Huarum of Natural

U11RARY

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

PUBLICATION 183.
ORNITHOLOGICAL SERIES. VOL. I, No. 9.

NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN

BIRDS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS

OF NEW SUBSPECIES

BY

CHARLES B. CORY
Curator of Department of Zoology.

CHICAGO, U. S. A.
August 7, 1915.

NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS, WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SUBSPECIES

BY CHARLES B. CORY

Since the publication of my previous paper on South American birds
received from Museum expeditions, further study of the collections has
brought to light several apparently new forms which are here described.
In this connection I wish to express my thanks to the authorities of
various museums and individuals for the loan of specimens for com-
parison, and especially to Prof. Robert Ridgway and Dr. C. W. Rich-
mond of the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C., to
Dr. F. M. Chapman of the American Museum of Natural History, New
York, to Dr. Witmer Stone of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, and to Mr. J. Rodway of the Royal Agricultural and Com-
mercial Society of British Guiana.

Threnetes leucurus rufigastra subsp. nov.

Type from Moyobamba, Peru. Adult female, No. 47153, Field
Museum of Natural History. Collected by W. H. Osgood and M. P.
Anderson, January 24, 1912.

Similar in size and general markings to T. I. leucurus from Guiana,
but differs in having the sides, flanks and abdomen decidedly more
brownish buff; back somewhat more bronzy green than in leucurus.

Leucippus fallax richmondi nom. nov.

In 1895 (Auk, XII, p. 369) Dr. C. W. Richmond separated the
Margarita Island form of Leucippus fallax, naming it Doleromya pallida.
It is apparently a perfectly good subspecies, the characters given for it
being well marked in a good series. Unfortunately, however, Dr.
Richmond's name pallida can not be used for it, being antedated by
Leucippus pallidus Taczanowski (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Part 4, 1874
[1875], p. 542; and again in Orn. Perou, I, 1884, p. 402). I therefore
propose to name the pale Margaritan bird Leucippus fallax richmondi.
I have examined thirteen males and a female from Margarita Island,

303

304 FIELD MUSEUM or NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

and three males and a female (?) from Tortuga Island in this Museum,
collected by John F. Ferry.

Piaya cayana cearae subsp. nov.

Type from Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara, Brazil. Adult female, No.
47457, Field Museum of Natural History. Collected by R. H. Becker,
August 20, 1913.

Back approaching hazel brown, but coloration duller and less rufes-
cent than in P. c. colombiana from Colombia, and nearer P. c. pallescens
(from state of Bahia) ; throat nearly as in pallescens.

Nearest to P. c. pallescens, but differs in having upper parts lighter;
upper surface of rectrices brighter and more rufescent (less tinged with
purplish); lower abdomen and thighs pale ashy (not neutral gray);
under tail coverts shading into pallid neutral gray, decidedly paler and
more whitish than in any other known form; under surface of rectrices
strongly rufescent, similar to P. c. colombiana, not dull blackish tinged
with rufous as in specimens examined of P. c. pallescens from various
localities in Bahia; middle of abdomen ashy white.

Wing, 156; tail, 280; bill, 26; tarsus, 39 mm.

Specimens examined from Jua, 2 d% 2 ? ; from Quixada, Ceara, i 9 .
A specimen from Pernambuco in the U. S. National Museum collection
(No. 39704) appears to be intermediate between this form and P. c.
pallescens, but approaches nearer to pallescens than to cearce. The
Pernambuco bird approaches cearce in the coloration of the lower
abdomen, under tail coverts and flanks, but is much nearer pallescens
in the coloration of the upper parts and the darker and more purplish
upper surface of rectrices and the less rufous under surface of those
feathers.

Piaya melanogaster ochracea subsp. nov.

Type from Yurimaguas, Yane Yaca, Peru. Female, No. 44096,
Field Museum of Natural History. Collected by M. P. Anderson,
September 8, 1912.

Similar to P. m. melanogaster, but differs in having the bill smaller
and general coloration somewhat paler; crown paler and more ashy
gray; upper parts, throat and breast more tinged with ochraceous
rufous.

Wing, 131; tail, 216; tarsus, 37; bill (oilmen), 24; depth of bill,
12 mm.

Compared with specimens from British Guiana these differences
appear to be constant.

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 305
Chrysoptilus punctigula zulias subsp. nov.

Type from Encontrados, Zulia, western Venezuela. Adult male,
No. 34632, Field Museum of Natural History. Collected by N. Dear-
born, February 14, 1908.

Similar to C. p. punctipectus from Cumana, Venezuela, in general
coloration of upper parts, but differs in having the throat much blacker,
the white spots being much smaller, and the under parts, except middle
of lower abdomen, with rounded black spots somewhat approaching
C. p. guttatus from northern Peru. It differs from C, p. guttatus from
Peru in its much more olive and less golden green back with smaller and
narrower black bands on the upper parts; smaller white spots on the
throat, and lack of reddish tinge on the lower throat and upper breast
(the last character may vary with age). From C. p. ujhelyii and
C. p. striatigularis it may be distinguished at a glance by its spotted
(not streaked) throat, more heavily banded upper parts, and other
characters.

