.

- Amnicola galbana, J//ald.

. Ampuliaria flagellata, Say. M.
. Ampullaria malleata, Jonas. M.
. Ampullaria paludinoides,

De
Crist. et Jan. M.

M.

M.
M.

Amnicola granum, Say.

. Amnicola lapidaria, Say.

. Amnicola limosa, Say.

. Amnicola longinqua, Gld. W.
. Amnicola lustrica, Say.

. Amnicola Nickliniana, Lea.
. Amnicola obtusa, Lea.

. Amnicola orbiculata, Lea.

. Amnicola pallida, Hald.

. Amnicola parva, Lea.

. Amnicola porata, Say.

. Amnicola protea, Gld. W.

. Amnicola tenuipes, Couper.

. Amnicola Sayana, Anth.

PULMONOBRANCHIATA.

485

. Limnza

486.
487.
488.
489.
490.
491.
492.

493.
494.
495.
496.
497.
498.
499.
500.
501.
502.
503.
504.
505.
506.
507.
508.
509.
510.
ails
512.
513.
514,
515.
516.
ay by &
518.
519.
520.
521.

Limmaeidze.
ampla, Migzhels.
apicina, Lea.
appressa, Say.
attenuata, Say.
bulimoides, Lea.
caperata, Say.
casta, Lea.
catascopium, Say.

Limnzea Ww.
Limnza
Limnza
Limnea
Limnza
Limnzea

Limnza

M.
Ww.

W. E. |

coarctata, Lea.
columella, Say.
curta, Lea.
decollata, Mighels.
desidiosa, Say.
exigua, Lea. W.E.
expansa, Hald.
ferruginea, Hald. W.
fusiformis, Lea.
galbana, Say.
gracilis, Jay.
groenlandica, Beck. G.
Griffithiana, Lea.
Haydeni, Lea.
Holbollii, Beck. G.

Limnea
Limnezea
Limnza
Limnea
Limnza
Limnzea
Limnezea
Limnzea
Limnza
Limnea
Limnea
Limnza
Limnea
Limnzea
Limnzea

Limnza humilis, Say.

Limnza jugularis, Say. W.E.
Limnza Kirtlandiana, Lea.
Limnza lanceata, Gld.

Limnza lepida, Gid. W.
Limnza megasoma, Say.
Limnza obrussa, Say.

Limnza pallida, Ad. W.E.

Limnza palustris, Lin. W.E.
Limnza parva, Lea.
Limnza Pingelii, Beck. G.

Limnza planulata, Lea.
Limnza platyostoma, Hald.
Limnza plica, Lea.

. Limnea
. Limnea
. Limneza
. Limnea
. Limnea
. Limnea
. Limnea
. Limneza
. Limnza vitrea, Hald.

. Pompholyx effusa, Lea.
. Physa ancillaria; Say.

. Physa aurantia, Carp.

. Physa bullata, Gid. W.

. Physa Charpentieri, Kiist.

. Physa concolor, Hald. W.
. Physa distorta, Hald.

. Physa elata, Gld. W.

. Physa fragilis, Mighels.

. Physa
. Physa
. Physa

. Physa
. Physa
. Physa
. Physa
- Physa
. Physa
. Physa
. Physa
- Physa
. Physa
. Physa
. Physa
. Physa
. Physa
. Physa
- Physa
. Physa
. Physa virgata, Gld. W.

. Physa virginea, Gld. W.
. Planorbis
. Planorbis
. Planorbis
. Planorbis
. Planorbis
. Planorbis
. Planorbis
. Planorbis
. Planorbis
. Planorbis

. Planorbis
. Planorbis
. Planorbis

proxima, Zea. W.
reflexa, Say.
rugosa, Val.
rustica, Lea.
solida, Lea. W.
strigosa, Lea.
subulata, Dunk. M.

Vahlii, Beck. G.

M.

Ww.

w.

globosa, Hald.
gyrina, Say.
heterostropha, Say.
W.E
Hildrethiana, Lea.
humerosa, Gid. W.
hypnorum, Lin. W.E
inflata, Lea.
integra, J/ald.
mexicana, Phil. M.
microstoma, Hald.
nitens, Phil. M.
osculans, Hald. M.
Philippii, Kiister. -
pomilia, Conr.
semiplicata, Kiist. ?
scalaris, Jay.
solida, Phil.
triticea, Lea.
Troostiana, Lea.
vinosa, Gld.

albus, Mill.
ammon, Gid. W.
antrorsus,, Conr.
arcticus, Beck. G.
armigerus, Say.
bellus, ea.
bicarinatus, Say.
Buchanensis, Lea.
campanulatus, Say.
corpulentus, Say.
w.
deflectus, Say.
dilatatus, Gild.
exacutus, Say.

. Planorbis fragilis, Dunk. M. 592
. Planorbis glabratus, Say.
W.E. | 593
. Planorbis gracilentus, Gld.W. | 594
. Planorbis Haldemani, D. M. | 595
. Planorbis lentus, Say.
. Planorbis Liebmanni, D. M 596
. Planorbis multivolvis, Case. aod
. Planorbis Newberryi,Lea. W. | 598
. Planorbis obtusus, Lea. 599
. Planorbis opercularis, Gld.W. | 600
- Planorbis planulatus, Cooper. | 601
W. | 602
- Planorbis parvus, Say. 603
. Planorbis regularis, Lea. 604
. Planorbis subcrenatus, Carp. 605
W. | 606
. Planorbis tenuis, Phil. M. 607
. Planorbis Traskii, Lea. W. 608
- Planorbis trivolvis, Say. W.E. | 709
610

(f)

. Planorbis trivolvis, Say.

var. fallax.

- EFlanorbis tumens, Carp.
. Planorbis tumidus, /7/.
- Planorbis vermicularis, Gid.

WwW.
M.

w

. Planorbis Wheatleyi, Lea.
- Ancylus
- Ancylus
- Ancylus
- Ancylus
- Ancylus
- Ancylus
3. Ancylus
- Ancylus
- Ancylus
- Ancylus
- Ancylus
. Ancylus
- Ancylus
. Ancylus

calcarius, DeKay.
crassus, Hald. W.
depressus, Hald
diaphanus, Hald.
elatior, Anth.
filosus, Conr.
fuscus, Adams.
Newberryi, Lea. W.
Nuttalli, Hald. W.
obscurus, Hald.
parallelus, Hald.
patelloides, Lea. W
rivularis, Say.
tardus, Say.

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ae oe it

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. ¥ eR Tees eich.” coy MON: eaiytee ic eG
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We ne ec veott eivued AUST ES whcleylignivages asd scp
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wr cue? aoe int sefpon ed ; aVR epbh sttkads: pleioos £9
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59

From the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences vf Philadelphia, 1851, p. 33), et.seqq

Catalogue of land and fresh water univalve MOLLUSKS collected in British
America by Messrs. Ross, Kennicott and Drexler, and deposited in the Smith-

sonian Collection.

BY W. G. BINNEY.

From English River.

Helix arborea Say.
chersina Say.
striatella Anthony.

Bulimus harps Say.

Achatina lubrica Mill.

Limnea jugularis Say.

appressa Say.
ampla Mighels.
palustris Lin.

Physa heterostropha Say.

hypnorum Lin.

Planorbis trivolvis Say.

From Ft. Simpson, on Mackensie’s River.

Succinea avara Say.
lineata W. G. B. ?

Limnza appressa Say.
palustris Lin.

Planorbis trivolvis Say.
parvus Say.

From Fort Resolution, Slave Lake.

Succinea Haydeni W. G. B., var. minor.

Physa hypnorum Lin.

From Hudson's Bay.
Limnza appressa Say.
palustris Lin.
caperata Say ?

From James’ Bay.

Succinea ovalis Gld., non Say ?
Bulimus harpa Say.

Physa ?
Planorbis armigerus Say.

From Moose Fort.

Limnea

n. sp. ?

From Moose Factory.

Vitrina limpida Gld.
Succinea ovalis Gld. non Say.
obliqua Say.

Helix arborea Say.
striatella Anthony.
labyrinthica Say.
monodon Rackett.
young albolabris or thyroides.

Achatina lubrica Mill.

Limnea palustris Lin.

appressa Say.

Physa heterostropha Say.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say.

parvus Say,

Amnicola lustrica Say.

porata Say.
limosa Say.

Valvata tricarinata Say.

[Oct.

60

Notes on the Terrestrial Mollusks of the Peninsula of California,
BY W. G. BINNEY.

Our knowledge of the air-breathing mollusks of Lower California is derived
almost entirely from the labors of Mr. John Xantus. The specimens collected
by him, and from which the following descriptions are drawn, are deposited
in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.

The South American type of Bulimus appears to prevail, while the presence
of undoubted specimens of B. proteus and pallidior is an interesting fact in the
study of geographical distribution.

HELIx AREOLATA Sowb. Cerros Island. (Dr. Veatch.)

Heux Panpor# Forbes. Margarita Island. (My cabinet.) San Juan ?
(Forbes. )

Bouuimus excetsus Gould. La Paz. (California Acad. Nat. Se. coll.)
Butimus vesicauis Gould. Lower California. (Gould.)

BuLIMuS PALLIDIOR Sowb. (B. vegetus Gould.)—Mr. Xantus found it at Cape
San Lucas and 350 miles above. For an account of its habits see that of A.
inscendens described below. It appears to inhabit the whole peninsula, as
Carpenter quotes it from San Diego, and Gould at San Juan. It is found in
very great quantities. Sowerby is undoubtedly wrong in giving ‘‘ South Sea
Islands’’ as locality. Pfeiffer gives 8S. America on Cumings’ authority.

Bouiimus proteus Brod. Cape San Lucas. (Xantus.)—One large specimen
agreeing with the figure of Deshayes and Ferussac, pl. 139, figs. 1 and 2, and
numerous immature ones, were collected by Mr. Xantus. The colored bands
are longitudinal and not transverse as in Reeves’ fig. 100, Con. Icon., which is
also 8 mill. longer than Mr. Xantus’ largest specimen. J. proteus is referred
to the mountains of Peru by Piciffer.

Botimus Xantvust, n. s.—T. rimata; oblongo-ovata; calcarea;
striis creberrimis flexuosis longitudinalibus et lineis minutis interci-
dentibus notata; sutura impressa; anfr. 53 convexi, ultimus 5-7
long. teste equans; columella arcuata; apertura obliqua, ovalis ;
perist. simplex, acutum, marginibus approximatis, columellari re-
flexo; paries aperturalis callo tenui induta. Long. mill. 21, lat.

8. Ap. 10 longa, 6 lata.

Habitat promont. San Lucas, peninsule Californie. Exempla 4
collegit J. Xantus.

Shell rimate, oblong-ovate; chalky-white; marked with numerous longi-
tudinal wavy strie and decussating minute revolving lines ; suture impressed ;
whorls 53, convex, the last 5-7ths the length of the shell; columella arched ;
aperture oblique, oval; perist. simple, sharp, its ends somewhat approach-
ing, that of the columella reflected ; the parietal wall of the aperture covered
with a light callus.

The four specimens collected are very uniform in outline, size and mark-
ings. The peculiar wavy strie and minute revolving lines are its chief cha-
racteristics.

BULIMUS ARTEMISIA, 2. S.—T. rimata; subcylindrica, versus apicem
obtusam, distincté liratam attenuata; tenuis, diaphana, leviuscula,
longitudinaliter vix rugosa; suturaimpressa ; anfr. 8, planiusculi, regu-
lariter accrescentes, ultimus 3 long. teste equans ; apertura obliqua,
ovalis; perist. simplex, vix incrassatum, marginibus approximatis, }
callo crasso, exstante junctis, columellari dilatato.—Long. 23, diam. [
6; ap. 7 long, 5 mill. lata. Wa

Habitat ad promont. San Lucas, peninsule California. in Artemisia
aegens. (v- aantwus.)

1861.]

61

Shell rimate, subcylindrical, broadest at the second whorl, from which it
gradually tapers towards the apex, which is obtuse, its first whorl and a half
being bulbous, and marked by numerous strong longitudinal ribs; white;
nearly transparent; the longitudinal wrinkles of growth scarcely roughening
the almost smooth surface; suture distinct; whorls 8, flattened, regularly
and gradually increasing, the last equalling one-half the whole length of the
shell; aperture oblique, oval; peristome simple, hardly thickened, its ter-
minations approached, and made continuous by a white, upright callus, the
columellar portion expanded.

But one specimen was found on a small species of Artemisia at Cape San
Lucas, Lower California by Mr. J. Xantus, and is preserved in the collection
of the Smithsonian Institution.

BuLimvus PILvLA, n. s.—T. umbilicata, globosa, inflata; tenuis ;
longitudinaliter rugosa; calcarea ; apex obtusa; anfr. 4 convexi, ul-
Ss, timus inflatus, long. test 10-11 equans ; columella simplex, arcu-
(""\y ata; apertura obliqua, rotundata; perist. simplex, acutum, margine
columellari dilatato. Long. mill. 22, lat. 7. Ap. 9 longa, 6 lata.

Habitat in peninsula Californie, ad ‘‘ Todos Santos Mission,’’ et
in insula ‘‘ Marguerita.’’ Saxa degens sub muscis. Specimina plurima col-
legit J. Xantus.

Shell globose, inflated; umbilicated; thin; with longitudinal wrinkles ;
chalk-colored ; apex obtuse; whorls 4, convex, the last very inflated, equal-
ling 10-1lths the length of the whole shell; columella simple, arched ; aper-
ture oblique, rounded ; peristome simple, acute, its columellar end expanded
so as partially to cover the umbilicus.

Mr. Xantus found many of this species during his stay on the peninsular,
and is decidedly of the opinion that maturer specimens, if any existed, would
have been noticed by him. It frequents rocky spots, living under messes.

I can find no figure in Reeves’ Monegraph or description in Pfeiffer’s works
of any species at all approaching it in shape. Swimus sufflatus Gould, from
Lower California, of which I have seen a specimen, does not appear to be a
more mature form of it. The measurements are taken from the largest indi-
vidual. All the specimens are uniform in outline and other respects.

BULIMUS INSCENDENS, n. S.—T. rimata; acuminato-oblonga; ten-
uis ; rufo-brunnea ; striis incrementi et lineis minutis volventibus
decussata, apice lirata; sutura mediocris ; anfr. 7 convexi, ulti-
mus 7-12 long. testz equans; apertura obliqua, oblongo-ovata,
perist. simplex, acutum, ad columellam reflexum ; paries apertur-
alis callo tenui induta. Long. mill. 36, lat. 10. Ap. 15 longa.
9 lata.

Habitat in montibus arenosis peninsule Californie inter ‘‘ Cape
San Lucas”’ et ‘‘ Margarita Bay,’’ inscendens in arbores ‘‘Copal’’
dictas. (J. Xantus.)

Shell rimate; acuminately oblong; thin; reddish brown; de-
cussated with striz of growth and minute revolving lines, the api-
cial whorl and a half being ribbed ; suture moderate; whorls 7,

convex, the last 7-12ths the shell’s length ; aperture oblique, oblong-ovate ;
peristome simple, acute, reflected at the columella; a thin callus on the parie-
tal wall of the aperture.

The description is drawn from the most perfect specimen, which is some-
what smaller and more cylindrical than some of the others. On first receiving
a single specimen, I was inclined to refer it to B. excelsus Gld. A careful ex-
amination of the description of that species, however, and of a specimen lately
received, convinces me of its being distinct. Its peculiar characteristic is the
strongly ribbed, polished apicial whorls, differing from the decussated sculp-
turing of the remainder of the shell.

[Oct.

62

It was found in great numbers with B. pallidior Sowb., climbing high Copaiva
trees, called ‘‘ Copal”’ by the natives, on dry mountains 800 to 1000 feet high.
It was never observed on the table lands or low lands. Mr. Xantus traced it
from Cape St. Lucas some 350 miles up the coast.

PEDIPES LIRATA W.G. Binn. Cape San Lucas. (J. Xantus.)

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
000

Mr. Witt1aM G. Bryney, of Burlington, New Jersey, has been
for some time engaged in preparing, by request of the Smithsonian
Institution, a descriptive catalogue of the Limneide of North

America, as a portion of its proposed series of manuals of Ameri-
can Shells.

With the view of obtaining all possible information relative to
the subject of Mr. Binney’s researches, it has been considered
advisable to distribute proof copies of a Synopsis of the species
and their synonymes as they appear to Mr. Binney. The present
sheets, therefore, are sent out with this object, and any corrections
or additions will be thankfully received and properly acknowledged.
As a mere proof, which will undoubtedly receive many corrections,
these pages should not be quoted as authority, or referred to as a
published work, as was done with a similar proof of Mr. Binney’s
paper on the Amunicolide, Viviparide, &e.

Contributions of specimens, either.as types or as collections,
serving to illustrate local faunas and variations of character, are
solicited; all such will be worked up with the large material
already in possession of the Institution, and due credit be given
in the lists of specimens. Species to which an asterisk is affixed
are particularly desired, they not being represented in the collection.

In the forthcoming work there will be a description and figure
of each species, and the original description and a fac-simile of
the original figure of each synonym. Full notes on the geogra-
phical distribution, synonymy and systematie arrangement will
also be given.

‘ JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary S. I.

SmirusonrAn Institution, May 4, 1863.

to

Famity LIMN AIDA.
\

Genus Limnza.

§ iT
Limnza jugularis, Say, Hald., De Gould., De Kay, Pot. et Mich.,
Kay, Kiister. , m- Kiist.
L. appressa, Say, Hald., C. B. A., . chalybea, Gould.

De K., Kiist. ad
L. stagnalis, Kirtland, Linn. ?
L. speciosa, Ziegler.

- macrostoma, Say, Gould, Kist.
. acuminata, C. B. Ad., not Lam.
. navicula, Val.

. strigosa, Lea.

. coarctata, Lea.

. casta, Lea.

Limnza megasoma, Say, Hald.,
C. B. Ad., De Kay, Kiister.
Bulimnea megasoma, Chenu.
Limnzeaampla, Mighels, Whiteaves. | Limnzea decollata, Mighels, C. B.
Ad., Kiist.
ZL. catascopium, Hald.

SoSiS Ses) SS

Limnea columella, Say, Hald.,

§ 2.

Limnea reflexa, Say, Hald., De L. plebeia, Gould ?

Kay, Kiist. L. expansa, Hald., De K., Kiist.

L. elongata, Say. Limnza proxima, Lea..

L. umbrosa, Say, Hald., De Kay, rel ee toteod aoa a ered aia!

Kiist.
L. exilis, Lea, Kiist. Limneza kirtlandiana, Lea.
L. haydeni, Lea. Limnea gracilis, Jay, C. B. Ad.,
Limnophysa reflexa, Chenu. De K., Hald.
Limnza attenuata, Say, De Kay, Acella gracilis, Chenu.
Hald., Kist. Limnea desidiosa, Say, Gould,
L. subulata, Dunk., Kiist. Hald., C. B. Ad., De Kay,
Limnea fragilis, Lin., Hald., De K. Kiist.
L. elodes, Say, Gould, C. B. Ad., L. obrussa, Say, De K.
Kist. LI. acuta, Lea.
L. palustris, Muller, &c. L. philadelphica, Lea.
L. nuttalliana, Lea, Kist. L. fusiformis, Lea.
§ 3.
Limnza emarginata, Say, Hald., L. cornea, Val.
De K., Kiist. L. pinguis, Say, not of Dohrn.
L. ontariensis, Muhlf., Kist. L. virginiana, Lam., Desh. in

Limnea catascopium, Say, Hald., Lam., Deless.

Gould, De K., Mrs. Gray, Pot.| ° ©. sericata, Ziegl.
§ Mich., Kiist Helix catascopius, Eaton.
c 4 "> . x

: 3

Limnza caperata, Say, I/ald., C.| Limnzea bulimoides, Lea, Hald.,
B. Ad., De K., M. E. Gray, De Kay.
Kiist. *Limnza galbana, Say, Hald.
L. umbilicata, C. B. Ad., Gld. | 7 imnzea solida, Lea, Hald., De K.
Limnza vitrea, Hald., De Kay. L. apicina, Lea, Kiist.
Limnza lepida, ld. Limnza humilis, Say, Hald., DeK.

Limnea pingellii, Beck, Kiist. ZL. parva, Lea.

L. vahlii, Mirch? i L. modicella, Say, Gould.
Limneea vahlii, Beck §- Méll., Kiist. L.,linsleyi, De K., Linsley.

L. grénlandica, Jay. L, plica, Lea.

L. pingellii, Bk. & M@l1? L. grifithiana, Lea,

L. planulata, Lea.
LL. rustica, Lea.
LL. exigua, Lea.
LL. curta, Lea.

Limneza wormskioldii, Mérch.

Limneza holbollii, Beck § Méll.,
Kiist.

*Limnza gronlandica, Beck.

Limnza pallida, C. b. Ad., Hald.,
De Kay.

*Limnea ferruginea, [Zald., DeK.

DovusrFruL AND Spurious SPECIES.

Limnea decisa, Say.
Limnea heterostropha, Say.
Limnea subcarinata, Say.
Limnea virginica, Say.
Limnea vivipara, Say.
Limnea nigrescens, De K.
Limnea reticulata, De Kay.
Limnea heterostropha,

C.. Be Aad
Limnea ovata, Lam.
Limnea alternata, Whit-

eaves.

Limnea lineata,H.& A. Ad.

Limnea conoidea, H. & A.
Ad.
Limnea truncatula,
Woodw.
Limnea rugosa, Val.,
Hald., De Kay, Kiist.
Limnea platystoma, Hald.
Cyclemis minutissima, Raf.
olivacea, Raf.
Lomastoma terebrina, Raf.
Omphiscola, Raf.
Lymnula, Raf.
Espiphylla nympheola, Raf.

Fosstn SPECIES.

Limnea vetusta, Meek.

Limnea similis, Meek.

Limnea diaphana, Evans &
Shumard.

Limnea nebrascensis,

Evans & Shumard.

Limnea tenuicostata, Meek
& Hayden.

Limnea meekiana, Evans &
Shumard.

Limnea? multistriata,

Meek & Hayden.

Genus Pompholyx.

Pompholy x effusa, Lea, H. § A. Ad.

Genus Physa.

Physa aurantia, Carp.
Aplexa aurantia, Carp.
Aplexa peruviana, Mke. »
Physa elata, Gild.
Aplexa elata, Carp.

Physa gyrina, Say, De Kay, Kiist.,
C. B. Ad., Hald.

Physa elliptica, Lea, De Kay.
Physa cylindrica, De Kay.
Physa hildrethiana, Lea.

Physa ampullacea, Gould.

Physa bullata, Gld., not Pot. et
Mich.

Physa mexicana, Phil.

Physa vinosa, Gid.

Physa ancillaria, Say, Gld., Hald.,
C. B. Ad., De Kay, Kiister,
Chenu.

Physa obesa, De K.

Physa sayii, Tappan.
Physa osculans, Hald.

Physa nitens, Phil. ©

Physa heterostropha, Say, Hald.,
Gould, C. B. Ad., Desh. in
Lam., Kiist., De Kay, M. E.
Gray, Pot. et Mich.

Limnea heterostropha, Say.
Physa fontana, Wald.

Physa cylindrica, Newe.
Physa aurea, Lea, De K.
Physa plicata, De K.

Physa osculans, Hald. (part).
Physa glabra, De K.

Physa striata, Mke.

Physa subarata, Mke.

Physa charpentieri, Kiist.

- Physa phillipii, Kister.
Physa elliptica, Lea.
Physa inflata, Lea.
Helix heterostrophus, Eaton.
Bulla crassula, Dillw.

Bulla fontinalis, Chemn., Gmel.,
Schroter.

Cochlea neritoides, List.

Physa hypnorum, Lin., Hald., C.
B. Ad. “
Physa elongata, Say, Gld., De K.
Physa elongatina, Lewis.
Aplexa hypnorum, Chenu, &e:
Physa integra, Hald., De K.
Aplexus (Isodora) integra,
Chenu.
*Physa fragilis, Wighels, C. B. Ad.,
ald.

*Physa semiplicata, Kiist.

*Physa costata, Newc.

Physa solida, Phil. —

Physa virginea, Gid.

Physa humerosa, Gid.

Physa pomilia, Conrad, De Kay,
Muller.

*Physa globosa, Hald.
Phisella globosa, Chenu.

Physa virgata, Gid.

Physa microstoma, Hald.
Physodon microstoma, Chenu.

*Physa distorta, Hald.

Physa troostiana, Lea.

Physa triticea, Lea.
*Physa concolor, Hald., De K.

DouBTFUL AND Spurious SPECIES.

Physa ampullaria, Lea.
Physa rivalis, Mich.
Physa planorbula, De Kay.
Physa fontinalis, Sheppard.
Physa subopaca, Sheppard:

Physa sealaris, Jay, Hald.,
not Dunker.
(Paludina sealaris, Jay.)
Physa marginata, Bell,
Whiteaves.

Fosstn SPEcrEs.

Physa secalina, Evans and
Shumard.

Physa (Aplexa) rhomboi-
dea, Meek and Hdn.

Physa (Aplexa) subelonga-
ta, Meek and Hayden.

Genus Planorbis.

§ 1.
Planorbis newberryi, Lea.
82.
Planorbis campanulatus, Say,

Planorbella campanulata, Chenu.

Hald., Gould, C. B. Ad., De| pjanorbis multivolvis, Case.

Kay, Kiist.
Planorbis bellus, Lea.
Planorbis bicarinatus, Sowb.

§ 3.

Planorbis wheatleyi, Lea.

Planorbis armigerus, Say, Hald.,
Gid., C. B. Ad., De K., M. E.
Gray.

§ 4.

Planorbis opercularis, Gd.
Planorbis planulatus, Cooper.

Planorbis exacutus, Say, Hald.,
Gid., C. B. Ad., De K.

Adula multivolvis, H. Adams.

Planorbis haldemani, Dunker, in

Kiist., not C. B. Ad.

Segmentina armigera, H. and A. -
Ad.
Planorbella armigera, Chenu.

Planorbis lens, Lea.
Planorbis brogniarti, Lea. °
Planorbis lenticularis, Lea,
Planorbis buchanensis, Lea.
Paludina hyalina, Lea.

§ 5.
Planorbis ammon, Gid. Bulla fluviatilis, Say.
Planorbis traskii, Lea. Cochlea trium-orbium, Lister, Pe-
Planorbis tenuis, Phil., Kiist. tiver.
Planorbis mexicanus, Ziegler. * | Planorbis truncatus, Miles.
Planorbis corpulentus, Say, Planorbis fragilis, Dunker, Kiist.
; Hald., De K., Gould. | pyanorbis bicarinatus, Say, M. E.
Planorbis trivolvis, pars, C.B.Ad. Gray, Hald., De K., Kist., C
. > +3 bg Hite” “3 ~
Helisoma corpulenta, Chenu. B. Ad., Pot. et Mich., Gld.,
Planorbis trivolvis, Say, De Kay, not of Sowb.
Gild., Hald., C. B. Ad., Kiist., Helix angulata, Rack., Wood.
Pot. et Mich. Helix bicarinatus, Eaton.
Planorbis regularis, Lea. Planorbis engonatus, Conr.
Planorbis corpulentus, Whitt. Planorbis tumens, Carp
Planorbis megastoma, De K. Planers 2 C
Pl a: y anorbis affinis, Carp.
lanorbis lentus, Gld. Pie .
Seg re anorbis tenaglophila, Mke. non
Planorbis trivolvis, var. fallax, D’ Orb
Hald. ;

* A
Planorbis macrostomus, Whit- Planorbis subcrenatus, Carp.

eaves. | *Planorbis lautus, H. Ad.

Helix trivolvis, Eaton. *Planorbis antrorsus, Conr., De
Physa planorbula, De K. K., Mull.
§ 6.
Planorbis lentus, Say, Hald., De Nautilina deflecta, Chenu.
Kay. *Planorbis vermicularis, Gld.
Planorbis tumidus, P/r., Kiist. Planorbis dilatatus, Gld., Hald.,
Planorbis caribeus, D’Orb. De K., not Pfr.

Planorbis intermedius, Phil. Planorbis dilatus, Hala.
Planogbis capillaris, Beck} Planorbis albus, Mull., Hald.
Planorbis glabratus, Say, Hald., Planorbis hirsutus, Gould, C. B.

De K. Ad., De Kay.
Planorbis havanensis, Pfr., Kist.|pjanorbis parvus, Say, Hald.,
Planorbis terveranus, D’Orb. Gid., C. B. Ad., De K.
Planorbis liebmanni, Dunk., Kiist. Planorbis concavus, Auth.
Planorbis gracilentus, Gld. Planorbis elevatus, C. B. Ad.,
Planorbis deflectus, Say, Hald., Gld., De K.
Gid., C. B. Ad., De K. Helix parvus, Eaton.

Planorbis virens, C. B. Ad., DeK. | Planorbis arcticus, Beck.
Planorbis obliquus, De K.

DousrFruL AND Spurious SPECIES.

Planorbis parallelus, Say.
Planorbis niger, De K.
Planorbis complanatus,

Ray.

Planorbis obtusa, Wheatl.

Planorbis spirorbis, Shep-
pard.

Planorbis alba, Sheppard.

Fosstn SPECIES.

Planorbis spectabilis, Meek.

Planorbis utahensis, Meek.-

Planorbis vitrinus, Meek &
Hayden.
Planorbis nebrascensis,
Evans. & Shum.
Planorbis vetulus, Meek &
- Hayden.

Planorbis convolutus, Meek
& Hayden.

Planorbis Planoconvex (P.
fragilis), Meek & Hay-
den. .

Planorbis subumbilicata,

( Valvata), Meek & Hay-
den.

Genus Ancylus.

*Ancylus calcarius, De K.

*Ancylus haldemani, Bourg.
Ancylus depressus, Hald., not
Desh.

Ancylus diaphanus, Hald., De K.
*Ancylus elatior, Anth.

Ancylus filosus, Conr., Hald., De
K., Mull.

Ancylus fuscus, C. B. Ad., Hald.,
Gid., De K.

*Ancylus obscurus, Hald.

Ancylus parallelus, Hald., C. B.
Ad., De K.
Ancylus rivularis, Gld., not Say.
Ancylus rivularis, Say, Hald., De
Ki, M. E. Gray, not of Gild.
Ancylus tardus, Say, Hald., C. B.
Ad., De K.
*Ancylus newberryi, Lea.
*Ancylus crassus, //ald.
Ancylus caurinus, Cooper.
Ancylus patelloides, Lea. ;

DovustFrun SPECIES. .

Ancylus drouetianus, Bourg.

Genus Velletia.

*Velletia nuttallii, Hald., De Kay.

Fossin SPEcIEs.

Ancylus (Acroloxus) minutus, Meek & Hayden.

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PROOF. Have the kindness to retwrn, with any corrections, to
W. G. Binney, Burlington, New Jersey, WITHOUT DELAY.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF THE SPECIES OF

AMNICOLA, VIVIPARA, BITHYNIA, VALVATA, AND
AMPULLARIA, OF NORTH AMERICA.

Ir is now twenty-two years since Prof. Haldeman commenced
the publication of his “‘ Monograph of the Fresh Water Univalve
Mollusca, of the United States,” which must qways remain the
standard work on the genera of which it treats. At that time
but little confusion existed in the synonymy of the few species
known, as among about thirty specific names given by him in the
genera Paludina, Amnicola, Valvata, and Ampullaria, but six
only were considered synonyms. He had also the advantage of
personal knowledge of all but one or two species, not only from
the fresh tradition of the collections, but generally also from
typical specimens of authors themselves. With these advantages
it was possible for him to prepare a monograph of these genera
on the decisions of which one could rely, as the most correct pos-
sible in that stage of conchological science.

At the present time the case is very different. Instead of thirty
descriptions to study, we now have nearly one hundred and fifty.
They have been drawn from specimens received from isolated
situations, oftentimes by persons who have not had the advantage
of studying a large suite of individuals, or comparing typical
specimens, or even of access to the descriptions of others. The
shells belong to a class characterized, above all others, by a
remarkable range of variation, arising from local causes, different
stages of growth, or of station, &c. Many of them, at best, are
furnished with so few positive external specific characters, that we
can depend only for their determination on the discovery of some
anatomical differences. Indeed, it appears that to study satis-

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li INTRODUCTORY.

factorily a single species of our fluviatile univalves, one must
have before him a very large suite of specimens of all ages from
every portion of the district which it inhabits, as well as authen-
tic specimens of every allied described species, with an equally
complete suite of individuals of them. Add to this knowledge
sufficient to obtain any additional light from the anatomy of the
animal, and he may be in a position to speak authoritatively in
regard to its specific characters, its relations to other species, its
variations, geographical distribution, synonymy, &c.

Not possessing these requisites, I have not attempted to pre-
pare a complete monograph, but rather a report on the present
state of our knowledge of the subject. I have given an English
translation of all the original descriptions, and a fac-simile of
the outline of each original figure. Jam in hopes my work will
conduce to a more perfect knowledge of the various families, by
furnishing a basis for future research.

Although I do not consider myself competent to settle defi-
nitely many questions of synonymy, my opportunities have been
ample to decide some. In the genera Ampullaria, Valvata, and
Amnicola, I have adopted almost all the published descriptions,
having but little opportunity of comparison of species, or of gain-
ing information, other than that furnished by Haldeman. In the
genus Vivipara, I have had better means of making correct deci-
sions. Before studying any descriptions, or, indeed, paying atten-
tion to any specific names, I had before me over 90 different lots,
containing 320 specimens, exclusive of duplicates, belonging to
the Smithsonian Collection, and which had never been assorted
or determined. To these I added the specimens figured by Prof.
Haldeman in his Monograph, which he has since presented to the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Dr. James
Lewis, of Mohawk, very kindly added all his specimens of the
genus; Mr. J. G. Anthony all his types, and numerous other
interesting specimens; Dr. E. R. Showalter, of Uniontown,
Alabama, furnished me with many southern species, in large
numbers, of every stage of growth, and from the Philadelphia
Academy, I borrowed all their specimens, including Say’s types,
In addition to the gentlemen already mentioned, I am indebted
to the kindness of Mr. Lea for constant access to his extensive
collection, the study of his types, with privilege of having them
drawn, and much of his valuable time. After having studied the

SYNOPTICAL TABLE. ili

’

material before me, I sorted out all the specimens belonging to
what appeared to me as the same species into separate lots.
Then came the comparison of labels, the study of descriptions
and figures, the reference to dates of publication, &c. After my
work was done, I laid aside the subject for more than a year. On
resuming it lately, I have gone carefully over the whole ground
again, and have thus arrived at the following view of the syno-
nymy. Doubtless future research will modify my decisions.

SYNOPTICAL TABLE.

Famity. RISSOIDA.

Genus. Ammicola.

a. elongated.
Amnicola attenuata, Hald.
A. elongata in pl.
Amnicola lapidaria, Say.
Cyclostoma lapidaria, Say.
Paludina lapidaria, Kiist.
Amnicola longinqua, Gould.
Amnicola nickliniana, Lea.
Paludina nickliniana, Lea.
Amnicola protea, Gould.
Amnicola tenuipes, Couper.
Amnicola sayana, Anthony.
Paludina sayana, Anthony.
Cyclostoma cincinnatiensis, Lea.
Amnicola obtusa, Lea.
Paludina obtusa, Lea.

b. orbicular.

Amnicola porata, Say.
Paludina porata, Say.
Amnicola pallida, Hald.
Amnicola lustrica, Adams.
Amnicola lustrica, Say.
Paludina lustrica, Say.
Amnicola limosa, Say.
Paludina limosa, Say.
Amunicola porata, Gould.
Amnicola galbana, Hald.
Amnicola decisa, Hald.

Amnicola cincinnatiensis, Anth.
Paludina cincinnatiensis, Anth.
Paludina emarginata, Kiister.

Amnicola granum, Say.
Paludina grana, Say.

Amnicola parva, Lea.

Amnicola orbiculata, Lea.

Amnicola depressa, Tryon.

Spurious SPECIES.

Amnicola isogona, Lea.
albilabris, Wheatley.
dentata, Wheatley.
sayana, Wheatley.
gibbosa, Wheatley.
integra, Hald.
seminalis, Cooper.
nuttalliana, Cooper.

VIVIPARIDE.
Vivipara.
a. nodulous.
Vivipara magnifica, Conr. (Pal.)
Paludina bimonilifera, Lea.
angulata, Lea.
b. carinated.
Vivipara multicarinata, Haid.
Paludina multicarinata, Hald.
carinata, Val. [Lea.
Vivipara cyclostomatiformis,
Paludina cyclostomatiformis, Lea.
contorta, Shuttl.
elliotti, Lea.

FAMILY.

Genus.

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Vivipara subcarinata, Say.
Limneea subcarinata, Say.
Paludina sulculosa, Menke.

bicarinata Pot. et Mich.
Helix decisa, Wood.
c. simple.
1. elongate ovate.

Vivipara ponderosa, Say. (Pal.)
Paludina maxima, Rav.?

Vivipara decisa, Say. (Pal.)
Melania ovularis, Menke.
Paludina limosa, Val.

cornea, Val.
ponderosa jun., Desh.
heterostropha, Kirtl.
microstoma, Kirtl.
rufa, Hald.
integra, Say.
genicula, Conr.
subsolida, Anth.
heros, De Kay.
Helix dissimilis, Wood.
Lymnula ventricosa, Raf.
Ambloxis major, Raf.

Vivipara coarctata, Lea. ( Pal.)
Paludina lima, Anth.

exilis, Anth.
compressa, Lewis.

Vivipara subpurpurea, Say.
Paludina subpurpurea Say.
Vivipara texana, Tryon.

Vivipara incrassata, Lea. (Pal.)

Vivipara vivipara, Lin. (Heliz.)
Paludina lineata, Val.

georgiana, Lea.

2. subglobose.

Vivipara intertexta, Say. (Pal.)
Paludina transversa, Say.
Vivipara troostiana, Lea. (Pal.)
Paludina haleana, Lea.
Vivipara wareana, Shuttl. (Pal.)
Vivipara coosaensis, Lea. (Pal.)
Paludina magnifica, pars Hald.
Vivipara decapitata, Anthony.
Paludina decapitata, Anth.

SYNOPTICAL TABLE.

Vivipara regularis, Lea. (Pal.)
Vivipara subglobosa, Say. (Pal.)

DovustruL AND SPURIOUS SPECIES.

Paludina alleghanensis, Green.
Paludina bengalensis, Lam.

P. elongata, Sw.
multilineata, Say.
vitula, Raf.

Paludina unicolor, Lam.
Paludina minuta, Kuster.
Paludina hyalina, Lea.
Paludina turrita, Menke.
Paludina aculeus, Kiist.
Paludina scalaris, Jay.
Paludina sayana, Kist.
Paludina emarginata, Kiist.
Paludina cincinnatiensis, Kist.
Paludina lapidaria, Kist.
Paludina porata, Kiist.
Paludina granosa, Kirt.
Paludina lustrica, Kist.
Paludina grana, Say.

Paludina limosa, Say.

Paludina nickliniana, Lea.
Paludina obtusa, Lea.

Paludina nuttalliana, Lea.
Paludina virens, Lea.

Paludina fontinalis, Phil.
Paludina dissimilis, Say.
Paludina altalis, Rav.

Paludina isogona, De Kay.
Paludina pallida, Lea.

Paludina crenata, Brot.
Paludina humerosa, Anthony.
Paludina rudis, Rav.

Paludina nitida, Rav.

Paludina nuclea, Lea.

Paludina seminalis, Hinds.
Paludina tentaculata, Linn.
Vivipara acuta, W. G. Binney.
Vivipara rugosa, W. G. Binney.
Vivipara gonula, W. G. Binney.
Vivipara verrucosa, W. G. Binney.
Vivipara plaioxis, W. G. Binney.
Vivipara lacustris, W. G. Binney.

SYNOPTICAL TABLE. Vv

Genus. Bithynia. | Famity. AMPULLARIIDE.
Bithynia nuclea, Lea. (Pal.) Genus. Ampullaria.
Bithynia seminalis, Hinds. (Pal.)

Amanicola seminalis, Cooper.
Bithynia castanea, Jill.
Bithyniatentaculata, Lin. (Heliz.)

Ampullaria depressa, Say.
Ampullaria paludosa, Say.
hopetonensis, Lea.

’

Famiry. VALVATIDA. SPURIOUS AND EXTRALIMITAL.
Genus. Valwata. Ampullaria borealis, Valenc.
Valvata tricarinata, Say. (Cycl.) Ampullaria rotundata, Say.
Valvata carinata, Sowb. A, globosa, Hald.
unicarinata, De Kay. Ampullaria urceus, Miill.
bicarinata, Lea. Ampullaria flagellata, Say.
Valvata sincera, Say. Ampullaria flatilis, Reeve.
Valvata striata, Lewis. Ampullaria cerasum, Hanley.
depressa, pars, Kiist. Ampullaria miltocheilus, Reeve.
Valvata pupoidea, Gould. Ampullaria gheisbrechtii, Reeve.
Valvata humeralis, Say. Ampullaria fumata, Reeve.

Ampullaria violacea, Val.

SPURIOUS SPECIES. Ampullaria refleca, Sowb.

Valvata arenifera, Lea. Ampullaria malleata, Jonas. _[lan.
cinerea, Wheatley. Ampullaria paludinoides, Crist and
buccata, Wheatley. Ampullaria scalaris, D’Orb.

The figures are generally in outline, but in connection with the
descriptions, will, I hope, answer their purpose. Many have been
copied by permission from Haldeman’s Monograph. Those
drawn from nature are, with few exceptions, by my friend Mr. E.
S. Morse, of Portland, Maine.

In the check lists printed in 1860, the genera Amnicola, Vivi-
para, Valvata, and Ampullaria, were placed in one family of
Viviparide. That list was prepared only for the temporary
arrangement of the collection. It becomes necessary now to
adopt some system of arrangement more in accordance with the
recent advancement of conchological science. I have, therefore,
followed the system proposed in the Genera of Recent Mollusca,
by H. and A. Adams, copying their definitions of families and
genera. Their subgenera are not adopted. The characters on
which the families and higher divisions are based, are explained
in Carpenter’s “ Lectures on Mollusca,” in the Smithsonian Re-
port, 1860, p. 151 e¢ seq.

Buruinerton, N. J., July, 1862.

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FLUVIATILE SHELLS

OF

NOK To A M Eat x.

Pack bE:
Famity RISSOIDAE.

[Lingual membrane with the inner lateral teeth very
broad, the apices incurved, lobed; outer laterals dissimilar,
all with denticulated apices. Rostrum more or less adnate,
below, to the forepart of the foot; tentacles setaceous, with
the eyes on bulgings at their outer bases; neck-lobes none.
Foot angulated in front, acuminate behind; operculigerous
lobe, with developed lateral expansions, and usually fur-
nished with a caudal, tentacular filament. Operculum horny,
sub-spiral.

Shell generally white, spiral, more or less turreted ; aper-
ture usually simple in front—H. and A. Ad.]

AMNICOLA, Goutp & Hatpemay.

Animal with the head proboscidiform, rostrum subbifid at the
extremity, and extending beyond the foot; mouth
a longitudinal slit upon the inferior surface; ten-
tacles setaceous, of equal length; eyes at the pos-
terior external base, not pedunculate: foot sub- |
ovate or lengthened, truncate anteriorly, the angles
capable of being turned outwards as in Valvata, Animal of Am-
but not to so great an extent; and it is incapable cpa itaes
of the extension beyond the rostrum observable in Paludina.

Shell short or lengthened conic, thin in texture, composed of

ci)

Fig. 1.

cies 2

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2 AMNICOLA.

from 4 to T convex whirls, separated by a distinct suture ; aper-
ture oblique, peritreme simple, detached,.or but slightly con-
nected with the body whirl, and usually by a very

Fig. 2. small portion of its circumference posteriorly ; base
\G usually perforate; operculum thin, corneous, com-

@
Sy posed of a few spiral volutions.

Operculum of

ee A. decisa and lustrica, where I have observed

them, live upon the inferior surface of stones in
running water. They are tolerably active, and retract sud-
denly when a shadow is passed over them. The ova are depo-
sited in the month of March, in small oblong detached glairy
masses, each of which contains apparently but one germ, which
is situated at the larger end of the mass. The color of the germ
is orange, of the mass yellowish transparent, with a dark central
line upon the surface from end to end. ‘The progression, at least
of the short species, is performed upon the foot alone, with a
uniform gliding motion, as in Physa. (Haldeman.)

That this group of small shells should be separated from Palu-
dina and also from Cyclostoma, in which genus they were included
by Cuvier, is clear from the structure of the operculum, but more
especially from the structure and habits of the animal. Among
the differences, the following are the most obvious: In this genus,
the head precedes the foot in progression; in Paludina it is the
contrary; in this the tentacula are all the way of a size, and
without any enlargement for the reception of the eyes, instead of
being tapering, with a niche for the eyes ; they are also frequently,
if not always, unequal in length; perhaps this is a sexual differ-
ence. The animal has the power of rising and swimming in an
inverted posture at the surface of the water, which the true Palu-
dina never does. So far as observation has yet gone, the Amni-
cola is oviparous, while the true Paludina is ovo-viviparous. It
is found crawling upon stones, sticks, and aquatic plants, while
Paludina remains upon the mud, and is usually observed partly,
or entirely, imbedded in it. On these grounds Mr. Haldeman

“AMNICOLA. 8

concurs with me in instituting the genus Amnicola. Its position
seems to be intermediate between Paludina and Melania.

Under this genus will come P. porata, lustrica, grana, and
limosa of Say; nickliniana of Lea; and cincinnatiensis of
Anthony, and perhaps some of the sub-globular Melanie.

The genus Nematura of Benson includes shells very similar to
these, but they are said to have the last whorl contracted, as it
approaches the aperture. ( Gould.)

The figures which I have given are all somewhat enlarged.

I have grouped the species into two sections :—
§ 1. Shell elongate. § 2. Shell globose.

§ 1. Elongate.

Amnicola attenuata, Hatp.—Shell unusually long, slender, with
6 or 7 obliquely revolving, very convex whirls, separated by a deep
suture; aperture small, ovate, with the peritreme level and

continuous ; labium in contact with the body whirl, leaving Fig. 3.
scarcely any perforation. .

Color pale-green beneath an extraneous coating of black.

Taken from a spring in Montgomery County, Virginia,
connected with Roanoke River.

Iam not confident that this is not the adult of Nickliniana, Minicala:
as there is a very close resemblance between that shell and = attenuata.
the young of this species, when it has but four volutions.

In the latter, the aperture appears to be rather contracted. (Haldeman.)

Amnicola attenuata, HALDEMAN, Mon. pt. 4, p. 3 of wrapper—Jb. Mon. p.

22, pl. i, f. 22—Zb. Journ. Acad. N. Sc. Phila. VIII, p. 200—JZb.
Proce. I, 78.

Amnicola elongata, HALDEMAN, I. c. in plate.

It is also said to inhabit New York. Amnicola elongata, Jay
of the Smithsonian Check Lists is probably this species. No
synonymy or reference is given by Dr. Jay (Cat., p. 278).

Amnicola lapidaria, Sayv—Shell turreted, sub-umbilicate, with
six volutions, which are obsoletely wrinkled across. Suture

impressed. Aperture longitudinally ovate-orbicular, opercu- Fig. 4.
lated, rather more than one-third of the length of the shell.
Length about one-fifth of an inch. Collection of the Aca-
demy of Natural Sciences. b
Inhabitant not so long as the shell, pale; head elongated

into a rostrum as long as the tentacula, and emarginate at) oy nyeoia
tip; tentacula two, filiform, acuminated at tip, short; eyes lapidaria.

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4 AMNICOLA.

prominent, situated at the external or posterior base of the tentacula;
base or foot of the animal dilated, oval, obtuse before and behind.

Found under stones, &c., in moist situations, on the margins of rivers.
Like those of the genera Lymnea and Planorbis, this animal possesses the
faculty of crawling on the surface of the water, in a reversed position, the
shell downward. (Say.)

Cyclostoma lapidaria, Say, Journ. A. N. §. Phila. I, 13; Brnney’s ed. 59.

Amnicola lapidaria, HAupEMAN, Mon. p. 18, pl. i, f. 10.

Paludina lapidaria, Kister in Chemn., ed. 2, p. 54, pl. x, f. 21, 22.

Melania lapidaria, Lewis, Bost. Proc. VII, 255.

This is a widely distributed species, ranging at least from
Georgia to New York, and from Missouri to Michigan. It is
also found in the postpleiocene of the Mississippi River bluffs.

In its habits it differs from most Amnicolex, being often far
removed from water, in positions favorable to strictly land spe-
cies. This fact, of course, would not necessitate its removal from
the genus, as such instances have been noticed in other genera.
The anatomist must decide the question of its generic station.

Amnicola longinqua, Gov.ip — Shell small, elongate-ovate,
smooth ; apex obtuse; whirls 5, rounded; suture deep; aperture elliptical,
rounded posteriorly ; columella very arcuate, sub-perforate. Length one-
eighth, breadth, one-tenth inch.

Found in the Colorado Desert (Cienaga Grande) by W. P. Blake.

In form it is much like A. cincinnatiensis, Hald., or like A. galbana, or
like miniature specimens of Paludina ponderosa. It has a bleached or
chalky color, probably from exposure, like the other species found on the
Cienaga Grande, a region which is immersed a portion of the time, and
dry the remainder, and was once, apparently, an extensive marsh, or
shallow lake. ( Gould.)

Amnicola longingua, Goutp, Pr. Bost. 8. N. H. v, 130.

Amnicola nickliniama, Lea—Shell turreted, green, smooth;
apex obtuse ; whirls 4, convex; aperture
Fig. 5. ovate. Hot Springs, Va. Diam. two- Fig. 6.
twentieths ; length three-twentieths inch.
This shell, with several other species,
was brought by Mr. Nicklin from the Hot

/) | Springs of Virginia, and kindly placed
sf in my cabinet. It lives in a rivulet, Amnicola
Paludina whose channel is supplied by the waters “*#/iniana.
nickliniana.

of a hot and a cold spring. The Physa
aurea inhabits the same stream. It is the smallest species I know in our
couutry, except the granosa of Say. It is rather larger, and very much re-

AMNICOLA. 5

sembles the viridis Lam. Its habitat, however, is very different, as the
viridis lives in cold fountains. (ZLea.)

Paludina nickliniana, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. VI, 92, pl. xxiii, f. 109.
Amnicola nickliniana, HAupEMAN, Mon., p. 21, pl. i, f. 12.

Mr. Lea’s figure (fig. 5) not being as correct a representation
as desirable of the species, I add another (fig. 6), copied from
Haldeman.

Amnicola protea, Govtp—Shell elongate, slender, variable ; whirls
7-8, rounded, divided by a deep suture, simple or variously ornamented,
and barred with revolving ridges and longitudinal folds ; aperture ovate ;
lip continuous, simple, scarcely touching the penultimate whirl. Length
of the largest specimen three-tenths, breadth, one-tenth
inch. Fig. 6*.

From the Colorado Desert (Gran Jornada), Dr. T. H.

Webb, W. P. Blake.

Peculiar from its large size and slender form, though
differing greatly in its relative proportions. It differs
from all others, in being variously sculptured with re-
volving ridges and longitudinal folds, like most Melanie.

( Gould.)

Amnicola protea, Gouup, Proc. Bost. 8. N. H. V, 129. amnicola protea.

Amnicola tenuipes, Covrer—Animal “ with the head probosci-
diform, sub-bifid, sub-cylindrical; foot strap-shaped, anterior portion ex-
tending laterally, and emarginate before ; tentacles setaceous ; eyes at the
external base of the tentacles ; color, except the head and eyes, mottled white.

Shell “small, one and a half lines long, subumbilicated, oblong-ovate,
turreted, thin, smooth, lines of growth very slightly marked;
color light brown; volutions five, suture slightly impressed; Fig. 7.
aperture ovate, oblong, angulated above, rounded at base; la-
brum simple, sharp.

“Found in the rice-field ditches at Hopeton, Georgia; move- A
ment active, made by the joint action of the head and foot, 4mnicola
the head advancing before the foot ; floats on the surface of the _tenuipes.
water in an inverted position.” (Couper in Haldeman.)

Amnicola tenuipes, CouPER, in Haldeman’s Mon. 23, pl. i, f. 14—15; No.
7, p. 4 of wrapper.

Amnicola sayamna, Ayrnony—Shell lengthened, conic, Fig. 8.
composed of six very convex shining whirls ; suture strongly
impressed ; lines of growth very fine; base with a narrow um- Q
bilic ; aperture suborbicular; the labium slightly flattened, a
small portion of it in contact with the body whirl. Amnicola

Color bright yellowish-brown, translucent. Inhabits south- sayana.
western Ohio.

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6 AMNICOLA

It is found on wet earth and roots of trees on the margin of a small
stream near Cincinnati. (Haldeman.)

Cyclostoma cincinnatiensis, Lea, 1843, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. VIII, 229, pl.
vi. f. 62.

Amnicola sayana, HaupEMAN, Mon. p. 19, pl. i, f. 11; pt. 4, p. 4 of

wrapper.

Paludina sayana, Kister in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 49, pl. ix, f. 30—32.

The name proposed by Mr. Lea being preoccupied, I have fol-
lowed Haldeman, in adopting that proposed by Anthony, but
never published by him. Troschel (Gebiss der Schnecken p. 107,
pl. viii, f. 1) figures the lingual membrane of this species; No.
8934 of the collection is from Mr. Anthony. No. 8971 is labelled
by Mr. Lea “ Cyclostoma cincinnatiensis.”

Found in Ohio and New York.

Mr. Lea’s description and an enlarged view of the outline of
his figure here follow:—

Cyclostoma cincinnatiensis. — Shell elevated in the form of a cone,
smooth, shining, transparent, umbilicate; whirls 6, apex

Fig. 9. obtuse; margin of the lip reflected.
Vicinjty of Cincinnati. Diam. .13, length .22 inch.
A small species which has been sent to me several times
| by my brother, who seems first to have observed it. It is
about the size, and nearly the color, of Paludina limosa
Say. It is found on wet earth and roots of trees, on the
Cyclostoma. i ie A
cincinnatiense, Margin of a small stream near Cincinnati.

§ 2. Orbicular.

Amnicola porata, Sayv—Shell obtusely conic or subglobose; volu-
tions four, convex, obsoletely wrinkled across; spire obtuse; labrum and
labium equally rounded, meeting above in a subacute angle;
Fig. 10. the upper edge of the latter appressed to the preceding whirl ;
umbilicus very distinct.
Inhabits Cayuga Lake. Cabinet of the Academy.
This species, which was found by Mr. Jessup, is rather larger
Amnicola %0d more globose than P. limosa to which it is allied, and has a
porata. more distinct umbilicus. It resembles P. decipiens of Ferrus-
sac, but is much less acute, and rather smaller. (Say.)
Paludina porata, Say, Journ. A. N. Sc. Phila. II, p. 174: Bryney’s ed.
p. 69.—Kisrer in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 63, pl. xii, f. 4, 5.—Paimipr1
Abbild. 137, t. I, f. 10.
Amnicola porata, HaupEMAN, Mon. p. 13, pl. i, f. 8.—Not of Gouxp, Inv.
(= limosa).—DE Kay, N. Y. Moll. p. 88, pl. xxxv, f. 333—CHEND,
Man. de Conch. II, 308; fig. 2194.

AMNICOLA. ‘c

Big Sioux River is the only other locality of which I have
heard.

Amnicola pallida, Ha.p.—Shell thin in texture, conical, rather
robust, composed of four and a half convex whirls, separated
by a well marked suture ; spire obtuse, rather longer than the Fig, 11,
aperture ; umbilicus narrow ; aperture ovate-orbicular, forming
an angle posteriorly ; a small portion of the labium confluent
with the body whirl posteriorly.
Color pale ochraceous, translucent. Seantecly
Inhabits Lake Champlain.—Prof. Adams. pallida.
Intermediate between lustrica and porata. It is not as short
and transverse as the former, which, moreover, is widely umbilicate, and
has the aperture regularly rounded posteriorly. According to the descrip-
tion of Professor Adams, the labium sometimes scarcely touches the body
of the shell. The spire is comparatively longer than in porata, the out-
line less transverse, and the aperture not orbicular. (Haldeman.)

Amanicola pallida, HaupEMAN, Mon. pt. 4, p. 3 and 4 of wrapper ; ‘Mon. p.
he ple ty: ton he

Amnicola lustrica, ApAMs, Thompson’s Vermont App. p. 2,19, teste Hat-
DEMAN.

Amnicola lustrica, Say—Shell conic; whirls slightly wrinkled,
convex; suture profoundly indented; aperture oval, nearly orbicular ;
labrum with the superior edge not appressed to the preceding whirl, but
simply touching it; umbilicus rather large, rounded.

Length, less than one-tenth of aninch. Cabinet of the Academy.

The smallest species I have seen. The aperture somewhat resembles
that of a Valvata, to which genus it may probably be referable. Mr. Jes-
sup obtained two specimens on the shore of Cayuga Lake. (Say.)

Paludina lustrica, Say, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. II, 174: Brnyey’s ed. p.
69.—Ktster in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 63, pl. xii, f. 6, 7.
Amnicola lustrica, HaupDEMAN, Mon. p. 16.

Found also in Wisconsin.

Amnicola limosa, Say—Shell conic, subumbilicate, dark horn
colored, generally incrusted with a blackish irregular covering
on the spire, and sometimes on the body, which completely ob- Fig. 12.
scures the obsoletely wrinkled epidermis; aperture ovate-orbi-
cular ; suture impressed.
Length three-twentieths, breadth one-tenth, of an inch. Cabi-
net of the Academy. ae entn
Animal whitish; head brown; mouth, tentacula, orbits, and — Zimosa.
vitta on each side of the neck, white; tentacula filiform, more
than half as long as the base of the animal; rostrum about half as long
as the tentacula, annulate with darker lines above; foot white, brownish
above, short, suboval, truncated before, and rounded behind.

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8 AMNICOLA.

Extremely numerous on the muddy shores of the rivers Delaware and
Schuylkill, between high and low water marks. (Say.)
Paludina limosa, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. I,125—JZ6. Nich. Encycl.
3d ed.: Binney’s ed. p. 61.—Des Kay, N. Y. Moll. 88.
Paludina porata, ApAms, Shells of Vt. p. 2? (teste Haxp.).
Amnicola porata, GouLD, Inv. of Mass. p. 229, f. 157.—Hatpeman, Mon.
10, pl. a; f40,°6.

No. 8960 of the collection is labelled A. perobtusa by Dr.
James Lewis, but I know of no published description under that
name.

From Maine and Wisconsin to Virginia.

Fig. 13. Amnicola galbana, Hap. — Shell conical, smooth,
shining, composed of four and a half not very convex whirls,
having the lines of growth very fine; base with a narrow um-
bilic; aperture nearly circular, slightly produced in an angle
posteriorly ; labium slightly thickened ; a small portion of it,

Amnicola which is rectilinear, in slight contact with the body whirl.

galbuna, Color . . . bleached and chalky.

Occurs fossil in the fresh water newest tertiary deposit in Sus-
sex County, New Jersey. (Haldeman.)

Amnicola galbana, HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 15, pl. i, f. 9; pt. 4, p. 4 of wrapper.

Amnicola decisa, Hatp.—Animal dark colored ; head blackish, get-
ting lighter posteriorly ; tentacles translucent, dark on the edges ; an orange-
yellow spot at the posterior internal base of the tentacles ; foot yellowish,
thickly dotted with black above anteriorly ; anterior edge nearly as dark as
the head ; base of the foot thickly dotted with orange on each of the middle,
the dotting being more sparse posteriorly, and entirely wanting anteriorly.

Shell rather short, conical; surface smooth, shining (when the dark

foreign matter is removed) lines of growth fine ; whirls five, not
Fig. 14. very convex, sutured impressed, base slightly perforate ; aperture
: dilated semicircular, labium slightly concave, in contact with
O the shell posteriorly, and nearly so throughout its length.
Color pale-green, and slightly translucent when the black
Amnicola ‘foreign matter is removed. (See fig. 1, on p. 1.)
decisa. Inhabits small streams connected with the Susquehanna, and
has been observed in the Schuylkill by Dr. Griffith.

Allied to Paludina similis, Mich., of Europe. A greater portion of the
labium lies closer to the shell in this species than in any other here de-
scribed, except A. Nickliniana, and A. tenuipes, which are slender species
At first view it might be taken for a minute Paludina decisa, and I have
named it accordingly. In my correspondence I have hitherto called this
species limosa. (Haldeman.)

Amunicola decisa, HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 7, pl. i, f. 2, 3.

AMNICOLA. 9

Amnicola cincinnatiensis, AytHony.—Shell Fig. 15.
somewhat ventricose, subumbilicate, color delicately green,
whirls four, smooth; spire entire at the apex and promi- =
nent; suture deeply impressed ; aperture much dilated,
approaching to orbicular, nearly half the length of the Aninicola
shell; length one-fifth of an inch. Cincinnatiensis.

Found in the canal at Cincinnati, clinging tosmall stones.
(Anthony.)

Paludina cincinnatiensis, Antuony, Boston J. N. H. III, pt. 1 and 2,
p. 279, pl. iii, fig. 3, 1840.—Kisrer in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 52, pl. x, f.
13, 14.

Amnicola cincinnatiensis, HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 9, pl. Fig. 16.
i, f. 4.—De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 88.

Paludina emarginata, Kiister, Ch. ed. 2, p. 50, pl.
XK, fe Oyu

“This is the most robust species hitherto

noticed among us, and is, in form, a miniature ‘iS

representation of Paludina ponderosa, except

that it is decidedly umbilicated.” (Haldeman.) Paludina
Specimens labelled by Mr. Anthony are in ra onesie

the collection of the Smithsonian. Kiister’s

description now follows. His figure is copied in fig. 16. He

quotes Lymnzxus emarginatus, Say as a synonym on authority of

Bronn.

Paludina emarginata, KistEr.—Shell small, narrowly rimate, ovate conic,
apex eroded, sub-truncated, shining, thin, delicately striate, dark horn
colored; spire conic, whirls 4, convex; suture deep; aperture ovate;
. peristome straight, acute, its columellar portion reflected.

Amnicola granum, Say—Shell conic-ovate; whirls not percep-
tibly wrinkled, convex; suture deeply impressed; aperture orbicular,
hardly angulated above; labium with the superior edge appressed to the
surface of the penultimate volution; umbilicus rather small, profound.

