a/I B RAR;- OF THE U N IVERSITY OF ILLINOIS FI t> Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. A charge is made on all overdue University of Illinois Library UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN, MEXICO EMMET R. BLAKE ASSISTANT CURATOR OF BIRDS HAROLD C. HANSON RESEARCH ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Of ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XXII, NUMBER 9 NOVEMBER 23, 1942 PUBLICATION 522 LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN, MEXICO BY EMMET R. BLAKE ASSISTANT CURATOR OP BIRDS AND HAROLD C. HANSON RESEARCH ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OP WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN ,,,t u Of i of el 19A2 of ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XXII, NUMBER 9 NOVEMBER 28, 1942 PUBLICATION 522 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN, MEXICO BY EMMET R. BLAKE AND HAROLD C. HANSON The following paper is based on a series of 481 Michoacan birds collected for Field Museum during the summers of 1940 and 1941 by two Mexican expeditions led by Mr. Harry Hoogstraal of the University of Illinois. Preliminary faunal surveys undertaken by Mr. Hoogstraal dur- ing two previous field trips in northern and eastern Mexico had indicated the desirability of making comparative studies, of a more detailed nature, in a southwestern state. Michoacan was selected because its geographical position and varied topography afforded unlimited opportunities for the ecological and faunistic studies desired. A representative portion of the state, incorporating most of the physical and climatic features of the Mexican plateau and of the Pacific lowlands, was found in the region lying between the Rio Tepalcatepec and the summit of Cerro de Tancitaro. Several special- ists, including a botanist, an ornithologist, a mammalogist, a her- petologist and an entomologist, were enlisted to make collections in their respective fields as a means of determining the faunal affinities and the vertical extent of life zones in this area. The present report on the bird life of the Rio Tepalcatepec-Cerro de Tancftaro transect, despite limitations of data, is presented as a basis for more ambitious investigations in southwestern Mexico. HISTORY Michoacan occupies a region of considerable interest to the naturalist because of its relationship to the central plateau, but biologically it is today one of the least-known of the Mexican states. Its ornithology, particularly, has been neglected and the student can, with few exceptions, search the literature in vain for more than casual reference to specimens collected within its borders. Some indication of the status of Michoacan ornithology is shown by the fact that no less than 75 forms, or 52 per cent of the 144 treated in the present paper, apparently constitute new state records. Fifteen of these may be considered definite extensions of range but the majority involve common species of general distribution in southwestern Mexico. 513 514 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII The first and perhaps largest representative collection of Michoa- can birds ever made was obtained by Edward W. Nelson and Edward A. Goldman fifty years ago during the course of their extensive Mexican explorations for the Biological Survey. This collection, FIG. 39. Map of Mexico, showing location of Rio Tepalcatepec-Cerro de Tancitaro transect. totaling approximately 500 specimens, has not been worked up as a unit but was the source of most of Ridgway's Michoacan records. The Mexican itinerary of Nelson and Goldman has not been published, but the following details of their travels in Michoacan have been assembled at our request from the records of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, by Dr. John W. Aldrich. 1892. Edward W. Nelson: July 14- August 4; October 15-16. Patzcuaro. August 4-10. Querendaro. October 8-15. Nahuatzin. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 515 1893. Edward W. Nelson and Edward A. Goldman: January 11-25. Zamora. January 27-February 5. Cerro Patamban and Tinguindin. February 5-19. Los Reyes. February 20-March 4. Cerro de Tancltaro and Perivan. March 9-24. La Salada and Uruapan. March 24-30. Route from La Huacana and Volcan de Jorullo to Balsas; also in the vicinity of Ahuacana. Scarcely less extensive are the collections made for Field Museum by the recent Hoogstraal expeditions. The village of Tancitaro, which is located on a plateau adjacent to the southern base of Cerro de Tancitaro, served as headquarters for both expeditions. A total of 481 specimens representing 140 forms was obtained along a transect between the Rio Tepalcatepec and the summit of Cerro de Tancitaro by the junior author (1940) and by Dr. Reed W. Fautin (1941). The list of localities visited by them is as follows: 1940. Harold C. Hanson; 232 specimens, 96 species. July 14-19. Tancitaro. July 20-22. Upper slopes and summit of Cerro de Tancitaro. July 23-25. Tancitaro. July 26- August 1. Cloud forest of Cerro de Tancitaro. August 2-8. Tancftaro. August 9-14. Vicinity of Apatzingan. August 15-17. Tancitaro. 1941. Reed W. Fautin; 249 specimens, 112 species, including 44 additions to the 1940 collection. June 23-28. Tancitaro. June 29-July 7. Cloud forest of Cerro de Tancitaro. July 8-9. Tancitaro. July 10-25. Cloud forest to summit of Cerro de Tancitaro. July 26-August 7. Tancitaro. August 8-27. Vicinity of Apatzingan and Acahuato. Additional Michoacan birds have been collected at random by various travelers, but these are widely scattered and details of their present disposition are not available. The veteran collector Chester C. Lamb has worked more or less extensively in the state and certain of his specimens have been preserved in the collection of Robert T. Moore. It is evident, however, that far more field work must be carried out before a satisfactory list of Michoacan forms can be prepared. 516 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII SPECIES NOT PREVIOUSLY RECORDED IN MICHOACAN Heterocnus mexicanus fremitus Cochlearius cochlearius zeledoni Plegadis (falcinellus?) guarauna Cairina moschata Coragyps atratus Cathartes aura aura Chondrohierax uncinatus subsp. *Accipiter striatus suttoni Buteo jaimaicensis costaricensis Buteo brachyurus Buteo nitidus plagiatus Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi Micrastur semitorquatus naso Polyborus cheriway audubonii Fako albigularis albigularis Ortalis vetula poliocephala Actitis macularia Leptotila verreauxi angelica Aratinga canicularis eburnirostrum *Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris Tyto alba pratincola *Nyctibius griseus mexicanus Nyctidromus albicollis yucatanensis *Aeronautes saxatalis nigrior *Lampornis amethystinus brevirostris Megaceryle torquata torquata Chloroceryle amazona Chloroceryle americana septentrionalis *Dryobates arizonae fraterculus Attila spadiceus pacificus Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis Tyrannus crassirostris crassirostris Myiodynastes luteiventris luteiventris Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus Iridoprocne albilinea albilinea Corpus corax sinuatus Calocitta formosa formosa * Indicates extension of range. Cyanocilta stelleri coronata Parus sclateri sclateri Sitta carolinensis mexicana *Certhia familiaris guerrerensis Cinclus mexicanus mexicanus *Thryothorus pleurostictus nisorius *Thryomanes beivickii percnus *Turdus migratorius permixtus Polioptila plumbea bairdi *Regulus regulus clarus Ptilogonys cinereus pallescens *Vireolanius melitophrys goldmani *Vireo bellii medius Vireo solitarius repetens _ Vireo virescens flavoviridis Vireo gilvus subsp. Mniotilta varia *Compsothlypis pitiayumi pulchra Peucedramus olivaceus olivaceus Dendroica occidentalis Myioborus miniatus miniatus Cassiculus melanicterus Icterus spurius Icterus wagleri wagleri Icterus pustulatus pustulatus Tanagra musica elegantissima Piranga flava hepatica Piranga bidentata bidentata Passerina versicolor subsp. Passerina leclancherii leclancherii *Hesperiphona abeillei abeillei Volatinia jacarina diluta Spinus notatus griscomi Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Arremonops rufivirgatus sumichrasti Aimophila humeralis humeralis Aimophila ruficauda acuminata TOPOGRAPHY AND LIFE ZONES l The transect chosen for intensive study in Michoacan extends approximately thirty-seven miles from the sweltering valley of the Rio Tepalcatepec northward to the summit of Cerro de Tancitaro2 1 Botanical determinations employed throughout this report were made by Paul C. Standley and Julian A. Steyermark, Curator and Assistant Curator of the Herbarium in Field Museum, from specimens and field studies prepared by William Leavenworth, expedition botanist. Certain physical and botanical data, particularly those pertaining to plant associations, have been drawn freely from notes prepared by Mr. Hoogstraal. The authors assume full responsibility, however, for their arrangement of life zones and for all ornithological data. 2 This transect lies within one of the most poorly mapped regions of Mexico. Maps which have been consulted vary considerably in their estimates of the altitudes of Cerro de Tancitaro and other Michoacan localities. Therefore, all elevations discussed in this report are based upon aneroid readings obtained, and repeatedly checked, by members of the 1941 expedition. 517 518 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII and embraces an ascent of some eleven thousand feet. Not included in the area of investigation, but nevertheless exerting considerable influence on its rainfall and plant associations, is a spur of the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, which extends about seventy-five miles along the coast of Michoacan south of the Rio Tepalcatepec. North of Cerro de Tancitaro, and adjacent to the vast, triangular- shaped inland plateau, or mesa central of Mexico, is a rugged area of mountain masses. Cerro de Tancitaro is an outlier of the moun- tains bordering the plateau, and is at the western end of a short, apparently isolated range running east and west for twenty miles or more. The mountains of this area are a part of the row of recent volcanoes which lie along the nineteenth parallel from Colima to the vicinity of Mexico City and which comprise one of the most actively volcanic regions on the continent. The biotic and climatic characteristics of the transect may be outlined as follows: I. Arid Tropical Zone (Tierra Caliente). Rio Tepalcatepec to the lower (south- ern) slope of the Tancitaro plateau at Acahuato (500-3,000 ft.). A. Tropical Deciduous Forest. B. Arid and Semi-Arid Thorn Forest (semi-desert scrub). C. Open Semi-Desert with scattered trees (1,200-3,000 ft.). II. Humid Upper Tropical Zone1 (6,000-8,500 ft.). A. Cloud Forest (locally, in humid ravines). 1. Transitional or Modified Pine-Alder-Fir Association (6,000- 7,300 ft.). 2. Typical Pine-Alder-Fir Association (7,300-8,500 ft.). III. Temperate Zone (Tierra Templada). Lower (southern) slope of the Tancitaro plateau above Acahuato to the summit (3,000-11,800 ft.). A. Open Pine Forest, strongly transitional (3,000-4,500 ft.). B. Pine-Oak Forest (4,500-6,000 ft., locally). C. Fir Forest (8,500-9,500 ft.). D. Open Pine Forest, almost purely temperate (4,500-11,800 ft.). 1. High Bunch Grass (10,000-11,800 ft., locally). ARID TROPICAL ZONE The Arid Tropical Zone, known locally as the tierra caliente, occupies a wide, arid valley having an average altitude of approxi- mately 1,200 feet. There is little seasonal variation in temperature. Some rain falls during the summer months but it quickly drains and is of little value to agriculture, which depends on irrigation to a considerable extent. Leguminous and other thorn-studded bushes 1 Subtropical Zone or "Mountain Rain Forest" of Chapman. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 519 and cacti are often present, and there are numerous climbing cacti, hanging vines and impenetrable thickets. No humid tropical jungle exists in this region but along the river and other permanent sources of water there is a well-developed deciduous forest. This becomes more arid in general aspect as one leaves the river, its undergrowth is less luxuriant, and a tall fig tree (Ficus) often becomes dominant. Several distinct plant associations may be recognized in this zone. A thorn forest or semi-desert scrub varies, depending on aridity, from open plain with scattered thorn trees and few herbs to dense stands of thorny trees with a light ground cover of herbs and shrubs. These trees, which include such common genera as Acacia, Mimosa, and Caesalpinia, range from eight to twenty feet in height and tend to grade into the tropical deciduous forest near water. Just north of Apatzingan, on the slope leading up to the Tancitaro plateau, there is a strip of even greater aridity. It is a pronounced semi-desert and supports only widely scattered trees, principally of non-leguminous genera. SPECIES CHARACTERISTIC OF THE ARID TROPICAL ZONE Ortalis vetula poliocephala Calocitta formosa formosa Amazona finschi finschi Turdus rufo-palliatus rufo-palliatus Piaya cayana mexicana Cassiculus melanicterus Trogon citreolus Icterus pustulatus pustulatus Momotus mexicanus mexicanus Passerina leclancherii leclancherii Centurus chrysogenys flavinuchus Arremonops rufiviraatus sumichrasti Xiphorhynchus flavigaster mentalis Aimophila humeralis humeralis Tyrannus crassirostris crassirostris Aimophila ruficauda acuminate Bird life in the Arid Tropical Zone is rather limited in species but individuals are often surprisingly abundant locally. Distribu- tion depends primarily upon the habitat requirements of the various species, altitude being of little or no direct consequence. Approxi- mately 43 per cent of the 144 forms collected or identified by sight were recorded only below 3,000 feet, which may be regarded as the upper limits of this zone. Analysis of these, after eliminating species of no faunal significance, indicates a preponderance of forms charac- teristic of the West Mexican Arid Tropical Fauna only partially suggested by the preceding list. HUMID UPPER TROPICAL ZONE Above the Tancitaro plateau certain valleys and protected slopes support a generally dense and humid forest which is basically homolo- gous to the characteristic subtropical vegetation of mountainous regions to the southward. The subtropical or cloud forest is dis- 520 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII tributed locally from 6,000 to 8,500 feet and probably this is its northernmost appearance in western Mexico. Two divisions of the Humid Upper Tropical Zone may be identi- fied botanically. From approximately 6,000 to 7,300 feet there is a somewhat open and modified pine-alder-fir association with heavy, though not impenetrable undergrowth. A more typical cloud forest, characterized by excessive humidity and an extremely heavy growth of epiphytic bryophytes, pteridophytes and lichens, extends upward to 8,500 feet. It consists of a dense pine-alder-fir forest and numerous herbs and shrubs. Cloud forests are indicative of the Humid Upper Tropical Zone and attain their maximum development in the central and northern Andes of South America. They become progressively less extensive and luxuriant as one proceeds northward through Central America to southern Mexico and there is a parallel decline in distinct faunal representatives. Cerro de Tancitaro supports only a meager northern outpost of cloud forest and lacks even the characteristic tree ferns and large bromeliads. The relative barrenness and insignificance of this zone in Michoacan is indicated by the fact that only two birds which may be regarded as indicators were found in the transect as compared with twenty-one recorded in Guerrero (nine endemic), forty in Guatemala, and forty-five in El Salvador. SPECIES CHARACTERISTIC OF THE HUMID UPPER TROPICAL ZONE Henicorhina leucophrys /estiva Basileuterus belli clarus TEMPERATE ZONE Proximity to the central Mexican plateau, which serves as a vast reservoir of Temperate Zone life, is reflected in every aspect of the Cerro de Tancitaro area. Plants and animals of temperate or even boreal affinities dominate the upper slopes of the mountain. Many forms overflow across the Tancitaro plateau to approximately 3,000 feet altitude where the moderating effects of the Arid Tropical Zone are manifested. There is no sharp line of demarcation between the two but the lower or southern slope of the Tancitaro plateau above Acahuato may be designated arbitrarily as the point at which the temperate element finally disappears. The climate of the plateau1 is relatively cool throughout the year, being hottest in April and May and coldest in December and January, when light snow occasionally falls. During the summer 1 Refers to the Tancitaro plateau unless otherwise designated. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 521 months the temperature ranges from 59° to 68° F. during the day- time and from 57° to 61° at night. Rain falls almost daily between June and October and is particularly heavy at the northern end of the plateau in the vicinity of Tancitaro. The upper slopes of the mountain receive less rainfall but are considerably colder. A pine forest (Pinus ayacahuite and /or P. montezumae) of vary- ing density covers the plateau and extends upward on exposed ridges to the summit of Cerro de Tancitaro. Herbs and shrubs which grow on the fairly steep slope between 3,000 and 4,500 feet are markedly transitional in character and include both tropical and temperate species. The flora becomes increasingly temperate above 4,500 feet, and oaks, willows, lindens, haws, ashes, and alders appear locally. Shrubs of the genera Viburnum, Ceanothus, Solanum, Tournefortia, Lythrum, Cornus, Lobelia, Salvia, Arctostaphylos, and Cassia are common. Herbs are particularly abundant and include Piqueria, Drymaria, Cuphea, Borreria, Euphorbia, Ranunculus, Thalictrum, Verbena, Physalis, Plantago, Oxalis, Sisyrinchium, Hypoxis, Cynoglossum, Phaseolus, and Crotalaria. Close stands of fir (Abies religiosa) become locally dominant between 8,500 and 9,500 feet and the ground cover is more limited. The flora is less varied above 10,000 feet and vegetation becomes relatively sparse. With the disappearance of alders and firs only pines (Pinus montezumae var. rudis) and a few junipers (Juniperus mexicanus) remain as arboreal representatives. High, tough bunch grasses cover the ground and several herbs, including lupine (Lupinus persistens), are common. Only one shrub (ericaceous Pernettia ciliata) is found in the open pine forest of the upper slopes. Cerro de Tancitaro has no timberline, and hence lacks a true sub-alpine forest. The influence of the central Mexican plateau, with its wealth of Temperate Zone life, is no less apparent in the avifauna of the Cerro de Tancitaro area. Approximately 62 per cent of the species which were restricted to that part of the transect characterized by predominantly temperate flora are true indicators of that zone. None of these were reported below 3,000 feet and it is probable that many do not occur even in the area of transition at the southern or lower end of the plateau. SPECIES CHARACTERISTIC OF THE TEMPERATE ZONE Buteo jaimaicensis costaricensis Otua minutissimum gnoma Columba fasciata fasciata ABronautes saxatalis nigrior Otus trichopsis trichopsis Hylocharis leucotis leucotis 522 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Lampornis amethystinus brevirostris Trogonurus mexicanus Balanosphyra formicivora formicivora Dryobates villosus jardinii Myiochanes pertinax pertinax Empidonax difficilis occidentalis Empidonax fulvifrons rubicundus Corvus corax sinuatus Aphelocpma sordida sieberii Cyanocitta stelleri corpnata Parus sclateri sclateri Sitta pygmaea flavinucha Certhia familiaris guerrerensis Cinclus mexicanus mexicanus Heleodytes megalopterus megalopterus Troglodytes brunneicollis colimae Turdus migratorius permixtus Myadestes obscurus occidentalis Catharus occidentalis fulvescens Regulus regulus clarus Ptilogonys cinereus pallescens Vireolanius melitophrys goldmani Vireo huttoni mexicanus Diglossa baritula baritula Vermivora superciliosa palliata Peucedramus olivaceus olivaceus Myioborus miniatus miniatus Ergaticus ruber ruber Icterus wagleri wagleri Piranga flava hepatica Piranga bidentata bidentata Hesperiphona abeillei abeillei Spinus pinus macropterus Spinus notatus griscomi Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Pipilo ocai nigrescens Atlapetes pileatus pileatus Atlapetes torquatus virenticeps Plagiospiza superciliosa superciliosa Distribution of birds in the Temperate Zone is more circumscribed than in the Arid Tropical Zone where altitude is a minor factor and plant associations are less differentiated. Two species, Sitta pygmaea flavinucha and Plagiospiza s. superciliosa, apparently are restricted to the pine-bunch grass association near the summit of the mountain. Several species other than the two indicators of the Humid Upper Tropical Zone already mentioned were recorded only in the cloud forest. Among these were Cyanocitta stelleri coronata, Cinclus m. mexicanus, Heleodytes m. megalopterus, Catharus occidentalis fulvescens, Ergaticus r. ruber, and Atlapetes torquatus virenticeps. Birds that occupied a considerable vertical range in the transect were more or less closely associated with the coniferous forests. A few of these also occurred in deciduous forests and areas of mixed growth but it is notable that only Empidonax difficilis occidentalis was equally at home in the cloud forest. The following species have an extensive vertical distribution in the Temperate Zone: Hylocharis I. leucotis, Lampornis amethystinus brevirostris, Colaptes cafer mexi- canus, Balanosphyra f. formicivora, Dryobates villosus jardinii, Em- pidonax difficilis occidentalis, Aphelocoma sordida sieberii, Parus s. sclateri, Certhia familiaris guerrerensis, Troglodytes brunneicollis colimae, Sialia mexicana australis, Peucedramus o. olivaceus, Junco phaeonotus australis. Two species, Cathartes a. aura and Rhynchop- sitta pachyrhyncha, occur at all altitudes from the tierra caliente to the upper slopes of the mountain. An indication of the composition and relative importance of the three life zones included in the Rio Tepalcatepec-Cerro de Tancitaro transect may be found in the following numerical analysis of their respective bird populations. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 523 Indicator Species No. of % of %~o7 %of species toUl no. No. in total no. total no. in zone in transect zone in zone in transect Arid Tropical Zone 63 43.8 16 25 11.0 Humid Upper Tropical Zone 8 5.5 2 25 1.3 Temperate Zone 73 50.7 45 62 32.0 Total number in transect. . . . 144 Comparison with the ornithology of adjacent areas is essential in any local study of birds. Griscom's (1934) pioneering work in Guerrero constitutes the only modern and reasonably complete Mexican state list available and hence is of inestimable value to the student of bird life in southwestern Mexico. The limited scope of the present report prohibits extensive or precise comparisons between the avifaunas of Michoacan and Guerrero. However, there are sufficient data to indicate basic differences between the two. No less than sixty-four species and subspecies recorded in this transect, i.e., 44 per cent of the total, are unknown in Guerrero. These sixty-four forms, representing fifty-nine genera, include twenty-seven genera and twenty species absent in Guerrero (other genera and species being represented in that state by different species or subspecies). Additional field work in Guerrero can be expected to reduce this apparent discrepancy considerably. Analysis of the Michoacan faunal and life zone indicators which are unrecorded in Guerrero is no less interesting. Twenty-four birds, including eighteen species and ten genera, which are charac- teristic of the Temperate Zone in Michoacan, are not known from Guerrero. The valley of the Rio Balsas undoubtedly excludes many temperate species from that state but evidently a much closer affinity exists between Michoacan and the central Mexican plateau. On the other hand, the West Mexican Arid Tropical Fauna is almost continuous in Michoacan and Guerrero. Only three characteristic birds, including two species, which occur in the former state are lacking in the latter. Attention has been called previously to the poverty of the Humid Upper Tropical Zone on Cerro de Tancitaro, which lacks a single endemic bird as compared with nine found in the cloud forests of Guerrero. The authors are indebted to several individuals and institutions for assistance and co-operation in the preparation of this report. Much credit is due Mr. Harry Hoogstraal for his capable leadership of the expeditions which collected all the specimens listed. We are 524 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII particularly grateful to him for so generously making his extensive field notes available to us. Numerous species were added to the Michoacan list through the diligence of Dr. Reed W. Fautin, orni- thologist of the 1941 expedition, and certain field observations made by him have been most useful in corroborating or supplementing those of the junior author. Valuable assistance in the field was also given by Dr. Kenneth Knight and Mr. Jerome Van Gorkom in 1940 and by Mr. Ralph Haag in 1941. For the loan of comparative material we are indebted to Dr. John W. Aldrich, of the Fish and Wildlife Service; Dr. Herbert Friedmann, of the United States National Museum; Mr. Robert T. Moore, of Pasadena, California; Mr. James L. Peters, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology; and Mr. John T. Zimmer, of the American Museum -of Natural History. Dr. Aldrich and his assistant, Mr. Allen J. Duvall, have been most helpful in working out the Michoacan itinerary of Nelson and Goldman, and in making a survey of their bird collections. We are indebted also to Mr. Rudyerd Boulton, of Field Museum, for much valuable advice and assistance. LIST OF SPECIES Heterocnus mexicanus fremitus van Rossem and Hachisuka Apatzingan: 2 females, August 19 and 24. Cochlearius cochlearius zeledoni Ridgway El Capiere, Rio Tepalcatepec: 1 male, August 2. Plegadis (f alcinellus ?) guarauna Linnaeus A number of glossy ibis were observed along the Rio Tepalcatepec in August, 1940, by Kenneth Knight. None were collected. Cairina moschata Linnaeus Apatzingan: 1 female, August 10. Muscovy ducks were found only in the tierra caliente. They were most numerous in ponds and along streams in the tropical deciduous forest. A family of flightless birds was observed by Fautin on August 18. Coragyps atratus Bechstein Black vultures were limited to the tierra caliente and were fre- quently seen soaring over the arid slopes leading to the plateau where the ascending currents of hot air facilitated flight. They Field M us, urn of Natural History Zoology, Vol. XXII, Plate XVII \- LOWLAND IN VALLEY OF RIO TEPALCATEPEC Fig. 1. Tropical deciduous forest. Fig. 2. Semi-desert scrub with column Fig. 3. View toward Cerro de Tancftaro from the valley. Field Museum of Natural Histon Zoology, Vol. XXII, Plate XVIII TANCITARO PLATEAU, TEMPERATE ZONE Fig. 1. Pine-oak association; altitude about 5,000 feet. Fig. 2. Cultivated land near village of Tancitaro. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 525 were most abundant in the Apatzingan area in which they exceeded turkey vultures to a considerable extent. Cathartes aura aura Linnaeus Apatzingan: 1 male, August 8. Cerro de Tancitaro, 1 male, July 18. The western turkey vulture, Cathartes aura teter, ranges southward over the Mexican plateau to Michoacan but is replaced by the nominate race on Cerro de Tancitaro and in the adjacent lowlands. Measurements of the Apatzingan and Cerro de Tancitaro specimens: wing 500 and 487, tail 254 and 240, as compared with the extremes of 480-528 (wing) and 252-282 (tail) designated for teter. Turkey vultures occurred in the lowlands south and west of Cerro de Tancitaro in company with the ubiquitous black vulture but were far more numerous on the plateau. Although none were seen on the upper slopes of the mountain, it is probable that these vultures occur at random wherever food is available, for there is no evidence that altitude acts as a limiting factor in their vertical distribution. Chondrohierax uncinatus subsp. Apatzingan: 1 male, August 15. The complicated plumages of the hook-billed kites, involving varieties within phases, have been discussed in detail by Friedmann (1934), who recognizes two races in Mexico. Michoacan lies between the known ranges of these forms. The present specimen, with badly worn primaries and rectrices, constitutes the first specific record of the occurrence of uncinatus in that state. As might be expected, the characters of aquilonis and of the nominate race are so combined in this bird that it could be regarded as an individual variant of either. In darkness of plumage it resembles the former, but the white ventral bars are even narrower than are those of South American specimens of uncinatus which we have examined. The measurements are wing 302, tail 215, culmen from cere 33. Accipiter striatus suttoni van Rossem Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, August 13. This specimen, in immature plumage, is readily separable from typical velox of comparable age both on the basis of size (wing 179, tail 142) and of color. The under parts are somewhat paler and in general much redder than in velox, and broad linear stripes obscure 526 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII the pectoral area. The immaculate chestnut or reddish thighs and lower flanks which characterize suttoni are particularly well marked in the Cerro de Tancitaro specimen. Buteo jaimaicensis costaricensis Ridgway Between Patzcuaro and Comanje: 1 male, July 10. Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 female, 2(?), July 20-August 3. Two of the four resident red-tailed hawks collected in the vicinity of Cerro de Tancitaro are melanistic and have their sub-terminal tail bands more pronounced than in any other specimens of costari- censis examined. The other two agree with typical specimens from Honduras and El Salvador in being uniformly dark above, sparsely marked below, and in having their abdomens and thighs washed with immaculate reddish ochraceous. The stomach of one hawk contained the remains of a small unidentified bird and a partially formed hair pellet of a rodent. Buteo brachyurus Vieillot Cerro de Tancitaro: !(?), July. A single immature short-tailed hawk collected by Ralph Haag on the plateau exhibits a striking degree of erythrism. The natural color of the head and dorsal parts is considerably intensified and flushed with reddish brown. The flanks, thighs and under wing coverts are so thoroughly washed with reddish chestnut as to obscure the normal streaks and spots of the under parts. Buteo nitidus plagiatus Schlegel Apatzingan: 3 females, August 12-21. This form is included in the genus Buteo for reasons which have been advanced by van Rossem (1934, p. 429). Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi Audubon Apatzingan: 1 male, August 22. Micrastur semitorquatus naso Lesson Apatzingan: 1 female, August 24. Polyborus cheriway audubonii Cassin Apatzingan: 1 male, August 24. Falco albigularis albigularis Daudin Ten miles south of Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 female, August 8. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 527 There seem to be insufficient grounds for resurrecting the northern race petoensis Chubb. Yellow breast feathers of a small bird, possibly Atlapetes pileatus virenticeps, were found in the stomach of this falcon. Ortalis vetula poliocephala Wagler Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 female, August 17. This specimen was a captive bird taken by the natives at San Juan, a village near Tancitaro. Philortyx fasciatus Gould Apatzingan: 2 males, 3 females, August 8-22. Two coveys of 12 to 15 birds each were seen by the junior author in an old field of dense herbaceous cover and brush islands near Apatzingan. The testes of the males were still slightly enlarged in August and the oviduct of one female contained a hard-shelled egg. Two stomachs were examined. Both contained a few small seeds and the remains of many leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae). One bird had also fed upon lepidopterous larvae. Cyrtonyx montezumae montezumae Vigors Tancitaro: 1 male, July 4. Jacana spinosa spinosa Linnaeus Apatzingan: 1 male, August 10. Actitis macularia Linnaeus Apatzingan: 1 male, August 20. Columba fasciata fasciata Say Tancitaro: 6 males, 2 females, July 21-August 4. Band-tailed pigeons were fairly abundant in the tierra templada but were concentrated principally in the pine and oak forests between 4,500 and 6,000 feet altitude. Several small flocks, totaling approxi- mately twenty-five individuals, frequented a grove of tall trees near a watercourse two miles south of the village. These pigeons fed on acorns and to a considerable extent on wild grapes (Vitis Berlandieri). Thirty-four of the latter were found in the crop and gizzard of a single bird. Fully developed eggs were found in specimens collected by Fautin late in July. Scardafella squamata inca Lesson Apatzingan: 1 male, 1 female, August 9 and 23. 528 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 1 female, July 5-30. Inca doves abounded in the Apatzingan area but were most numerous in the semi-arid thorn forest. On the plateau they were restricted principally to livestock corrals, where they fed on the seeds in cow manure. Columbigallina passerina pallescens Baird Apatzingan: 1 male, August 13. This species was the least common of the three small doves found in the tierra caliente. Columbigallina talpacoti eluta Bangs Apatzingan: 3 males, July 31-August 14. Leptotila verreauxi angelica Bangs and Penard Apatzingan: 1 female, August 8. Ara militaris mexicana Ridgway Apatzingan: 1 male, 1 female, August 10. Aratinga canicularis eburnirostrum Lesson Apatzingan: 2 males, August 8. This paroquet and macaws were more numerous than the other parrots of the lowland forests near Apatzingan. All species fed principally upon wild figs during August when observations were made. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Swainson Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, July 4-22. Thick-billed parrots occurred at random in the Cerro de Tancitaro area from the lowlands to the highest reaches of the mountain. They were moderately abundant in the tropical deciduous forest. Observa- tions by both expeditions indicate that daily flights are made to the pine forests of the higher slopes for pifion nuts each morning and evening. The occurrence of thick-billed parrots in the Cerro de Tancitaro area constitutes, as far as we are aware, the first record for Michoacan and represents a considerable southwestern extension of range. In addition to pifion nuts, the fruit of a local cherry tree (Prunus Capuli) was eaten, and one specimen contained seeds of an unde- termined leguminous plant. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 529 Amazona finschi finschi Sclater Apatzingan: 2 females, August 9 and 13. Finsch's parrots congregated in large flocks in the deciduous forest near Apatzingan but were not seen elsewhere. Piaya cayana mexicana Swainson Apatzingan: 3 females, 1 male, August 7-20. Squirrel cuckoos were restricted to lowland forested areas, where their skulking habits permitted only occasional observation. A stomach which was examined contained four small lepidop- terous larvae, the chitinous remains of a beetle, and fleshy parts of a small fruit. Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris Swainson Apatzingan: 1 male, August 9. Geococcyx velox melanchima Moore Acahuato: 1 female, August 17. A specimen collected in the chaparral between Acahuato and Apatzingan, at an altitude of 2,000 feet, agrees in all salient characters with two birds from Tuxpan, Jalisco. The affinities of roadrunners from the highlands of Michoacan are not known with certainty, but they may be expected to show some degree of intergradation with velox of east-central Mexico. Suitable plant associations rather than altitude apparently con- trol the local distribution of this species. Members of the 1940 expedition saw an immature captive bird which had been taken on the northern side of the mountain in an area of open, mixed forest. In July of the following year Robert Traub observed a roadrunner at 8,000 feet altitude on Cerro de Tancitaro at the edge of a corn field and the upper limits of the cloud forest. Tyto alba pratincola Bonaparte Apatzingan: 1 male, August 5. Otus trichopsis trichopsis Wagler Tancitaro: 1 female, August 14. A single specimen of spotted screech owl, representing an extreme rufous phase, was taken on the plateau at an altitude of approxi- mately 6,500 feet. Specimens in comparable plumage are uncommon in collections and those available exhibit a marked diversity of 530 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII pattern. Two Jalisco birds examined (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nos. 105339, 105340) are more streaked above, lighter below and more barred generally than the Tancitaro specimen. The latter is more intensely rufous below with heavier black streaks totally lacking in crossbars. The measurements are wing 142, tail 67. Spotted owls are nocturnal and largely insectivorous. The re- mains of four beetles (Scarabaeidae), a roach (Blattidae) and two indeterminate insect larvae constituted the stomach contents of the Tancitaro specimen. Bubo virginianus mayensis Nelson Tancitaro: 1 male, July 8. Glaucidium minutissimum1 gnoma Wagler Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 males, 3 females, June 28-August 3. Two specimens of the intermediate phase and three of the gray phase collected on Cerro de Tancitaro are in immature plumage. The grayish-brown pileum of each is more or less spotted with whitish on the forehead and contrasts sharply with the uniformly brown back. An interesting progression of plumage is discernible in this small series. Two specimens collected in June are almost devoid of forehead spotting but have their sides and breasts so heavily washed with rich, unmarked brown as to encroach upon the streaked under parts. July specimens exhibit increased spotting of the pileum coincident with a vague spotting on the sides of the breast. A single specimen collected August 3 approaches adult plumage in having the pileum and sides of the breast more strongly spotted than in those birds taken earlier and the pileum is less sharply defined from the unmarked back. All five specimens have either six or seven tail-bars. Pygmy owls apparently occur only at the higher elevations on Cerro de Tancitaro, the present series being collected between 6,200 and 10,800 feet altitude. Two stomachs were examined, one containing small portions of undetermined beetles and the other the remains of a small skink (Eumeces). Ciccaba virgata squamulata Bonaparte Apatzingan: 1 female, August 10. 1 The apparent conspecificity of gnoma and minutissimum has been clarified by Griscom (1931), whose nomenclature we adopt. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 531 Nyctibius griseus mexicanus Nelson A specimen collected by natives near Tancitaro was examined by Joel Canby, mammalogist of the 1940 expedition, but unfortunately was not preserved. Nyctidromus albicollis yucatanensis Nelson Apatzingan: 1 female, 1 male, August 2 and 14. Aeronautes saxatalis nigrior Dickey and van Rossem Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 2(?), July 29-August 13. White-throated swifts from Cerro de Tancitaro are readily sepa- rable from specimens of the northern race on the basis of characters designated by Dickey and van Rossem in their description of the present form. No evidence of intergradation with A. s. saxatalis is apparent in our series although the two races are said to merge in central Mexico. A flock of about thirty swifts inhabited the ruins of an old Spanish cathedral at the edge of Tancitaro and young birds were captured by natives late in June and during the early part of July. Small flocks of adult swifts were frequently observed in flight above the plateau and upward to the summit of the mountain. None were reported below 4,000 feet altitude. Saucerottia beryllina viola Miller Tancitaro: 4 males, 4 females, !(?), June 25-July 30. This was the most abundant humming bird on the plateau. The orange blossoms of an epiphyte (Psittacanthus calyculatus) were its primary source of food during the period of observation, and trees which bore this growth were almost invariably frequented by several individuals. Cynanthus latirostris propinquus Moore Apatzingan: 1 male, August 12. The single specimen available from the Cerro de Tancitaro area indicates some degree of intergradation with magicus but must be referred to propinquus on the basis of its much bluer posterior under parts, darker and less golden green upper parts and absence of any conspicuous break in coloration between the throat and jugulum. Its relationship to propinquus apparently is similar to that of the three specimens from Lake Cuitzeo, Michoacan, discussed by Moore (1939a, pp. 57-58). Three males from Guaracha, a locality 532 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII between Zamora and Lake Chapala, which we have examined, are similarly intermediate. Hylocharis leucotis leucotis Vieillot Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 3 females, June 23-July 30. White-eared humming birds occurred on the plateau but, like the following species, were more abundant in the yellow pine-bunch grass association above 10,000 feet altitude, where the flowering lupine (Lupinus persistens) was a common source of food. At lower elevations both species resorted to the orange blossoms of an epiphyte (Psittacanthus calyculatus). Cyanolaemus clemenciae clemenciae Lesson Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 4 females, June 29-July 24. Lampornis amethystinus brevirostris Ridgway Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, 1 female, July 11 and August 1. Trogonurus mexicanus Swainson Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 1 female, July 2-19. Mexican trogons were observed with about equal frequency in a dense pine forest at 6,500 feet altitude and in the damp, epiphyte- festooned cloud forest. They are distinctly birds of the forest crown, seldom being seen less than thirty or forty feet above the ground. During the early morning hours the males, particularly, often seek exposed perches well above the forest crown. Trogons are largely insectivorous but one stomach which was examined contained the remnants of a small fruit in addition to a large lepidopterous larva and the elytra of a beetle. Trogon citreolus Gould Apatzingan: 3 males, 2 females, August 6-22. Megaceryle torquata torquata Linnaeus Apatzingan: 1 male, August 14. Chloroceryle amazona Latham Apatzingan: 1 female, August 12. Chloroceryle americana septentrionalis Sharpe Apatzingan: 2 males, 1 female, August 7-21. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 533 Momotus mexicanus mexicanus Swainson Apatzingan: 1 male, 2 females, August 7-18. The three birds collected at Apatzingan are indistinguishable from Jalisco specimens which we have examined and may be matched equally well by a series from Guerrero and Oaxaca. Continued recognition of a supposedly larger and deeper-colored race (saturatus) of Michoacan, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas is insupportable in the absence of constant and geographically correlated characters. Colaptes cafer mexicanus Swainson Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, 4 females, July 17-22. This well-marked race of red-shafted flicker shows little prefer- ence in its altitudinal range. It avoids the lowlands but individuals were collected or seen from the plateau upward to 11,000 feet on Cerro de Tancitaro. Ants constitute a considerable portion of this flicker's diet but miscellaneous larvae and the chitinous remains of beetles were also found in three of the four stomachs examined. Centurus chrysogenys flavinuchus Ridgway Apatzingan: 4 males, 1 female, August 8-13. Balanosphyra formicivora formicivora Swainson Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 3 females, July 20-August 5. Ant-eating woodpeckers were among the most conspicuous ele- ments in the bird life of Cerro de Tancitaro. They were particularly abundant on the plateau, but also ranged upward in the pine forest to an elevation of about 9,000 feet. In the latter habitat their activities were generally confined to the upper portions of the large pines. Grit was conspicuous in all five stomachs examined, twenty- two pieces being counted in a single specimen. On the plateau these woodpeckers were seen feeding on a large variety of choke-cherry (Prunus Capuli), but miscellaneous insects were also included in the stomach contents. Phloeoceastes guatemalensis nelsoni Ridgway Apatzingan: 2 males, August 1 and 16. Dryobates villosus jardinii Malherbe Cerro de Tancitaro: 5 males, 1 female, June 25-August 6. 534 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Hairy woodpeckers occurred at random from the plateau upward to 11,300 feet on Cerro de Tancitaro, but were most numerous in areas of deciduous forest. Insect larvae apparently constitute the principal food of this species, for a single pupa was the only exception found in the three stomachs examined. Dryobates scalaris azelus Oberholser Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, 2 females, August 5 and 6. Dryobates arizonae fraterculus Ridgway Tancitaro: 1 female, July 26. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster mentalis Lawrence Apatzingan: 1 male, August 14. Lepidocolaptes leucogaster leucogaster Swainson Tancitaro: 2 males, 3 females, 2(?), June 27-August 5. White-striped woodhewers apparently were restricted to the plateau where they occurred with equal abundance in the unmixed stands of pine forest and in the pine-oak association near Tancitaro. The specialized feeding habits of this woodhewer limit its activities to the lower portions of tree trunks, which are seldom ascended above twenty-five feet. Miscellaneous insects and chitinous parts of small beetles com- posed the bulk of the four stomach contents examined. Attila spadiceus pacificus Hellmayr Apatzingan: 1 female, August 15. Tancitaro: 1 male, July 26. Tyrannus vociferans vociferans Swainson Tancitaro: 1 male, August 15. The reduced measurements (wing 116, tail 80, culmen 16) and immature plumage of this specimen suggest that Cassin's kingbird breeds in Michoacan. Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis Hartert and Goodson Apatzingan: 1 male, August 11. Tyrannus crassirostris crassirostris Swainson Apatzingan: 1 female, 1 male, August 13 and 15. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 535 Myiodynastes luteiventris luteiventris Sclater Apatzingan: 1 male, 1 female, August 10 and 15. Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus Kaup Apatzingan: 2 males, July 12 and August 18. Myiarchus tuberculifer querulus Nelson Apatzingan: 2 females, August 13 and 15. Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, 2 females, June 27-July 23. Birds from the Cerro de Tancitaro area are indistinguishable from four specimens of querulus collected at Tuxpan, Jalisco, and Iguala, Guerrero. Querulous flycatchers have been recorded in the mountains as well as lowlands of Michoacan (Los Reyes, Ahuacana, Patzcuaro, Apatzingan, and Cerro de Tancitaro) and may be regarded as the resident race. Myiochanes pertinax pertinax Cabanis and Heine Acahuato: 1 male, August 20. Apatzingan: 1 female, August 7. Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 1 female, July 28-August 5. This pewee occasionally occurs in the lowlands but throughout its range it is primarily a bird of the mountains. It was usually associated with the open pine groves of the plateau. Empidonax minimus Baird Apatzingan: 1 female, August 12. Empidonax difficilis occidentalis Nelson Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 2 females, 2(1), July 6-25. Two unsexed specimens collected on the plateau and at 10,200 feet altitude July 20 and July 25 respectively are in immature plumage and probably came from nests in the vicinity. On the basis of data now available we agree with Moore (1940, p. 28) that the breeding birds of southern Mexico should be referred to this race. Our field records for this flycatcher include elevations from 6,000 to 10,600 feet. There is no evidence that it discriminates between plant associations, for specimens were collected in such widely divergent habitats as the cloud forest and the pine-oak association. Empidonax fulvifrons rubicundus Cabanis and Heine Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 males, 1 female, June 27 and August 5. 536 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Ruddy flycatchers were most frequently seen in open, grassy areas on the plateau where they perched on low shrubs and weed stems a foot or two above the ground. One specimen had eaten a small orthopteron, two beetles, a weevil and a hymenopteron. A second stomach examined contained an unidentified dipteron and considerable chitinous debris. Mitrephanes phaeocercus phaeocercus Sclater Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 2(?), June 26-August 5. Michoacan and Morelos constitute an area of intergradation between phaeocercus and tenuirostris Brewster, but birds from the Cerro de Tancitaro area are unquestionably more closely related to the former. Unlike the last species, this flycatcher usually selects exposed perches on the treetops from which to dart out on short flights for insects. Hirundo rustica erythrogaster Boddaert Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 males, July 19 and 24. Although the available evidence is not conclusive, it is probable that additional observations will definitely establish the barn swallow as a breeding species in Michoacan. Both specimens listed above have the short tail and somewhat dull plumage of birds of the year, but admittedly were capable of strong flight. Iridoprocne albilinea albilinea Lawrence Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 female, June 27. The occurrence of a single immature specimen of this typically coastal species far inland is most surprising. The Rio Tepalcatepec could have served as a natural route of migration from the lowlands. Corvus corax sinuatus Wagler Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, August 15. Ravens were fairly abundant up to 6,000 feet but were most numerous below in arid areas of sparse vegetation. A well-packed stomach which was examined contained Scarabae- idae (75 per cent), fifty- three seeds of a grape (Vitis) and a few kernels of corn. Calocitta formosa formosa Swainson Apatzingan: 1 male, !(?), August 3 and 9. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 537 Magpie-jays were observed only in the semi-desert scrub associa- tion near Apatzingan. A stomach which was examined contained 80 per cent vegetable matter in the form of small seeded fruits and 20 per cent miscellaneous insect bits. Aphelocoma sordida sieberii Wagler Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 2 females, July 14-28. The local distribution of Sieber's jay, unlike that of the following species, coincides with the distribution of pine forests to which it is restricted. A bold and raucous bird wherever found, this jay ranged from the plateau up to approximately 11,000 feet. An unidentified nut was the predominant food in four of the stomachs examined. One bird had also eaten a nestling of uncertain identification. A fifth stomach contained only the remnants of miscellaneous insects. Cyanocitta stelleri coronata Swainson Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 males, 4 females, July 6-26. Two races of the present species undoubtedly intergrade in Michoacan. Ridgway has called attention to specimens from Patzcuaro which indicate, in slightly reduced size and increased blueness of the crest, a definite trend towards C. s. coronata. Cerro de Tancitaro birds show a progression of this tendency and may be considered to occupy a position practically intermediate between that race and C. s. azteca. No clear picture can be gained from the measurements of our small series but a closer affinity with C. s. coronata is indicated by an evaluation of other characters. A strik- ing feature of the Cerro de Tancitaro specimens, which we have not found in birds from other localities, is the considerable reduction of the white patch over the eye and absence of a white spot on the lower eyelid. Blue-crested jays were restricted almost exclusively to the cloud forest, although one specimen was collected in the upper pine-oak association. Parus sclateri sclateri Kleinschmidt Cerro de Tancitaro: 5 males, 2 females, July 2-31. Mexican chickadees were abundant in the pine forests at all altitudes above 3,000 feet. It is remarkable that this active species has not been reported in Michoacan before. 538 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Psaltiparus minimus melanotis Hartlaub Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 female, August 6. A band of approximately twenty-five black-eared bush-tits ranged over an area of scattered bushes and small deciduous trees on the plateau. Sitta carolinensis mexicana Nelson and Palmer Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 males, 2 females, August 5 and 16. Additional specimens of carolinensis are needed from Michoacan to determine accurately the status of Cerro de Tancitaro birds. In size, as well as geographically, the specimens listed above lie between kinneari and umbrosa, recently described by van Rossem. All measurements equal or exceed the maximum of the former but only partially satisfy the minimum requirements of the latter. Cerro de Tancitaro specimens are very slightly lighter above than umbrosa and in this respect resemble mexicana. It is probable that an adequate series of birds from this area will indicate the presence of an intermediate population linking the latter races, but not suffi- ciently differentiated for subspecific designation. White-breasted nuthatches were restricted to the plateau where they were fairly abundant in the pine-oak forest. Nesting apparently ended early in July, for family groups were observed by the middle of the month. Sitta pygmaea flavinucha van Rossem Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 4 females, July 17-21. Unlike the last species, pygmy nuthatches were strictly limited to the pine forests of the upper slopes. One specimen was collected at 9,000 feet, but seven others were taken above 11,000 feet in the pine-bunch grass association. Certhia familiaris guerrerensis van Rossem Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 males, 3 females, July 19- August 5. We have not had an opportunity to examine creepers from Jalisco but no significant difference can be found between our small series and four specimens from the Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero. Hell- mayr includes Michoacan in the range of alticola but Cerro de Tancitaro specimens are readily separable on the basis of their smaller size (males: wing 60-63, tail 59-60, culmen 13-16) and much darker under parts. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 539 Creepers occurred at all elevations, from the plateau to approxi- mately 11,000 feet. They were fairly abundant in most zonal associations but none were found in the cloud forest. Cinclus mexicanus mexicanus Swainson Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 females, !(?), July 3 and 7. An examination of a large series of Mexican dippers collected over a period of years reveals a degree of plumage-fading not sufficiently emphasized heretofore. In very old skins the plain sepia of the head and neck becomes a dull brown wash which extends over and practically replaces the original clear slate color of the back. Con- sequently, no line of color demarcation between the neck and back remains. Some fading is to be expected under the best conditions of storage, but few birds deteriorate as rapidly in this respect as dippers. Among relatively fresh skins it is possible, on the basis of fading, to separate those collected at intervals of only two years. Therefore, consideration of probable new races of mexicanus should always be made on the basis of comparison with specimens of com- parable age. Dippers were restricted to the fast-flowing canyon streams of the cloud forest. Heleodytes megalopterus megalopterus Lafresnaye Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 5 females, !(?), June 28-July 26. This cactus wren was seen only in the cloud forest. A band of nine individuals, probably constituting a single family, was fre- quently observed during the last week of July near a camp main- tained at 8,500 feet. Their feeding activities extended from the forest floor to the mid-portions of the higher trees, but epiphytic plants were explored with particular energy. During the post- breeding season this wren becomes relatively furtive and silent but occasionally startles one with its characteristic rattling din. Heleodytes gularis Sclater Tancitaro: 3 males, August 7 and 16. Some recent authors prefer to regard gularis and jocosus as con- specific on the basis of the relatively minor differences which are observable in the adults. This view is untenable, however, if one properly evaluates the genetic implications suggested by the strik- ingly dissimilar immature birds. These are no less important than adults in indicating relationships, and the origins of respective popu- 540 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII lations. In the light of modern genetics certain basic differences, including the presence of ventral spotting in jocosus, and its absence in immature specimens of gularis, indicate the introduction (or loss) of genetic characters so distinct as to belie the fortuitous resemblance of the adults. We do not hesitate to grant gularis specific rank. Thryothorus pleurostictus nisorius Sclater Apatzingan: 4 males, 1 female, August 10-23. Thryomanes bewickii percnus Oberholser Tancitaro: 1 male, 2 females, July 18-31. The large size (male: wing 62, tail 61, culmen 15) and dark coloration of Tancitaro specimens readily distinguish them from murinus of south-central Mexico. Jalisco wrens have not been recorded from Michoacan before, but a straggler was collected at Puente Colorado, Puebla, on August 3, 1868, by Professor Sumichrast. Troglodytes brunneicollis colimae van Rossem Cerro de Tancitaro: 6 males, 4 females, June 30-July 28. Our series of fresh breeding specimens agrees in all intrinsic char- acters with a December male from the type locality. This well- defined race apparently is a bird of the higher mountains. A single specimen was observed on the plateau but these wrens were most abundant in the pine-bunch grass association above 10,000 feet altitude. Henicorhina leucophrys festiva Nelson Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, July 31. Wood wrens are among the best indicators of the Humid Upper Tropical Zone. They occurred only in the cloud forest on Cerro de Tancitaro and were excessively difficult to observe in the low shrubs and ground cover which constituted their principal habitat. The song of this species compares favorably in strength and clarity of tone with that of any other wren and frequently was the first or only indication of its presence. Catherpes mexicanus mexicanus Swainson Canyon wrens inhabited the ridges of volcanic rock and old stone fences on the plateau, but unfortunately none were collected by either expedition. Toxostoma curvirostre curvirostre Swainson Tancitaro: 3 males, 1 female, 2(?), June 24-August 3. I! I! !! Bj Field Museum of Natural History Zoology, Vol. XXII, Plate XX TEMPERATE ZONE OF CERRO DE TANCfTARO Fig. 1. Open pine, with high bunch grass; altitude 10,000 feet. Fig. 2. Fir-alder forest, upper limit of cloud forest. Fig. 3. Open pine forest, TancJtaro plateau; altitude about 4,500 feet. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 541 The roadside thickets of agave, thorny bushes, and small trees on the plateau were the favorite habitat of the curve-billed thrasher. Two stomachs which were examined contained several curculionid beetles, a cricket, undetermined larvae, and numerous fine seeds. Melanotis caerulescens effuticus Bangs and Penard Tancitaro: 1 male, 4 females, July 30-August 5. Griscom refers specimens from Chilpancingo, Guerrero, to the present race but states (1934, p. 396) that they are slightly gradient toward caerulescens of eastern and south-central Mexico. Our birds show no divergence from typical effuticus, however, and are indis- tinguishable from a series of ten Jalisco and Nayarit specimens with which they have been compared. The habitat of the blue mockingbird is similar to that of the curve-billed thrasher. It is a shy and elusive bird and apparently is restricted to the plateau, where trailside thickets and drainage ditches are particularly favored. Singing perches are usually selected in the upper parts of densely foliated trees so that detailed observa- tion is impossible. This species is a versatile songster and has a repertoire somewhat reminiscent of the catbird. A quantity of small berries, wild grapes, a lepidopterous larva, a small wasp, and a beetle were found in the three stomachs examined. Turdus migratorius permixtus Griscom Acahuato: 1 female, August 17. Tancitaro: 3 males, 1 female, June 30-August 5. Breeding specimens of migratorius from the Cerro de Tancftaro area agree in small size and dark coloration with the birds of Guerrero. The known range of permixtus is thus extended northwestward by more than two hundred miles. Turdus rufo-palliatus rufo-palliatus Lafresnaye Apatzingan: 1 female, 1 male, August 12 and 15. Turdus assimilis renominatus Miller and Griscom Apatzingan: 1 male, August 15. Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, July 6. Myadestes obscurus occidentalis Stejneger Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 males, 3 females, July 15-August 16. 542 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Pine-forested ridges and underbrush of the higher mountain slopes are the usual habitat of this remarkable songster. Solitaires were not observed above 8,000 feet but they were fairly numerous in suitable situations at lower elevations. Catharus occidentalis fulvescens Nelson Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 2 females, July 2-27. Members of this genus are among the wariest of tropical birds. The present species finds optimum conditions in the decaying vegetation, rank undergrowth, and other ground cover of the cloud forest and thus occupies a niche filled by the following species on the plateau. Catharus aurantiirostris clarus Jouy Tancitaro: 2 males, 3 females, June 27-August 5. Sialia mexicana australis Nelson Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 3 females, July 20-August 16. Nelson's bluebirds were most abundant in the pine-oak associa- tion on the plateau but three specimens were collected in the open pine forest above 11,000 feet altitude. A specimen taken on July 20 had left its nest not more than ten days before. Polioptila plumbea bairdi Ridgway Apatzingan: 2 males, August 18 and 24. Regulus regulus clarus Dearborn Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 female, June 29. The single immature specimen collected in the cloud forest apparently constitutes the first specific record of a kinglet in Michoacan. In the absence of breeding adults from this area we assign this bird to clarus with reservations. Ptilogonys cinereus pallescens Griscom Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 1 female, July 22-August 17. Our small series, in molting and worn plumage, differs from specimens of cinereus collected in Vera Cruz and Mexico and may be regarded as intermediates. They appear to be nearer pallescens of Guerrero but an adequate series from Cerro de Tancitaro is needed to determine the actual relationship. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 543 There seems to be no previous record of silky flycatchers in Michoacan. They occurred on the plateau in wandering bands of five or six individuals. Vireolanius melitophrys melitophrys Du Bus Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 female, June 30. The occurrence of a shrike-vireo in Michoacan, almost two hundred miles distant from the nearest previous record, is most unexpected. Subspecific determination has been made arbitrarily in the absence of satisfactory comparative material. Vireo button! mexicanus Ridgway Tancitaro: 2 females, July 16 and 17. Vireo belli! medius Oberholser Apatzingan: 1 female, August 13. Bell's vireo winters over the greater part of Mexico but there is no previous record of the occurrence of medius, an excellently differentiated race, south of Guanajuato. Vireo solitarius repetens van Rossem Tancitaro: 1 female, August 7. The proportions (wing 82, tail 57) of our Michoacan specimen agree with those of Guerrero birds. It is further distinguished from a series of Arizona specimens (plumbeus) by its much greener flanks, back, and rump and hence may be regarded as a typical example of the long-winged, short-tailed race (repetens) reported heretofore only from Jalisco, Guerrero, and Oaxaca. Vireo virescens flavoviridis Cassin Apatzingan: 2 females, August 13 and 14. Vireo gilvus subsp. Tancitaro: 1 female, July 26. The worn plumage and unsatisfactory condition of this specimen preclude accurate subspecific determination. Its measurements (wing 74, tail 52, culmen 11) conform with those of brewsteri and of the nominate race but the clear brown pileum and upper back are unlike any examples of the species which we have seen. Early migrants could reach Michoacan late in July but it is more likely that a large, brownish resident race exists there. 544 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Diglossa baritula baritula Wagler Tancitaro: 2 males, 1 female, June 23 and August 7. Mniotilta varia Linnaeus Tancitaro: 1 male, August 7. Vermivora superciliosa palliata van Rossem Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, !(?), July 3-29. The grayer (less greenish) flanks and generally paler coloration distinguish Cerro de Tancitaro specimens from a series of mexicana at our disposal. The extent of the yellow abdominal area, considered important by van Rossem, is so complicated by the "make" of individual skins that we find it useless as a diagnostic character. All races of this species are birds of the highlands. On Cerro de Tancitaro it was most abundant in the open pine forest and pine- alder association above 8,000 feet altitude. Compsothlypis pitiayumi pulchra Brewster Apatzingan: 1 male, August 19. Our single Michoacan specimen, in worn plumage, is somewhat darker (duller) above than typical examples from Sonora, but other- wise agrees with pulchra in all diagnostic characters. There is no previous record of this well-marked race south of Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra), so its status in Michoacan is uncertain. Peucedramus olivaceus olivaceus Giraud Cerro de Tancitaro: 5 males, 1 female, 2(?), July 17-August 7. The variability of this species has been demonstrated by Miller and Griscom (1925, pp. 8-11) but their recognition of a supposedly small western race, jaliscensis, seems unjustified in the absence of a reasonably stable character. Specimens from Jalisco are said to differ from typical olivaceus only in size, being (male) wing 72-76, tail 51.1-53, culmen 10-10.6. However, the wings of ten males (olivaceus) from Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz, measured by Hellmayr, varied from 74-78 mm. Theoretically, Michoacan lies well within the range of jaliscensis, but the measurements of our five males (wing 76-77, tail 51-54, culmen 10-11) undermine still further the concept of a distinct western race. Olive warblers occurred in open pine forests from the plateau to the summit of Cerro de Tancitaro. They were most abundant at higher altitudes in the yellow pine-bunch grass association. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 545 Dendroica occidentalis Townsend Tancitaro: 1 male, 1 female, August 16. Myioborus miniatus miniatus Swainson Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, June 28-July 30. All races of miniatus are excellent indicators of the Humid Upper Tropical Zone. The shrubs and undergrowth within pine forests of the plateau generally harbored this species and a few individuals were noted as high as 8,200 feet altitude, near the upper limits of the pine-alder-fir association. Ergaticus ruber ruber Swainson Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 3 females, !(?), July 6-25. Red warblers are resident in the coniferous forests between 8,000 and 9,600 feet altitude. Basil eu tor us belli clarus Ridgway Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, 4 females, June 28-July 31. No conclusive evidence that Cerro de Tancitaro birds differ intrinsically from typical belli can be found in the limited compara- tive material at our disposal. However, Wetm ore's review of the species (1941, pp. 572-573) indicates the necessity of correlating individual color range with seasonal variation in evaluating racial distinctions, so we have accepted his determination of Michoacan birds. This active warbler was restricted to the cloud forest, where it seldom ventured from the dense vegetation of the forest floor. Cassiculus melanicterus Bonaparte Apatzingan: 3 males, 1 female, August 11-18. Mexican caciques were concentrated in the tropical deciduous forest and among the large trees in the irrigated country south of Apatzingan. Cassidix mexicanus mexicanus Gmelin Apatzingan: 1 female, August 13. Tancitaro: 1 female, August 17. A distinctly smaller form (obscurus) inhabits the coast district of western Mexico from Nayarit and Colima south to Guerrero. It has not been recorded in Michoacan specifically but undoubtedly supersedes the present race southwest of the Cerro de Tancitaro 546 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII area. The demarcation between the ranges of obscurus and mexicanus is not known in detail but certainly altitude is not an isolating factor. The former occurs on the coast and also at Chilpancingo, Guerrero, approximately 4,000 feet above sea level, and the latter has a vertical distribution no less extensive. Icterus spurius Linnaeus Apatzingan: 2 males, 1 female, August 12 and 23. Icterus wagleri wagleri Sclater Acahuato: 1 male, August 17. Icterus pustulatus pustulatus Wagler Apatzingan: 5 males, 4 females, August 9-21. Scarlet-headed orioles from Apatzingan agree with an excellent series of Guerrero birds in Field Museum and give no indication of gradation toward microstictus as might be expected. Tanagra musica elegantissima Bonaparte Tancitaro: 1 male, June 23. Piranga flava hepatica Swainson Tancitaro: 4 males, July 22-August 6. Piranga bidentata bidentata Swainson Tancitaro: 2 males, 1 female, July 17-August 6. Swainson's tanager is a subtropical form which, like the preceding species, was noted only in the open pine groves and pine-oak forests on the plateau. Hedymeles melanocephalus maculatus Audubon Tancitaro: 3 males, 2 females, June 24-August 6. Passerina versicolor subsp. Apatzingan: 2 males, August 12 and 13. Our specimens from the semi-desert scrub area near Apatzingan agree in size (wing 64, tail 50-53) with purpurascens of Guerrero, Morelos, and Guatemala but are in such worn plumage that sub- specific determination is impractical. There are no data on the breeding population, but Michoacan lies within the migration range of the nominate race, and adjoins that of dickeyae and purpurascens, so exceptional care should be exercised in identifying all specimens from that state. 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 547 Passerina leclancherii leclancherii Lafresnaye Apatzingan: 2 males, August 10 and 24. Hesperiphona abeillei abeillei Lesson Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, July 8. Abeille's grosbeak is a bird of the highlands, known heretofore only from the states of Mexico (?), Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Oaxaca. The Michoacan specimen is in immature plumage and represents an unexpected westward range extension of more than two hundred miles. Carpodacus mexicanus coccineus Moore Tancitaro: 7 males, 3 females, June 23-August 7. The taxonomy and relationships of house finches in Mexico have been clarified in several recent papers by Moore, who regards Patzcuaro (Michoacan) specimens as intergrades between the present race and centralis of Guanajuato. It follows that Tancitaro birds are similarly intermediate. Five adult males from the plateau are indistinguishable in appearance from a series from Tuxpan, Jalisco, but approach centralis in size; wing 81-82, tail 61-63. Volatinia jacarina diluta van Rossem Apatzingan: 3 males, August 11 and 20. The characters which are said to separate diluta from atronitens of eastern Mexico and Central America are evident only in females, young males, and adult males in winter plumage. We have not seen sufficient Mexican specimens in these critical plumages to form an independent opinion on the advisability of recognizing a western race, but regard it with suspicion. The relationship between the grassquits of Mexico, Central America, and northern South America is not yet clear; in fact, interesting data presented by Hellmayr (1938, pp. 254-255) indicates so great a degree of individual variation and instability among these birds as to cast doubt on their subspecific divisibility. Spinus pinus macropterus Bonaparte Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, 1 female, July 21 and 24. Pine siskins were restricted to the higher reaches of Cerro de Tan- citaro, being most numerous in open pine forest above 10,000 feet. Spinus notatus griscomi van Rossem Tancitaro: 1 male, June 27. 548 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Loxia curvirostra Strickland! Ridgway Tancftaro: 2 males, 3 females, !(?), June 25-August 5. Mexican crossbills were observed only on the plateau in the pine- oak forest (4,500-6,000 ft. alt.) and in the vicinity of the village. Several specimens were collected near the cathedral. The absence hitherto of this species from the known fauna of Michoacan is further indication of the limited field work done in that state. Atlapetes pileatus pileatus Wagler Cerro de Tancitaro: 5 males, 2 females, !(?), June 23-July 28. This finch was abundant on the plateau and ranged upward at least to 8,600 feet. Atlapetes torquatus virenticeps Bonaparte Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, 3 females, !(?), July 1-30. Arremonops rufivirgatus sumichrasti Sharpe Apatzingan: 1 male, 1 female, August 20. Pipilo ocai1 nigrescens Salvin and Godman Tancitaro: 5 males, 2 females, 2(?), June 22-August 6. The presence in Michoacan of a breeding population of towhees combining characters of Pipilo ocai and of P. macronyx has caused confusion for many years. Michoacan birds were first recognized as a distinct entity in 1889 by Salvin and Godman, who described Chamaeospiza nigrescens on the basis of a pair of specimens collected at Patzcuaro. Ridgway (1901, p. 408) accepted the specificity of nigrescens but advanced the opinion that it might prove to be merely the result of hybridization between the Pipilo torquatus (=ocai) and P. macronyx groups. In support of this view, subsequently adopted by most authors, Hellmayr (1938, p. 454) states that "eight specimens (from Michoacan, Vera Cruz, and Puebla) form an almost unbroken chain between macronyx and torquatus, and clearly indicate hybridization." The close relationship between these species is evident. Some degree of hybridization between them undoubtedly occurs, but analysis of their present distribution refutes the concept that in- dividual Michoacan specimens are fortuitous hybrids. No race of macronyx or of ocai other than nigrescens occurs in that state, nor 1 Priority of ocai over torquatus has been established by van Rossem (1940, pp. 173-174). 1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 549 have birds of the nigrescens type been found elsewhere. The latter are composite in appearance, and exhibit considerable individual variation of certain characters, but there is not the slightest difficulty in separating Michoacan specimens from all others. In order to determine the affinities of this interesting form the au- thors assembled all available specimens from Michoacan (thirty-three) for direct comparison with eighty specimens representing all known races of macronyx and ocai. Michoacan birds (nigrescens) resemble the latter in general pattern but may be distinguished by the vestigial nature of their white gular patch and by the absence of a superciliary line. Of the thirty-three Michoacan specimens examined, three show no trace of white on the throat and only one adult, collected at Patamban in January, 1903 (No. 185076, coll. of the Fish and Wildlife Service), lacks the typical chestnut crown-patch of the ocai group. Obscure black dorsal streaks and a slightly cinnamomeous tinge on the under parts (flanks and under tail coverts) of certain Michoacan specimens may be regarded as further indication of their link with the macronyx group but in no case are these characters well developed, nor do Michoacan birds have spotted tails. The composite appearance of Michoacan birds is due to multiple gene factors possibly acquired at a time when the ranges of ocai and macronyx overlapped in this area. Whatever the origin of nigrescens, it constitutes an isolated breeding population in Michoacan (Cerro de Tancitaro, Nahuatzin, Patamban, and Patzcuaro), separable in 100 per cent of the specimens examined, and hence must be regarded as subspecifically distinct. The distribution and composite appearance of nigrescens indicate a relationship between P. ocai and P. macronyx so close as to suggest that they are races of the same species. Complete revision of these forms is beyond the scope of the present report. Pipilo fuscus fuscus Swainson Tancitaro: 3 males, 4 females, 2(?), June 23-August 3. Our series from Cerro de Tancitaro, which lies in an area generally conceded to be occupied by the nominate race, agrees in size and color with seven adult specimens collected in May at Tuxpan, Jalisco, only eleven miles south of Zapotlan, type locality of the recently described race tenebrosus. We have not seen Zapotlan specimens but it is evident that Mexican races of this species require careful revision before additional forms are described. 550 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Brown towhees are among the most abundant birds on the plateau, being especially numerous in the village of Tancitaro and in the roadside thickets of the surrounding country. They probably have two broods during the season, as parents feeding full-grown young were frequently observed and on July 20 natives brought in a nest containing three half-grown fledglings. Plagiospiza superciliosa superciliosa Swainson Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 4 females, !(?), July 17-22. Striped sparrows and pygmy nuthatches are the only birds which seem to be limited to the highest slopes of the mountain. All our specimens of the former were collected in the pine-bunch grass association above 10,200 feet. Two stomachs which were examined contained leguminous seeds (probably Lupinus) and miscellaneous plant and insect debris. Aimophila humeralis humeralis Cabanis Apatzingan: 1 female, August 9. This specimen agrees perfectly with a series from Iguala, Guerrero, and shows no tendency to intergrade with asticta of Colima. Aimophila ruficauda acuminata Salvin and Godman Apatzingan: 2 males, 1 female, August 11-19. Junco phaeonotus australis van Rossem Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 2 females, !(?), July 15-August 1. These specimens are intergrades between colimae of Jalisco and australis of Guerrero but apparently are more closely related to the latter. They differ from a series of summer adults from Nuevo Leon (typical phaeonotus} in having somewhat browner flanks, darker upper parts and decidedly more extensive red on the tertials and lower back. Measurements of three males agree with those of australis: wing 76-78, tail 68-69. Mexican juncos were found at all elevations from the plateau to near the summit of Cerro de Tancitaro wherever there were open fields or areas with herbaceous cover. Spizella passerina mexicana Nelson Tancitaro: 1 male, June 23. REFERENCES FRIEDMANN, HERBERT 1933. Critical Notes on American Vultures. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 46, pp. 187-190. 1934. The Hawks of the Genus Chondrohierax. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 24, pp. 310-318. GRISCOM, LUDLOW 1931. Notes on Rare and Little Known Neotropical Pygmy Owls. Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 12, pp. 37-43. 1932. The Distribution of Bird-life in Guatemala. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 64, pp. 1-425. 1934. Ornithology of Guerrero, Mexico. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, pp. 367- 1937. A Collection of Birds from Omilteme, Guerrero. Auk, 54, pp. 192-199. HELLMAYR, C. E. 1938. Catalogue of Birds of the Americas. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 11, pp. 1-662. MILLER, W. DEW. and GRISCOM, LUDLOW 1925. Notes on Central American Birds, with Descriptions of New Forms. Amer. Mus. Nov., 183, pp. 1-14. MOORE, R. T. 1934. A Review of the Races of Geococcyx velox. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, pp. 455-466. 1939. A Review of the House Finches of the Subgenus Burrica. Condor, 41, pp. 177-205. 1939a. A New Race of Cynanthus latirostris from Guanajuato. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, pp. 57-60. 1940. New Races of Empidonax from Middle America. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 53, pp. 23-29. - and PETERS, J. L. 1939. The Genus Otm of Mexico and Central America. Auk, 56, pp. 38-56. RIDGWAY, ROBERT 1901. Birds of North and Middle America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, pp. 1-715. VAN ROSSEM, A. J. 1934. Critical Notes on Middle American Birds. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, pp. 387-490. 1938. Descriptions of Twenty-one New Races of Fringillidae and Icteridae from Mexico and Guatemala. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, pp. 124-138. 1938a. Notes on Some Mexican and Central American Wrens of the Genera Heleodytes, Troglodytes, and Nannorchilus; and Four New Races. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 59, pp. 10-15. 1939. Four New Races of Sittidae and Certhiidae from Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, pp. 3-6. 1940. Du Bus' Type of the Collared Towhee, Pipilo torquatus. Wilson Bull., 52, pp. 173-174. WETMORE, ALEXANDER 1941. Notes on Birds of the Guatemalan Highlands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 89, pp. 523-581. 