Wing, 99; tail, 70; bill, 21; tarsus, 18 mm.

This apparently well marked subspecies inhabits the heavily wooded,
low, humid region in the vicinity of Encontrados and Catatumbo.
Two females from La Ceiba, Trujillo, Venezuela, while not typical
approach close to this form. Specimens examined from Venezuela: —
Encontrados, Zulia, 20", 4$; Catatumbo, 2 $ ; La Ceiba, Trujillo,
2 9 (not quite typical).

For convenience of ornithologists the following key to the group
is submitted:

KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF Chrysoptilus Punctigula (BoDD.).

A. Throat black, spotted with white.

Upper parts brownish golden olive; wing, about 105; tail, 62;
oilmen, 23 mm.

C. punctigula punctigula (Bodd.) . (Cayenne)

Guiana.

Upper parts slightly more golden olive; wing, about no; tail, 70,
oilmen, 23 mm.

C. punctigula guttatus (Spix). (Amazon

region, Brazil) Amazon region and northeast

Peru.

Upper parts much less golden and more olive green; abdomen and
flanks without black spots.

306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

C. punctigula punctipectus (Cab. & Hein.).

(Venezuela) Venezuela, northeastern Co-

lombia.

Upper parts approaching punctipectus, but throat blacker, with
white spots smaller, breast more heavily spotted; abdomen and
flanks more or less spotted.

C. punctigula zulice Cory. (Encontrados,

Zulia, Venezuela) Lower Catatumbo River

region, Zulia, Venezuela.
B. Throat white, streaked with black.

Black bars on feathers of upper parts longer; under parts more
heavily spotted.

C. punctigula striatigularis Chapman.

(Cali, Cauca Valley, Colombia) Cauca

Valley region, Colombia, west of eastern

Andes.

Black bars on feathers of upper parts small and narrow and more
or less obscure; spots on under parts smaller.

C. punctigula ujhelyii Madarasz. (Araca-

taca, Santa Marta, Colombia) Northern

Colombia.

Veniliornis tcenionotus cearas subsp. nov.

Type from Serra Baturite, Ceara, Brazil. Adult male, No. 47441,
Field Museum of Natural History. Collected by R. H. Becker, July 1 8,

Similar to V. t. t&nionotus from Bahia, etc., but upper parts much
more golden; the transverse yellow barring on back less distinct; under
parts paler, more olivaceous; rump and upper tail coverts strongly
tinged with golden yellow (not olive with yellowish markings as in
typical V. t. t&nionotus) ; outer tail feather much more strongly banded
with yellowish buff.

Wing, 87; tail, 63; bill, 20; tarsus, 16 mm.

Specimens examined: — i c?, 2 9 from Serra Baturite, Ceara; i 9
from Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara. One of the females from Serra Baturite
has the lower back and upper tail coverts tinged with red.

Scapaneus melanoleucus cearas subsp. nov.

Type from Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara, Brazil. Adult male, No. 47463,
Field Museum of Natural History. Collected by R. H. Becker, August
24, 1913.

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 307

Similar to 5. w. melanoleucus , but much smaller.

Wing, 160; tail, 118; bill, 38 mm.

Birds from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia, are apparently
intermediate in size between 5. m. melanoleucus and S. m. cearce, and
might be referred to either form, the measurements of the male being:
wing, 175; tail, 125; bill, 39 mm. But in a series of specimens from
Guiana, which I assume to represent typical 5. m. melanoleucus, the
average measurements of the males are: wing, 188; tail, 140; bill,
40 mm.

Scapaneus pallens peruviana subsp. nov.

Type from Molinopampa, Peru. Adult female, No. 44816, Field
Museum of Natural History. Collected by W. H. Osgood and M. P.
Anderson, June 18, 1912.

Similar to 5. p. pollens from Colombia, but differs in having^the
under parts darker and more chestnut buff; the black bars heavier and
clearly marked on the lower abdomen, flanks and under tail coverts; the
white patch on the back more strongly tinged with buff; and the rump
and the upper tail coverts deeper ochraceous buff without bars.

Wing, 170; tail, 125; bill, 45 mm.

DESCRIPTIVE KEY TO THE SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES AND SUB-
SPECIES BELONGING TO THE GENUS Piaya

(Colors as given in Ridgway's Color Standards and Color Nomenclature,
Washington, 1912. Type localities given in parenthesis.)

I. Crown gray, very different from the back.

Bill red; back hazel; throat and breast cinnamon rufous;
abdomen dull black; wing, about 130; tail, about 225; culmen,
25; depth of bill, 12 mm.

Piaya melanogaster melanogaster (Vieill.).

(Guiana) Guiana and northern Brazil,

Ecuador?

Similar but paler; upper parts and throat more tawny; bill
somewhat smaller; wing, about 130; tail, about 225; culmen,
23; depth of bill, 10 mm.

Piaya melanogaster ochracea Cory. (Yuri-

maguas, Peru) Peru.