Length less than one-tenth of aninch. Inhabits Pennsylvania.

This very small species is found in plenty in the fish ponds at Harrow-
gate, crawling on the dead leaves which have fallen to the bottom of the
water. It resembles P. /ustrica, but is a smaller, less elongated shell, and
the superior portion of the labium is not an unaltered continuation of the
lips as in that shell, but is appressed to the surface of the penultimate
whorl! in the usual manner of calcareous deposition upon that part. (Say.)

Paludina grana, Say, Journ. A. N. Se. II, p. 378; Biyney’s ed. p. 110.
Amnicola granum, HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 17.—De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 88.

Ranges from Lake Superior to Virginia.

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er feito Sig Mi drpaie chevelle alah ted aaa tills 7
ey paren yeti, ibs
pit st te i a that Sie aah (ee alsin
if rs Fe? 4 tre! Ai
sine A Ld Vike whey ta ih. at feliz ene Amel ut age “ea

(ir
wri 4 ele BF aur les? aD a ps} iv sen -_O
pak rds RO WIE yh soe

vi, Me hat oa ist ely Ty's 20° yg

Lee"

val alte Oe at ee vn SD,
Nevis ‘sane Saabs a: sony “i iets aot Yar ye
hikes wae : Lie: hapndpy Ye ee ee aes

10 AMNICOLA.

Amnicola parwa, Lea—Shell obtusely conical, rather thin, yel-
lowish, smooth, umbilicate; spire short; suture impressed; whorls four,
inflated ; aperture large, nearly round.

Springfield, Ohio. Diam. .15, length .18 inch.

The shell described by Mr. Anthony as Paludina Cincinnatiensis, re-
sembles this species, but is more elevated in the spire, and is a larger
shell. Itis more nearly allied to Amnicola orbiculata, herein described,
but may be distinguished by its being a smaller shell, and being less round
in the aperture. The base of the lip is disposed to be slightly angular;
the aperture is about one half the length of the shell. (Lea.)

Amanicola parva, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, p. 16; Proc. II, 34.—HapE-
MAN, Mon. p. 24.

Amnicola obtusa, Lea—Shell subcylindrical, rather thin, dark-
green, smooth, slightly perforate; spire short; at the beaks very obtuse ;
sutures impressed ; whirls four, convex; aperture small, nearly round.

Ohio. Diam. .07, length .10 inch.

This is among the smallest of the genus, and may at once be distin-
guished by its obtuse apex, which has the appearance almost of being trun-
cate. The whirls do not decrease regularly from the lower one to the
apex, the greatest diameter being apparently across the second whirl. In
form, therefore, it has the aspect of a Pupa. It answers partly to the de-
scription of Paludina Alleghaniensis, Green, but seems to differ in the trun-
cate appearance of the apex, and inits size. Two specimens were found
in a box, with some other small species, kindly sent me by Dr. Kirtland.
It is rather less than Pal. Nickliniana, but differs from it in being less
tapering to the apex. It closely resembles P. viridis, Lam., but is rather
larger, and more obtuse. There were no opercula to examine in these
specimens; aperture rather more than one-third the length of the shell.
( Lea.)

Paludina obtusa, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, p. 13; Proc. II, 34.
Amnicola obtusa, HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 24. °

Amnicola orbiculata, Lea—Shell orbicular, rather thin, yellow-
ish, smooth, umbilicate; spire short; sutures much impressed ; whirls
five, inflated ; aperture large, round.

Springfield, Ohio. Schuylkill? near Philadelphia. Diam. .18 length
-18 inch.

This species is very nearly allied to Am. parva, and may prove to be
only a variety of it. The specimens before me are all larger, and they
appear to be more globose. The aperture is about half the length of the
shell. I found a single specimen of this species among many small shells
which were thrown together in a box, as being collected from our vicinity.
It may be possible it is an Ohio specimen gotten by mistake into the box.
Found also in Cayuga Lake. (Lea.)

AMNICOLA. 11

_ Amnicola orbiculata, LEA, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, 16; Proc. II, 34.—Hat-
DEMAN, Mon. p. 24.

Ammicola depressa, Trvon—Shell orbicular, sub- ‘Fig. 17-
hyaline; whirls four, convex, the last large, equalling five-
sixths the length of the entire shell; umbilicus narrow; |
aperture semicircular, labrum appressed within; suture im-
pressed. Length and breadth four mill. (Fig. mag. 23
times. )

Amnicola
Hab. Mississippi River, at Davenport, Iowa ; Prof. Sheldon. depressa.

Coll. Acad. Nat. Sciences, and Smithsonian Institution.
Prof. D. 8. Sheldon. Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.

Shell subhyaline, rather solid, orbicular, with the spire depressed, con-
sisting of four whirls; apex acute, suture profoundly impressed. Body
whirl very convex, equalling five-sixths the length of the shell, narrowly
umbilicate. Aperture semicircular, the inner lip being nearly straight.
The only shell which this resembles is Vivipara subglobosa, Say, which
differs in being double the size of A. depressa, with a rather more exserted
spire, and in having a more concave inner lip. (Tryon.)

Amnicola depressa, Tryon, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phila. Sept. 1862. Not yet
published.

SPURIOUS SPECIES.

Amnicola isogona, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, 16, is Leptoxis isogona.

Amunicola integra, HALDEMAN = Melania integra, Say, Vid. J. Ac. Nat. Sc.
VIII. 200.

Amnicola seminalis, Cooper, Rep. on Minnesota, &c., p. 374, == Bithynia.

Amnicola nuttalliana, Cooper, Rep. on Minnesota, &c., p. 374, =

The following are mentioned by name only in Wheatley’s Cat. of U.S.
Shells. No description of them was ever published.

Amnicola albilabris, WARD, Ohio. Amnicola Sayana, LEA, Ohio.

Amnicola dentata, Say, Florida. Amnicola gibbosa, ANTHONY, Ohio.

ATR thy

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Pi tera ee pyidt rie nail Tee i yi nile Pe Pama. Eire: Bye 10, .
et geese mies rt Se al as Sieg MoW)'y.q0iGn
nas ei hh [hy

Re i hy i Hay lakers High: 2 0 8a ye aan Me
oe le a ee Aitihy wr, ‘Qube ms prs ids ‘ioboprh
b maby. if; ‘a ME porno wut hi nS {ult Ht gue (tiga

fhtag wily it Ligial Aan aah yl vi ney

12 VIVIPARA.

Famity VIVIPARIDZ.

[Tongue very short, armed with seven series of teeth
(8.1.8); teeth laminar, longitudinal, ovate, apex recurved,
dentate on each side of the tips; inner lateral tooth broad.
Rostrum moderate, entire; tentacles tapering, with the eyes
on tubercles at their outer bases. Mantle simple in front;
gill comb-like, single.

Operculum anular, regular.

Shell spiral, turbinate, covered with an epidermis; aper-
ture simple in front.

The members of this family are fluviatile, inhabiting
lakes and streams; the shells of most of them are dingy
brown, or covered with a green, horny epidermis; they are
distributed nearly all over the world.—H. and A. Ad]

VIVIPARA, Lam.

[ Animal with a small lobe on each side of the neck.
Operculum horny, annular, composed of concentric elements
around a central nucleus.
Shell thin, turbinated, umbilicated ;
ee spire produced, whirls round, smooth
or carinated, covered with an olivaceous
epidermis; peristome thin, continuous,
simple anteriorly.
The Vivipare inhabit the rivers and
RS a lakes throughout the northern hemis-
phere. The females are ovo-viviparous,
and the young fry are not forsaken by the parent until the end
of the second month of their existence, by which time the bands
of cilia, which ornament their shells, have disappeared.—H. and
A. Ad.]
I have had opportunities of studying the habits of no other
species than V. decisa and subcarinata, which are found in great
numbers in the Delaware at Burlington, N. J. They live on the

muddy bottoms of the river edge, where they are exposed many

VIVIPARA. 13

hours every day by the fall of the tide. After the water has
receded they crawl for some time in the mud, and then burrow
into it, entirely concealing their shell, till the return of the tide.
The finest specimens are found ona sand bar in the middle of the
river, which is also bare at low water. They cease to hybernate
in the mud in very early spring, often within a few days after the
ice has broken up, and exclude the young shells of two or rather
more whirls, which are much oftener heterostrophe in the decisa
than when mature. The young have remained in the ovaries all
winter. The sexes are said to be distinct.

The foot protrudes too far beyond the mouth to allow the
animal to eat while in motion. The figure is a fac-simile of the
outline of Haldeman’s figure of the animal. The eyes will be
seen on an enlargement of the outer base of the tentacles. Fig.
49 represents a section of the lingual ribbon of V. decisa, for
which I am indebted to my friend Mr. E. 8. Morse. The food is
supposed to be vegetable. Motions very slow.

I have adopted the name Vivipara, which I find most generally
used. It was published without description or figure by Lamark
(Phil. Zool. 1809 II, 320), who substituted Paludina, giving a
description, in 1821. Meanwhile, Montfort had given a descrip-
tion and figure under the name Viviparus (1810. Conch. Syst.
II, 247, Ixii).

The geographical distribution of the species is at present but
imperfectly known. In general terms, they may be divided into
the following groups :—

1. Mexican.
VY. multicarinata.
2. Universally distributed, ranging over the whole Union east
of the Rocky Mountains, and in Canada.
V. decisa.
3. Southern; confined to the States bordering on the Gulf and
Southern Atlantic coast.
V. cyclostomatiformis, V. wareana,

V. intertexta, V. haleana,
VY. coosaensis, V. incrassata.

9 ai Wee thas a
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as 4 j 3 aagiey ae Me ive
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2° ead " >) a “VM iw MJ $1 pe Oe neler its te 3G, ), ia. fi
Pe eb: aie ie SAPNGRT S vaRtied esi kiglE heh cal
; me: ‘Spi Wives ae WEA 0M daeti gine: ieltboin ya
pita 5 AD Leese artsrieyh ya intity akan ptide
DP te Varad wligtrig rip p 4) woinle nol he pegs in
“ gisborsde andi ys! ue ae Le, ee
wittows gamien seal 32. Sa elit iG pide A
at wi aati DOA PAE eck Suns) ent ey
i Sener 9h HEA Ao priv ‘ahi ia
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14

VIVIPARA.

4. Western; confined to the Middle or Western States.

V. subcarinata, V. decapitata,

Y. regularis,

VY. subglobosa.

5. Western and Southern; not found in Canada or New Eng-
land, nor perhaps to the east of the Alleghanies.

V. ponderosa, VY. subpurpurea,
V. coarctata, V. vivipara.

The species are
Shell nodulous.
Shell carinated.

Shell simple.

a. elongate ovate. . . » «+ » §3.

b. globose. .

grouped in the following manner :—
sease! teh eee) Sila vy maeninod:

. se te) b> os 2 amarlticarinata ms
cyclostomatiformis,
. subcarinata.

- ponderosa,
decisa,
coarctata, ©
subpurpurea,
incrassata,
vivipara.

intertexta,
troostiana,
wareana,
coosaensis,
. decapitata,
regularis,
subglobosa.

Sid si sia) esas See

§ 1. Shell nodulous.

jivipara magnifica, Conrap—Shell subovate, ventricose, with

two spiral bands of

Fig. 19.

Paludina magnijiea.

phen’s. Conrad.

prominent tubercles on the body whirl, and one re-
volving near the base of each whirl of the spire ;
suture profoundly impressed, margined by an obtuse,
subnodulous, prominent line; lines of growth very
oblique and prominent; obscure spiral strie ; epider-
mis olive; within bluish, often with purple bands.

A beautiful species when perfect, occurring in vast
abundance on the masses of calcareous rock, which
have fallen from the strata above into the Alabama
River at Claiborne. I found it living only in such
situations, and exclusively within a range of six or
eight miles. In the Tombeckbee or Black Warrior
Rivers, I never observed a specimen of it, although I
searched particularly for it on the rocks at St. Ste-

VIVIPARA. 15

Paludina magnifica, Conran, N. Fr. W. Shells, 1834, p. 48, pl. viii, fig. 4.—
De Kay, N. Y. Moll. (1843), p. 86.—KusrEr in Chemn., ed. 2, 1852,
p- 23, pl. v, figs. 3—6.—Putupri, Conch., III, 1, pl. i, figs. 1, 2.

Paludina bimonilifera, Lea; Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., V, 58, pl. xix, fig. 71,
date of title, 1837.—Is., Obs. I, 170.

Paludina angulata, Lea ; Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., IX, 22 (1844).—Is., Obs. IV,
22. Proc. II, 83 (1841).

A continuous elevated, heavy, revolving line sometimes takes
the place of nodules. The interior of the
aperture varies from pure white to a rich
dark purple; it is sometimes of a salmon
color; the bands are also very variable in
number and width. There are also some-
times dark green bands on the exterior of
the shell. I have counted as many as four
on the body whirl alone. It is variable in
size. One specimen which I measured was
50 mill. long. It inhabits Alabama and
Georgia.

Fig. 1 is a fac-simile of the outline of
Conrad’s figure. I have added below a figure of Mr. Lea’s species,
which is, I believe, identical, fig. 21 being a fac-simile of Mr.
Lea’s figure, and fig. 22 being take nfrom a specimen determined
by Mr. Lea. No. 8928 of the collection was labelled
Pal. angulata by Mr. Lea. Haldeman agrees with
me in considering this last
Viviparamag- identical with V. magnifica. I Fig. 21.
miter, Youns- om indebted to Dr. H. R. Sho- A
walter for the other specimen figured.

Vivipara magnifica.

Paludina bimonilifera, Lea.—Shell obtusely
turreted, dark horn color; apex obtuse; whirls
furnished with two rows of nodules; the nodules
of the. lower row of the upper whirls hidden by
the suture, those of the upper row larger, and
visible on all the whirls; sutures deep and ir
regular; outer lip sub-biangular; base sub-
angular.

Alabama River (Judge Tait). My cabinet and
those of Prof. Vanuxem, Am. Phil. Soc., Ac.
Nati Sc. Phila., P. H. Nicklin, Baron Ferussac.
Diam. 1.1, length 1.8 inches. _ _ Paludina vimonilifera.

we

rae

fasta wet
v - Bid: e eh ee alia
|), ae 49 fahtaed
ied ‘ if: Tae fil ats ' hit
by ae M4 mill F » > -
4i ee , vi, ce Ad q é J
Rite aio alton Sack hi Regl
Seg) eohoa da, ire Bal vem" dt ANG:
at. mene Wet - rg Aebrarich “A }! Cie wos Bult aay pet .
agree oe “de etd, eee Bos ghar
baa oat fa SA earete Nii tu oleae Wh eitey) » eg hey i asl
‘ Sb) \ seta bis to's A ogee tut) eer rh:
“a of sg Kon Vote) gk elias ay Vh a(eung # OY. Rianne Bede . :
c Peak ee eee Ts “Sry: aay iy v; Mice i. : i
aa fee: athe i ve: 4 A Wet “aaah: rf at eA is
eT iy ie hate lela At yer "ad rea diy rebr x ant. es
ore any] pits bray Vl hi eae SL
yeas ihe soit a‘ sa Ne he jen af Ron rt het er a .- 2 at i.
ban vant. atta ‘Betti 2 en ae ee mii t vnk : A
rai Sa: bret, on HA ry has d) me? inn ivi vias ri? Mea id e, Sati
cae ‘O¥iuty ito “i ial ai mY rf, anti al sal a Py ie a ‘ot , stun
sia Wofe wll? Oe vans MUN WY thle rth Aa ut! aly 26 gl tae 28h 9

Sathya wrt bit i Lh tun ee “My ml ay, } WT Py 4 S| Tetabe it al ne F
be 7 Cw Vata ] <tr 7 i, rw wei
Ae r
“tht Wylde avemn pit. one PPA { } yagi 7 KO ares yj au }

us
Fe “as ii ays lat Way a ey eo bai a ats" sis) * ‘” Py tem a? (atrnar Deatys
ol reat be wcet rit DE ht Bw i. ek AVG) RGRTAT ab Toe PUbEE
Sa duties ou ciodl eam thi Sheps “fan yi" Raat il DMiLER-
pet ta . be Cont abi" eal tab yi Fi myth twit" ret Z WiKi ity Cty se) |
ee ee?

; fiver ciceoies ar ee Woe: dian ‘
Ue etna Sided alt eure b jesse Oreo be ragte MENG) ¥
Rielgliraty bridiers SB adich Wie loki aka Gea eee te)
says: MAD yarees rae Tila tale) ed ney GAT
Saw diientn yi fide =e pie Ss nce 8 Val end lboek vedi iia ve agIT
Sykenamt sy dun) lahtz do 2-H pale aa MF a

a tiie aa 4 Pyle rade: Ltt ie ene ps

ind hans viiten. bariteart: Kal aia
$ om > Sapte tert tars: ah ays hebetos a

y “ te ‘gah: het. Nai dnl doh w ava ,
ta eat ip va the ip «ae, et uty, ea}
Sota noe

Agee “4 Mat —
pars PE Gi adhd aie: Shy

16 VIVIPARA.

This superb Paludina, which far surpasses in point of beauty any of our
species yet known, I owe to the kindness of Judge Tait. Its beautiful
double tuberculated cincture at once distinguishes it from all described
species. Some specimens are furnished with dark purple bands which
beautifully decorate the interior of the shell, and give a dark rich green
color to its fine epidermis. In the others these are wanting, and the epi-
dermis then has a clear and more yellow appearance. The sutures being
formed immediately over the lower row of tubercles, they cause its line to
be very irregular; and this row itself is hidden on the upper whirls. (Lea.)

Paludina angulata, LEA—Shell inflated, thin, brown, above somewhat
varicose, below transversely and minutely striate, minutely perforate ;
spire rather short, dark at the apex; sutures impressed ;

Fig. 22. whirls five, angular in the middle; aperture large, sub-
triangular, within subrubiginous.

Coosa River, Alabama. Dr. Brumby. My cabinet, and
cabinets of Dr. Griffith, Dr. Jay, Dr. Foreman, T. G. Lea,
and J. Clark. Diam. .80, length 1.05 inch.

This is a very distinct species, being more angular than
any Ihave seen. In the specimen before me, there are
three irregular transverse impressions, two above the an-
gle, and one immediately below. The strize are more dis-
tinct on the lower half of the whirl. The first three whirls are very dark.
The aperture is nearly one-half the length of the shell, and quite angular
at the base.

Since the above was written, I have received more mature and perfect
specimens. They differ from the one described in being darker in the epi-
dermis, and in having four purple broad bands, which are very distinct
within the aperture. In these specimens, there is a series of indistinct
tubercles above the periphery of the last whirl. (Lea.)

§ 2. Shell carinated.

Vivipara multicarinata, Haup.—Shell conic, thin, subdiapha-
nous, green, whirls 5, longitudinally striate and transversely carinate.

This Paludina is thinner and lighter than our spe-

Fig. 23. cies, and has but 5 whirls. The length is about one-

fifth more than that of the last whirl, of which the

diameter is about double that of the penultimate

whirl; beside the longitudinal striz, there are four

wen
Za
aed
fon carinas, of which the first and third are stronger than

the second and fourth, and which cover the whole
es length of each of the whirls.
The opening is almost circular, yet the vertical is
greater than the transverse diameter. The lip is
slightly thickened, not acute; the columella, which

is hardly distinct from the lip, joins the superior ter-
mination of the aperture under a slightly acute angle.

Paludina angu-
lata.

Paludina carinata.

VIVIPARA. 17

The columella termination of the lip partially covers a very small um-
bilicus. The length of fully developed shell is 14, its breadth 11 lines.
( Valenciennes.)

Paludina carinata, VALENCIENNES, in Humboldt and Bonpland (1833),

Rec. d’Obs. II, 252, pl. lvi, f. 2, a b.—Kiister, in Chemn., ed. 2,
p. 28, pl. vi, f. 6, 7.—HALpEMAN, Mon., p. 27, pl. viii (1841).
Paludina multicarinata, HaupEMAN, Mon., pt. 4, p. 4 of cover.

Figure 23 is a fac-simile of that of Valenciennes, whose de-
scription is copied above. Prof. Haldeman suggests the name
multicarinata, as the name carinata has also been used by
Swainson.

Vivipara cyclostomatiformis, Lea—Shell subcylindrical,
rather thick, pale horn color, smooth, imperforate ; spire exserted, at the
apex rose colored and obtuse; sutures very much impressed; whirls five,
rounded ; aperture small, nearly round, within salmon colored.

Coosa River, Alabama. Dr. Brumby. My cabinet, and
cabinets of Dr. Griffith, Dr. Jay, L. W. Sloat, and Dr. Fore-
man. Diam. .32, length .82 of an inch.

This is a very remarkable species, assuming very much
the form of an exserted Cyclostoma. A single, somewhat
worn specimen only, was received. The aperture is rather
more than one-third the length of the shell. Its subeylin-
drical form is very remarkable.

Since the above description was written, Dr. Jay and Dr. Vivi 1

ivipara cyclos-
Foreman have placed in my hands specimens from the same tomatiformis.
locality. The epidermis is perfect, and they are of a green-
ish horn color. The interior of the aperture is bluish, while the apex is
slightly salmon colored. (Lea.)

Paludina cyclostomatiformis, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, pt. i, p. 23,
1844; Obs. IV, 23; Proc. I, 83, (1841).

Paludina contorta, SuurrLewortH, of Kiisrer in Chemn, ed. 2, p. 20, pl.
iv, f. 7-9 (1852).

Paludina Eiliotti, Lua, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1858, p. 166.

The outline of the back of the shell reminds one of the Cuban
Megalomastoma. The three upper whirls are sometimes of a
very light flesh color, contrasting with the dark green of the
remainder. The peristome is sometimes continuous, being ap-
pressed to the body whirl, and forming a rimate umbilicus. On
some specimens I have detected minute revolving lines.

Pal. elliotti is a finer, better developed form of the species
than that described as cyclostomatiformis, and has carinated
upper whirls. A careful examination of Mr. Lea’s types leads

2

Hem
ll -
fs
a
7
a
=
_—
5 A
p
a
s <
= ae
a -
—
a.
a 2

-

ret a
ate j Ay rip } ‘

J . y A » A ”
— id as eae AY aed ot Gi, nat
f oye Thu Wal Wb
i a. '

‘ y E ;
liiw [V8 ste) i rhe

4 i qe mM it, iui ‘

+. a

ma

¥
i

es

aw

a ea) y
tu | te! sarge et
biswtahtio ; aay ile fbi on :

ips os a wath, gals hee dhs
¥ sigunionad or ivnchavrs
hewn: in wt wild 4
ys
a» sh wort ve le

18 VIVIPARA.

me to consider them identical. With his original description of
the latter I have given figure 24 from his type, while below will
be found the description of Pal. Elliotti and a figure (25) of a
specimen presented me under this name by Mr. Lea and now in
the Smithsonian collection.

I have seen no authentic specimen of Pal. contorta, but believe
a study of Kiister’s description given below, and the copy of his

figures (fig. 26) will convince one of its identity with Mr. Lea’s
shells.

Fig. 25. Paludina Elliotii, Lea, (1. e.)—Shell subcari-

nate, pyramidal, rather thick, greenish-olive,
smooth, very narrowly umbilicated; spire ele-
vated, subacute, fiesh-colored at the apex ; sutures
excavated ; whirls 7, rounded, obtusely carinated
above, rather small; aperture subrotund, small,
white within.

Vimpara euivtte Othealooga Creek, Ga. Bishop Elliott. (Zea.)
Paludina contorta, SHuTTLEWoRTH, (1. c.)—Shell
non-rimate, cylindrically conic, subovate, shining, greenish with olive lines ;
apex eroded ; whirls 6, strongly convex, divided by a deep suture, the mid-

dle ones carinated in the middle; aperture oblong,
Fig. 26. white; peristome straight, acute, curved above.

Shell smooth, cylindrical-conic, turretted with a
truncated apex; shining, green, with olive brown
lines and strie; sutures deep; whirls 6, ventricose,
moderately increasing above, rapidly so towards
the base, the middle ones clearly carinate in their
centre, with brown angular curving striz and lines

at the middle keel; last whirl shorter "than the

Paludina contorta. penultimate, and near the upper portion of the

aperture separated so as to form a deep groove of

the suture. Aperture longitudinally rounded, inner lip appressed ; peri-

stome straight, acute, twisted above (fig. 9), curving again below its centre,

beautifully rounded below and regularly blending with the columella.
Height 8’”, breadth 5 ’”,

Alabama (Rugel), coll. Charpentier. (Kiéister.)

Fig. 27. Vivipara subcarimata, Say—Shell with three
whirls, which are rounded, and subcarinated, reticulated
with strie and wrinkles, sometimes without the strie ; suture
deeply impressed; apex truncated and re-entering ; aperture
more than half of the length of the shell, oval; elevated lines

Puluitieg » 2 subcarine on the body two, three, and sometimes none.

subcarinata. Length half of an inch, breadth four-tenths.

»

VIVIPARA. 19

Inhabits with the preceding species. (Delaware River.)

Animal viviparous, with a chestnut, coriaceous operculum, white, spotted
with orange; head pale orange, not extending beyond the shell; tentacula
darker, short, subulate; eyes situated at their base, elevated, black and
conspicuous ; base of the animal much advanced, broad, truncate, purplish
before, tail rounded behind.

Paludina subcarinata, Say, 1816, Nich. Enc. pl. i, f. 7 (Limnea of earlier
ed.) ; ed. Binney, p. 47, pl. lxix, f. 7.—Hanpeman, Mon., p. 8, pl. ii
(1840).—De Kay, N. Y. Moll., p. 86 (1843).—Cuenv, Conch. II1., pl.
i, f. 6-8.—Puiuipri, Conch. II, 135, pl. li. f. 7.—Kusrer, in Chemn.,
ed. 2, p. 29, pl. vi, fig. 10-14.—Not of Porinz er Micnavup.

Paludina sulculosa, Menxe, Syn. Meth. p. 134.

Paludina bicarinata, Potiez et Micuaup, Gal. des Moll., I. 249, pl. xxv, f.
Wie Use

Helix decisa, Woop, Cat. Suppl. vii, f. 17 (1828).

There are in the mature perfect shell
3 more whirls than the number given
by Mr. Say. It is a very variable shell.
The whirls are sometimes truncated at
the apex, very much rounded and hard-
ly marked by the carine (fig. 28), which

es in other localities are much developed,

continuing to the sharp, well defined = Vivapara
apicial whirls, on which is no trace of erosion (fig. 29). sg le
Sometimes there is a prominent revolving elevated ridge below
the carina on the body whirl. The revolving striz are sometimes
very strongly marked.

The lingual organ is figured by Troschel (Gebiss der Schneck-
en, p. 100, pl. vii, f. 5).

The great peculiarity of the species is its opercu- oe
lum, which in the young shell is subspiral, while the, @
later growth is concentric as in the other species.

I have received specimens from Ohio, Indiana, o,ocu1um of
Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Vivipara

Paludina sulculosa, Menke, |. c., appears to me to 4"
be this species. I have seen no authentic specimen. His de-
scription is as follows :—

Fig. 28.

Paludina sulculosa.—Shell ovate-conoid, apex deroded ; imperforate, thin,
decussately striated, transversely lightly sulcated; green; whorls 4, angu-
lated on the spire; suture deep; aperture ovate; lip simple. Length 43,
breadth 3 lines.

Ohio River at Cincinnati. Bescke. (Menke.)

vi

i
*

Pe»,
| a

SONY (rims

sehen AS. tig thy d ay
: wy? mia: ier Ch hota be. Ati ‘ *
Pi Soman {ai # ' / et) oN
: % ey er “ahi
AE tgs) we or ia

ies bo eae

20 VIVIPARA.

Paludina bicarinata, Potiez and Michaud, is certainly this
species, as shown by their description and the copy of the outline
of their figure given below.

Paludina bicarinata, Por. et Micu. (1. ¢.) not Say.—Shell oval, ven-
tricose, brown or greenish, covered with numerous trans-
Fig. 31. verse ridges, two of which are more developed on the last
: whirl, the other whirls having but one medial carina; spire
comprised of three or four convex whirls, of which the first
are usually truncate; aperture ovoid; peristome simple.
eee Length 42-45, breadth of last whirl 10-12 mill.
pa itD. Mr. Say and Ch. des Moulins have both given the same
name to two different shells belonging to this genus, conse-
quently it becomes necessary, in order to avoid confusion, to change that
of Des Moulins, being posterior to Mr. Say’s. Moreover, M. des Moulins’
shell having three carine, will be better designated by the name tricarinata,
adopted in this catalogue.
Delaware River, N. America. (Potiez et Michaud.)

Fig. 32. I give also an outline of Wood’s figure (fig. 32)

a of decisa, of which no description is given, though it
is specified as ‘tawny Delaware.”

In addition to the above fac similes I have given

one of Say’s figures in Nicholson’s Encyclopedia (fig.
Paludina Of. )
decisa.

§ 3. Shell simple.

a. Elongate ovate.

Vivipara pomderosa, Say—Shell somewhat ventricose, much
thickened, olivaceous or blackish; spire not
Fig. 33. much elongated, much shorter than the aper-
ture, eroded at tip, but not truncated; whirls
five, slightly wrinkled across; suture pro-
foundly impressed ; aperture subovate, more
than half the length of the shell; labium
with much calcareous deposit, and thickened
into a callosity at the superior angle; within
tinged with blue.
Inhabits Ohio River.
Greatest length, one inch and 11-20. Trans-
verse diameter one inch and 1-10.
This shell is common at the falls of the
Ohio, and is a very remarkably thick and
ponderous species. It bears a striking resem-
blance to P. decisa, and has, without doubt,
Paludina ponderosa. been generally considered as the same; but

ee es a

VIVIPARA. 21

it differs from that species in being much more incrassated and heavy;
and although much decorticated and eroded upon the spire, the tip is not
truncated. In the labrum also is a distinctive character; by comparison
this part will be perceived to be less arcuated in its superior limb than the
corresponding part in decisa.

This shell is common in many parts of the Ohio as well as its tributaries.
In its full grown state it is very thick and ponderous, enlarging so much
in its body whirl, as to appear very different from the young shell. In
the early stages of growth it resembles P. decisa, Nobis, from which indeed
the back view would hardly distinguish it; but a sufficiently distinctive
character resides in the lower part of the labium, which in the decisa is
not obviously produced, whereas in the present species it is considerably
advanced, as in many species of Melania, to which genus it is closely
allied. (Say.)

Paludina ponderosa, Say, 1821, J. A. N.S. II, 173; Am. Conch. III, pl.
xxx, f. 1; ed. Binyey, p. 68, 184, pl. xxx, f. 1.—HatpEman, Mon. p.
13, pl. iv (1840).—De Kay, N. Y. Moll. p. 86 (1843).—Desnayes in
Lam. ed. 2, VIII, p. 516 (1838) ; ed. 3, III, p. 455, excl. P. decisa.—
Kiister in Chemnitz, ed. 2, p. 14, pl. iii, f. 1-4, p. 20, pl. iv, fig. 6.—
SoweERBY, Gen. of Shells, f. 2.—Cuenv, Man. de Conch. I. 310, fig.
2206 (Melantho): Illust. Conch. pl. i. f. 14-15.—Pururppi, Conch.
TS pple. ae los
There are microscopic revolving lines upon the whirls, and the
callosity at the superior angle of the aperture is sometimes devel-
oped sufficiently to make quite a fissure between it and the lip,
as in Lithasia.
I have often received young specimens as Pal. regularis.
Other specimens are very difficult to separate from Viv. decisa.
Paludina maxima, Ravenel (Cat.) may be this species. No
description was published.
I have received specimens from Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi-
gan near Lake Superior, Tennessee, and Alabama.
A fac-simile in outline of one of Mr. Say’s
figures is given (fig. 33). His figure of Pal. Fig. 34.
decisa in the American Conchology seems
rather to represent this species (fig. 34).
Haldeman mentions a var. A, ‘‘not exceed-
ing an inch in length; the transverse wavy
strie are obsolete; the spire is low, and trun-
cate-eroded, and the labium very much thick-
ened posteriorly, from the Alabama River.”
Dr. Showalter sent me numerous specimens
from the Coosa River. Paludina decisa.

aes
ery i
eed be

7 hia | st oe Kee

ee ipediaie a,
pie Phiws Peli WA wee a9

A “ eran ah Aa Mises.
by Bribie ra. Re aedal ( sit fanaa
t Pe oYG eat ce Vsti 7 ni ‘ aap! ei
oe mae hes AN ek FRR BPA Bove waite ue
gb ned: Suelo ml! Teale eh aluy i
pel beceseks te W esto tneht: 5 a a Weak hig

‘ x

Su are et ast inc lbaltabe
= a git A a el, LY Pay

t iia ek ts vee Pie eh Ne eigined y hg sri, Usha ye ae ALN A |

iv rj yi i A Vi? ti, ae re
witings
vs ¢ 94 My 7 bi TS Ca T

Fs ata cen

rae ge Mis Salah river et te OA ae te
asak’ oh Fat 5. iy ety 4 ahs Hf air My Mae ywAdy
ran Salih ie. lary he iad at IED Ret knell el caayery
Ram IPE I yily Biv. (Ty Se
mm aes aKa, egoay a my bl io

; ph id ha Taha!
pias pen aes 1B VARS lL as 5 cs

es ri,

mot ed. ea hhag ena!
ik cheats ul iy i ee oY
ots irae ory (fad! wy Vays iheyight
Auer iy Peet Aieligui ty Ey an wh
A a rt (tag Oe tage AB HGN yoy
ane lene ha ane ad cr Pye uy vey Wes

. ad Ale

= , ries “Ditties § Ne
oy, a bandh uae | mh
Sar a

i®%

Ly
Nib '

ay Frew Pelt.
a

» %
\ We a rd if cue dit i asi oe

“7 fi

Boe’ se fel vii vy aah ede a"
Diba tf ee ta 4

‘a ey Bae ah nig 9 ge aie
7 om ~ jy hoygten iP ee Ae en 2
| % Most ase au: Wa ha

Beran

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in ac aaa?
ce ee ‘ae
- My

at 4

th
rite A lian a
Re a ie VQ,

a2 VIVIPARA.

Vivipara decisa, Say—Shell subconic, olivaceous, truncated at
the apex; whirls four, wrinkled across and banded with
minute distant strie; terminal whirl very short; suture
impressed and conspicuous; aperture subovate, more
than half of the length of the shell, entire; within blu-
ish-white. Operculum coriaceous, elevated on the disk
and concentrically striated. Length one inch, breadth
three-fourths.

Cochlea virginiana é flava viridescens, non fasciata.

Lister, Conch. tab. exxvii, fig. 27.

The young shell resembles P. subcarinata, but the whirls
are destitute of an elevated line, the suture is not so
deeply impressed, and the aperture is narrower above.

Animal with the foot larger, suddenly a little dilated each side before
and truncate in front, widely; foot livid, thickly maculated with irregular
orange spots, which are much smaller beneath; head and tentacula spotted
with orange; eyes on a prominent angle, at the external base of the ten-
tacula.

I found the animal viviparous in October; the young shell had then
three complete whirls, which were spirally striated. (Say.)

Paludina decisa

Paludina decisa, Say, 1816. Nicnotson’s Encycl. pl. iii, f. 6 (Limnea of
earlier editions) ; Amer. Conch. I, pl. x.; ed. Bryyey, p. 49, 159,
pl. x, fig. 1, pl. Ixx, fig. 6.—Pasuniprr, Conch. III, 3, pl. i. f. 8.—
HaLpEmAn, Mon. p. 4, pl. i (1840).—Gouxp, Invert. of Mass. 222,
wood-cut, p. 144 (1841).—Apams, Hist. of Vermont, p. 151.—DeKay,
N. Y. Moll. p. 84, pl. vi, f. 131; vii, 134 (1843).—Cuenp, Ill. Conch.
i, f. 1-5.—Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pl. ceex, f. 10.—Porrez et Mr-
CHAUD, Gall. des Moll. I, 247, pl. xxv, f. 13, 14.—Kusrer in Chemn.
ed. 2, p. 13, pl. ii, fig. 14-19. x

Melania ovularis, MenxE, Syn. Meth. p. 134, teste Kiistrr.

Paludina limosa, VALENCIENNES, Rec. d’Obs. II, p. 253, 1839, teste KiistEr
and HALDEMAN.

Paludina ponderosa jun., DEsHayes in Lam. VIII, 516 (1838), ed. 3, III,
455.

Paludina heterostropha, Kirtuannd, Ohio Rep. p. 175 (1838).—Tappan, Am.
Journ. XXXV, p. 269, pl. iii, p. 2, 1839.

Paludina microstoma, KirtLanp, Ohio Report, p. 175 (1838).

Paludina rufa, HatpemAn, Mon. III, p. 3 of wrapper, pl. iii, f. 1 (1841).

Paludina cornea, VALENCIENNES? Rec. d’Obs. II, p. 255, 1833.

Paludina integra, Say, 1821, Bryney’s ed. p. 69; Journ. A. N. Se. II, 174.
—-Hatpeman, Mon. p. 10, pl. iii (1840).—Apams, Hist. of Vermont,
p. 152.—DrKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 84, pl. vii, f. 132 (1843).—Ktsrer,
Chemn. ed. 2, p. 17, tab. iii, f. 11-13.—CueEnv, Ill. Conch. pl. i, f.
9-13.—Pmiuirrr, Conch. III, 4, pl. i, f. 7.

Paludina genicula, Conrav N. Fr. W. Shells, p. 48, pl. viii, fig. 3, 1831.—
Kiisrer in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 14, pl. iii, fig. 5, 6 (1852).—Miitter,

VIVIPARA. 93

Syn. Test. in 1834 prom. p. 39.—Hatpeman, Mon. p. 15, pl. v (1840).
—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 86 (1843).—Cuenop, Illust. Conch. pl. i, f.
18-19.

Paludina heros, DEKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 85.

Paludina subsolida, AntHony, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phila. 1860, p. 71.

Helix dissimilis, Woop, Ind. Suppl. pl. vii, f. 18 (1828).

Lymnula ventricosa, RAFINESQUE, MSS.

Ambloxis (Amblostoma) major, RAFinEsqueE, MSS.

Cochlea Virginiana §c., Lister, Conch. t. exxvii, f. 27 (1770).

Petiver, Gazophyl. t. evi, f. 18.

Mr. Say makes no mention, in his description, of the minute
revolving lines which characterize the species. Fig. 35 is a fac-
simile of his figure 6, published in Nicholson’s Encyclopedia, and
represents the true decisa. Fig. 34 is copied from the figure of
the American Conchology, which appears to. me rather a small
specimen of Viv. ponderosa. It certainly has no truncated apex.

The animal of this species is given in figure 18, copied from
Haldeman’s Monograph.

In many specimens there is a thickening as in Zithasia, which
is also often present in individuals of Viv. ponderosa. Among
the curious abnormal forms which have come under my view, and
which seem referable to V. decisa, or the form called integra, are
some on which the columellar callus is not appressed in its whole
breadth to the body whirl, but, standing out from it, makes the
peritreme almost continuous. No. 8903 of the collection has a
revolving band; No. 8877 is reversed, which is rare in adult spe-
cimens, though the young more frequently furnish examples of it.
One has the aperture 20 and the entire shell 45 mill. long, the
suture deeply impressed, the whirls below it abruptly shouldered,
the shoulders of the upper whirls worn away so as to make the
top of each whirl completely flat and forming almost a right
angle with its sides. In globoseness or narrowness:
of the whirls it is extremely variable.

To the kindness of Dr. James Lewis I am in-
debted for the opportunity of figuring several
shells which appear to be abnormal forms rather
than constant varieties. (Figs. 36, 37.)

I have drawn up the synonymy of this species
after a careful study of a large number of indi-
viduals from numerous different localities. The

Vivipara decisa,
Smithsonian series alone is derived from fifty . deformed.

WAT BEER

4
rove Se eg

PIAL DS

ai athe, AN); Uh aa ) +
ih ns ey i ear dibn Me ey “aban: ; ah ; ,; :
vie, eae aig: 4 mi. LaeQsns Lag; | ' a iM

Sibd feds ¥ : ee aN Sa eas ii Pe
: } Ae ma i ie , a ihe : '
the ey ae j aT iy ay PRE til i + He ayes! e
in - 7 , 4 é rae 1 ih
: “4 if " ’ P, ‘ A
aver (Ep May 2p a way td ‘i raf i eee rene

v4 ie | IN TY ; i ru a Ara
/ : re! ae i vey pus Ps
i wie a ¢-4 i oo t : i
lef : ao b aR eee CL ee)
, Pts os hae) ey Mine bie: ,

hy | 9:

A

+
~

94 VIVIPARA.

separate points of the country, and contains two hundred and
two specimens selected from a quantity laid aside as duplicates.
The number examined from other sources is certainly equal to
this. I now proceed to treat at length each of what I consider
synonyms.

Pal. integra, Say, as seen from the description furnished below,
is distinguished from the typical decisa by having a perfect apex.
I do not find this character constant, 7. e., in many lots from the
same locality I can detect some with a perfect apex, though the
majority are truncated. Inthe Delaware at Burlington, however,
it is not rare to find a perfect specimen. I notice quite a differ-
ence in the amount of erosion of this and other species, dependent
on locality. Thus, I find Melania virginica with the apex alone
eroded within only one hundred yards of another locality, where
almost every individual has every whirl so much eroded that it is
difficult to find any of the outer surface to examine. In addition
to this fact of the amount of erosion of some truncated species
being somewhat dependent on locality, is the
fact of other species being found sometimes
eroded and in other places never so, and
yet no one would presume to found on this
circumstance specific distinction. For ex-
ample, Viv. subcarinata, though always
truncated in the Delaware, is found in some
western localities with a beautifully defined
apex, (see figure under that species). Viv.
ponderosa also, though generally perfect, is
found in some of the Alabama rivers con-
stantly decollate. It seems to me, therefore,

Vivipara decisa, that we must found the specific characters,
a e | if existing, on other points than the erosion
of the apex. I have not been able to find such. The same
sculpturing is present in each form; the same tendency to varia-
tion in outline, &c. I give the original description of Pal. in-
tegra below, and a figure (38) of a specimen deposited by Mr.
Say in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences. The dimensions given by Say are supposed by Halde-
man to be a typographical error.

Paludina integra, Say.—Shell olivaceous, pale, conic; whirls six, wrin-

kled across ; spire rather elongated, entire at the apex; suture profoundly

VIVIPARA. 95

indented ; aperture subovate, less than half of the
length of the shell.

Inhabits the waters of the Missouri. Length +
inch.

Very much resembles P. decisa; the spire, how-
ever, is more elongated, and never truncated at
the apex, but always acute. (Say.)

I put Melania ovularis, Mke., in the syn-
onymy on the authority of Kiister (Chemn.
ed. nov.), who so quotes it. I have seen
no authentic specimen.

Paludina integra.

Melania ovularis, MENKE, (1. c.)—Shell ovate-conoid, truncate, substriate,
shining, greenish, reddish-brown when old, truncated at apex; aperture
ovate, columella subcallous above ; aperture rounded before.

Length 1 inch; breadth 7 lines.

Hab.—Near Cincinnati, in the Ohio River. Bescke. (Menke.)

Paludina limosa, Valenciennes, is considered a synonym by
Haldeman and Kiister. I have seen no authentic specimen.

Paludina limosa, VALENCIENNES (1. ¢.)—Shell ovate-conic, thin, subdia-
phanous, green; whirls 5, longitudinally striate; labrum acute.

Paludina limosa, Say, Journ. Phil. I, 125.

This Paludina is less globose and longer than that of our climate. The
height at the last whirl is a little less than of the others. Its breadth is
greater than its length, and its surface is covered with somewhat strong
longitudinal strie. The form of the aperture is also more oval. Its ver-
tical diameter is the longest. ©

The lip is sharp, continued to the columella, which is not appressed.

The shell is not very thick; there are, however, some individuals which
are eroded like some of the bivalve shells.

The apex is destroyed as the animal grows, and a flat circular partition
is formed, having the axis of the shell in its centre, in about the same
manner as in Bulimus decollatus.

I saw one individual whose three apical whirls were destroyed so as to
give a broken appearance to the shell.

Length rather more than one inch. ( Valenciennes.)

The following also is cited doubtfully as a synonym by Halde-
man. I have seen no specimen.

Paludina cornea, VALENCIENNES (1. c.)—In the Delaware and many other
rivers of the United States there is found a horn-colored Paludina, which
at first sight resembles the Pal. lJimosa, but which a more careful examina-

ye ee

es

— .

-

ANNO ee

lea .

e Shs: sae as) ee

ai Comte F er sy wi ae bP ast ( she ia sn a BN li 7

hate Prien eee births Sohne hearst ni hy git ital
ed yn ao reba A hls 1 ylt r ; : j

14 y

My “aig war a t : ;

] 3 *% 1
dei) : ; iia a ; wf . n ty : ure
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ES i ' 7
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yee
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5 4 iy
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7 ,
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26 VIVIPARA.

tion proves to be sufficiently distinct to form a new species. On account
of its color I call it

Paludina cornea.—Shell ovate-conic, thin, opaque, greenish horn color;
whirls 5, subrounded; sutures deeply impressed.

This species has an obtuse apex; the last whirl is one-third longer than
the others; each of them has a kind of flattening (aplatissiment) which
forms a balustrade (rampe) around the spire, whose sutures are deeply
impressed. The strize of growth are vertical and fine. The aperture is
oval. Horn colored, with a greenish tinge; the interior of the mouth and
lip is white.

The largest individual was 11 lines in length. ( Valenciennes.)

Paludina heterostropha of Kirtland’s Ohio Report is referred
by Gould (Boston Proe. I, 32) to Viv. ponderosa. Judging from
the figure given of it by Tappan, I would rather refer it to decisa.
This figure is copied in my fig. 39, while the description furnished
Tappan by Dr. Kirtland is as follows :—

Paludina heterostropha, Kirtuanp, 1. c.—Sinistral; aperture more than

half the length of the shell. Shell subglobose, ovate; spire
Fig. 39. depressed, apex generally truncate; whirls 5; aperture ovate,
with its superior extremity curved towards the body whirl,
within bluish-white; epidermis greenish horn color, usually
coated with ferruginous clay. Length ? inch.

This shell frequently occurs in Mill and Yellow Creeks,
tributaries of the Mahoning River. I formerly considered it
a mere variety of P. decisa, Say ; but on further examination
found it to be specifically distinct. It never attains more
than half the length of that species; its spire is never de-
pressed, and it is always heterostrophal. (Zappan.)

Paludina
heterostropha.

Paludina microstoma, Kirtland, is added to the synonymy on
authority of Mr. Anthony, who tells me Prof. Kirtland described
it before meeting with the description of ¢ntegra. On seeing Mr.
Anthony’s cabinet he was at once convinced of their identity.

Fig. 40. Paludina microstoma, 1. c.—An undescribed species
of Paludina, found frequently associated with the P.

decisa, and distinguished by its elongated spire and
small mouth. (Airtland.)

Paludina rufa, Haldeman, is said by him (i.

c.)- to be distinguished by a reddish color and

entire apex, but may be a variety of Pal. decisa.

The reddish or pinkish tint within the aperture

(sometimes divided into bands) appears to dis-

Paludina rufa. tinguish this form of the species, which occurs

VIVIPARA. 21

in the Southern as well as Northern States. Prof. Haldeman’s
original specimen of Pal. rufa, together with all those from which
the plates of his Monograph were drawn, are deposited by him
in the collection of the Academy at Philadelphia. Fig. 40 isa
fac-simile of the figure referred to by Haldeman under this name.
No. 8905 of the collection represents it.

i : Ae Fig. 42.
Figure 41 is a fac-simile of

ele gt Helix dissimilis, Wood, of
which no description nor local-

ity is given. Itis evidently in-

tended for this species, though

pe the true name decisa is applied

dissimitis, by Wood to a figure of sub-
carinata. I also give a fac- pe
simile (fig. 42) of Lister’s figure.

No. 8921-4 of the collection were presented
by Dr. James Lewis under the unpublished name
of Paludina obesa, Lewis. Fig. 43 represents
one of them. This form isa well marked variety,
found near Mohawk, N. Y., in Ohio, and Mich-
igan. It is readily distinguished by its very
ventricose, rounded form and dark olive green
color. Some small specimens resemble forms of

Paludina obesa. %V. regularis, Lea. Its name is preoccupied.

The fac-simile which I have given of Halde-
man’s figure, drawn from the original specimen
of Paludina genicula, Conrad (fig. 44), would
not lead one to consider that species identical
with Viv. decisa. I do not, however, hesitate
to unite them; my opinions are founded on an
examination of a series of shells from the locality
which furnished Mr. Conrad’s specimen, which
show a gradual series from the rounded whirls
of the decisa to the angular form of genicula,
though none of the shells were as well marked
as that figured. From other localities, also, I have received spe-
cimens of decisa whose six whirls were quite as angular and
scalariform. I suppose Higgins refers to some such in quoting
Pal. genicula from the Ohio and Scioto Canal. In Kiister’s
Paludina (Chemn. ed. 2), Cedar Creek is also given as a locality

Fig. 44.

Paludina genicula.

Hs 4 vd sdeprpitin: pct
ad ye vhs iy rash ll yes a Re er) ar eey
Riehl nt Yeah py ie hadith queen (NGL
Deiy! dtp hat ilexe iy see Ne LR Wart Asi 1 4
ORE pag) (Disa e Tt yaedi ahs ng ge’ i irlw'y
weaned a Sal state, it hg Tre Bt ares ib et Biyilll s
mn f mold el Rvp m3 ed Miah Sut egy) glivay i PA,

Pe ' ae " a a ¥ Ay

‘

wo? Vai) : iW { +5) ee fe ae

i A my ay 4 ae ee 4 Fay

a © opi ; ? + AL rt met is ae haert Slat
CART bey
ROO ell Pak ary’ 4 mM? eral ae: Le, ee MN 8 OR, et,
\ e BAY r n RA 4 el mes Me 4 ret A
Mee rdiaee iM Att dp ay \ 5 ab , r bers aha were
hd) ' i 1) aed | fi Te ¢: Mi ginny! #3 A Wie bel Le ah ‘

y* Oke BS?) hueted yd Oh " thiol Pa Naa SY Gatley hi; ay

: ENC 7 lil sone ADM
; ny, ht’ 5
WTA aby hebewd ys NAR NT i, di 1K As! a ak ;
pve of De aay arta a eh Br Cea
' ith wttaik, a Mi) hays My: , ty it

bo verrin: ny init Canina? ‘+
oy ae EM ME ie
wh eaten ici wyatt Wars

, apse
7; rt Pecbte are Dice

aay ae torre’

pagtns! Lh we Bf MS TT yee
it eg! hi BBM! yialgat

28 VIVIPARA.

for genicula. Mr. Conrad’s description is as follows. Fig. 45
is a fac simile of his.

Fig. 45. Paludina genicula.—Shell suboval, spire slightly ele-
vated ; volutions 4, scalariform, shoulders angulated ;
apex eroded, aperture rather more than half the length
of the shell; epidermis green olive; within bluish.

A species which is readily distinguished from those
nearest allied to it by the angulated whirls. I found
a single specimen in Flint River, Ga. ( Conrad.)

Lymnula ventricosa, Rafinesque, of whose
Paludina genicewla. description and figure (fig. 46) a copy is Here
given, is evidently this species.
His figure, though very rough, is
t~\ quite characteristic.

Fig. 46. Fig. 47.

Lymnula ventricosa.—Whirls 4, last
one very large; form obtuse-oval ;

( aperture bluntly oval, &c. (Rafines-
que.)
pie From the same MS., “Con-

ventricosa. x A é . a
chilogia Ohioensis,” which was

kindly loaned me by Prof. Haldeman, I find oe ena
rough figures (fig. 47) of Viv. decisa under the
name of Ambloxis, Amblostoma, or Lymnulus major, Rafinesque,
or Lymnea eburnea, Rafinesque. All these names are given,
and I find it impossible to decide which was the one finally fixed
upon, or to decipher more of the description than the follow-
ing :—

Whirls 5, last very large, form obtuse oval, aperture obtuse oval, lip
thickened within, columella covered with callus. (Rafinesque.)

Paludina subsolida, Anthony, appears to me also a synonym
of this species. My opinion is founded on an examination of
Mr. Anthony’s specimen, kindly lent me for figuring (fig. 48).
His description here follows.

Paludina subsolida, ANtHony.—Shell ovate, imperforate, very thick; color
light green, verging to brown in old specimens; spire much elevated, com-
posed of 6—7 inflated whirls ; sutures very distinct ; aperture broad-ovate,
about one-third the length of the shell, within white; lip curved forward
and forming a very conspicuous, subacute tip near its base; columella
well rounded, a thick callous deposit covering the umbilicus. Length 2
inches, breadth 1} inches.

VIVIPARA. 29

Illinois. My cabinet; cabinet of Hugh
Cuming, London.

This is the most ponderous species in the
genus, far exceeding P. ponderosa, Say, in
that respect; compared with that species it
is not only much more solid and heavy, but
its spire is proportionally more elongate,
whirls more convex, while the bedy whirl is
less ventricose, and the aperture is uncom-
monly small for a Paludina of its size; the
body whirl is disposed to be angulated near
its middle; all the whirls are more or less
shouldered and the lines of growth are very
conspicuous; the body whirl is obscurely
striate concentrically, and its surface thereby
modified so as to present a faintly sculptured Paludina subsolida.
appearance, and the striz being somewhat
finely undulated the appearance under a microscope is very pleasing.
(Antheny.)

Paludina heros, DeKay, of one of the earlier Zoological Re-
ports of New York, is said by that author to be a large form of
Pal. integra. (N. Y. Moll. p. 85.)

Of the forms generally known as Pal. decisa and integra I
have received specimens from Maine, lat. 47° (Morse), vicinity
of Montreal (Mrs. T. P. Girdwood), Ohio, Illinois, Michigan,
Iowa, Wisconsin, Kansas, Missouri, Mississippi, Tennessee, Tex-
as, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia,
Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and all the
New England States. It appears a widely distributed species,
and may be said to inhabit the whole continent, east of the Rocky
Mountains and Rio Grande, to the boreal regions.

Since writing the above, I have received from Mr. BE. 8. Morse,
of Portland, Me., drawings of the lingual membrane of the form
known as Viv. integra, received from Dr. J. Lewis, of Mohawk,
N.Y. I give below the drawing and Mr. Morse’s notes.

“ Vivipara-integra. — Lingual membrane Fig. 49.
composed of forty-eight rows of teeth, ar-
ranged in the form common to the group
3, 1, 3. Central tooth broad, short, and f\

hooked, a small shoulder each side near its

base ; first lateral broad and hooked; second

and third lateral-long, claw-shaped ; anterior Lingual dentition of Vivipara
part of membrane broad, narrowing toward integra.

Migs eet |
mek! ra ei wd is)
TT Pi, int y He he Anat

Teta “RN piag wtiie vies
in hy bis wie Fann Werte hia wer aly
i OAR
Oe oF i quien ie Gy ate
ny wal my, Trad! SPF vee: 7 eh Pi
i a iW ini’ Me, Hy Wests Tae u v5 ‘R ake * a ;
i with, pa AN Aa Hed POTS as te HEP pct Went Lys ts Net. Al
; ; vies Fay satay! ha ay ia VL iphinyirs bid ‘i a
say ah ety v7) Wit

7) rag i ly ony Wee wiht) wrdea Wietee'§

' ne ye, vith hes ‘

nh

H wh dade si} \ A Be? TR puree Man §
re er Zar f ‘ 4 " AY
Ni of Mi Mee vant Pity yeu) ee) tl ond) Sh Wy any esi

bevy

es re ee fis
rat | fb fTi
PCN Sgn Du denis Eu Lanlyatty, i
“piroa Obes lis abo
CPN Berea ae 4
* hy hig
ne. ' Fy
MURA nyt) WD, tay s Aah
MS TS AL ane Acids: Agi Ma) > aye Pian dh
Sphas Oaks, ee ES Wa tase, |
Sh 5 ful Boeri aed hein

Ne
Pats

T. 108 if Ts }

é ' ahetijeee a : ' cl Wee
hie LAE ERAA TY PRO ig IAL) ler 0) IR Hb He .

SH! in tebe baal id: ies iit ait: yaad con A.N, af ab),

i Davina Day a WAY 1 hl 13% 7s aaa a &

| wr Hae iol Minit ol irtepe aie iti vt ; eo
sy wo re my" Bie a aa “ae ae har ae inv ¥ 44
me i. A rit) a. ad neal
a ; : ;
fame ini, Aili Bina eh ‘an

? tag

ie ali 2k one
‘ a aad)
Z tea ie EN

30 VIVIPARA.

the middle, and again widening at its posterior portion. First twelve or
fourteen rows translucent brown in color, the rest colorless.
“This specimen was filled with fully developed young.”

Vivipara coarctata, LeEa—Shell smooth, ovate, compressed, thick,
imperforate, olive color; spire drawn out; sutures much impressed ; whirls
flattened ; aperture rather small, ovate, white.

Alabama. E. Foreman, M.D. Cabinet of Dr. Fore-
man. Diam. .50, length .98 inch.

This species, of which a single specimen only was re-
ceived, differs from all of the genus which has come un-
der my notice. It is remarkable for its compressed form,
the body whirl being quite flattened. The apex is eroded,
which prevents the number of whorls being ascertained :
there appear to be five. The aperture is less round than
Vivipara coare- usual in this genus, and may be rather more than half

tata. the length of the shell. (Lea.)

Paludina coarctata, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., IX, 30 (1844); Obs. IV, 30;
Proce. II, 243 (1842).

Paludina lima, AntHony, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phil. 1860, p. 70.

Paludina exilis, Antuony, Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phil. 1860 p. 71.

Paludina compressa, Lewis in Sched. (Unpublished.)

Having before me the original specimens of Pal. lima and exilis,
kindly loaned me by Mr. Anthony, and one determined by Mr.
Lea to be his Pal. coarctata, I cannot hesitate in uniting them
under one specific name, which, of course, will be the earliest
published. No. 8867 of the Smithsonian collection is also a
specimen of the same, though presented by Dr. J. Lewis under
the unpublished name of Pal. compressa, Lewis.

As Mr. Lea’s original specimen is imperfect, I have added to
the figure of it (Fig. 50) one of a perfect specimen
from his collection (Fig. 51). I am able also, to
add figures of the shells from which Mr. Anthony
drew his description of Pal. lima (Fig. 53) and
exilis (Fig. 52). The latter shell is rather more
slender than the other forms, one specimen being
only thirteen mills. wide, though thirty-one long.

The strie or growth, very much decussated by
revolving deep cut lines, distinguish all the forms

Vivipara 4
coarctata. mentioned in the synonymy, and constitute one of

the chief characteristics of the species.
In addition to the localities given in the various descriptions,
I have received the shell from Natchez, Jackson, Mississippi, and

VIVIPARA. 81

a form with three revolving raised lines or keels, from Pulaski
County, Arkansas.

Paludina exilis, ANTHONY, (1. c.)—Shell turreted, smooth, rather thick ;
color light apple-green; spire elevated, composed of about seven
volutions ; suture well marked ; aperture small, broad-
ovate, livid within; body whirl distinctly angulated,
subumbilicate, and with very distinct lines of growth;
columella well rounded and curved with a callous de-
posit, connecting perfectly with the outer lip, thus
forming a continuous rim.

Length, 1} inch; breadth, 3 inch.

Hab.—Mississippi. My Cab.; Cab. H. Cuming, Lon-
don; A. N. 8. Philadelphia; State collection, Albany,
N. Y.; Smithsonian collection.

Obs. —One of the most slender of our American spe-
cies ; Paludina subsolida, nob., is more ponderous, more
globose, and has a larger aperture; no other species
approaches it in general appearance; the whirls.of this = Paludina ezilis.
species taper more rapidly to an acute apex than in
most of the species; compared with P. integra, Say, it is more slender,
more solid, and the aperture is much smaller. (Anthony.)

Paludina lima, Aytuony, (1. ¢.)—Shell ovate, rather thin, dark green;
spire obtusely elevated and composed of six convex whirls, which
are strongly striate or subcarinate ;
Fig. 53. sutures very distinct, and the upper
part of each whirl being flattened ren-
ders it more conspicuous; aperture
broad-ovate, about half the length of
the shell, livid within; columella
slightly rounded and callous deposit
small; umbilicus none.

Length, 14 inch; breadth, ? inch.

Hab.—South Carolina. My Cab.;
Cab. H. Cuming, London; A. N. §.,
Philadelphia ; Smithsonian collection, Paludina lima.
Washington, D. C.

Obs.—In general form not unlike our western P. integra, Say, from
which it differs, however, by its revolving, raised striz and by its caring,
which are also well developed; the lines of growth are very strong, and
decussating with the strie give the surface a beautifully rough appearance,
which suggests its specific name. It is really one of our handsomest
species, and so unlike all others that no American species can readily be
mistaken for it. In most specimens the body whirl is very strongly cari-
nate about the middle, and the outer lip is considerably produced as in
P. subsolida, nob. (Anthony.)

()

OS

ey

Paludina lima.

i Sb yo'' cia an
tii aa hal ht
th | . re) vi
, EY ‘Nyt waa .
7 mf Hees ede ilu alee

wees,

me pnho rida) wre at

wes) wii D

«J 1 Ly fins f)

OTL eee Waa bean’

. Lape Me |

: +
mE VO

a ast

" ,
<p ELahs Fioky mrviatel & aly

Cy (ht De aes ae EO
; Pay veer te eA) Ibi
Uta Was
Ft TTS

‘heh
oe i ad

¥

es! i

oitiyi LT p ra Vaitla)

Fo fa%

}

my" Mr wey put

fh ay ay Pas ts
5 ie

a0 et ae
ean e {
a
LX

7 bi tM all

re vai
aa AL

{8 ex)yl

ARG.

VELL te Taeusay
1M Mihi shoe,
HM ow tet mn
ME SS OREM a:
ur? ae

dh vd, oY bh mint van au Waukee?

De a a
Hea nlf
fo Minar sta wom

‘a ui a Ubiy

J is "
yer vee

Va‘cupy
‘A

.
ne ay vaibiyfary

32 VIVIPARA.

Vivipara subpurpurea, Say.—Shell oblong, subovate, oliva-
ceous, with a tinge of purple more or less intense, some-

Fig. 55. times hardly perceptible; spire rather obtuse, termi-
nating convexly; whirls five, wrinkled, equally convex;
suture impressed, but not very profoundly ; aperture
much widest in the middle, narrower above; within
glaucous, somewhat perlaceous; labrum rectilinear
from the middle upwards; umbilicus none. Length
about one inch, greatest breadth four-fifths of an inch.