551 THE LIBRARY OF THE DEC 1 1942 UNIVERSITY OB ILLINOIS INDEX Current names in roman type, synonyms and secondary references in italic type, new names in bold-faced type. abeillei, Hesperiphona, 547 aberae, Ptychadena, 91-92 Ablepharus wahlbergii, 72 Abraeus exiguus, 438-439 abyssinicus, Lamprophis, 22 Acanthicus canensis, 240 Acanthodactylus asper, 61 mucronatus, 62 pardalis, 61 scutellatus, 61 Accra coeruleopunctata, 324-326 Accipiter suttpni, 525-526 Acontias punctatus, 19-20 acoposternus, Phelister, 461 acndoides, Phrynobatrachus, 98 Staurois, 98 Acritus exiguus, 438-439 ignobilis, 441 punctisternus, 440-441 rugulpsus, 442 simpliculus, 442 ttiberculatus, 439-440 Actitis macularia, 527 aculeata, Agama, 52 acuminata, Aimophila, 550 acuminatus, Coluber, 506 Oxybelis, 506 acutum, Kinosternon, 488 acutus, Crocodilus, 489 Crocodylus, 489 Adelphicos, visoninus, 503 adenopleura, Rana, 140 adspersus, Breviceps, 110-111 Aeluroglena cucullata, 28 Aelurophryne mammata, 124 Aequidens coeruleopunctatus, 324-326 aequiplicata, Rana, 91 Aeronautes nigrior, 531 affinis, Chamaeleon, 78 Creagrutus, 271-272 Pseudocheirodon, 251-252 afra, Nectophryne, 86 Agalychnis callidryas, 487 moreletii, 487 Agama aculeata, 52 agama, 53-55 atra, 53 atricollis, 56-57 brachyura, 52 caudospinosa, 56 colonorum, 53-55 cristata, 494 cyanogaster, 57-58 flavimaculata, 52 leucostigma, 52 lionotus, 55 montana, 53 mutabilis, 52 pallida, 52 planiceps, 56 usambarae, 55-56 agama, Agama, 53-55 Lacerta, 53-55 Ageneiosus, 236 caucanus, 236 Agkistrodon bilineatus, 508 Agonostomus, 322 macracanthus, 323-324 monticola, 322-323 Ahaetulla occidentalis, 501 Aimophila acuminata, 550 humeralis, 550 akeleyi, Lyogsoma, 73 albeolus, Astyanax, 263-264 albigularis, Falco, 526-527 Varanus, 59 albilinea, Iridoprocne, 526 albolabris, Rana, 96 Alfaro, 313 cultratus, 313 Algiroides boulengeri, 60 alienus, Elaps, 507-508 Micrurus, 507-508 allisoni, Anolis, 493 Allogambusia, 303 tridentiger, 303-305 Alopecion fasciatum, 24 altifrons, Cichlasoma, 328-329 Heros, 328-329 altipinnis, Loricaria, 242-243 amazona, Chloroceryle, 532 Amazona finschi, 529 amblops, Felichthys, 235-236 Trachycorystes, 235-236 Ameiva festiva, 495-496 undulata, 495 Amphibia (gall bladder), 163-164, 179 Amplorhinus nototaenia, 36 amurensis, Rana, 134 Anacyrtus guatemalensis, 272-273 anchietae, Aporosaura, 63 Pachyrhynchus, 63 Ancistrodon bilineatus, 508 Ancistrus chagresi, 239 planiceps, 240 spinosus, 239 andersonii, Rana, 140-141 andrewsi, Bufo, 128 angelica, Leptotila, 528 angolensis, Rana, 90-91 Varanus, 59 Anguilla rostrata, 294 553 554 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Anguis bipes, 74 angustatus, Claudius, 488 angusticeps, Dendraspis, 42-43 Naja, 42-43 annectans, Hyla, 131 Phrynomantis, 111 Phrynomerus, 111 annularis, Gecko, 51 Tarentola, 51 annulatus, Enicognathus, 497 Sibynophis, 497 Anolis allisoni, 493 aureolus, 490 beckeri, 491 biporcatus, 491 bourgaei, 491 capito, 491-492 ruthveni, 492 sagrei, 492 sericeus, 492 tropidonotus, 493 ustus, 493 Anseriformes (gall bladder), 182-183 ansorgii, Rana, 95 Apareiodon compressus, 248-249 dariensis, 248 Aphelocoma sieberii, 537 Apterygiformes (gall bladder), 182 Apoda (gall bladder), 179 Aporosaura anchietae, 63 Ara mexicana, 528 Aratinga eburnirostrum, 528 areolata, Emys, 489 Geoemyda, 489 argenteus, Brycon, 285-286 argentovittis, Hyperolius, 106 Arges longifilis, 245 arietans, Bitis, 45 Vipera, 45 Aristelliger georgeensis, 490 Arremonops sumichrasti, 548 Arthroleptis dendrobates, 97-98 graueri, 97 minutus, 99 ogoensis, 99 poecilonotus, 99 rouxi, 99-100 variabilis, 98 Artiodactyla (biliary tract), 421-422 gall bladder, 195-197 Ascalabotes sthenodactylus, 48 asper, Acanthodactylus, 61 Lacerta, 61 Aspidelaps lichtensteinii, 44 assatum, Leiolopisma, 496 assatus, Lampropholis, 496 assimilis, Phelister, 467-469 Astroblepus, 244 longifilis, 245 Astyanax, 256-257 albeolus, 263-264 emperador, 264-265 fasciatus, 257-258 kompi, 260-263 nicaraguensis, 263 ruberrimus, 258-260 Astylosternus diadematus, 87-88 gabonicus, 86-87 oxyrhynchus, 86-87 ater, Bothrolycus, 22 Athens nitschei, 46-47 squamiger, 46 squamigera, 46 Atlapetes pileatus, 548 virenticeps, 548 atra, Agama, 53 Atractaspis bibronii, 47 microlepidota, 47 atratus, Coragyps, 524-525 atricaudata, Gephyrocharax, 253 atricollis, Agama, 56-57 Atropos nummifer, 509 atrox, Coluber, 508 Trimeresurus, 508 Attila pacificus, 534 aubryi, Hyla, 101 Hylambates, 101 Leptopelis, 101 audubonii, Polyborus, 526 Aulophallus retropinna, 309-310 aura, Cathartes, 525 aureolus, Anolis, 490 austeni, Pachydactylus, 51-52 australis, Junco, 550 Sialia, 542 Awapus, 356 taiasica, 356 transandeanus, 356-357 azelus, Dryobates, 534 babcocki, Testudo, 18 Bacanius hamatus, 436 ignobilis, 441 subcarinatus, 436-438 scalptus, 436 bairdi, Polioptila, 542 Balanosphyra formicivora, 533 bankorensis, Bufo, 127 baritula, Diglossa, 544 Basileuterus clarus, 545 basiliscus, Chamaeleo, 75 Chamaeleon, 75 Basiliscus vittatus, 493 batesii, Gampsosteonyx, 87-88 Mabuia, 71 Typhlops, 20 baudinii, Hyla, 486 beam, Belonocharax, 289 Ctenolucius, 289 Luciocharax, 289 beckeri, Anolis, 491 behreae, Brycon, 278-281 belliana, Cinixys, 19 Kinixys, 19 INDEX 555 Belonocharax beani, 289 berlandieri, Rana, 487 bibronii, Atractaspis, 47 bidentata, Hololepta, 434 Piranga, 546 bifasciatus, Brachymerus, 111 Phrynomerus, 111 biinterrupta, Carcinops, 443-445 Biliary tract (Artiodactyla), 421-422 Edentata, 418 Carnivora, 419-420 Cetacea, 420 Hyracoidea, 420-421 Mammals, 415-430 Marsupialia, 417 Perissodactyla, 421-422 Primates, 418 Rodentia, 418-419 Sirenia, 421 bilineatus, Agkistrodon, 508 Ancistrodon, 508 bipes, Anguis, 74 Scelotes, 74 biporcata, Dactyloa, 491 Anolis, 491 bipunctata, Coronella, 504 bipunctatus, Coniophanes, 504 Birds (gall bladder), 164, 182-187 biseriatus, Psammophis, 39 bitaeniatus, Chamaeleo, 76-77 Chamaeleon, 76-77 Bitis arietans, 45 caudalis, 46 cornuta, 45 gabonica, 45 nasicornis, 45 Blake, Emmet R., and Hanson, Harold C., Notes on a Collection of Birds from Michoacan, Mexico, 513-551 blandingii, Mabuya, 66-67 Euprepres, 66-67 blanfordii, Bufo, 85 Boaedon guttatus, 22 lemniscatum, 22 lineatus, 22-23 olivaceus, 23 Boa imperator, 496-497 bocagei, Hylambales, 100 bocagii, Cystignathus, 100 Hylambates, 100 Leptopelis, 100 boettgeri, Megophrys, 125 bogotana, Hololepta, 434 Boiga pulverulenta, 35 Bolitoglossa mexicana, 481 Bombina maxima, 123-124 orientalis, 122-123 Boodon guttatus, 22 lemniscatus, 22 lineatus, 22-23 olivaceus, 23 borealis, Kaloula, 149 Bostrichus probosddeus, 436 Bothrolycus ater, 22 bottegi, Chalcides, 73-74 boulengeri, Algiroides, 60 bourgaei, Anolis, 491 Brachymerus bifasciatus, 111 Brachyrhaphis, 298 cascajalensis, 299-300 episcopi, 298-299 terrabensis, 301 brachyura, Agama, 52 brachyurus, Buteo, 526 brasiliense, Epierus, 337 Plagiogramma, 447 bravana, Rana, 95-96 bravanus, Limnodytes, 95-96 brenneri, Eremias, 62 breve, Homalocranium, 506 Breviceps adspersus, 110-111 breviceps, Emoia, 71 Euprepis, 71 Lygosoma, 71 brevicollis, Euprepes, 67-68 Mabuia, 67-68 Mabuya, 67-68 brevifacies, Sibynomorphus, 503 Tropidodipsas, 503-504 brevirostris, Hylambates, 101 Hypopomus, 291-292 Lampornis, 532 Leptopelis, 101 Rhamphichthys, 291-292 brevis, Tantilla, 506 brookii, Hemidactylus, 49 Hemidactylus, 50 brunneus, Rivulus, 315 Brycon, 274-275 Bryconamericus, 264 cascajalensis, 268 emperador, 264-265 ricae, 268-269 zeteki, 265-268 Brycon argenteus, 285-286 behreae, 278-281 chagrensis, 276-278 guatemalensis, 281-282 obscurus, 283-285 petrosus, 282-283 striatulus, 278-281 striatulus, 276 Bubo mayensis, 530 Bucephalus typus, 40 Bufo andrewsi, 128 bankorensis, 127 blanfordii, 85 camerunensis, 83-84 carens, 85 funereus, 84 gargarizans, 126-127 gariepensis, 85 garmani, 80-83 japonicus, 125-126 556 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Bufo kisoloensis, 83 lemairii, 83 maculatus, 81 marinus, 481-482 melanostictus, 129-130 minshanicus, 127-128 osgoodi, 85-86 polycerus, 84 raddei, 128-129 regularis, 80-83 somalacus, 85 spinosus, 82 superciliaris, 85 tuberculosus, 82 tuberosus, 84 valliceps, 482 bunyoniensis, Xenopus, 80 Buteo brachyurus, 526 costaricensis, 526 plagiatus, 526 butleri, Microhyla, 150 Simocephalus, 24-27 Cairina moschata, 524 Calamaria degenhardtii, 506-507 callichromus, Hyperolius, 106 callidryas, Agalychnis, 487 Hyla, 487 calobrense, Cichlasoma, 330 Calocitta formosa, 536-537 camerunensis, Bufo, 83-84 Scotobleps, 86 cana, Pseudaspis, 27 canensis, Acanthicus, 240 Leptoancistrus, 240 canus, Coluber, 27 capense, Lycophidium, 23-24 capensis, Lycodon, 23-24 capetensis, Loricaria, 241 capito, Anolis, 491-492 Caprimulgiformes (gall bladder), 185 carapo, Gymnotus, 291 Carcinops biinterrupta, 443-445 carinata, 442-443 misella, 445 miserula, 445 miserulus, 445 tantilla, 445 carens, Bufo, 85 carinata, Carcinops, 442-443 Latastia, 60 Pseudoboa, 46 carinatus, Chlorophis, 28-29 Echis, 46 Carnivora (biliary tract), 419-420 gall bladder, 192-194 Carpodacus coccineus, 547 carthagenus, Trypanaeus, 436 cascajalensis, Brachyrhapis, 299-300 Bryconamericus, 268 Gambusia, 299-300 Cassiculus melanicterus, 545 Cassidix mexicanus, 545-546 Cassina obscura, 109-110 senegalensis, 110 castaneus, Hister, 457 Casuariiformes (gall bladder), 182 Cathartes aura, 525 Catharus clarus, 542 fulvescens, 542 Catherpes mexicanus, 540 caucana, Girardinus, 312 Mollienisia, 312 caucanus, Ageneiosus, 236 caudalis, Bitis, 46 Vipera, 46 Caudata (gall bladder), 179 caudicinctus, Hemitheconyx, 47-48 Psilodactylus, 47-48 Stenodactylus, 47-48 caudospinosa, Agama, 56 Causus lichtensteinii, 44 resimus, 44 rhombeatus, 44 Celestus steindachneri, 495 cenchoa, Coluber, 505 Imantodes, 505 Centurus flavinuchus, 533 Cerates mexicanus, 500 Certhia guerrerensis, 538-539 Cetacea (biliary tract), 420 gall bladder, 198-199 Chaemaeleon affinis, 78 Chaetostomus fischeri, 238-239 chagrensis, Brycon, 276-278 Chalcinopsis, 276-278 chagresi, Ancistrus, 239 Pimelodella, 235 Pimelodus, 235 Chalceus fasciatus, 257-258 Chalcides bottegi, 73-74 delislii, 74 ocellatus, 73 pulchellus, 73-74 sepoides, 74 thierryi, 74 tiligugu, 73 Chalcinopsis chagrensis, 276-278 striatulus, 276 Chamaeleo basiliscus, 75 bitaeniatus, 76-77 cristatus, 78 dilepis, 76 gracilis, 76 namaquensis, 78 Chamaeleon basiliscus, 75 bitaeniatus, 76-77 chamaeleon, 75 cristatus, 78 dilepis, 76 ellioti, 77 gracilis, 76 hoehneli, 77-78 hohnelii, 77-78 INDEX 557 Chamaeleon jacksoni, 78-79 johnstoni, 79 laevigatus, 75 namaquensis, 78 pumilus, 78 roperi, 76 rudis, 77 senegalensis, 75 vauerescecae, 78-79 vulgaris, 75 chamaeleon, Chamaeleon, 75 Lacerta, 75 Chamaeleopsis hernandesii, 494 Cfiamaeleo pumilus, 78 senegalensis, 75 spectrum, 79 chanleri, Mehelya, 24-27 Simocephalus, 24-27 chapadae, Phelister, 469 Characidium, 249 marshi, 249 Charadriiformes (gallbladder), 183-184 Cheirodon gorgonae, 250-251 chensinensis, Rana, 134-135 chinensis, Hyla, 130 Chiromantis rufescens, 100 Chiroptera (gall bladder), 189-190 Chloroceryle amazona, 532 septentrionalis, 532 Chlorophis carinatus, 28-29 cyaneus, 29-30 ilaris, 30-32 30 juini, 29-30 schubotzi, 30-32 Chondrohierax uncinatus, 525 Chlorophis heterodermus, 29-30 chrysostictus, Sceloporus, 494 chucunaque, Rivulus, 315-316 chunganensis, Rana, 141 Ciccaba squamulata, 530 Cichlasoma, 327 altifrons, 328-329 calobrense, 330 guttulatum, 334 lethrinus, 333-334 maculicauda, 332-333 motaguense, 329-330 nigrofasciatum, 335 sieboldii, 335-337 spilurum, 331 tuyrense, 331 umbriferum, 330 Ciconiiformes (gall bladder), 182 Cinclus mexicanus, 539 cinctiventris, Rappia, 107 Cinixys belliana, 19 cinnamomeiventris, Rappia, 108-109 cinnamome-ventris, Hyperolius, 108- 109 Cinosternum cruentatum, 488 leucoslomum, 488 citreolus, Trogon, 532 citurensis, Oxyloricaria, 243 Sturisoma, 243 clarki, Euleptoeleotris, 352-355 clarus, Basileuterus, 545 Catharus, 542 Regulus, 542 Claudius angustatus, 488 clavatus, Coniophanes, 504-505 Dromicus, 504-505 Clelia clelia, 506 cloelia, 506 clelia, Clelia, 506 Coluber, 506 clemenciae, Cyanolaemus, 532 cloelia, Clelia, 506 Cnemaspis dickersoni, 49 Cnemidophorus festivus, 495-496 cobanensis, Hololepta, 434-435 coccineus, Carpodacus, 547 Cochlearius zeledoni, 524 Coelopeltis monspessulanus, 36 coeruleopunctata, Accra, 324-326 coeruleopunctatus, Aequidens, 324-326 Colaptes mexicanus, 533 Coleonyx elegans, 489 colimae, Troglodytes, 540 colonorum, Agama, 53-55 Coluber acuminatus, 506 atrox, 508 canus, 27 cenchoa, 505 clelia, 506 crucifer, 39 cucullatus, 39 flavirufus, 501 florulentulus, 27 fulgidus, 506 hippocrepis, 27 irregularis, 30-32 lacteus, 42 monspessulanus, 36 nasicornis, 45 rhodorachis, 27 scaber, 34 sebae, 20-21 sibilans, 38 triaspis, 500 viperina, 21-22 Columba fasciata, 527 Columbiformes (gall bladder), 184 Columbigallina eluta, 528 pallescens, 528 compressus, Apareiodon, 248-249 Compsothlypis pulchra, 544 Compsura, 250 gorgonae, 250-251 concolor, Hyperolius, 104 Ixalus, 104 Rappia, 104 confusa, Hololepta, 436 Leionota, 436 558 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Coniophanes bipunctatus, 504 clavatus, 504-505 fissidens, 504 Constrictor imperator, 496-497 cooperi, Rana, 91 Coptotrophis proboscideus, 436 Coraciiformes (gall bladder), 185 Coragyps atratus, 524-525 cordylus, Lacerta, 58-59 Zonurus, 58-59 cornuta, Bitis, 45 Vipera, 45 coronata, Cyanocitta, 537 Coronella bipunctata, 504 fissidens, 504 fuliginoides, 21 hotamboeia, 35 nototaenia, 36 olivacea, 21 semiornata, 33 Corvus sinuatus, 536 Corythophanes cristatus, 494 hernandesii, 494 costaricensis, Buteo, 526 crassilabris, Geophagus, 326-327 crassipes, Rana, 89 crassirostris, Tyrannus, 534 Creagrutus affinis, 271-272 notropoides, 271 simus, 271-272 cristata, Agama, 494 cristatus, Chamaeleo, 78 Corythophanes, 494 Crocodilia (gall bladder), 181 Crocodilus acutus, 489 moreletii, 389 Crocodylus acutus, 489 moreletii, 489 Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia, 35 Crotophaga sulcirostris, 529 crucifer, Coluber, 39 Psammophis, 39 cruentatum, Cinosternum, 488 Kinosternon, 488 Cryptoblepharus wahlbergii, 72 ctenodactyla, Lacerta, 63 ctenodactyla, Scapteira, 63 Scaptira, 63 Ctenolucius, 288 beani, 289 Ctenosaura similis, 494 Cuculiformes (gall bladder), 184 cucullata, Aeluroglena, 28 cucullatus, Coluber, 39 Macroprotodon, 39 cultratum, Petalosa, 313 cultratus, Alfaro, 313 cumanensis, Phelister, 469 cuneata, Mollienisia, 312 Poecilia, 312 Curimatus, 247 magdalenae, 247-248 currori, Feylinia, 74 curvirostre, Toxostoma, 540-541 cyaneus, Chlorophis, 29-30 Cyanocitta coronata, 537 cyanogaster, Agama, 57-58 Stellio, 57-58 Cyanolaemus clemenciae, 532 Cyclostomata (gall bladder), 163 Cynanthus propinquus, 531-532 Cyrtonyx montezumae, 527 Cystignathus bocagii, 100 melanonotus, 482 senegalensis, 110 Dactyloa biporcata, 491 damaranus, Euprepes, 69-70 Mabuya, 69-70 Darienichthys, 305 dariensis, 305-306 dariensis, Apareiodon, 248 Darienichthys, 305-306 Gambusia, 305-306 Hemibrycon, 269 Parodon, 248 Priapichthys, 305-306 Sternopygus, 291 Dasypeltis scaber, 34 scabra, 34 Davis, D. Dwight, Notes on the Anat- omy of the Babirusa, 363-411 deborrei, Laemanctus, 494 decoratus, Hyperolius, 106 degenhardtii, Calamaria, 506-507 Stenorhina, 506-507 delalandii, Pyxicephalus, 89-90 Rana, 89-90 delandi, Rana, 89-90 delislii, Chalcides, 74 Dendraspis angusticeps, 42-43 kaimosae, 42 dendrobates, Arthroleptis, 97-98 Phrynobatrachus, 97-98 Dendroica occidentalis, 545 Dendrophis semivariegatus, 32-33 smaragdina, 33 dennysi, Polypedates, 146 derbianus, Pitangus, 535 Dermatemys mawii, 487 Dermoptera (gall bladder), 189 devia, Hololepta, 434 Leionota, 434 diadematus, Astylosternus, 87-88 dickersoni, Cnemaspis, 49 Gonatodes, 49 Paragonatodes, 49 Diglossa baritula, 544 dilepis, Chamaeleo, 76 Chamaeleon, 76 diluta, Volatinia, 547 Diploglossus steindachneri, 495 Dipsadoboa unicolor, 35 Dipsadomorphus pulverulentus, 35 INDEX 559 Dipsas pulverulenta, 35 Dispholidus typus, 40 dives, Phelister, 457 doriae, Philautus, 148 Dormitator, 341 latifrons, 343-344 maculatus, 341-343 dormitor, Gobiomorus, 339-340 Philypnus, 339-340 dorsalis, Hyperolius, 102-103 Megalixalus, 102-103 Dromicus clavatus, 504-505 Dromophis lineatus, 38 Dryadophis melanolomus, 499 Drymarchon melanurus, 500 Drymobius margaritiferus, 499 Dryobates azelus, 534 Dryobates fraterculus, 534 jardinii, 533-534 Dryophylax lineatus, 38 Duberria shiranum, 34 ebraccata, Hyla, 486 eburnirostrum, Aratinga, 528 Echidna gabonica, 45 Echis carinatus, 46 squamigera, 46 Edentata (biliary tract), 418 egenus, Phelister, 469 Eigenmannia virescens, 292 Elapechis guentheri, 41 Elaphe flavirufa, 501 triaspis, 500 Elapomorphus gabonensis, 40 Elapops modestus, 40 Elaps alienus, 507-518 lacteus, 42 Elapsoidea giintherii, 41 elegans, Coleonyx, 489 Rivulus, 319-322 elegantissima, Tanagra, 546 Eleotris, 344 guavina, 349 isthmensis, 348-349 latifasciatus, 355 latifrons, 343-344 picta, 344-347 pisonis, 347-348 Eleutherodactylus ranoides, 482-483 rhodopis, 483 sandersoni, 485-486 stantoni, 483-485 ellioti, Chamaeleon, 77 elongata, Poecilia, 307-309 elongatus, Oedipus, 481 Poeciliopsis, 307-309 eluta, Columbigallina, 528 emperador, Astyanax, 264-265 Bryconamericus, 264-265 Empidonax minimus, 535 occidentalis, 535 rubicundus, 535-536 Emoia breviceps, 71 Emys areolata, 489 ornata, 488 Engystoma marmoratum, 100 Enicognathus annulatus, 497 Epierus brasiliense, 447 schmidti, 446-447 episcopi, Brachyrhaphis, 298-299 Gambusia, 298-299 Eremias brenneri, 62 guttulata, 62 Rneo-ocellata, 62 mucronata, 62 revoili, 60 rubropunctata, 62 spekii, 61 Ergaticus ruber, 545 erythrogaster, Hirundo, 536 Esox malabaricus, 290-291 Euchnemis fornasinii, 102 Euleptoeleotris, 351 clarki, 352-355 shropshirei, 353-355 Eumeces schwartzei, 496 sumichrasti, 496 sundevallii, 71 blandingii, 66-67 brevicollis, 67-68 damaranus, 69-70 frenatus, 66-67 megalura, 68 varius, 69 Euprepis breviceps, 71 maculilabris, 65-66 raddoni, 66-67 Eutaenia praeocularis, 498 rutiloris, 498 Eutidium oblitum, 434 exiguus, Abraeus, 438-439 Acritus, 438-439 Falco albigularis, 526-527 Falconiformes (gall bladder), 183 fasciata, Columba, 527 fasciatum, Alopecion, 24 Lycophidion, 24 Lycophidium, 24 fasciatus, Astyanax, 257-258 Chalceus, 257-258 Hemidactylus, 49-50 Philortyx, 527 Felichthys amblops, 235-236 fernandi, Lygosoma, 71 Riopa, 71 Tiliqua, 71 fernequei, Rappia, 107 festae, Piabucma, 288 festiva, Ameiva, 495-496 Henicorhina, 540 festivus, Cnemidophorus, 495-496 Feylinia currori, 74 fiechteri, Rana, 95-96 560 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII fimbriata, Loricaria, 241-242 finschi, Amazona, 529 fischeri, Chaetostomus, 238-239 Fishes (gall bladder), 163 fissidens, Coniophanes, 504 Coronella, 504 flavigularis, Gerrhosaurus, 64 flavimaculata, Agama, 52 Trapelus, 52 flavimaculatum, Lepidophyma, 495 flavinucha, Sitta, 538 flavinuchus, Centurus, 533 flavirufa, Elaphe, 501 flavirufas, Coluber, 501 flavoviridis, Vireo, 543 flectohumerale, Phelister, 