II. Crown nearly the same color as the back.

A. Size small; wing less than 115 mm. (4.50 in.).

308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

Bill yellowish; back chestnut f errugineous ; throat and breast
cinnamon rufous; abdomen gray tinged with buff; wing, about
107; tail, about 155 mm.

Piaya rutila Illiger. (Cayenne) South
American from Brazil and Peru northward.
B. Size larger; wing more than 115 mm. (4.50 in.).

a. More or less of under surface of rectrices distinctly rufous
or rusty.
a1 Under tail coverts grayish.

Back between auburn brown and Sanford brown;
throat vinaceous fawn; upper abdomen pale mouse
gray; lower abdomen neutral gray; under tail coverts
slightly darker neutral gray; thighs smoke gray; under
wing coverts ashy white; wing, about 140; tail, about
295 mm.

Piaya cayana colombiana (Cab.). (Carta-
gena, Colombia) Northern Colombia and
Venezuela.

Back between Hessian brown and claret brown;
throat fawn color; upper abdomen smoke gray; lower
abdomen deep neutral gray; under tail coverts darker,
approaching dark neutral gray; thighs deep neutral
gray; rusty coloration on tail decidedly darker than
in colombiana; under wing coverts pale mouse gray;
wing, about 140; tail, about 290 mm.

Piaya cayana venezuelensis Cory. (Orope,
Zulia, Venezuela) Low country of Orope
region, Zulia, Venezuela.

Back near hazel brown; throat approaching vinaceous
fawn, but with a tinge of ochraceous (paler and quite
different from cayana); upper abdomen between
smoke gray and light neutral gray (similar to cay and) ;
lower abdomen neutral gray, shading into slightly
darker neutral gray on under tail coverts; under sur-
face of rectrices only tinged with rufous and not
strongly rufous as in cearce; wing, about 147; tail,
285 mm.

Piaya cayana pallescens (Cab. & Hein.).
("North Brazil," suggest Bahia) Central
and eastern Brazil.

Back approaching hazel brown, but paler than in
pallescens from Bahia; throat as in pallescens; upper

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 309

abdomen pallid mouse gray; middle of abdomen ashy
white; thighs, lower abdomen and under tail coverts
between pale neutral gray and pallid neutral gray,
much paler than in any other known form; under
surface of rectrices strongly rufescent; wing, about
148; tail, about 285 mm.

Piaya cayana cearce Cory. Qua, Ceara,
Brazil) Northeast Brazil (Ceara).
Back between auburn brown and chestnut bay;
throat vinaceous fawn; upper abdomen between
smoke gray and light neutral gray; lower abdomen
neutral gray; under tail coverts near dark neutral
gray. Approaches cayana cayana, but brighter
coloration above, rusty marking on under surface of
rectrices and somewhat smaller size will distinguish
it. Wing, about 140; tail, about 240 mm.

Piaya cayana insulana Hellmayr. (Trinidad)
b1 Under tail coverts black.

Back between bay and mahogany red; throat fawn
color; under wing coverts pale mouse gray; upper
abdomen between neutral gray and smoke gray; lower
abdomen, thighs and under tail coverts deep black;
wing, about 140; tail, about 285 mm.

Piaya cayana cauca Stone. (Rio Cauca,
Colombia) Cauca Valley and possibly south
to Ecuador.*

b. Under surface of rectrices blackish or at most with a tinge
of ^rufous or rusty on some feathers.
c1 Under tail coverts grayish.

Back chestnut bay, between claret brown and Hessian
brown; throat vinaceous fawn; upper abdomen be-
tween smoke gray and neutral gray; lower abdomen
neutral gray; under tail coverts near dark neutral
gray; under wing coverts whitish ashy; wing, about
143; tail, about 280 mm.

Piaya cayana cayana (Linn.). (Cayenne)
Guiana, eastern Venezuela and northern
Brazil.
d1 Under tail coverts blackish.

Back between bay and chestnut; upper abdomen

* A specimen in the U. S. National Museum Collection, No. 236439, labeled
"Ecuador," is apparently this form.

310 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

pallid neutral gray; lower abdomen between smoke
gray and neutral gray; under tail coverts grayish
black; under wing coverts pale mouse gray; wing,
about 144; tail, about 265 mm.

Piaya cay ana nigricrissa Sclater (Babahoyo,
Ecuador) * Northern Peru, Ecuador, and
Colombia north to Bogota.

Compared with nigricrissa from Ecuador. P. c.
mehleri from Central America has the lower breast
and upper abdomen approaching neutral gray (de-
cidedly darker than in nigricrissa); the lower abdomen
and thighs are also distinctly more blackish, the
under tail coverts slightly so, and the coloration of the
upper parts is darker. Differs from P. c. nigricrissa
in its ashy gray (instead of quite black) tibia, and
blackish gray (instead of black) crissum; under sur-
face of the tail entirely black. Differs from P. cay ana
in the much darker brown (less fox red) upper parts,
and the blackish under tail coverts.f

Piaya cayana obscura Snethlage. (Rio
Purus, W. Brazil) Western Brazil, Bolivia,
S. E. Peru.J

Back walnut bay; throat vinaceous fawn; under wing
coverts pale mouse gray; upper abdomen between
smoke gray and neutral gray; lower abdomen black-
ish; under tail coverts blackish (more nearly black
than in nigricrissa, but not so deep black as in caucce);
thighs dusky or dark neutral gray; wing, about 170;
tail (Paraguay specimens), about 365 mm.§

Piaya cay ana tnacrottraGambell. (Paraguay)
Paraguay and southern Brazil.