An inhabitant of Fox River, an arm of the Wabash.
It is very distinct from any other species I have seen.
The labrum exhibits no curvature from the middle al-
most to its junction with the penultimate volution.

Shell subglobular oval, not remarkably thickened ; spire longer than the
aperture, entire at the tip; whirls five, slightly wrinkled across, rounded
but not very convex; penultimate volution somewhat elongated ; suture
impressed; aperture ovate-orbicular, less than half the length of the shell;
labium with calcareous deposit; animal very pale bluish, with minute
yellow points, particularly on the rostrum, tentacula, and prominent re-
spiratory tube, which is as long as the tentacula; eyes on the exterior
side of the tentacula, near the middle of their length; the anterior portion
of the foot is very short.

This species was first found by Mr. Lesueur and Dr. Troost, in Fox River
of the Wabash. In the young state the figure is subglobose, and the aper-
ture, although it hardly differs'in form from that of the adult, is yet longer
than the spire. They become proportionally more elongated as they ad-
vance in age, and the form, therefore, of the adult, is so different from that
of the young or half grown, that in these states it may, very readily, be
mistaken for a widely distinct species.

The color of the shell is variable. In some it is pale horn, more tinged
with yellowish than with green; in others are traces of obsolete purplish
bands ; in many specimens the whole shell is reddish-purple, more or less
obscure in different individuals.

In the autumn it is frequently found between the valves of dead Unios,
in which it enters perhaps to hybernate. The species is certainly allied
to the vivipara, but it cannot well be mistaken for it, as it is much less
dilated, the volutions less convex; the penultimate volution is much
longer in proportion to the length of the body whirl, and the umbilicus is
obsolete. (Say.)

Paludina
subpurpurea.

Paludina subpurpurea, Say, 1829; N. H. Diss. Il, 245; Am. Conch. Mi,
pl. xxx, f. 2; Binney’s ed. p. 146, 185, pl. xxx, f. 2.—Ha.pEman,
Mon. p. 28, pl. ix, 1841.—DrKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 86 (1843).—
Kstver, Chemn. ed. 2, p. 12, pl. ii, fig. 10-13; pl. vii, fig. 3-5.

Vivipara Texana, Tryon, Pr. Ac. Nat. Se. (fig.), Oct. 1862.

ONS tel ng

ee

—

VIVIPARA. 3

Mr. Say’s original specimens of this species
are still preserved in the collection of the Phi-
ladelphia Academy. Fig. 56 is taken from one
of them.

The surface is often quite smooth and shining,
the spire more or less elongated and slender, but
always distinguished by the penultimate whirl,
which is very much larger than is usual in our
Vivipare, and when seen from behind, appears
remarkably bulging at its upper portion. Fig.
55 is copied from one of Mr. Say’s figures.

In the description of the animal Mr. Say speaks of a tubular
cylindrical organ as a respiratory syphon, but Haldeman sug-
gests its being probably the outlet of the viscous glands.

A specimen in Mr. Anthony’s cabinet measures in extreme
length 33, last whirl 19, penultimate 8, antepenultimate 24 mill.,
the measurements being taken on the front of the shell.

I have traced this species from Texas through Louisiana and
Mississippi to Key West, Florida, and in the Western States of
Indiana, Wisconsin, and Missouri.

A more elongated, slender form of the species, which is common
in the southwest, from Mississippi to Texas, has been described
by Mr. Tryon as a distinct species under the name of V. Texana.
A careful examination of the specimen from which
his diagnosis is drawn, as well as the large series Fig. 57.
in the Smithsonian collection, leaves no doubt in
my mind of its identity. The original description
and figure are given below.

Vivipara subpur-
purea.

Vivipara Texana.—Shell solid, conic, light green co-
lored ; spire elongate, suture deeply impressed, apex ob-
tuse; whirls 6, slightly convex; aperture small, subor-
bicular, equalling two-fifths the shell’s length.

Texas. Coll. Acad. Nat. Sciences ; Coll. G. W. Tryon, jr.

Shell solid, narrowly conic, consisting of six whirls,
which are somewhat flattened around the upper half of their breadth ;
suture well marked; aperture suborbicular, equalling two-fifths of the
length of the shell; umbilicus covered; epidermis light green with faint

_red revolving bands.

This shell resembles most the V. subpurpurea, Say, but is easily distin-

guished by having six whirls, which are much narrower than in that spe-

3

Vivipara texana.

sata bt x,
we eer Pt bn:
vA

ee

f Ooo ts hy
: RE a
, A en ee es Wags
haoapytant > ee ae en
NNT) wig
‘ie ; ths hee * fae nh win a eae
‘. the a} ii, bs: Sikid ota fx bia A LS) i
; r Th yi vy 4 Mi, Min Way | laal, aie J
, Wy. Eee al a eo ae ‘at 4 so sat uate sip iM ones '
PC eiea ht Pare Hee ah Dasa mas uid Linas! ai .% AE gest Me ae.
9 Te ae i. A) OO, sarah Cee Fix. ent EEN ae fe i) ai env
alt Smal ey is Py eld ea a eh ee aa tae 4 44 Da a ‘i i a ibis
“ti saat MN eT ue Al 4.4% sper ae se we! Me ; rie Nye
tT ied got CALDAAY, ‘ihn oar a intl fo its, ada) coatings co endl,
, te ere af Shity gal: it ;

todd na } ee
pd ‘ .

“y Praia on i (BC iit wank Wie mh) eilinte: TR rin hig
gee hs one Tore sett > «Ar Whig brag) gd phar ih yin
hie teas A yy bass! Bede vunin: Sr Pod #4)
vpn, MAR wirophun Hew pe ny A oie wih AR ae st
Yeas aed aT ates Bh 0. erating) iy i a bpidaa 0 Niu § ty
Hage pul? M, ints AP al rant ty hd Pw». ‘ oh Wide dier AY bh rly aoa Ee ape
a cnn? eet | Lo PSM eer | M4 bor. 1d ha ") wali iin T\e 4 Wee 4 am | pibgne
Wo iit iain Wr hd ely tus hein eid we ght RARE Mechta eric 0} ft
Vion sib anit Hae sur nye * arid vier er dat nara etek
hot [De pae 7 Geeta mpgieee Sar epi trast sel yen AMMAN Waban Shcinky
hog adn tal, Diagn ain Waller pdt Mey | ? 5 wh ii dial bet,
wed < dopenehihirtoigs “aa te, gail bicani RP a ni Patil Wid a
, advice:

Yen ok a

: hed Abs) rehash rah ayia TBat (Meee teh Mule sah ve i
ear Ne rv ‘ Pi, ope "y (Ons ai ie he apt Lars acl

oe si a dye ia “eet ult” a nt ates ee ae.
Pred vom telly pp #1) we se bad: myn Boca eb Meee &
hy be in a OMA ek 4 re | py i Chun, WIR AG pant oe? a mie
“tabi | igny pit’ " my ie i r Ali
‘i ne” iain vn} i » gee ag “dl SARS a ;
st pin sean pelts Bs 11) i) ahve nh Ae Ob ath ae aa er a
Li Matte thee os spr, bem) ya wnt aati Nidslo ;
efi ip a Ais ; rae ify’ Yoni rte
| igh ane m Meena ed) a

aay

34 VIVIPARA.

cies. The spire is also almost double the length of that of es A
and the epidermis of a lighter color. (Zryon).

Vivipara incrassata, Lea—Shell smooth, elliptical, rather thin,
imperforate, dark horn color; sutures somewhat impressed ; whirls some-
what convex; columella thickened above; aperture rather round, small,

within bluish.

Fig. 58. Alabama. E. Foreman, M.D. Cabinet of Dr. Foreman.
Diam. .52, length... inch.

Rather more than the first whirl only of the specimen
before me is perfect, and I would not have proposed it for a
new species, but that this part differs from any which has
come under my notice. The callus on the superior part of
the columella is very like that we find in the genus Ancu-
Paludinain- losa. The aperture is smaller than usual in this genus.

erassata. The upper whirls being decollate, neither their number nor

the form of the spire can be given. (Lea.)

Paludina incrassata, LEA, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, 30 (1844); Obs. iv, 36.
Proc. ii, 283 (1842).

The figure given above (fig. 58) is taken from Mr. Lea’s origi-
nal specimen. I have not seen others.

Paludina vivipara, Say—Shell subconic, with six rounded
whirls ; suture impressed, color olivaceous or pale, with three red-brown
bands, of which the middle one is generally smallest, whirls of the spire
with but two; aperture suborbicular, more than half the length of the shell.

It is doubtful whether or not this is the same as the vivipara, but it.cer-
tainly approaches very near to it; we, however, refer it to that species
until a specific difference can be indicated, which at present we are unable
to do; the spire of this species is rather more obtuse, and the suture not
so deeply impressed, as in the figures of the European specimens above
mentioned.

Donoy. Brit. Shells, tab. Ixxxvii, Helix vivipara.—ListER, Conch. tab.
exxvi, fig. 26; Cochlea vivipara fasciata.

This appears to be one of the many species that are common to North
America and Europe. And though the specimens from the two continents
differ a little, yet this difference is so slight as not to be specific. Cuvier
remarks that ‘the female produces living young, which are found in its
oviducts, in the spring, in every state of development. Spallanzani assures
us, that the young, taken at the moment of their birth and nourished
separately, reproduce without fecundation, like those of the Aphis. The
males are nearly as common as the females; their generative organ is ex-
serted and retracted, as in Helix, by a hole pierced in the right tentaculum,

VIVIPARA. 35

which causes this tentaculum to appear larger than the other. By this
character the male is easily known.”
The vivipara is far less common than the decisa, and seems to be more
usually found in the southern part of the Union. Mr. Elliott of Charleston
sent me two specimens from the banks of St. John’s River, Florida, and
Capt. Leconte presented me with one, which he obtained at Lake George
on the same river. Pl. 10, the two middle figures exhibit the brownish
banded var.
Paludina vivipara, Say (Lymneza), 1816. Nich. Encycl. pl. ii, f. 5. Am.
Conch., pt. 1, pl. x. Brnney’s ed. p. 48, 159, pl. Ixx, f. 5. —Haps-
MAN, Mon. p. 17, pl. vi (1841).—DsKay, N. Y. Moll., p. 86 (1843).

Paludina lineata, VALENCIENNES, Rec. d’Obs. II, 256, 1833. — Kuster,
Chemn. ed. 2, p. 10, pl. ii, f. 6-9 (1852), p. 19, pl. iv, fig. 4.

Paludina Georgiana, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. V, 116, pl. xix, fig. 85,
date of title 1837. Obs. ii, p. 228.—HanpeEman, Mon. p. 23, pl. vii,
f. 1,2 (1841).—Kiusrer, in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 15, pl. iii, f. 7,'8 (1852)
—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 86 (1843).—CueEnv. Man. Conch. I, 310,
fig. 2207 (Melantho); Illust. Conch. pl. i, f. 20, 21.—Puatuer1, Conch.
iii, 4, pl. i, f. 15.

A very variable species in the variety of ar- Fig. 59.
rangement of the revolving bands, sometimes
t)

quite wanting, as well as in the greater or less
elevation of the spire, and globoseness of the ae
whirls. Figs. 59, 62, represent two forms. es
Widely distributed, having been noticed NS
along the south shore of Lake Michigan, in a
Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Alabama,
Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida.
Authors have doubted the identity of this with the European
species whose name I have
adopted. I cannot distin-
guish some native from some "
a 0 foreign specimens when laid
ity side by side. .
My opinion on Pal. Geor-
we giana is based on an exami-
— a nation of Mr. Lea’s speci-
<(( mens. His description is
given below, and an outline
Vivipara vivipara. of hig figure, (Fig. 64), as
well as that of Haldeman, which was drawn from the type (63).

Vivipara vivipara,

Fig. 63.

eat \\

Paludina Georgiana.

edhe slides obese park “ sea
pai ne pet i rage

a P i ;
; bi a ine
pisriors np ats eth pes rN
a se ey eyes ngrings PM thes o>
POM, SnemeaTIns el + « ae kel dAwo
nm A TAN SD Se ee. lang dP rd . |
bgt! Corey isi Fits Slade Peal de addy ot Vere 4
Ruel yal hres mst rae
Loh nanin prarit ets tel ieee Ae
bs Sd oy ret te Peps aay #4 a ; :
Fe ee on On ee | ;
a a. DS saat obwall nh einily tia 2 ethan li ld tie Bs

in dl mS at Chall Matin det, Hie Ue fl Le phimdigd ae ‘i
1 eye Lit oh hii & reas
bina 4 ; diet hea
+= Lyte ih Ta ipa iat roa < iM ay 4s hit) 4 wt). as
-° ipl 2) ‘pint eat iia): ert "yeaa | cou) ft aot eal ” Pye
hatha Pee (ew, Sinha yA) AY Mt dest ions Mae
: feat MARKING. Cr ee OAT AR Mir tad: Bee lee Pelle) ale 4
ert, pul, eel tobaiul er Rs itd ee Vis giitibefwry Ste wae
a vit agli. Oy; toe ayy) ip dt ty PRR att te Ph a es afk ane Mike's aL
Gibb a guerrs hie OT RY Ve ely ee page e 1h
Py BIR) ‘eas MVS oil? Lec) fol POM pAR ATL GS ate
Welul ce Hi, rd ve eycoks BAS RIE Mer WED anya Te ee eee) ae rh
* iy OD eld! vine fst ob g vente) oc 1 Weed Ts gts wit OTK! :
aoe Uptptinet ARNE dk WTA Hd RH! Low itielwn)
hr UUEN Ts ye a od ON Oe yet od be ght ia y) a
4) Pe et a os hah Pe TUNUP TA ated s echo A ashy rye
hs Sinks ols Le kee bene 1D ic, ary pip Aavey es por: int aeinys
jp cf Piliniidn bh watt: § 14 iy by lgwine Nite ween Oa ole Shey
ve bint) tw <> ah ra! tHe ial é fuf ip al) art nvoul of hi nal want’? a ing
pear ba MWiy, & Ne) y sia uni 4 al Get uli wen ?. ier feras dh ‘pe ied urd ew
ye PUT MWe wll cit oe idle Hei Redd” CAS jets a iY peal
Rai, My RNID Aviat £2 urulvitel) zeal gia he ith thee ees

(ie as “ial eng! Gabel, hy, wall

bbs oe ob che oli tal
‘AY oy ot Keele re! igh 4"
a Moat eae it!
Pa st iin oe oils) ‘
“2 AMM 396%"
: tne) Selicee de et le
aoa’ Manse niger ary) Nika,

ey ee a

36 VIVIPARA.

No. 8854 of the Smithsonian collection, was labelled Pal. Georgi-
ana by Mr. Lea. .

Fig. 64. Paludina Georgiana, LeA—Shell ventricose-conical,
thin, dark horn-colored, smooth; sutures very much
impressed ; whirls about five; convex ; aperture nearly
round, white.

Hopeton, near Darien, Ga. Prof. Shepard ; my cabi-
net; cabinet of Prof. Shepard. Diameter .7, length
1.1 inch.
This species in form resembles most, perhaps, the
P. vivipara. It is not quite so large, nor has it
bands. It is rather more elevated, and the body
Paludina Georgiana, Whirl is smaller and rounder than the P. decisa, Say.
The aperture at the base recedes more than is usual
with the genus. (Lea.)

Of Pal. lineata the following is the original description :—

Paludina lineata, VALENCIENNES — This species resembles that of the
Seine. It is equally ventricose, but has a thinner shell. Shell ventricose-
ovate, thin, diaphanous, with delicate transverse strie; greenish horn-
color, with numerous transverse greener vittze. Whirls five, last one
large, ventricose, and equalling in height one-half the entire length of the
shell. Besides the striz of growth, there are numerous transverse, very
fine lines. The whirls are not flattened towards the moderate suture.
Apex acute. Color green, sometimes somewhat corneous ground, on which
are a large number of bands of a deeper green and variable width, some-
times merely linear. On the upper whirls the bands are obsolete. Apex
not eroded in any of a large number of individuals.

Opereulum brown, thin, horny, covered with numerous concentric, not
spiral, lines. Found in Lake Erie by M. A. Michaud, who found one shell
full of young, as in the case of our species, which proves the species to be
viviparous. There is reason to believe the other species also are so, though
in the most natural genera species vary in being both oviparous and vivi-
parous. The genera of colubers and vipers among the reptiles are an
example of this, while the Mollusca furnish more numerous ones.

Length 1 inch 3 lines. ( Valenciennes.)

§ 4. Shell simple.
b. Globose.

Vivipara intertexta, Say—Shell subglobose, yellowish-green or
brownish, wrinkled, and with minute, very numerous, obsolete revolving,
deciduous lines; spire depressed conic, obtuse, truncated, eroded at tip;

VIVIPARA. ot

volutions nearly four; suture rather deeply in- Fig. 65.
dented ; umbilicus closed by the lateral extension
of the columella.

Greatest breadth, from four-fifths to one inch;
length, about the same. Inhabits Louisiana.

We collected many of the shells in the marshes
near New Orleans and on the banks of the Caron-
delet canal. It is remarkable for its globular form
and for the numerous obsolete lines which seem
like equidistant deciduous corrugations of the epi-
dermis, having no effect whatever in modifying the calcareous surface,
upon which it exhibits no trace. In good specimens two or three obsolete,
pale bands are visible by transmitted light.

Paludina intertexta, Say, 1829, New Harmony Diss. II, 244; Am. Conch.
3, pl. xxx, f. 3,4; Bryyey’s ed. p. 146, 185, pl. xxx, f. 3, 4.—Hat-
DEMAN, Mon. p. 31, pl. x, f. 1—6, 1841.—DerKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 85
(1843).—Puiuiprt, Conch. II, 8, pl. ii, f. 4. —Kiisrer in Chemn., ed.
2, p. 16, pl. iii, f. 9, 10* (1852).

Paludina transversa, Say, N. H. Diss. II, 245, 1829; Binney’s ed. p. 145.
—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 85 (1843).

Ampullaria (?) intertexta, HALpEMAN, Mon. Ampullaria, p. 11.

Paludina intertexta.

In addition to Mr. Say’s localities, I have received it from
Grand Coteau, St. Laundry Parish, La. ‘

(Blanc.) Also from South Carolina. (Ra- bigs hk
venel.) Very globose specimens of Viv.
vivipara sometimes are readily confounded
at first glance with this species. They are
umbilicated.

One of Mr. Say’s figures is copied above
(fig. 65). Fig. 66 represents the front view
of a more perfect specimen.

Mr. Say’s type of Pal. transversa is still
preserved in the Cabinet of the Philadel-
phia Academy. It is evidently a young V. intertexta. His de-
scription follows, with a view of his type (Fig. 67).

Vivipara intertexta.

Paludina transversa, SAv—Shell transverse, depressed, orbicular; spire
convex ; whirls three and a half, with numerous minute, slightly elevated
revolving lines; suture not widely indented; body whirl very _.
convex, short; umbilicus small; operculum pale fulvous. ee Ol

Greatest width, two-fifths of aninch. Inhabits Louisiana.

We obtained two specimens in the marshes near New Orleans. C2)
It is much wider in proportion to the length than any other Paine
species I have seen, exceeding in this respect even I. subglobosa, transversa.

tite a i :

iy Ww hibe ete ye MM

oT be Cane | ea as a | siti

~ t
yaa Rau "a , (ey aly2 epi ¥
) xk 5 N, rhe ' ,
h hak ay ly “Guin iid hist , eT mj

* pis fal [ ok

i aN aes el? fae tre gaeel ios! pat : ! raha bd icanael yt , i

Se ae ‘ 4 = ‘
eer SOMES, 7 OM Dae eg PO eh dl ibiw? & thie RANI Heras ae
wes aft thar! i hat irs ve + ir 620 4 A ae Va eas be pepe pee

Porta): .! io. Wy : ‘ ony or wales Re:

Ahi ee, ame Ay tents hag hil ctaae dn oh mote
pi ¢ ihre ws War ie i clade { Ab ane

h, %

tar
a)

" tS ? 2!
Ne Oe Uke bei ible aly) i ele Sipe 7 ‘a a
PANES RTA Yl et) 4 BAA i iy
“

. ik an

‘ag yi J ‘ ‘i ~ i ee, ; 4 5 :
Pues ae hy ‘ xd : , ‘ er \ : 1 * }
ae yaa ty Ayan’ aly ae i> ‘Poa EY Se 1.e , , mY
; , ™ va}

Near us pa ‘ i
Ay tine! WG ft we i deg ® y

oY ae ee, tt a
aie. ig i ee me

38 VIVIPARA.

nob., and especially P. intertexta, nob., of which latter, in fact, I at first
supposed it to be the young, in consequence of its rotundity and the simi-
larity of its capillary lines; but inasmuch as the number of its whirls is
nearly the same, whilst the magnitude differs so greatly, I have separated
it as a different species.

Vivipara troostiama, Lea—Shell ventricose-conical, thin, pellu-
cid, yellowish horn color, smooth, perforate; spire short; sutures very
much impressed; whirls four, convex; aperture large, rounded, white.

Tennessee. Prof. Troost. My cabinet, and cabinet of Prof. Troost.
Diam. .68, length .72 inch.

This is a subglobose species, differing from any which

Fig. 68. has come under my notice, in having the superior por-
tion of the last whorl somewhat flattened, giving the
shell a somewhat gibbous appearance. The operculum
is rather of a light color, and the plane of the aperture
is very retuse at its base. It has a strong resemblance
to P. unicolor (Lamarck), and perhaps a stronger one
to P. Maheyana (Grateloup). It is more depressed in

Vivipara troosti- _ the spire than either, and the perforation is smaller than

ie in the former, while it is nearly the size of that in the
latter. The aperture is larger than either. Dr. Grateloup has very pro-
perly, I think, separated the Malabar species from that which was observed
by Olivier in Egypt, and called unicolor by Lamarck. The Egyptian shell
has a larger perforation, is darker in color, and is a larger species. I call
this after my friend Prof. Troost. (Lea.)

Paludina troostiana, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, p. 14 (1844). Obs. IV,
p. 14. Proc. II, 34 (1841). Arch. f. Nat. 1843, II, 130.

Paludina haleiana, Lea, 1. c. p. 96, pl. ix, f. 58 (1847). Obs. IV, 70.
Proc. IV, 167 (1845).

I have added to Mr. Lea’s description of V. troostiana a view
of the type (Fig. 68) in his collection. It will not seem to cor-
respond very exactly with the figure of haleiana, of which a fac-
simile in outline is given below (fig. 69). A comparison of all
of Mr. Lea’s specimens of each has convinced me, however, of
their identity. Mr. Lea’s description of the latter species here
follows.

Fig. 69. Vivipara haleiana, LEA—Shell smooth, ventricosely conical,
rather thin, reddish horn-color, imperforate ; spire short ; su-
tures much impressed ; whirls four, nearly convex ; aperture
large, nearly round, bluish.

) Diameter .4, length .55 inch. Alexandria, La.
Th's species is nearly allied to the Pal. troostiana, nob.,

Paluding Ut is rather smaller, of a darker color, not quite so rotund,

haleina. and imperforate. These differences would distinguish it

VIVIPARA. 39

without difficulty. In the haleiana there is a disposition in most of the
specimens to a compression below the sutures. This makes quite a shoulder
at the sutures and prevents teh mouth from being regular. (Lea.)

Paludina wareana, Ssvrrieworra (1. c.)—Shell rimately per-
forate, ventricose, rather thin, subopaque, with delicate concentric lines,
olivaceous-ferruginous, thickly streaked with smoke co-
lor; whirls 4, inflated, sutures deep; aperture oval, Fig. 70.
white, ends joined by a thin, glassy callus; peristome
straight, sharp.

Shell somewhat resembling Pal. obtusa, but is very
truncated, rimate, perforate, ventricose, rather thin and
transparent, almost opaque ; striz fine ; color olive green
blending with iron; surface broken by numerous curved
streaks, sometimes linear, sometimes stronger; whirls
4, slightly increasing; first whirl entirely eroded, the se-
cond slightly so in the shell examined ; whirls ventricose, sutures mode-
rate; aperture ovate, much shorter than the spire, above modified by the
penultimate whirl, reddish within, bluish towards the edge; parietal wall
covered with a thin transparent callus; columellar slightly curved; peri-
stome straight, acute, from below the middle to the base slightly curved.
Length 9/”, breadth 7/”’.

East Florida, in Lake Ware (Rugel). Coll. Carpentier (Shuttleworth).

Paludina wareana, SuurtLeworty in Kister, Paludina (Chemn. ed. 2),
p. 21, pl. iv, f. 10-11.

Paludina Wareana.

I have not seen this species. Fig. 70 is a fac-simile of the
outline of one of the figures referred to.

Vivipara cocsaemsis, Lea—Shell subglobose, thin, pale, rather
smooth, perforate; spire short; sutures very much impressed; whirls five,
round ; aperture large, nearly round, within whitish.

Coosa River, Alabama. Dr. Brumby. My cabinet, and cabinets of Dr.
Griffith and Dr. Foreman. Diam. .58, length .62 inch.

This species is remarkable for its round whirls, its width and large deep
sutures. The superior part of the whirls is somewhat flattened. The
color is remarkably pale, nearly white. The epidermis is very thin, and
under the lens displays very minute, rather regular longitudinal strize
crossed on the body whirl by obsolete strie. The aperture is nearly one-
half the length of the shell. (Lea.)

Paludina coosaensis, LEA, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., IX, p. 23 (1844). Obs. IV,
23. Proce., II, 83 (1841).
Paludina magnifica, pars., HALDEMAN, Mon., pt. 6, p. 4 of wrapper.

Mr. Lea’s type of this species bears but little resemblance
to V. magnifica, yet Prof. Haldeman unites the two. I myselt

i etfs 1 ae

‘ ‘ SS dad 3 ;
bag Bann Yee ed LO UR ET UE AS - ot
ie. | at’, ha a , m
bP ees RK -thie 1)
n
- Ais + Geer fay 4? 4

my) hens

Pa sah 9 dh, I(t pero aba Pu ~ ae Hi -
, By wom hart the he a ene Ag Irvar.ofpitsg
eng! HT oh alg eel anh eR Nam ify ah Sidley).
iad 3] EMF Mee Page in la omit 7 Bray ae Sa
a ele bial u {4 at at mae RL dnihi in, yagi ib, all ae
ve Loe 5 pen pel sg ab ta ‘
. Ls a wee ey a as ‘a
eh iene eae Re ie cane! ire ticle 9 ute wg > aie
ee i bine DIK tall Hidden od fay
aa antal: Saye), dale cat tak yet Moor: vir ant y ony he gaa? soy asi Wd
ty sda Pe shpat), AR, ier iat ake es Wh). ete a ae
Ps ihr Re PH RM glu fol ticy steer any, Meads be Mtns Janis
7 od wiivtt urs i a gate af gigs ol itn) ¢ it 7 ‘tity er): Bea
ee ltd Crk oa Nin
lid eae sa praerel, hid a Wag ‘ oe he an WT roa Tete,
ae ath. a Pl a Sek er n'y. Aaa ig ‘vn Pry Ue tite, i he ea ny +! we ath
renter Ae ke ee oy Ving en) ata) ee area pasne ign Pas od te
a eateagh vinta ache hy Apa se iialt 3, tee or Trey. ©
" Hi) Li Fae ee hid piety # Ad
bs } Ba st sh ae ah, ee whiney Hy) vie vad ae
’ ad | ‘oat th hee ran w it nal ugh Ak aah. ta Wh ae es
‘ Tide piaywe + ae al apd? © Midis ane Fam: ane Aaa yeh onl) Pet
gir Diels (\' wlal bale pen yulieeehite ii ai" we mast ui is
Cr bine mad n rie Nea ia Bipityeatid hd 7 et oy ee
FN), - os 2 7 ¥. Ai
ai mea 2 if wears eshy duly 4 my ee, ae rey) Hl
ymboabe sais. 7, a aD, pal LM es Norte) bist BY Be:
‘ ; ; re
he nce ibn aathng ary Pees eee 14 (go patie bis
ee teal as MP yal g i a wane aid ene rr
Weta ee adel hit, 3 4a 4) aan
eee heise iki «in
Pray vei agindiie stein oo

Oa Iie ie saat ail

uo Ck

(hpi OD
: rior Se vat ‘i AD Pay
‘ A uF abide isitin tt

40 VIVIPARA.

Fig. 71. have seen no connecting links between them, though
I have examined numerous young individuals of
Viv. magnifica.

Fig. 71 is drawn from the original specimen of
Mr. Lea. No. 8949 of the Smithsonian collection

Vivipara coosa- Was labelled by Mr. Lea.
ensis.

Vivipara decapitata, Anrnony—Shell globular, thin, of a light
green color; spire truncate, but never elevated under any circumstances,
composed of about four very flat whirls; aperture broad,

Fig. 72. ovate, one-half the length of the shell, within dusky white ;
columella regularly but not deeply rounded, with a slight
deposit of callous, and having a very small linear umbilicus
at base.

Tennessee. My Cabinet.

A single specimen only is before me, and therefore I
claim it as a new species with some hesitation; it seems
to me, however, too unlike any of the ordinary forms in
this genus to warrant its being included with any of them; it is the
most globose of any species hitherto published, if we except the small,
round forms which were long since removed, and very properly too, to
Amnicola; the spire is entirely wanting, but traces of the sutures show
the number of whirls; and its present appearance forbids the idea of its
ever having had an elevated spire. (Anthony.)

Paludina decapitata, ANtuony, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil. 1860, p. 71.

‘Vivipara
decapitata.

To the copy of the description of Mr. Anthony given above, I
am able to add Fig. 72, drawn from the type, which he kindly
loaned me for the purpose. I do not consider this a well-estab-
lished species. The single specimen on which it is founded is
evidently an undeveloped specimen in a very imperfect state.
The spire is eroded, the shell presents the appearance of belong-
ing to a small ill-favored individual of V. decisa. However, the
only information we have regarding it, given above, may serve to
identify it, should it appear in future.

Vivipara regularis, LEA—Shell subglobose, rather thick, green-
ish horn color, imperforate; spire very short; sutures impressed; whirls
five, convex ; aperture large, ovate, within bluish.

Ohio? T.G. Lea. My cabinet, and cabinet of T. G. Lea. Diam. .38,
length .52 inch.

A very distinct species with the body whirl about four-fifths the length
of the shell. The whirls are very regular, giving the spire somewhat the
appearance of a coil of rope. All the specimens before me are more or

VIVIPARA. 4]

less incrusted with the oxide of iron. The aperture is inflated, and about
three-fourths the length of the shell.

I am not positively sure that this species came from Ohio. By some
accident the label has been misplaced, but I am under the impression it
came with some other spevies from my brother at Cincinnati. (Lea.)

Paludina regularis, Lea, Tr. Amer. Phil. Soc., IX, 13 (1844). Obs. IV,
13,1841. Proc. Il, 34 (1841). Arch. f. Nat., 1843, II, 130.

From the specimens labelled by Mr. Lea in the Smithsonian
collection, it does not appear to me that this species is as well
characterized as the others found in this country. Still, in the
present state of our knowledge of the genus, I cannot
place Mr. Lea’s name in the synonymy of any other
species. His original specimens are much better
marked. The figure is drawn from one kindly given
me by Mr. Lea, and is thus characterized. The spire
is extremely short, flattened, but well defined quite to Vévipara
the acute apex; the sutures are impressed; the body "7“"*
whirl comprises more than five-sixths of the complete length of
the shell; the aperture is almost as long as the body whirl, and
so wide that the length and breadth of the shell are almost equal ;
the shell is remarkably globose, almost circular. I have often
met in cabinets with immature specimens of Viv. ponderosa
under this name.

See remarks on Pal. obesa, under Viv. decisa.

Found also in Illinois and Ohio.

Vivipara subglobosa, Say—Shell subglobose; whirls three and
a half, much rounded, rapidly enlarging; suture profoundly impressed ;
aperture subovate; umbilicus very narrow, nearly closed by the
labrum; spire very short, convex. Fig. 74.

Inhabits the Northwestern Territory. Length less than three-
tenths of an inch. }

I obtained this shell when traversing the northwestern part of
the Union. It is much larger than the porata, nob., which it pjz op.
resembles considerably, but its whirls are much more rapidly globosa.
enlarged, and the umbilicus is much narrower.

Paludina subglobosa, Say, 1825, J. A. N. 8., V, 125; Binney’s ed. p. 115.—
DeKay, N. Y. Moll., p. 86 (1843).—Hatpeman, Mon., pl. x, f. 7, 8. |

Say’s type is still preserved at the Philadelphia Academy.
Fig. 74 is taken from it. It does not appear to me to belong
properly to this genus, but rather to the same group of Leptoris
as L. isogona, pallida, altalis, &c.

Ao LF ea ge Pony ae

ie # sed N eA poy Ai hindi i on sat Fis ;
ping Hy ors), opt nig 5D, iio sit os Re CAced Gate
ers we Yehen te ‘thd WP HARES rt ioi7

i , ; ¢ £
ie reste: Ee) faa ee a Ws rl? 4: Ld nh
‘ cm hl Sas oe,

r

ea _- en bP Rah oii

y

en ee
ty ca: Ti at aside i Sat
Shan 7. “

.. Ls i. a i ar P -
vite hitiert py ua emeibeiet 7 Jue Te gh mut SUNT i oe ee ey:
>» “ < , + a
a5) 0 aa eat “ie | ees).
oe bie Tate dad Ly ‘ Pethaie pt re | wlrri| ar *' tty ay 7
‘ \ : - , 4
te? > ‘ . , ‘s : , : ee
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: ‘- ed x ‘ J A ‘ J he
sities Yh Ae et wee : i vy iim ey on i.e “a
mi
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ead} be PA Wb Ae, ee et | fs" Aly ou A ee Le |
by ; 1 A ‘ d “s: Ps j
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yi Ao}, gid 2m” hil ae) Cit ie,
s) Ceres Te Any ' We, un haeseek
cet eS Tel
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ay Leg Pia a m inn AAS 4
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: } eo iia) Pe. ! sini !
F oe fas 4 ea Tih di iri y t/
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wit ee) AIL eos
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42 VIVIPARA.

DovustFuL, SPURIOUS, AND EXTRA-LIMITAL SPECIES.

This completes the list of known North American Vivipare.
There now follow notices of doubtful species and those which
have been erroneously referred to the genus.

Vivipara alleghanensis, GREEN—Shell conical; spire elevated and rather
obtuse ; whirls four, rounded and nearly smooth, the ultimate whirl
the largest ; mouth oval, slightly angular near the upper part of
the peristome, where it adheres to the body whirl; umbilicus none;
epidermis dark brown color. Length two-tenths of an inch. Fine
specimens of the shell are in the cabinet of Mr. W. Hyde. Moun-
tains of Pennslyvania. ( Green.)

Paludina alleghanensis, GREEN, in Doughty’s Cabinet of Nat. Hist.,
II, p. 291 (1832).
The above is Green’s description. Ihave not been able to obtain
any information about the species. From the size and shape of
the shell I should incline to believe it to be an Amnicola.
Paludina unicolor, Lam., from South Carolina, mentioned by name only by
Wheatley in his Cat. of U. 8. Shells, p. 30. I have never known
of any such species having been found there.

Vivipara Bengalensis, Lam. Pal. elongata, Swainson—Pal. multilineata,
Say, Biyney’s ed., p. 146.—Pal. vitula, Rarinesque, (Bengal.) Atl.
Journ., V. 169), said to have been found in St. John’s River, Fla.
Mr. Say’s words are as follows: ‘Capt. Leconte presented me with
a shell which, he informed me, he found in the River St. John,
Florida. I described it nearly four years since under the name
of multilineata; but, recently, being about to publish it, on a more
attentive examination and comparison with a specimen of the elon-
gata from Calcutta, given to me by Mr. Hyde of Philadelphia, I
have concluded that it varies from that specimen only in having
the umbilicus a little smaller.”

See also Ampullaria rotundata.
I have seen some specimens said to have come from Florida which
might be referred to this species, but at present
Fig. 75. cannot consider its existence there sufficiently esta-
blished to admit it in the list of American Vivipara.

Haldeman (Mon., p. 24, pl. vii, f. 3,4, thus describes

and figures it, considering it probable that it was

accidentally introduced into Florida together with

Ampullaria rotundata, Say. They are both Calcutta

shells :—

“Shell lengthened, conic, and polished; com-
posed of six or seven convex whirls, the surface of
which is covered with minute transverse wrinkles,

Paludina
bengalensis.

VIVIPARA. 43

and numerous narrow spiral bands; apex pointed; suture deep ;
lines of accretion very fine; aperture regularly rounded, produced
posteriorly. Color bright green, often passing into brownish; the
spiral bands are fuscous, and the inside white.”

Paludina minuta, Say, of Kuster, Chemn. ed. ii, p. 52, pl. x, f. 15-16, is
Cingula minuta, Torren. Mr. Say never described any such species.

Paludina hyalina, LEA (not of MoreExer), is a distorted Planorbis exacutus,
q. V.

Paludina turrita, MENKE, Syn. Meth. p. 40, is mentioned by name only,
Cyclostoma marginatum, Say, being mentioned doubtfully as a syno-
nym. ’

Paludina aculeus, Ktster, Chemn. ed. ii, p. 73, pl. xiii, f. 8-9, is Cingula
aculeus.

Paludina scalaris, Jay=Physa scalaris, q. v.

Paludina porata, Say, is mentioned by name only in Menke’s Syn. Meth.
p- 42 (1830) with P. katschkana, Parr. and P. fluminensis, ZIEGLER,
as its Synonyms.

Paludina castanea, VALENCIENNES, Humboldt and Bonpland, Rec. d’Obs.
II, 256, is not specified as American. The description was drawn
from a specimen in the Paris Museum, locality unknown.

Paludina decipiens is mentioned by name only among the American spe-
cies added to those cited in Lamark’s Animaux sans Vertebres, by
Gould’s translation (p. 70, Genera of Shells). I have no informa-
tion concerning it.

Finding Pleurocera of Rafinesque quoted in the synonymy of Vivipara
by Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I was inclined to place the following species
in Vivipara, but now omit them.

Pleurocera acuta, Enum. and Acc., p. 8.

Pleurocera rugosa, “ a ep Se

Pleurocera gonula, “ Ws ay RY

Pleurocera verrucosa, Ann. of Nat., No. I, p. 11 (1820).

The genus Pleurocera is considered by Haldeman (Mon. of Leptoris and
Encycl. Icon., Baird’s ed.) to be the same as Jo, Lea, which last name not
having priority of publication would be considered a synonym of Pleuro-
cera. The following description of Rafinesque is translated from the Journal
de Physique, &c. of Brussels, LXXXVIII, p. 423. The fac-simile fig. 76 is
from a MS. work of the same author, “ Conchologia Ohioensis,”’ kindly lent
me by Prof. Haldeman.

Pleurocera, 1. ¢.—Shell spiral, oval or pyramidal, numerous
rounded whirls; aperture oblong, oblique, base pro-
longed, twisted, narrowed above; outer lip thin, inte-
rior lip appressed to the columella, which is smooth
and twisted, without umbilicus. Animal with a mem-
branaceous operculum, proboscis-like head, inserted
on the back; tentacles two, lateral, subulate, sharp,
eyes at their exterior base. Family of Turbinacea. Pleurocera.

Fig. 76.

wih i aate Mts

4 yet
an

Wath Woe.) mire
i

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44 VIVIPARA.

Species numerous, of which I have already twelve, all fluviatile, from
rivers and creeks. (Rajinesque.)
Omphemis plaioxis and lacustris of Rafinesque are mentioned by name only
(Journ. de Phys. LXXXVIII, p. 424. The generic description is
as follows :—
Shell oval; aperture rounded, lips detached, columella separated
from the lower lip by a small oblong umbilicus ; spire slightly oblique ;
animal with a membranaceous operculum, two flattened lateral ten-
tacles, eyes at their exterior base. Family Turbinacea. Two species,
O. lacustris and plaioxis, which is fluviatile. (Rafinesque.)

I take this opportunity of giving a fac-simile of a figure of the animal
of Leptoxis as well as Rafinesque’s description, translated
from the work referred to, p. 424. The figure (77) is
copied from the same MS8., written in the well-known
hand of Rafinesque.

Leptoxis, 1. c., differs from Lymnula by its oval, ventri-
cose shell of two or three whirls; aperture oval, almost
as large as the whole shell; eyes exterior. Four species,
fluviatile, &c. (Rafinesque.)

Fig. 77.

(i

Animal of Leptowis.

To the genus Amnicola must be referred the following :—

Paludina sayana, Kuster, Chemn. ed. 2, p. 48, pl. ix, f. 30-32.

Paludina emarginata, Kuster, 1. ¢. p. 50, pl. x, f. 3, 4.

Paludina cincinnatiensis, Kuster, = Amnicola cincinnatiensis of Anthony.

Paludina lapidaria, Kuster, 1. c.

Paludina porata, Kuster, l. c. and of PaILipPt.

Paludina lustrica, Ktstsr, 1. ¢.

Paludina granosa, Say, of Kirtnann’s Ohio Report; probably Amnicola
granum, Say.

Paludina grana, Say.

Paludina limosa, Say.

Paludina nickliniana, LEA, q. v.

Paludina obtusa, LEA, q. v. (not of TRoscHEL).

To the genus Leptomis are to be referred the following species :—
Paludina nuttalliana, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. VI, 101, pl. xxiii, f. 109.
(Amnicola nuttalliana, Cooper, Minn. Rep. p. 374.)
Paludina virens, LzA, 1. ¢. VI, 91.

Paludina fontinalis, Patuipri, Conch. II, 5, p. 136, pl. iii, f. 9, and Kiisrer
in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 56, pl. x, f. 27, 28 = Leptoxis isogona, Say.
Paludina dissimilis, Say (BinneEy’s ed. p. 48), and Poriez and Micuavp,

Gal. des Moll.
Paludina altalis Ravenet, Cat.
Paludina isogona, DrKay, N. Y. Moll. 85.
Paludina pallida, Lua, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. VI, 22, pl. xxiii, f. 104.
Paludina crenata, Say, is mentioned as a species of Leptoxis by Dr. Brot
in his admirable ‘‘ Matériaux pour servir a l’étude de la famille des

VIVIPARA. 45

Mélaniens,” p. 24. Mr. Say described no such species. Prof. Hal-
deman describes a Leptoxis under this name in the Monograph re-
ferred to by Dr. Brot.

Paludina humerosa Antuony, 1. c.—Shell ovate, thick, bright
green, imperforate; spire rather obtusely elevated,
composed of about 5—6 convex whirls; upper whirls
smooth, body whirl and preceding one strongly striate
and granulate or subgranulate ; sutures very distinct ;
aperture ovate, nearly one-half the length of the shell,
livid within.

A Paludina
Length about half an inch. jeanne

Alabama. My cabinet.

A single specimen only is before me, but it is sufficiently distinct ;
its granulated surface and the broad shouldering of the whirls are
its chief characteristics ; compared with P. genicula, Con., it is more
slender, darker in color, and its granulated surface is of itself a suffi-
cient distinction. (Anthony.)

Paludina humerosa, Antuoyy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1860,
p. 71.
From an examination of Mr. Anthony’s type I have no doubt of
this being a nodulous species of Zeptoxis, on which the nodules are
slightly developed. Fig. 78 is drawn from it.

To the genus Melania are to be referread—

Paludina rudis, RAVENEL (Cat. of Cabinet, p. 12, 1834). No description
was given by Dr. Ravenel, who informs me that he found the spe-
cies at Danville, on the Dan River, and subsequently sent some spe-
cimens to Mr. Lea, who described them as Melania inflata.

Paludina nitida, RAVENEL (Cat. of Cabinet, p. 12,1834). No description
was published. Dr. Ravenel informs me that on submitting speci-
mens to Mr. Lea he pronounced them an undescribed species of Me-
lania. They were found in the Dan River, at Danville.

To the genus Bithynia (q. v.) have been referred the following :—

Paludina nuclea, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. VI, 91.
Paludina seminalis, Hinps, Voy. Sulphur.
Paludina tentaculata, Lin.

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46 BITHYNIA.

BITHMYNIA, Lezacz.

[ Animal with a small lobe on one side of the neck. Operculum
shelly on the inner surface, nucleus subcentral. Shell turbinate,
covered with a horny epidermis; spire produced, whirls rounded ;

peristome continuous, thickened internally. The

Fig. 79. female is oviparous, and deposits her eggs in a

band, attached to stones, or to the stems of aqua-

tic plants; when she desires to deposit the ova

she seeks some smooth place and clears the sur-

face with her mouth before commencing; the

young are hatched in three or four weeks, and

ee ae attain their full growth in the second year.—Z.
& A. Ad.]

Fig. 80. Bithynia nuclea, Lea—Shell obtusely turreted, solid,
horn color, smooth; sutures impressed; whirls 5; aperture
white, oval.

Wahlamat, near its junction with the Columbia River. Prof.
Pal. nuclea, Nuttall. My cabinet. Cabinet of Prof. Nuttall. Diameter .2,
length .4 inch.

This is a small, solid species, and is more oblique than P. decisa, Say.
Like it, the apex is usually cut off. Round the mouth there is a black
border, which contrasts with the pale horn colored epidermis. (Lea.)

Paludina nuclea, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. VI, 91, pl. xxiii, f. 103.

The above is Mr. Lea’s description of this species. Fig. 80 is
a fac-simile of the outline of his figure. I place the species in
this genus on the authority of Carpenter, Br. Ass. Rep. 1857, 326.

Fig. 81. Bithynia semimnalis, Hinps—Shell obtusely turret-
ed, solid, horn colored, smooth; apex eroded; whirls 4; aper-

© l ture bluish, expanded.

River Sacramento, California.

Pal, Distinguished from P. nuclea, Lea, which is from a neigh-
seminalis. boring locality, by its somewhat smaller size, bluish instead
of white mouth, having one whirl less, the aperture more
expanded, and absence of the black lines round the mouth, which when
present is so good a character in his shell, but which, in any numerous
specimens of it, I do not find at all constant, and usually only to be seen

BITHYNIA. 47

in those better developed. Anodon angulatus is also found abundant in
this river, &c. (Hinds.)
Paludina seminalis, Hixps, Voy. of the Sulphur, p. 54, pl. xvi, f. 22;
Arch. f. Nat. 1843, II, 130. (Vide also Annals Nat. Hist. x. 83.)

The above is the original description and a copy of the figure
of Hinds (fig. 81). Haldeman (Leptoxis, p. 156) refers Palu-
dina seminalis to Pal. Nuttalliana, Lea, which is placed doubt-
fully in Leptoxis.

Bithynia temtaculata, Liy.—This early known shell is thin,
semitransparent, quite smooth, shining, and of a fulvous horn color; in
shape it ranges from ovate-acute to oblong-acute, but the latter form is by
far the less frequent. It is composed of 5 volutions, of which the body
whirl, when viewed dorsally, is equal to the rest collectively, and whilst
they are only moderately convex (and sometimes only slightly so), is gen-
erally more or less ventricose. The more produced is the shell, the less
convex are the turns. The suture is distinct but fine, and the whirls,
instead of jutting out abruptly, as in Leachii, shelve gently downwards.
The general proportion of their breadth to their height is as two to one.
The apex is very small, and rather pointed; the enlargement of the suc-
ceeding volution is sudden. There is no true umbilical cavity, but at most
a slight crevice behind the pillar lip, which latter is narrow, somewhat
appressed, and not dilated anteriorly. The aperture is subpyriformly ovate
or obovate, being contracted to a point at its posterior extremity. It occu-
pies 3-7ths of the entire length of the shell, and not half of the greatest
breadth. The outer lip is somewhat disposed to expand, and is slightly
thickened within by a white ridge, which forms a support for the opercu-
lum. Our largest specimen measures a third of an inch in breadth, and
rather more than half an inch in length. (Forbes § Hanley.)

The above is the description given of this species in England
by Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. III, p.14. It is quoted from
Greenland by Madller, &c. I have seen no specimen, but the de-
scription given will cause it to be recognized if found. Fig. 79,
page 46, represents the animal.

Bithynia castanea, Méuz.—This species is also referred to
Greenland. I have seen no specimen of it.

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48 rn VALVATA.

Famity VALVATIDAE.

[Lingual membrane with teeth in seven series (8, 1, 8);
the central teeth broad, with a hooked and denticulated apex,
the lateral lanceolate, hooked and denticulated.

Fig. 82. Rostrum produced; tentacles cylindrical; the

= eyes sessile at their external bases. Manile sim-

©) ple in front; gill plumose, exposed, the lamina
J pinnate, spirally twisted, protected by a long,
Opereulum of slender respiratory lobe. Foot bilobed in front.
V. triearinai™ Onerculum horny, orbicular, spiral, many whirled;

greatly magni- > ° 2 *
ea. whirls with a thin elevated edge. Shell spiral,
turbinate or discoidal, covered with an epidermis;

aperture with the peritreme entire.

The species of this family are distributed throughout the
temperate regions of the globe, living in slow running rivers,
ditches, and lakes—H. & A. Ad.]

I have copied Haldeman’s figure of Valvata sincera to illus-
trate the animal of this family (fig. 88).

VALVATA, 0. F. Mizu.

Fig. 83. [Shell turbinate or discoidal, umbilicated, thin,
whirls round, simple or keeled, covered with a horny
epidermis; aperture circular, peristome continuous.

The species of this small genus inhabit the ponds
and ditches of Europe and North America. When

‘alata sin. the animal progresses, the delicate, retractile, bran-
cera, greatly
magnified.

chial plume is projected over the neck. The female .
deposits her eggs in a single, coriaceous, spherical
capsule, which is affixed to stones or the stems of aquatic plants.
—H. & A. Ad.]

Valvata tricarinata, Say.—Shell with three volutions; three
revolving, carinate, prominent lines, giving to the whirls a quadrate instead
of a cylindric appearance. Suture canaliculate, in consequence of the
whirls revolving below the second carina and leaving an interval. Spire
convex, apex obtuse. Umbilicus large. Carine placed, one on the upper
edge of the whirl, one on the lower edge, and the third on the base beneath.
Breadth one-fifth of an inch.

VALVATA. 49

Inhabits the river Delaware. Rare. Found by Mr. Le Sueur, whose
proposed name is here adopted. (Say.)

Cyclostoma tricarinata, Say, J. Acad. N.S. Phil. I, 13,1817; Nich. Ency.
ed. 3; Binney’s ed. p. 68, 59, 56.

Valvata tricarinata, Say, Journ. Acad. II, 173; Binney’s ed. 68.—DE-
SHAYES in Lam. VIII, 507; Tr. El. de Conch. pl. Ixxii, f. 4-6.—Menxz,
Zeit. f. Mal. 1845, p. 121.—Hatpemay, Mon. III, pl. i, f. 14.—Govtzp,
Invert. 225, f. 156.—DrEKay, N. Y. Moll. p. 118, pl. vi, f. 130.

Valvata carinata, Sowersy, Gen. Shells, xli, f. 2.

Valvata unicarinata, DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 118, pl. vi, f. 129.

Valvata bicarinata, Lea? Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IX, 21; Proc. II, 83; Arch.
f. Nat. 1843, II, 129.

Tropidina carinata, CHENv, Man. de Conch. II, 312, fig. 2232.

Troschel (Gebiss der Schnecken, ‘p. 96, pl. vi, f. 14) figures
the lingual ribbon of this species.

This is a very variable species, as shown by No. 8981 of the
collection. Variety simplex is contained in No. 8982;
bicarinated forms in 8941. Mr. Say’s specimens of Har teks
Valvata tricarinata are still preserved in the collection =e
of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. ae Ho
From an examination of them and of Mr. Lea’s origi- tricarinata.
nal Valvata bicarinata I am convinced of the identity
of the two. I have given (fig. 85) a figure of Mr. Lea’s shell
and his description below. Haldeman refers it with doubt to
tricarinata.

I have not seen authentic specimens of the other species men-
tioned in the synonymy. The original descriptions and fac-similes
of the original figures now follow.

Valvata bicarinata, LeA—Shell orbicular, flattened above, bicarinate,
rather thick, horn-colored above, whitish below, widely umbilicate; su-
tures impressed ; spire depressed; whirls four, convex; aperture rounded,
whitish within.

Body rather short and white, head large, tapering, slightly enlarged at
the auterior termination, with a black mark passing
from the neck between the eyes, tapering off and
reaching nearly to the end of the snout, where there
are two oblique black marks bordered in front by
white, and accompanied behind by several irregular
white spots, the anterior ones being the larger.
Branchia translucent, superior portion blackish, bor- Valvata biearinata.
dered with white spots and occasionally obtruded ;
eyes round and deep black, placed at the posterior base of the tentacula,
surrounded by a white area; tentacula long, rather tapering, obtuse at the

Me gebaitieny t
LRA ala hy i bat epeihin :
cam o hf
Ba an f mt i ee) :
a OB y
te ,

50 VALVATA.

end; filament rather short, translucent with longitudinal white lines; foot
wide and furcate anteriorly, where minute white spots may be observed.
Operculum thin, semitransparent, light horn color, increment circular and
rather coarse.

Schuylkill River, west side, below Permanent Bridge. H.C. Lea. My
cabinet. Diam. .30, length .12 inch.

In the form of the shell, this species closely resembles the tricarinata,
Say. It differs in having but two carine, in having a wider umbilicus,
and the spire is more depressed. The animals of the two species differ in
form and color more than the shells.

The head of the tricarinata is more cylindrical and enlarged at the ter-
mination, where it somewhat resembles the snout of the hog, while that
of the bicarinata is more conical and without so sudden an enlargement at
the end. The color of the dicarinata is lighter. In the black markings
they also differ. In the tricarinata there is a single blotch anterior to the
area between the eyes. In the bicarinata this extends also behind this

area; and in addition may be observed two quite black marks above the:

mouth, which the tricarinata does not seem to have. The tentacula of the
bicarinata are larger and more filiform. When in motion, the anterior por-
tions of the lobes of the foot are pointed, and recurved or hooked.

The shell of the bicarinata is quite light colored beneath, and rather a
dark horn color above, the change of color taking place a short distance
above the periphery of the whirl, between which and the superior carina
it is quite dark. The superior carina is large and erect, the inferior one
is smaller. All the whorls are visible beneath. Very minute longitudinal
strie cover the whole surface.

Having several living specimens of both these species, I observed them
closely with a lens while under water in a glass vessel. On the 15th of
May, while I had a tricarinata at the focus of my lens, I observed a small
apple green, globose object, passing from under the aperture of the shell.
This was shortly followed by others, and soon a transparent gelatinous
mass became visible. This mass was passed slowly over the right side
of the neck, under the pectiniform movable branchiz, until entirely dis-
charged against the perpendicular side of the vessel in which it was kept,
and there the mass remained attached, the parent having abandoned it
immediately. The time was fifteen minutes from the first appearance cf
the mass until it was fairly discharged. The green globules were the ova,
of which I counted thirty in the transparent, globose gelatinous mass, which
was not more in diameter than one-twentieth of an inch, the transverse
diameter of the shell being about four-twentieths of an inch. In other
cases, I found the number of ova to.differ; some masses having only ten
or twelve.

On the 23d, (eight days after), the ova were so far advanced as to be
changed to a dull faded green, the mass enveloping them having changed
by degrees in transparency, and becoming of a slightly ferruginous color.
As yet, no change of bulk or arrangement was observed.

VALVATA. — 51

On the 29th, (fourteen days after), the mass was observed to be opened,
and with a lens of considerable power I could plainly see a motion in most
of the ova, the rounded form of the shell being easily discerned within.

On the 30th, (fifteen days after), most of the young shells had broken
their filmy bonds, only six or seven remaining: their motion was very
apparent, and their minute black eyes could be plainly seen. I observed
to-day, for the first time, that the Valvata has the power of swimming,
inverted from the surface of the water, like the Planorbes, Physx, &e. Most
of the young were in that position, and could move comparatively fast.
The action of the mouth in the adult, when swimming in this way, was
constant, and changed from an oval to a circular form.

From the above observations, we may conclude that the Valvata trica-
rinata requires from fourteen to fifteen days to be perfected in the ovum,
from the time it is ejected and abandoned by its parent. The bicarinata,
I have no.doubt, requires the same time. Numerous globules were depo-
sited about the glass, which globules appeared all to resemble each other,
and nearly all the individuals were of the species bicarinata. (Lea.)

Fig. 86. Valvata carinata, Sows., |. c., Fig. 87.
is figured only ; no description is
given (fig. 86).

Valvata unicarinata, DeEKAay,—Shell

eae small, apex depressed; whirls 3 or 4,

impressed with minute incremental
striz, all flattened above and bounded by a revolving
rib or keel, which in the younger individuals ascends
to the summit: aperture circular, nearly vertical,
scarcely modified by the keel; opercle corneous, thin,
with concentric strie ; umbilicus wide, profound, ex-
hibiting all the volutions ; color milky bluish-white; — Valvata wnicarinata.
apex often tinged with rufous. Height .1, diam. .15.

These dimensions are from one of the largest size, obtained from Lake
Champlain, where they are very abundant, and from the Erie Canal. It is
allied to the preceding (V. tricarinata), and forms the passage to V. sincera.
Some eminent conchologists suppose this, and perhaps the following (V.
sincera) to be mere varieties of V. tricarinata. It approaches the V. hume-
ralis, Say, from Mexico; but it is smaller, not so much depressed, and has
a wider umbilicus. (DeKay.)

I have evidence of its ranging at least from New England and
Pennsylvania to Council Bluff and Methy Lake, lat. 57°.

Haldeman says the ova are deposited from the first day of
March to the end of July, in transparent masses half a line in
diameter, each containing a number of germs of a bright green
color dotted with yellow.

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sa ML PURE ATMO rey BDF)! 4s!) Pe ioe

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4 , wri f :

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A gS ip Ove ge Det gf PO gala by
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iy : i ig? i ; | :
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mal aa: fy ro ae Pay ot se iy j i leit " ee saa 7 ii 1%
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in shi iy #90) | Li oho

Ray

5g VALVATA.

Valvata sincera, SAy—Shell subglobose-conic; whirls nearly four,
accurately rounded, finely and regularly wrinkled across ;
Fig. 88. aperture not interrupted by the penultimate whirl, nor ap-
pressed to it, but merely in contact with it, the labrum not
CA diminished in thickness at the point of contact; umbilicus
large, exhibiting the volutions. Breadth less than 1-5 inch.
Inhabits Northwest Territory.
For this species I am indebted to Dr. Bigsby. It is very similar to the
tricarinata, Nobis, but it is destitute of carinated lines and the umbilicus
is rather larger; it differs from the obtusa of Europe also, in the much
greater magnitude of the umbilicus. (Say.)
Valvata sincera, Say, Long’s Ex. 264, pl. xv, f. 11; Brynny’s ed. p. 130,
pl. lxxiv, f. 11.—HatpEman, Mon. p. 6, pl. i, f. 5-10.—Apams, Sh.
of Vt. in Thoms. Vt. p. 152.—DerKay, N. Y. Moll. 119, pl. vi, f. 127,
128.

Valvata depressa, pars, Kister in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 88 (1852).

Valvata striata, Lewis, Pr. Phil. Ac. N. Sc. 1856, p. 260.

we
V. sincera.

The outline figure published by Say and copied in my figure 88
is not very satisfactory, nor have I ever seen specimens referred to
this species which can easily be distinguished from ecarinate forms
of V. tricarinata. Fig. 83 is a view of the animal copied from
Haldeman.

I give also a figure of a specimen of V. striata furnished by
Dr. Lewis. I have no doubt of its identity with V. sincera. Dr.
Lewis’ description is as follows :—

Fig. 89. Valvata striata.—Shell conical, depressed, umbilicate ; aper-
QD ture round; epidermis brown and very regularly striate. Has
all the other features of sincera except color and translucency.

V. striata. Animal not observed. Very rarely seen. Of several hundred
specimens of Valvata only seven were this species. (Lewis.)

No. 8936 of the collection was labelled V. sincera by Dr. R.
E. Griffith.
Valvata pupoidea, Govtp—Shell small, elongate-ovate, opaque,

chestnut-colored, when divested of the rough, dirty pigment which usually
adheres closely to it; whirls four or five, minutely

Fig. 90. wrinkled, the posterior one small and flattened so as
c= to form an obtuse apex; the others cylindrical, and so

partially in contact as to expose about one-half of the
cylinder; the last entirely disjoined from the preceding
J) one for at least the half of a revolution; aperture cir-
cular, lip simple and sharp; on looking at the shell
from below, no umbilical opening is found; operculum
horny, apex central, elements concentric. Length .1, breadth 3-40 inch.

Valvata pupoidea.

VALVATA. 53

Found at Fresh Pond and other ponds, on stones and submerged sticks ;
and has been for many years in our cabinets marked as a Paludina.

Animal very active; head proboscidiform, half as long as the tentacles,
bilobed in front, dark, terminated with light; tentacles rather stout, light
drab-colored, with a line of silvery dots on the upper side, over the large,
black eyes ; foot, tongue-shaped, as long as the first whirl, dilated into two
acute angles in front, light drab-color; respiratory organ occasionally pro-
truded to half the length of a tentacle on the right side.

This species is widely distinguished from all other described ones by its
minuteness, its color, its elongated form, and its want of an umbilicus; of
which characters the last two seem to arise from the loose manner in which
the whorls are united. ( Gould.)

Valvata pupoidea, Goutp, Am. Journ. Sc. o. s. XXXVIII, p. 19, 1840;
Invert. of Mass. p. 226, f. 155.—HatpEman, Mon. p. 10, pl. i, fig. 11-
13.—DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 119.—CueEnv, Man. de Conch. II, 311, fig.
2230.

Fig. 90 is an enlarged view of one of Dr. Gould’s figures.
Found also in Connecticut.

Valvata humeralis, Sav—Shell subglobose, depressed ; spire con-
vex, not prominent; whirls three and a half, with the shoulder depressed,
plane; wrinkled across, or rather with slightly raised lines; aperture ap-
pressed to the penultimate whirl, but not interrupted by it; umbilicus
rather large. Greatest breadth, less than one-fifth of an inch.

Inhabits Mexico.

Differs from V. sincera, nob. of the Northwest Territory, in being more
depressed, and in having a shoulder or plain surface near the suture. The
umbilicus is larger than that of the V. piscinalis, Mull., and the spire more
depressed ; that species is also destitute of the depressed shoulder.