465-467 florulentulus, Coluber, 27 Zamenis, 27 fluviatilis, Leptophilypnus, 349-351 formicivora, Balanosphyra, 533 formosa, Calocitta, 536-537 Limia, 312-313 Mollienisia, 312-313 fornasinii, Euchnemis, 102 Megalixalus, 102 foveipygus, Hister, 456-457 fraterculus, Dryobates, 534 fremitus, Heterocnus, 524 frenatus, Euprepes, 66-67 fukienensis, Rana, 138-139 fulgidus, Coluber, 506 Oxybelis, 506 fuliginoides, Coronella, 21 Natrix, 21 Tropidonotus, 21 fulvescens, Catharus, 542 funereus, Bufo, 84 fungicolus, Phelisteroides, 452-454 furcatus, Psammophis, 38-39 fuscus, Pipilo, 549-550 gabonensis, Elapomorphus, 40 Miodon, 40 gabonica, Bitis, 45 Echidna, 45 gabonicus, Astylosternus, 86-87 Scotobleps, 86-87 galeata, Pelomedusa, 19 Testudo, 19 Gall bladder (Amphibia), 163-164, 179 Anseriformes, 182-183 Apoda, 179 Apterygiformes, 182 Artiodactyla, 195-197 Birds, 164, 182-187 Caprimulgiformes, 185 Carnivora, 192-194 Casuariiformes, 182 Caudata, 179 Cetacea, 198-199 Charadriiformes, 183-184 Chiroptera, 189-190 Ciconiiformes, 182 Columbiformes, 184 Coraciiformes, 185 Crocodilia, 181 Cuculiformes, 184 Cyclostomata, 163 Dermoptera, 189 Falconiformes, 183 Fishes, 163 Galliformes, 183 Gruiformes, 183 Hyracoidea, 197 Insectivora, 188-189 Mammals, 164-176 Marsupialia, 187-188 Micropodiformes, 185 Monotremata, 187 Passeriformes, 186 Pelecaniformes, 182 Perissodactyla, 198 Pholidota, 194 Piciformes, 185 Primates, 190-192 Proboscidea, 198 Procellariiformes, 182 Psittaciformes, 184 Reptiles, 164, 179-181 Rheiformes, 182 Rhynchocephalia, 181 Rodentia, 199-201 Salientia, 179 Sauria, 179-180 Serpentia, 180-181 Sirenia, 197 Sphenisciformes, 182 Strigiformes, 185 Struthioniformes, 182 Testudinata, 181 Trogoniformes, 185 Tubulidentata, 195 Xenarthra, 194 Galliformes (gall bladder), 183 Gambusia, 295-296 cascajalensis, 299-300 dariensis, 305-306 episcopi, 298-299 nicaraguensis, 296-298 terrabensis, 301 tridentiger, 303-305 Gampsosteonyx batesii, 87-88 gargarizans, Bufo, 126-127 gariepensis, Bufo, 85 garmani, Bufo, 80-83 gascae, Pseudoboodon, 22 Gasteropelecus maculatus, 270-271 Gastropyxis smaragdina, 33 Gecko annularis, 51 mabouia, 49 Geococcyx melanchima, 529 Geoemyda areolata, 489 Geophagus crassilabris, 326-327 INDEX 561 georgeensis, Aristelliger, 490 Idiodactylus, 490 Gephyrocharax, 252 atricaudata, 253 intermedius, 253-254 whaleri, 254-256 Gerrhosaurus flavigularis, 64 major, 64 nigrolineatus, 65 nigro-lineatus, 65 zechi, 64 gilvus, Vireo, 543 Girardinus caucana, 312 Glaucidium gnoma, 530 glaucus, Sphaerodactylus, 489 gnoma, Glaucidium, 530 Gobiomorus, 339 dormitor, 339-340 maculatus, 340-341 Gobius pisonis, 347-348 taiasica, 356 transandeanus, 356-357 godmani, Pimelodus, 233 Rhamdia, 233 goldii, Naia, 42 Naja, 42 goliath, Rana, 88-89 Gonatodes dickersoni, 49 gorgonae, Cheirodon, 250-251 Compsura, 250-251 Gorham, Frank N., General Function of the Gall Bladder from the Evolutionary Standpoint, 159-213 gracilis, Chamaeleon, 76 Chamaeleo, 76 grahami, Rana, 141 graminea, Rana, 141-142 granulata, Rappia, 109 graueri, Ari.hr oleptis, 97 Hyperolius, 106 Lygosoma, 71-72 Phrynobatrachus, 97 Siaphos, 71-72 Grayia ornata, 34 tholloni, 33-34 griscomi, Spinus, 547 Gruiformes (gall bladder), 183 guarauna, Plegadis, 524 guatemalensis, Anacyrtus, 272-273 Brycon, 281-282 Roeboides, 272-273 Guavina guavina, 349 guavina, Eleotris, 349 Guavina, 349 guentheri, Elapechia, 41 Holaspis, 63 Rana, 142 guerrerensis, Certhia, 538-539 gularis, Heleodytes, 539-540 giintherii, Elapsoidea, 41 guttulata, Eremias, 62 Lacerta, 62 gultalatus, Heros, 334 guttatus, Boaedon, 22 Boodon, 22 Lycodon, 22 Stenodactylus, 48 guttulatum, Cichlasoma, 334 gutturalis, Hemidactylus, 51 Lygodactylus, 51 Gymnodactylus trachyblepharus, 48 Gymnotus carapo, 291 haie, Naia, 41 hailensis, Phrynobatrachus, 91-92 hamatus, Bacanius, 436 Hapsidophrys lineata, 33 lineatus, 33 hardeggeri, Latastia, 60 Philochortus, 60 harrisi, Parabuteo, 526 Hedymeles maculatus, 546 Heleodytes gularis, 539-540 megalopterus, 539 helleri, Siaphos, 72 Hemibrycon dariensis, 269 Hemidactylus brookii, 49 brookii, 50 fasciatus, 49-50 gutturalis, 51 ituriensis, 50 mabouia, 49 picturatus, 50 sinaitus, 50 Hemieleotris latifasciatus, 355 Hemisus marmorata, 100 marmoratum, 100 Hemitheconyx caudicinctus, 47-48 Henicorhina festiva, 540 hepatica, Piranga, 546 hernandesii, Chamaeleopsis, 494 Corythophanes, 494 Heros altifrons, 328-329 guttulatus, 334 multispinosa, 338 nigrofasciatus, 335 sieboldii, 335-337 spilurus, 331 Herotilapia, 338 multispinosa, 338 Herpetoaryas margaritiferus, 499 Hesperiphona abeillei, 547 Heterocnus fremitus, 524 heterodermus, Chlorophis, 29-30 Heterophis resimus, 44 heymonsi, Microhyla, 151 hieroglyphica, Rana, 89-90 hildebrandi, Rivulus, 318-319 Hildebrand, Samuel F., A New Cata- logue of the Fresh-water Fishes of Panama, 217-359 hindii, Vipera, 44-45 hippocrepis, Coluber, 27 Zamenis, 27 562 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Hirundo erythrogaster, 536 Hister castaneus, 457 foveipygus, 456-457 parvulus, 461 hoehneli, Chamaeleon, 77-78 hohnelii, Chamaeleon, 77-78 Holaspis guentheri, 63 Hololepta bidentata, 434 bogotana, 434 cobanensis, 434-435 confusa, 436 devia, 434 Holuropholis olivaceus, 23 Homalocranium breve, 506 Homalosoma shiranum, 34 Homorelaps lacteus, 42 Hoplias, 289 malabaricus, 290-291 ' microlepis, 290 Hoplophryne marmorata, 111 Hoplosternum punctatum, 243-244 hotamboeia, Coronella, 35 Crotaphopeltis, 35 Leptodira, 35 humeralis, Aimophila, 550 Hyla annectans, 131 aubryi, 101 baudinii, 486 callidryas, 487 chinensis, 130 ebraccata, 486 immaculata, 130 loquax, 486 moreletii, 487 sanchiangensis, 131 simplex, 131 staufferi, 486-487 Hylambates aubryi, 101 brevirostris, 101 bocagei, 100 boeagii, 100 ocellatus, 101 palmatus, 101 Hylocharis leucotis, 532 Hyperolius, 103 argentovittis, 106 callichromus, 106 cinnamome-ventris, 108-109 concolor, 104 decoratus, 106 dorsalis, 102-103 graueri, 106 kivuensis, 105 leptosomus, 103 multicolor, 105-106 nasutus, 109 ocellatus, 104 picturatus, 105 pleurotaenius, 104-105 plicatus, 98 punctulatus, 107 simus, 108 steindachnerii, 103-104 striolatus, 107 undulatus, 108 Hyphessobrycon, 269 panamensis, 269-270 Hypopomus brevirostris, 291-292 Hyracoidea (biliary tract), 420-421 gall bladder, 197 Icterus pustulatus, 546 spurius, 546 wagleri, 546 Idiodactylus georgeensis, 490 ignobilis, Acritus, 441 Bacanius, 441 Iguana rhinolopha, 494 similis, 494 Imantodes cenchoa, 505 immaculata, Hyla, 130 imperator, Boa, 496-497 Constrictor, 496-497 inca, Scardafella, 527-528 Insectivora (gall bladder), 188-189 intermedius, Gephyrocharax, 253-254 Iridoprocne albilinea, 536 irregularis, Chlorophis, 30-32 Coluber, 30-32 isthemensis, Eleotris, 348-349 Poeciliopsis, 309 Rivulus, 316-318 ituriensis, Hemidactylus, 50 Ixalus concolor, 104 Jacana spinosa, 527 jacksoni, Chamaeleon, 78-79 Lacerta, 59-60 japonica, Rana, 135 japonicus, Bufo, 125-126 jardinii, Dryobates, 533-534 johnstoni, Chamaeleon, 79 Joturus pichardi, 324 Junco australis, 550 kaimosae, Dendraspis, 42 Kaloula borealis, 149 rugifera, 150 verrucosa, 150 Kalophrynus pleurostigma, 149 karissimbensis, Leptopelis, 101-102 Kassina senegalensis, 110 Kinixys belliana, 19 Kinosternon acutum, 488 cruentatum, 488 leucostpmum, 488 scorpioides, 488 kirtlandii, Leptophis, 39-40 Thelotornis, 39-40 kisoloensis, Bufo, 83 kivuensis, Hyperolius, 105 kompi, Astyanax, 260-263 kounihensis, Rothschildea, 109-110 INDEX 563 kuatunensis, Megophrys, 125 kuhlii, Rana, 142-143 Lacerta agama, 53-55 asper, 61 chamaeleon, 75 cordylus, 58-59 ctenodactyla, 63 guttulata, 62 jacksoni, 59-60 longicaudata, 60 mauritanica, 51 nilotica, 59 ocellata, 73 pardalis, 61 rttbropunctata, 62 scutellata, 61 sh'ncus, 72-73 tiligugu, 73 Lacertus mabouya, 496 lacteus, Coluber, 42 Elaps, 42 Homorelaps, 42 Laemanctus deborrei, 494 laevigatus, Chamaeleon, 75 Lampornis brevirostris, 532 Lampropeltis polyzona, 503 Lamprophis abyssinicus, 22 Lampropholis assatus, 496 lanei, Pnyllodactylus, 490 Lasiancistrus planiceps, 240 Latastia carinata, 60 hardeggeri, 60 longicaudata, 60 revoili, 60 latifasciatus, Eleotris, 355 Hemieleotris, 355 latifrons, Dormitator, 343-344 Eleotris, 343-344 latiura, Loricaria, 240-241 latouchii, Rana, 143 latus, Phelister, 459-460 leclancherii, Passerina, 547 leightoni, Psammophis, 38-39 Leiolopisma assatum, 496 Leionota confusa, 436 detria, 434 lemairii, Bufo, 83 Lembus maculatus, 340-341 lemniscatum, Boaedon, 22 lemni&catus, Boodon, 22 lemniscatus, Pseudoboodon, 22 Lepidocolaptes leucogaster, 534 Lepidophyma flavimaculatum, 495 Leptoancistrus canensis, 240 Leptodactylus melanonotus, 482 Leptodeira malleisi, 505-506 polysticta, 505 Leptodira hotamboeia, 35 polysticta, 505 Leptopelis aubryi, 101 bocagii, 100 brevirostris, 101 karissimbensis, 101-102 ocellatus, 101 palmatus, 101 rufus, 101 Leptopelis rugegensis, 102 Leptophilypnus, 349 fluviatilis, 349-351 panamensis, 351-352 Leptophis kirtlandii, 39-40 mexicanus, 501 occidentalis, 501 leptosomus, Hyperolius, 103 Megalixalus, 103 Leptotila angelica, 528 lethrinus, Cichlasoma, 333-334 leucogaster, Lepidocolaptes, 534 leucomystax, Polypedates, 147 leucostigma, Agama, 52 leucostomum, Cinosternum, 488 Kinosternon, 488 leucotis, Hylocharis, 532 lichtensteinii, Aspidelaps, 44 Causus, 44 lima, Ooeidozyga, 131-132 Limia formosa, 312-313 limnocharis, Rana, 143-144 Limnodytes bravanus, 95-96 lineata, Hapsidophrys, 33 lineatus, Boaedon, 22-23 Boodon, 22-23 Dromophis, 38 Dryophylax, 38 Hapsidophrys, 33 lineolata, Scincus, 72-73 lineolatus, Sphaerodactylus, 489 lineo-ocellata, Eremias, 62 lionotus, Agama, 55 Lithodytes ranoides, 482-483 rhodopis, 483 Liu, Ch'eng-Chao, Secondary Sex Char- acters of Chinese Frogs and Toads, 115-156 longicaudata, Lacerta, 60 Latastia, 60 longifilis, Arges, 245 Astroblepus, 246 longiloba, Mabuya, 69-70 loquax, Hyla, 486 Loricaria altipinnis, 242-243 capetensis, 241 fimbriata, 241-242 latiura, 240-241 panamensis, 243 uracantha, 240 variegata, 241 Loveridge, Arthur, African Reptiles and Amphibians in Field Museum of Natural History, 5-111 Loxia stricklandi, 548 Luciocharax beani, 289 lundelli, Sceloporus, 495 564 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII luteiventris, Myiodynastes, 535 Lycodon capensis, 23-24 guttatus, 22 Lycophidion capense, 23-24 fasciatum, 24 Lycophidium capense, 23-24 fasciatum, 24 Lygodactylus gutturalis, 51 picturatus, 50 Lygosoma akeleyi, 73 breviceps, 71 fernandi, 71 graueri, 71-72 sundevallii, 71 mabouia, Gecko, 49 Hemidactylus, 49 mabouya, Lacertus, 496 Mabuya, 496 Mabuia batesii, 71 brevicollis, 67-68 maculilabris, 65-66 megalura, 68 obsti, 68769 polytropis, 66 quinquetaeniata, 68 raddonii, 66-67 seriate, 70 paria, 69-70 Mabuya blandingii, 66-67 brevicollis, 67-68 damaranus, 69-70 longiloba, 69-70 mabouya, 496 maculilabris, 65-66 megalura, 68 obsti, 68-69 polytropis, 66 quinquetaeniata, 68 raddoni, 66-67 striata, 70 varia, 69 macracanthus, Agonostomus, 323-324 macrodactyla, Rana, 144 Macrodon microlepis, 290 macrolepis, Phanagoniates, 249-250 Roeboides, 249-250 Macrophis ornatus, 34 macropholis, Zonurus, 58 Macroprotodon cucullatus, 39 macropterus, Spinus, 547 macularia, Actitis, 527 maculatus, Bufo, 81 Dormitator, 341-343 Gasteropelecus, 270-271 Gobiomorus, 340-341 Hedymeles, 546 Lembus, 340-341 Sciaena, 341-343 Thoracocharax, 270-271 maculicauda, Cichlasoma, 332-333 maculilabris, Euprepis, 65-66 Mabuia, 65-66 Mabuya, 65-66 magdalenae, Curimatus, 247-248 magretti, Rana, 95-96 major, Gerrhosaurus, 64 malabaricus, Esox, 290-291 Hoplias, 290-291 malleisi, Leptodeira, 505-506 Malpolon monspessulanus, 36 Mammals (biliary tract), 415-430 gall bladder, 164-176, 187-201 mammata, Aelurophryne, 124 mandera, Rhampholeon, 79 manni, Poneralister, 470-471 margaritiferus, Drymobius, 499 Herpetodryas, 499 marina, Rana, 481-482 marinus, Bufo, 481-482 mariquensis, Pachydactylus, 51 marmorata, Hemisus, 100 Hoplophryne, 111 Rappia, 107 marmoratum, Engystoma, 100 Hemisus, 100 marmoratus, Synbranchus, 292-293 marshi, Characidium, 249 Marsupialia (biliary tract), 417 gall bladder, 187-188 martensi, Ooeidozyga, 132 mascareniensis, Rana, 92-93 Rana, 92 Masticophis melanolomus, 499 mauritanica, Lacerta, 51 Tarentola, 51 mawii, Dermatemys, 487 maxima, Bombina, 123-124 mayensis, Bubo, 530 medius, Vireo, 543 megacephalus, Polypedates, 147 Megaceryle torquata, 532 Megalixalus dorsalis, 102-103 fornasinii, 102 leptosomus, 103 Megalonema punctatum, 234 megalopterus, Heleodytes, 539 megalura, Euprepes, 68 Mabuia, 68 Mabuya, 68 Megophrys boettgeri, 125 kuatunensis, 125 pelodytoides, 125 Mehelya chanleri, 24-27 somaliensis, 24-27 melanchima, Geococcyx, 529 melanicterus, Cassiculus, 545 melanoleuca, Naia, 41 Naja, 41 melanolomus, Dryadophis, 499 Masticophis, 499 melanonotus, Cystignathus, 482 Leptodactylus, 482 INDEX 565 melanostictus, Bufo, 129-130 Melanotis effuticus, 541 melanotis, Psaltiparus, 538 melanurus, Drymarchon, 500 Spilotes, 500 melitophrys, Vireolanius, 543 mentalis, Xiphorhynchus, 534 Mesopeltis sanniolus, 503-504 mexicana, Ara, 528 Bolitoglossa, 481 Piaya, 529 Sitta, 538 Spizella, 550 mexicanus, Cassidix, 545-546 Catherpes, 540 Cerates, 500 Cinclus, 539 Colaptes, 533 Leptophis, 501 Momotus, 533 Nyctibius, 531 Oedipus, 481 Spilotes, 500 Trogonurus, 532 Vireo, 543 Xenodon, 501 meyeri, Typhlosaurus, 75 Micrastur naso, 526 Microeleotris mindii, 349-351 panamensis, 351-352 Microhyla butleri, 150 heymonsi, 151 ornata, 151 pulchra, 151 microlepidota, Atractaspis, 47 microlepis, Hoplias, 290 Macrodon, 290 Micro podiformes (gall bladder), 185 Micrurus alienus, 507-508 stantoni, 507-508 miladae, Phelisteroides, 448-450 mindii, Microeleotris, 349-351 miniatus, Myioborus, 545 minimus, Empidonax, 535 minshanicus, Bufo, 127-128 minutus, Archroleptis, 99 Miodon gabonensis, 40 mirabilis, Pseudister, 454-456 misella, Carcinops, 445 miserula, Carcinops, 445 miserulus, Carcinops, 445 Mitrephanes phaeocercus, 536 Mizodon variegatus, 21 Mniotilta yaria, 544 Mocquardia obscura, 109-110 modestus, Elapops, 40 Mollienisia, 310 caucana, 312 cuneata, 312 formosa, 312-313 sphenops, 310-311 Momotus mexicanus, 533 mongolia, Rana, 133 Monotremata (gall bladder), 187 monspessulanus, Coelopeltis, 36 Coluber, 36 Malpolon, 36 montana, Agama, 53 montezumae, Cyrtonyx, 527 monticola, Agonostomus, 322-323 Mugil, 322-323 montium, Rivulus, 319-322 montivaga, Rana, 144-145 moreletii, Agalychnis, 487 Crocodilus, 489 Crocodylus, 489 Hyla, 487 moschata, Cairina, 524 motaguense, Cichlasoma, 329-330 mucronata, Eremias, 62 mucronatus, Acanthodactylus, 62 Mugil monticola, 322-323 multicolor, Hyperolius, 105-106 multispinosa, Heros, 338 Herotilapia, 338 multisquamis, Trimerorhinus, 36-37 Muraena rostrata, 294 mutabilis, Agama, 52 Myadestes occidentalis, 541-542 Myiarchus querulus, 535 Myioborus miniatus, 545 Myiochanes pertinax, 535 Myiodynastes luteiventris, 535 Naia goldii, 42 haie, 41 melanoleuca, 41 nigricollis, 41 Naja angusticeps, 42-43 goldii, 42 melanoleuca, 41 nigricollis, 41 namaquensis, Chamaeleo, 78 Chamaeleon, 78 nasicornis, Coluber, 45 naso, Micrastur, 526 nasuta, Phrynomantis, 111 Rappia, 109 nasutus, Hyperolius, 109 natalensis, Phrynobatrachus, 96-97 Stenorhynchus, 96-97 Natrix fuliginoides, 21 olivacea, 21 viperina, 21-22 Nectophryne afra, 86 Neetroplus panamensis, 337-338 neglectus, Chlorophis, 30 Philothamnus, 30 nelsoni, Phloeoceastes, 533 newtonii, Petropedetes, 96 Tympanoceroa, 96 newtoni, Petropedetes, 96 nicaraguensis, Astyanax, 263 Gambusia, 296-298 566 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII nigrescens, Pipilo, 548-549 nigricollis, Naia, 41 Naja, 41 nigrior, Aeronautes, 531 nigrofasciatum, Cichlasoma, 335 nigrofasciatus, Heros, 335 nigrolineatus, Gerrhosaurus, 65 nigro-lineatus, Gerrhosaurus, 65 nigroluteus, Tretanorhinus, 499 nigromaculata, Rana, 132-133 nUotica, Lacerta, 59 niloticus, Varanus, 59 Ninia sebae, 497-498 nisorius, Thryothorus, 540 nitschei, Athens, 46-47 nototaenia, Amplorhinus, 36 Coronella, 36 notropoides, Creagrutus, 271 nummifer, Atropos, 509 Trimeresurus, 509 nutti, Rana, 90-91 Nyctibius mexicanus, 530 Nyctidromus yucatanensis, 531 oblitum, Eutidium, 434 Phylloma, 434 obscura, Cassinia, 109-110 Mocquardia, 109-110 Rothschildia, 109-110 obscurus, Brycon, 283-285 obsti, Mabuia, 68-69 Mabuya, 68-69 ocellata, Lacerta, 73 ocellatus, Chalcides, 73 Uromastix, 58 occidentalis, Ahaetulla, 501 Dendroica, 545 Empidonax, 535 Leptophis, 501 Myadestes, 541-542 Roeboides, 273-274 Tyrannus, 534 occipitalis, Rana, 89 ocellata, Rappia, 104 ocellatus, Hylambates, 101 Hyperolius, 104 Leptopelis, 101 Varanus, 59 Oedipus elongatus, 481 mexicanus, 481 officinalis, Scincus, 72-73 ogoensis, Arthroleptis, 99 olivacea, Coronella, 21 Matrix, 21 olivaceus, Tropidonotus, 21 olivaceus, Boaedon, 23 Boodon, 23 Holuropholis, 23 Peucedramus, 544 omeimontis, Polypedates, 147 Ooeidozyga lima, 131-132 martensi, 132 orientalis, Bombina, 122-123 ornata, Emys, 488 Grayia, 34 Microhyla, 151 Pseudemys, 488 ornatus, Macrophis, 34 Ortalis poliocephala, 527 osgoodi, Bufo, 85-86 Otus trichopsis, 529-530 Oxybelis acuminatus, 506 fulgidus, 506 oxycephalus, Polypedates, 148 Oxyloricaria citurensis, 