* There appears to be no question as to the type locality of this subspecies, the
name nigricrissa having been first applied by Dr. Sclater to three examples from
Babahoyo, Ecuador, which he considered to be new. Later, in giving a list of the
species of Piaya in his collection, he states he has specimens of the new form "ex
Nov. Grenada, rep. Ecuat. et Peru." (Proc. Zo6l. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 285.)

t From original description, as I have seen no specimens. The description is
unsatisfactory and no measurements are given. P. c. nigricrissa from Ecuador has
the tibia approaching neutral gray or only slightly darker, and the crissum is grayish
black (not deep black as in cauccs).

t As given by Brabourne & Chubb, Bds. South America, I, 1912, p. 152.

§ Specimens from Paraguay and extreme southern Brazil are very large, while
those from farther north are much smaller and may be separable subspecifically (for
remarks on this subject see ante).

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 311

A REVISION OF THE SPARROW HAWKS (GENUS CERCHNEIS)
OF SOUTH AMERICA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS

In describing the supposed new subspecies belonging to this genus
in the present and in a previous paper,* the writer examined about 200
specimens from South America and adjacent islands, including the type
specimens of all the described forms except that of C, s. isabellina and
C. s. australis (gracilis Swainson). The study of this large series seems
to show:

1. That the extent of the rufous on the crown (when present) is
more or less variable with the age of the individual, but, while in birds
from North America and the West Indies it is present in the majority
and is rarely entirely absent even in specimens which are evidently
adult, in birds from South America it is absent in the majority of speci-
mens and when present seems to be much more restricted in extent,
more than seventy-five per cent, of the series of males from South Ameri-
ca having no rufous on the crown and in a number of others having it
merely indicated by a slight trace. Very few males have a well marked
crown patch and at most it is apparently restricted to the basal half.
The material available is not sufficient to decide to what extent a rufous
patch is present in the very young of these forms.

2. That no dependable correlation exists in the extent of the rufous
crown patch and the black banding of the back. Very young birds
apparently always have the back heavily banded, but in those which I
have examined the amount of rufous on the crown is very variable, one
young male from Curacao in its first plumage showing merely a trace of
rufous. Some apparently adult males have considerable rufous on the
crown and almost the entire back banded with black, while others from
the same region have about the same amount of rufous on the crown and
the back practically immaculate. Six apparently adult males from the
Rio Branco region (northern Brazil) have clear gray crowns, but three
of them have the back considerably banded and three have it almost
immaculate. Two specimens from the same region show a small rufous
patch on the crown; one of these has a few small bands on the lower back,
while in the other the back is nearly immaculate. While the females
from the same locality have the markings of the upper parts practically
identical, two have a rufous crown patch and in two it is absent.

3. That the banding of the back apparently varies with age in indi-
viduals, but to what extent remains to be determined. In young males
the whole back is usually heavily banded, while in adults the upper back
at least is nearly or quite immaculate.

* Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Ornith. Series, I, No. 8, 1915, pp. 293-302.

312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

4. That the extent, shape and size of the black spots on the under
parts in males from the same region evidently vary in individuals of
practically the same age, and while in some cases they apparently show
decided diminution in the adult, in others they are much more persistent.
In the series before me, old males of C. s, cinnamomina and C. s. australis
have the spots much smaller, narrower, and confined to the sides and
upper abdomen, the lower abdomen and flanks being immaculate. In
the young the spots are much larger and extend upon the lower abdomen
and flanks. In C. s. brevipennis, however, (and probably other closely
allied forms) very young males have the lower breast and practically the
whole of the abdomen heavily spotted with black, while in old males
the under parts appear to be nearly immaculate, the black spots being
largely or wholly confined to the flanks and sides of the body. It is also
evident, at least in some of the South American forms, that the presence
or absence of rufous on the crown and the extent of the black spots on the
under parts are not correlated, as for example, in the series of 20 males
from Chapada, Matto Grosso, and Bahia, none of the specimens
showing rufous on the crown differ very appreciably in the amount
of black spotting on the under parts from those having the crown clear
gray.

5. That the variation in coloration and marking of the outer rectrix
is very great in specimens from some regions, but decidedly less so from
others; and while the instability of this character apparently renders it
by itself of little or no diagnostic value, it seems desirable that in regions
where deviation from the general type appears to be the exception it
should be taken into consideration in connection with other differences
in distinguishing subspecies, if for no other reason than to enable future
investigators to draw their own conclusions.