Valvata humeralis, Say ; New Harm. Diss. II, 244; Descr. 22. Binney’s
ed. p. 148.—Hapeman, Mon. p. 9.

SPURIOUS SPECIES.

Valvata arenifera, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IV, 104, pl. xv, f. 36; Obs. p.
114. On p. 37 of Vol. V it is said to be the larva case of Phrygania.

Valvata cinerea, Say, from Western States, is mentioned by name only
by Wheatley in his Cat. of Shells of U. S., p. 29; also—

Valvata buccata, Lea, Schuylkill.

'

Wihed ; hc a
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t a ‘ intents |
ee i hah Mite Ns! “a
| = tts ‘wilh oe aoe a P
ne Th ERMINE
hie ont, pain ary ir
apt his ty ry ABR RL Hey? rt
Ng mA a hes, Hetty port iy greeny”
re me matvin ce aes ia om,

a Wad See hal chait “ne a
ed ie hi sth a Past Nw iP me
r rey an ws,
a g hs hi AM my ga ie ioe hl a , i} ae es ‘
i Ay bp gh ’ ys ’ ;
aan ira Ri aan tt ed | ,
W. iy rae Aiea che ae pati eg asi ated
Uae) Mele eA fi i? ve oF a ey has BI gee
Mite ay i) pelt Ye. “hl hi ee Bienes 4 oy oy ies iis oe. ee so
v4 Sel i i) eo ‘Co ae a. th ee i, i yh ut Be.
a Ws Baas Bal p) Carte ee mn) oo LO re SLR MRS focal ccd ue : ;

ue Ain aC Risin uit ie 19, mi

ae ie ; " wh » i if
es tava 1 a ered att AD ne: a oy Pe oi LP hy wi } fi rt y Ph a

5)

Sid pie ete Mihi, Sic ring My ie bac pllged ahs leh Hi LY Le a wes |

wey atlah eens his daleee 42k, eal doa Gh et Pike aaldgue' 4 ta) read
he cam geet A m wi a 11% Wen pe dis? hae) 6 FPG) Siti NE iat i
i Biece hh eka did i ig rn, eit RR W, PEROT tk

A) oil bin | elke fees ia Pee A Mg Kah bape ee ve

orn tee ’ ih NB Ws ie . 7 dace aes ah, th ih iy )

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¥ WARY VORP. 7 nt Site = at a
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“tu; ;, sol

54 AMPULLARIA.

Famity AMPULLARITDAE.

[Lingual membrane with seven series of teeth (3, 1, 38),
central teeth acute, lateral, subulate. Rostrum divided into
two long tentacular lobes in front; tentacles long and fili-
form; eyes on peduncles at the outer bases of the tentacles.
Mantle with a more or less elon-
gated siphon on the left side
in front; left gill rudimentary;
mantle cavity with a large pul-
monary sac on each side. Ree-
tum not traversing the heart.
Foot simple. Operculum annu-
lar, regular. Shell spiral, tur-
binate, covered with an oliva-
ceous epidermis; aperture sim-
ple in front.

The Ampullariide are fluvia-
tile, and represent in the ponds
and rivers of the tropics the

Animal of A. depressa, reduced Vivip aridee of more temperate

one-half. climates. Although distinct gills

exist, the respiratory cavity is

very large and partly closed, so as to enable these animals

to live a long time out of water; in fact, they appear to be

truly amphibious, and to be enabled to survive a long drought,

and have been known to revive after having been kept seve-

ral years out of water. The long siphonal tube appears to

be formed by the left neck-lappet, which is seen in the Vivi-
paride in a rudimentary state—H. & A. Ad.

Fig. 92.
AMPULLARIA, Lam.

[Siphon elongate. Operculum horny, dex-

tral. Shell dextral, globose, widely umbili-

cated, last whirl very large, ventricose ;
spire short; aperture entire, oblong, large,

expanded, peritreme simple, always thin,

sometimes subreflexed. Pomus, H. & A.

Operculum of A. depressa. Ad. |

AMPULLARIA. 55

Ampullaria depressa, Sav—Shell ventricose, subglobular, obso-
letely banded with obscure green; whirls
four, slightly wrinkled ; body whirl more Fig. 93.
prominent above, somewhat flattened to-
wards the suture, of a pale olivaceous
color, which is almost concealed by nume-
rous unequal, longitudinal and transverse
greenish and brownish lines; spire very
much depressed; aperture suboval, within
somewhat glaucous, on the margin exhi-
biting the bands distinctly ; labrum sim-
ple, as much rounded above as below;
umbilicus small, nearly closed. Greatest
width one inch and nine-twentieths, total
length one inch and a half; length of the Ampullaria depressa.
aperture one and one-fifth of an inch nearly.
Inhabits East Florida.
During an excursion to East Florida, in company with Messrs. Maclure,
Ord, and T. Peale, I obtained a single dead and imperfect specimen of this
interesting shell. It occurred in a small creek, tributary to St. John’s
River, and on the plantation of Mr. Fatio. Captain Le Conte of the Topo-
graphical Engineers has since presented me with a perfect specimen, with
the information that he observed them in very great numbers on the shores
of Lake George, a dilatation of St. John’s River; that in some places the
dead shells were piled up confusedly to a considerable height, and that the
Numenius longirostra feeds upon the living animal. The spire is still less
elevated than that of the globosa of Swainson.
Ampullaria depressa.—As the name depressa of the Appendix to Long’s
Exped. p. 264, is preoccupied by Lamarck for a fossil species, it may be
changed to paludosa. (Say.)
Ampullaria depressa, Say, Long’s Ex. 264, pl. xiv, f. 2; Binney’s ed. p.
130, pl. lxxiii, f. 2.—Hatpreman, Mon. p. 5, pl. i, iii—Ds Kay, N. Y.
Moll. 124.—Hanury, Conch. Mise. pl. iii, f. 9.—Pumtprr, in Chemn.
ed. 2, p. 52, pl. xvi, f. 4.

Ampullaria paludosa, Say, New Harm. Diss. 260; Desc. 22; Bryney’s ed.
p. 147.

Ampullaria hopetonensis, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. 8. V, 115, pl. xix, f. 84.—
DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 124.—Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 60.—Puuuiprr, in
Chemn. ed. 2, p. 36, pl. ix, f. 7.

Mr. Say proposed the name paludosa because his first name,
depressa, was preoccupied by Lamarck, An. s. Vert. 1822. Since,
however, that Ampullaria depressa, Lam. has been removed to
the genus Natica, I adopt Mr. Say’s first name. Figs. 91—92,
represent the animal and operculum of this species, copied from
Haldeman, the former being reduced in size. Fig. 93 is a fac-

I
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fas inde:
. Y
rae is
a oa

oS i: iia 0 VWs i re “

.- “a oe is ae ,

ata aa nie Sas
a Fes nines
ar, | ie ta wth &

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5 s . id - 5 ; | ‘ :
i ae WAS, My ae ee aie LL UF ie] My. "ig ’ Stir 7 Nhs ey n
af wh 4 tars it iw ¥ 4 : A Pi) ati, ee i f us :
ris DA =o . 4 5 ‘ —. yg’ , [ A, [4a gh
’ i en 7 y , ea Gee
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° .
) af , rs
‘ 4
ia ’ i » S
ma " 3 i 7 of
’ be Pad) my ib ? "Le *.
baal gt ets ern ve e f uy 4 ’
7 mis eee iy) p ie ee Lace eis » rie
i: i lee) ind ¥ Ve a ae | id fires
oar © ha ‘
‘ OL AUS ae) th ; lowes
7 } " ‘
Wiad bey (1 ih '
i
4 qi Maa ' ' ‘
era rie i ey rei
|
vate eee A 4% j ar - f
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¢ - }
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e
’ ‘
i a — ed a o ’
4 ¥ *
T= ' / o i ie wi i - ’
’ ' 5
' , é} 10 y ree = / tl; ‘y x ry
; ) ih aee 4 /
Oones i 4 . By has oan soit
‘ ; eA J ae ee ora RS
x
ad i
ey eee 3 t , ‘ ie ha ie bai A
24 = ui 1 et om 7 ag ey Uisia
ry) ; i aS Peet kee Li Ab Gehl ay aia
ie ia

ek AL ant A, i Lire eh, hw ie) “wg Awe) A wit wag Vie, TT us ie

F i yy IUD DED SM NOR | ah hades de LAs 1t

it CPL Uae Ape Yirure' ola hte eg ae mates.)

a beer ag os patty i Pe icy Ae basvepis ete

Nha ae! wy 4 Maas in ey he Ph WAN gi) }
y ty hy, +6 ae nh mr te bee bh ees we

i Saaemp tiara it es or hice ni “it

a e th eat a a ‘ y ole 4 Bhuj Ua of {hi 4

i na. iy en) aud Re er a: a ai xy Ti ‘

ae

’
th y y
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Pros ) aly
; - 4 t Ps
, = / ay, 7

56 AMPULLARIA.

simile of the outline of Say’s figure, and fig. 94 of Mr. Lea’s of A.
hopetonensis. I have no doubt of the identity of this last named
species with depressa after examining the typical specimen. No.
8986 and 8987 were labelled by Mr. Lea as hopetonensis. Hal-
deman also places it in the synonymy. The original description
here follows, and an outline of the figure (6T).

Ampullaria hopetonensis.—Shell subventricose, smooth, flattened above,

umbilicate, yellowish-brown, banded ; su-

Fig. 94. tures impressed ; whirls 5; aperture sub-

ovate, white.

Habitat Hopeton, near Darien,Ga. Prof.

Shepard. My cabinet; cabinet of Prof.

Shepard. Diam. 1.4, length 1.7 inch. I

owe to the kindness of Prof. Shepard of

New Haven this interesting shell. It was

procured by him during his late geological

investigations in our Southern States, with

other shells, descriptions of which will be

found in these memoirs. It resembles the

A. fasciata, Lam., but is less globose, the

whirls of our species being somewhat flat-

tened on the side and top. It differs from

Ampullaria hopetonensis. the-A. depressa, Say, described in Major

Long’s Exp. to St. Peter’s River (subse-

quently changed to A. paludosa in the Disseminator) in being less globose,
and in being flatter on the side and superior part of the whirls. (Lea.)

DeKay gives as synonyms A. penesima, Say, and A. dissemi-
nata, Say. The names do not occur in Say’s writings.

This genus does not appear to belong to the molluscous fauna
of the United States, but rather to that of South America. I have
not, therefore, included the Mexican species.

SPURIOUS AND EXTRA-LIMITAL SPECIES.

Ampullaria borealis, VALENCIENNES, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Rec. d’Obs.
II, 260, is probably Lunatia heros, Say. Ferussac (Bull. Zool. 1835,
2d sect. p. 33), in reviewing Valenciennes’ work, refers it to a large
marine Natica figured by Chemnitz. The description is as follows :—

“Shell ventricose, globose, heavy, thick, smoky white, broadly
umbilicated, with longitudinal strize but no wrinkles.

St. Pierre and Miquelon, near Newfoundland.

This species resembles Am. Guyanensis. Its proportions are the
same ; it is longitudinally striate, but its shell is at least three times

AMPULLARIA. 5

as thick, so that it is quite heavy. It is also distinguished by its
very large umbilicus, while A. guyanensis has none. The color is
yellowish or light reddish on the top of the last whirl; the base is
white.”’— Valenciennes.

Ampullaria rotundata, SAy—Shell remarkably globose; length and breadth
equal, dark brown, but becoming olivaceous towards the aperture ;
spire but little elevated ; suture moderately impressed ; body whirl
a little undulated instead of being wrinkled ; these undulations be-
ing very perceptible to the finger within the shell; aperture within
on the margin thickened equally all round, and fulvous, with a
slight groove for the reception of the operculum, hardly visible but
palpable; within somewhat perlaceous; a little darker on the
columella; umbilicus small, narrow; operculum calcareous, deeply
and concentrically rugose, so as to appear stratified; nucleus on
the side towards the labium submarginal. Length less than one
inch and four-fifths ; greatest breadth about the same.

For this interesting species we are indebted to Captain Leconte,
of the Topographical Engineers, who informed me that he found it
in St. John’s River, in Florida.

It is most closely allied to the A. globosa, Swainson, a native of the
rivers of India. But that shell is rather less globose, and does not
appear to have the almost regular, but slightly elevated and very
numerous undulations so perceptible towards the aperture on the
body whirl of this species ; which has also a few hardly perceptible,
distant, brownish bands, particularly towards the base. It may,
however, be only a variety of that species. (Say.)

Ampullaria rotundata, Say, N. Harmony Diss. II, 245; Discr.
22; Binney’s ed. p. 147, pl. lxxv.—Puiupr!, in Chemn.
ed. 2, p. 68.

Ampullaria globosa, HAtDEMAN, Mon. p. 8.—Swainson, Zool.
WU, 20h ats)

I do not consider this and Vivipara elongata well established
American species. If actually found in Florida, they were probably
brought from Calcutta, where they both are found.

Ampullaria urceus, MitteR (A. rugosa, Lam.), is found in Mexico. (Vid.
Humboldt & Bonpland, Rec. d’Obs. II, p. 258.) Of its presence in
the Mississippi Mr. Say says: The “ Ampullaria urceus, L. (rugosa,
Lam.) is stated in the books to inhabit the Mississippi River; but
I have never been so fortunate as to find it, or to gain any informa-
tion relative to it there. Mr. O. Evans did me the favor to make
inquiry at various places on that river, and to exhibit, as somewhat
similar, a colored plate of the A. globosa, Swains., to persons from
whom information might be expected, and amongst others to some
Indians, who in general are known to be accurate observers; but no
one has seen any similar shell in the waters of the Mississippi. I

7
#
oy, Ph c

-

a ni Le
rene SS Char lPe
hi mt “ i nae i iis fe Sd, eit ah ae sl AR ok ly i Nes
i A t as: oe ae: My Beri is,
ph : , nee:
MATa yea is vy Ware hy
nit. spe) Baar hay ial bes :
ier ba? un ey
ry ane saa eau: Pk
hah & rr 4% Apel hs Se,

‘ f 7
st : ‘ kt Vr itary

be 4iT ‘i eet, ee 1 Re 4

58 AMPULLARIA.

am therefore much inclined to believe that the species is a native
of some of the more southern rivers, probably those of Texas. -Any
information in relation to it, or specimens of the shell, will be very
acceptable.” See also HAtpEMAN, Mon. p. 11; Monrrort, Conch. Syst.
Il, p. 244; Lamarck, An. s. Vert. &e.

Ampullaria flagellata, Say, N. H. Diss. II, 260; Descr. 22; Biyney’s ed.
p- 147.—HaupeEman, Mon. p. 10.—Puuurri, in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 38,
pl. ix, f. 7. Near Vera Cruz (Mexico).

Ampullaria flatilis, REEvE, Con. Icon. pl. vii, fig. 31 (1856). Tobasco,
Mexico.

Ampullaria cerasum, Haney, Conch. Misc. Mexico.

Ampullaria miltocheilus, Reve, Con. Icon. fig. 120. Chiapa, Mex€co.

Ampullaria Gheisbrechti, Runve, Con. Icon. fig. 128. Chiapes, Mexico.

Ampullaria fumata, Reeve, Con. Icon. 124. Chiapes, Mexico.

Ampullaria violacea, VALENCIENNES, Rec. d’Obs. II, 260.,

Ampullaria reflexa, Swatnson, Phil. Mag. LXI, 377.

Ampullaria malleata, Jonas, Moll. Beit. I. 22.

Ampullaria paludinoides, Crist., and IAn in Chemn. ed. 2, p. 27.

Ampullaria scalaris, @’Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1835, p. 31. (A. angulata, Jay,
Cat. earlier ed.)

This Catalogue represents the state to which I have brought
Dr. Gould’s manuscript. Any addenda, corrigenda, or
other criticisms are solicited.

W.G. Binyey, Burlington, N. J., May, 1868.

INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Notr.—The species to whose names a star is affixed are to be
figured in the new edition.

TUNICATA.,.
Botryllidz.
* Botryllus Schlosseri, Pallas.
* Didemnium roseum, Sars.
Salpidz.
* Salpa Caboti, Desor.
Ascidiidz.
Boltenia clavata, O. Fabr.
Boltenia microcosmus, Aq.
Boltenia rubra, Stm.
Boltenia Burkhardti, Ag.
Pera pellucida, Stm.
Cynthia pyriformis, Rathke.
Cynthia partita, Stm.
Cynthia echinata Lin.
Cynthia gutta, Stim.
Cynthia placenta, Packard.
Cynthia condylomata, Packard.
Cynthia rugosa, Ag. .
Cynthia hirsuta, 49.
Glandula mollis, Sim. °
Glandula fibrosa, Sim. : °
Molgula arenata, Sim. e
Molgula producta, S/m.
Ascidia amphora, Ay.
Ascidia psammophora, 49.
Ascidia ocellata, Ag.
Ascidia carnea, Ag.
Ascidia manhattensis, DeKay.
Ascidia tenella, Sim.
Ascidia callosa, Sim. _
Chelyosoma geometrica, Stm.
Pelonaia arenifera, Sim.

x *

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CONCHIFERA.

Pholadidz.
Teredo navalis Lin.
Teredo Norvagica, Spg/.
Teredo Thompsonii, Tryon.
Teredo megotara, Hanley.
Teredo dilatata, Sim.

Teredo (Lyrodus) chloriticus, Gid-.

Xylotrya palmulata, Lam.
Xylotrya 2
Pholas costata, Lin.
Pholas truncata, Say.
Pholas (Zirfea) crispata, Lin.
Solenidz.
Solen ensis, Lin.
Solecurtus gibbus, Spengl.
Solecurtus divisus, Spengl.
Machera squama, Bi.
Machera costata, Say.
Solemya velum, Say.
Solemya borealis, Votien.
Panopea arctica, Lam.
Glycimeris siliqua, Ch.
Myadez.

* Mya arenaria, Lin.
* Mya truncata, Lin.

Corbulidz.
Corbula contracta, Say.
Nera pellucida, Si.

Pandoridz.
Pandora trilineata, Say.

Anatinidz.
Lyonsia hyalina, Conr.
Lyonsia arenosa, oll.
Anatina papyracea, Say.
Cochlodesma Leana, Conr.

* Thracia Conradi, Couth.

* Ok

Thracia myopsis, Beck.
Thracia truncata, Migh.

*

*

*

*

* K K K *

x OR ek OK RK KOK

3

Mactrade.
Mactra solidissima, Ch.
Mactra ovalis, (id.
Mactra lateralis, Say.
Cumingia tellinoides, Conr.
Ceronia arctata, Conr.
Ceronia deaurata, Turt.

Kelliadez.
Kellia planulata, Stm.
Kellia suborbicularis, Mont.
Turtonia minuta, 0. Fabr.
Montacuta elevata, Sim.

Gastrochznide.
Saxicava rugosa, Penn.
Saxicava arctica, Lin.
Petricola pholadiformis, Lam.
Petricola dactylus, Say not Sby.

Tellinidez.
Macoma fusca, Say.
Macoma proxima, Gray.
Tellina tenta, Say.
Tellina tenera, Say.

Lucinide.
Lucina filosa, Si.
Lucina dentata, Wood.
Cryptodon Gouldii, Ph.

Cycladide.
Spherium simile, Say.
Spherium partumeium, Say.
Spherium rhomboideum, Say.
Spherium Vermontanum, Prime.
Spherium truncatum, Lins/ey.
Spherium tenue, Prime.
Spherium securis, Prime.
Spherium occidentale, Prime.
Pisidium dubium, Say.
Pisidium Adamsii, Prime.
Pisidium compressum, Prime.
Pisidium equilatere, Prime.
Pisidium ferrugineum, Prime.
Pisidium abditum, Hald.
Pisidium variabile, Prime. .
Pisidium ventricosum, Prime.

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shiv price
fee aay tek
Bes Bieusit(od el anaes
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, AST Hi pe ote tna caren co nvlem rate =
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Tweas Tweety (SR.
Cvrwls wecotacas 1

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4

Cyprinidz.
Astarte castanea, Say.
Astarte sulcata, Jlont.
Astarte semisulcata, Leach.
Astarte quadrans, G/d.
Astarte elliptica, Hun.
Astarte Banksii, Leach.
Astarte crebricostata, Ford.
Astarte Portlandica, Migh.
Gouldia mactracea, Linsley.
Cyprina Islandica, Lam.

Veneridz.
Cytherea convexa, Say.
Venus mercenaria, Lin.
Venus notata, Say.
Tapes fluctuosa, Gd.
Gemma gemma, Totten.
Gemma Manhattensis, Prime.

Cardiade.
Cardium Islandicum, Lam.
Cardium elegantulum, Beck.
Cardium pinnulatum, Conr.
Liocardium Mortoni, Conr.

Aphrodite Groenlandicum, Chemn.

Cardita borealis, Conr.

Arcade.
Arca pexata, Say.
Arca transversa, Say.
Nucula tenuis, Mont.
Nucula proxima, Say. *
Nucula expansa, Reeve.
Nucula inflata, Hanc.
Nucula delphinodonta, Mighels.
Yoldia limatula, Say.
Yoldia obesa, St.
Yoldia siliqua, Reeve.
Yoldia thracieformis, Storer.
Yoldia sapotilla, Gild.
Yoldia myalis, Couth.
Leda tenuisulcata, Couth.
Leda Jacksonii, Gld.
Leda minuta, Mont.
Leda caudata, Lovén.

5

Unionid.
Wnio compianatus, Sol.
Unio nasutus, Say.
Unio radiatus, Gmel.
Unio cariosus, Say.
Unio ochraceus, Say.
Margaritana arcuata, Barnes.
Margaritana undulata, Say.
Margaritana marginata, Say.
Anodon fluviatilis, Lea.
Anodon implicata, Say.
Anodon undulata, Say.
Mytilidz.
Mytilus edulis, Lin.

* Modiola modiolus, Lin.
Modiola plicatula, Lam.
Modiolaria nigra, Gray.
Modiolaria discors, Lin.
Modiolaria corrugata, Sim.
Crenella glandula, Toit.
Crenella pectinula, Gid.

Pectinide.
Pecten Islandicus, Miill.
Pecten irradians, Lam.
* Pecten tenuicostatus, Migh.
* Pecten fuscus, (ld.

Ostreidz.
* Ostrea Virginiana, List.
* Ostrea borealis, Lam.
* Anomia ephippium, Lin.
Anomia aculeata, Gmel.

BRACHIOPODA.
Terebratulidz.
* Terebratulina septentrionalis, Coutk-

Rhynchonellidz.
Rhynchonella psittacea, Gmel.
* Waldheimia cranium, (wel.

Asterty ont gon, Sap
hosapré auigaty. 4’ sn’,
Agticye mela loam, /
AB Lirta np hscine ied

*. Astacio cx <eiteha’ me 3 3 —
> Aaterte Partiudi be ipiete dupshine ane “.
i Gouhite ciaetract A ae’ aki tcadpilt sabond. - = =:
Cyrdne Islangios at + eA mS gga ane es ie <=
vein! > AE es
A atin ‘a dtione Sanree Be Neth
Swan’ abe rik elipha: ae on
' eas my / )\ srtlolbomt slolss ie ®
Wn \ Minglig,Mobodt ~ §
a on, “eo xgistethaked> ' 7
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m2. etfayind sitiviaole oN = r,
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bh etuttttowg sioner Gh)” stl)
ha * . Pree IT 4
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a AN orempotnes erage :
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GASTEROPODA OPISTHOBRANCHIATA,.
[NUDIBRANCHIATA. |

Dorididz.
Polycera Lessonii, D’ Orb.
Doris bilamellata, Lin.
Doris tenella, Ag.
Doris pallida, Ag.
Doris diademata, Ag.
Doris planulata, Sim.
Doris grisea, Sim.

Triopide.
* Ancula sulphurea, Stm.

; Tritoniidz.
* Dendronotus arborescens, Miil/.
Dotonidz.

* Doto coronata, (mel.

Eolididz.
Holis papillosa, Lin.
Eolis salmonacea, Couth.
Bolis (Plabellina) Bostoniensis, Couth.
Bolis (Flabellina) rufibranchialis, JoAnsi.
Eolis (Flabellina) pilata, Gid.
Bolis (Flabellina) stellata, Stm.
Bolis (Plabellina) purpurea, Sim.
Bolis (Cavolina) picta, Ald. § Hane.
Bolis (Cavolina) diversa, Couth.
Eolis (Tergipes) despecta, Johnst.
Eolis (Tergipes) gymnota, Couth.
Calliopza fuscata, Gid.
Embletonia fuscata, G/d.
Embletonia fuscata, var. lanceolata, Gid.
Embletonia remigata, Gid.
Hermzide.
Hermea cruciata, Ag.
* Alderia Harvardiensis, Ag.
Elysiide.
Elysia chlorotica, Ag.
Placobranchus catulus, Ay.
Limapontiidz.
* Limapontia zonata, (Girard.

* OK *K kK OK OK OK

Kok KK OK Ok OK OK OK OK KOK OK Ok Ok

*

* OK

([TECTIBRANCHIATA.]

Bullidz.

* Philine sinuata, Stm. ,

* Philine quadrata, Wood.
Philine lineolata Couth.

* Scaphander puncto-striata, M/.
Diaphana hiemalis, Couth.
Diaphana debilis, Gid.
Utriculus Gouldii, Couth.

* Utriculus pertenuis, Migh.
Utriculus canaliculatus, Say.

* Cylichna alba, Brown.
Cylichna oryza, Ttt.

* Bulla incincta Migh.

* Bulla occulta, Migh.

Bulla solitaria, Say.
Tornatella puncto-striata, C. B. Ad.

GASTEROPODA PROSOBRANCHIATA.

Chitonid2.
Chiton mendicarius, Migh.
Chiton apiculatus, Say.
Chiton cinereus, Lowe.
Chiton ruber, Lowe.
* Chiton marmoreus, 0. Fabr.
Chiton albus, Lin.
Amicula Emersonii, Couth.
Dentaliidz.
Dentalium dentale, Lin.
* Entalis striolata, Sim.
Patellide.
Tectura testudinalis, Mill.
Tectura alveus, Conr.
* Lepeta caeca, Mill.

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Dove dilate ‘ay fi % stetb nap oulltdS” ae
Piete thesia 3 2 An otl octet =
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| ro! Sh) eR wiie dc ok oe
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shal siverasiag ative hi 2

airs sifotlnee Ss extoohiay
gil ele sunlorige?
chee MS Aavro StstkeO

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8

Calyptreidx.
Crepidula unguiformis, Lam.
Crepidula fornicata, Lin.
Crepidula glauca, Say.
Crepidula convexa, Say.
Crucibulum striatum, Say.

Fissurellidz.
Cemoria noachina, Lin.
; Janthinidx.
Janthina fragilis, Brug.

Trechidz. ,

Adeorbis costulata, Moll.
Margarita minutissima, Migh-.
Margarita undulata, Sowbd.
Margarita helicina, 0. Fabr.
Margarita argentata, (id.
Margarita obscura, Couth.
Margarita acuminata, Migh.
Margarita varicosa, Migh.
Margarita cinerea, Couth.
Trochus occidentalis, Migh-

Paludinidz.
Valvata tricarinata, Say.
Valvata pupoidea, Gid.
Melantho decisa, Say.
Melantho integra, Say.
Amunicola pallida, Hald.
Amnicola limosa, Say.
Amnicola granum, Say.
Pomatiopsis lapidaria, Say.

Littorinid2.
Skenea planorbis, 0. Fabr.
Rissoella? eburnea, Sim.
Rissoella? sulcosa, Migh.

* OK * *K *K Kk *

* OK K K K

Rissoa minuta, Tott.
Rissoa latior, Migh.
Rissoa aculeus, Gid.
Rissoa multilineata, Sim.
Rissoa Mighelsii, Sim.
Rissoa exarata, Sim.
Rissoa carinata, Migh.
Lacuna vincta, Mont.
Lacuna neritoidea, Gld.
Littorina litorea, Lin.
Littorina palliata, Say.
Littorina rudis, Mont.
Littorina tenebrosa, Mont.
Littorina irrorata, Say.

Scalariidz.
Scalaria lineata, Say.
Scalaria multistriata, Say.
Scalaria novangliae, Couth.
Scalaria groenlandica, Perry.

Turritellidz.
Caecum pulchellum, Stm.
Vermetus radicula, Stm.
Turritella erosa, Couth.
Turritella reticulata, Migh.
Turritella costulata, Migh.
Turritella acicula, Stm.

Cerithiidz.

Aporrhais occidentalis, Beck.
Bittium nigrum, Toit.
Bittium Greenii, C. B. Ad.
Triforis nigrocinctus, C. B. Ad.

Pyramidellidzx.
Odostomia producta, 0. B. Ad.
Odostomia fusca, C. B. Ad.
Odostomia dealbata, Sim.
Odostomia modesta, Sim.
Odostomia bisuturalis, Say.

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DP ighcwaele sie TA Sip wetcsi * puma ‘ =f
oo LER oct tal, ey ee, mikevell we =
Cee laprte tye e bee the er wovell mye (et

py, Cenicet yea Se ae ebhidotled aletyou sol

of » 7
eater tact, ate a vB iuioschoata:

gel ort et Di clea aritited aie orelt

: 4 * i Jnacnet hy Slovh s ale e
" z “a Ability ine wioid | <0
Bs | oe Be wmpontoly nina * . ie

| gtaeanne nlek fhe wg

10

Odostomia trifida, Tott.

Odostomia seminuda, C. 8. Ad.

Odostomia impressa, Say.

Turbonilla interrupta, Jott.

Turbonilla nivea, Sim.

Eulima oleacea, Stim.

Menestho albula, Moll.
Velutinide.

Velutina zonata, Gild.

Velutina haliotoides, Mill.

Lamellaria perspicua, Lin.

Naticidz.

Natica pusilla, Say.

Natica clausa, Sow.

Lunatia heros, Say.

Lunatia triseriata, Say.

Lunatia groenlandica, Méll.

Mamma? immaculata, Jott.

Neverita duplicata, Say.

Bulbus flavus, Gid.

Amauropsis helicoides, Johnst.

Turritid2.

Pleurotoma plicata, C. B. Ad.

Pleurotoma bicarinata, Couth.

Bela turricula, Mont.

Bela harpularia, Couth.

Bela violacea, Migh.

Bela decussata, Couth.

Bela cancellata, Migh.

Bela pleurotomaria, Couth.

Columbellidez.
Columbella avara, Say.
Columbella rosacea, Gid.
Columbella lunata, Say.
Columbella dissimilis, Stm.

Purpuridez.

Purpura lapillus, Lin.
Nassa obsoleta, Say.

|

Nassa trivittata, Say.
Nassa vibex, Say.
Buccinum undatum, Lin.
Buccinum ciliatum, 0. Fabr.
Buccinum Donovani, Gray.
Buccinum ? cinereum, Say.

Muricide.
Fusus pygmaeus, Gid.
Fusus islandicus, Chemn.
Fusus ventricosus, Gray.
Fusus tornatus, Gid.
Fusus decemcostatus, Say.
Trophon craticulatus, 0. Fab.
Trophon clathratus, Lin.
Trophon scalariformis, Gid.
Trophon muricatus, Mont.
Busycon canaliculatum, Lin.
Busycon carica, Lin.
Fasciolaria ligata, Migh.
Ranella caudata, Say.
Cerithiopsis terebralis, C. B. A.
Cerithiopsis Emersonii, C. B. A.

Cancellariid2.
Trichotropis borealis, Bb. § S.
Admete viridula, O. Fabr.

ayy) hl, tytn Kee tela of
. a ¢ Ooms peat? Rae
he Part bliile tees Tepe ee
a Farboriits ntren, Ae Ae
ieee d Heiees ‘olouces, Saabini gene

if ereetins Bhai:

nil nwentany
tht ler ban!) ca6ted,. GS...) ortatro? perawt*
Lareelarin we renlewen tt (ep tatadoutgosh aget'h-- S ,
abel ie /qiyislroliaxa uodgor? "| ¥ |
OL «uteudisio aodqort” "=
oy 8 aloniotitalass tigdigqgast ~
wo eussoliom gadqost ©
/ “+, tito leraiinngs nogyvent
wr ary pon) 8ohts stooge soe
ee ‘ dy wingll sivetelcemt *

piae ; in) aanfas atleast
“ag om. WN OY, nllerieted staqoulited: — i
ae . » %.\ dinoareinS mtactoidey &
t : * Jhhiinn ede ay a
“4 dtinoted aigowtodsivy® io

2) gtotiste afore

eyed est 2°7
Wilom modie EY.
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ule while Hw
latent pillees
ea as
vitizn t PRE CES

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ehurhes Giibinees.:,. ; a

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ie " RU. , aqme et petliny BL %,
e m ral aL ‘7
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' Se rm . \pritntetho mulls wy ey
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ve nia oP tihenlgnrr| cL Nay hi
<7 i ; owas anoom bY! fr tt i ieee
ab ; A , Gut Lndeon)l agin ts
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ay? Taperredte xt Kod
* +. :
cay Nad oft! Glieteiiza wile,
\ a , wh ao frien = es ee
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4 vad ; Fs 2% eteedsd & ile
ae J0)* .tebonom xe
Be i Wicnm nts Rialliog eiler
~ ’
2 Pekicg. Me) Intavh) rd eity
“ or. wish Mit Ig t : i
7 . ) i) 2 ai ay v =
= c ' . ee aE aiaeS ol lez
_— ey Aebhoty rt 288
‘ ’ b war jy i *itokt ud
an eee td bho EE
Toe ow. » aad boatotony 2 ie. 4
aft 1 (ie iS , ‘ a
a lh DO kypeiad aie *
oe wh : Yh lene ron Ieee
‘ Tas th a tell aa

7. ie OMe. “Bork HpaMY pebere ahieeRD + E

\ a
ie
U
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* OK KK KK KOK

* * K *

12

GASTEROPODA PULMONIFERA.
Helicidez.

Vitrina limpida, Gid.
Hyalina cellaria, Miill.
Hyalina arborea, Say.
Hyalina electrina, Gid.
Hyalina indentata, Say.
Hyalina minuscula, Binn.
Hyalina milium, Morse.
Hyalina exigua, Stimpson.
Hyalina Binneyana, Morse.
Hyalina ferrea, Morse.
Hyalina chersina, Say.
Hyalina minutissima, Lea.
Hyalina multidentata, Binn.
Hyalina lineata, Say.
Macrocyclis concava, Say.
Limax agrestis, Lin.
Limazx campestris, Binn.
Limazx flavus, Lin.
Helix alternata, Say.
Helix striatella, Anth.
Helix asteriscus, Morse.
Helix labyrinthica, Say.
Helix hirsuta, Say.
Helix monodon, Rack.
Helix palliata, Say.
Helix tridentata, Say.
Helix albolabris, Say.
Helix dentifera, Binn.
Helix thyroides, Say.

* Helix Sayii, Binn.

*

‘ Helix harpa, Say.

Helix pulchella, Miill.

* Helix hispida, Lin.
* Helix hortensis, Will.

Cionella subcylindrica, Miill.

* OK

* OK KK

13

Pupa muscorum, Lin.
Pupa Hoppii, Moll.
Pupa pentodon, Say.
Pupa decora, Gould.
Pupa fallax, Say.
Pupa armifera, Say.
Pupa contracta, Say.
Pupa rupicola, Say.
Pupa corticaria, Say.
Vertigo Gouldii, Binn.
Vertigo milium, Gould.
Vertigo Bollesiana, Morse.
Vertigo ovata, Say.
Vertigo ventricosa, Morse.
Vertigo simplex, Gid.
Succinea ovalis, Gid. not Say.
Succinea Verrilli, Bland.
Succinea obliqua, Say.
Succinea Totteniana, Lea.
Succinea avara, Say.
Arionide.
Arion fuscus, Jill.
Zonites inornata, Suy.
Zonites fuliginosa, (riff.
Zonites suppressa, Say.

Philomycenidz.
Tebennophorus Carolinensis, Bosc.

Tebennophorus dorsalis, Binn.
Auriculidz.
Melampus bidentatus, Say.
Alexis myosotis, Drap.
Carychium exiguum, Say.
Lymn 2eidez.
Limnzea columella, Say.

* Limnea decollata, Migh.

* OK

Limnea ampla, Wigh.
Limnzea megasoma, Say.
Limnea elodes, Say.
Limnea desidiosa, Say.
Limneza catascopium, Say.
Limnza umbilicata, Ad.
Limnza pallida, Ad.
Limneea humilis, Say.

math i bios age a
Tom | womhgalys trom batten be

ee ees rer i,
me ce | > felt eachidnty ido nee * yO
ao or eo . a “

; eth olin auectomoen 4)” —
HAIOM 2464 deh elcid ie 7) =n

14

Physa heterostropha, Say.
Physa ancillaria, Say.
Bulinus hypnorum, Lin.
Pianorbis trivolvis, Say.
Planorbis lentus, Say.
Planorbis bicarinatus, Say.
Planorbis campanulatus, Say.
Planorbis hirsutus, Gld.
Planorbis deflectus, Say.
Planorbis exacutus, Say.
Planorbis parvus, Say.
Planorbis dilatatus, Gild.
Segmentina armigera, Say.
Ancylus fuscus, Ad.
Ancylus parallelus, Hald.
Ancylus borealis, Morse.
Acroloxus ovalis, Morse.

PTEROPODA.

Cavolinidz.
Diacria trispinosa, Les.

Cymbuliidez.
Psyche globulosa, Rang.

Limacinide.
Heterofusus balea, Jil.
Heterofusus retroversus, Mleming.

Clionide.

Clione limacina, Phipps.

CEPHALOPODA.
Loligopside.
Loligopsis pavo, Les.
Onychoteuthide.
Ommastrephes sagittatus, D’Orb.
Loliginide.
Loligo punctata, DeKay.
Loligo Pealei, Les.
Spirulide.
Spirula fragilis, Lam.

Hoist say ie
Aiton wey fD : “
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pT mich y caren" : *

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te ole RD wid omer . tat

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rae uibouth ob ironeis -

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NOMS od, CR: oe NURS ela ise ie rede tai, ta rams
: iy ; a if sight ne paid iy al 400 fi fo i rs " ; .
a _— oe Ae ans is “aie: O vaxstblo ti Are ae aa
5 w ti Py ead

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i a yalbiatn aon 4 : h ; fam
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LT a le at San

Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca.
By W. G. BINNEY AND THoMAS BLAND.

No. I.

Reprinted from the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, Vol. IX., February, 1870.

THE illustrations given in this paper are from figures obtained
by the use of photographie negatives in a magic lantern, and
reduced by photography. The negatives were taken by our
friend Mr. Sam. Powel, of Newport, R. I., to whom we are in-
debted for valuable aid in the study of lingual dentition.

Succinea Nuttalliana, Lea.

The specimen from which was taken the lingual membrane
here figured was labelled by Mr. Lea. It was received from the

Smithsonian Institution. No locality is given for the specimen,
3

282 Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusea.

but it was preserved in the same bottle as Ancylus Newberry,
Pompholyx effusa, Fluminicola Nuttalliana, and other species of
the Pacific coast.

Lingual dentition of Succinea Nuttalliana, Lea.

Lingual membrane broad. Teeth 19.1.19, in almost straight
transverse rows. Centrals short, stout, obtusely tricuspid, the
central cusp with a long acute point, attached to a quadrate plate,
the upper edge of which hasa central quadrangular spot of thinner
texture, easily mistaken for a complete cutting away of a portion
of the plate. Laterals on somewhat oblong plates which bear on
their outer upper corner a small quadrangular expansion, stoutly
and obtusely bicuspid, the larger cusp surmounted by a long
acute point; base rounded. Uncini on plates with rounded bases
and attenuated and serrated apices, irregularly denticulated.

Fig. 1, a shows two centrals and two laterals, with a third
lateral detached ; 6 and c show uncini from the left of the median
line; d the eighth lateral, partly in profile.

The jaw of Succinea Nuttalliana has a perfectly smooth an-
terior surface.

Bulimulus pallidtor, Sowerby.

Lingual membrane broad, with numerous nearly straight trans-

verse rows of 40.1.40. teeth. Centrals with one long blunt

Lingual dentition of Bulimulus pallidior, Sowb.

median, and two obsolete, small side cusps; plate subquadrate,
rounded at base, excavated at its upper. margin, and with small

Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca. 283

square, lateral expansions. Laterals much like centrals in shape,
unsymmetrical, the inner side cusp being still more obsolete ;
base and inner side of plate forming one regular outward curve;
upper edge of plate horizontal, with one lateral expansion only
at its outer corner. Uncini on long, narrow, low, subquadrate
plates, with one long, curving, blunt denticle, and one short
blunt denticle at its outer side.

Fig. 2, @ shows two incomplete rows of centrals and laterals ;
6 one of the uncini, near the extreme lateral edge of the mem-
brane.

The jaw has already been described (Land and Fresh-water
Shells of North America, Part I, p. 196).

This species is from Lower California.

Helix tamida, Pfeiffer.

The specimen which furnished the lingual membrane here
described was received from Messrs. Gloyne and Vendryes, of
Kingston, Jamaica, to which Island the species belongs.

H. tumida is placed by v. Martens (Die Heliceen, 2d ed., 145)
with several other Jamaica species, and H. pemphigodes, Pfr., of
Cuba, in the subgenus Cysticopsis of Morch.

Fie. 3.

Lingual dentition of Helix tumida, Pfr.

Lingual membrane with numerous straight rows of 22.1.22
teeth. Centrals with three stout cusps, the middle one very
large, on a subquadrate plate which has square lateral expan-
sions above. Laterals of same form as centrals, but lacking the
inner side cusp and inner lateral expansion. Uncini with one
large and several smaller blunt cusps, attached to a long, sub-
quadrate plate.

The figure presents one-half of one central, the first lateral, and

284 Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca.

several uncini (the fourth, fifth, and twelfth) to show variations
in their form; also the thirteenth tooth in profile.

The jaw is long, narrow, slightly arched, blunt at ends, with a
slight, broad, median projection. There is a long, narrow, coni-
cal projection springing upwards from about the centre of the
anterior surface of the jaw, of the same color, material, and con-
sistency as the jaw itself. This is not the muscular attachment
which often adheres to the jaw after it has been extracted. Jaw

with delicate distant longitudinal striz.

Zonites lwvigata, Ptr.

(See Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America, Part I, p.
287.) The wood-cut here given was engraved from a drawing

WAR

OSS
WwW

cq

Lingual dentition of Zonites levigata, Pfr.

by Dr. Leidy, prepared for, but not published in, the ‘ Terres-
trial Mollusks of the United States.” The drawing was at once
recognized on our recently obtaining the lingual membrane of
the species.

Teeth 17.1.17, arranged in curving transverse rows. Centrals
short, stout, rounded at sides,square at base, apex with three short
and pointed cusps, the middle one longest. Laterals long, narrow,
tricuspid, the outer cusp very short and sharp, the central cusp
extremely long, bulging at sides, tapering to an acute point;
inner cusp almost as long as central cusp, narrow, pointed; third
and fourth laterals merging into the uncini, which are aculeate,
as common to the genera Zonites and Hyalina. The centrals are
on a long, narrow plate, whose four sides curve rapidly inwards.
The laterals are on plates long, narrow, curving outwards in

an arcuate manner.

Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca. 285

An extremely instructive lingual, showing the merging of
laterals into uncini more completely than in any we have previ-
ously examined.

Veronicella Floridana, Binney.
(Terr. Moll. U.S., IL, p. 17.) On p. 806 of Land and Fresh-
water Shells of North America, Part I., we figured the lingual

Fie. 5,

Lingual dentition of Veronicella Floridana, Bin.
dentition of this species, as drawn by Mr. Morse. We now give
a figure drawn by Dr. Leidy for the “ Terrestrial Mollusks of the
United States,” but not included in that work. The details of
the separate teeth are much more accurately shown in the new
figure. It will be noticed that Dr. Leidy gives 58.1.58 teeth,
Mr. Morse 41.1.41, and our text (p. 804) 48.1.48.

Limax flavus, Linn.
A figure of the lingual dentition of this species, drawn by Dr.
Leidy, is also given, for comparison with that of Mr. Morse, on

Fie. 6.

Lingual dentition of Limax flavus, L.

p- 63 of Land and Fresh-water Shells, Part I. Here also the num-
ber of teeth varies, as in Veronicella Floridana, described above.

286 Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca.

Melampus bidentatus, Say.

The specimen which furnished the lingual membrane figured
was collected at Newport, R. I., by Mr. Sam. Powel.

‘ Bie. 7%

Lingual dentition of Melampus bidentatus, Say.

Lingual membrane broad.” Teeth 83.1.33. Centrals small,
upright, with rounding base and bulging sides, reminding one
somewhat of the ace of clubs, its apex elongated, terminating in
a distinct, acute denticle; this central is attached to a very large
triangular plate, greatly expanded above. Laterals uniform,
larger than the centrals, of the same shape, but less symmetrical,
and with a much more extended and narrower basal projection ;
these laterals are perpendicular, but are attached to obliquely
curving plates, long and narrow, each plate being detached.
There are about thirteen of these laterals, in almost straight hori-
zontal lines, on both sides of the median line. The uncini change
abruptly from the laterals, are in oblique rows, are attached to
upright, oblong plates, square at top and base, diminishing as they
pass off laterally ; the unciniare rather square, their broad, simple
apices are armed with three strong denticles, the inner denticle
being the largest.

The figure represents two rows of centrals with the laterals to
the right of the median line-and a few uncini. The upper line of
figures gives the central, the first two laterals, one of the uncini,
and one of the laterals in profile, all detached.

The teeth of this membrane are so nearly on a plane as to allow
one photograph to bring out all the details. -

Lo
Om
=I

Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca.

Helicina occulta, Say.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth 00.5.1.5.00, in
transverse, arching rows. Centrals upright, longer than wide,
widest at the horizontal base, slightly narrowing towards the
apex, which is nearly as wide as the base, broadly recurved and

Fre, 8.

Lingual dentition of Helicina occulta, Say.

denticulated at its cutting edge. First lateral oblong, shorter
than the central, rounded at base, narrowed towards the apex,
which is broadly recurved and denticulated; this lateral is in-
clined obliquely from the central, its apex being reflexed in the
same direction. The second lateral resembles the first lateral in
every particular, but is much less wide. Third lateral perpendi-
cular, longer than broad, triangular, its apex small, reflexed and
denticulated. Fourth lateral very long, irregular, jaw shaped,
its lower edge for one-half its length furnished ai four strong,
lurge, acute, beak-like denticles; the left end of this lateral is
produced in a horizontal direction, at right angles to the direction
of the balance of the tooth, is excavated above and below, and in
some instances appeared to have a wing-like expansion behind
the uncini. Fifth lateral quite small, subcircular, its apex broadly
reflected and denticulated, the whole tooth fitting into the upper
excavation of the horizontal portion of the fourth tooth. The
uncini, more than twenty-five in number, are long, slender,
crowded, the apex reflexed and continued in three fringe-like
denticles.

There seems to be great uniformity in the teeth of the different

288 Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusea. |

transverse rows, but there are in some instances five beak-like
denticles on the fourth lateral. It is difficult to follow this tooth
behind the crowded uncini, but we are confident that in some
instances it is very much more expanded than shown in the
figure, resembling a gull’s wing. The first beak-like denticle
seems to be on the same plane as the upper portion of the
tooth; the other three are on the same plane as the lower por-
tion; this is shown in the figure by the line running parallel to
the upper edge of the tooth. The apex of the first denticle
seems often to be recurved.

The fifth lateral is with much difficulty found under the
microscope. It is on a different plane from the other teeth, and
is crowded into the excavation in the fourth lateral. It seems
often wholly filled wp with foreign matter, not being as readily
cleaned as the other teeth, even in a solution of potash.

The whole lingual is a very difficult study, and requires
numerous views to bring out the details of its structure by photo-
graphy. It is owing only to the untiring perseverance of Mr.
Powel that we are able to illustrate it satisfactorily.

Fig. 8, 6, shows the central and one-half of one transverse row
of the laterals, with two uncini only. The balance of the uncini
curve rapidly outwards and downwards, giving to the entire
transverse section of the lingual membrane the usual strongly
arched outline. (See Land and Fresh-water Shells of North
America, Part III., fig. 216.)

Fig. 8, a, represents the third lateral, -which is not well shown
in its crowded position, as in 0.

On p. 108 of Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America,
Part III., a fac-simile is given of Troschel’s figure of the lingual
dentition of the other species of the United States, /Zelicina orbi-
culata. A comparison of the two figures will show that the
species differ in their lingual dentition as widely as in their shells.

The specimen from which the membrane was extracted was
found living by Mr. E. R. Leland, who gives the following notes
of its station :—

Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca. 289

“The locality in which I found the He/icina occulta is a fishing
station known as Whitefish Bay, six miles north of this city
(Milwaukee, Wisconsin), on the slope of the lake bluff, which at
that point is somewhat wet and boggy, with a growth of pines,
tamaracks, juniper, and some deciduous trees. They were under
dead leaves beside logs; on the 30th of May and 6th of June,
1869, they were in considerable numbers, though they could
hardly be said to be abundant. I have not visited that piace
since the latter date. On the 19th inst., however, I found a few
specimens in a ravine near the lake, about two miles and a half
north of the city—making in all some twenty-five specimens
found, among which are two young ones with an acute carina.” —

The locality is an interesting one, showing the possibility of a
tropical genus existing in a cold latitude. The discovery of Mr.
Leland is of far greater importance, however, in proving beyond
doubt the fact of Helicina occulta actually existing at the present
time. The species is found very plentifully in a fossil state in
the post-pleiocene of the Western States, and is generally supposed
to be extinct. Dr. Binney has (Terr. Moll. L, 183, 184) argued
at length against this opinion, and figured specimens apparently
recent (Ibid. III., pl. lxxiv., fig. 1); he also referred to this species
the shell found living in Western Pennsylvania by Dr. Green,
and described by him as /elicina rubella. Specimens in an
apparently recent state have also been received by us from
Sheboygan, Wisconsin, and through the Smithsonian Institute
from Lexington, Virginia, collected in the latter locality by Mr.
McDonald. Fresh specimens were, however, so rare that belief
in the extinction of the species prevailed generally. Dr. Gould
referred (Terr. Moll. U.S., IL., 352) Helicina rubella to Helicina
orbiculata, a recent species found as far north as Tennessee, and
finally in the Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America,
Part III., Helicina occulta is removed from the catalogue of recent
species and quoted only among the fossils.

_ Mr. Leland has now reversed this decision by finding the
animal actually living. It is in consequence fair to presume that

290 Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca.

the Sheboygan specimens are also’ recent, as well as those from
Lexington, Virginia, and that the species, though, perhaps, rarer
than formerly, is still to be found in the Western States.

Those persons not having access to Doughty’s Cabinet of
Natural History will be interested to know that /elicina rubella
was found on hills not far from Pittsburg, Pa., on the old post
road from that place to Wheeling. Dr. Green received it from
a friend, and immediately questioned its origin, but was assured
that it had been actually found living on more than one occasion.

We presume that Prof. Kirtland (Ohio Report) refers to the
same individuals as received by Dr. Green, when he speaks of a
species of ZZelicina being found on the hills adjacent to the Ohio
river.

Mr. Say described /7elicina occulta from fossil specimens from
a bluff near New Harmony, Ind. He did not notice it living,
nor has any author done so. The name occurs, indeed, in sev-
eral catalogues of Recent Species, but we have never known it to
be found with the living animal until now.

Pompholyx effusa, Lea.

The shell from which was extracted the lingual membrane
Fie. 9.

Lingual dentition of Pompholyx effusa, Lea.
here described is one of the original lot received from Cali-
fornia, from which the species was described. It was labelled

by Mr. Lea.

Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca. 291

A figure of the shell, with descriptions of the external charac-
ters of the animal, will be found in Land and Fresh-water Shells
of North America, Part II., p. 73-74. As there has been some
discussion in regard to this species having two pairs of eyes, we
will here repeat that the eyes are situated in the place usual in
the Limneeidee.

Lingual membrane broad, with 22.1.22 teeth. Central teeth
upright, narrow, widening and knobby at the base; apex re-
curved, and produced into an obtuse beak. Laterals nine on
each side of the central line, in a straight transverse row, wide,
quadrate, apex recurved, prolonged beyond the base of the tooth
in a more or less broad blunt beak. Uncini about thirteen on
each side of the median line, in oblique transverse rows, not
attached to a plate, simple and not recurved; the first eight from
the extreme lateral edge of the membrane long, narrow, arm-
shaped, terminating in a wrist-like contraction and hand-lke
expansion, strongly digitate. The remaining uncini gradually
changing into the shape of the laterals, but still not merging into
them, the line of demarcation being strongly marked.

There is great variation in the beak-like projection of the re-
curved apex of the laterals, and still more in the digitation of
the uncini.

The jaw is long, narrow, slightly arcuate, with blunt ends;
anterior surface smooth.

By the characters of its lingual dentition, and its horny jaw, .
Pompholyx appears nearly related to Planorbis.

Fig. 9, a, represents the central and two laterals to the right of
the median line; 6 gives one full series of uncini to the left of the
median line; and ¢ one of the uncini in profile.

Planorbis trivolvis, Say.

The specimen from which was extracted the lingual mem-
brane here figured was collected at Newport, Rhode Island, by
Mr. Sam. Powel.

Lingual membrane broad, with slightly curving rows of teeth.

292 Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca.

Teeth 19.1.19. Centrals sub-oval, rounded at base, narrowing
toward the top, which is squarely truncated; apex broadly re-
curved into an obtuse beak, beyond which are two long, narrow,
tusk-like projections. First seven laterals uniform, in an almost
straight transverse series, detached, inclining obliquely toward
the median line, large, square, broadly reflexed, extending
beyond the base in a wide, blunt beak, at each side of which are

Lingual dentition of Planorbis trivolvis, Say.

usually one or more small denticles. These laterals pass gradually
into the uncini, which are in eurving rows, long, narrow, widely
recurved, with variable, strong, beak-like digitations on their
apices and outer sides.

There is great variation in the digitations on the uncini, no two
of which appear alike. The laterals also vary somewhat in the
breadth of their recurved beaks.

Fig. 10, a, represents two central teeth with two of the first
laterals on the left of the median line ; } the merging of the laterals
into the uncini; andc extreme uncini. 6 and ¢ are taken from
the right of the median line.

Tulotoma magnifica, Conrad.

Through the kindness of Dr. E. R. Schowalter, of Uniontown,
Alabama, we are able to describe the lingual dentition of Zvulo-
toma magnifica, Conrad. The specimens received from Dr.
Schowalter were taken in the Coosa river, Alabama.

It will be seen that in its lingual dentition Zulotoma is more
closely allied to Vivipura (as suggested by Gill, Proc. Acad. N.

Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca. 293

Se., Phila., 1863) than to Melantho and Lioplax. (See Land and
Fresh-water Shells of North America, Part ILL, pp. 16, 35, 55,
etc.)

Lingual membrane long, with the arrangement of teeth usual
to the family. Teeth 8.1.3. The centrals are subcircular, with
a truncated, irregularly horizontal base; the apex recurved,
channelled, and obtusely knobbed ordenticulated. The first lateral
is about as wide as the central, oblong, bulging at the sides, trun-
cated and horizontal at base, its apex deeply digitated or fringed,
some of the dentizles being recurved at their apices. The second

Fie. 11,

sk vp,

\ a

Lingual dentition of Tulotoma magnifica, Conrad.

lateral is laminar, narrowing slightly towards the truncated base,
curving outward from the central tooth, its apex with long
fringe-like denticles, some of which are recurved, others obtusely
knobby. The third lateral resembles in shape and size the
second, but is somewhat less curved, and has shorter, less delicate
denticles.

There is considerable variation in the number, length, delicacy
and arrangement of the denticles on the different teeth. In some
cases they are very broad, with simple recurved edges. In others
they are long, narrow, and bifurcate. Again on many teeth the
denticles are not absolutely separated one from the other, but the
end of the tooth is rather deeply channelled.

The variations occur in the laterals, the centrals being more
uniform. The side edge of the laterals is sometimes recurved for
a considerable length.

294 Notes on Lingual Dentition of Mollusca.

In figure 11 outlines are given of one central tooth and-the
three Jaterals of one side of the lingual membrane, with (@ and d)
the apices of two separate laterals, to show variation in the den-
ticulations.

The generic characters of the animal of Z’ulotoma never having
been given, we add them here. Foot moderate, not produced
beyond the snout. Color dark blue. Head and snout small.
Lingual teeth as described above. Right tentacle broad. Left
cervical lappet small; right larger, trough-shaped. Branchial
laminz numerous, long, narrow, crowded in a double row.

Mesodon leucodon of Rafinesque.

The name Mesodon leucodon, Raf., has found its way into the
books as asynonym of [Helix thyroides. As no description of any
Fra. 12. such species wasever published by Rafinesque,

we have expressed the opinion that it was ori-
ginally a manuscript name sent by Rafinesque
to Ferussac.. (Terr. Moll..U..5., IV., 54.)

Since that time we have seen a manuscript

work by Rafinesque, entitled ‘ Conchologia
pte Ohioensis,” given by Prof. Haldeman to the
Q) Smithsonian Institution. In this there occurs
not only a description, but a figure of Mesodon
leucodon. 'These are here copied as concho-
logical curiosities. They have, of course, no
scientific value.
Mesodonleucodonthyroide. ‘‘ Mesodon Leucodon. Roussatre, varié de
petites taches brunes, irreguliéres, provenantes de |’animal; trés
finement strié entravers; levre bordi aigu, réfléchi; dent blanche,
oblique au milieu de la bouche; forme bombée, convexe, obtuse ;
opercule collé,-membraneux.”
The operculum referred to is no doubt the epiphragm.
In the same manuscript are other figures scarcely recognizable,
but one of Mesodon labiatum, a species not described in any

Note on Vivipara lineata, Vai. 295

printed work, seems to represent the carinated form of Lelix pal-

Fie. 13.

O=

Mesodon labiatum.

liata. A copy of this figure is here given.

Note on Vavipara limeata, Valenciennes.
By W. G. BINNEY.

WHEN studying the Viviparidze of North America in preparing
the Smithsonian “ Landand Fresh-water Shells of North America,
Part III.,” I found in use, both in published works and in col-
lections, the name Paludina lineata of Valenciennes for a species
of Vivipara of the United States. From the work of Humboldt
and Bonpland I obtained the description of Valenciennes, of
which an English translation is here given :—

Paludina limeata.—This species resembles that of the Seine. It is
equally ventricose, but has a thinner shell. Shell ventricose-ovate, thin,
diaphanous, with delicate transverse striae; greenish horn-color, with
numerous transverse greener vitte. Whhirls five, last one large, ventri-
cose, and equalling in height one-half the entire length of the shell.
Besides the strize of growth, there are numerous transverse, very fine
lines. The whirls are not flattened towards the moderate suture.
Apex acute. Color green, sometimes somewhat corneous ground, on
which are a large number of bands of a deeper green and variable width,
sometimes merely linear. On the upper whirls the bands are obsolete.
Apex not eroded in any of a large number of individuals.

Operculum brown, thin, horny, covered with numerous concentric,
not spiral lines. Found im Lake Erie by M. A. Michaud, who found one
shell full of young, as in the case of our species, which proves the species
to be viviparous. There is reason to believe the other species also are
so, though in the most natural genera species vary in being both ovi-
parous and viviparous. The genera of colubers and vipers among the
reptiles are an example of this, while the Mollusca furnish more nume-
rous ones,

Length 1 inch 3 lines. .

296 Note on Vivipara lineata, Val.

It needed but a glance at this description to convince me that
it was never drawn from a specimen of the species to which the
name lineata has been applied by American authors. It was
equally clear to me that the description was not applicable to any
species known to inhabit the region indicated by Valenciennes.
I was obliged, therefore, in the work referred to (p. 31), to leave
it a doubtful species, with the hope of its eventually being redis-
covered.

Here the matter rested, until an opportunity occurred of clear-
ing up all doubt regarding the identity of Paludina lineata,
Valenciennes. While in Paris, in 1867, it occurred to me to
look among the shells at the Garden of Plants for the original
specimen of Valenciennes. Through the kindness of Prof.
Lacaze-Duthiers every facility for the search was given me. I
very soon found the desired type, glued to a card tablet and
labelled, in the handwriting of Valenciennes, “‘ Paludina lineata,
Val., dans Humboldt et Bonpland, tome II. Du lac Erie,
VP Amérique du Nord, par M. Michaud;” but below was written
in the same hand ‘ C’est faux, elle vient de ’Inde.”* Here then
was a simple solution of the difficulty. The species is not
American. It is the well-known Eastern shell figured by Kiister
as Paludina Bengalensis (Chemn., ed. 2, figs. 15, 16). Other
specimens from Delhi, Bengal, &c., are labelled P. lineata, also
in Valenciennes’ handwriting; on one tablet Pal. fasciata, Gray,
is given as a synonym. |

A few days after this interesting discovery at the Garden of
Plants I was looking at a copy of Humboldt and Bonpland’s
‘‘ Recueil d’Observations, &c.” at the house of M. Crosse. Turning
to the description of Paludina lineata, I found a marginal note
referring the species to Bengal instead of Lake Erie. Recogniz-
ing the handwriting of Valenciennes, I called the attention of M.
Crosse to it, and learnt that the book had actually belonged to
Valenciennes, at the sale of whose library it was bought by M.

* Paludina lineata, Val., in Humboldt and Bonpland, vol. 2. From Lake Erie,
North America, by Mr. Michaud. This is a mistake, the shell comes from India

Note on Vivipara lineata, Val. 297

Crosse. Here, then, was an additional proof of the erroneous
habitat originally given by Valenciennes.

I should add that the shell found by me labelled as the type
of Paludina lineata in the Garden of Plants answers well to
the description of Valenciennes.

The facts given above remove Paludina lineata from the
catalogue of American Viviparide. Untortunately, however,
the name Jineata remains to burden and confuse our synonymy.
Haldeman, surely without critical examination, referred Valen-
ciennes’ description of Pad. lineata to the North American species
described by Say as Paludina vivipara. Haldeman has been
blindly followed by most American authors, and by Kiister, who
further adds to the confusion by a typographical error, using
linearis instead of lineata in a single instance, a name which
some have tried to perpetuate.

This confusion would have been avoided by a reference to the
original description of Valenciennes, instead of accepting the
name from correspondents or books. It is one of the greatest
faults of American writers on Conchology thus to accept names,
without reference to original descriptions.* Until this fault is
corrected, the disgraceful confusion of our synonymy will be worse
confounded.