243 panamensis, 243 oxyrhynchus, Astylosternus, 86-87 Rana, 91-92 Rkamphiophis, 37 Pachydactylus austeni, 51-52 mariquensis, 51 pachyrhyncha, Rhynchopsitta, 528 Pachyrhynchus anchietae, 63 pacificus, Attila, 534 pallescens, Columbigallina, 528 Ptilogonys, 542-543 palliata, Vermivora, 544 pallida, Agama, 52 Palmatogecko rangei, 48 palmatus, Hylambates, 101 Leptopelis, 101 palmipes, Rana, 487 panamensis, Hyphessobrycon, 269-270 Leptophilypnus, 351-352 Loricaria, 243 Microeleotris, 351-352 Neetroplus, 337-338 Oxyloricaria, 243 Panamichthys, 306 Phelisteroides, 450-452 Plecostomus, 237-238 Piabucina, 287-288 Priapichthys, 306 Sturisoma, 243 Panamichthys, 306 panamensis, 306 Parabuteo harrisi, 526 Paragonatodes dickersoni, 49 pardalis, Acanthodactylus, 61 Lacerta, 61 Testudo, 18 Parodon dariensis, 248 Parus sclateri, 537 parvulus, Hister, 461 Phelister, 461 Passeriformes (gall bladder), 186 Passerina leclancherii, 547 versicolor, 546 Pelecaniformes (gall bladder), 182 pelodytoides, Megophrys, 125 Pelomedusa galeata, 19 Pelusios sinuatus, 19 percnus, Thryomanes, 540 INDEX 567 Perissodactyla (biliary tract), 421-422 gall bladder, 198 permixtus, Turdus, 541 pertinax, Myiochanes, 535 Petalosa cultratum, 313 Petropedetes newtoni, 96 newtonii, 96 petropedetoides, Phrynobatrachus, 97-98 petrosus, Brycon, 282-283 Peucedramus olivaceus, 544 Phanagoniates macrolepis, 249-250 Phelister acoposternus, 461 assimilis, 467-469 chapadae, 469 cumanensis, 469 dives, 457 egenus, 469 flectohumerale, 465-467 latus, 459-460 purgamenticolus, 462-463 pusio, 469 quadripunctulus, 469 qulsquilicolus, 461-462 recrementicolus, 463 striatinotum, 463-465 williamsi, 458-459 Phelisteroides, 448 fungicolus, 452-454 miladae, 448-450 panamensis, 450-452 Philautus doriae, 148 vittatus, 148-149 Philochortus hardeggeri, 60 Philortyx fasciatus, 527 Philothamnus neglectus, 30 Philothamnus semivariegatus, 32-33 semivariegatus, 32-33 Philypnus dormitor, 339-340 Phloeoceastes nelsoni, 533 Pholidota (gall bladder), 194 Phrynobatrachus graueri, 97 hailensis, 91-92 natalensis, 96-97 Phyllodactylus lanei, 490 Phrynobatrachus acridoides, 98 dendrobates, 97-98 petropedetoides, 97-98 plicatus, 98 versicolor, 97-98 phrynoides, Rana, 136-137 Phrynomantis annectens, 111 nasuta, 111 Phrynomerus annectens, 111 bifasciatus, 111 Phylloma oblitum, 434 Piabucina, 286 festae, 288 panamensis, 287-288 Piaya mexicana, 529 pichardi, Joturus, 324 Piciformes (gall bladder), 185 picta, Eleotris, 344-347 picturatus, Hemidactylus, 50 Hyperolius, 105 Lygodactylus, 50 pileatus, Atlapetes, 548 Pimelodella, 234-235 chagresi, 235 Pimelodus, 234 chagresi, 235 godmani, 233 punctatus, 234 rogersi, 234 wagneri, 232-233 Pipilo fuscus, 549-550 nigrescens, 548-549 Piranga bidentata, 546 hepatica, 546 pisonis, Eleotris, 347-348 Gobius, 347-348 Pitangus derbianus, 535 pittieri, Poccilia, 309 Poeciliopsis, 309 Sicydium, 357 plagiatus, Buteo, 526 Plagiogramma brasiliense, 447 Plagiospiza superciliosa, 550 plancyi, Rana, 138 planiceps, Agama, 56 Ancistrus, 240 Lasiancistrus, 240 Plecostomus panamensis, 237-238 Plegadis guarauna, 524 pleuraden, Rana, 139-140 pleurostigma, Kalophrynus, 149 pleurotaenia, Rappia, 104-105 pleurotaenius, Hyperolius, 104-105 plicatus, Hyperolius, 98 Phrynobatrachus, 98 Plioccrcus semicinctus, 502-503 Plistodon sumichrasti, 496 pobeguini, Chlorophis, 29-30 Poecilia cuneata, 312 elongata, 307-309 pittieri, 309 retropinna, 309-310 sphenops, 310-311 Poeciliopsis, 307 elongatus, 307-309 isthmensis, 309 pittieri, 309 retropinna, 309-310 poecilonotus, Arthroleptis, 99 Pseustes, 499-500 Spilotus, 499-500 poliocephala, Ortalis, 527 Polioptila bairdi, 542 Polyborus audubonii, 526 polycerus, Bufo, 84 Polypedates dennysi, 146 leucomystax, 147 megacephalus, 147-148 omeimontis, 147-148 568 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Polypedates oxycephalus, 148 rufescens, 100 polysticta, Leptodeira, 505 Leptodira, 505 polytropis, Mabuia, 66 Mabuya, 66 polyzona, Lampropeltis, 503 Poneralister manni, 470-471 praeocularis, Eutaenia, 498 Thamnophis, 498 pratincola, Tyto, 529 Priapichthys dariensis, 305-306 panamensis, 306 tridentiger, 303-305 Primates (biliary tract), 418 gall bladder, 190-192 Proboscidea (gall bladder), 198 proboscideus, Bostrichus, 436 Coptotrophis, 436 Trypanaeus, 436 Procellariiformes (gall bladder), 182 propinquus, Cynanthus, 531-532 Psaltiparus melanotis, 538 Psammophis biseriatus, 39 crucifer, 39 furcatus, 38-39 leightoni, 38-39 sibilans, 38 subtaeniatus, 38 Pseudemys ornata, 488 Pseudaspis cana, 27 Pseudister mirabilis, 454-456 Pseudoboa carinata, 46 Pseudoboodon gascae, 22 lemniscatus, 22 Pseudocheirodon affinis, 251-252 Pseustes poecilonotus, 499-500 Psilodactylus caudicinctus, 47-48 Psittaciformes (gall bladder), 184 Ptilogonys pallescens, 542-543 Ptychadena aberae, 91-92 pukhellus, Chalcides, 73-74 pulchra, Compsothlypis, 544 Microhyla, 151 pulverulenta, Bioga, 35 Dipsadomorphus, 35 Dipsas, 35 pumilus, Chamaeleo, 78 Chamaeleon, 78 punctatum, Hoplosternum, 243-244 Megalonema, 234 punctatus, Acontias, 19-20 Pimelodus, 234 Typhlops, 19-20 punctifer, Trigonophallus, 302-303 punctisternus, Acritus, 440-441 punctulata, Rappia, 107 punctulatus, Hyperolius, 107 purgamenticolus, Phelister, 462-463 pusio, Phelister, 469 pustulatus, Icterus, 546 Pygidium septentrionale, 245-246 striatum, 246 Python sebae, 20-21 Pyxicephalus delalandii, 89-90 quadripunctulus, Phelister, 469 querulus, Myiarchus, 535 quinquetaeniata, Mabuia, 68 Mabuya, 68 Scincus, 68 quisquilicolus, Phelister, 461-462 raddei, Bufo, 128-129 raddoni, Euprepis, 66-67 Mabuia, 66-67 Mabuya, 66-67 Rana adenopleura, 140 aequiplicata, 91 albolabris, 96 amurensis, 134 andersonii, 140-141 angolensis, 90-91 ansorgii, 95 berlandieri, 487 bravana, 95-96 chensinensis, 134-135 chunganensis, 141 cooperi, 91 crassipes, 89 delandi, 89-90 delalandii, 89-90 fiechteri, 95-96 fukienensis, 138-139 goliath, 88-89 grahami, 141 graminea, 141-142 guentheri, 142 hieroglyphica, 89-90 japonica, 135 kuhlii, 142-143 latouchii, 143 limnocharis, 143-144 macrodactyla, 144 magretti, 95-96 marina, 481-482 mascariensis, 92 mascareniensis, 92-93 mongolia, 133 montivaga, 144-145 nigromaculata, 132-133 nutti, 90-91 occipitalis, 89 oxyrhynchus, 91-92 palmipes, 487 phrynoides, 136-137 plancyi, 138 pleuraden, 139-140 reinhardtii, 133-134 regulosa, 145 somalica, 95-96 spinosa, 135-136 spinulosa, 145 INDEX 569 subsigillata, 89 taipehensis, 145-146 tibetana, 137-138 uzungwensis, 93 venusta, 94-95 rangei, Palmatogecko, 48 ranoides, Eleutherodactylus, 482-483 Lithodytes, 382-483 Rappia cinctiventris, 107 cinnamomeiventris, 108-109 concolor, 104 ferniquei, 107 granulata, 109 marmorata, 107 nasuta, 109 ocellata, 104 pleurotaenia, 104-105 punctulata, 107 steindachneri, 103-104 symetrica, 108 undulata, 108 recrementicolus, Phelister, 463 regularis, Bufo, 80-83 Regulus clarus, 542 reinhardtii, Rana, 133-134 renominatus, Turdus, 541 repentens, Vireo, 543 Reptiles (gall bladder), 164, 179-181 resimus, Causus, 44 Helerophis, 44 reticulata, Scapteira, 63 Scaptira, 63 retropinna, Aulophallus, 309-310 Poecilia, 309-310 Ppeciliopsis, 309-310 revoili, Eremias, 60 Latastia, 60 rhodopis, Eleutherodactylus, 483 Rhamdia godmani, 233 rogersi, 234 underwoodi, 233 wagneri, 232-233 Rhamphichthys brevirostris, 291-292 Rhamphiophis oxyrhynchus, 37 rostratus, 37 Rhampholeon mandera, 79 robecchii, 79 spectrum, 79 Rhegnops visoninus, 503 Rheiformes (gall bladder), 182 rhinolopha, Iguana, 494 rhodopis, Lithodytes, 483 rhodorachis, Coluber, 27 Zamenis, 27 rhombeatus, Causus, 44 Sepeden, 44 Rhynchocephalia (gall bladder), 181 Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, 528 ricae, Bryconamericus, 268-269 ricketti, Staurois, 146 Riopa fernandi, 71 sundevallii, 71 Rivulus brunneus, 315 chucunaque, 315-316 elegans, 319-322 hildebrandi, 318-319 isthmensis, 316-318 montium, 319-322 volcanus, 316-318 robecchii, Rhampholeon, 79 robustus, Trichobatrachus, 87 Rodentia (biliary tract), 418-419 gall bladder, 199-201 Roeboides, 272 guatemalensis, 272-273 macrolepis, 249-250 occidental, 273-274 rogersi, Pimelodus, 234 Rhamdia, 234 roperi, Chamaeleon, 76 rostrata, Anguilla, 294 Muraena, 294 rostratus, Rhamphiophis, 37 Sternarchus, 292 Rothschildia kounihensis, 109-110 obscura, 109-110 rouxi, Arthroleptis, 99-100 ruber, Ergaticus, 545 ruberrimus, Astyanax, 258-260 rubicundus, Empidonax, 536-536 rubropunctata, Eremias, 62 Lacerta, 62 rudis, Chamaeleon, 77 rufescens, Chiromantis, 100 Polypedates, 100 rufo-palliatus, Turdus, 541 rufus, Leplopelis, 101 rugifera, Kaloula, 150 rugulosa, Rana, 145 rugulosus, Acritus, 442 ruthveni, Anolis, 492 rutiloris, Eutaenia, 498 Thamnophis, 498 sagrei, Anolis, 492 Salientia (gall bladder), 179 salvini, Sicydium, 357 sanchiangensis, Hyla, 131 sandcrson i, Eleutherodactylus, 485- 486 sanniolw, Mesopeltis, 503-504 Sibynomorphus, 503-504 Saucerottia viola, 531 Sauna (gall bladder), 179-180 scaber, Coluber, 34 Dasypeltis, 34 scabra, Dasypeltis, 34 scalptus, Bacanius, 436 Scapteira ctenodactyla, 63 reticulata, 63 reticulata, 63 Scaptira ctenodactyla, 63 reticulata, 63 Scardafella inca, 527-528 570 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII Sceloporus chrysostictus, 494 lundelli, 495 teapensis, 495 Scelotes bipes, 74 schlegelii, Trigonocephalus, 509 Trimeresurus, 509 schmidti, Epierus, 446-447 Schmidt, Karl P., The Amphibians and Reptiles of British Honduras, 475- 510 schubotzi, Chlorophis, 30-32 schwartzei, Eumeces, 396 Sciaena maculatus, 341-343 Scincus lineolata, 72-73 officinalis, 72-73 quinquetaeniata, 68 scincus, 72-73 sepoides, 74 scincus, Scincus, 72-73 sclateri, Parus, 537 scorpioides, Kinosternon, 488 Scotobleps camerunensis, 86 gabonicus, 86-87 scutellata, Lacerta, 61 scutellatus, Acanthodactylus, 61 sebae, Coluber, 20-21 Ninia, 497-498 Python, 20-21 Streptophorus, 497-498 semicinctus, Pliocercus, 502-503 semiornata, Coronella, 33 semivariegatus, Dendrophis, 32-33 Philothammus, 32-33 Philothamnus, 32-33 senegalensis, Cassina, 110 Chamaeleo, 75 Chamaeleon, 75 Cystignathus, 110 Kassina, 110 Sepedon rhombeatus, 44 sepoides, Chalcides, 74 Scincus, 74 septentrionale, Pygidium, 245-246 septentrionalis, Chloroceryle, 532 sericeus, Anolis, 492 Serpentia (gall bladder), 180-181 shiranum, Duberria, 34 Homalosoma, 34 Shropshire!, Euleptoeleotris, 353- 355 Sialia australis, 542 Siaphos graueri, 71-72 helleri, 72 sibilans, Coluber, 38 Psammophis, 38 Psammophis, 38 Sibynomorphus brevifacies, 503 sanniolus, 503-504 Sibynophis annulatus, 497 Sicydium pittieri, 357 salvini, 357 sieberii, Aphelocoma, 537 sieboldii, Cichlasoma, 335-337 Heros, 335-337 similis, Ctenosaura, 494 Iguana, 494 Simocephalus butleri, 24-27 chanleri, 24-27 unicolor, 24-27 simplex, Hyla, 131 simpliculus, Acritus, 442 simus, Creagrutus, 271-272 Hyperolius, 108 sinaitus, Hemidactylus, 50 sinuatus, Corvus, 536 Pelusios, 19 Sternothaerus, 19 Sirenia (biliary tract), 421 gall bladder, 197 Sitta flavinucha, 538 mexicana, 538 smaragdina, Dendrophis, 33 Gastropyxis, 33 somalacus, Bufo, 85 somalica, Rana, 95-96 somaliensis, Mehelya, 24-27 spectrum, Chamaeleo, 79 Rhampholeon, 79 spekii, Eremias, 61 Sphaeriodactylus lineolatus, 489 glaucus, 489 lineolatus, 484 Sphenisciformes (gall bladder), 182 sphenops, Mollienisia, 310-311 Poecilia, 310-311 Spilotes melanurus, 500 mexicanus, 500 Spilotus poecilonotus, 499-511 spilurum, Cichlasoma, 331 spinosa, Rana, 135-136 spinosus, Ancistrus, 239 Bufo, 82 spinulosa, Rana, 145 Spinus griscomi, 547 macropterus, 547 spirulus, Heros, 331 Spizella mexicana, 550 spurius, Icterus, 546 squamiger, Atheris, 46 squamigera, Atheris, 46 Echis, 46 squamulata, Ciccaba, 530 stantoni, Eleutherodactylus, 483- 485 Micrurus, 507-508 staufferi, Hyla, 486-487 Staurois acridoides, 98 ricketti, 146 Staurotypus triporcatus, 488 steindachneri, Celestus, 495 Diploglossus, 49 Rappia, 103-104 steindachnerii, Hyperolius, 103-104 steinhausi, Typhlops, 20 INDEX 571 Stellio cynogaster, 57-58 Stenodactylus caudicinctus, 47-48 guttatus, 48 sthenodactylus, 48 Stenorhina degenhardtii, 506-507 Stenorhynchus natalensis, 96-97 Stenarchus rostratus, 292 virescens, 292 Sternopygus dariensis, 291 Sternothaerus sinuatus, 19 sthenodactylus, Ascalabotes, 48 Stenodactylus, 48 stincus, Lacerta, 72-73 Streptophorus sebae, 497-498 striata, Mabuia, 70 Mabuya, 70 striatinotum, Phelister, 463-465 striatulus, Brycon, 276 Brycon, 278-281 Chalcinopsis, 276 striatum, Pygidium, 246 Tropidolepisma, 70 stricklandi, Loxia, 548 Strigiformes (gall bladder), 185 striolatus, Hyperolius, 107 Struthioniformes (gall bladder), 182 Sturisoma, 243 citurensis, 243 panamensis, 243 subcarinatus, Bacanius, 436-438 subsigillata, Rana, 89 subtaeniatus, Psammophis, 38 sulcirostris, Crotophaga, 529 sumichrasti, Arremonops, 548 Eumeces, 496 Plistodon, 496 sunderallii, Eumeces, 71 sundevallii, Lygosoma, 71 Riopa, 71 superciliaris, Bufo, 85 superciliosa, Plagiospiza, 550 suttoni, Accipiter, 525-526 symetrica, Rappia, 108 Synbranchus marmoratus, 292-293 taiasica, Awaous, 356 Gobius, 356 taipehensis, Rana, 145-146 Tanagra elegantissima, 546 Tantilla brevis, 506 tantilla, Carcinops, 445 Tarentola annularis, 51 mauritanica, 51 teapensis, Sceloporus, 495 terrabenais, Brachyrhaphis, 301 Gambusia, 301 Terrapene triporcata, 488 Testudinata (gall bladder), 181 Testudo babcocki, 18 galeata, 19 pardalis, 18 tornieri, 19 Thamnophis praeocularis, 498 rutiloris, 498 Thelotornis kirtlandii, 39-40 thierryi, Chalcides, 74 tholloni, Grayia, 33-34 Thomson, Stewart Craig, Studies of the Anatomy of the Extrahepatic Bili- ary Tract in Mammals, 415-430 Thoracocharax, 270 maculatus, 270-271 Thryomanes percnus, 540 Thryothorus nisorius, 540 tibetana, Rana, 137-138 tiligugu, Chalcides, 73 Lacerta, 73 Tiliqua fernandi, 71 tornieri, Testudo, 19 torquata, Megaceryle, 632 Toxostoma curvirostre, 540-541 trachyblepharus, Gymnodactylus, 48 Trachycorystes amblops, 235-236 transandeanus, Awaous, 356-357 Gobiua, 356-357 Trapelus flavimaculata, 52 Tretanorhinus nigroluteus, 499 triaspis, Elaphe, 500 Trichobatrachus robustus, 87 trichopsis, Otus, 529-530 tridentiger, Allogambusia, 303-305 Gambusia, 303-305 Priapichthys, 303-305 Trigonocephalus schlegelii, 509 Trigonophallus, 301 punctifer, 302-303 Trimeresurus atrox, 508 nummifer, 509 schlegelii, 509 yucatanicus, 509 Trimerorhinus multisquamis, 36-37 tritaeniatus, 36-37 triporcata, Terrapene, 488 triporcatus, Staurotypus, 388 tritaeniatus, Trimerorhinus, 36-37 Troglodytes colima, 540 Trogon citreolus, 532 Trogoniformes (gall bladder), 185 Trogonurus mexicanus, 532 Tropidodipsas brevifacies, 503-504 Tropidolepisma striatum, 70 tropidonotus, Anolis, 493 Tropidonotus fuliginoides, 21 olivaceus, 21 viperinus, 21-22 Trypanaeus carthagenus, 436 proboscideus, 436 tuberculatus, Acritus, 439-440 tuberculosus, Bufo, 82 tuberosus, Bufo, 84 Tubulidentata (gall bladder), 195 Turdus permixtus, 541 renominatus, 541 rufo-palliatus, 541 572 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII tuyrense, Cichlasoma, 331 Tympanocerus newtonii, 96 Tyrannus crassirostris, 534 occidentalis, 534 vociferans, 534 Typhlops batesii, 20 punctatus, 19-20 steinhausi, 20 Typhlosaurus meyeri, 75 vermis, 75 typus, Bucephalus, 40 Dispholidus, 40 Tyto pratincola, 529 umbriferum, Cichlasoma, 330 uncinatus, Chondrohierax, 525 underwoodi, Rhamdia, 233 undulata, Ameiva, 495 Rappia, 108 undulatus, Hyperolius, 108 unicolor, Dipsadoboa, 35 Simocephalus, 24-27 uracantha, Loricaria, 240 Uromastix ocellatus, 58 usambarae, Agama, 55-56 ustus, Anolis, 493 uzungwensis, Rana, 93 valliceps, Bufo, 482 Varanus albigularis, 59 angolensis, 59 niloticus, 59 ocellatus, 59 variabilis, Arthroleptis, 98 varia, Mabuia, 69 Mabuya, 69 Mniotilta, 544 variegata, Loricaria, 241 variegatus, Mizodon, 21 varius, Euprepes, 69 vauerescecae, Chamaeleon, 78-79 venusta, Rana, 94-95 vermis, Typhlosaurus, 75 Vermivora palliata, 544 verrucosa, Kaloula, 150 versicolor, Passerina, 546 Phrynobatrachus, 97-98 victorianus, Xenopus, 79-80 viola, Saucerottia, 531 Vipera arietans, 45 caudalis, 46 cornuta, 45 hindii, 44-45 viperina, Coluber, 21-22 Natrix, 21-22 viperinus, Tropidonotus, 21-22 virenticeps, Atlapetes, 548 Vireo flavoviridis, 543 gilvus, 543 medius, 543 mexicanus, 543 repetens, 543 Vireolanius melitophrys, 543 virescens, Eigenmannia, 292 Sternarchus, 292 visoninus, Adelphicos, 503 Rhegnops, 503 vittatus, Basiliscus, 493 Philautus, 148-149 vociferans, Tyrannus, 534 Volatinia diluta, 547 volcanus, Rivulus, 316-318 vulgaris, Chamaeleon, 75 wagleri, Icterus, 546 wagneri, Pimelodus, 232-233 Rhamdia, 232-233 wahlbergii, Ablepharus, 72 Cryptoblepharus, 72 Wenzel, Rupert L. and Dybas, Henry S., New and Little Known Neo- tropical Histeridae (Coleoptera), 433-472 whaleri, Gephyrocharax, 254-256 williamsi, Phelister, 458-459 Xenarthra (gall bladder), 194 Xenodon mexicanus, 501 Xenopus bunyoniensis, 80 victorianus, 79-80 Xiphorhynchus mentalis, 534 yucatanensis, Nyctidromus, 531 yucatanicus, Trimeresurus, 509 Zamenis florulentulus, 27 hippocrepis, 27 rhodorachis, 27 rhodorhachus, 27 zechi, Gerrhosaurus, 64 zeledoni, Cochlearius, 524 zeteki, Bryconamericus, 265-268 Zonurus cordylus, 58-59 macropholis, 58