As an illustration of this, in the series before me 28 males from
Colombia and western Venezuela show great variation in the coloration
and pattern of the inner web of the outer rectrix: in some it is largely
rufous; in others black and white without rufous; and again part white
and part rufous, sometimes with one and again with several black bars.
Under such conditions such a character would be obviously useless in
diagnosis. In fact in some individuals the outer rectrix on opposite
sides of the tail is differently colored in the same bird. This is at least
suggestive, and as the weight of evidence appears to prove that this per-
plexing variation in coloration is not due to age,* it would seem not un-
likely that it might be largely the result of intergradation in regions

* Specimens which I have examined show that, with the exception of a rusty
tinge on the tip, the coloration of the outer rectrix is normally the same in young
and old birds of C. s. patilus and C. s. brevipennis. See also, Hartert, Nov. Zo6l.,
1898, p. 501.

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 313

where two or more subspecies meet,* or, in regions where such varia-
tion is the exception, to a tendency to atavism or reversion towards an
ancient type from which they have become more or less differentiated
by difference in environment. Specimens from other parts of South
America, however, do not show such extreme variability in this char-
acter; in fact deviation from the regional type is seemingly the exception.
In the series of specimens from Peru and Chile the normal coloration of
the inner web of the outer rectrix posterior to the subterminal black band
seems to be rufous, as it is so represented in 20 out of 24 specimens from
those regions. On the other hand, out of 20 males from the Provinces of
Matto Grosso and Bahia, Brazil, 16 have the inner web of the outer
rectrix alternately barred with black and white without rufous; 3 have
it part white and part rufous, and only one shows the rufous coloration
as in the normal Chilean bird. All of the males which I have seen from
Margarita I. and 7 of the 9 from Curacao and Aruba have the inner
web of the outer rectrix (posterior to the subterminal black bar) barred
with black and white. In two from Curacao it is variegated, being
part rufous and part white, while in all the specimens from the Rio
Branco region, northern Brazil (7 males from Boa Vista), it is plain
rufous.

6. That the variation in length of the subterminal black zone or
band on the rectrices seems to represent a good racial character, being
very short in cinnamomma from Chile, strikingly long in ochracea from
northern Colombia and northern Venezuela, and showing a gradual
gradation in intermediate races.

7. That the absence or presence, as well as the size and number, of
the white spots on the outer webs of some of the outer primaries repre-
sents a good distinguishing character in some races.

8. That there is comparatively little individual variation in the
intensity of the coloration of the under parts in adults of the same sub-
species, but that immature birds are paler. In very young males the
gray wing coverts are tipped with rufous buff and the inner primaries
strongly tipped with white or whitish.

9. That the configuration and confluence or non-confluence of the
distal white patches on the inner webs of the outer primaries seem to be
too variable to be of value in diagnosis, and apparently have no depend-
able racial significance. For example, in one of the eight specimens
of peruviana now before me, none of the markings are confluent; in two

* A possible analogy suggests itself in the case of Colaptes auratus luteus and
Colaptes caffer collaris in the Yellowstone and Black Hills regions in North America,
where great irregularities in coloration are very frequent, abnormally colored speci-
mens approaching the California form, C. c. collaris, being also occasionally found
east of the Mississippi River and vice versa.

314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

the distal patches are confluent on the fourth; in three they are conflu-
ent on the third; and in two, on the third and fifth primary. The
same irregularity is shown in all specimens representing other races,
with the exception of cauca, fully 96 per cent, having the distal patches
joined on at least one primary and the majority on two or more. In
cauc&, however, none of the specimens examined have any of these
markings confluent, but in view of the variability of the character in
other forms it would seem probable that in ca-ucae also in a larger series
it would be found to be inconstant.

LIST OF THE SUBSPECIES OF Cerchneis sparveria IN SOUTH AMERICA,
WITH TYPE LOCALITIES

Cerchneis sparveria cinnamomina (Swains.). (Chile) See page 315.

Cerchneis sparveria fernandensis Chapman. (Masatierra, Juan Fer-
nandez Islands.) See page 316.

Cerchneis sparveria australis Ridgway. (Bahia, Brazil) See page 316.

Cerchneis sparveria peruviana Cory. (Chachapoyas, alt. about 7700
ft., northern Peru.) See page 319.

Cerchneis sparveria cauca Chapman. (La Manuelita, alt. about 3500
ft., near Palmira, Cauca Valley, Colombia.) See page 321.

Cerchneis sparveria aquatorialis Mearns. (Guayaquil,? Ecuador.)
See page 322.

Cerchneis sparveria andina * subsp. nov. (Quito, alt. about 9300 ft.,
Ecuador.) See page 323.

Cerchneis sparveria intermedia * subsp. nov. (Villavicencio, alt. about
1600 ft., base of eastern Andes, Colombia.) See page 325.

Cerchneis sparveria ochracea Cory. (Colon, alt. about 2500 ft., western
Venezuela.) See page 326.

Cerchneis sparveria perplexa subsp. nov. (Lower Essequibo River,
British Guiana.) See page 327.

Cerchneis sparveria isabellina (Swains.). (Demerara.) See page 328.