* An instance of the mistakes thus arising is to be found in reference to this
very species of Valenciennes. A writer in the Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., Phila. (1862), 451,
notes the fact of a certain species of North American Vivipara being characterized
by jour spiral red bands, and further insists on the permanency (invariability ?) of
the characteristic as a guide in distinguishing it from an allied European form
which has but three bands. Yet this author refers this strictly four-banded species
to Paludina lineata, Valenciennes, a species described not as having fowr red spiral
bands, but as having a large nwmber of bands of a deeper green and variable width,
sometimes merely linear. Surely, if the species invariably has four bands, such a
description as the last cannot apply to it.

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Being engaged in preparing a continuation of the
work of my father, the late Dr. Amos Binney, on
- the “ Terrestrial Mollusks and Shells of the United
States,” I take this opportunity of soliciting the
assistance of those interested in the subject. Suites
of local species from every part of the Union will
be of great value to me in ascertaining the geogra-
phical distribution of species. They will be grate-
fully acknowledged, and, if required, shells given in
exchange. I would also request any information
relating to the subject, and any addenda or corri-
genda to the “ Mollusks.”

Shells may be forwarded safely by mail, if packed
in a pasteboard box, with tissue paper or cotton.
Parcels exceeding the required weight of the Post-
Office, may be sent by express.

W. G. BINNEY.
Address, Acad. of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

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[Extracted from the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
May 21, 1872.]

NOTES ON LINGUAL DENTITION OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF NORTH
AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.

BY THOMAS BLAND AND W. G. BINNEY.

We are indebted to Miss Annie HE. Law, of Jalapa, Tennessee,
and to Mr. Henry Hemphill, of Oakland, California, for the
specimens from which we extracted the jaws and lingual mem-
branes here described.

ZONITES LAVIGATUS, Pf.
Jaw as usual in the genus.

ZONITES INTERTEXTUS, Binney.
The jaw and lingual membrane are as usual in the genus.

ZONITES DEMISsvs, Binney.
Jaw arched, ends attenuated, pointed; anterior surface smooth,
cutting edge with well developed sharp median projection.
Lingual membrane as usual in the genus. Laterals above
eight in number on either side of central line.

ZONITES LASMODON, Phillips.

Jaw and lingual membrane as usual in the genus.
ZONITES INTERNUS, Say.

The jaw and lingual membrane are those of Zonites (or Hya-
lina), and not of Helix, thus showing the generic position of the
species, which is not so well marked by the shell.

The jaw is slightly arcuate, ends attenuated, pointed; median
beak-like prominence to the cutting edge.

The lingual membrane is long and narrow. Central teeth
large, with a long median cusp. Laterals like the centrals, but
bifid, four in number, marginals aculeate.

PATULA STRIGOSA, Gould.

Jaw long, low, slightly arcuate; anterior surface smooth except-
jng near the lower margin, where there are numerous, crowded,
subobsolete ribs, or coarse stria, crenellating the cutting edge.
There is a very strong muscular attachment to the upper margin.

The lingual membrane is as usual in the genus. (See fig. 129 of
L. and Fr. W. Shells, I.) The marginal teeth are wide and low,
with one inner, long, obtuse, oblique denticle, and several short
. side blunt denticles, obtusely rounded.

136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

PATULA COOPERI, W. G. Binn.
Lingual membrane as in Patula strigosa.

PATULA IDAHOENSIS, Newe.
The jaw very much resembles in form and in its crenellated

cutting edge that of Patula striatella. (See fig. 141 of L. and
Fr. W. Shells, part I.) Its anterior surface has coarse perpendicu-
lar striz or obsolete wrinkles, not well formed ribs. There is a
stout membranous attachment to the upper margin. Lingual
membrane as in Patula Hemphillt. (See Am. Journ. of Conch.,
VI. 247.)
PATULA PERSPECTIVA, Say.

The jaw and lingual membrane are quite like those of P. stria-
tella. Theends of the jaw, however, are more squarely truncated,
and the striz are not converging.

HELIX POLYGYRELLA, Bland.
Jaw slightly arcuate, ends but little attenuated, blunt; anterior

surface with fifteen broad ribs, denticulating either margin.
Lingual membrane as in #7. auriculata.
We are indebted to Mr. Harford for the living specimens from
which the notes on this species are drawn.
HELIX PALLIATA, Say.
Jaw short, high; anterior surface with more than fifteen ribs,
denticulating either margin.

HELIX OBSTRICTA, Say.

Jaw with ten ribs. Lingual membrane as in H. palliata.
HELIX DEVIA, Gld. var.

This small, doubtful form from Salmon River, Idaho, has the
jaw arcuate, ends blunt, with about seven stout ribs denticulating
either margin. The lingual membrane is broad, teeth as usual in
the genus, the marginals low, wide, with one oblique, bluntly
bifid, inner denticle, and several short, blunt, outer denticies.

HELIX FIDELIS, Gray.

In Amer. Journ. Conch., VI. p. 207, pl. ix. fig. 1, we described
and figured the jaw as short, high, thick, rough, strongly arcuate,
ends attenuated, blunt, cutting edge with a well developed, blunt,
median projection, marked with decided longitudinal striz, which
crenellate its margin. We have lately had an opportunity of
examining numerous other adult specimens, and find them decid-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 137

edly costate, usually with about six ribs, denticulating either
margin.
PALLIFERA DORSALIS, Binney.

An opportunity has lately been given-us: by Mr. H. Prime of
examining living specimens from Westchester Co., New York.
We find Mr. Morse’s description and figure of the jaw to be quite
correct, and have no doubt of the genus being distinct from
Tebennophorus. The species appears to us well marked also,
especially by the great activity of the animal’s motions.

Mr. Prime noticed it climbing on trees, a habit often observed
by us in several of our land shells. Thus Helix thyroides in
the garden of one of us at Burlington, N. J., constantly climbs
the fruit trees, to eat the gum which exudes from the branches.

Our figure 535, of L. and Fr. W. Shells, part I., is defective.
The head does not extend beyond the mantle. See the upper
figure in Terrestrial Mollusks, III., pl. Lxiii. '

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198 On the Relations of Certain

XV.— On the Relations of Certain Genera of Terrestrial
Mollusca of, or related to, the Sub-family Succinine,
with Notes on the Lingual Dentition of Succinea append-
tculata Pfr.

By THOMAS BLAND anD W. G. BINNEY.
Read October 7, 1872.
[Reprinted from the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, N. Y.. Vol. x, Oct., 1872.]

THE receipt from Governor Rawson of specimens pre-
served in alcohol of Succinea appendiculata and Omalonyx
unguis Fér, collected in and sent to him from Guadeloupe,
by M. Schramm, has afforded us the opportunity of studying
their dentition and induced us to examine the relations
of certain genera which have been placed in the sub-family
Succinine.

Albers (2nd ed.) in group E, Succinea, has the following
genera, viz., Simpulopsis Beck, and Succinea Drap., the
latter divided into four sections, viz., Amphibulima, Suc-
cinea, Brachyspira and Omalonyx. He describes the jaw
and refers to the lingual teeth in the following terms :—

Jaw arcuate, its convex margin extended into an almost
quadrate plate; its concave margin striate or ribbed, with a
short middle projection. Teeth of the lingual membrane as
previously described (7. é., tricuspid or bicuspid as in Hel-
iced, etc.).

Simpulopsis Beck.

Beck (Index, p. 100) adopted this genus, but by name
only. Shuttleworth (Bern. Mitt., 1854, p. 55) thus charac-
terizes the animal :—

‘¢ Animal heliciforme, testa omnino inclusum, pede lato subtus trans-
verse plicato: pallium exappendiculatum.

‘“‘ Maxilla fere formam ferri equini habet, utroque latere dilatato-rotun-
dato, medio autem angustata, costis 12 validis permunita, quarum 6 ap-
proximate in parte angusta mediana, et in utroque latere 3 majores,
mmagis remote. Papille in laminam lingualem in seriebus obliquis ordi-

Genera of Terrestrial Mollusca, etc. 199

nate, numerose ; centralis tridenticulata, denticulo medio elongata; medize
bidenticulatz, denticulo interno elongato, externo brevi; marginales lati-
ores inequaliter tridenticulate, denticulis versus marginem exteriorem
gradatim minoribus, interno autem valde producto.

‘¢Genus naturale, Vitrinw nullo modo affine, sed Succinee proximum.
Lamina lingualis autem diversa videtur (Cf. Phil. Handb., p. 248) atque
etiam Maxilla (Cf. Terr. Moll. U. S., I, p. 213, pl. xiii, fig. 3).”

Heynemann (Mal. Blatt., 1868, p. 110, taf. v, f. 10) has
description and figures of the teeth of Simpulopsis sulculosa
Feér., mentioning that the jaw was not observed. On the
accompanying plate we have given (PI. ix, figs. 7, 8) copies
of several of Heynemann’s figures of the teeth, as many of
our readers may not have access to the originals, and in a
subsequent part of this paper we have described them.

With respect to the jaw not having been examined by
him, Heynemann refers to that fact as rendering the correct
classification of the genus difficult, but remarks that the form
of the lingual teeth suggests relationship to the Orthalicea*
rather than to the Succinea, as shown by a comparison of
the marginals with those of 6. auris leporis and papyraceus.

H. and A. Adams (Genera, II, 127) adopt in Succinine
the following genera :— Simpulopsis, Succinea, Amphibu-
lima, Helisiga and Omalonyx, enumerating as species of the
latter, O. unguis, appendiculata and depressa. |

On reference to our subjoined notes on the so-called Suc-
cinea appendiculata from Guadeloupe, it will be observed
that the form of its teeth agrees generally with that ascribed
by Heynemann to Simpulopsis sulculosa, while his sug-
gestions as to the affinities of the latter genus (the jaw
being unknown to him) are supported by our discovery of
the character of the jaw in the Guadeloupe species. It
must not, however, be overlooked that while the animal of
Simpulopsis is entirely covered by the shell, that of the
S. appendiculata under consideration is limaciform, like

*It must be remembered that we use the term Orthalicine in a thuch more restricted
sense than the Orthalicee of Albers and von Martens. See our notes on Systematic
Arrangement, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., x, p. 168.

200 On the Relations of . Certain

O. unguis, as figured by Orbigny (Voy., t. 22, f. 1-7).
With the form of jaw described by Shuttleworth and the
quadrate marginal teeth, it would seem that Simpulopsis
belongs to the Helicine and not to the Succinine. It may
be noticed that, even form of shell alone considered, some
of the species might appropriately be placed near to Bulim-
ulus.

Guppy (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan., 1866) described
S. corrugatus,* from Trinidad. Of the animal he says,
‘smantle edge narrowly reflexed over the peristome.” Sub-
sequently, the same author (Amer. Jour. of Conch., VI, 308,
1871) mentions having ascertained, from a young example
of S. corrugatus, the characters of the dentition of Simpu-
lopsis, and that it resembles that of Succinea more than he
had anticipated. He says, ‘‘the odontophore is moderately
large, but the individual teeth are very minute and resemble
those of Succinea, particularly, perhaps, S. ovalis.”

It seems to us that one important characteristic of the
dentition of Succinea, absent in that of Stimpulopsis, is the
gap or notch in (as if by the cutting away of) the lower
edge of the base of attachment in the central, and corres-
ponding gap in the inner edge of the laterals.

Fischer and Crosse, in 1867, established the genus Xan-
thonyx (Jour. Conch., 1867, p. 221, et seq., pl. x, figs. 1-4),
describing as the type Vitrina Sumichrasti Brot (1. ¢., p. 70,
pl. iv, fig. 2), and referred to the same genus Simpulopsis
Salleana, S. Cordovana and (with some doubt) 8. Chia-
pensis.

Among the generic characters of the animal of Xanthonyx,
derived from examination of a specimen of X. Sumichrasti,
communicated by Brot, are the following, ‘* Animal testa
sua multo majus, haud omnino inclusum,” and ‘* maxilla
arcuata, costata; teniola lingualis dentibus basi subquad-

*Guppy compares his species with S. Brasiliensis (Syn. of S. obtusa Sow.), from
which indeed it seems scarcely distinguishable.

Genera of Terrestrial Mollusca, etc. 201

ratis, ineequaliter bicuspidatis (dente medio tricuspidato)
instructa.”*

With respect to X. Salleanus and Cordovanus, the authors
state, on the authority of Sallé, that the animals are much
larger than their shells, as in_X. Sumichrasti.

Xanthonyx, as well as Simpulopsis, belongs to Helicine
and not to Succinine.

Sucecinea DrRap.

Amphibulima.—Albers (J. c., 309) gives as the type of
this section of MSuccinea, A. patula Brug., but without
any special description of animal or its dentition.

Guppy (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., June, 1868) mentions
the occurrence in Dominica of A. patula, and we were in-
debted to him for the lingual membrane (without jaw), of
which we published figure and description in Amer. Jour.
Conch. VII, 186 (1871), pl. xvii, fig. 1-2. Guppy does not
particularly notice the animal, and we assume in consequence
that, as in Succinea s. s., it is capable of retraction within
the shell; indeed the form and character of the shell pre-
clude any other supposition.

Guppy (/. c., June, 1868) describes another species, found
by him in Dominica, as Amphibulima pardalina, the animal
of which he describes as follows :—

‘©The animal resembles that of Omalonyx unguis Feér.
(D’Orb. Voy. Amer. Mer. pl. xxii, fig. 1-7). The foot is
translucent, like a bit of ice dipped in milk, the internal
organs showing as a dark, variegated patch about the shell,
into which the body is incapable of retraction.”

Guppy adds (and apparently he was acquainted with the
dentition [not the jaw], of A. patula only) :

* Fischer and Crosse (Etudes sur les Moll. Terr. et Fluy. du Mexique et du Guate-
mala, 192-199, pl. 9, figs. 14-17) give a more detailed description of Xanthonyz, and
remark on certain of its affinities with the genus Binneya. The part of the work
referred to reached us after our manuscript was in the printer’s hands.

202 On the Relations of Certain

‘‘ Forming my judgment from the soft parts and the lingual dentition,
I should separate Amphibulima as a genus from Succinea. ‘The genus
Amphibulima might then be divided into the following groups :—

Amphibulima s. strict. Type A. patula.
Omalonyx D’Orb. “« O. unguis.
Brachyspira Pfr. ‘© A. pardalina and tigrina.”

Without knowledge of the jaw of Amphibulima, and we
scarcely think that the genus can be elasmognathous, we are
unable to decide whether it belongs to Suwcctnine or not, but
have a strong impression that its proper position is in
flelicine.

The dentition of Amphibulima, as shown in our figure,
does not materially differ from the form usual in the Helicide,
excepting in the marginal teeth, which are very long and
narrow. The cutting away of the plate, before referred to
as characteristic of Succinea, is entirely wanting in Amphib-
ulima.

v. Martens: (Zool. Record, 1868, p. 491) observes that
‘¢Mr. Guppy reéstablishes Amphibulima as a genus distinct
from Succinea (Drap.) on account of its different lingual den-
tition, but without pointing out the difference.”

Succinea s. strict.— The animal, lingual dentition and form
of jaw need no special notice in the present paper. We
would express, however, the opinion that those species only,
to whatever group or section they belong, which are elas-
mognathous, should be admitted in Succinine.

There are several elasmognathous genera with animals of

varied forms on which we have no occasion here to remark.

Brachyspira Pfr.—This group is based on the form of .
shell, and it is worthy of notice that Albers (ed. 2) gives as
the type S. tigrina Lesueur, which is very near to, if not
identical with, as Guppy remarks, his A. pardalina. If the
animal of the latter be as described by Guppy, we cer-
tainly should not place the species in Brachyspira, which
belongs rather to Succinea than to Amphibulima.

Tryon (Amer. Jour. Conch., II, 236-241, 1866) refers

Genera of Terrestrial Mollusca, etc. 203

many species of North American Succinea, we think erro-
neously, to Brachyspira. In Land and Fresh Water Shells
of North America (1869) we adopted the latter in the sense
in which it is used by Albers (ed. 2).

Omalonyx D’Ors.

Albers (J. c., 311) refers to O. unguis Fér. as the type of
this group. D’Orbigny (Voy., 229, t. 22, figs. 1-7) gives
the following description of the animal : .

‘“‘ Allongé, ovale, déprimé, beaucoup trop grand pour rentrer dans la
coquille, occupant prés de trois fois la surface de celle-ci; pied trés large
débordant de toutes parts, arrondi en avant, acuminé postérieurement, lisse
en dessous et en dessus; manteau formant un bourrelet autour de la
coquille, qu’il recouvre sur les bords, étroit en arriére, plus large et comme
plissé en avant; col assez long; téte étroite; tentacules courts; orifice
des poumons sous le bord droit du manteau, vers sa partie MOY eDNEs.

Fischer (Mélang. Conch., p. 67, pl. vi, f.1) describes the
animal of O. unguis and its dentition.

Sometime since we were indebted to Mr. John G. Anthony
for specimens collected by him (Agassiz’ expedition) in
Brazil, and found, on examination of the jaw and lingual
dentition, that both agree with the figures given by Heyne-
mann (Mal. Blatt., 1868, taf. iv, fig. 5) of the jaw and teeth
of Pellicula convexa Martens, of which figures we add copies
(plate ix, figs. 12-14).

As already mentioned, we have lately received from Gov-
ernor Rawson specimens in alcohol of animal and shell of
O. unguis, collected in Guadeloupe by Schramm, and find
that both jaw and teeth are precisely similar to those of the
Brazilian examples.

It appears, irrespective of form of animal and shell, that
should even Amphibulima prove like Omalonyx to be elas-
mognathous, the lingual dentition of the latter does not
warrant its being treated, as proposed by Guppy, as a section
of the former genus.

Guppy has lately discovered: in Trinidad, but not yet, we

204 On the Relations of Certain

believe, described, another species of Omalonyx, the shell of
which he has communicated to Governor Rawson, with the
name Amphibulima (Omalonyx) felina. Indebted to Mr.
Rawson for an opportunity of examining the shell, we find,
as the author remarks in a letter accompanying the spec-
imens, no appreciable distinction between it and the Guad-
eloupe O. unguis.

In a late letter Mr. Guppy states that ‘‘the animal of
O. felina resembles in general character O. unguis, O. par-
dalina and A. patula, the latter being much larger, darker,
more strongly colored and more coarsely striated.”

The Guadeloupe specimens receiyed from Gov. Rawson,
collected and labelled by Schramm Succinea appendiculata,
are extremely interesting and not a little perplexing, indeed
Schramm, judging from his notes sent with them, rather
suggests, that S. appendiculata, depressa and O. unguis are
all one and the same species.

Succinea depressa Rang (Guer. Mag., 1834, t. 55) is a
species as to which there seems to be much uncertainty.
Fischer described it, the animal and its dentition, as Pellicula
depressa in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. XX, 5, to which we have
not had an opportunity of referring, and also in Mélang.
Conch. p. 67, t. vi, f. 19.

In the latter work, the jaw and teeth are thus charac-
terized :-—

‘¢Machoire semblable 4 celle des Limaces, et portant une
quantité de denticulations. Plaque linguale se rapprochant
de celles des Ambrettes. Epines médianes trifides; laté-
rales bifides.”

We give copy of the figure of the jaw on plate ix, fig. 4.

Petit (Jour. Conch., 1856, p. 154) expresses the opinion
that S. appendiculata Pfr. is the same species, Rang’s specific
name having priority, but Pfeiffer (Mon., IV, 804) referring :
to Rang’s figure, maintains that they are distinct.

The character from which the specific name of Pfeiffer’s
species is derived, he describes (Mon., II, 531) thus; ‘*col-

Genera of Terrestrial Mollusca, etc. 205

umella callosa, aperta, appendicula dilatata, torta superne
munita,” adding in a footnote, ‘‘ Forma persimilis praecedenti
(S. depressa Rang), at bene distincta columella appendice
torta quasi duplicata, spira subpapillatim prominula et peri-
pheria magis regulari.” This appendage is shown in our
figure (pl. ix, fig. 6) of Rawson’s appendiculata.

v. Martens (Malak. Blatt., 1868, p. 183) described Swe-
cinea (Pellicula) convexa, to the dentition of which by
Heynemann we have already referred, giving also (plate ix,
figs. 12-14) copies of his figures.* One of the characters
of this species is said to be by its author, ‘‘ paries aperturalis
appendicula parva, plicee-formi munitus.”

With respect to the validity of his species, v. Martens
adds a note to the following effect,—S. depressa Rang, as its
name implies, differs from our species by being less arched.
Pfeiffer writes that P. convexa is by no means the same as
his S. appendiculata. If the latter be identical with depressa
as Fischer maintains, then Rang’s figure is entirely faulty,
the most essential character, the process on the columella,
being overlooked. ;

A comparison of the figures presented on plate ix, will
show that the Pellicula depressa of Fischer has a ribbed jaw
(fig. 4), and does not belong to the Succinine,t while Pellic-
ula convera v. Martens is elasmognathous, like Succinea
(fig. 14).

It seems to us that S. depressa of Fischer must be treated
as the type of Pellicula, while S. convewa belongs to
Omalonyx.

Albers (ed. 2) does not include in Omalonyx or other
group S. depressa or S. appendiculata, mentioning them only
in a remark of the following purport :—

*y. Martens (Zool. Record, 1868, p. 492), referring to Heynemann’s figure, says
“proving that Pellicula is not generically distinct from Succinea,”—a proposition in
which we do not concur. H. & A. Adams (Genera, II, 568) inconsiderately remark that
Pellicula Fischer is syn. of Helisiga, and founded upon H, depressa Fischer, a new spe-
cies of that genus.

t Morch (Jour. Conch. 1865, p. 384) places Pellicula in his section Odontognatha,

206 On the Relations of Certain

Succinea appendiculata, identical with S. depressa Rang,
is made by Fischer the type of a separate genus, Pellicula,
after an examination of the jaw, lingual dentition and gen-
erative organs; Albers (J. c.) adds that he had not yet
been able to decide upon the correctness of those views.

From the subjoined diagnosis of the species received as
Succinea appendiculata from Guadeloupe, it will be seen that
the animal is limaciform, has a jaw, not as in O. unguis, but
allied to that of genera and species of Helicine, and teeth
agreeing somewhat closely with those of Stmpulopsis. In
pl. ix, we give figures of the animal (from an alcoholic spec-
imen), of part of the jaw and teeth (Figs. 2, 9, 10, 11).

We now proceed to describe the jaw and lingual membrane
of Succinea appendiculata Pfr., received from Governor
Rawson :

Jaw extremely thin and transparent, long, low, slightly arcuate, ends
blunt, divided longitudinally by about 40 delicate ribs into as many
plate-like sections, of the character found in the jaws of Cylindrelia,
Macroceramus and many species of Bulimulus. No appearance of trian-
gular upper median plates, however, as in Cylindrella, though the two
specimens examined by us are not perfect at that part. Both margins
serrated by the extremities of the ribs. The general character of these
ribs is the same as in Helix turbiniformis, figured by us in Ann. of Lyc.
of Nat. Hist. N. Y. x, pl. 2, fig. 2. The jaw is quite membranous.

Lingual membrane as usual in the Helicinw proper (see Ann. Lyc. Nat.
Hist. N. Y. x, 163). Centrals subquadrate with a very large, stout, short,
pointed cusp, the side cusps obsolete. Laterals larger and more narrow
than the centrals, bicuspid, the inner cusp greatly produced, broad
and quite squarely terminating. The base of attachment of the laterals
is cut away on the inner side, leaving a large outer lateral expansion,
bringing to mind the much less developed one of Swuccinea. Marginal
teeth quadrate, gradually becoming modified from the laterals, the cusps
finally passing off into simple, obtuse papille, the inner one the larger.

The central and lateral teeth are like those of Simpulopsis sulculosa as
figured by Heynemann in Malak. Blatt. xv, pl. 5, fig. 10, the central,
however, bearing a much more developed cusp in our species. The
marginals in that figure, of the form found in Bulimulus aurisleporis,
papyraceus, laticinctus, etc., we failed to detect in our species. As already
stated, we found the marginals merely a modification of the laterals.

The above description does not agree with that given by
Dr. Fischer (Mélanges Conch., 69, t. vi, fig. 19) of Pellicula

Genera of Terrestrial Mollusca, ete. 207

depressa, which we have already quoted. He describes the
jaw as having a number of ribs on its anterior surface pecti-
nating the cutting margin, actually nine of them being shown
in his figure. He also describes the lingual dentition as
quite different, the centrals being represented with one large
bifid median cusp and one small cusp at either side. His
figure of the lateral teeth is also simply bicuspid, the figure
of the inner cusp does not show any trace of the peculiar
prolongation and blunt termination, described by us above.
For convenient reference we copy Fischer’s figure of the
jaw (Plate ix, fig. 4).

The external appearance of our animal is the same as
described by Fischer in the paper referred to. Little confi-
dence, however, can be placed on the external characters of
the animals of this group, that of O. unguis being, as
Fischer remarks, nearly the same as of the species under
consideration.

As already mentioned, P. convexa v. Mart., from its form
of jaw, cannot be placed in Fischer’s genus Pellicula, while
the appendiculata examined by us has jaw (as well as teeth)
of different character from that assigned by Fischer to Pellicula
depressa, but for the present we refer, with doubt, our spe-
cies to Pellicula; most certainly it does not belong to Suc-
cinea.

We appear to be warranted in assuming that Mr. Rawson’s
appendiculata is Pfeiffer’s species, specifically and probably
generically distinct from S. depressa Fischer. Whether the
latter is or is not the S. depressa Rang we are unable to
decide.

DECEMBER, 1872. 15 ANN. LyC, NAT. HIST., VOL. X

Description of Hemphillia. 208

XVI. — Description of Hemphillia, a New Genus of Ter-
restrial Mollusks.

By THOMAS BLAND AnD W. G. BINNEY.

Read October 7, 1872.

[Reprinted from the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, N. Y., Vol. x, Oct., 1872.]

Hemphillia.

Animal limaciforme, parvum, antice obtusum, postice attenuatum. Pal-
lium subcentrale, magnum, ovatum, antice valde productum, marginibus
liberis. Discus gressorius distinctus nullus. Porus mucosus transversus
in apice pedis, processu coniforme valido protectus. Apertura respiratoria
ad dextram, in medio marginis inferioris pallii, genitalis ad basin tenta-

culi dextri oculigeri.

Testa externa, unguiformis, subquadrata, replicatura pallii marginorum
breviter inclusa.

Maxilla et lamina lingualis ut in Arione constituta, dentes centrales
tricuspidatz, laterales bicuspidate, marginales quadrate, bicuspidate,
papillis internis valde productis, externis subobsoletis.

Animal limaciform, small, blunt in front, tapering behind.
Mantle subcentral, large, oval, greatly produced in front,
free around its margin and slightly reflected over the edges
of the shell. No distinct locomotive disk to foot. Lines
of furrows run near and parallel to edge of foot, rising above
the extremity and apparently uniting over a transverse,
mucus slit, overhanging which is a greatly produced horn-
shaped process. Respiratory orifice at right edge of mantle,
near its centre. Generative orifice at right side of neck,
near right eye peduncle (Plate ix, figs. 1 and 3).

Shell external, its edges imbedded lightly in the mantle,
very thin, unguiform, almost as large as the mantle (in spec-
imens preserved in alcohol) (Plate ix, fig. 5).

Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate; ends blunt, but little
attenuated ; anterior surface with numerous ribs denticulating
either margin.

Lingual membrane as usual in the Helicide. Teeth in
Hemphillia glandulosa about 23-1-28. Centrals and laterals
long, the former tricuspid, the latter bicuspid; marginals

209 Description of Hemphillia.

about twelve, quadrate, the inner cusp long, narrow, oblique,
bluntly pointed, outer cusp subobsolete (Plate ix, figs. 15-
ib ONE

Hemphillia glandulosa.

Animal, shell, jaw and lingual membrane as already
described above under Hemphillia. (See Plate ix.)

Animal about 12 mill. long (preserved in alcohol) ;
color smoky white, mottled with longitudinal, dark brown
blotches, running obliquely from the edge of the mantle to
the foot, uniformly with the coarse granulations, of which
we counted about twenty-five on either side of the animal.
Caudal process very large, triangular in profile, dark brown,
with a few coarse ines.

Shell unguiform, slightly convex, light horn-color, very
thin, its edges almost membranous, with prominent concen-
tric lines of growth; five mill. long, three wide.

Habitat.— Astoria, Oregon: Mr. Henry Hemphill.

Our description is drawn from specimens preserved in
alcohol, due allowance for which fact must be made. They
were collected at Astoria, Oregon, by Mr. Henry Hemphill,
to whom we dedicate the genus in return for most valuable
addition to our knowledge of the land shells of the Pacific
region.

This curious slug, by its general outline and by the form
and position of its shell, may be compared to Omalonyx
unguis D’Orb, and the species known formerly as Succinea
appendiculata Pfr., but now usually referred to Pellicula.
The former has, however, a jaw with the supplementary
extension as in Succinea, the latter has the jaw usual in
Bulimulus and Cylindrella, while neither of them has the
prolongation of the mantle. Both of those genera also are
readily distinguished by their shell being more developed
and approaching a spiral form.

Hyalimaz is distinguished from Hempittia by its Succinea-
like jaw. Otherwise, it resembles our genus in its general

Description of Hemphillia. 210

outward appearance, and by its non-spiral shell. This shell,
however, in Hyalimax is almost, if not completely, internal,
while the shell of Hemphillia is entirely exposed.

Binneia, in its prolonged mantle and costate jaw,
resembles Hemphillia, but its shell is much more developed,
spiral, striate and almost capable of protecting, though not
absolutely including, the animal when contracted.

Xanthonyx and Simpulopsis are both described with costate
jaw, but they have both highly developed, decidedly spiral
shells.

. Finally, from all the above mentioned genera and from all

known sublimaciform genera, our genus is at once distin-
guished by the peculiar hump-like process on the tail, re-
minding one of the caudal process in Wanina.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Fig. &. Hemphillia glandulosa.
The caudal extremity greatly enlarged.
Fig. 2. Succinea appendiculata Pfr.
From Governor Rawson; a portion of the jaw.
Fig. 3. Same as fig. 1, enlarged.
From a specimen preserved in alcohol.
Fig. 4. Pellicula depressa Rang.
The jaw; copied from Fischer, Mél. Conch., J. c.
Fig. 5. Same as fig. 1. The shell, enlarged.
Seen from above.
Fig. 6. Succinea appendiculata Pfr.

From Governor Rawson, slightly enlarged, the right hand figure
showing profile of appendage.

Fig. 7. Simpulopsis sulculosa Fer.

A marginal tooth, copied from Heynemann, Mal. Blatt., 1868, pl.
v, fig. 10.

Fig. 8. Same as fig. 7; centrals and laterals.

Fig. 9. Succinea appendiculata Pfr.
From Governor Rawson; centrals and laterals.

Fig. 10. The same; marginal tooth.

B14
Fig. 11.

Description of Hemphillia.

The same; external view of animal contracte

in alcohol. .
Enlarged about one half.

Fig. 12.

Pellicula convexa Martens.

Centrals and laterals; copied from Heynemann, l. c., pl. iv, fig. 5.

Fig. 1a:

Fig. 14.

Fig. 15.

The same; marginal tooth.
The same; jaw.
Hemphillia glandulosa.

Extreme marginal teeth.

Fig. 16.

Pig oT.

The same ; first marginal teeth.
The same; central and lateral teeth.

[Printed at the SALEM PRESS. *

XITX—On the Lingual Dentition of Certain Terrestrial Pul-
monata Foreign to the United States.

By THOMAS BLAND Anp W. G. BINNEY.
Read Dec. 9, 1872.
[Reprinted from the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, N. Y., Vol. x, Oct., 1872.]

Melix Jayama, C. B. Apams (Sagda).

Like Sagda connectens C. B. Adams and Sagda Haldemaniana C. B.
Adams (see Amer. Jour. Conch. VII, p. 175), this, also a Jamaica species,
has quadrate, not aculeate, marginal teeth on its lingual membrane.
The cusps of the marginals are short, stout and blunt, centrals and lat-
erals as usual.

Jaw smooth anteriorly, with scarcely any median projection to its
cutting edge.

This is an additional proof of the position of Sagda
(219)

220 Certain Terrestrial Pulinonata

being among the /elicea rather than the Vétrinea of von
Marten’s arrangement.

We received from Mr. Henry Vendryes the specimen
examined.

WMeucochrona Boissieri, Cuare.

The genus Leucochroa is adopted by von Martens (Die
Heliceen ed. 2, p. 78) the type being Helix candidissima
Drap, a species whose anatomy has been described by
Mogquin-Tandon as being more nearly related to Zonites,
thin to Helix. The genus is classed by von Martens among
the Vitrinea, the section of Helicea containing the genera
furnished with ribless anterior surface and median projec-
tion to the jaw, and aculeate, marginal teeth to the lingual
membrane. Among the species catalogued by von Martens
is Leucochroa Boissiert Charp. Having sometime since
received a specimen of this species from Mr. John Van
Nostrand, collected by him in Palestine, we have examined
its jaw and lingual dentition with the following results.

Jaw very low, long, arcuate, ends but little attenuated, bluntly
rounded. Cutting edge with a decided median projection, anterior sur-
face free from ribs, with a strong, transverse line of reinforcement.
The jaw resembles that of Clausilia or Pupa more than that usually
found in Helix.

Lingual membrane as usual in the Helicide. Centrals short and stout
with a bluntly pointed median tooth, the side teeth almost obsolete.
Laterals with a very long, oblique, blunt inner tooth, the cuter tooth
almost obsolete. Marginals subquadrate, with several short, blunt,
papille-like teeth.

From the above it will be seen that Leucochroa Boissieri
must be classed among the Helicea, its lingual membrane
having the quadrate type of marginal teeth, and not the acu-
leate type common to Vitrina, Zonites and other Vétrinea.
Its jaw is of the form often found in the Helicea. Judging .
from both jaw and lingual membrane, we would not separate
the species from the genus Helix as received by von Martens.
We are inclined to believe that further investigations will

Foreign to the United States. 221

prove the genus Leucochroa to be only a subgenus of Helix,
in the arrangement of “ Die Heliceen.”

Eielix circumnafirmmatea, Repricip.

Lingual membrane long and broad, centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid,
cusps long and slender, marginals aculeate.

From the above description it will appear that this spe-
cies belongs to the Vitrinea rather than to the Helicea of
von Marten’s arrangement, in which latter it is classed in
«Die Heliccen” as a species of the subgenus MJicrophysa.

felix Bermawdemsis, Prr.

Jaw extremely thin, arched, with a blunt, median projection to its
cutting edge.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Central teeth tricuspid, laterals
bicuspid; the cusps in each long and slender. Marginals numerous,
aculeate in oblique rows.

As in the £7. ctrcumfirmata, the result of our examina-
tion of the lingual membrane throws light on the generic
position of this species. It can no longer be retained in
Caracolus, a sub-genus of feliz, as it has the dentition of
the Vitrinea of von Marten’s arrangement. For the speci-
mens examined of this and the preceding species, both from
Bermuda, we are indebted to Mr. J. J. Crooke.

Helix perplexa, Fer. (Dentcllaria),

Jaw with a median projection to its cutting edge. The anterior sur-
face of the jaw is of irregular thickness, showing some approach to the
ribbed form of jaw.

Lingual membrane as usual. Central and lateral teeth with short,
stout, blunt cusps. Marginal teeth quadrate, with one wide, stout, bluntly
rounded median cusp, and two small, blunt side cusps.

We are indebted to Governor Rawson for this specimen
collected in the Island of Grenada.

222 Certain Terrestrial Pulmonata

Pupa suleata, Mutier (Gonidomus).

Lingual membrane long and very narrow. Rows of teeth arranged en
chevron. Teeth separated, aculeate, as in Pupa palanga Lesson, photo-
graphed by us (Amer. Jour. Conch. V, pl. x1, fig. 1-)

We obtained no jaw on boiling the buccal mass ina solu-
tion of caustic potash.

This species belongs to the genus Gronospira, in which
P. palanga was placed by Crosse and Fischer (Journal de
Conch. TX, 213 (1869), pl. x1, figs. 6-8).

The specimen examined, sent from Mauritius by Consul

Pike, was kindly supplied by Mr. John G. Anthony.

Bulimus aulacostylus, Prr. (Lurytus).

Lingual membrane as usual in the genus, the marginal teeth simply
modified from the laterals.

Jaw slightly arcuate, membranous, almost transparent, in one single
piece, but divided by delicate ribs into more than sixty plate-like sections,
as common in the genera Bulimulus, Cylindrella, etc. No upper median
triangular plate, but the ribs run somewhat obliquely to the centre.

We are indebted for this specimen from St. Lucia, and

for the following from St. Vincent, to Governor Rawson.

Bulimaws wauris-silemi, Born (Pelecychilus).

Jaw and lingual membrane as in the last species. The middle cusp of
the central teeth and inner cusp of the lateral teeth long, acute.

The jaw of this and the preceding species do not agree
with the generic description of von Martens ‘* costis validis
exarata,” but are like that of Bulimulus. This fact gives
still more proof of the difficulty of classifying the Bulimi
by their jaw, at the present stage of our knowledge of the
subject, as already remarked by Fischer (Jour. de Conch.
RIG 295, 1872):

Foreign to the United States. 223

ADDITIONAL NOTE ON THE GENUS AMPHIBULIMA.

Since our paper “On The Relations of Certain Genera
of Terrestrial Mollusca of, or related to, the Sub-family Suc-
cinine, with Notes on the Lingual Dentition of Succinea
appendiculata Pfr.” (pp. 198-207) was printed, we have re-
ceived, through the kindness of Dr. W. J. Branch of the
island of St. Kitts, two specimens of Amphibulima patula
with the animals, preserved in glycerine, and can in conse-
quence offer a decided opinion as to the generic relations of
the species.

Finding a note among the papers of the late Mr. Robert
Swift to the effect that “|S. patula Brug. is found at St. Kitts
on Bayford’s estate on the wild plantain which grows on
the banks of a small water-course,” Bland wrote on the 21st
November last, requesting Dr. W. J. Branch, a correspon-
dent of Mr. Swift and also of Governor Rawson, to obtain
specimens, if possible, for examination. To this request Dr.
Branch most kindly responded. We subjoin copy of his
interesting letter, which accompanied the specimens.

“‘T went a few days ago to Bayford’s to look for the S. natula but,
after a long and fatiguing search, found only two small (young) speci-
mens. When I was in the place several years since, the bushes on each
side of the little river were covered with snails* (a striped Bulimus, a
species of Helicina and the S. patula), but the other day I saw only three
arboreal snails. The present scarcity of these creatures in St. Kitts is
probably due to the hurricane which visited the island in 1870. Many
trees, some of enormous size, were torn up by the roots, others lost all
their branches, and scarcely a single leaf was left on any tree. The sup-
ply of water to the estates was cut off or much diminished by the drying
up of the numerous streams from the mountains. This was, no doubt,
caused by the want of foliage to protect the moisture, which collects on
the slopes of well-wooded hills, from the sun’s heat. So the poor snails
have come to grief from the actual violence of the hurricane itself, and
the subsequent cutting off of their supplies both of meat and drink.

You will see that both the snails sent are completely tucked into their
shells, but I do not think that they often, or perhaps ever, draw in either
the head or the posterior part of the foot during life. Their flesh is partic-
a a

* B. multifasciatus Lam. and H. fasciata Lam. (T. B.)

224 Certain Terrestrial Pulmonata

ularly watery and gelatinous and shrinks up as they die. When they are
moving about, the foot looks very large and when I touched the creature
it could not or would not retreat into its shell. On this point, however,
I shall be able to give more accurate information when I can collect addi-
tional specimens.”

We find that the animals are completely retracted into
their shells and very much in the same manner as in Succinea,
little more than the entire surface of the foot being alone
seen within the aperture, the cdges of the peristome pro-
jecting slightly beyond it. While the sensitiveness of the
animal to touch may be slight and its habit as described by
Dr. Branch, they cannot be said to be much larger than their
shells, as remarked by Sallé of Xanthonyx, aud described
by Fischer and Crosse, or as described by Dr. Cooper of
Binneia. The specimens for which we are indebted to Dr.
Branch, must have been taken alive in the month of Decem-
ber, and very soon at least after death, before becoming dry,
put in the glycerine.

It will be remembered that Guppy considers Omalonyx
and Brachyspira as groups or sections of Amphibulima. Ina
very recent letter he repeats his assurance that “the animals
of both Amphibulima patula and pardalina are very much
larger than the shells and quite incapable of retraction into
them.” His observation agrees, so far as it goes, with that of
Dr. Branch, who adds a remark as to the shrinking up of the
animals “as they die.” This shrinking before death must
be accompanied by the exercise of contractile muscular force,
and probably further observation will prove that the animal,
while in possession of its full vital power, can and does with-
draw itself into the shell, and especially, perhaps, in seasons
of drought.

The jaw of A. patula, of which we subjoin description,
has not the accessory plate characteristic of Succinea, and
which is found in Omelonye aud Brachyspira; while the
latter subgenera therefore belong to the Succinine, Amphi-
bulima must be associated with the fHelicine, By the char-
acter of the ribs of the jaw, it is most nearly allied to the

Foreign to the United States. 225

genus Bulimulus. The same may be said of Gotts lately
examined by us.

Amphibulima patula.— Body obtuse in front, pointed
behind, entirely retractile within the peristome, though usu-
ally greatly expanded. Mantle simple as in Succinea, Helix,
etc. Base of foot wrinkled transversely, without distinct
locomotive disk. Generative orifice? Respiratory orifice?

Jaw slightly arcuate, low, ends attenuated: extremely thin
and transparent with prominent transverse strize; divided
longitudinally by about forty-five delicate ribs into so many
plate-like sections of the same character as those of Cylin-
drella, Macroceramus and many species of Bulimulus. No
upper triangular median plates as in Cylindrella. Margin
serrated by extremities of ribs.

The figure we have given of the jaw of Succinea? appen-
diculata Pfr. (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X, pl. ix, fig. 2)
offers a correct general idea of the jaw of Amphibulima
patula. See also our photograph of jaw of Cylindrella rosea
(Am. Journ. Conch., V, pl. xi, fig. 2) for the character of
the ribs and plate-like sections.

Lingual membrane as already described and figured by us
from a specimen from Dominica (See Am. Journ. Conch.,
VII, 186, pl. xvii, figs. 1-2), long and broad, composed of
numerous horizontally waving rows of teeth, of the form
usual in the //elicidee. Centrals subquadrate, extended at
basal angles, narrowing towards the centre, expanding
towards the upper edge, which is reflected and tricuspid,
extending quite to the base of the tooth ; the cusps are stout,
the median one bluntly pointed. The lateral teeth are of
the same type as the centrals, but unsymmetrical. The
marginals are long and narrow, rounded at base, narrowed at
apex, reflected and bicuspid; cusps short, stout, and gene-
rally a simple modification of those of the laterals. The
extreme marginals have irregular teeth, like simple papille.

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XXI.— On the Lingual Dentition of Geotis.
By THOS. BLAND AnD W. G. BINNEY.
Read January 6, 1873.

[Reprinted from the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, N. Y., Vol. x, Oct., 1872.]

TuE genus G'eotis was described by Shuttleworth,* founded
ona curious mollusk from Porto Rico. The lingual denti-
tion was said to be nearly the same as in Vitrina and Zonites,
the teeth arranged in oblique rows, centrals obtusely tri-

*‘Tamina lingualis fere ut in Vitrina et Zonites constituta videtur, papilla nempe
numerosz in seriebus utrinque obliquis ordinatz sunt: papilla centrali obtuse tri
dentata; mediis vix a centrali diversis; lateralibus autem subulato-productis, arcuatis
basi? bifurcatis. An maxilla adsit heret.” ‘*E formatione linguze animal videtur
sine dubio carniyorum.” Shuttleworth, Bern Mit. 1854, p. 34.

(252)

Lingual Dentition of Geotis. 253

dentate, laterals scarcely differing from the centrals, mar-
ginals lengthened, awl-shaped, arcuate, at base ? bifurcate.
The presence of a jaw was not verified by Shuttleworth.
The character of the dentition was considered such as to
denote carnivorous habits of the animal.

This is all the information as to the lingual dentition of
Geotis hitherto published. Mérch, indeed, places the genus
(Jour. de Conch. 1865, 384) in his section Odontognatha,
which comprises the Terrestrial Pulmonata furnished with a
ribbed jaw, not from any original investigations, but simply
from its assumed identity with Parmacella, a genus believed
to have a ribbed jaw, judging from the obscure figure given
by Férussac of the mouth of Parmacella palliolum (Hist. t.
8 A, fig. 8). Shuttleworth’s description rather indicates the
form of dentition figured by us (Land and Fresh Water
Shells, I), of many species of Vitrina, Hyalina and Zonites.
The bifurcated base of the marginal teeth may even be sup-
posed to be such as we have figured (/. c. 17) in the centrals
of Glandina truncata.

We have long had in our possession the jaw and lingual
membrane of a specimen of Gcotis from Porto Rico. The
animal was received many years ago by one of us (Bland)
from the late Mr. Robert Swift, the aleohol in which it was
originally preserved evaporated, and the jaw and lingual
membrane were, not very long since obtained, by macera-
tion, in a somewhat imperfect condition. Comparing the
latter with Shuttleworth’s description, we find that at first
we had misunderstood his words, which, indeed, are quite
liable to mislead, especially in the infelicitous comparison
with Vitrina and Zonites. We give, therefore, a more de-
tailed description and figure, in order to prevent further
errors.

Jaw (plate xi, fig. 1) long, low, slightly arcuate, ends attenuated, ex-

tremely thin and delicate, transparent: in one single piece, but divided by
over forty* delicate ribs into as many plate-like compartments of the type

* Fragments only of the jaw were saved; the largest one we have figured, and from
it estimate the whole number of ribs.

254 Lingual Dentition of Geotis.

common in Bulimulus and Cylindrella, but without the upper median tri-
angular plate characteristic of the latter; both margins scarcely serrated
by the ends of the ribs.

From our numerous observations on the jaws of Pulmo-
nata (see Ann. Lyc. N. H. of N. Y., X, 165), we consider
this to be a form of ribbed jaw, the plate-like sections being
actually divided by delicate longitudinal ribs. It is to be
understood that the jaw is not in separate pieces, as in Or-
thalicus and Liguus (see Ibid, p. 168). Our figure of the
jaw of Helix turbiniformis, Pfr. (Ibid, pl. ii, fig. 2), gives
the same type of jaw, though differing in form. That of
Succinea ? appendiculata (Ibid, X, pl. ix, fig. 2) is still
nearer the jaw we are considering.

The lingual membrane is entirely different from what we
had eon from our interpretation of Shuttleworth’s de-
scription. We recognize no resemblance to that of Zonites
and Vitrina, but rather (in arrangement and shape of teeth
and position of cusp) to that figured by us of Orthalicus
zebra and undatus (Amer. Jour. of Conch. 1870, pl. ix,
figs. 2, 6, 10, 12,) and Liguus fasciatus drawn by Leidy,
(Terr. Moll. U. S. II, 270). From these, however, it dif-
fers in the development of its cusp, which shares the trifid
character, and nearly resembles that of felix muscarum
(Am. Jour. Conch. J. c. fig. 4).

Lingual membrane long and broad, composed of numerous rows of
teeth arranged en chevron. Centrals very long, narrow, obtuse above,
incurved at sides, obtusely rounded and expanded at base near which is a
short, gouge-shaped, expanded cusp, whose lower edge is bluntly triden-
tate. Laterals same as centrals in shape, but a little larger, and unsym-
metrical from the disproportionate expansion of the outer denticle of the
cusp. Marginals same as laterals, but more slender, with more developed
and graceful teeth, of which the median is pointed, often bifid. There is
much variety in the shape and denticulation of the cusps. The middle
denticle is always the smallest.

We find no distinct marginal teeth of the aculeate type
noticed by Shuttleworth, but believe he was misled by see-
ing these teeth in exact profile, when they have somewhat
that form as shown in our figure 6. Seen from above,

Ann. of Lyc. Nat.Hist.of N-Y. Vol.X. Pl XI.

Lingual Dentition in Physa. 255

however, the same teeth retain their subquadrate form,
figure 7. Both jaw and lingual membrane, therefore,
prove that the genus belongs to the Helicinw of our pro-
posed arrangement of Pulmonata (see Ann. Lyc. N. H. of
N. Y., J. c. 165), or to the Helicea of von Martens. (Die
Heliceen, ed. 2.)

By its jaw, Gotis calls to our mind the genus Amphibu-
lima (see pl. xi, fig. 8), as well as the shell known as Suc-
cinea? appendiculata Pfr., whose generic position we have
left in doubt (Ibid, X, pl. ix, fig. 2), and many species of
Bulimulus. We have above shown the resemblance of its
lingual dentition to that of Orthalicus and Liguus, as well as
of Helix muscarum. It also forcibly reminds one of some
of the features of the dentition of Triboniophorus.

Our figure 5, plate xi, gives the central and adjacent lat-
eral teeth: fig. 6 an extreme marginal in profile, on a dif-
ferent scale of enlargement: fig. 7 a marginal seen as in
fig. 6: fig. 1 the largest fragment saved of the jaw.

XXII. — Note on a curious form of Lingual Dentition in
Physa.

By THOS. BLAND AND W. G. BINNEY.

Read January 6, 1873.

WE have received from Governor Rawson specimens in
alcohol of a shell apparently belonging to the genus P/ysa,
collected at Point 4 Pitre by M. Schramm. On examining
its jaw and lingual dentition, we find both different from
what is usual in that genus. The jaw is not at all chevron-
shaped,* but is simply slightly arcuate, long, low, ends atten-
uated. The lingual membrane wants entirely the broad
transverse rows of comb-like teeth arranged en chevron

* See figure of jaw of Physa in Land and Fresh Water Shells of North Amer ica, II
p. 75, fig. 123.

January, 1873. 18 ANN. Lyc. Nat.-Hist., VOL: x.

256 Lingual Dentition in Physa.

which are characteristic of Physa.* On the other hand, the
lingual membrane is long and narrow, with almost horizontal
rows of teeth. The centrals are narrow, somewhat expanded
at the base, at apex recurved into a slightly produced quin-
quedentate cusp, the central denticle the largest. The later-
als are quadrate, the whole apex recurved into a broad cusp
produced almost to the base of the tooth, with one large,
inner, stout, pointed denticle which bears on its inner side
another small pointed denticle, and two, small, irregular,
sharp, side denticles. The marginals are but modifications
of the laterals, wider than high, with one bluntly bifid inner,
and several small, blunt, irregular side denticles.

The centrals and laterals are like those of Zimneat rather
than of Physa, the marginals more like those of Planorbist
but much more quadrate.

In our figure 2 of plate xi, we give one central and several
lateral teeth, in fig. 8 one marginal: fig. 4 represents the
jaw. ;

A view of the shell is also given in fig. 9.

We have not been able to determine this species of Physa,
represented by M. Schramm to be very rare. In some re-
spects it appears to be allied to P. striata D’Orb. (Cuba I.
192, Tab. xili, figs. 14-16), received by that author from
M. Ferdinand de Candé, but whether from Martinique or
Cuba was not positively known.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

A portion of jaw of Geotis (p. 253.)

Physa ——? (See p. 255.) One central tooth and two laterals
from the lingual membrane.

The same as 2. One marginal tooth.

The same. The jaw.

no Re

re

* See Ibid, p. 81, fig. 138: p. 82, fig. 141. Physa ampullacea, Gld. from Colorado Ter-
ritory, lately collected by Dr. E. Palmer, has the same type of lingual. Dall has detected
amore simple form of tooth alternating with the comb-like laterals of Physa. See his
exhaustive review of Limneide etc.,in Ann. of Lyc. N. H. of N. Y., IX, 333, for valu-
able information on the dentition of the fresh water Pulmonates.

{See our figures in the Amer. Jour. of Conch., 1871, pl. xii.

{See our figure in Ann. of Lyc. N. H. of N. Y., IX, p. 292.

Lingual Dentition in Physa. 257

Fig. 5. Lingual dentition of Gwotis. One central tooth with adjacent

laterals.

6. Same as last, but more enlarged. An extreme marginal tooth
in profile.

7. Sameas 5. An extreme marginal tooth.

8. Amphibulima patula (see p. 225.) The jaw folded as it appears
on the microscope slide, the position taken from its extreme
tenuity.

Physa sp. indet. Shell. Jaw and Lingual dentition. Figs.
2-4,

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On Prophysaon, ete. 293

[Reprinted from the Annals of Lyceum of Natural History of N. Y.,
Vol. 10, Nos. 10-11, March-June, 1873.]

XXVIT.— On Prophysaon, a new Pulmonate Mollusk, on
Ariolimax, on Helix lychnuchus and other species.

By THOMAS BLAND AND W. G. BINNEY.

Read April 28, 1873.
Description of Prophysaon, a new Genus of Pulmonate Mollusk.

ANIMAL limaciforme, postice acuminatum. Pallium antice positum, par-
vum, obtusum, marginibus anterioribus liberis, testam simplicem, haud
spiralem includens. Margo infera animalis sulco longitudinali supra
pedem posito instructa. Discus distinctus gressorius nullus. Apertura
respiratoria et analis ad marginem dextram pallii paululum anteriorem
posite. Apertura genitalis ad latus dextrum, pone et infra tentaculum
oculigerum. Porus mucosus caudalis nullus.

Testa interna longa, subhexagonalis.

Maxilla leviter arcuata, costis numerosis validis (in specie unica circa
xv), confertis munita; marginibus denticulatis.

Lamina lingualis ut in Helice constituta. Dentes mediane tricuspidate,
laterales bicuspidate, marginales quadrate, irregulariter cuspidate.

Habitat in Oregon et in California. Specimina plurima collegit H.
Hemphill de Astoria usque ad San Francisco.

Genus Limaci, Ariont et Artolimaci affine, sed facile distinguendum.
Limaci affine est testa interna, et positione aperture genitalis; sed differt
maxilla costata, dentibus lingualibus marginalibus subquadratis, et posi-
tione aperture respirationis. Avioni simile est genus maxilla costata,
dentibus lingualibus marginalibus et positione aperture respiratorie ;
sed differt testa interna, positione aperture genitalis, et poro mucoso
carente. Ariolimaci affine est maxilla costata, dentibus marginalibus
quadratis lingualibus, et testa interna; sed differt positione aperturarum,
respiratorie et genitalis, et poro mucoso carente. De omnibus generibus
supra comparatis differt etiam nostrum genus carente disco gressorio
distincto. :

De genere Hibernico Geomalaco differt carentibus poro mucoso caudali,
disco distincto gressorio, et positione pallii et aperture réspiratorie (in
Geomalaco valde anteriore); affine est testa interna, dentibus quadratis
marginalibus lingualibus. Maxilla Geomalaci (vide infra, p. 309).

Ab ceteris generibus Americanis sat distinctum est.

Animal (see pl. xiii, fig. 8) limaciform, attenuated behind.
Mantle anterior, small, obtuse before and behind, its margins
free as far back as the cleft for the respiratory orifice, enclos-
ing a simple, not spiral, subhexagonal shell, which is longer

294 On Prophysaon, etc.

than wide. A longitudinal line around the animal just
above the edge of foot. No distinct locomotive disk to
foot, but crowded, oblique furrows running from centre to
edge. Respiratory and anal orifices on the right margin of
mantle, slightly in advance of its centre, with the usual cleft
to the edge. Genital orifice behind and below, but quite
near to, the right eye-peduncle. No caudal mucus pore.

Jaw slightly arcuate, ends blunt, but little attenuated.
Anterior surface with numerous (about fifteen in the only
known species) crowded, stout ribs, which denticulate either
margin (see pl. xili, fig. 4).

Lingual membrane (pl. xiii, fig. 7) as usual in the genus
Helix. Central teeth tricuspid. lLaterals bicuspid. Mar-
ginals quadrate, irregularly cuspid, the inner cusps, as usual,
longest.

Found in Oregon and California. Mr. Henry Hemphill
has collected specimens from Astoria to San Francisco Bay.

This genus agrees with Limax by having an internal shell,
and by the position of the genital orifice. It differs by its
ribbed jaw, by the subquadrate marginal teeth of the lingual
membrane, and by the anterior position of its respiratory
orifice. The genus is allied to Arion by its ribbed jaw, its
quadrate marginal teeth of the lingual membrane, and by
the anterior position of its respiratory orifice; it differs in
having an internal shell, in the position of its generative ori-
fice and by the want of a caudal mucus pore. The genus is
also allied to Ariolimax in having a ribbed jaw, quadrate
marginal teeth to its lingual membrane and an internal
shell; it differs in the position of both genital and respira-
tory orifices, and by the want of a caudal mucus pore. The
absence of a distinct locomotive disk to the foot distin-
guishes our genus also from Arion, Limax and Ariolimax.
It is not readily confounded with any other known American
genus. The Irish genus Geomalacus is somewhat allied,
having an anterior respiratory orifice and an internal shell,
and being said by Gray to have crowded, quadrate teeth as

On Prophysaon, etc. 295

in Helix, from which we presume the marginals are quadrate,
not aculeate. G'eomalacus, however, differs from Prophy-
saon in having an extremely anterior mantle and orifice of
respiration close behind the right tentacle. It also has a
locomotive disk and caudal mucus pore. It is described
below, p. 309.

Prophysaon Wemphilli. n.s.

From specimens preserved in alcohol we can draw the
following description only. Body blunt anteriorly, attenu-
ated posteriorly, rounded and high on the back. Mantle
granulated, whitish with a circular ring of smoke color
above the respiratory orifice. Body obliquely reticulated
with bluish lines, the reticulations larger (about twelve)
below each side of the mantle, more numerous and smaller
on the posterior extremity of the body. These reticulations
are subdivided by irregularly disposed, rounded tuberosities,
with colorless interstices. Above the foot, from the longitu-
dinal line running around the animal to the edge of the foot,
are perpendicular lines or furrows, also bluish in color. The
foot has crowded wrinkles, running obliquely backwards
from its centre to its margins. Length of an alcoholic speci-
men 40 mill.

Astoria, Oregon: Oakland and Mendocino Co., Califor-
nia (Mr. Henry Hemphill).

The internal shell (pl. xiii, fig. 2) differs in thickness, but
is always well marked, sometimes suboval, sometimes sub-
hexagonal, always longer than wide.

The jaw and lingual membrane have been described above.

The genitalia* are figured on pl. xiii, fig. 6. The testicle is composed
of black aciniform coeca; it is almost completely buried in the upper lobes
of the liver, the epididymis completely so, lying on the floor of the cavity
formed by the spiral winding of the upper lobes. It appears to pass
through one of the lower lobes to join the oviduct, before reaching
which it is greatly convoluted. The accessory gland of the epididymis
appears to be composed of several aciniform coeca of unequal size. The

*I alone am responsible for the descriptions of the anatomy.—W. G. B.

296 On Prophysaon, etc.

prostate gland is large. The vas deferens is extremely long, ten times
as long as the penis, and equals the length of the whole genital system.
It is attached to the side of the vagina quite to the penis, where it
becomes free, and is spirally wound. It is largest about half-way from
the vagina to the apex of the penis. It enters the penis at the centre of
its truncated apex. The penis is very short and stout, barrel shaped, of
equal breadth throughout. It has no retractor muscle. The cloaca is
very short. On the vagina, just above the penis, appears on some speci-
mens an extremely small, sac-like organ, not figured in our plate, as we
are not entirely satistied as to its presence. It is perhaps a dart sac, or a
prostate. The ovary has the usual tongue-shaped form. The oviduct is
not much convoluted. The vagina is long, and extremely broad, several
times convoluted. The genital bladder is oval, small, with a short, stout
duct entering the vagina at its upper extremity, by the side of the ter-
minus of the oviduct.

This peculiarly stout, barrel shaped penis and broad vagina
were constant in eight specimens examined, all from Astoria.
In several other specimens from Mendocino County, easily
detected exteriorly by a more slender, tapering body, and
smaller, more rounded mantle, the penis was found more
elongated, the vagina less broad, the genital bladder larger,
with a more delicate duct. In these specimens, also, the
testicle was very much larger and was not concealed in the
liver, but only slightly entangled in it at one point, against
which it lay. The epididymis in these specimens was also
free from the liver. The genitalia of this form differ enough
from those of the Astoria specimens to warrant our belief in
the existence of a second species of Prophysaon. We have
therefore figured, also (fig. 5), the genital system of the
Mendocino County specimens. The question of specific
identity must be settled by those who can study living speci-
mens. ‘The digestive system of the same form is figured on
pl. xiii, fig. 3. It quite resembles that of Arion hortensis as
figured by Leidy in Terrestrial Mollusks, Vol. I. It is
much more simple than that of Ariolimax. The salivary
glands are very broad and very arborescent, and form a
broad collar around the cesophagus and commencement of the
stomach. The last named organ is very broad.

On Prophysaon, etc. 297

Before deciding that this slug is new to science we com-
pared it with the descriptions of Arion foliolatus, Gould
(Terr. Moll. U. S., II, 30, pl. Ixvi, fig. 2) and Arion? An-
dersonit, J. G. Cooper (Proc. Phila. A. N. S., 1872, 148,
pl. iii, fig. F, 1-5). Our species cannot be identical with
the former, which is described as an Arion, with “a conspicu-
ous pit, which probably was occupied by a mucus gland” at
the truncated tip of the tail. The areole formed by the retic-
ulating lines of A. foliolatus are said to have their surfaces
indented by leaf-like markings, no doubt the same as the
granulations between the reticulations of Prophysaon. In
our genus, however, the granulations seem less regularly
arranged. The figure of Arion foliolatus* shows, also, a
larger mantle, which leaves a much smaller space between
its lower margin and the longitudinal furrow above the foot,
than does the mantle in our species.

At first sight it seemed as if our species might be identical
with Arion? Andersonii, but that species is described and
figured with a distinct locomotive disk, with the respiratory
orifice perceptibly anterior only when the animal is fully
extended, with a jaw having 20-30 ribs, with a minute
caudal mucus pore and with the generative orifice half-way
between the tentacle and the mantle, all of which does not
apply to Prophysaon Hemphilli.

We deem it necessary, therefore, to find a specific as well
as generic name for our slug, and take pleasure in adopting
that of Mr. Henry Hemphill, who has given us so much
assistance in our studies of the land shells of the Pacific
Coast.

On the Generic Characters of Aviolimax.

Having received from Mr. J. G. Anthony, of the Cam-
bridge Museum of Comparative Zoology, a specimen of the
true Ariolimax, probably the A. Californicus, we are en-

*Fig. 6 of the Ex. Ex., shows the respiratory orifice behind the centre of the mantle
edge.

298 On Prophysaon, etc.

abled to give a more full description of the genus than that
contained in our Land and Fresh Water Shells of North
America.

ARIOLIMAX. Animal limaciforme, postice acuminatum. Pallium antice
situm, parvum, obtusum, marginibus liberis, testam simplicem haud
spiralem, solidam includens. Margo infera animalis sulco longitudinali
supra pedem posito munita. Discus gressorius distinctus. Apertura
respiratoria ad marginem dextram pallii in parte posteriore posita; aper-
tura analis vicina, sed postice et infra posita. Apertura genitalis ad
latus dextrum corporis, sub parte anteriore libera pallii posita Cin A.
Californico duobus orificiis distinctis munita). Porus mucosus caudalis
triangularis erectus supra apicem pedis.

Maxilla leviter arcuata, costis numerosis (viii-xx), validis, confertis
munita; marginibus denticulatis.

Lamina lingualis ut in Helice constituta. Dentes mediane tricuspi-
datz; laterales bicuspidate; marginales quadrate, irregulariter cuspi-
datz, cuspide interna producta, externa seepissime subobsoleta.

Habitat in regionibus Pacificis Statuorum Unitorum, inter Oceanum et
montes ‘‘Cascade” et ‘‘Sierra Nevada” dictas, de lat. 34° usque ad 49°.

Genus a cl. Morch primo descriptum, Mal. Blatt. VI, 110, Oct., 1859;
postquam a W. G. Binney Amer. Journ. Conch. I, 48, pl. vi, fig. 11-13,
1865; deinde, W. G. Binney et T. Bland, L. and F. W. Shells N. A., I, 278,
f. 496-8, 1869. Ceteris auctoribus ad Limacem refertur: Gould in Terr.
Moll. U.S. Il, 1851; W. G. Binney ante, Terr. Moll. IV, 1859; Tryon,
Am. Journ. Conch., ITI, 315, 1868.

Genus Limaci, Arioni et Prophysaonti affine, sed facile distinguendum.
Limaci affine est testa interna, positione aperture respiratoriz, et disco
gressorio distincto; sed differt poro mucoso caudali, maxilla costata,
dentibus marginalibus quadratis lamine lingualis, et positione aperture
genitalis. Arioni simile poro mucoso caudali, disco gressorio distincto,
maxilla costata, lamina linguali, positione aperture genitalis; sed differt
positione aperture respiratoriz, et testa interna. Prophysaonti simile
testa interna, maxilla costata, lamina linguali; sed differt positione aper-
turarum, respiratorie et genitalis, disco gressorio distincto, et poro mucoso
caudali.

Ab ceteris generibus Americanis limaciformibus aut sublimaciformibus,
Veronicella, Binneia, Hemphillia, Tebennophoro et Pallifera sat distinctum
est.

Species adhuc note :—

Ariolimax Columbianus, GouLD (Limax), Terr. Moll. U.S., II, 43, pl. Lxvi,
fig. 1. Conf. BINNEY et BLAND, L. and F: W. Shells N. A., I, 279.
Ariolimax Californicus, J. G. Cooprr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1872,

p. 146, pl. iii, fig. D, 1-3.
Ariolimax niger, J. G. COOPER, I. ¢., 147, pl. iii, fig. E, 1-4.

On Prophysaon, etc. 299

Animal limaciform, blunt in front, pointed behind. Man-
tle anterior, small, bluntly truncated before and behind, free
around its edges, containing a well defined, solid, testaceous
plate. A longitudinal furrow along the sides above the foot.
A distinct locomotive disk. Respiratory orifice at the poste-
rior third of the mantle, with a cleft to its right margin.
Anal orifice contiguous to the last, slightly below and behind
it. Orifices of generation on the right of the body, below
the anterior, free part of the mantle, distinct but contiguous
(in A. californicus, certainly), that of the male organ ante-
rior. Tail furnished with a perpendicular, triangular mucus
pore, with a horizontal mucus slit to the end of the tail.

Testaceous plate flat, thick, calcareous, simple, not spiral ;
longer than wide, hexagonal.

Jaw (see L. and F. W. Shells, p. 278, fig. 497) slightly
arcuate, with numerous (from eight to twenty in the several
species) stout, crowded ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane (see L. and F. W. Shells I, p. 279,
fig. 498) as usual in felix. Teeth in numerous horizontal
rows; centrals tricuspid; laterals bicuspid; marginals (see
our plate xiii, fig. 1) quadrate, irregularly denticulated, the
inner cusp the largest.*

Inhabits the Pacific Coast of the United States, at least
from lat. 34° to 49°, apparently not eastward of the Sierra
Nevada and Cascade Ranges.

The species on which the genus was founded has been
known for many years as a Limax (see Gould in Terr. Moll.
U. S., Il, Ill and Ex. Ex. Mollusca, where an additional
figure is given), but it was not until 1859 that Morch (Mal.
Blatt. VI, 110) recognized it to be distinct from Limax and
proposed a generic name, Ariolimax. In 1865, W. G.
Binney (Amer. Journ. Conch. I, p. 48, pl. vi, figs. 11-13)
gave a more detailed generic description, adding figures of

*TIn only one instance have we seen marginal teeth as in our figure. In all other
specimens examined the marginals are as figured in L. and F, W, Shells, Z. c., With one
long cusp and one obsolete side cusp.

300 On Prophysaon, etc.

jaw and lingual dentition. These were also given in our
Land and Fresh Water Shells N. A., I, p. 278, figs. 496-8
(1869). As late as 1868 the species is still retained in
Limax by Tryon (Amer. Journ. Conch. II, 315), who gives
a copy of one of Gould’s figures from the Terrestrial
Mollusks.

The genus has affinities with, but is readily distinguished
from, Limax, Arion and Prophysaon. It agrees with
Limaz in having an internal shelly plate, in the position of
its respiratory orifice and its distinct locomotive disk ; but it
differs in having a caudal mucus pore, a ribbed jaw, quadrate
(not aculeate) marginal teeth on the lingual membrane, and
in the position of its genital orifice. With Arzon it agrees
in having a mucus pore, a distinct locomotive disk, a ribbed
jaw, in its lingual membrane, and position of the genital
orifice ; but it differs in the position of its respiratory orifice
and its internal shell. With Prophysaon it agrees in having
an internal shell, a ribbed jaw, in its lingual membrane ; but
differs in the position of the genital and respiratory orifices,
in its distinct locomotive disk and caudal mucus pore.

From the other sluglike, or semi-sluglike American genera,
Tebennophorus, Pallifera, Binneia, Hemphillia, Veronicella,
it is most readily distinguished.

Several species are known :—

Ariolimax Columbianus, Goutp (Limax) see L. and F. W.
Shells, I, 279, for its synonymy, to which must be added
Limax Columbianus, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III,
315, pl. xvi, fig. 1, copy. (1868.) This is found in
Washington Territory and Oregon, confined, according
to Dr. Cooper, to the west of the Cascades.

Ariolimax Californicus, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Phila. Acad.
Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 146, pl. iii, fig. D, 1-3. California,
in the Coast Range, once only in the Sierra Nevada in
lat. 39°:

On Prophysaon, etc. 301

Ariolimax niger, J. G. Cooprr, 1. c. 149, pl. iii, fig. E, 1-4.
San Francisco Bay. An examination of the original
specimens belonging to the State collection of California
convinced us of this being a distinct species. The
anatomy, especially the genitalia, of these species varies
greatly, as we hope to show in a future paper.

On the Generic Position of Melix lychnuchus, Mill.

Prominent among the group of Helices known as Dentel-
laria is Helix lychnuchus, Miiller, a species well known from
its characteristic shell. Though its specific identity is un-
questioned, it has been less fortunate with respect to generic
position. From an examination of the generative organs
and jaw, this species was referred by M. de St. Simon
(Journ. de Conch. HI, p. 227, Aug., 1853) to the genus
Zonites. So positively was this determination made that it
has been accepted by subsequent authors, either absolutely
or to a degree sufficient to throw doubt upon the species
being a true Helix. Thus in the second edition of Albers’
“Die Heliceen,” p. 79, there is a paragraph fixing the place
it would hold as a distinct genus among the Vitrinea, should
St. Simon’s observations be confirmed; and quite recently
we find it singled out by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse (Moll.
Mex. et Guat., p. 205) as an instance of the shell of a
terrestrial mollusk being unreliable in indicating generic
position.

Karly in our studies of the classification of land shells, we
were inclined to doubt the correctness of St. Simon’s decis-
ion. On consulting his paper (p. 234) we noticed that he
placed Hlelix lychnuchus in Zonites simply because he ac-
cepted Moquin-Tandon’s decision that Zonites is generically
distinct from Helix, in having (1) a jaw without ribs or
marginal denticulations and with a median rostriform pro-
jection to its cutting edge; and (2) by the absence of dart,
dart sac and multifid vesicles in the generative system. We
had satisfied ourselves that this distinction does not exist,

302 On Prophysaon, etc.

and even at the time of writing his article, St. Simon might
have learned from the first volume of the “Terrestrial Mol-
lusks of the United States” that many Helices have the most
simple form of genitalia, while several true Zonites have the
dart, dart sac, and some form of multifid vesicle. As to the
presence or absence of ribs upon the jaw, or a median pro-
jection to its cutting edge, we were well aware from our own
observations that those characters were valueless for the pur-
poses of distinguishing Zonites from Helix. Our doubts as
to the correctness of the reference by St. Simon of Helix
lychnuchus to Zonites, were confirmed on finding the allied
species* of the subgenus Dentellaria, H. orbiculata, Fer.,
Isabella, Fer., dentiens, Fer., and perplexa, Fer., to be
true Helices. All of those species have the quadrate mar-
ginal teeth which characterize the genus Helix, while, as is
well known, the genus Zonites is characterized by aculeate
marginal teeth. Moreover we did not observe in any of the
above species the marginal furrows above the edge of the
foot, the distinct locomotive disk, or the caudal mucus pore
prevailing in Zonites.

Confident, therefore, that the species would prove a true
Helix, we have tor some time endeavored to obtain speci-
mens of the animal, but have only recently succeeded in so
doing. Through the kindness of Mr. A. Schramm we are in
receipt of several specimens preserved in glycerine, from
Guadeloupe. On examination of these specimens we find,
from both external and internal characters of the animal,
that our surmises are corroborated in every particular. The
species, therefore, animal as well as shell considered, must
remain in Helix, as now accepted by von Martens and most
authors.

Helix lychnuchus. Lingual membrane (pl. xiv, figs. 7, 8), long and broad.
Teeth arranged in numerous horizontal rows. Centrals tricuspid, laterals
bicuspid, the side cusps of each being subobsolete ; marginals quadrate,

*Two more of this subgenus are described below in this paper, p. 305, 306,

On Prophysaon, etc. 308

low, wide, the upper margin reflected along its whole length and produced
into two oblique, broad, bluntly rounded cusps, the inner one bluntly
bifid.

Jaw (see pl. xiv, fig. 5) arched, high, ends blunt, scarcely attenuated;
concave margin with a broad, blunt, median projection. Upper margin
showing slightly the ends of subobsolete ribs, whose presence is scarcely
discernible on the anterior surface. Strong perpendicular strie, and
stout transverse lines of reinforcement.

We have also examined the genital system and find it
apparently as described by M. St. Simon (/.c.). Its char-
acteristic is the long, flagellate penis, and long, large duct to
the genital bladder. (See pl. xiv, tig. 6.) The external
orifice of the generative organs seems, as stated by M. St.
Simon, to be under the mantle, not far in advance, on the
side of the neck, behind the right tentacle. See our re-
marks on the value of this character in Ann. N. Y. Lyc.
Nat. Hist., X, p. 165.

It is interesting to state in this connection, that we have
already rescued from a similar misapprehension one species
of the genus Leucochroa (L. Boissiert, see Ann. of N. Y.
Lyc. Nat. Hist., X, p. 220), a genus separated from Helix
on the same grounds as Helix lychnuchus was referred to Zo-
nites. We cannot refrain from believing that all the species
referred to Leucochroa, including LZ. candidissima, will be
proved to have quadrate marginal teeth.

The species allied to Helix lychnuchus, also referred to
Dentellaria, H. Isabella and H. dentiens, have decidedly
costate jaws; H. orbiculata and perplexa have only some
approach to ribs on their jaws; the last mentioned has a
broad median projection. All of them have on their lingual
membranes marginal teeth of the type described above in
Flelix lychnuchus.*

*The habitat given of this species, in Albers, 2d ed. (Porto Rico), is unquestionably
erroneous. Itis by no means uncommon in Guadeloupe, and Pfeiffer refers it also to
Martinique, but we haye not seen any authentic specimen from that island.

JUNE, 1873. 21 ANN. LYC. NAT. HIsT., VOL. X.

304 On Prophysaon, etc.

On the Specific Distinction of Welix Columbiana, Lea, and
Helix germana, (ould.

We have hitherto found difficulty in separating certain
forms of Helix Columbiana, Lea, and Helix germana, Gould,
but have recently received, through the kindness of Mr.
Henry Hemphill, specimens of both species, preserved in
alcohol, from several distinct localities. An examination of
their soft parts has proved that in the jaw and genital
system there exists a specific difference readily detected.
This difference appears to be constant, as we have observed
it in one specimen, with parietal lamina and quite depressed,
of Helix Columbiana, from San Leandro, California, and
three from another locality. In Helix germana we also have
found the characters constant, having examined four speci-
mens, one from Astoria, the other three from a separate
locality.

In the jaw, the distinction is in its general outline and in
the size and frequency of the ribs on the anterior surface.
In H. germana the jaw is slightly arcuate (see pl. xiv, fig.
4); the ribs are about eleven in number, broad, crowded,
with narrow interstices only, generally resembling the jaw
found in the subgenus Stenotrema (see our L. and F. W.
Shells N. A., Part I). In Helix Columbiana (pl. xiv, fig. 2)
the jaw is more arched, the ribs are less numerous, about
eight, narrower, much more separated, and more decidedly
produced on either margin, as usual in Mesodon.

In the genitalia the difference lies in the genital bladder.
This organ in Helix Columbiana is clavate, short, with a
short, stout duct (fig. 1, a) but in Helix germana (fig. 3, a) it
is globular and has a long, narrow duct.

In both species the retractor muscle of the penis is attached

Nore. In L. and F. W. Shells N. A., Part I, 120, we included H. germana in Steno-
trema, but it has not the internal transverse tubercle characteristic of that subgenus.
In the foregoing remarks we have shown that H. germana differs specifically from H.
* Columbiana, but consider that both species belong to Mesodon rather than the latter to
Stenotrema.

On Prophysaon, etc. 305

to the vas deferens, a short distance before the latter organ
enters the penis, which it does at the apex of the penis sac.

Macrocyclis Baudoni, Petit.

We have already described the lingual membrane of this
species. (See Am. Journ. Conch., VII, p. 175.) Recently
we have received a Guadeloupe specimen (not adult), from
Mr. Schramm. On extracting the lingual membrane we
found attached to it a most delicate, transparent, colorless
jaw, arched, with pointed ends, median projection to cutting
edge and smooth anterior surface.

This, added to ‘the lingual dentition, places. the species in
Macrocyclis.

Bulimulus multifasciatus, Lam. (Jiostracus.)
Antigua. Governor Rawson.

Jaw long, very low, slightly arcuate; ends attenuated, pointed; ex-
tremely thin, transparent; divided by numerous delicate ribs into over
thirty plates of the form common to Bulimulus, Cylindrella, etc., the
upper median plates triangular.

Lingual membrane broad. Teeth in numerous waving rows, of the
type we have described and figured in Bulimulus laticinctus. (Ann. Lye.
Nat. Hist., N. Y., X, p. 81, pl. ii, fig. 1, 5.) The centrals are distinctly
trifid.

Bulimulus alternans, Beck. (Liostracus.)
Islands in the Bay of Panama. Mr. MeNiel.

Jaw long, low, slightly arcuate, extremely thin and transparent; divided
by numerous delicate ribs in about fifty-two plates of the type common in
Bulimulus, Cylindrella, etc.

Lingual membrane as in the preceding species.

Helix pachygastra, Gray. (Dentellaria.)
Guadeloupe. Mr. Schramm.

Jaw stout, slightly arcuate, ends blunt; anterior surface with decided
ribs, denticulating either margin, about seven, irregularly disposed; both
ends free from ribs.

Lingual membrane as usual in the subgenus; see above, p. 303 and plate
xiv, figs. 7, 8, for those of Helix lychnuchus.

306 On Prophysaon, ete.

Helix Josephinee, Fér. (Dentellaria.)
Guadeloupe. Mr. Schramm.

Jaw stout, ribless; so strongly arched as to be quite horse-shoe shaped.
Ends bluntly rounded. A decided median projection to cutting edge,
marked with strong vertical strie.

Lingual membrane as in preceding.

Helix invalida, Adams. (Pleurodonta.)
Jamaica. Mr. Henry Vendryes.

Jaw not examined.
Lingual membrane as in the preceding. The centrals and laterals quite
short and stout.

Punctum minutissimuim, Lea.

This species was described as Helix minutissima by Mr.
Isaac Lea, in 1841. Its proper generic position was un-
known, however, prior to 1864, when Professor Edward 8.
Morse, published figures of the jaw and lingual dentition
(Journ. Portland Soc., I, p. 27, fig. 70, pl. viii, fig. 71).

He thus described the jaw :—

‘«The buccal plate (fig. 70) is made up of sixteen long, slender, corneous
lamine, recurved at their cutting edges, these plates partially lapping
over each other.”

Morse remarked on the similarity between Lea’s species
and H. pygmea Drap., of Europe, adding, “and it seems
singular that it has never been referred to that species,” but
after examination of the jaw of the latter, as figured by
Moquin-Tandon, Morse considered it generically distinct.

The following is Moquin-Tandon’s description of the jaw
of H. pygmea (Moll. de France, II, p. 103, pl. x, fig. 2,
1855).

‘¢ Machoire large de 0™ .25, peu arquée, mince, & peine cornée, trans-
parente, assez facile 4 étudier 4 cause de la transparence des téguments ;
extrémités amincies; partie moyenne du bord libre un peu surbaissée;
cétes verticales nombreuses, fines, serrées; crénelures trés pétites.”

On Prophysaon, etc. 307

In W. G. Binney’s Synopsis (Smith. Inst. Coll., p. 4,
Dec., 1863) Hyalina ( Conulus) minutissima, Lea, is enu-
merated, and Tryon (Amer. Jour. Conch., II, p. 257, 1866)
placed the species in Conulus, while quoting the particulars
given by Morse, of the jaw.

In 1868, Lindstrém (Gotlands Nut. Moll., taf. iii, f. 12)
published figures, but without description, of the jaw of
H. pygmea. On comparison of this with Morse’s figure of
minutissima, the identity of the two species could scarcely
be inferred.

In our Land and Fresh-water Shells (Part I, p. 221, 1869)
we adopt Punctum, Morse, as the generic name of Lea’s
species, treating that genus as belonging to Orthalicine, by
reason of the structure of the jaw.

W. G. Binney (Invert. Mass. 2d ed., p. 403, fig. 660,
1870) has Hyalina minutissima as occurring in Massachusetts,
adding in a note “the character of the jaw would place the
species in the subfamily Orthalicine, as a distinct genus for
which Morse’s name Punctum might be retained, otherwise
the species would be placed in Hyalina.”

Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct.,
1872) refers to Hyalina minutissima as being identical with
Helix pygmea, Drap.

Dr. G. Schacko (Malak. Blatt., p. 178, 1872) has re-
cently described both jaw and lingual teeth of HZ. pygmea,
showing that both have the same characters as ascribed by
Morse to Punctum minutissimum.

The following is a translation of Schacko’s description of
the jaw of H. pygmea:—

“The jaw consists of nineteen plates, which are grouped in the form
of ahorse-shoe. They lie together like the tiles of a roof, and partially
cover one another. The plates are connected by a fine transparent mem-
brane. The middle plate, which is the largest, and perfectly straight at
the top, lies entirely alone, so that a space is visible between it and the
two next side-plates. These are smaller and of the same length, while
the top is slightly curved. The plates have the same form as regards
their length, but the curve increases towards the end plates. The third

308 On Prophysaon, etc.

plate from the middle begins to cover the second, the fifth covers half of
the fourth, and the succeeding plates always more, until the last covers
two-thirds of the preceding one.”

The formula of the lingual membrane is given by Schacko
as being one hundred and fourteen rows of 19-1-19; by
Morse of Lea’s species, fifty-one rows of 13-1-13.

The centrals of H. pygmcea are said by Schacko to be tri-
cuspid ; the two side centrals so small, and scarcely recog-
nizable, that they entirely disappeared in one specimen; the
laterals bicuspid. He remarks that every tooth of the
radula lies alone, so that even the cusps do not cover or
disturb the basal surfaces of the overlying rows.

Schacko refers to the near alliance, in form of jaw espec-
ially, of Hl. pygmea with H. minutissima of the genus
Punctum of Morse.

Looking at the descriptions and figures of the jaws of
pygmea and minutissima, we notice, with striking general
similarity of characters, some differences ; on the other hand
the lingual teeth of the two forms appear to be the same, and
the shells without variation of specific value.

The facts regarding the distribution of H. pygmca, which
may be treated as one of the circumpolar species, favor the
opinion, which we are disposed to adopt, that Lea’s specific
name must be placed in the synonymy of Punctum pyg-
mewn.

The species known as H. pygmea, Drap., has an extensive
range in northern (Lapland, Denmark, etc.) and central
Europe. The North American form occurs in California,
also in Maine, Massachusetts, New York and Ohio, and has
lately been discovered by Mr. Hugo W. Ericsson, in Bosque
County, Texas.

Geomalacus maculosus, Allm.

On p. 293 of this article we compared Prophysaon with
the Irish genus Geomalacus, as far as known to us by pub-

On Prophysaon, ete. 309

lished descriptions.* Since then we have received through
the kindness of Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys six specimens, preserved
in spirit, of Geomalacus maculosus, Allm. This enables us
to. give the following description and figures.

Jaw (fig. A), high, stout, dark horh-colored, arched, ends but little
attenuated, bluntly rounded; anterior surface with about twelve, broad,
crowded ribs, of which four on the middle part of the jaw are stout, well
developed, denticulating either margin, and produced below so as to give
the appearance of a median projection to the cutting edge: the remainder
of the ribs are unequally developed in the several specimens examined,
being sometimes scarcely discernible; on one specimen is a median,
transverse line of reinforcement, parallel to’the margins of the jaw.

Lingual membrane long, not very broad. Teeth arranged in horizontal
rows, of the form common to the Helicine. Centrals (fig. B) tricuspid,
laterals (Fig B) bicuspid, the external cusps of each being subobsolete.
Marginals (Fig. C) quadrate, with one long inner oblique, pointed cusp,
and one outer, small, pointed cusp. Extreme marginals lower than
wide, but retaining the same bicuspid character.

B

Fig. A gives an enlarged view of the jaw. B gives one
central and two lateral teeth of the lingual membrane. C
gives several marginals.

The genitalia are as usual in the limaciform Helicine. The testicle is
black, embedded in the upper lobe of the liver, connected by a long
epididymis to the oviduct. The ovary is tongue shaped. The oviduct is
convoluted. The genital bladder is small, round, with a long, delicate
duct. The vas deferens is twice as long as the whole genital system, four

* Owing to our copy of Nachrichtsbl. mal. Gesellsch. being imperfect, the description
of Heynemann I, p. 165-168, pl. i, fig. 1, is known to us only from the notice in the Zoo-
logical Record, VI, p. 565.

310 On Prophysaon, ete.

times as long as the penis sac, which it enters at its apex. This sac is
cylindrical, stouter and longer than the vagina; the retractor muscle is
inserted’ opposite the entrance of the vas deferens, beyond which point
the suc is extended in a short delicate duct, which enters a large ovate
organ, one-third the length of the penis sac. This organ is the peculiar
characteristic of the species, present in all the six specimens examined.
It no doubt is of the same use as the bulb-like termination sometimes
found to the flagellum in other species, but is of extraordinary dimen-
sions.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES XIII AND XIV.

The separate organs of the anatomical figures will readily
be recognized, or may be compared with the figures in “Ter-
restrial Mollusks U.S.,” I.

Prare XIII.

Fig. 1. Ariolimax niger. The extreme marginal teeth.
See p. 299, foot note.
Fig. 2. Prophysaon Hemphilli. The internal shell en-

g.
larged.

Fig. 3. The same. Digestive system. Same form as
fig. 5.

Fig. 4. The same. The jaw greatly magnified.

Fig. 5. The same. The genitalia of the form referred

to on p. 296. a, the genital bladder.

Fig. 6. The same. The genitalia of the typical form,
still more enlarged.

Fig. 7. The same. Central, lateral and marginal teeth
of the lingual membrane.

Fig. 8. The same. External view of a specimen con-
tracted in spirits. Magnified.

Puate XIV.

Fig. 1. Helix Columbianu, Lea. The genitalia. a, the
genital bladder.

Fig. 2. The same. Jaw.

Fig. 38. Helix germana, Gld. The genitalia. a, the
genital bladder.

On Prophysaon, etc. 311

Fig. 4. Thesame. Jaw.
Fig. 5. Helix lychnuchus, Mill. Jaw.
Fig. 6. The same. Genitalia. The accessory gland of
the epididymis is not shown in the figure. It was broken off.
Fig. 7. The same. A group of central and lateral teeth
of the lingual membrane.
Fig. 8. The same. Marginal teeth from the left of the
median line of the lingual membrane.

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Ann. of Lyc. Nat Hist. of NY VolX Pl XIV

W.GB. del JiButtards Lith

|

XXX.—On the Lingual Dentition and Anatomy of Achati-
nella and other Pulmonata.

By THOMAS BLAND AnpD W.G. BINNEY.

Read October 6, 1873.

[Reprinted from the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, N. Y., Vol. x, Nov., 1873.]

In the early part of the present year, 1873, Bland espe-
cially requested his friend, the Rev. John T. Guliek, who
was about to visit the Sandwich Islands, to obtain and pre-
serve in alcohol specimens of different forms of Achatinella
with the animals, with a view to the examination of their
dentition. *

It seemed probable from the differences in the shells,
on which alone the subgenera of authors are founded, that
variation would be discovered in the dentition, leading to a
more satisfactory classification of the species.

Appreciating the value of the proposed examinations, Mr.
Gulick, whose stay in the Sandwich Islands was very limited,
forwarded to Bland from San Francisco, on his embarking
for China, a number of specimens with a list, of which the
subjoined is a copy.t

From West Mavt.

Laminella picta, Mghls. Wailuku. Amastra Mastersit, Newe. Wailuku.
Auriculella jucunda, Smith. Wai- Leptachatina nitida, Newc. BC
luku. $s grana, Newe. #8

From East Maur.
Partulina plumbea, Gk. Makawao. Auriculella solidissima, Smith. Ma-
us eburnea, Gk. i kawao.
Amastra Mastersi, Newe. ot

* At that time the only knowledge we had of the subject was contained in Heyne-
mann’s description and figure of the lingual membrane of A. bulimoides in Mal. B1., 1869.
+ The following extract from Mr. Gulick’s letter is too interesting not to be quoted:

“] find that some of the most abundant species of twenty years ago have now become
almost, if not quite, extinct. Some have not been found for many years, though re-
peated search has been made for them. This has occurred not only where the forests
have been destroyed by cattle and py woodmen, but where the sunlight has been let
into the close shades by the thinning out of the trees or by the increase of drought. In
other places, the various forms of vegetable and animal blight have invaded the forests,
proving fatal to the snails long before the trees are destroyed.”

NOVEMBER, 1873. 23 ANN. LYC. NAT. HIST., VOL. x.
(331)

332 Lingual Dentition and Anatomy of

From Oaunu.
Achatinella livida, Swn. Kawailoa. Auriculella solida, Gk. Kawailoa.

Amastra decorticata, Gk. Es Bulimella teniolata, Pfr. Waialae.
on the ground. Achatinella varia, Gk. FS
Amastra luctuosa, Pfr. Kawailoa, Apex pallida, Nutt. Makiki.
on the ground. Achatinella producta, Rv. Makiki.
Amastra nigrolabris, Smith. Ka- <Achatinella Johnsonii, Newce. Ma-
wailoa, on trees. kiki.
Leptachatina dimidiata, Pfr. Ka-
wailoa.

The species so sent for examination by Mr. Gulick are in
the following list placed in the subgenera adopted by von
Martens in the second edition of “Die Heliceen” of Albers.
While adopting the subgeneric and specific names employed
by Mr. Gulick, explanation is added of Pfeiffer’s views from
“Mon. Helic. Viv.” VI, as to the validity of the species.

It will be seen, however, that, comparatively, the question
as to specific names is of little consequence, inasmuch as
the differences in forms of jaw and lingual dentition con-
sidered in the subjoined remarks are treated as of subgeneric
and not of specific value.

1. Partu.ina, Pfr., p. 243 of ‘* Die Heliceen.”

Auriculella yucunda Smith, 7% pics, 6 Met eo cs |) weg Winn auine

ce SOMOPSSTING, SMM, | caplet a et ss Jy os) eee ae

2 SOULdG,, GULICK, Vi." 3) 6 eine Oahu.
(syn. of splendida, Newe. eae Prr. )

Partulina plumbea, Gul., . . . fe ID pmb ion ymleeiilairil.
(syn. of marmorata, Gld., fete PRES)

ue eburnea, Gul., ee: $s es J BE eMiaoie
(syn. of Papoantuten ie ahs Pfr. )

Aner PAVAAG. NUbbss Mrs \aree oe sel et boon chic aad yea kcran ea eee Oahu.

Bulimellateniolata, Pfr., . . . ne GIA Oahu.

(section b of Pameuinaien v. Mart. )
2. BULIMELLA, Pfr., p. 244.
Not represented among the Gulick shells.
3. ACHATINELLA, S. Str., p. 246.
A. livida, Simuinae Sis : Oahu.
(var.? of vulpina, Fér. ee Pfr. 5 wie et iy Vv.
Martens in this subgenus. )
A. vane, Gules) iocereuns Suede ieee: Oahu.
(syn. of vulpina, Fér. festa Pfr. ; of fulgens,
Newe. teste v. Mart.)

Achatinella and other Pulmonata. ooo

ACO NOOILGLOLUVE SL wens en at oat? hee meet Vanes Leet he Oahu.

LAS OWMSORDIMNEGNV Gaal sie ches ver eee anidae, SL Qhe Ws Oahu.
4, Apex, Alb. and v. Mart., p. 248.

Not represented in the Gulick shells.

| Apex pallida, Nutt., see above under Partulina, is

treated by Pfr. as syn. of lorata, Pfr., non Fér.

of the subgenus Achatinella s. str., while von

Martens puts it in the syn. of lorata, Fér., in the

subgenus Partulina. ]
5. Newcomsia, Pfr., p. 249.

PEOMUUTGLUGHDUCTOMENUCIIS\S, | ve es) ndgectatol netics ne W. Maui.
6. LAMINELLA, Pfr., p. 250.
Amastra Mastersi, Newc., i acpere? cee eee cust Sana Wieaiawis
(syn. of rubens, Gld. teste Pfr.)
Amastra decorticata, Gul., onthe ground, . . . Oahu.
ee luctuosa, Pfr., eS ae esis Ls aC

Oe nigrolabris, Smith, on trees, “

7. .LEPTACHATINA, Gould, p. 251.

LES ULL INCU Cae s muh The A? 9h eMe ett al oa tra ee W. Maui.
L. grana, Newce., cme haeing eter Sa waat: W. Maui.
IES OH OUEINCN Kile Det one Oe ea ees Lae ton Pe ee eee Oahu.

S UA BIEGUA, Maire. jp. 2%;
Not represented among the Gulick shells.

The specimens were forwarded to Binney, the result of
whose anatomical examinations are given below in detail.
It may be stated here, however, that both in form of jaw
and character of the lingual dentition, all the species of
Partulina and Achatinella s. str. sent by Mr. Gulick agree.
They all share a form of dentition quite uncommon in the
Flelicide. Of the same type of dentition is A. bulimoides
examined by Heynemann. (See pl. xv, fig. 11.)

The jaw and lingual dentition of all Mr. Gulick’s species
of Newcombia and Laminella are alike, thus indicating a
separate group for these subgenera. The lingual membrane
shows the usual type of felicine, but the central tooth is
quite narrow. (See pl. xv, figs. 9-11.)

Similar to the last group in the form of jaw and character
of central and lateral teeth are all the species of Leptachatina
received from Mr. Gulick. They have, however, a different
form of marginal tooth, distinguished by the blunt digitation
of the reflected apex of the tooth (see pl. xv, fig. 8), which

334 Lingual Dentition and Anatomy of

in Newcombia and Laminella is simply bidentate or triden-
tate. This peculiar marginal tooth reminds one forcibly of
that figured for Partula by Heynemann (Mal. Blatt. 1869),
though the apex in his figure is not reflected as in Lepta-
chatina.

Thus it appears that three groups are indicated by the
forms of lingual dentition in the genus Achatinella.

a. Partulina, Achatinella s. str.

b. Newcombia, Laminella.

c. Leptachatina.

As regards the subgenera not represented among Mr.
Gulick’s specimens, judging from the shell alone, it would
appear that Bulimella and Apex belong to the group a, while
Labiella will prove to belong rather to 6 or ¢ than to a.

In the subjoined remarks on the anatomy of the genus it
will be shown that there is another peculiar character, the
division of the ovary (albumen gland of Moquin-Tandon)
into long, wavy, delicate, thread-like cxca. No doubt this
is a generic character, so constant was. it in all of Mr. Gu-
lick’s specimens examined, both of sections a and 6 indicated
above.

In this connection it is interesting to state that Mr. Gulick,
in his paper “On the Variation of Species as related to their
Geographical Distribution, illustrated by the Achatinelle,”
(Nature, July 18, 1872), states as follows: “The family is
divided into two natural groups of genera. The first group
consists of seven genera: Achatinella, Bulimella, Helicter-
ella, Partulina, Newcombia, Laminella and Auriculella.
These are all arboreal in their habits. In form they are
sinistral, or both dextral and sinistral. The second group
consists of three genera: Amastra, Leptachatina and Care-
lia.* With but few exceptions, the species of Amastra and
Leptachatina live on the ground and are of dextral form.”

This division, apparently based more especially on the
sinistral or dextral characters of the shells, and arboreal or

* Carelia, H. and A. Ad., a subgenus of Achatina, teste yon Martens.

Achatinella and other Pulmonata. 300

terrestrial habits of the animals, is evidently faulty, seeing
that, irrespective of such characters and habits, the Achati-
nelle, dentition considered, may be very properly divided
into two, perhaps three, subgenera, alike embracing forms
comprised in each of Gulick’s groups.

The details of anatomy here follow.*

In Laminella Mastersi the jaw is low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends but
little attenuated, blunt; it is of horn color, thickest on the cutting edge,
gradually thinning off to the upper margin. There is no median projec-
tion to the cutting edge. The anterior surface is without ribs. Of the
same type is the jaw in all the species of Laminella examined It is very
wide, very low, and hardly arcuate in luctuosa. I find the same type of jaw
also, though much more arched, in all the species of Newcombia and Lepta-
chatina examined. In picta there is a slightly produced, blunt, median
projection to the cutting edge. All these species have jaws readily boiled
out by caustic potash, and usually remaining attached to the lingual mem-
brane in the test tube after the process. There are delicate vertical striz
on several of them, sometimes shown only by a very strong power. . In
all the other species submitted to me the jaw is so extremely delicate as
to be found with difficulty. I failed to extract it in Achatinella Johnsonii,
livida and varia.t In the other species of Achatinella, and in all of Par-
tulina, the jaw appears to be simply arcuate, transparent, extremely thin,
ends blunt.

The lingual membrane is of the same type as figured for Partulina buli-
moides by Heynemann (Mal. Blatt. XIV), in all the species of Achatinella
s.s., and Partulina. It is very broad in comparison to its length. In
one specimen the formula is 175-1-175.{ The teeth are arranged en chev-
ron. ‘There is but one type of teeth for centrals, laterals and marginals,
the former being, however, somewhat smaller, and symmetrical The
teeth are long, narrow, bluntly truncated below, curving and widening at
first gradualiy, then more rapidly, so that the apex is more than twice the
breadth of the base; it is reflected along its whole breadth, slightly pro-
duced, seven-cuspid, the central cusp the smallest. There is variation in
these cusps.

In Newcombia, Laminella and Leptachatina the lingual membrane is en-
tirely different. It is as usual in the Helicine, narrow compared with its
length, the teeth arranged in horizontal rows. The centrals are long,
narrow, somewhat wider at base (where there are two long, parallel,

*T alone am responsible for these anatomical details.—W. G. B.

+ The process of extraction by potash is not adapted to this slightly developed jaw:
even by dissection it is very difficult to obtain the jaw; when mounted in glycerine jelly
it speedily becomes too transparent to be studied under the microscope.

t Counted by my young friend A. Ten Eyck Lansing, to whom I am indebted for yval-
uable aid in dissecting the specimens.

336 Lingual Dentition and Anatomy of

longitudinal lines of reinforcement), again enlarged at apex, which is re-
flected, slightly produced, and bluntly tricuspid, the outer cusps almost
obsolete. The lateral teeth are subquadrate, more than twice as broad as
the centrals, the reflected portion greatly produced and bicuspid. There
are about eight perfect lateral teeth in Leptachatina grana, the formula
being 20-1-20. In ZLaminella luctuosa the formula is about 22-1-22. In
LL. Mastersi 26-1-26, with eight perfect laterals. The marginal teeth in
Laminella are merely a simple modification of the laterals, they are low,
subquadrate, with one long, oblique, blunt inner denticle and two smaller,
outer denticles. In Laminella the denticles are more numerous and more
pointed. In all the Leptachatina the marginal teeth are of a different type.
They seem to have but one very broad cusp, whose outer edge is irregu-
larly digitate or fringed, the points being about eight, but varying in num-
ber and position.

To illustrate the jaws and lingual membranes I have selected (fig. 10)
one central and one lateral of ZLaminella Mastersi, a group of centrals and
laterals of the same (fig. 11), with a group of marginals of the same (fig.
9.) Fig. 2 gives one central and several adjacent laterals, from either
side, of Achatinella producta. Fig. 8 gives several marginal teeth of
Leptachatina nitida. Fig. 7, the jaw of Laminella Mastersi. Fig. 6, the
jaw of Laminella picta.

It will be noticed that the lingual membrane of Newcombia, Laminella
and Leptachatina resembles that of Stenogyra in its extremely small cen-
tral tooth. The jaw also is of the same type.

The following species were found with embryonic shells in the oviduct,
usually only two in number and of very unequal size, Newcombia picta,
Laminella decorticata, luctuosa, Partulina eburnea, teeniolata, Achatinella
producta. Weynemann, /.c., found them also in bulimoides.

A peculiarity of the genus seems to be a perfectly black lung, in great
contrast to which are the two divisions of the heart and the renal organ,
all decidedly white.

Another peculiarity of the genus is a short foot, broad in front, rapidly
narrowing towards the pointed tail. In Partulina pallida, however, the
tail is long. Also in Partulina eburnea. In many of the specimens I
noticed an unusual development of the blind sac under the mouth (sup-
posed by Dr. Leidy to be the seat of the olfactory nerve). I believe this
to be a generic characteristic also.

I noticed nothing unusugl in the nervous ganglia, or in the digestive
apparatus, examining each system carefully in several species, the upper
portions of the digestive system especially in Partulina pallida.

The reversion of the shell, common in the genus, seems accompanied by
a corresponding sinistral arrangement of the internal organs. Thus the
orifice of generation, usually on the right of the animal in the snails, is,
in the sinistral Achatinelle, on the left. I have verified this fact in
eburned, varia, livida and Johnsonii.

So far as can be judged from alcoholic specimens, it seems that the
external orifice of the generative organs is usually under the mantle, not

Achatinella and other Pulmonata. aod

behind the tentacle; this I believe to be a generic characteristic, but the
fact must be confirmed in the living animal. It must surely be so in many
Species, among which I may mention Johnsonii and teniolata. It is not
so, however, in pailida. _

Another peculiarity is the whiteness noticed in the internal organs of
almost all the species examined. The whole digestive system seemed
injected with a dead white fluid.

The generative system presents several peculiarities, but in its general
arrangement is the same as in the other shell-bearing snails. The testicle
is embedded in the extreme apex of the shell, in the upper lobe of the
liver. The epididymis is long, greatly convoluted near the oviduct. The
accessory gland appeared in several species (for instance in MMastersi,
varia, tentolata and producta) to be composed of several long, white ceca.
This appears to be a generic characteristic, as does also the peculiarly
constituted ovary.*

Instead of the single, homogeneous, tongue-shaped mass usually seen in
the Pulmonata, I have invariably found the ovary in Achatinclla to be
composed of numerous, long, delicate, crimped, thread-like ceca, free
excepting at their base, where they converge to the top of the oviduct,
I noticed this form of ovary in teniolata, Johnsonii, pallida, livida, varia,
eburnea, Mastersi and luctuosa, besides other species less thoroughly ex-
amined. The ceca are bound together in one irregularly ovate mass by
an investing membrane, which, when opened, allows the ceca to spread
out in the form represented in pl. xv, fig. 4. This peculiar ovary is the
most interesting point in the genus, so unlike the corresponding organ in
the other snails whose anatomy is now known. ‘The oviduct is not con-
voluted, but simply long and sac-like (with extremely thin sides), ending
in a narrow, tubular cloaca. The remaining organs were not readily ex-
amined, on account of the animals having apparently been boiled, or
otherwise rendered difficult of dissection without breaking the continuity
of several of the ducts and organs, though the same general arrange-
ment (especially as to inter-connection) of penis, vas deferens, etc., was
noticed by me in teniolata, livida, varia, eburnea and pallida.

I have given a figure of the genitalia of one species only, A. producta,
which I succeeded in retaining in perfect condition. It will be noticed
(fig. 4) that the vas deferens proceeds directly from the base of the
ovary and is free in its whole length, though lying close upon the oviduct.
It enters the penis at its side, just below its apex. From the apex of the
penis sac is a delicate duct to the long organ marked a on the figure.
This organ runs from the base of the ovary to the apex of the sac-like
organ marked b. As there appears to be no prostate gland aiong the
side of the oviduct, it occurs to me that the organ @ may be a form of
prostate, lubricating both the penis and the organ marked b. The last
is a dart sac, or a prostate, probably the latter. Its long flagellum

*T use the terms applied to the organs by Dr. Leidy in ‘‘ Terrestrial Mollusks of
United States,” I.

338 Lingual Dentition and Anatony of

(c) in its natural position lies as in fig. 5, directly under the respiratory
cavity, over the other genital organs. The genital bladder (d) was found
almost embedded in the ovary.

Nanina Chamissoi, Pfr.

With the Achatinelle were specimens of a small Wanina
from Oahu and another species from West Maui. The latter
is pronounced by Dr. Newcomb to be young of the above
named species. Both of these species have similar lingual
teeth. Those of the West Maui species are figured in pl.
xv, fig. 8. The centrals and laterals are as usual in the
genus; there are ten perfect laterals. The marginals are
aculeate, but instead of the usual simply bifid point, they
have three and four points. The tooth figured was the very
last on the edge of the membrane. No perfect jaw was
obtained in either species, though a,simple arcuate smooth
jaw was recognized in that from Oahu, of too extreme deli-
cacy to be satisfactorily studied.

The species belongs to the subgenus Microcystis.

Succimnea canella, Gld.

From West Maui also was this species of Succinea, whose
jaw and lingual membrane are as usual in the genus.

Zonites Gundiachi, Pfr.*

Mr. A. Schramm, Guadeloupe. The species is also found
in Florida and several of the W. I. Islands.

Jaw not examived.

Lingual membrane arranged as usual in the genus. Centrals tricuspid,
laterals bicuspid, about seven of the latter being perfectly shaped laterals.
Marginal teeth aculeate, of the form usual in the genus, but bifid, and
sometimes trifid (see pl. xv, fig. 1). The species is viviparous.

* This species, like Z. fulvus(L. & F.W. Shells N. A., I, 47, fig. 75), differs from Zonites
in the bifurcation of the marginal teeth of its lingual membrane. It must be compared
to Vitrinoconus, Semper, Phil. Arch., p. 91.

Stenopus has teeth arranged as in Glandina, with no laterals. Our species cannot
therefore belong to it.

Achatinella and other Pulmonata. 339

Hielix uvulifera, Shuttleworth (Polygyra).

Sarasota Bay, Florida, Dr. W. Newcomb.

Jaw low, arcuate, ends blunt, anterior surface with about thirteen ribs,
denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane as we have figured for H. auriculata. (Land and
Fresh Water Shells, I, p. 87, fig. 158.)

Veronicelia occidentalis, Guilding.

Guadeloupe, Mr. A. Schramm.

Jaw and lingual membrane as usual in the genus, the former with about
thirty ribs. (See Amer. Journ. of Conch., VII, 163, pl. xii, fig. 7 and L.
and F. W. Shells, I, p. 304, fig. 539.)

The head, eye-peduncles and tentacles of the specimens,
preserved in alcohol, were entirely withdrawn, the aperture
through which they withdrew being very conspicuous. The
tentacles and eye-peduncles are contractile, as described.
There appears, properly speaking, to be no distinct locomo-
tive disk to the foot. Such a disk has been described for the
genus, owing to authors considering the reflected edges of
the mantle as portions of the foot. These give, indeed, a
tripartite appearance to the base of the animal, but the foot
itself is not divided.

Onchidium Schramami, nov. sp.

In the absence of any satisfactory published figure of the
lingual dentition of the genus Onchidium, we give on pl.
xvi, figs. 3-5, figures of that of a species sent to us by Mr.
A. Schramm, from Pointe 4 Pitre, Guadeloupe. He col-
lected many specimens, thus describing their station. ‘Sous
des galets au bord de la mer, dans'la rade de la Pointe 4 Pitre,
en société avec des Nerites, des Auricules et des Pedipes.”

The external appearance of the species, which may be called after the
discoverer, is as usual in the genus. The body is elliptic in shape, green
in color, about eighteen millimeters long (contracted in spirits), flat

340 Lingual Dentition and Anatomy of

below, convex above, with a rounded slightly prominent ridge along the
back, on which the skin is smoother than on the balance of the body, and
where the tuberosities are much less conspicuous. The foot has no
proper locomotive disk, though the broadly reflected mantle edge has
usually been counted as a portion of the foot and has given rise to the
impression that the foot of. Onchidium is divided into three longitudinal
bands, of which the central is a locomotive disk. The eye-peduncles are
surely retractile, being found completely inverted in all the specimens
examined. This confirms the recent observations of Dr. Stoliczka.*

We found no jaw in the specimens.

The lingual membrane is broad. The teeth are arranged en chevron.
They are crowded closely together, the individual teeth and separate rows
of teeth overlapping each other. The central tooth has somewhat the
outline of a truncated cone, narrow and squarely truncated above, grad-
ually widening and curving outward toward the base, which is much

roader than the top, and is incurved with acutely pointed corners. The
top of the tooth projects beyond the reflected cutting edge, which is small
and tricuspid. The first lateral is about the same size as the central. Its
squarely truncated apex extends beyond the reflected cutting edge, which
is bicuspid, the outer cusp subobsolete, the inner much larger and extended
into a long, broad, squarely truncated point, reaching almost to the base
of the tooth. This last is hidden behind the central, is long and gradu-
ally attenuated to its blunt base.- The second lateral is of same shape as
the first, but one-half longer and larger, the third and fourth laterals also
increase in like proportion. The general direction of all the laterals is a
curve outward from the central. There are no distinct marginal teeth.

Fig. 5 (pl. xvi) gives a group of centrals and laterals
from two adjacent rows of teeth. Fig. 3 shows one central
with its adjacent two laterals more enlarged, and purposely
separated. Fig. 4 shows one lateral in profile.

This lingual is instructive from showing a combination of
the characters of the quadrate teeth of Helicinw and the
aculeate teeth of Vitrinine, the last most evident in the pro-
file. In profile, however, the reflected cusp is not of the
sharp, thorn-like character of Vitrina, Zonites, etc. We
should rather consider the teeth as decidedly quadrate, the
base of attachment, or plate, being extended beyond the
top of the reflected cusp.

* Many years ago the eye-peduncles of Onchidiuwm were described as retractile by
Forbes and Hanley, yet of late years most authors have treated them as contractile, as
in Veronicella.

Achatinella and other Pulmonata. 341

We are indebted to our young friend A. Ten Eyck Lan-
sing for assistance in the study of this lingual.

Heynemann’s figure of the dentition of Peronia ( Onchi-
della) is somewhat similar to that described above, at least
in the general form and arrangement of the teeth. (Mal.
Blatt., 1668, XV, pl. iit, fig. 10.)

Eiielix picta, Born (Polymita).

A Cuban species. The specimen examined was captured
on a bunch of bananas in New York by Mr. M. Brandigee,
we "ee
who kindly sent it to Bland.

Jaw (pl. xvi, fig. 1) thick, arched, high, ends bluntly rounded, but
little attenuated; anterior surface without ribs; cutting edge without
median projection; a transverse, median line of reinforcement.

Lingual membrane (pl. xvi, fig. 2) long and broad. Teeth arranged
strongly en chevron, of uniform shape on all parts of the membrane.
Yentrals long, narrow, bluntly truncated at top, slightly incurved at sides,
rounded and fringed at base, near which is the gouge-shaped, expanded,
tricuspid cutting edge. The central cusp is bluntly rounded, the exterior
cusps curve outward and are pointed. The lateral teeth are of the
same form with the centrals, but are slightly unsymmetrical. There are
no distinct marginal teeth.

By its jaw and lingual membrane, /elix picta is closely
allied to Helix muscarum, Lea (see Amer. Journ. of Conch.,
VI, 204, pl. ix, figs. 4, 16). The last named species is,
however, placed by von Martens in the subgenus Polymita
and picta in Liochila. There can be no doubt that both
species belong to the same subgenus, but as Helix muscarum
is the type of Polymita, that name must be retained instead
of Liochila. We anticipate finding the same curious type
of lingual dentition in HH. sulphurosa, Morel. (which is
searcely distinguishable from ZZ. picta), also referred to
Liochila by von Martens, but are scarcely prepared to ex-
pect it in Liochila Jamaicensis, Chem. The latter, which is
the type of ZLiochila, will therefore remain undisturbed in
its systematic position, unless, indeed, it belongs to Thelid-
omus, in which case the name Liochila will be placed in the

342 Lingual Dentition and Anatomy of

synonymy of the last named subgenus. Of the species re-
ferred to Polymita we presume none will prove to have
similar dentition unless, as may probably be the case, ZH.
versicolor, Born, so that the others must all be removed from
Polymita, to form a distinct subgenus under the name of
Hemitrochus, Swainson, 1840. We have, however, ourselves
examined only H. varians, Mke., Troscheli, Pfr., gallopavo-
nia, Val., and graminicola, Adams, all of which have the
usual form of lingual teeth of the elicide (see Amer. Journ.
Conch., VI, 206, VII, 178, and L. and F. W. Shells, N, A.,
VI, 185, fig. 825). The jaw offers no subeeneric character
to distinguish the two subgenera Polymita and Hemitrochus.

The long, subquadrangular lingual tooth, not reflected
along its upper margin as usual in the Helicide, but bearing
the gouge-shaped, expanded, cutting edge, soldered as it were
upon its surface, has never been noticed by us before in the
genus felix. It is, however, characteristic of Orthalicus,*
of Geotis,t and of the marginal teeth of Liguus.t

Our fig. 1, of pl. xvi, represents the jaw of H. picta.
Fig. 2 gives two central teeth of the lingual membrane with
the adjacent laterals.

Helix gallopavomis, Val. (Hemitrochus).

Jaw as in Helix varians (see L. and F. W. Shells, I, p. 185, f. 325) and
H. Troscheli (herewith described).

Lingual membrane as usual in the Helicide. Cusps of centrals and
laterals stout, short, with short points; side cusps subobsolete. The re-
flected cutting portion of both centrals and laterals does not reach beyond
the middle of the plates, which are very long. Marginal teeth low, wide,
with four or more short, oblique, bluntly rounded denticles, the two
inner ones the largest.

We are indebted for the specimen examined of this Turk’s
Island species, and the following one from New Providence,
Bahamas, to Governor Rawson.

* See Amer. Journ. Conch., VI, 212, 213, pl. ix, figs. 2, 10, 12.
t See Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., X, 252, pl. xi, figs. 5, 6, 7.
t See Amer. Journ. Conch., VI, 209, 211, figs. 4, 5.

Achatinella and other Pulmonata. 343

Helix Troseheli, Pfr. (Hemitrochus).

Jaw stout, decidedly arched, high, ends attenuated, blunt; a decided,
small median projection to cutting edge, a strong transverse line of rein-
forcement.

Lingual membrane as usual in the genus. Centrals very long, the re-
flected cutting edge greatly produced above and not extending to the base
of the plate, side cusps obsolete, median cusp with a short point. Lat-
erals like the centrals, but unsymmetrical, the upper portions still more
produced. Marginals quadrate, with one large, oblique, rounded, bluntly
bifid denticle, and one or two small, blunt, side denticles. The membrane
is peculiar in the extension of the centrals and laterals at their upper
margin.

Ampihibulima (Succimea) appendiculata, Pfr.

We have already fully described (Ann. Lyc. N. H. N.
Y., X, 206, pl. ix, f. 2, 6, 9-11) the external appearance,
jaw, lingual membrane and shell of this species, pointing
out its differences from Succinea, from Pellicula, from Om-
alonyx and all other described genera, but hesitated to decide
upon its generic position, leaving it temporarily in Pellicula
of Fischer (not of Heynemann which is Omalonyx).

Being now better acquainted with the jaw of Amphibulima
and finding that of our appendiculata (believed by us to be the
appendiculata of Pfeiffer) of the same type, we place the
species in Amphibulima.

Its lingual dentition more closely resembles that of Stm-
pulopsis sulculosa, so far as centrals and perhaps laterals are
concerned, but in the marginals, as described in S. sulculosa
and S. Portoricensis, the resemblance ceases.

Moreover A. appendiculata, Pfr. cannot be placed in Stin-
pulopsis, the jaw of which, according to Shuttleworth, is quite
different.*

Fischer bases his genus Pellicula on Succinea depressa,
Rang, in the synonymy of which he has S. appendiculata,
Pfr., but the specimens of the latter under our consideration
cannot be the same as Fischer’s of depressa. His specimens

* See Bland and Binney, Ann. Lyc., X, 198.

d44 Lingual Dentition and Anatomy of

are described as having a jaw with nine decided ribs* dentic-
ulating the cutting edge and teeth of the usual form of the
FAlelicinee—quite different from our appendiculata, which is,
we believe, distinct from his species.

Pellicula convexa, Martens (Succinea), belongs to the genus
Omalonyx, as shown by Heynemann’s figure of the jaw
(Malak. Blatt., XV).

Amphibulima patula, Brug.

We have elsewhere described the lingual membrane of this
species from a Dominica specimen (Am. Journ. Conch.,
Vib, 1867 ple xvily fs Y, 25) andthe jaw of one from St.
Batts: (Amn. oye... NoH.iN 2 Youux Bos PLL ARh a tx 8):

It has lately been suggested by Schramm (Journ. de Conch.,
XII, 127, April, 1873) that this species belongs exclusively
to the fauna of Guadeloupe, and does not exist in the neigh-
boring islands. We have seen one fossil example only from
Guadeloupe, but on comparing it with fresh specimens from
St. Kitts and Dominica are satisfied, judging from the shells,
that all are of one and the same species.

Considering Schramm’s views, we have again carefully ex-
amined the lingual membranes already described of the St.
Kitts and Dominica forms, to ascertain whether they present
differences of specific value. It may be mentioned that the
sheils from the latter island, several of which are in the
cabinet of the late Mr. Robert Swift, are smaller than those
from St. Kitts.

We find that the Dominica form has sharper cutting points
to the large cusps of its central and lateral teeth than in the
St. Kitts’ examples, while the laterals of the latter show
greater constancy in the square truncation of the cutting
points.

The teeth of the St. Kitts linguals are broader in propor-
tion to their length, have a greater curve in their outlines and

*In Fischer’s plate the references to the teeth of Omalonyx unguis and Pellicula
depressa are reversed.

Achatinella and other Pulmonata. 345
°

more developed side cusps, which overlap the median cusps,
than in those from Dominica.

The marginal teeth of the former exhibit a greater ten-
dency to splitting into sharp denticles on the cutting cusps
than those of the latter island.

The Dominica lingual, in the only row counted, has 87-1—
87 teeth, one in the St. Kitts form has 57—1-57.

These differences in the lingual membranes are noticeable,
but we believe, especially as the shells are identical, that
they are not of specific value.

Amphibulima (Succinea) rubescenms, Desh.

We are indebted to Governor Rawson for specimens (pre-
served in alcohol) of this species from Martinique.

On examination of the jaw and lingual membrane, we
found that the species is not a Succinea, but an Amphibu-
lima,* in which genus it is placed by Beck (Index, p. 98)
and by H. and A. Adams (Gen. Rec. Moll., 129), although
Pfeiffer treats it as a Succinea and v. Martens (Die Heliceen,
ed. 2nd, 310) catalogues it in Succinea s. str.t

The jaw agrees perfectly with that of the genus Amphibu-
lima described by us (Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., X, p.
225, pl. xi, fig. 8). There are about sixty delicate ribs.
The lingual membrane has also the same general arrangement
as in that genus (J.c., fig. 9) with specific differences from
that of A. patula, especially in the widely expanded, blunt,
median cusp of the central tooth, and in the Succinea-like
cutting away of the lower margin of the teeth. The mar-
ginal teeth of A. rubescens resemble those we have figured of
Geotis (l.c., pl. xi, fig. 7).

A. rubescens occurs also in the environs of Cayenne
(Drouet, Moll. de la Guyane Frangaise, p. 49).

* See our note on p.345 of Journal de Conchyliologie, XIII, Oct., 1873.

+Since sending the above to the printer, we have received the Journal de Conchy-
liologie, 3d series, XIII, No. 4, Oct., 1873. On p. 324, is a description of the jaw and
anatomy of this species by Dr. Fischer, who suggests the subgeneric name Lhodonyz,
overlooking its generic identity with Amphibulima.

346 Lingual Dentition and Anatomy of

Omaliomyx felima, Guppy.

We have received, from Mr. R. J. Lechmere Guppy, spec-
imens preserved in glycerine of his Amphibulima (Omalo-
nyx) felina, from Trinidad. On examining the jaw and
lingual membrane, we find the species to be a true Omalo-
nyx, both organs being the same as have been described for
that genus. (See Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., X, 203, O.
unguis of Brazil and Guadeloupe.)

We have already (J.c., p. 204) stated our belief that O.
felina, judging from the shell alone, is specifically identical
with the Guadeloupe O. unguis.

Lithotis rupicola, Blanford.

Sometime since Bland was indebted to Colonel Jewett for
specimens of this interesting species, from one of which he
obtained the jaw and lingual membrane.

Pfeiffer (Nov. Conch., IV, pp. 11 and 12, pl. cxii, figs.
1-4) describes and figures Succinea rupicola Blanford (sub-
genus Lithotis) quoting the name from the catalogue of Dr.
Dohrn’s collection, remarking that he had no information as
to the work in which the subgenus and this, the typical spe-
cies,* had been characterized.

The shell has a certain similarity to that of Succinea but
the species does not belong to the Klasmognatha.

LI. rupicola is found on rocks at an elevation of 2,000 feet
in the mountains near Bombay.

The jaw is arcuate, with a depression or excavation at the centre of its
upper margin; scarcely attenuated towards the ends; cutting edge with a
decided median projection; anterior surface with vertical striz, but no
trace of ribs.

The lingual membrane is as usual in the Helicine, the marginal teeth
being quadrate, not aculeate. The centrals are long and narrow, with
lateral expansions at the lower margin; the reflected portion has one stout
median cusp with a point reaching nearly to the lower margin of the

* Succinea (Lithotis) tumida was described and figured by Blanford in Journ. As.
Soc. Bengal, 1870. See also Noy. Conch., l.c.

Achatinella and other Pulmonata. 347

tooth, the side cusps being subobsolete. ‘The lateral teeth are like the
centrals, but unsymmetrical. The marginal teeth are about as wide as
high, with one stout, pointed inner cusp, and two short, side cusps.

Helix provisoria, Pfr. (Thelidomus).

New Providence, Bahamas (also Cuba). Gov. Rawson.*

Jaw very slightly arcuate, wide, low. of about equal height throughout ;
ends blunt; anterior surface with 10-15 ribs, separated by irregular inter-
vals, not always reaching the cutting edge, which has a broad, blunt,
median projection. ©

Lingual membrane with numerous rows of about 40-1-40 teeth, as
usual in the Helicide, the marginals having one large and one side, small,
blunt cusp, projecting but slightly beyond the base of the tooth.

Glandina solidula, Pfr. (Oleacina).

New Providence (also Cuba).

Lingual membrane as usual in the genus.

Bulimulus sepulcralis, Poey (Leptomerus).

New Providence (also Cuba).

Jaw stout, wide, low, arcuate, of about equal height throughout; ends
bluntly rounded; with'tifteen stout, broad, crowded ribs, their ends cre-
nellating either margin. Some of these ribs are of equal thickness
throughout their whole breadth, and are separated by decided narrow in-
terstices. The jaw cannot, therefore, be said to be in numerous plate-like
sections separated by narrow ribs, as is usual in Bulimulus. This jaw is
of interest as showing the passage from the jaw of Cylindrella, Bulimulus,
etc., to that of Helix, having some of the characters of each.

Lingual membrane as usual in the Helicide. Side cusps of centrals and
laterals obsolete, median cusp long, with a long point, passing beyond the
base of the tooth. The upper margin of the centrals is incurved. Margi-
nal teeth a modification of the laterals, with one long, narrow, blunt,
inner denticle, and one or two short side denticles of similar shape.

*The animals of this, the four following, and other Bahamas species were sometime
since received from Goy. Rawson by Bland, to whom the shells collected by the late Dr.
Bryant were referred by the Boston Society of Natural History. The jaws and lingual
membranes of the species were placed by Bland at the disposal of the society, and at
his suggestion were mounted for microscopic examination. We are indebted to the
Society for the use of the slides.