Cerchneis sparveria distincta Cory. (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, Amazonas,
Brazil.) See page 330.

Cerchneis sparveria margariiensis Cory. (Margarita Island, Venezuela.)
Seepage 331.

Cerchneis sparveria brevipennis (Berlep.). Curacao, Aruba and Bon-
aire Islands. See page 332.

* I am indebted to Dr. F. M. Chapman, Curator of Birds in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York, for permission to name these new forms, the
types being in the collection of that museum.

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 315

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS AND SUPPOSED DISTRIBUTION OF SUB-
SPECIES OF Cerchneis sparveria (LiNN.) IN SOUTH AMERICA
AND ADJACENT ISLANDS

Cerchneis sparveria cinnamomina (Swains.).

Falco cinnamomina Swains., Anim. in Menag., I, 1837, p. 281.

Type locality: "Chile."

Range: Chile, northwestern, western and southern Argentina to
Patagonia and Straits of Magellan, northward to southern Peru and
Paraguay; intergrading with australis in northeastern Argentina, Para-
guay, and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and with peruviana in southern
Peru.

Characters: Male. Size large; tips of rectrices with more or less
rufous, usually rufous or rufous and white; central rectrices often
entirely tipped with rufous, but usually with rufous and gray; sub-
terminal black band short (from 9 to 16, averaging about 13), decidedly
narrower than in australis or peruviana; inner web of outer rectrix
normally rufous, usually with one subterminal black band and a white
or white and rufous tip; breast tinged with pale ochraceous rufous
(averaging nearly as pale as in australis); under parts whitish, with
more or less numerous rounded black spots; exposed white spots on
outer webs of outer primaries restricted to 2 or 3 small narrow marks
near the shaft on the third and occasionally showing a trace of one on
the second.

Wing, 187 to 199, average 193; tail, 129 to 143, average 134 mm.

Female. Similar to australis, but averaging larger; black bars on
rectrices narrower and less complete and subterminal band nar-
rower; outer rectrix occasionally immaculate.

Wing, 195 to 208, average 198; tail, 132 to 144, average 137 mm.

Comparative differences: Male differs from australis (from Bahia
and Matto Grosso) in averaging considerably larger and in difference
in normal coloration of the rectrices (australis usually has no rufous
on the outer rectrix, the tips of most of the rectrices white, and rarely
showing any rufous) ; subterminal black bands on the rectrices narrower,
and under parts usually not quite so pale. Female differs from australis
in average larger size; black bars on tail narrower and less complete;
subterminal band narrower; outer rectrix with black marking usually
smaller and more often immaculate. Male of cinnamomina differs
from peruviana by its larger size, more whitish and more heavily spotted
under parts; breast paler (less tinged with ochraceous rufous); sides
and flanks whitish (not noticeably tinged with ochraceous buff as in
peruviana); subterminal band on tail shorter.

316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

Specimens examined: "Chile" — 3 d", i ? ; Valdivia, i d"; Cautin,
ic?, 2 9 ; Santiago, id1, i 9 ; Straits of Magellan, i 9 .

Argentina — Chilicito, Prov. of Rioja, i d", i 9 ; Rio Chico (Pata-
gonia), 2 9 ; Rio Grande do Sul, i d", i $ (not typical, intergrades).

Remarks: Two specimens from Rio Grande do Sul are apparently
intergrades between this form and australis. The male is of large size
(wing, 197) and shows a little rufous bordering the white on the tips of
some of the rectrices; the inner web of the outer rectrix has the basal
half rufous and the terminal half white with black bars; the subterminal
black bands on the rest of the rectrices are nearly as narrow as in
cinnamomina. All specimens examined from Chile, both male and
female (with one exception), show more or less rufous on the crown;
some with a small but well defined crown patch and others with merely
a trace. The single exception (male), which shows no trace of rufous
on the crown, agrees with the others in the extent of the spotting on
the under parts and barring on the upper parts.

Cerchneis sparveria fernandensis Chapman.

Cerchneis sparverius fernandensis Chap., Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist. N. Y., XXXIV, 1915, p. 379.

Type locality: Masatierra I., Juan Fernandez Islands (off Chile).

Characters: Nearest to C. s. cinnamomina, but very different from
any South American race. From cinnamomina it differs in being much
more deeply colored and the under parts more heavily and extensively
marked with black; breast more ochraceous rufous; upper parts much
darker, approaching rufous chestnut; ventral region and under tail
coverts clear buff; tips of central rectrices largely rufous, the others
white with more or less rufous; tail band averaging about 13 mm. ; outer
webs of primaries without white spots or with only a trace on the third.

Wing, 189; tail, 134; tarsus, 33 mm.

Adult female differs from cinnamomina in its darker upper parts;
under parts strongly washed with deep rufous ochraceous and with
darker brown markings.

Wing, 200; tail, 135; tarsus, 36 mm.

Comparative differences: Readily distinguished from other races
by its deeply colored and heavily marked (almost mottled) under parts.

Specimens examined: Juan Fernandez Islands — Masatierra I.,

3*, 3?.

Cerchneis sparveria australis Ridg.

Falco gracilis Swains., (not of Lesson) Anim. in Menag., I, 1837,
p. 281.

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 317

Falco sparverius var. australis * Ridg., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1870, p. 149.

Type locality: Province of Bahia, Brazil.

Range: Brazil, ranging northward nearly or quite to the Amazon
River and Pernambuco (and Ceara?) ; intergrading with cinnamomina
in extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, and north-
eastern Argentina, and probably with peruviana on the eastern slope
of the Andes in Bolivia and eastern Peru.

Characters: Adult male. General coloration and black spotting
of the under parts resembling cinnamomina, but under parts averaging
slightly more whitish and size smaller; inner web of outer rectrix nor-
mally black and white without rufous; subterminal black band on rec-
trices comparatively broad, averaging (in 20 males from Matto Grosso
and Bahia) 22 mm.; white spots on outer webs of outer primaries as in
cinnamomina.

Wing, 175 to 185, average 180; tail, 122 to 133, average 127 mm.

Adult female. Similar to cinnamomina, but smaller and black bars
on rectrices broader and more complete.

Wing, 182 to 195, average 186; tail, 123 to 132; average, 129 mm.

Comparative differences: Adult male. Differs from C. s. cinnamo-
mina in its smaller size; the tips of the rectrices normally white or
whitish (except the central pair which are usually grayish) ; subterminal
black band on rectrices broader (usually 20 mm. or more) ; inner web of
outer rectrix normally barred with black and white, without rufous;
under parts averaging whiter; tail relatively and actually shorter.

Female differs from cinnamomina in its average smaller size and in
having the black bars on the rectrices wider and more complete, and
subterminal band wider.

Male differs from C. s. peruviana in more whitish under parts; breast
paler (less tinged with ochraceous cinnamon rufous) ; sides and flanks
whiter (not noticeably tinged with pale ochraceous cinnamon); inner
web of outer rectrix normally black and white (not rufous as in
peruviana); crown averaging paler. Female differs from peruviana in
relatively shorter tail and average paler brown markings on under
parts.

* Alternative name for F. gracilis Swainson (which was preoccupied) and there-
fore the type locality is Bahia, as given by Swainson. The fact that Ridgway later
(in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Hist. N. A. Bds, III, 1874, p. 166) described a bird
from Parana, Paraguay, as australis, and that a specimen in the U. S. National Mus-
eum collection (No. 20937) is labeled, "Type of Tinnunculus sparverius var. australis
Ridgw.," has no bearing on the case and does not change the original type locality.
Furthermore the Parana specimen is apparently an intergrade between cinnamomina
and australis, and in my opinion approaches somewhat nearer the former than the
latter.

318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

Specimens examined: Brazil — Chapada, Matto Grosso, 18 o" , 22 9 ;
Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, 2 o" ; Pernambuco, 2 <? ; PQuixada,*
Ceara, i d* .

Paraguay — Rio Parana', 3 o",t (2 intergrades, not typical).

Argentina — Conchitas, Buenos Ayres, 2 d" (intergrades).

Remarks: Out of twenty males from the Provinces of Matto Grosso
and Bahia, Brazil, sixteen have the inner web of the outer rectrix black
and white, three have it part rufous and part white and only one has the
whole web (except the black subterminal band and white tip) rufous. £
One specimen from Chapada, Matto Grosso, has the tip of several of the
rectrices largely rufous as in cinnamomina, but the outer rectrix is part
rufous and part white and the wing measures 182 mm.

Fourteen of the twenty males have the crown plain, with no trace of
rufous; five show a trace of rufous; and one has a well marked rufous
crown patch; the last can be matched in the banding of the upper parts
and spotting of the under parts by specimens having no rufous on the
crown.

Two males from Pernambuco, Brazil, may be referred to australis,
and the locality probably represents about the northern limits of its
range. In one the wing measures 173 and in the other 180 mm. Both
specimens have the under parts well spotted and one has the inner web
of the outer rectrix black and white; in the other the outer rectrices have
been lost. One has the crown immaculate, but the other shows a well
marked rufous crown patch.

Two males from Conchitas, Buenos Ayres, Argentina, are apparently
intergrades between this form and cinnamomina, although a good series
from northeastern Argentina might prove them to be subspecifically
distinct from either. They are large (wing, 190 and 195) and, while the

* The single male specimen which I have seen from Quixada, Ceara, Brazil,
is provisionally referred to this race. It is evidently not adult and the general
coloration of the upper parts is decidedly paler than in either australis or distincta.
The markings of the under parts approach australis in being spotted; but the black
spots are smaller, largely linear in shape and more scattered. The inner web of the
outer rectrix is pale rufous, with the usual subterminal black bar and white tip, in
this approaching distincta. The gray crown approaches that of distincta in color
and there is a large rufous crown patch. The distal white patches on the inner
webs of the outer primaries are decidedly larger and extend much farther towards
the end of the feather than in any specimen of australis or distincta seen by me. It
may prove to be an immature intergrade between australis and distincta or isabellina,
but it is not unlikely that it represents a pale local race peculiar to those arid regions.
If this should prove to be the case, I propose for the Ceara bird the name, Cerchneis
sparveria ceara (Type from Quixada, Ceara, Brazil. Male, No. 47593, Field Museum
of Natural History. Collected by R. H. Becker, June 19, 1913. Wing, 170; tail.
126; tarsus, 34 mm.).

t See remarks concerning these specimens p. 319.