NOVEMBER, 1873. 24 ANN. Lyc. NAT. HIST., VOL. x.

348 Lingual Dentition and Anatomy of

Strophia decumana,* Fér.
Castle Island, Bahamas.

Jaw stout, strongly arcuate, ends slightly attenuated, bluntly rounded ;
anterior surface ribless. transversely striate, and with several stout lines
of reinforcement; a small, blunt, median projection to cutting edge.
(See our fig. 431, p. 247, of L. and F. W: Shells, I, for jaw of 8. incana.)

Lingual membrane as usual in the Helicide. Teeth about 30-1-30»
about as broad as long, short, broad, with short, stout, bluntly pointed
median cusps and subobsolete side cusps, upper margin of teeth rounded.
Marginal teeth simply a modification of the lateral, with one inner, large,
and one outer, small, stout, blunt, oblique denticle.

Strophia Wumaia, Brug. var.?
Abaco, Bahamas (also Cuba).

Jaw slightly arcuate, stout, rough, rather high, ends but little attenu-
ated, blunt; cutting edge with a wide, blunt, slightly developed median
projection.

Lingual membrane with about 30-1-30 teeth. Centrals short and broad,
the upper margin rounded and reflected into a short, broad cutting projec-
tion, with one stout, short, median cusp, bearing a stout point, and sub-
obsolete side cusps. Laterals like the centrals, but bicuspid and unsym-
metrical. Marginals long, low, with irregular, short, blunt, oblique,
stout denticles, usually about four, the inner two the largest.

i]
Pupa fallax, Say (Leucochila).

We are indebted to Mr. A. G. Wetherby for Ohio speci-
mens, from which we extracted the jaw and lingual membrane
here described.

Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate, ends blunt, but little attenuated.

Lingual membrane as usual in the genus. (See our L. and F. W. Shells
of N. A., I, p. 233, tigs. 395, 401, 409.) Teeth about 15-1-15, with about
seven perfect laterals. Centrals quite narrow, the reflected portion very
small, tricuspid. Laterals quite broad, bicuspid. Marginals quadrate, low,
wide, with one inner, long, oblique, blunt denticle, and several outer,
small, irregulag, blunt denticles. The outer lower edges of the centrals
and laterals have the projecting or short reinforcements shown in the fig-
ures referred to above.

* See remarks on this species by M. Crosse, in Journ. de Conch, VIII, 3d Ser., p. 337,
1868. ;

Achatinella and other Pulmonata. 349

Though we retain the species in the genus Pupa it must be remembered
that as treated by Pfeiffer it would be placed in Buliminus of Albers and
Martens. In general form of shell it certainly approaches Buliminus
montanus, Drap.

Limax Hlewstoni, J. G. Coop.

San Francisco, received from. Mr. Stearns. We presume
the specimens belong to this species.

Jaw and lingual membrane as usual inthe genus. No bifurcation to the
marginal teeth. Teeth about 30-1-30, with fourteen perfect laterals.
The teeth are quite of the shape of those figured on p. 59 of our ** L, and
F. W. Shells.” The side cusps of the centrals and laterals are well devel-

oped.
Erinna Newcombi, A. Ads.

In the collection of the late Mr. Robert Swift, presented
by his daughter, Mrs. A. L. Washburne, to the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, but temporarily in the
charge of Bland, he found specimens of this species, given
to Mr. Swift by Dr. Wesley Newcomb. ;

The genus Hrinna, referred to the family Limneide, was
described by H. and A. Adams, in the Zool. Proc., 1855.

The authors remark, “This shell (2. Newcomb?) by some
would be referred to Neritina, by others to Limnea, and
possibly by a few to the genus Olina; it appears, however,
to be distinct in character from all these.”

From one of the specimens in the Swift collection the jaw
and lingual membrane here described were obtained.

To satisfy himself as to the shells, Bland sent one for ex-
amination to Dr. Newcomb, who in reply has kindly furnished
the following information as to the habitat and station of the
species :—

“The specimens were forwarded by me to Mr. Swift in
about 1852 or 1853. They were collected high up the stream
called the Hanelei River, on the Island of Kauai. At a fall
in this river, the spray is thrown over the rocks, keeping
them constantly wet; from these rocks the shells were taken.

350 Lingual Dentition and Anatomy of

On repeated subsequent visits to the same locality I failed to
find any more.”

The jaw is low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends pointed; a decided median
projection to the cutting edge; anterior surface smooth. There is no ap-
pearance of a supplementary plate as in Suc¢cinea.

The lingual membrane is as usual in the Helicine. The central tooth is
long and narrow, small in proportion to the laterals, the reflected portion
has one long median cusp, the side cusps being subobsolete. The lateral
teeth are wide, broad as long, the reflected portion almost as large as the
whole base of attachment, and tricuspid, the inner cusp very small, the
median cusp large and bluntly truncated, the outer cusp smaller than
the median and bluntly pointed. The marginal teeth are subquadrate,
wider than high, the apex reflected, obliquely produced and bearing five
or more blunt, short denticles, of which the inner two are the largest.

This description proves that the species is more nearly re-
lated to Pupa, Clausilia and Slenogyra than to Succinea
among the //elicide, but it may well prove to be a Limnezan,
as suggested by H. and A. Adams. As such it must be
compared to Pompholyx,

Ann..of liyc. Nat. Hist. of N.Y. Vol. X. PI. XV.

W.G.B. del

Vol.X. PLXVI.

WG.B. del.

Ann..of tiie: Mets Tite ori f

Lingual Dentition of Achatinella, etc. 35]

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

Fig. 1. Zonites Gundlachi, Pfr. One marginal tooth of
the lingual membrane.

Fig. 2. Achatinella producta, Rve. One central and
adjacent lateral tecth.

Fig. 38. Manina Chamissoi, Pfr. (See p. 338.) One cen-
tral, one lateral and one extreme marginal.

Hig. 4. <Achatinella producta, Rv. The genital system
enlarged. a,see p. 337. 6, Vaginal prostate? c, Flagellum
of sane. d, The genital bladder.

Fig. 5. Same as c of fig. 4, as it lies in the animal.
Fig. 6. Newcombia picta, Mighels. Jaw.

Fig. 7. Laminella Mastersi, Newe. Jaw.

Fig. 8. Leptachatina nitida, Newe. Marginal teeth.

Fig. 9. Laminella Mastersi, Newe. Marginal teeth.

Fig. 10. Same. One central and one lateral, still more
enlarged.

Fig. 11. Same. A group of central and lateral teeth.
Same scale of enlargement as fig. 9.

PLATE XVI.

Fig. 1. . Helix picta, Born. Jaw.
Fig. 2, The same, lingual membrane. a, central tooth.
Fig. 3. Onchidium (see p. 340). The central and ad-
jacent lateral teeth of the lingual membrane, artificially
separated.

Fig. 4. One separate tooth in profile.

Fig. 5. The same, a group of centrals and laterals as
they occur naturally on the lingual membrane, magnified less
than in figs. 3 and 4.

[Printed at the SALEM PREss.]

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NOTES

ON

AMERICAN LAND SHELLS

AND OTHER

MISCELLANEOUS CONCHOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS.

VOU; PARLE

BY
aS Gres: PN Nae,

BURLINGTON, N. J.:
PRENTED FOR BEAU EE OR:
MAY, 1874.

[Extracted from the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
March 31, 1874.]

ON THE ANATOMY AND LINGUAL DENTITION OF ARIOLIMAX AND
OTHER PULMONATA.

BY W. G. BINNEY.

I have already, in connection with my friend Mr. T. Bland,
given a description of the external characters of Ariolimax (Ann.
N. Y. Lye, N. H. X. 297, 1873). I now propose to describe
such of its internal organs as I have been able to study.

I have examined one specimen of Ariolimax niger, J. G. Coop.,
preserved in spirit, belonging to the state collection of California,
labelled and presented by Dr. Cooper, and in all respects an aa-
thentic type. Agreeing with this type I have other specimens
from various California localities, so that I believe the species to
be well established and generally distributed along the coast of
California.

From the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mr.
Anthony has sent me a specimen, long preserved in alcohol,
marked from San Mateo, California. For reasons given below, I
am inclined to consider this the form described by Dr. Cooper as
A. Californicus. I have had the opportunity of examining
another specimen of this form, received from Mr. Stearns, who
collected it near San Francisco.

From Mr. Henry Hemphill I have received a specimen from
San Mateo Co., California, which presents most decided specific
differences from the last-mentioned form, especially in its geni-
talia. Having considered the last-mentioned form as A. Califor-
nicus, I am forced to consider this as A. Columbianus, the only
remaining described species. It must be borne in mind, however,
that I have never compared it with specimens from more northern
regions, whence the species was originally described. The large
number of specimens formerly preserved in the Smithsonian, tabu-
lated in Land and Fr. w. Shells, Part I. p. 281, were destroyed at
the fire in Chicago, and I have been unable to obtain elsewhere
any specimens from Oregon or Washington Territory, which I
can refer to the true Columbianus.

In treating these various forms, I have abstained from giving
any description of their exterior markings. Such description
would be unreliable, as the specimens have been long preserved in

3 ,

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

alcohol, and are evidently in various degrees of contraction. I
will say, however, that I found in all the blind sac under the
mouth (well marked, though not very deep), which is suspected
by Dr. Leidy to be the seat of the olfactory nerve.

I can also here refer to several external characters not affected
or obliterated by contraction in alcohol. All the specimens have a
distinct locomotive disk to the foot. In all, the orifice of respi-
ration is decidedly posterior to the middle of the right margin of
the mantle. The position of the anus I found in A. Columbianus
to be posterior and inferior to the respiratory orifice, with a
gutter-like groove to the edge of the mantle. The position of the
orifice of the generative organs is not so easily decided in alco-
holic specimens. I have no doubt, however, that in the living
animal it is under the mantle, not close behind the right tentacle.
In one form, Ariolimax Californicus, there are beyond doubt
two distinct orifices ; that of the male being smaller and anterior.
In Dr. Cooper’s figure of A. Californicus (Proc. Phila. Ac. Nat.
Se. 1873, pl. iii. f. D 3) the two orifices are plainly shown, and
suggested to me the identity of my specimens with his species,
especially as the external markings also agreed with his descrip-
tion. In A. Columbianus? also there is no common duct or
cloaca, as Dr. Leidy calls it, to the genitalia, though I could not
detect more than one exterior orifice. In A. niger there can be
but one common orifice, judging from the penis entering into the
common cloaca, gs shown in my fig. c of plate XI.

The mantle is free on its margin in its whole circumference, espe-
cially in front and on its sides as far back as the respiratory orifice.
I could detect no concentric lines or other markings on the mantle.
The mantle was greatly produced and swollen on its margins in
Mr. Stearn’s specimen of A. Californicus. In that and all the
specimens examined I found an internal shell, varying somewhat
in thickness, but always well marked, calcareous, subhexagonal,
longer than wide. In the specimen of A. Columbianus? there
were decided concentric lines of growth on the shell, as will be
seen in my fig. @, plate II.

The caudal mucus pore was plainly visible in all the specimens
of A. niger which Ihave examined. In fig. A of plate II. I have
figured the pore of this species. It seems to be in two portions,
one erect, triangular, at the end of the body of the animal, with
another running at right angles with it in a gutter-like excava-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 35

tion towards the extreme end of the tail. In the form I have
referred to A. Columbianus? the pore was quite different from
this, as seen in my figure B of plate II. In this the erect portion
of the pore is entirely wanting, the carinated body being arched
regularly down to, and overhanging the foot. The longitudinal
gutter-like pore is, however, plainly visible. In the two specimens
of the form I have referred to A. Californicus, the body is also
arched down to, and overhangs, the foot. On the tail, corre-
sponding to the gutter-like pore of the last-mentioned form, there
was no sign of any pore, but in its place the flesh was sponge-like,
without the markings which are found on the neighboring por-
tions of the foot. It may be, therefore, that in these specimens
the mucous pore was contracted or closed. No doubt it exists in
the living animal.

Of the internal anatomy I have examined the nervous system
in both A. Californicus and A. Columbianus? The ganglia pre-
sent the usual three sets, all globular in form, and so crowded
together in the subaesophageal and supercesophageal as almost to
form a continuous chain around the buccal mass.

In these same two forms, also, I have examined the circulatory
and respiratory organs. Within the respiratory cavity is a large,
spongy, ear-shaped organ, attached only at one point to the roof
of the chamber. This, I suppose to be the renal organ, surround-
ing, and indeed inclosing, the heart, though it is not so arranged
in any of the genera described by Dr. Leidy. In Arion hortensis
he describes the nearest approach to such an arrangement.

I have examined the digestive system of all the forms, and
figured that of both A. Californicus and Columbianus. In the
latter, plate II. fig. D, F, the buccal mass (1) is large and round, the
salivary glands (4) short and broad; the stomach (5) long and
large, with a decided constriction at its middle, and the usual cul-
de-sac (6) at its extremity, at which point the biliary ducts (7, 7)
enter; from this the stomach passes into the intestine (8), which
proceeds first forward almost to the csophagus, thence proceeds
backward to the extreme rear of the general cavity of the body,
and again forward to below the respiratory cavity, into which it
penetrates upwards as the rectum (9), and through which it
passes to the anus, whose position is described above. The intes-
tine in its whole course winds among, and is imbedded in, the

36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

various lobes of the liver, which latter organ is arranged as usual
in Limax, Arion, etc.

In A. Californicus (plate XI. fig. £), there is a difference in the
arrangement of the stomach. Before reaching the cul-de-sac (6),
the stomach is greatly constricted, and the cul-de-sac runs at
right angles with the stomach in an erect position, not lying on
its side as I have represented it, in order to show the connection
between it and the anterior portion of the stomach, which connec-
tion was entirely concealed by the cul-de-sac in its upright posi-
tion. The extreme length of the digestive system is three times
that of the whole body of the animal, at least in its contracted
state.

The jaw in all the forms of Ariolimazx is quite thick, dark horn-
colored, arcuate ; ends but little attenuated, blunt ; anterior surface
with stout ribs, ‘denticulating either margin. I have figured the
jaw of A. Columbianus? (plate II. fig. H) which has about twelve
ribs. In A. Californicus, from Mr. Anthony, there were thirteen
ribs to the jaw; fourteen in Mr. Hemphill’s specimen of the same.
In A. niger Dr. Cooper describes about twenty, but in one spe-
cimen I found but eight. ‘In Land and Fr. w. Shells, I. p. 280, I
have figured a jaw of the true northern form with eighteen ribs.

The pouch of the lingual membrane is shown in plate-II. fig.
D,5. The membrane is as usual in the Helicidx, with tricuspid
central, bicuspid lateral, and quadrate marginal teeth showing
simply a modification of the laterals. In L. and Fr. w. Shells, I.
p- 280, I have figured the lingual membrane of the true northern
A. Columbianus. The marginal teeth are there shown to have
one long denticle and a small, subobsolete side denticle. This
form of marginal teeth I have found in the form I have referred
to A. Columbianus? (see plate II. fig. £). Also in one of Dr.
Cooper’s types of A. niger (plate XI. fig. 4), and in both the spe-
cimens of A. Californicus (plate XI. fig. a). This form of mar-
ginal tooth may therefore be considered characteristic of the
genus, though in one specimen supposed to be A. niger, I noticed
marginal teeth with the outer cusp much more developed and
bifid, and figured them in Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., x. pl. xiii. fig. 1.
In plate XI. fig. B, I have given the central and the adjoining
lateral teeth of A. niger. In fig. F, the central and one adjoining
lateral of A. Californicus.

There is no retractor muscle to the buccal massin A. Califor-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37

nicus and A. Columbianus ?, but a very stout, broad one to the
whole head, attached to the outer integument, below the buccal
mass, and running along some distance on the floor of the general
visceral cavity, to which finally it becomes attached.

In describing the genital organs I have used the terms applied
to the various organs by Dr. Leidy in the first volume of my
father’s work on “ The Terrestrial Mollusks of the United States.”
Each form examined presented differences in these organs. They
all agree, however, in having a very large ovary.

On opening the body of A. niger (plate XI. fig. c), the genitalia
are found in the usual place, the testicle lying quite at the rear of
the visceral cavity near the extreme point of the upper lobes of
the liver, hardly imbedded in it, connected to the ovary by a long
epididymis (2). The testicle (1) is globular in form, composed
of black, aciniform czeca. It contrasts in color with the dirty
white of the liver. Color, however, I have not found constant in
the internal organs of land shells preserved in spirits. The above
described arrangement of the testicle is as usual in Limax, Arion,
and other slugs. It forms an excellent specific character for A
niger, the position of the testicle being quite different in A. Cali-
fornicus and A. Columbianus ?, as will be seen below. The epi-
didymis (2) is long, convoluted at the end nearer the ovary. The
accessory gland is shown in 3. The ovary (11) is large, yellow-
ish. The oviduct (8) and prostate (4) show no unusuai characters.
The genital bladder (9) is large, oval, with a short duct (16).
The penis is in a short, stout sac (5), which has a bulb-like swell-
ing at its upper extremity, where the vas deferens (7) enters.
The latter organ has nothing of peculiar interest. A vaginal
prostate, or perhaps dart sac, is shown in 13. The external ori-
fice is described above (p. 34).

The genital system of A. Californicus is figured in D of plate
XI. The testicle does not lie far away, imbedded in, or resting
on, the.upper lobes of the liver, but lies close against the ovary,
in the semicircle formed by the recurving of the apex of the
ovary upon itself. In this respect, the position of the testicle is
different from that of most slugs, and affords an excellent specific
character. The testicle (1) is kidney-shaped as it is covered by
its. investing membrane. It appears to consist of closely bound
fasciculi of short, white, tubular, not aciniform ceca. The epi-
didymis (2) is short and still more shortened by its excessive

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

convolution. The accessory gland is shown in 3, partially imbedded
in the ovary. The ovary (11) is large and distinctly lobulated.
The oviduct (8) is narrow, very long, greatly convoluted. From
the testicle to about the middle of the course of the oviduct is a
stout thread-like organ, of unknown use to me, either a muscle,
nerve, or duct. It is not figured in my plate, as I am not certain
of its forming part of the genital system.* The genital bladder
(9) is oval, large, with a short, stout duct (16). The penis is
inclosed in along tapering sac (5), terminating in a decided fla-
gellum (15), in which I detected no capreolus. On the end. of
the flagellum is a large, globular bulb. The retractor muscle of
the penis is attached to the roof of the general visceral cavity,
below the pulmonary chamber. It joins the penis at the com-
mencement of the flagellum. The vas deferens (7) is peculiar.
It leaves the prostate gland (4) as usual, runs alongside of the
vagina to the base of the penis, thence runs upwards, swelling to
an enormous extent, so as to equal the breadth of the penis, then
again becomes gradually reduced to its former size until, as the
most delicate thread, it enters the penis at the end of the flagellum
below the bulb. The penis did not appear in the animal extended
as drawn in the plate, but was twice recurved upon itself. There
is also a vaginal prostate (138), large, ear-shaped, close to the
exterior orifice of the female organs, which, with that of the male,
is described above (p. 34).

On plate II. fig. c, I have figured the genitalia of A. Columbi-
anus ? which also has a very large ovary (11) against which the
testicle (1) lies as in the preceding form. The ovary is so large
as to take up one-half of the entire visceral cavity, extending
completely across the body, resting on the floor of ‘the cavity, its
ends recurved upwards so as to rest upon the liver on the upper
surface of the viscera. The body of the animal externally is
swollen by the large size of the ovary. The oviduct (8) is narrow,
long, greatly convoluted, ending in an extremely long, conyoluted
vagina. The genital bladder (9) is oval, large, with a short, stout
duct (16). The vas deferens (7) unlike that of the preceding
‘orm, is as usual in the land shells. It enters the penis (5) at its
summit, opposite the retractor muscle (6). The sac of the penis
is very stout, long, cylindricai. The external orifice is described
above (p. 34).

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39

Zonites levigatus, Pfr., pl. III., fig 1.

I have examined numerous specimens, but have some hesitation
in giving my figure and description as absolutely perfect. I had
great difficulty in dissecting the species.

The ovary is short and vagina long. The genital bladder with
its duct forms a short cylindrical sac-like organ, opening near the
base of the vagina, and tapering at the apex. The penis sac is
long, cylindrical, larger at its apex where it receives the vas de-
ferens. At its base the penis sac has its opening into the vagina
with a short stout organ (fig. 13) with rounded apex, where a re-
tractor muscle seems to be attached. This organ may be a dart
sac or some form of prostate gland.

Hemphillia glandulosa, Bl. and Binn., pl. III., fig. v. v1.

The testicle is composed of a large globular mass of aciniform
ceca. It lies loosely upon, not imbedded in, the upper lobes of
the liver. The ovary and oviduct are as usual. The genital
bladder is globular, very large, on a short stout duct, entering the
vagina near its base. The penis sac is long, cylindrical, larger
towards its apex, where both the retractor muscle and vas de-
ferens enter.

In several specimens examined, the penis sac appeared some-
what different. It had a large globular bulb (5a) at its apex.
The vas deferens (7) entered beyond the middle of the length of
the sac (5); it was greatly swollen (5b) before entering the sac,
for a distance equalling about one-half of the length of the sac,
At the commencement of this swelling the retractor muscle (6)
was inserted. This form of penis sac is figured in fig. v1.

The balance of the anatomy of Hemphillia seems to be as in
the other slugs.

Helix Kelletti, Forbes (Arzonta), pl. III., fig. rv. The Catalina Island form.

The ovary is light yellow. The oviduct is white. The genital
bladder is light yellow. The prostate is large and yellow.

The whole genital system is long and narrow. The genital
bladder is small, globular, on an extremely long and delicate duct
which enters the vagina at its upper end. The duct just below
the bladder receives a branch duct, very long, flagellate, three
times the diameter of the duct itself. The penis sac is long, stout
cylindrical, tapering towards its apex and prolonged into a very
long delicate flagellum. The vas deferens enters at the point

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

where the flagellum commences. The retractor muscle is inserted
half way between the vagina and the entrance of the vas deferens.
Opposite the mouth of the penis sac is a small sac-like organ,
probably a dart sac or vaginal prostate.

Helix Mitchelliana, Lea (Mesodon), pl. III., fig. 11.

The genital system is long and narrow. The oviduct is greatly
convoluted. The penis sac is long, stout, cylindrical, with a bulb-
like expansion at its apex, at which point both vas deferens and
retractor muscle are inserted. The genital bladder is lengthened,
ovate, not much larger than its duct, which is short, and enters
the vagina below the middle of its length.

Helix reticulata, Pfr. (Arzonta), pl. III., fig. 1.

The specimens examined have a very globose shell. The ovary
is brownish below, yellowish above. The epididymis and testicle
are salmon colored. The oviduct is white, the prostate salmon.
The genital bladder is small, oval, with an extremely long duct,
which has a flagellate branch. The duct enters at the lower end
of the vagina. The penis is narrow, cylindrical, extremely long,
with a flagellate extension. The retractor muscle is inserted be-
yond the middle of the length of the penis, the vas deferens at
the commencement of the flagellum. There is a stout long cylin-
drical vaginal prostate, whose apex is extended into a flagellum,
which shortly becomes bifurcate, there being a bulb-like expansion
on each branch just beyond the bifurcation.

In some individuals the bulb-like expansions are still larger and
stouter than in the figure. The cylindrical extension of the va-
ginal prostate is abruptly truncated, tlie two flagella entering near
the end, not at the extreme terminus.

Helix Roemeri, Pfr. (Mesodoz).

The genitalia are figured on pl. IV., fig. v. The oviduct is
scarcely convoluted. The genital bladder is large, oval, with a
long, large duct. The penis sac is short, stout, of about equal
breadth throughout, ending in a stout oval bulb, into which the
vas deferens enters. The retractor muscle is inserted above the
entrance of the vas deferens.

The specimen examined was collected in Bosque County, Texas,
by Mr. Hugo W. Ericsson.

Helix appressa, Say (Zrzodopsis).
The genitalia are figured on pl. IV., fig. 1v. The ovary is long

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 41

and narrow. The epididymis is very long, convoluted at the end
nearer the oviduct. The last-named organ is not much convoluted.
The prostate is scalloped along its edges. The genital bladder is
globular, small, with a long, small duct. The sac of the penis is
extremely long, ribbon-like, one and one-half as long as the ovi-
duct. The vas deferens enters its apex.

The long ribbon-like sac of the penis resembles that figured by
Dr. Leidy (Terr. Moll. U. 8. I.), of H. Sayit. There is but little
resemblance to the genitalia of H. palliata, so nearly allied by its
shell.

The specimens examined were collected in eastern Tennessee,
by Miss Law.

Helix Nickliniana, Lea (Ariozta).

The genitalia are figured on plate IV. fig. 11. The ovary is yel-
low, long, narrow, concave on one side, convex and carinated on the
other. The accessory gland of the epididymis is composed of long,
white ceca. The oviduct is extremely long, narrow, convoluted.
The genital bladder is globular, small, with an extremely long
duct, to which is added an accessory duct or branch, almost as long
as the oviduct. This branch joins the duct near its end. It is
thicker than the duct. The duct enters the vagina at its upper
part. The penis sac is long, cylindrical, small, almost equalling
in length the oviduct and ovary united. The retractor muscle is
inserted at about the middle of its length, it is attached to the dia-
phragm; the vas deferens enters about three-fourths of its length ;
beyond the vas deferens is a flagellate extension. The vagina is
long and narrow; near its base, opposite the entrance of the sac
of the penis is a stout, cylindrical, long, hollow, vaginal prostate,
gradually tapering at its apex, and extended into a delicate tube,
which soon becomes divided into two long flagella. Just beyond
the division, on each flagellum, is a stout bulb-like enlargement.

This complicated form of genitalia, hitherto unnoticed in Ame-
rican species, has been noticed in European species.

Patula strigosa, Gould, pl. IV., fig. 11.

Represents the genitalia of a Salmon River specimen. The
testicle, as usual, was in the summit of the upper lobe of the liver.
The epididymis is long, convoluted in its half nearer the testicle.
The accessory gland is composed of several long, black ceca.
The oviduct is sac-like, not convoluted, containing eight embryonic

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

shells. The genital bladder is long, with a long, narrow duct en-
tering the upper part of the vagina. The vagina is short and
swollen. The penis sac is long, stout, blunt at apex, where the
retractor muscle is inserted. The vas deferens becomes greatly
swollen before it enters the sac of the penis, which it does above
the insertion of the retractor muscle.

As the shells of some forms of this species are difficuit to dis-
tinguish from some forms of Patula solitaria, it is interesting to
state that the genitalia of a specimen of the latter from the same
locality, offer very distinct specific characteristics, agreeing with
Dr. Leidy’s figure in Terr. Moll. U.S. I.

Macrocyclis Vancouverensis, Lea.

The genitalia are figured on pl. IV ., fig. 1. The epididymis is
extremely long and very large, forming the peculiar feature of the
system. The genital bladder is oval, with a long duct, which is
very much broader at the end nearer the vagina. The penis sac is
long, gradually tapering at its apex, where it receives the vas de-
ferens. Upon the side of the vagina, about the middle of its
length, is a wart-like protuberance, which may be a dart sac or a
vaginal prostate.

A comparison of Dr. Leidy’s figure of the genitalia of I. con-
cava in Terr. Moll. U. 8. I. shows considerable difference between
the two species, especially in the epididymis.

Zonites demissus, Binney.

The genitalia are like those of Z. intertextus, Binney, figured by
Dr. Leidy (Terr. Moll. U.S. I.). The accessory glands of the
dart sac are rather shorter in demissus.

Amphibulima appendiculata, Pfr.

Elsewhere (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y. x. 206, pl. ix. f. 2, 6, 9,
11) we have fully described the external appearance, jaw, lingual
membrane, and shell of this species, pointing out its differences
from Succinea, from Pellicula, from Omalonyx, and all other de-
scribed genera.

I now give (pl. VIII. fig. 5) a figure of its genital system, with
notes on other organs, drawn from specimens in alcohol.

The external orifice of generation is behind the right eyepedun-
cle. The orifice of respiration is on the right margin of the man-
tle, slightly to the rear of its middle. There is a distinct locomo-
tive disk to the foot. The eyepeduncles must be short and stout,
The digestive and nervous systems present no remarkable feature.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43

The subcesophageal ganglia consist apparently of six closely
agglomerated globules. There are two simple globules to the
stomacogastric ganglia. The genital system (pl. VIII. fig. 5) is quite
simple, presenting no accessory organs. The testicle is composed
of six or seven fasciculi of long czeca, which massed together in a
globular form equal the length of the oviduct. This enormous
development of the testicle is the peculiarity of the genital sys-
tem, and no doubt will prove a reliable specific, but not generic,
character. The epididymis is long, convoluted at its middle por-
tion. The oviduct is long, narrow, not convoluted. The vagina
is about one-fifth the length of the oviduct; it is swollen greatly
at the entrance of the penis. The genital bladder is small, glo-
bular; its duct is narrow, longer than the oviduct, and enters the
vagina at the upper fourth of its length. The penis sac is short,
stout, blunt at apex, where the vas deferens enters and where the
retractor muscle is also inserted.

In the paper referred to above we hesitated to decide upon the
generic position of this species, leaving it temporarily in Pellicula
of Fischer (not of Heynemann, which is Omalynx). Since that
time I have become acquainted with the jaw of Amphibulima, and
find it to be of the same type as in appendiculata. I would, there-
fore, suggest that this species belongs to Amphibulima. It is true
its lingual dentition (see pl. VIII. fig. 6) more closely resembles that
of Simpulopsis sulculosa as far as centrals, and perhaps laterals,
are concerned; but in the marginals, as described in S. sulculosa
and S. Portoricensis, the resemblance ceases. Moreover, the jaw
of Simpulopsis is described as quite different by Shuttleworth. The
species under consideration cannot, therefore, be placed in Sim-
pulopsis. It appears, at all events, that the shell in this group is
an unreliable guide to generic position.

It must be borne in mind that I here describe the anatomy of
the shell figured by us (l.c.). We believe it to be Succinea ap-
pendiculata, Pfr. Fischer bases his genus Pellicula on Succinea
depressa, Rang. He does, indeed, place S. appendiculata, Pfr., in
the synonymy of his species, but our specimens of appendiculata
could never be the same as Fischer’s specimens of depressa. His
had a jaw with nine decided ribs, denticulating the cutting edge,
and teeth’ of the usual form of Helicine, quite different from what

' In Fischer’s plate the references to teeth of Omalonyx unguis and Pel-
licula depressa are reversed.

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

we find in our S. appendiculata. His species and ours are there-
fore distinct.

Pellicula convexa, Martens (Succinea), is quite a distinct species,
and belongs to the genus Omalonyx, as shown by Heynemann’s
figure of the jaw (Mal. Blatt., xv.). ;

I give also figures of the central and lateral teeth of our species
(pl. VIII., fig. 6).

Amphibulima patula, Brug.

I have elsewhere described, in connection with Mr. Bland, the
jaw and lingual membrane of specimens of this species from St. Kitts
and Dominica (Am. Journ. of Conch., VII. 186, pl. xvii., f. 1, 2;
Ann. Lye. N. H. and N. Y., x. 225, pl. xi.; f.8). Lately the question
of identity of these shells with the Guadeloupe patula has been ©
raised (see Journal de Conchyliologie, XXI.12). I have, therefore,
again carefully examined the lingual membranes previously de-
scribed to learn if they give any difference worthy to be considered
of specific value. I have figured teeth from each lingual mem-
brane (pl. VII.). I regret not having had the opportunity of exam-
ining Guadeloupe specimens also, but have never been able to
receive the latter with the animal; indeed it seems to be now
found subfossil only. I can only treat the question of the identity
of the St. Kitts and Dominica forms, not their identity with Guade-
loupe forms.

It will be seen that the Dominica form has sharper cutting
points to the large cusps of its central and lateral teeth than that
of St. Kitts. Fig. B shows a group of laterals of the former, in
which some variation from the pointed shape is indeed shown, but
no decided tendency that way. On the other hand, the laterals,
from the St. Kitts form, shaw great constancy in the square trun-
cation of the cutting points.

The teeth of the St. Kitts form are broader in proportion to
their length than those of Dominica, have a greater curve in their
outlines, and more developed side cusps, which overlap the me-
dian cusps.

The Dominica lingual in the only row counted had 87—-1-87
teeth. A row of the St. Kitts form 57-1-57. The marginal teeth
of the St. Kitts form show a greater tendency to splitting into
sharp denticles on the cutting cusps than those of Dominica.

It cannot be denied that certain variations may be noticed in
the two lingual membranes. I believe, however, that these differ-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 45

ences are not such as suggest specific distinction, especially as the
shell furnishes no grounds for doubting the specific identity of the
forms. Nor by the shell alone does there seem to be two species.

Mr. Bland has given a detailed account of the species in Journal
de Conchyliologie, X XI. 342, October, 1873. ;

Amphibulima rubescens, Desh.

Mr. Bland and myself are indebted to Governor Rawson for
specimens preserved in spirits of Succinea rubescens, Fér. of
Martinique.

On examination of the jaw and lingual membrane, I found
the species to be no Succinea, but an Amphibulima, in which
genus it is placed by H. and A. Adams (Gen. Ree. Moll.), and by
Beck (Index), though Pfeiffer treats it as a Succinea, and von
Martens catalogues it in Succinea,s. str. (See note 1 to p. 345
of Journ. de Conch., Oct. 1873, 3d series, XIII.)

The external appearance of the animal has nothing peculiar.
The head appears blunt and short, the tail long and pointed,
without any mucus pore. There is no distinctly marked loco-
motive disk to the foot, over the whole breadth of which the
transverse muscles pass. The reticulations of the surface of the
animal seem large and coarse in, proportion to its size. As far
as can be judged from alcoholic specimens, the tentacles and eye-
peduncles seem shortand stout. The respiratory and anal orifices
are under the mantle on the right side. The external orifice of
generation is behind the right eyepeduncle.

On opening the animal from above, the generative system is
found as usual, lying on the right of the animal. It occupies the
whole of the visceral cavity in front of the shell, lying npon the
stomach. The testicle (see plate VIII., fig. 4) is a globular mass
composed of long ceca. It lies imbedded in the liver. The epidi-
dymis is not greatly convoluted. It passes between the stomach
and intestine, at the cul-de-sac of the former, on its way to the
ovary. The latter organ is, as usual, tongue-shaped. The ovi-
duct is long and greatly convoluted. The vagina is short,
receiving at its lower portion the long duct of the small, globular
genital bladder. The penis enters the vagina close to the common
opening. The sac of the penis is not long, is stout, cylindrical,
blunt at apex, where it receives the vas deferens, just above the
insertion of the retractor muscle. There are no accessory organs.
The genital system is very much the same in its general arrange-

46 _ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ment as that of Amphibulima appendiculata, Pfr. (see fig. 5), but
differs among other things in wanting the huge testicle of that
species.

The digestive system presents no peculiar characters. The
stomach is long, narrow, and ribbon-shaped, lying under the
genital system and extending backward as far as the shell when
the animal is extended. At this point the stomach forms the
usual cul-de-sac at its junction with the intestine. The last organ
and the liver are small in proportion, as would be anticipated
from the short spire of the shell; the liver is dark blue. There
seems to be a retractor muscle to the whole head rather than to
the buccal mass. It lies on the floor of the cavity. The buccal
mass is large, the cesophagus small.. The salivary glands and
ducts, and pouch of the lingual membrane are as usual. The jaw
is readily detached from the muscles of the mouth, and is not
connected with the lingual membrane as usual with our Helices.!
It is thin, wide, low, arched, with attenuated, bluntly pointed
ends; divided by numerous (about 63) delicate ribs into separate
plate-like divisions, as in the jaw of Cylindrella, Bulimulus, etc.,
the ribs running somewhat obliquely towards the centre of the
iaw; there is no decided, upper median, triangular plate (fig. 2,
plate VIIL.). The lingual membrane (plate VILI., fig. 3) is long,
broad, composed of numerous rows of 76-1-76 teeth. Centrals
long, narrow, expanding below with the lower margin squarely
excavated as in Succinea; tricuspid, the central cusp very long,
wide, with a greatly expanded, squarely truncated cutting point
reaching beyond the lower margin of the tooth; the side cusps
short and narrow, simply pointed. The lateral teeth are of same
type as the centrals, but unsymmetrical and bicuspid. The mar-
ginals are a simple modification of the laterals, with a long,
bluntly truncated median cusp, and obsolete side cusps. The
extreme marginals are irregularly denticulated, the outer and inner
denticles being more produced, especially the outer, and greatly
curved; the inner denticles, usually two in number, are quite
small.

The jaw agrees perfectly with that of the genus Amphibulima
deseribed: by..us.. (Ann: Lye. .N. EB orN- WY... x. p. 223, mice

' Even after boiling the whole buccal mass in potash, the lingual mem-
brane and jaw remain attached in most of our Helices of N. A. showing a
decided connection between the two.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 47

fig. 8.) The lingual membrane has also the same general arrange-
ment as in that genus, with specific differences from that of 4.
patula (see plate VII., fig. A-c), especially in the widely expanded,
blunt median cusp, and in the Swecinea-like cutting away of the
lower margin of the teeth.

The nervous ganglia are as usual in the Geophila, forming a
continuous ring in the supracesophageal, and grouped together in
one mass in the subcesophageal set.

Plate VIII., fig. 3, gives the central and adjacent lateral teeth,
with marginals at different intervals to the edge of the membrane.

The notes we have given above will enable a full generic descrip-
tion of the genus Amphibulima to be drawn.

Gonospira and Nanina, from Mauritius.

Having received from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Cambridge a number of specimens in alcohol of Mauritius species,
collected by Consul Pike, we are able to give the following notes
on them.

Gonospira. There were several species of this and the allied
subgenera, allowing an examination of their anatomy. The soft
parts of the animals are colored red. The species especially
examined are G. Newtoni, H. Ad., and G. palanga, Fér. There
seems nothing in the anatomy different from what is usual in the
land shells. The genitalia of G. New/oni are figured on plate VIII.,
fig. 7. There are no accessory organs. The genital bladder is
long, oval, with a long, narrow duct. The penis sac is stout, long,
receiving the vas deferens at its summit, at which point, also, the
retractor muscle is inserted. The vagina is long, the oviduct not
convoluted. The ovary tongue-shaped as usual. The epididymis
is short, the testicle as usual lies in the liver.

G. palanga has a similar genital system. There appears no
locomotive disk and no caudal pore.

The lingual membrane of the genus has been photographed by
Mr. Bland and myself (Am. Journ. of Conch., v. pl. xi. fig. 1).
All the species now received have similar dentition. There is,
however, a difference in the number of teeth in each transverse
row. I counted about 37T-1-37 in palanga ; 6-1-6 in G. Newtoni;
12-1-12 in G. mauritiana, Morelet ; 25-1-25 in G. modiolus, Fér.
(Gibbulina, v. Martens). The dentition of this species is also
described by Semper (Nachr. Mal. Ges., IT. 103). 21-1-21 in G.

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Nevilli. We have elsewhere described the dentition of G. sulcata,
Mill. (Ann. N. Y. Lye. N. H., x. 222).

No jaw was found in any of the above, nor in Ennea clavulata,
Lam This last species is placed in s. g. Gulella by von Martens.
There were five embryonic shells in the oviduct, proving the
species to be viviparous. The dentition is the same as in Gonos-
pira. There appears to be a median tooth of same form as the
laterals.

Of the genus Nanina (using the name in the same sense as von
Martens in die Heliceen), there were several species. All have the
locomotive disk, the caudal pore with overhanging horn-like projec-
tion, the smooth jaw with median projection, and the lingual denti-
tion of the genus, 7. e., centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, mar-
ginals aculeate, bluntly bifid. Such are N. Caldwelli, Benson; N.
Rawsonis, Barclay = semicerina, Morelet; N. argentea, Rve.; N.
implicata, Nevill; N. stylodon, Pfr., put in Helix (Hrepta) by von
Martens. Entirely different in the dentition is another species, NV.
philyrina, Morelet, though the species agrees in other respects with
the above-named. The membrane is very broad, the teeth exceed-
ingly numerous, arranged in oblique rows. The centrals, which
Iam confident of having seen, are small, narrow, high. The other
teeth are the same in form to the edge of the membrane. They
appear to have the usual aculeate form of the marginal teeth in
Nanina, but instead of narrowing towards the cutting point, they
are broadly and obliquely truncated, reflected, and minutely den-
ticulated. This lingual membrane is also figured by Semper (Phil.
Archip., pl. vi. f. 35), but his figures give more the impression of
the usual Nanina marginals with denticulated side and bifid points.
The teeth are, however, so exceedingly numerous and small, it is
very difficult to understand them.

Elsewhere (Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. H., x. 170) we have described
the lingual of the following Mauritius species: Nanina inversi-
color, leucostyla, rufizonata, militaris. I have examined the geni-
talia of N. inversicolor. The oviduct is long, narrow, sac-like ;
the genital bladder is hardly smaller than its long wide duct; the
penis sac is long, extended into a flagellum, receiving the vas
deferens near its apex, beyond it having a bulb-like termination ;
the vas deferens is greatly swollen at its middle portion, and near
the base of the oviduct has a long flagellate appendix.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 49

Glandina semitarum, Rang. (Varicella).

Martinique, Governor Rawson.

Lingual membrane as usual in Glandina. There are about
30-1-30 teeth. The central is long and narrow, sharply pointed.

Glandina Phillipsi, Adams (Varicella).
"Jamaica.
Lingual membrane as in last species.

Helix clausa, Say (Mesodon).

Whitley Co., Kentucky. A. G. Wetherby.

Jaw as usual in the subgenus, with about 10 stout, separate
ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth about 41—1-41.
Centrals and laterals (about 11 of the latter), as usual in the sub-
genus (see fig. of those of H. Sayi, L. and Fr. w. Shells, I. 154,
fig. 265). Marginals quadrate, with one extremely long, oblique
denticle, as in H. thyroides (1. c. fig. 252, p. 148). Some of the
extreme marginals are notched or obsoletely bifid at their point.

The penis resembles that of H. thyroides as figured e Dir:
Leidy in Terr. Moll. U. S., I.

Helix Downieana, Bland (Mesodon).

Whitley Co., Kentucky. A. G. Wetherby.

Jaw ribbed as usual in the subgenus. Lingual membrane as
usual in the subgenus (see fig. 265 of L. and Fr. w. Shells, N. A.,
I). Marginals with one long, oblique, bluntly bifid inner denticle,
and two short, blunt outer denticles.

Helix Wetherbyi, Bland (Mesodon).

Whitley Co., Kentucky. A. G. Wetherby.

Jaw and lingual membrane as usual in the subgenus (see ante,
H. clausa), the former with about 18 ribs, the latter with mar-
ginals peculiar for the great development of the inner blunt den-
ticle, the outer being short and blunt. Plate V., fig. 17, 18.

Helix Edvardsi, Bland (Stenotrema).
Whitley Co., Kentucky. A. G. Wetherby.
Jaw as usual in the subgenus (see L. and Fr. w. Shells, N. A.,
1), with about 13 broad, crowded ribs, denticulating either margin.
Lingual membrane as in H. hirsuta (1. c. 119, fig. 197). Cen-
trals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, marginals wide, low, with one
4

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

inner, long, oblique, bluntly bifid denticle, and two outer, short,
blunt denticles.

Helix angulata, Fér. (Eurycratera).

Porto Rico. From the late Mr. Robert Swift.

Jaw stout, dark claret-colored, low, wide, ends blunt; about 7,
very wide, crowded, decided ribs, bluntly denticulating either °
margin.

Lingual membrane as in the H. crispata (plate X., fig. 9), as far
as the general arrangement of the teeth, but there are decidedly
developed points to the side cusps of both centrals and laterals;
we have therefore figured it (plate [X., fig. 5).

Helix Texasianna, Mor. (Polygyra).

Bosque Co., Texas. Mr. H. W. Ericsson.

Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate, ends blunt, with 10 decided
ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane (plate V., fig. 1) as usual in the subgenus.
Centrals and laterals with a plate about as wide as high, the
former tricuspid, the latter bicuspid, cusps long and slender, with
long, sharp points. Marginals low, wide, multidentate, the two
inner denticles long, the several outer denticles short and slender.
Of the same type as figured by us for H. auriculata in L. and Fr.
w. Shells, I. 87.

Helix Luquillensis, Shuttl. (Polydontes).

The lingual was received mounted from the late Mr. Robert
Swift.

Lingual membrane (plate X., fig. 2-4) as usual in the Helicide.
Centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, cusps with long, sharp
points, extending beyond the base of the plate. Marginals bicus-
pid, cusps short, bluntly rounded, the inner one, as usual, the
longer.

We received no jaw of this species.

Helix notabilis, Shuttl. (Thelidomus).

Tortola. Received mounted from the late Mr. Robert Swift.

Jaw arcuate, low, ends blunt ; narrower at the centre; decided
separate ribs, denticulating either margin. .

Lingual membrane already published by us. (Am. Journ.
Conch., VI. 177; see also plate IX., fig. 10). Centrals tricuspid,
laterals bicuspid, the plates about as wide as high, the larger
cusp with a long point extending beyond the lower margin of the

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 51

plate. Marginals quadrate, of equal width and height, with two
short, wide, blunt, round cusps, the inner one slightly the larger.
Helix discolor, Fér. (Lhelidomus).

Jaw arcuate, thick, ends blunt. Anterior surface with 7 un-
equal, decided, stout ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane (plate X., fig. 1) long and narrow. Centrals
with a long narrow plate expanded at the base, and bearing at its
corners a small reinforcement; base of the plate extending be-
yond the cusp; bluntly tricuspid, the median cusp long, stout,
with a short blunt point ; side cusps subobsolete. Laterals as in
the centrals, but unsymmetrical, and with a shorter plate. Mar-
ginals quadrate, wide as high, with two short, blunt denticles,
the inner one slightly the longer.

Helix lima, Fér. (Thelidomus).

Porto Rico. Received mounted from the late Mr. Robert
Swift.

Jaw arcuate, thick, high, ends blunt; no median projection to
the cutting edge. Anterior surface with 7 stout ribs. A strong,
thick muscular attachment to the upper margin.

No lingual membrane received.

Helix marginella, Gmel. (Caracolus). ,

Porto Rico. Received mounted from the late Mr. Robert Swift.

A portion only of the jaw is preserved on the slide. It appears
to be thick, arcuate, with strong transverse lines of reinforce-
ment and decided ribs.

Lingual dentition as in H. excellens (see plate X., fig. 67).
Helix Chemnitziana, Pfr. (Pleurodonta).

Jamaica. Received mounted from the late Mr. Robert Swift.

Jaw stout, arched, ends attenuated, blunt; anterior surface
with about 6 irregularly disposed ribs, stout and denticulating
either margin.

No lingual membrane received.
Helix Carmelita, Fér. (Plewrodonta).

Jamaica. Received mounted from the late Mr. Robert Swift.

Jaw arcuate, ends blunt, anterior surface with about 6 stout
ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane (plate X., fig. 5) as usual in the Helicide.
Central teeth short, bluntly pointed on the middle cusps, the
side cusps subobsolete ; laterals like centrals, also with obsolete

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

side cusps; marginals with oblique bluntly rounded broad cusps,
the inner, larger, one bluntly bifid.

Helix punctata (mwa denticulata), Born. (Dentellaria).

Martinique. Governor Rawson.

Jaw stout, arched, ends blunt, cutting edge with a blunt me-
dian projection, one stout, decided rib on the centre of the jaw,
and three less developed separate ribs at each side of it.

Lingual membrane long and narrow (plate IX., fig. 8). Centrals
high and narrow with long, stout median cusps, bearing a point
extending nearly to the base of the plate; side cusps subobsolete.
Laterals like the centrals, but unsymmetrical. Marginals low,
wide, subquadrate, with one very long, broad, bluntly bifid,
oblique denticle, and one smaller, bluntly rounded, side denticle.
Helix nucleola, Rang. (Dentellaria).

Martinique. Governor Rawson.

Jaw thick, arched, ends blunt; cutting margin with an obtuse
median projection. One central, stout rib, denticulating either
margin.

Lingual membrane, as usual in Dentellaria (see H. punctata,
Born), above. |

Helix formosa, Fér. (Dentellaria). -
Antigua. Received mounted from the late Mr. Robert Swift.
Jaw arched; ends blunt; several strong, transverse lines of re-
inforcement, but no ribs; a median projection to cutting edge.
Lingual membrane as usual in the subgenus. (See pl. IX., fig. 8,
of punctata, Born.)
Helix badia, Fér. (Dentellaria).
Received mounted from Mr. Swift.
Jaw stout, arched; ends blunt, with about eight decided ribs.
Lingual membrane as usual in the subgenus. (See pl. IX., fig. 8,
of H. punctata, Born.)

Pupa rupicola, Say.

Ohio. <A. G. Wetherby.

Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate; ends but little attenuated,
blunt ; no median projection to cutting edge.

Lingual membrane as usual in the genus. (See figures of that
of corticaria, pentodon, and badia in L. & Fr. w. N. A., 1.) The
cusps on the laterals, however, are very much stouter. There are
five perfect laterals.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 53

Strophia decumana, Fer.

Castle Island, Bahamas.

On pl. VIII., fig. 1, will be found figures of the dentition of this ,
species. For full description, see Annals of Lyc. Nat. Hist. of
IN Yoni. Di OAS.

Bulimulus chrysalis, Pfr.

Martinique. Gov. Rawson.:

Jaw of the type common in Bulimulus, Cylindrella, etc., arcuate,
low; ends blunt; thin, transparent; with eighteen narrow, sepa-
rated ribs; a transverse central line of reinforcement. Attached
to the upper margin is a strong triangular membrane of the same
consistency and material as the jaw itself, and equally resisting
the action of potash, so as readily to be mistaken for the accessory
plate of the Succinee. (PI. V., fio. 11.)

Lingual membrane (pl. V. fig. 12, 13) as usual in the Helicine.
Centrals about as broad as long, tricuspid, the median cusp short
and stout, its short point not extending to the base of the plate.
Laterals like the centrals, but bicuspid. Marginals wide, low,
with one inner, long, blunt, stout, oblique denticle, and one or
two short, blunt side denticles.

Bulimulus Vincentimus, Pfr., var. ? (Drymeus).

Tobago. Jaw as usual in Bulimulus, Cylindrella, etc., thin,
transparent, with numerous delicate, separated, narrow ribs.

Lingual membrane as in Bulimulus talicinctus, ete. (see Ann.
INDY hive x. pl. xl fo. Ps)

Bulimulus Knorri, Pfr. (Drymeus).

Porto Cabello, Venezuela. Received mounted from the late Mr.
Robert Swift.

Jaw arched, high, ends attenuated, blunt; an obtuse median
projection to cutting edge; transverse lines of reinforcement, but
no ribs.

An unusual form of jaw in this genus, though common in many
subgenera of Helix.

Bulimulus Peruvianus, Brug. (Plectostylus).

Talcahuana. Museum Comparative Zoology.

Jaw as in Cylindrella, ete., with about thirty delicate ribs;
upper central plate triangular.

Lingual membrane (pl. V., fig. 2) combining the usual characters
of the genus with those peculiar to the group of B. laticinctus

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

(referred to above under B. Vincentinus). The central tooth is
higher than wide, tricuspid, the central cusp short, not extending
near the base of the tooth. The laterals(5 in number) are bi-
cuspid, the inner cusp with short, subcircular cutting edge.
Marginals of the type of B. laticinctus (1. ¢.).

Bulimus (Pachyotus) egregius, Jay.

Brazil. J. G. Anthony.

No jaw received.

Lingual membrane as usual in the Helicide. Centrals and
laterals higher than wide, the plates almost extending to the point
of the cusps; central with a large median and small side cusps;
lateral bicuspid, the inner cusp very large, and bluntly pointed,
the outer cusp very small, and acutely pointed. Marginals quad-
rate, about as high as wide, with one wide, very short, blunt
inner cusp, and a similar small outer cusp. (PI. VI., fig. 1.)
Succinea Barbadensis, Guild.

Barbados. Jaw and lingual membrane as usual in the genus.
Lithotis rupicola, Blanford.

Figs. 3-6 of plate V. represent the jaw and lingual dentition of
this species, which are fully described in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.
Y..,x. 346.

Erinna Newcombi, A. Adams.
Sandwich Islands. —
Figs. 7-10 of plate V. represent the jaw and lingual dentition of

this species, which have been fully described in Ann. of N. Y. Lye.
of Nat. Hist., x. p. 349.

Before closing this paper, I propose reviewing my work on lin-
gual dentition and jaws, for the purpose of ascertaining what
reliance may be placed on their characters as a basis for subgeneric
distinction, in the genera Helix and Bulimus. Of Bulimulus we
cannot yet speak with confidence, so poor is our material.

Sagda.—The genus is included in the Vitrinea of von Martens,
but we have shown that it belongs to the Helicea, the marginal
teeth being quadrate, not aculeate.

The jaw has no anterior ribs. In H. Jayana there is an approach
to a median projection to the cutting edge, but not in Haldemani-
ana or Foremaniana.

The lingual membrane we have examined in connectens, Jayana,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 5A

and Haldemaniana. We figure that of the latter (plate IX., fig. 4),
with which the others agree. The centrals have their plates short
in comparison to the reflection, and broad. The middle cusp is
_ long, with a long slender point. The side cusps are subobsolete,
with short, acute, triangular points. The laterals are of same
type as centrals, but bicuspid, the outer cusp more developed than
the external cusps of the centrals. The marginals are wide, low,
with one long, oblique, blunt, narrow inner cusp, and one or more
side, smallcusps. The dentition and jaw of this species are fully
described in Am. Journ. Conch., VII. 175; S. connectens in Ibid.
175; S..Jayana in Ann. N. Y. Lyc., x. 219.

Leucochroa.—We have shown L. Poissieri, Charp., to belong
to Helicea and not to Vitrinea, and expressed our belief that the
same will prove true of candidissima. (See Ann. N. Y. Lye., x.
220.) We now figure the dentition (plate IX., fig. 3). The jaw is
ribless, with a median projection.

Microphysa is put in Helicea by von Martens. H. minuscula
(see L. and Fr. w. Shells) and circumfirmata, Redf. (N. Y. Ann.,
x. 231), both belong to Vitrinea, having aculeate marginal teeth,
and jaw of Zonites. H. turbiniformis, Pir. (Ann. N. Y. Lye., x.
79, pl. ii. fig. 2) has a jaw as in Cylindrella, Bulimulus, etc.—i. e.
with numerous very delicate, distant ribs, giving the appearance
of separate plates. It would be put in Goniognatha of Morch,
though there are no upper triangular median plates We here
figure the lingual dentition (plate IX., fig. 7).

For Patula, Gonostoma, Polygyra, Polygyrella, Stenotrema,
Triodopsis, Mesodon, Acanthinula, Vallonia, Aglaja, Arionta,
EHuparypha, Tachea, Pomatia, Glyptostoma, see L. and Fr. w.
Shells N. A., I., and our various papers on dentition.

Dorcasia is known to us only by one species, H. similaris, Fér.
(see Am. Journ. Conch., VII. 176). The jaw has eight decided
ribs. I figure the lingual dentition (plate LX., fig. 6).

Fruticicola is known to us only by H. griseola, Pfr. (see Proc.
Phila. Ac. N.S. 1873, 243). The dentition I now figure (plate X.,
fig. 11).

Coryda.—We have described the lingual membrane only of this
subgenus, and that in only one species, H. Gossei, Pfr. (Am.
Journ. Conch., VII. 177). We figure it on plate IX., fig.2. The
centrals have long, narrow plates, a very short reflection, with a
short, blunt median cusp and obsolete side cusps. Laterals like

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

centrals, but unsymmetrical. Marginalsquadrate, with one broad,
oblique, long, bluntly bifid inner cusp, and one or two very short
rounded side cusps.

Thelidomus.—We have examined H. aspera, Fér. (Am. Journ.
Conch., VI. 204); discolor, Fér. (ante, p. 51); notabilis, Shuttl.
(Amer. Journ. Conch., VII. 177); lima, Fér. (ante, p. 51); and
provisoria, Pfr. (Ann. Lye. N. Y., x. 347).

There are 8 decided stout ribs on the jaw of aspera, 7 on that
of discolor and lima, on provisoria we find 10-15 ribs, less decided
than in the other two species.

I figure the lingual dentition of H. discolor (plate X., fig. 1).
Hf. aspera agrees with it. The marginal teeth of provisoria and
notabilis agree with those of aspera and discolor, but as thecentrals
and laterals differ in the shape of the plates and the development
of the cusps, I also figure the central and lateral of notabilis
(plate IX., fig. 10), with which provisoria agrees.

Cysticopsis we know by tumida, Pfr., and pemphigodes, Pfr.
For description and figure of the former see Ann. N. Y. Lye.
N.H., 1X. 213, f.3; Am. Journ. Conch., VI. 203, f. 1. Finding the
dentition of pemphigodes to be different (Am. Journ. Conch., VII.
177) I here figure it (plate IX., fig. 1).

Plagioptycha.—We have published H. loxodon, Pfr., Albersiana,
Pfr., monodonta, Lea, diaphana, Lea, and macroglossa. (See Am.
Journ. Conch., VII. 177, 178.) They all agree in having a ribless
jaw with blunt median projection to cutting edge, and in dentition
such as I figure for H. macroglossa, Pfr. (plate X., fig. 10).

Polymita.—We have elsewhere (Ann. N. Y. Lyc., x. 341) pointed
out the necessity of revising this subgenus. The typical species
muscarum, and H. picta which must be removed to it from Lio-
chila, have a ribless jaw without median projection to the cutting
margin (see Am. Journ. Conch., VI. 204, pl. IX., f. 4,10). The
lingual dentition of both species agrees (see ibid. and Ann. N. Y.
Lyc., x. pl. xvi. fig. 14). It is entirely different from that of any
species now known.

Hemitrochus must be used as the name for the balance of the
subgenus Polymita of von Martens. We have examined varians,
Mke. (Amer. Journ. Conch., VII. 206, and L. and Fr. w. Shells, I.
185); Troscheli, Pfr. (Ann. N. Y. Lyce., x. 343); graminicola, Ad.
(Am. Journ. Conch., VII. 178); gallopavonis, Val. 343. (N. Y. Am.
X. 343.) All agree in having an arched ribless jaw with blunt

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 57
°

median projection. All have lingual dentition such as I figure
of graminicola (plate X., fig. 8).

Liochila.—As stated already (p. 56) H. picta, Born, must be
removed from this subgenus to Polymita, probably also H. sulphu-
rosa, Mor.

EHurycratera has decided stout ribs on its jaw. We have seen
H. crispata, Fér. (Am. Journ. Conch., VII. 179), and H. angulata,
Fér. (this paper, p. 50). The lingual dentition is essentially the
same in each, but on account of difference in the development of
the points of the side cusp, I figure that of each (pl. IX. fig. 5;
pl. X. fig. 9).

Polydontes has the same type of dentition, as in the last sub-
genus, as shown in my figure of H. Luquillensis, Shuttl. (plate X.,
fig. 2-4) the only species examined by us. Jaw not seen.

Stylodon.—We have shown H. militaris, Pfr. to be a Nanina
(Ann. N. Y. Lyc., x. 169). Other species unexamined by us.

Erepta.—The same may be said of H. stylodon, Pfr. (see ante, p.
48), and leucostyla, Pfr., and rufizonata, H. Ad. (Ann. N. Y. Lye.,
x. 169), all Mauritius species.

Dentellaria.—We have examined a large proportion of the
known species. The jaw varies somewhat, so that each descrip-
tion should be studied. There seems a tendency to a median pro-
' jection to the cutting edge, and to the presence of ribs. H. pachy-
_ gastra, Gray (Ann. N. Y. Lyc., x. 305) has 7 decided ribs and no
median projection. H. orbiculata, Fér. (Am. Journ. Conch., VI.
205, pi. ix. f. 14) has traces of ribs and no median projection. H.
Isabella, Fé. (1.c. VII. 179) has decided ribs and no median pro-
jection. H.dentiens, Fér. (Am. Journ. Conch., VII. 179) has de-
cided ribs and no median projection. H. nucleola, Rang (ante,
p- 52) has one decided rib and a median projection. H. badia
(ante, p. 52) has 8 decided ribs. H. formosa, Fér. (ante, p. 52)
has no ribs, but a strong median projection. H. perplexa, Fér.
(£nn.N: Y. Tye., x. 221) has obsolete ribsand median projection.
HT, lychnuchus, same as last (Ann. N. Y. Lye., x. 221, pl. xiv. f. 5,
1). H. punctata, Born (ante, p. 52) has median projection and
decided ribs. H. Josephine, Fér. (Ann. N. Y. Lye., x. 306) is
strongly arched, has no ribs, but a median projection.

All the above species agree in their dentition. See figure of
that of lychnuchus (1. c.) and of punctata (plate IX., fig. 8 of this

paper.)

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

-Pleurodonta.—The jaw in Chemnitziana, Pfr. (ante, p. 51) has
7 stout, separated ribs ; Carmelita, Fér. has 6 (ante, p. 51); acuta,
Lam. (Amer. Journ. Conch., VI. 204) has 7 ribs.

The lingual membrane is the same as I figure for Carmelita
(plate X., fig.5) in Schroteriana-(Amer. Journ. Conch., VII. 179),
in invalida, Ad. (Ann. N. Y. Lye., x. 179). In acuta, Lam. the
centrals and laterals are of the same type, but the marginals have
only one long, wide, blunt denticle, slightly bifid at end. In this
respect it is more like Caracolus than the other species of Pleuro- |
donta examined by us.

Caracolus.—We have shown H. Bermudensis, Pfr. (Ann. N.Y.
Lye., x. 221) to belong to Vitrinine; H.inversicolor (1. c. x. 169)
to Nanina.

The jaw in A. marginella, Gmel. (ante, p. 51) appears to be
ribbed.

I figure (plate X., fig. 6-7) the lingual dentition of HZ. excel-
lens, Pfr. (Am. Journ. Conch. VII. 180). 4. marginella, Gmel.
agrees with it, excepting that the cusps of the marginals are
shorter. f

Leptoloma.—We have described only H. fuscocincta, Ad. (Am.
Journ. Conch., VII. 180). The jaw has a median projection, but
no ribs. The lingual I figure on plate IX., fig. 9.

Acavus.—H. phenia, Pfr. has a ribless jaw (Am. Journ. Conch.,
VII. 180). Its dentition is figured on plate IX., fig. 11.

In Bulimus we have examined the following genera:

Macrodontes we know by B. odontostomos (Am. Journ. Conch.,
VI. 209). The jaw is ribless. The dentition is figured on plate VL.,
fig. ‘7.

_ Pelecychilus we know from B. aurissileni, Born (Ann. Lye. N.
H.N. Y., x. 229), and B. glaber, Gmel. (not before published) ; both
have delicate ribs as in Bulimulus, Cylindrella, etc. The denti-
tion of the former is given on plate VI, fig. 4; of the latter on
plate VI., fig. 6.

Anthinus we know from B. multicolor, Rang (Am. Journ.
Conch., VI. 208). The jaw is ribless. Lingual dentition given on
plate VL, fig. 8.

Pachyotus we know from B. egregius, Jay (see this paper, p. 54).
Jaw not examined. Lingual dentition figured on plate VI., fig. 1.

Borus.—We have examined B. oblongus, Mull. Its ribbed jaw
and lingual dentition are figured by Heynemann (Mal. Blatt., xv.).

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 59

Of Orphnus we have examined one species, B. Hanleyi, Pfr.
(Am. Journ. Conch., VI. 208). The jaw is ribless, with a median
projection. The lingual dentition is given on plate VI., fig. 5.

Dryptus we have examined in two species, B. pardalis, Fér.
(Am. Journ. Conch., VII. 181) and B. marmoratus, Dunk. (1. ¢.).
The jaw of the latter is unknown. In the former it is ribbed.
The lingual dentition of B. marmoratus is given on plate VI, fig. 2.
In B. pardalis it has not been examined.

Lurytus we know from only one species, B. aulacostylus, Pfr.
(Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y., x. 282). The jaw has delicate ribs as in
Bulimulus, Cylindrella, etc. The lingual dentition is given on
plate VI., fig. 3.

A comparison of the figures I have given of the lingual denti-
tion of the subgenera of Bulimus shows a greater constancy in
that genus than in Helix, especially as regards the marginal
teeth.

I add a figure of the dentition of Cochlostyla fulgetrum, Brod.
(plate V., figs. 14-16). See Am. Journ. Conch., VII. 180.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate IT.

A. ARIOLIMAX NIGER, J. G. Cooper. The tail enlarged to show
the caudal mucus pore. From the type in the California State
Collection, preserved in spirit.

B. Arronimax CoLtumBIANus? The tail, slightly enlarged, of a
specimen from Mr. Hemphill (see p. 35) showing the mucus
pore. It must be borne in mind that the specimen has long
been preserved in spirit.

©. ARrioLiMAx ConuMBIANUS? A specimen from San Mateo Co.,
California, received from Mr. Henry Hemphill (see p. 38).

The genitalia about life size.
1. The testicle.

. The epididymis.

The accessory gland of the last ?

. The prostate gland.

. The sac of the penis.

. The retractor muscle of the penis.

. The vas deferens.

. The oviduct.

orm oO PR WH PD

60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

9. The genital bladder.
10. The external orifice of the genitalia.
11. The ovary.
16. The duct of the genital bladder.
D. A portion of the digestive organs of the same.
1. The buccal mass.
2. The cesophagus.
3, 3. The ducts of the salivary glands.
4,4. The salivary glands.
5. The pouch of the lingual membrane.
K. The same; an extreme marginal tooth of the lingual mem-
brane.
F. Same as last—life size.
1-4. See fig. p.
5. The stomach.
6. The blind sac of the same.
1, 7. The biliary ducts.
8. The intestine.
9. The rectum.
G. The same. The rudimentary internal shell.
H. The same. The jaw.

Puate III.

Fig. I. ZonirEs tavieatus, Raf. The genital system. Same re-
ferences as in pl. II. fig. o.
13. Dart sac? See p. 39.
Fig. IJ. Helix reticulata, Pfr.—RAMENTosA, Gld. Genital* Byatt:
Same references as in fig. 1.
13. Vaginal prostate.
13a, a. Flagella of same.
15. Flagellum of penis.
16a. Accessory to duct of genital bladder.
Fig. II]. Herrx Mircueniiana, Lea. Genital system. Same re-
ferences as in fig. I.
Fig. 1V. Herrx Kexuerti, Forbes. Genital system. Same re-
ferences as in fig. II.
14. Dart sac? See page 40.
Fig. V. HEMPHILLIA GLANDULOSA. Genital system. Same refer-
ences as in fig. I.
Fig. VI. The same. See page 39 for 5a and 5d.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61

PuatTE IV.

Fig. I. Genitalia of Macrocyciis VANCOUVERENSIS, Lea.
1. Testicle.
2. Epididymis.
3. Accessory gland.
4, Prostate.
5. Sac of penis.
7. Vas deferens.
8. Oviduct.
9. Genital bladder.
10. External orifice.
11. Ovary.
14. Dart sac? vaginal prostate?
16. Duct of genital bladder.
Fig. II. Genitalia of Paruna stricosa, Gld. Same references as
in fig. I.
Fig. III. Genitalia of Henmx Nickiintana, Lea. Same references
as in fig. I.
6. Retractor muscle of penis.
13. Vaginal prostate.
13a. Fiagellum to last.
15. Flagellum to penis.
16a. Accessory duct to the genital bladder.
Fig. IV. Genitalia of Hetrx appressa, Say. Same references as
in fig. I.
Fig. V. Genitalia of H. Rozmert, Pfr. Same references as in fig.
I.

PLATE V.

g. 1. Lingual dentition of Henrx TexastAna, Mor. Central,
lateral, and marginal teeth.

=
2

Fig. 2. Same of Butimutus Peruvianus, Brug.
Fig. 3. Lirnotts rupicoua, Bl. Jaw.

Fig. 4. Same; central and lateral teeth.

Fig. 5. Same; marginal teeth.

Fig. 6. Same; extreme marginal teeth.

Fig. 7. Erinna NewcomsBs, A. Ad. Jaw.

Fig. 8. Same; central and lateral teeth.

Fig. 9, Same; marginal teeth.

Fig. 10. Same ; extreme marginal teeth.

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Fig. 11. ButimuLus curysatis, Pfr. Jaw.

Fig. 12. Same; central and lateral teeth.

Fig. 13. Same; marginal teeth.

Fig. 14. CocHLosTtyLa FULGETRUM, Brod. ( Canistrum); central and
lateral teeth. °

Fig. 15. Same; first marginal teeth.

Fig. 16. Same; extreme marginal teeth.

Fig. 17. He~tix WeErHERBY!I, Bland; central and lateral teeth.

Fig. 18. Same; marginal teeth.

Prate VI.

Central, lateral, and marginal teeth of—
Fig. 1, BuLtimus EGREGIUS, Jay (Pachyotus).
Fig. 2. MARMORATUS, Dunk. (Dryptus).

Fig. 3. AULACOSTYLUS, Pfr. (Hurytus).

Fig. 4. AURIS-SILENI, Born (Pelecychilus).

Vig..5. HANLEYANUS, Pfr. (Orphnus).

Fig. 6. GLABER, Gmel. (Pelecychilus).

Fig. 7. ODONTOsTOMUS, Sowb. (Macrodontes).

Fig. 8. MULTICOLOR, Rang. (Anthinus).
Puate VII.

Fig. A. AMPHIBULIMA PATULA, Brug. Dominica.

Fig. B. Same, to show variations in cusps of laterals.
Fig. C. AMPHIBULIMA PATULA. St. Kitts, see p. 44.

Pirate VIII.

Fig. 1. SrropHia DECUMANA, a. Central and lateral teeth; b. mar-
ginal teeth.
Fig. 2. AMPHIBULIMA RUBESCENS, Desh. Jaw.

o
* Fig. 3. Same. Lingual membrane. a. Central and lateral teeth
6. marginal teeth; c. extreme marginal teeth. .
Fig. 4. Same. Genitalia.
Fig. 5. AMPHIBULIMA APPENDICULATA, Pfr. Genitalia.

Fig. 6. Same. Lingual membrane. a. Central and lateral teeth;
b. marginal teeth.
Fig. 7. GonosprraA Newrtont, H. Ad. Genitalia.

PriatE IX.

Lingual dentition ; central, lateral, and marginal teeth of—
Fig. 1. HeLtix pempuicopEs, Pfr., Cysticopsis.

bj bf be by

de da’ de" deo

da’ da" 0a

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 63

. Hetrx Gossett, Pfr., Coryda.

Hettx Borssrert, Charp., Leucochroa.
Hetrx HanpEMANIANA, Ad., Sagda.
HELIX ANGULATA, Fér., Hurycratera.
HELIX sIMILARIS, Fér., Dorcasia.

HELIX TURBINIFORNIS, Pfr., Microphysa.
. Hetrx punotata, Born, Dentellaria.

. 9. Hetrx Fuscocinota, Ad., Leptoloma.

. 10. Hetrx notasiiis, Fér., Thelidomus.

. 11. Hewrx pHantx, Pfr., Acavus.

cot FT Rw PO

PLATE X.

Central, lateral, and marginal teeth of lingual membrane of—
Fig. 1. Hetrx pisconor, Fér., Thelidomus.

Fig.
Fig.

2, 3,4. HeLrx LUGUILLENSIS, Shuttl., Polydontes.
5. HeLtix CARMELITA, Fér., Pleurodonta.

Fig. 6, 7. HELIX EXCELLENS, Pfr., Caracolus.

Fig
Fig

. 8. HELIX GRAMINICOLA, Ad., Polymita.
. 9. HeLrx crispata, Fér., Hurycratera.

Fig. 10. Hetrx macroeuossa, Pfr., Plagioptycha.

Fig

A.

. 11. Hetrx Griszoua, Pfr., Fruticicola.

PLATE XI.

ARIOLIMAX NIGER, J. G. Coop. From the type in the Califor-
nia State collection. Extreme marginal teeth from the lingual
membrane.

B. Same as last. The central tooth and first lateral teeth.
C. Same as last. The genitalia enlarged. References same as

in fig. C. of plate IT.
13. The vaginal prostate.

D. ARIOLIMAX CALIFoRNIcUS? From a specimen from San Mateo,

Cal., in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The genitalia
slightly enlarged. Same references as in last figure, except-
ing 15, the flagellum.

E. Same as last. The digestive organs, life size. Same references

as in fig. F. of plate II.

F. The same. 1. Central tooth; 2. first lateral tooth of the lin-

gual membrane.

G. The same. Extreme marginal tooth of the lingual membrane.

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NOTES

ON

AMERICAN LAND SHELLS

AND OTHER

MISCELLANEOUS CONCHOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS.

VO.- iy ~ PART: if.

BY

We ater ae NRE: i

BURLINGTON, N. J.
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR.
JULY, 1874.

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GENITALIA AND LINGUAL DENTITION
OF PULMONATA.

BY

W. G. BINNEY.

[Reprinted from Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, N. Y., Vol. xi,
June, 1874.]

PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS, AUG., 1874.

)

IV.—On the Genitalia and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata.
By W. G. BINNEY. |
With Plates I-VI.
Read May 25th, 1874. 5

Ir will be'noticed that in the following descriptions of the
genital system, I have’followed Dr. Leidy (Terr. Moll. U.
S., 1) in applying the terms ovary and oviduct. I am aware
of other names being applied to the organs by other authors.

I take this opportunity of strongly urging upon concholo-
gists the study of the genital system as a most reliable spe-
cific character, in the terrestrial Pulmonata.

For the species extralimital to the United States, I am
indebted to my friend, Mr. Thomas Bland, as well as for their
identification. .Thé most interesting of them were collected
by Prof. Orton, in his late journey in northern Peru.

Limax flavus, Linn.
A few days since a colony of this species was discovered
by a friend in the cellar of his house in Burlington, N. J.

21 Genitalia and Lingual

The specimens agree perfectly with the description and fig-
ures in, the “Terrestrial Mollusks of the United States.”
The genital system is also the same as figured by Leidy in
the same work, and by Moquin-Tandon (Moll. Terr. et Fluv.
de France). There can be no doubt, therefore, of the iden-
tity of the species.

The figure of the dentition of this species given by me in
L. and F. W. Shells N. A., I, p. 63, f. 105, is drawn from
some other species.

The true Z. flavus now examined by-me has central teeth with subobso-
lete side cusps, bearing no cutting points, central cusp short, with a
short, bluntly pointed cutting point. Laterals like the centrals, but un-
symmetrical. Marginals aculeate, the extreme ones bifurcated. Teeth
in the lingual examined over 60-1-60.

The figure by Dr. Leidy published by Mr. Bland and
myself (Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., IX, 285) though
unsatisfactory, was, no doubt, drawn from this species.

The lingual membrane examined by me agrees with the
figures given by Heynemann* of the dentition of Z. flavus.

Limax agrestis, Linn.

Specimens from Burlington, N. J., of this species, of un-
doubted identity, agreeing externally and anatomically with
the figures in the “Terrestrial Mollusks of the United States,”
furnished the lingual membrane here described.

Teeth 50-1-50, with 14 perfect laterals. Centrals long, narrow, with a
middle long cusp, extending to the lower edge of base of attachment, and
bearing a long, acute cutting point, extending far below the lower
edge; side cusps subobsolete, but bearing well-developed, triangular
cutting points. Laterals like centrals, but unsymmetrical by the changed
form of the inner cutting point. Marginal teeth aculeate, the extreme
ones do not appear to be bifurcate.

Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate, with broad median projection.

*See Mal. Blatt, X.

Dentition of Pulmonata. 22

Limax’ Hewstoni, I. G. Cooper.
The specimens examined are from the state collection of
California, presented by Dr. J. G. Cooper.

These specimens are not in good condition for anatomical examination,
but I am able to state that both testicle and ovary are large. The ovi-
duct is long and greatly convoluted. The prostate is well developed.
The vagina is very short, the very short duct of the genital bladder enters
at about its middle. The last named organ is large, globular. The penis
is small, short, cylindrical, expanded and bulbous at its apex, where the
vas deferens enters. I could detect no accessory organs in the single
specimen imperfectly examined.

The genitalia are somewhat of the same type as those of L. flavus (see
Terr. Moll. U. §., I), Linn., but the dentition of the latter is quite dis-
tinct (see above). There is a still stronger resemblance to the genitalia
of Amalia gagates as figured by Semper (Phil. Archip., pl. xi, fig. 9), so
far as the penis and genital bladder are concerned.

The species certainly belongs to. the section Amalia, as
understood by Semper (1. c. p. 84) and Heynemann (Mal.
Blatt., X, 200) as shown by the dentition of the lingual
membrane. I have already, in connection with Mr. Bland
(Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. H., X, 349), described the dentition.
It is necessary, however, to be more explicit in the descrip-
tion, as several types are found in the genus Limaz (in the
broad sense usually adopted).

Dr. Cooper’s type now before me has the lingual membrane long and
narrow. There aré about 50-1-50 teeth. The centrals are tricuspid, the
middle cusp is stout and reaches to the lower edge of the base of attach-
ment, the side cusps are not well developed; all three cusps bear a cutting
point. The base of attachment is almost as broad as high. The lateral
teeth, about 22 or 25 in number, are of the same type as the centrals,
equally tricuspid, and so symmetrical as to be with great difficulty distin-
guished’from the central tooth, excepting the outer ones, which lose the
inner cusp. The marginal teeth are aculeate, not bifid, and are generally
short and stout, but in some specimens are long and slender.

So far as outward appearance goes, the species somewhat
resembles Amalia marginata, Drap., as figured by Lehmann
(Lebenden Schnecken, etc., pl. v, fig. B). It is, however,
by no means certain that it was introduced into San Fran-
cisco, as Mr. H. Hemphill has sent me specimens of an

23 | Genitalia and Lingual

Amalia from Los Angeles. His species had about 48 teeth
in each row, 16 being laterals, the balance marginals, a dif-
ference of arrangement which may fairly be considered to
show a specific difference between his specimens and the San
Francisco form, though his discovery leads us to consider
Amalia as native to California.

Limax maximus, Linn.

I have also reéxamined the lingual of this species from
specimens collected in Newport, R. I. (see my edition of
Gould’s Invertebrata of Mass., p. 407, fig. 669) and find it
to agree with the descriptions and figures of Lehmann and
Heynemann. I am preparing an exhaustive paper on the
dentition of our land shells, in which more particular de-
scriptions of the dentition of all our species will be given.
I will here say, however, that in the specimen examined by
me the bifurcation of the marginals commences nearer the
median line than is described by Heynemann. There are
but twelve marginals without bifurcation in my specimen,
that is, the bifurcation commences at about the thirtieth tooth
from the central line. Heynemann gives the commencement
of the bifurcation at the sixty-fifth tooth. There are 76-1-76
teeth.

Limax campestris, Binney.

To complete the series of North American Limaces, I
subjoin a summary of the characters of this species, the only
one now known to be native to eastern North America.
There are 36-1-36 teeth, 11 being perfect laterals, and 25
being marginals. Of the latter about one-half are bifid.
The centrals and laterals are of the same type as in L.
agrestis.

Judging from dentition alone, LZ. maximus and flavus
would be placed in Heynemannia, a subgenus of Limaz;
agrestis in s. g. Agriolimax; campestris in s. g. Malacoli-
max; while Hewstont would be in the genus Amalia. (See
Heynemann, Nachr. Mal. Gesell., II, 163.)

gs

Dentition of Pulmonata. 24

Limax Weinlandi, Heynemann (Mall. Blatt., X, 212), I
do not know. The figure given by Heynemann (l. c. pl. ii,
fig. 1) of its dentition does not agree with that of L. cam-
pesiris.

Limax campestris differs widely in its genitalia from Limax
agrestis, as will be seen by Leidy’s figures in Terr. Moll. U.
Dest, pl. i, tise. 6, 6.

Zonites capnodes,* W. G. Binney.
Tennessee.

Jaw as usual in the genus.

Lingual membrane broad, with numerous rows of about 66-1-66 teeth.
Centrals long, with a long, slender, median cusp, reaching the base of
attachment and bearing a long, slender point projecting beyond it. Side
cusps subobsolete, but represented by the cutting points, which are
greatly developed, triangular, stretching beyond the sides of the base of
attachment. Lateral teeth of same type as centrals, but bicuspid; there
are about nine perfect laterals. Marginals aculeate, as usual in the
genus.

I have not been able to observe the complete genital sys-
tem of the species. The penis has the same arrangement as
in Z. levigatus. The external orifice is quite under the
edge of the mantle.

In the Land Mollusken of the “Archip. der Philippinen”
(p. 78, pl. iii, fig. 27; pl. v, fig. 21), Semper describes and
figures the genital system, jaw and lingual dentition, which
he refers to Z. lucubratus, Say. The specimen examined by
him was from Tennessee. It is difficult to decide from what
species Semper drew his description. It certainly was not
the true /ucubratus, which is a Mexican species. A com-
parison of my descriptions and figures of levigatus, inor-
natus, fuliginosus and friabilis shows that neither of those
species could have been before Semper. His description of
the lingual membrane would better apply to capnodes. I
have not been able to examine the whole of the genital
system to see how nearly that also agrees with his figures.

* Formerly erroneously spelt Kopnodes.

25 Genitalia and Lingual

Zonites friabilis, W. G. Binney.
Mr. A. G. Wetherby.

Jaw as usual in the genus.

Lingual membrane similar to that above described of Z. capnodes.
Teeth about 57-1-57, with six perfect laterals.

The genital system is figured on pl. V, fig. mu. The ovary (11) is stout,
light-brown, and blunt. The oviduct (8) is short. The vagina is long
and narrow, with a yellow prepuce-like expansion at the entrance of the
duct of the genital bladder, which is near the base. The genital bladder
(9) is large, oval, on a duct of about equal length and size as the vagina.
The penis sac (5) is long and slender, and peculiarly characterized by a
lateral bulbous expansion near its base, bearing the retractor muscle (6).
Beyond this bulb the sac is narrow, but gradually expands, and towards its
end again very gradually tapers towards the apex, where the vas deferens
(7) enters. {ts orifice is side by side with that of the vagina.

I found no dart in the bulb-like organ attached to the penis. It prob-
ably is a form of prostate. The external orifice is under the mantle.

Zonites inornatus, Say.

The genitalia (pl. V, fig. 1) have the same general arrangement as in
Z. friabilis, herewith described. The ovary (11), however, is very much
more developed, being in this species the most conspicuous organ in the
system; the epididymis (2) is less convoluted, the oviduct (8) is longer,
the vagina shorter, the genital bladder (9) more clavate, with a shorter
duct (16), and there is a small globular vaginal prostate (13).

Zonites sculptilis, Bland.
Tennessee. Miss Annie E. Law.

Jaw as usual in the genus.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth about 40-1-40, with four
perfect laterals. Centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, the side cusps of
each being almost obsolete, but surmounted by a triangular sharp point.
Marginals aculeate. The dentition is of the same type as in Z. capnodes,

see above. (Pl. II, fig. IV.) Fig. brepresents the two extreme marginal
teeth.

Zonites Elliotti, Redfield.

Hayesville, N. C. Miss Annie E. Law.

Lingual membrane as usual in the genus. It will be noticed that there
are not any well developed side cusps to the centrals and laterals, though
there are well developed cutting points. Teeth about 32-1-32, with six
perfect laterals.

Dentition of Pulmonata. 26

The character of the dentition, as well as the caudal mucus pore, proves
the species to be a true Zonites, and not a Macrocyclis, in which genus it
is placed by Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II, 246.

The existence of the dart sac and dart has already been published.

Zonites internus, Say.

An examination of the animal by Mr. Bland shows the existence of a
dart.

Helix rufo-apicata, Poey. (Hemitrochus.)*
Cuba. Mr. Arango.

Jaw slightly arcuate, ends but little attenuated, blunt; anterior surface
without ribs’; cutting edge with a broad, blunt, median projection.

Lingual membrane (pl. V, fig. v) long and narrow. Centrals long and
narrow with one median stout cusp, bearing a short, bluntly pointed
cutting point, the side cusps subobsolete. Laterals like the centrals, but
unsymmetrical. Marginals subquadrate, with one very broad, oblique,
acutely trifid cutting point, the central division the largest,

The figure a gives one cerrtral tooth with two adjacent laterals, b gives
two extreme marginals.

The dentition has the same general character as the other species of
Hemitrochus, examined by me, viz., gallopavonis, graminicola, varians and
Troscheli. :

Helix badia, Fér. (Dentellaria.)
Martinique.

For jaw and dentition see Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., Phila., 1874, p. 52.
Genital system resembling that of H. Josephine, herewith described.

Helix nuxdenticulata, Chemn. (Dentellaria.) ~
Martinique.

For description of jaw and lingual dentition see Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc.
Phila., 1874, p. 52.

The genital system is figured on pl. V, fig. vir. The ovary (11) is
short, stout. The oviduct (8) is wide, sac-like. The vagina is short,
small, with a bulbous expansion near its top; the duct of the genital
bladder enters, at about the middle of its length, the sac of the penis near
its base. The penis sac (5) is very prominent. It is as long as the

*Mr. Bland and I have elsewhere (Ann. of Lyc. of Nat. Hist. of N. Y., x; 341)
pointed out the great difference in the lingual dentition of Helix muscarum, Lea, the
type of the subgenus Polymita, and the other species referred to the subgenus by
yon Martens. We have suggested using for the latter the name Hemitrochus. We
have also shown that H. picta belongs to the true Polymita, sharing the peculiar den-
tition of muscarum.

27 Genitalia and Lingual

oviduct, narrowed at its base, along the remainder of its course quite
stout, but with a subcentra! contraction, and a blunt apex, where the re-
tractor muscle (6) is attached, and where the vas deferens (7) enters, the
latter swollen at this point. The genital bladder (9) is small, oval; its
duct (16) is long, irregular, narrowed above and below, but very much
swollen along the middle three-fifths of its length. As with the penis, the
duct of the genital bladder forms a conspicuous feature of the system.

Helix nucleola, Rang. (Dentellaria.)
Martinique.

Lingual membrane and jaw already described by me (Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sc., Phila., 1874, p. 52).

Genital system figured on pl. II, fig. vi. The ovary (11) is long and
narrow. The oviduct (8) is long, rather stout, but little convoluted.
The vagina is narrow, about one-third the length of the oviduct; just
below the middle of its length it has a bulbous expansion, which receives
the long, slender duct (16) of the small, oval genital bladder (9). The
penis sac (5) enters the vagina near its base; it is very long, cylindrical,
slender, with the vas deferens (7) and retractor muscle entering at its
apex.

Helix Josephine, Fér. (Dentellaria.)

Guadeloupe.

For description of jaw and lingual membrane, see Ann. Lyc. N. H. of
N. Y., X, 306. ;

Genital system figured on pl. V, fig. rx. The testicle (1) is composed
of white ceca tipped with byown. The epididymis is greatly convoluted
near the ovary. The latter organ (11) is broad. The oviduct (8) is long.
The vagina is long and narrow; it receives the long slender duct (16) of
the small globose genital bladder (9) nearits top. The penis sac (5) is
long and slender, its opening being by the side of that of the vagina,
rather than actually into the latter organ, its apex rapidly narrowing to
an acute point, near which enters the vas deferens (7).

Helix discolor, Fér. (Thelidomus.)
Martinique.

Jaw and lingual membrane already described by me (Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sc. Phila., 1874, p. 51). °

Genital system short and stout in its various parts, excepting the ovary
(11) which is long, slender, acutely pointed. The epididymis (2) is long,
convoluted at the end near the oviduct. The oviduct (8) is stout, sac-like.
The genital bladder (9) is as long as the oviduct, clavate, stout, with no
distinct duct, but gradually tapering to its entrance into the vagina,
which is at the upper end of the latter. The penis sac (5) is the most —

Dentition of Pulmonata. 28

prominent organ. It enters the vagina at its base. It is as long as
the whole system, stout, especially in its lower half, abruptly terminating
in an acute point above, where it receives the vas deferens. The latter
organ (7) is enlarged for some distance after leaving the penis sac. The
retractor muscle (6) of the penis is inserted on the side of the sac, at the
lower third of its length. Pl. II, fig. IX.

Helix Troostiana, Lea. (Polygyra.)
Kentucky, Mr. A. G. Wetherby.

Jaw as usual in the sub-genus Polygyra, with about ten, broad, crowded
ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane (pl. V, fig. VI) long and narrow. Teeth about 25-
1-25. Centrals and laterals quadrate, the former tricuspid, the latter
bicuspid, the cusps stout: all the cusps with cutting points. Marginals
low, wide, with one inner, oblique, stout, short, bluntly bifid cusp, and
one outer, shorter, bluntly bifid cusp.

Genital system (pl. V, fig. III) long and slender, especially the ovary
(11), and oviduct (8); vagina long, receiving the duct of the genital
bladder below its middle, and the sac of the penis still lower down; penis
long, tubular, of about same width as the vagina, with a prominént bulb
at its apex, into the end of which is inserted the vas deferens (7) and at
the side of which the retractor muscle (6) is attached; genital bladder (9)
moderate, oval, on a duct (16) of about equal length and size as the vagina.

Helix obstricta, Say. (Triodopsis.)
Ohio, Mr. A. G. Wetherby.

The genital system resembles exactly that of H. pailiata, Say, as figured
by Dr. Leidy in Terr. Moll. U. S., I, pl. vii, fig. 8.

Helix Clarki, Lea. (Triodopsis? Mesodon?)
Hayesville, N. C., Miss Annie E. Law.

Jaw as usual, arcuate, ends attenuated, blunt; anterior surface with
about fourteen stout, separated ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth about 35-1-35. Centrals
with a stout, short, median cusp, bearing a very short, blunt, cutting
point, the outer cusps subobsolete. Laterals like the centrals, but un-
symmetrical. Marginals wide, low, with one, inner, short, broad, sharply
bifurcated cutting point, and one shorter, outer, bifurcated cutting point.
PIV, aioe:

The genital system (pl. VI, fig. VI) is peculiar in several respects. The
ovary (11) is very slender, and equals about one-half the length of the
oviduct. The epididymis (2) is highly developed, greatly convoluted,
stout, four times the length of the ovary. The oviduct (8) is convoluted.

29 Genitalia and Lingual

The prostate (4) is greatly developed. The penissac (5) is short, cylin-
drical, entering the vagina near its base, and receiving both vas deferens
(7) and retractor muscle (6) at its apex. The genital bladder (9) is
small, oval, with a short duct (16) entering the vagina about the middle
of itslength. The vas deferens (7) is swollen on leaving the prostate.
Testicle not observed.

The marginal teeth of the lingual membrane are more of the type of
Triodopsis than Mesodon, as known to us at present. I am in doubt,
therefore, of the subgeneric position of the species.

Helix Wheatleyi, Bland. (Mesodon.)
Hayesville, N. C., Miss Annie E. Law. »

Jaw as usual in the subgenus, with about twelve ribs.

Lingual membrane long. Teeth about 67-1-67. Centrals and laterals
as described under H. Clarki. Marginals high, narrow, with one very
long cutting point to the single cusp. Outer marginals about as high as
wide, with one long inner, obtusely pointed, cutting point, and one
shorter, outér cutting point. 4

The first marginal teeth resemble those of H. thyroides in the single,
greatly produced cutting point. The extreme marginals, however, are
bifid. :

The genital system in the specimens received was too decayed to allow
of complete examination. The penis, however, was in perfect condition.
It forms the peculiar feature of the system on account of its enormous
development. It is short, cylindrical, with blunt ends, very stout, three
or four times as large as the oviduct, with retractor muscle, and vas
deferens at its apex.

Helix Pennsylvanica, Green. (Mesodon.)

The upper portions of the genital system (pl. V, fig. VII) not observed.
The penis sac (5) is long and slender, with the vas deferens (7) and retractor
- muscle (6) entering its apex, and its orifice entering the vagina near its
base. The genital bladder (9) is long, stout, cylindrical, with a median
contraction; its duct (16) is hardly distinct from it, with an entrance
opposite that of the penis sac. The prostate (4) is very large.

Helix clausa, Say. (WMesodon.)
Ohio.

Pl. V, fig.1v. The penis sac (5) is the conspicuous feature of the system :
it is longer than the oviduct, and almost as stout, of about equal size
throughout; it has the entrance of the vas deferens (7) and retractor
muscle (6) at its blunt apex. The genital bladder (9) is small, length-
ened oval, with a long, slender duct (16). The prostate (4) is narrow,
stout, prominent, cord like. The vas deferens (7) is large. The other’
organs present no peculiar features.

Dentition of Pulmonata. 30

Helix Traski, Newc. (Arionta.)

Specimens from the mouth of San Tomas River, Lower
California, collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill.

The genital system resembles very nearly that which I have figured
of Helix Nickliniana, Lea (Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1874, 41, pl. iv.
fig. m1). The duct of the genital bladder in this species is, however, very
much longer, its accessory duct shorter in proportion, the flagellum of
the penis sac longer. There is also a peculiar feature in the genitalia of
H, Traski, a globular organ of about equal diameter with the vaginal
prostate, attached laterally to the flagellum of the latter, before it becomes
bifurcated. The bulbous expansions on the two branches of the flagellum
are also much larger in H. Traski. It is figured in pl. VI, fig. IV.

Helix Stearnsiana, Gabb. (Arionta?)

To the kindness of Mr. Henry Hemphill I am indebted
for living specimens of this species from Todos Santos Island
and the mouth of the San Tomas River, Lower California.
The result of the examination of the genitalia and lingual
dentition establishes its specific distinction from the Cata-
lina Island form (/. /rellett?, Forbes) to which it is nearly
related by the characters of its shell. (See L. and F. W.
pnelisN. A. 1,176,177).

The genitalia (pl. VI, fig. 11) resemble very nearly those of H. Kelletti
(Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1874, pl. iii, fig. 4, p. 39).

A comparison of the figures, however, will show considerable difference,
especially in the dart sac (14). In the species before me there is a long
thread like duct (14" ) leading from the base of the dart sac (14) to a large
globular organ, whose character is unknown to me. Opposite the en-
trance of this duct a corresponding duct (14° ) branches out, but instead
of ending in a globular organ it becomes much enlarged in size and ends
in enveloping the prepuce (12). The dart sac (14) contained a small
dart of the form figured by Leidy (Terr. Moll. U. S., I) for Tebenno-
phorus Caroliniensis. ;

The oviduct was closely and spirally wound around the duct of the
genital bladder. The testicle (1) and ovary (11) are yellow.

The jaw is thick, arched, ends blunt, but little attenuated; anterior
surface with six stout, separated ribs denticulating either margin, and
several less developed, interstitial ribs.

The lingual membrane is long and narrow’ with about 50-1-50 teeth.
The centrals are of the form of those of H: Californiensis (L. and F. W.
Shells N. A., I, fig. 297). The cusp with its cutting point, however, is

31 Genitalia and Lingual

very much shorter, reaching only about half-way to the lower edge of the
base of attachment. Laterals of same type. Marginals low, wide, very
variable in the denticles, but usually with one long, broad, sharply bifid |
inner denticle (the inner point much the smaller), and one short sharp,
rarely bifid outer denticle.

The Catalina Island H. Kelletti has same type of dentition. The mar-
ginals, however, seem much more broadly denticulated.

: Strophia iostoma, Pfr.
Inagua, Bahamas.

Jaw strongly arched, ends but little attenuated, bluntly rounded. An-
terior surface without ribs. Cutting edge with a decided, blunt, median
projection. ;

Lingual membrane (pl. II, fig. vir) long and narrow. Teeth about
29-1-29. Centrals but little longer than broad, tricuspid, the middle cusp
short and stout, with a short, bluntly rounded cutting point; side cusps
slightly produced, with a short, sharp point. Lateral teeth like the cen-
trals but bicuspid. Marginal teeth a simple modification of the laterals,
with one short, bluntly pointed inner cusp, and one still shorter, bluntly
pointed outer cusp. Fig. @ represents the central and lateral teeth, ba
marginal tooth, ¢ an extreme marginal.

Geomalacus maculosus, Allm.
England. Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys.

The genital system is figured on pl. V, fig. x. Fora description of it
and of the jaw and dentigion, see Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,.X, 308. As
there stated, the vas deferens is conspicuous by its great length, and the
penis sae has attached to its apex a singular globular organ, which is a
conspicuous feature of the system.

Pallifera Wetherbyi, n. sp.

From near the mouth of Laurel River, Whitley Co.,
Kentucky, Mr. A. G. Wetherby collected many specimens
of what appeared to be a small species of Tebennophorus.
It was readily distinguished from the numerous young of
T. Caroliniensis found in the vicinity by the arrangement
of the blotches of color, they being in irregular, interrupted,
transverse bands, instead of running longitudinally as in
that species. The anterior portion of the body seemed also
to be more swollen, and the posterior extremity to taper
more rapidly than in Caroliniensis. On examining the jaw

Dentition of Pulmonata. 32

I found it to be ribbed, a character placing the slug in the
genus Pallifera. The presence of ribs was verified in four
individuals. Small specimens of 7. Caroliniensis from the
same locality had the usual ribless jaw of Tebennophorus.
It appears, therefore, that the slug must be considered a new
‘species of Pallifera.* It may be called after its discoverer.
It is difficult to draw more satisfactory specific characters
from specimens preserved in alcohol. One of them in its
contracted state measures 12 millimetres in length.

Jaw (pl. II, fig. 1) arcuate, ends blunt, but little attenuated; anterior
surface with decided, separated, unequal ribs, denticulating either margin,
about 15 on one specimen, those at the ends being less developed than on
the balance of the jaw; cutting edge with a decided, short, blunt, median
projection.

Lingual membrane (pl. II, fig. m1) long and narrow. Teeth about 35-
1-35. Centrals long, expanding towards the base, cusp stout, with a
stout blunt cutting point not reaching the lower margin of the base of
attachment, side cusps obsolete. lLaterals same as centrals, but unsym-
metrical. Marginals (b) low, wide, with one inner, long, oblique, blunt
cusp, and one outer, short, usually bluntly bifid cusp.

Bulimus foveolatus, Rve. (Orphnus.)

Northern Peru. Prof. Orton.
This and the other species collected by Prof. Seamus were
determined by Mr. Bland.

Jaw slightly arched, wide, low, thin, with over 50 delicate ribs of the
kind herewith described under Bulimulus Lobbi: ends but slightly at-
tenuated, blunt.

Lingual membrane (pl. I, fig. m1) long and narrow, composed of very
numerous rows of about 34-1-34 teeth each. Teeth as usual in the Heli-
cide. The centrals (a@) with one short cusp, the side cusps being obso-
lete, cutting point short, bluntly pointed. Laterals like the centrals, but
unsymmetrical, and with a more developed outer side cusp. Marginals
b, a simple modification of the laterals, smaller, higher than wide, with
the cutting point longer. The plate gives one central with its adjacent
lateral, a, and three extreme marginals, b.

The membrane is very thick and strong, and of equal width throughout
its length, the ends being bluntly truncated.

*Its dentition is more related to Tebennophorus than to Pallifera by the absence of
side cusps and cutting points to the central and lateral teeth.

83 Genitalia and Lingual

The genus Bulimus seems to be characterized by marginal
teeth to its lingual membrane of the same type as the laterals,
being simply a modification of the latter. Thus far we know
the-dentition of the following species: B. porphyrostomus,
scarabus, odontostomus, glaber, auris-sileni, multicolor, egre-
gius, oblongus, ovatus, magnificus, Hanleyi, marmoratus,
and aulacostylus. .B. auris-sciurt (which appears to be a var.
of B. glaber), figured by Guppy and Hoge, may not agree

55?
with these, but the figure is too bad to judge from.

Bulimus auris-sileni, Born. (Pelecychilus.)
St. Vincent.

For description of jaw and lingual dentition, see Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
N. Y., X, 222. For figure of latter, see Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1874,
pl. vi, fig. 4. ;

The genitalia are figured at natural size as they appear suspended in
water. The whole system is very long and slender. The testicle (1) is
embedded in the upper lobe of the liver; it is composed of long ceca.
The epididymis (2) is convoluted along the half nearer the oviduct. The
accessory gland (3) is composed of prominent aciniform ceca. The
ovary (11) is short and stout, much broader than the oviduct, lobulated.
The oviduct (8) is long, narrow, greatly convoluted. The vagina is long,
very narrow. The external orifice is behind the right eyepeduncle. The
penis sac (5) is the most prominent organ. It is extremely long, exceed-
ing the length of the whole system. It is tubular, of about equal length
along three-fourths of its course, where it receives the vas deferens (6)
and commences to taper gradually towards the apex, merging into a
long, delicate flagellum or lengthened retractor muscle, said muscle being
attached to the end. The penis sac does not appear actually to enter the
vagina; the two organs terminating side by side.

The genital bladder (9) is small, globular, its duct (16) is almost as
long as the oviduct, of very unequal breadth. For two-fifths of its length
beyond the bladder it is delicate, then rapidly expands into a tube as
wide as the ovary, then, tapering, becomes again narrow at the com-
mencement of the last fifth of its course, but again widely expands before
entering the vagina at the upper third of the length of the latter organ.
PVs ge Vie

Bulimus glaber, Gmel. (Pelecychilus.)
Island of Grenada.
Jaw as in Bulimulus, Cylindrella, etc.
Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth as usual in the Helicine,
long and narrow, centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, marginals a simple
JULY, 1874. : 3 ANN. Lyc. NAT. HIST., VOL. XI,

Dentition of Pulmonata. 34

modification of the laterals, with one large, long, inner, pointed cusp, and
two outer, small points. See Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sc., 1874, pl. vi, fig. 6.

; ‘ Cylindrella sanguinea, Pfr.
Jamaica.

The genital system (pl. II, fig. vir), as would be inferred from the shape
of the shell, is very much lengthened in all its organs. The testicle (1)
is in a globular mass lying close to the oviduct. The epididymis (2) is
short. The-oviduct (8) is very long and narrow. The vagina is two-
thirds the length of the oviduct, it is narrow, with a bulbous expansion
at the insertion of the duct of the genital bladder, above its centre. The
genital bladder (9) is very small, globular, on a very narrow, long duct
(16), which expands at its entrance into the vagina. The penis sac (5) is
short, thick as the oviduct, bluntly terminating above, where the vas
deferens (7) and retractor muscle (6) are inserted. The ovary (11) is
short and stout.

Cylindrella brevis, Pfr.
Jamaica. :

The genitalia have the same arrangement as in C. sanguinea, herewith
described. The duct of the genital bladder (16) in this species is much
more expanded before it enters the vagina, and the latter organ below the
junction is expanded to a greater size than the oviduct. The penis sac
(5) is shorter and stouter in brevis than in sanguinea. PI. II, fig. m1.

Bulimulus Altoperuvianus, Rve. (Drymeus.)
Between Balsas and Cajamarca, Peru, Prof. Orton.

Genitalia (pl. I, fig. m) of the same general form as I have herewith de-
scribed for those of Bulimulus Lobbi. The ovary (11) is smaller in pro-
portion, the oviduct (8) more developed. The duct of the genital bladder
(16) enters lower down upon the vagina. The testicle (1) is farther
removed from the ovary, lying in the apex of the shell. It is composed
of short, stout, blunt ceca. The ovary is of a dark slate color, the rest of |
the genital system is white. The external orifice is behind the right eye
peduncle. The edges of the ovary are very deeply scalloped. x

The jaw has thirty-one ribs. It is of same type as that herewith de-
scribed of Bul. Lobbi. Lingual membrane (pl. I, fig. 1v) of same type as
herewith described and figured for Bul. Lobbi as far as centrals and lat-
erals (a) are concerned. The marginal teeth, however, are quite different
from those of that species. They are quite like the laterals, excepting
that the cutting point is very much more produced, and somewhat curved
towards the central line of the membrane.

These peculiar marginal teeth remind one of those of Helix Ghiesbreghti
as figured by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse. In that species, however, the
notch is on the outer, not the inner, side of the cutting point.

35 Genitalia and Lingual

It will be noticed that the cutting point on the central tooth of B.
Altoperuvianus is more produced than in B. Lobbi, to which I have com-
pared the dentition.

Bulimulus Peruvianus, Brug. (Plectostylus.)

Talcahuana, Peru. Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge.

Jaw and lingual dentition already described by me. (Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sc. Phila., 1874, 53, pl. V, fig. 2.)

The genital system is figured on pl. I, fig. vit. The testicle (1) is
extremely large, apparently composed of aciniform ceca. The epidid-
ymis (2) is long, very thick, and greatly convoluted in its whole course.
The ovary (11) is long and slender. The oviduct (8) is long and narrow.
The vagina is short. The short duct (16) of the genital bladder (9)
enters at its upper end. The genital bladder is very stout, almost as
thick as the oviduct, tapering above gradually to a long flagellate point.
The penis sac (5) enters the vagina near its lowerend. It is smaller than
the genital bladder} cylindrical, tapering gradually towards the apex,
where it has a flagellate appendix, into the end of which, perhaps, is
inserted the retractor muscle. The vas deferens enters the penis sac at its
upper end. The external orifice of the generative organs is behind the
right eyepeduncle.

Bulimulus Lobbi, Rve. (Drymeus.)
Between Balsas and Cajamarca. Prof. Orton.

The genital system is quite similar to that which I have figured of B.
Altoperuvianus (pl. I, fig. m), the ovary (11), however, is much larger
than in that species. The testicle (1) is composed of short, blunt ceca;
it lies near the ovary. The epididymis (2) is short. The accessory
gland (3) is composed of several long, threadlike ceca. The ovary is
long, equalling one-third of the oviduct, and twice as broad. The oviduct
(8) is long, convoluted, narrow, with deeply scalloped edges. The vagina
is short, tubular, receiving the duct of the genital bladder near its top,
and the opening of the penis sac just above its base; between the two
there is a short decided expansion of the vagina. The penis sac (5) is
long and slender, with a long, flagellate extension, on the end of which
the retractor muscle (6) is attached. The vas deferens (7) enters the
penis sac at about the middle of its length. The genital bladder (9) is
small, globular, on a delicate duct (16) equalling in length the vagina and
oviduct combined. The external orifice of generation is behind the right
eyepeduncle. 7

The jaw (pl. I, fig. vr) is arcuate, with attenuated, blunt ends, thin,
transparent, of the same type as is common to Bulimulus, Cylindrella,
Amphibulima, Geotis, etc., t. e., with narrow, distant ribs, running ob-

Dentition of Pulmonata. 36

liquely towards the median line, so that those of the centre converge
before reaching the bottom of the plate. These ribs serrate the upper
_and lower margins. They increase in thickness gradually on their outer
edge. There are twenty-one ribs on the specimen examined. The ma-
terial of the jaw is so thin on the outer edge of the ribs that it separates
into distinct plates at these points, when macerated. In some specimens
examined the ribs appear to be formed by an actual overlapping of distinct
plates. I have no doubt, however, of the jaw being in one single piece,
divided by these delicate ribs into numerous plate-like compartments. It
is not composite as formerly believed by most authors.

The lingual membrane (pl. I, fig. 1) is broad, very delicate in texture and
difficult to handle. There are numerous rows of about 90-1-90 teeth each.
The centrals have a base of attachment longer than wide, with lower lat-
eral expansions. The reflection has one stout median cusp, the side cusps
being obsolete; this cusp bears a short, rapidly attenuated, sharp cutting
point, not reaching the lower margin of the.base of attachment. The lat-
erals are of same type as centrals, but unsymmetrical, the cutting point,
however, is very different from that of the centrals, being very broad,
bluntly rounded at its end, oblique, extending far below the base of at-
tachment, and having on its inner margin, near the blunt end, a promi-
nent blunt notch. The marginals are a modification of the laterals, but
lower, with a much more oblique cusp, bearing a much broader trifid
cutting point, the middle division very much more produced than the outer
ones.

The figures represent @ one central with its adjacent lateral teeth, and
b, two marginal teeth. -

The lateral teeth are a modification of the usual Helicide type not before
observed by me. The marginal teeth are somewhat like those seen in
many species of Bulimulus, such as laticinctus, Bahamensis, auris-leporis,
papyraceus, Jonasi, membranaceus. They only approach, however, the
teeth of those species in form.

Bulimulus rhodolarynx, Rve. (Scutalus.)
Northern Peru. Prof. Orton.

The genital organs were so reduced as to be only threadlike, and not
sufficiently developed to be described as perfect.

The jaw was not examined, being of go delicate texture as to be quite.
destroyed by the action of potash.

The lingual membrane is long, narrow. Teeth about 40-1-40, of the
usual type of Helicine (see pl. I, fig. v). The central teeth, a, have one’
median cusp, the outer cusps being obsolete, the cutting point is short
and bluntly pointed. Lateral teeth same as centrals, unsymmetrical, the
inner subobsolete cusp more developed. The marginals (b) are simple
modifications of the laterals, subquadrate, bicuspid, each cusp with a
long, oblique, stout cutting point.

37 Genitalia and Lingual

From this descriptign.it will be seen that Bulimulus rho-
dolarynx has the type of dentition which appears normal to
the Helicine, in this respect agreeing with B. ciznnamomeo-
lineatus, pallidior, chrysalis, Guadalupensis, alternatus, spo-
radicus, dealbatus, solutus, sepulcralis, durus and Peruvianus.
For the species differing from the common type of Helicine
dentition, see remarks under B. Lodi.

Bulimulus Proteus, Brod. (Scutalus.)

Northern Peru. Prof. Orton.

Genitalia quite like those described and figured of Bul. Altoperuvianus
(pl. I, fig. 1). All the organs were delicate, almost threadlike, and not
so well developed as in the species to which I have compared them.
Orifice behind right eyepeduncle.

Jaw, with 28 ribs, of same type as herewith described for B. Lobbi.

Lingual membrane of same type as Bul. Altoperuvianus, herewith des-

cribed.
Bulimulus primularis, Rve. (Mesembrinus.)
Northern Peru. Prof. Orton.

The genitalia are like those of Bul. Proteus herein described, but the
ovary is orange colored.

The jaw was imperfect and thus the number of ribs cannot be given.
It is of the same type, however, as herewith described of Bul. Lobbi.

The lingual membrane (pl. I, fig. vii) is broad. Central teeth of same
type also as in Bul. Lobbi, but much shorter and stouter. The lateral
teeth of Bul. Lobbi and B. Altoperuvianus are wanting in this species,
their place being entirely filled by marginal teeth of the form known in
Bul. laticinctus (see Aun. Lyc. N. H. of N. Y. x, pl. i). The teeth are
subquadrate, with a very large, curved, obliquely trifid cutting point,
extending far below the lower margin of the base of attachment.

Fig. a gives one central tooth with the two adjacent mar-

ginals; fig. 6 an extreme marginal. The latter will be seen
to be rather narrower than those nearer the median line of
the membrane.

Orthalicus obductus, Shuttl.
Islands in Bay of Panama, Mr. MeNiel.

Jaw as usual in the genus. Lingual membrane (pl. VI, fig. mm) as usual
in the genus. Teeth about 96-1-96. The side spurs: to the cusps (rep-

Dentition of Pulmonata. 38

resenting the side cusps of the usual Helicine type) are nof present on
the first laterals, but are conspicuous on those farther removed, as shown
in figure } of the seventh lateral tooth.

Orthalicus gallina-sultana, Chemn.
Marafion, Peru. Prof. Orton.

An opportunity having been given me by the kindness of
my friend, Mr. Thomas Bland, of examining the animal of
Orthalicus gallina-sultana, Chemn., I here give descriptions
of its genital system and lingual dentition. It will be seen
that my figures of the latter do not agree with those published
by Troschel (Arch. fiir Nat., 1849, pi. iv, fig. 3), at least
so far as centrals and laterals are concerned, these teeth not
being represented in Troschel’s plate. It must be borne in
mind, however, that at that early date, the membranes were
not so carefully studied as at present, and consequently the
peculiarity of these teeth may have been overlooked by
Troschel. Of the identity of the specimen examined by me,
there can be no doubt.

The jaw (pl. IV, fig. E) is of the type usual in Orthalicus and Liguus, but
up to the present time never observed in any other genus. It is com-
posite, its separate plates being apparently soldered firmly at their upper
portions, where, indeed, they seem collectively to form a jaw in a single
piece as in Helix, etc., but at their lower portion positively detached and
free, imbricated one upon another. The jaw may in one sense be said to
be in a single piece, as argued recently by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse,
(Moll. Mex. et Guat.), but with equal correctness it may surely be said
to be composite, as the amalgamation of the upper portion is produced
by the joining of absolutely separate pieces. There are fifteen of these
plates, the three upper central ones apparently lying upon the fourth,
which is very broad and extends from the upper to the lower margin of
the jaw. The jaw is strongly arched, with attenuated, blunt ends. There
are well marked perpendicular grooves upon the anterior surface of many
of the plates. ai ;

The lingual membrane (pl. IV, tig. A-C) is very broad (13 mill.), for its
length (16 mill.). The rows of teeth are arranged in a backward curve
from the median line for a short distance, and then run obliquely to the
outer margin of the membrane. The central teeth have a long and rather
narrow base of attachment, squarely truncated at the top, incurved with
slight lateral expansions at the base. The reflected portion bears one
stout, median cusp, the side cusps being subobsolete. ‘This cusp bears a

.

39 Genitalia and Lingual

long, stout, lance-like cutting point, extending below the base of attach-
ment to a sharp point, and bearing at the centre of its length on each side
a prominent, subobsolete, blunt spur. There are three lateral teeth of
the same type as the centrals, but made unsymmetrical by the suppres-
sion of the inner lower lateral expansion to the base of attachment, and
the inner subobsolete lateral spur to the cutting point. The fourth tooth
from the central tooth changes suddenly into a marginal tooth of the form
common in Orthalicus, t.e., a long, stout, subquadrate base of attachmeut
with fringed lower margin, bearing at its lower portion, a broad, bluntly
rounded subobsolete cusp, from which springs a short, widely expanded,
broad, bluntly rounded, gouge shaped cutting point, which has a small,
outer, lateral spur of the same bluntly rounded form. This form of mar-

ginal teeth runs quite to the edge of the membrane, those nearer the
- outer edge being smaller, more widely separated, and in more oblique and
more widely separated rows.

Fig. A gives a central tooth with adjacent teeth to the fifth tooth on
one side, and only one lateral on the other side; fig. C gives the eighth
tooth; fig. D two extreme marginals; fig. B an extreme marginal in
profile.

The count of the teeth in one transverse row is over 108-1-108.

Peculiar as this form of dentition seems, it has already been noticed in
Liguus virgineus. (See Am. Journ. Conch., VI, 209, fig. 3, 4, and below
pl. III). That species differs widely, however, in the lesser size of its
membrane (10 X 44 mill.), the smaller count of the teeth, 40-1-40, and
in having but two well marked laterals. That species also has several
teeth intermediate between the laterals and marginals which vary greatly
on different parts of the membrane.

This form of dentition is very instructive in showing the
modification of the type usual to the Helicinw. The central
teeth may be said to be obsoletely tricuspid, and the side
spurs to the greatly produced cutting point are but a modifi-
cation of the usual cutting points on the side cusps of the
FHielicine. ‘The lateral teeth are in the same way but a modi-
fication of the usual bicuspid laterals of the Helicine. The
marginal teeth are more abnormal in form, but they still are
but modified from the laterals by the expansion, bluntly
rounding and shortening of the cusps, and by the still greater
expansion, shortening and bluntly rounding of the cutting
points. In Orthalicus iostomus, melanochilus, undatus and
Liguus fasciatus, this process of suppressing the usually
decided cusps and cutting points is extended equally to the
central and lateral teeth. Other species show the same aber-

Dentition of Pulmonata. 40

rant form of centrals and laterals, as Bulimulus aurisleporis,
(Mal. Blatt., XV, pl. v, fig. 8). In less degree are the
laterals modified from the ra Helicine type in simples
sulculosa (ib. fig. 10) as to the cutting points, and in the
same particular in Bulimus Peruvianus (Proc. Ac. Nat. Se.
Phila., 1874, pl. v, fig. 2). No doubt future research will
bring to light a complete series of teeth in land shells, show-
ing a gradual modification in different directions of the nor-
mal tricuspid and bicuspid type.

There seem no peculiar characters to the respiratory, digestive and -
nervous system of the animal. The genitalia are figured on plate IV, fig.
F. The external orifice is behind the right eyepeduncle. The testicle (1)
is as usual in the Helicine embedded in the lobe of the liver occupying
the extreme apex of the spire of the shell; it is composed of fasciculi of
short, stout, blunt ceca. The epididymis (2) is short, convoluted as
usual. The accessory gland (3) is ona short threadlike peduncle. The
ovary (11) is very large, tongue shaped, lobulated above and decidedly
spovgelike in its division on its concave side. The oviduct (8) is long,
narrow, convoluted. The genital bladder (9) is large and oval, on a long
duct (16) which in its natural position is adherent to the oviduct in its
entire length: it is much larger in its lower third, equalling the stout
vagina, near whose middle it enters; below this point the vagina becomes
very stout. The penis is cylindrical, about as long as the vagina, tapering
rather abruptly to its apex, where is inserted a long, delicate, retractor
muscle (6), which resembles a flagellum. The vas deferens (7) enters
the penis on its side, near its summit. There are no accessory organs.
The penis (5) does not appear to enter acommon duct of male and female
organs, but to have a separate opening of its own.

The general arrangement of the genitalia is like that of O. undatus,
(see this paper), O. longus and iostomus (Fischer and Crosse), Ligwus
fasciatus (Leidy), and L. virgineus, see below. The last four, however,
have a single multifid vesicle, which I failed to detect in O. galling-sul-
tana; and from them all there is ample specific difference in the size of the
ovary, the shape and size of the penis sac, a and the size of the duct of the
genital bladder, near its base.

It may fairly be assumed that no generic differ ence exists. between the
genitalia of Orthalicus and Liguus.

These remarks are suggested by the treatment of Leguus
fasciatus by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse (Moll. Mex. et
Guat.). On account of the resemblance in dentition to
the species of Orthalicus known to them rather than to the

4] Genitalia and Lingual

allied Liguus virgineus, these authors place Liguus fasciatus
in Orthalicus, under the subgeneric name of Orthalicinus.
The same reasoning will now oblige them to place Ortha-
licus gallina-sultana in the genus Liguus, for its dentition
resembles that of Z. virgineus and not that of the other
known species of Orthalicus. It appears to me much better
to wait till more is known of the dentition of Orthalicus,
before we consider the teeth as reliable generic characters.

Orthalicus undatus, Brug.

It will. be interesting in connection with my comparison
of Orthalicus and Liguus to state that having had an oppor-
tunity of dissecting six specimens of this species, from
Jamaica, I found the genitalia constantly agreeing with
Lehmann’s fig. in Malak., Blatt., 1864, pl. i, fig. 4. There is
no multifid vesicle on ‘the penis as in the species of Orthal-
icus figured by Fischer and Crosse (Moll. Mex.). With this
exception, the genitalia are quite like those figured by Leidy
for Liguus fasciatus (Terr. Moll. U.S. I. pl. v). .

It will be seen above that Orthalicus gallina-sultana is also
characterized by the want of the multifid vesicle.

Liguus virgineus, Lin.

Aux Cayes, Haiti. Mr. Robert Swift.

In connection with my friend, Mr. Thomas Bland, I have
already described the jaw (L. and F. W. Shells N. A., I, p.
312, fig. 864) and lingual membrane (Am. Journ. Conch. VI,
209, figs. 3,4) of this species. The membrane having become
still more interesting from its resemblance in some respects
to that of Orthalicus gallina-sultana, Chemn., lately examined,
I have given the accompanying more. detailed illustrations

(pl. HI).

There is, it appears, considerable variation in the development of the
cutting points of the central and lateral teeth, and the cusps of the first
marginals, on different parts of the membrane. Fig. D is taken from the
most perfect portion of the membrane, the most anterior portion. Fig.

Dentition of Pulmonata. 44

13. The vaginal prostate.

18a. flagellum to same.

13b. accessory gland to same.

13c. accessory duct to same.

13d. same as last with globular organ.
14. The dart sac.

15. The flagellum. _

16. The duct of the genital bladder.

In the figures of dentition it will be understood that the general inten-
tion is to give (a) one central tooth with its adjoining lateral, and (0) one
or two marginal teeth. The numbers of the teeth refer to their position in
counting from the median line of the membrane. This arrangement gives
as good an idea of the characters of the dentition as my space will allow.

PLATE I.

I. Bulimulus Lobbi, Rve. Dentition; a, lateral teeth: b, extreme marginal teeth.
Ii. Bulimulus Altoperuvianus, Rve. Genitalia.
Ill. Bulimus foveolatus, Rve. a, central and lateral teeth: 6, extreme marginals.
IV. Dentition of II. 6, extreme marginals.
VY. Bulimulus rhodolarynx, Rve. 6, marginals—first and extreme.
VI. Jaw ofl. j
VII. Bulimulus primularis, Rve. 0, extreme marginal tooth.
VI. Bulimulus Peruvianus, Brug.

PLATE II.

I. Pallifera Wetherbyi. Jaw.
Ii. Same; dentition. a, central and lateral teeth: 6, marginal teeth.
Ill. Cylindrella brevis, Pfr. Genitalia.
IV. Zonites sculptilis, Bland. Dentition; 6, extreme marginals.
V. Bulimus auris-sileni, Born. Genitalia.
VI. Helix nucleola, Rang. Genitalia.
VII. Cylindrella sanguinea, Pfr. Genitalia.
VIII. Strophia iostoma, Pfr. Dentition; a, central and lateral teeth: 6, marginal tooth:
c, extreme marginal tooth.
IX. Helix discolor, Fér. Genitalia.

PLATE III.
Fic.
Lingual dentition of Liguus virgineus, Lin. 5
A. From the least developed end of the membrane. The central tooth with the two
lateral teeth and three marginal teeth.

B. From near the centre of the membrane.

C,. From near the anterior end of the membrane; portions of two adjacent rows of
teeth.

D. From still nearer the anterior end of the membrane.

E. Marginals from the same end ot the membrane as the last.

F, Extreme marginal in profile. «

G. Extreme marginals.

45 Genitalia and Lingual

PLATE IV.

A. Lingual dentition of Orthalicus gallina-sultana, Chemn.
B. A marginal tooth of the same in profile.

C. Thesame. The eighth from the median line.

D. The same. Extreme marginal teeth.

E. Thesame. Jaw.

F. Thesame. Genitalia.

G. Liguus virgineus, Lin. The genitalia.

PLATE V.

Fig. Genitalia and Dentition of
I. Zonites inornatus, Say.
II. Zonites friabilis.
Ill. Helix Troostiana, Lea.
IV. Helix clausa, Say.
V. Helix rufo-apicata, Poey.
VI. Dentition of III.
VII. Helix Pennsylvanica, Green.
VIII. Helix nuxdenticulata, Chemn.
IX. Helix Josephine, Fér.
X. Geomalacus maculosus, Allm.

PLATE VI.

I. Helix Clarki Lea. Lingual dentition, a, central and lateral tooth; b, marginal
tooth. See also fig. v for extreme marginals.
Il. Helix Stearnsiana, Gabb. Genitalia.
Ill. Orthalicus obductus, Shuttl. Lingual dentition; a, central and lateral teeth; b,
the seventh tooth: c, extreme marginal teeth.
IV. Helix Traski, Lea. <A portion of the genital system, showing vaginal prostate.
V. See I.
VI. SameasI. Genitalia.
VII. Helix Wetherbyi; Bland. Lingual dentition; a, central and lateral teeth 5}, first
marginal teeth: c, extreme marginal teeth.

Note on the Jaw of PARTULA.

Having lately received through the kindness of Dr. W.
D. Hartmann a number of Partula preserved in alcohol, I
am preparing a description of their lingual dentition, geni-
talia and jaw. The latter is the most important point to be
studied, this organ never having been described, I now,
therefore, give the following particulars :

In P. fusca, Pease, umbilicata, Pease and virginea, Pease, it is very thin
and transparent; arcuate with attenuated ends; cutting margin with a

broad very slight median prominence; anterior surface with numerous
(over 60 in virginea) very delicate, separated ribs, slightly denticulating

Dentition of Pulmonata. 46

either margin, those of the centre converging and meeting before reach-
ing the lower margin, as in Cylindrella, &c. The jaw appears therefore
to be of the same type as in Bulimulus, Geotis, Amphibulima, Cylindrella,
Macroceramus and Pineria. The ribs, however, are in Partula exceed-
ingly fine. '

The lingual dentition of the species mentioned above is the same as
figured by Heynemann (Mall. Blatt. 1867, pl. i, fig. 1,) excepting that I
detect distinct cutting points to the side cusps of the central teeth, not
figured by him.

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