% This is a young male, the size being very small (wing, 167; tail, no); plumbe-
ous wing coverts with rusty tips; entire back barred, etc. It is not included in the
average measurements of the species.

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 319

narrow subterminal black band on the tail approaches cinnamomina,
the tips of the feathers are white (the central ones grayish), without
rufous ; the inner web of the outer rectrix in both specimens is black and
white, but in one it shows some rufous on the basal portion. Three
males and one female from the Parana region, Paraguay (Coll. U. S.
National Museum), may be briefly described as follows:

Male, No. 20937, U. S. Nat. Mus., labeled "Exploration of the
Parand, Sept., 1860. Type of Tinnunculus sparverius var. australis
Ridgw."

Crown with small patch of rufous; under parts nearly white (with
no noticeable wash of ochraceous rufous on breast), marked with
numerous comparatively small linear spots of black; tips of rectrices
largely worn off, but three outer ones showing more or less white;
greatest width of subterminal black band on any of the rectrices 17 mm. ;
inner web of outer rectrix on one side of the tail rufous, with one subter-
minal black band; the outer rectrix on the opposite side with basal por-
tion rufous, the terminal third white, with two black bands; wing, 193;
tail, 133 mm. This specimen is apparently an intergrade between
cinnamomina and australis, more nearly approaching the former.

Male, No. 119802, agrees in coloration and marking with specimens
from Bahia, but the size is large (wing, 195; tail, 137), no rufous on the
tips of rectrices; inner web of outer rectrix black and white; width of tail
band on central rectrices, 18 mm.

Male, No. 119801, agrees very well in size and coloration with some
Bahia specimens (wing, 184; tail, 128) ; tips of some of the rectrices with
a tinge of rufous; tail band 18 mm. ; inner web of outer rectrix black and
white, but showing a trace of rufous along the shaft on the basal portion.

Female, No. 20936, approaches some specimens from Chile in size
and coloration (wing, 196; tail, 143).

Cerchneis sparveria peruviana Cory.

Cerchneis sparverius peruviana Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
Pub., Ornith. Series, I, No. 8, 1915, p. 296.

Type locality: Chachapoyas, Peru; alt. about 7700 ft.

Range: Peru and southern Ecuador, probably intergrading with
C. s. cinnamomina in southern Peru; with australis in Bolivia and
possibly with aquatorialis in southern Ecuador.

Characters: Male. Breast pale ochraceous cinnamon rufous,
somewhat paler on sides of body and shading into cinnamon buff on
abdomen; buffy white on thighs and under tail coverts; sides of body
and flanks with large rounded black spots and often a few linear black

320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

spots on the abdomen largely confined to the middle of the feathers;
tail feathers tipped with white, more or less mixed with rufous (in some
specimens the rufous color predominating) ; inner web of outer rectrix
normally rufous, with one subterminal black bar, the tip white; outer
web of third outer primary with three white spots ; the second with one
small narrow streak or only a slight trace; tail band about 19 mm.

Wing, 175 to 183, average, 181; tail, 129 to 138, average 134 mm.

Female. Similar to female of australis, but upper parts and upper
surface of tail averaging slightly more deeply colored and outer tail
feathers more often nearly immaculate.

Wing, 180 to 193, average, 186; tail, 131 to 140, average, 135 mm.

Comparative differences: Male differs from C. s. cinnamomina in
smaller size; breast noticeably more ochraceous cinnamon rufous; sides
and flanks tinged with ochraceous cinnamon (not white or almost white
as in cinnamomina) ; subterminal black band on tail broader.

Male differs from C. s. australis in deeper colored under parts; more
ochraceous cinnamon rufous on breast ; sides and flanks distinctly washed
with pale ochraceous cinnamon (not white as in australis') ; inner web of
outer rectrix normally rufous (not black and white as in australis};
crown darker and tail longer. Female differs from australis in rela-
tively and actually shorter tail; and somewhat paler brown markings
on the under parts.

Male differs from C. s. aquatoriaUs in smaller size and much less
deeply colored under parts. Differs from C. s. cauc(z, to which it is
very closely related apparently, only in the paler coloration of the breast
which in cauccz more nearly approaches C. s. ochracea; also less pro-
nounced white spots on outer web of second and third primaries. From
andina and intermedia it may be distinguished at a glance by the spotted
and much paler under parts and other characters.

Specimens examined: Peru — Chachapoyas, id1; Macate, 2 d1,
3 9 ; Menocucho, i d1; Mirador, id", i 9; Hda. Limon, near Balsas,
i d1 ; Cajamarca, i 9 ; Lima, i d1.

Ecuador — Huigra, i d1 ; Junction of Chanchan and Chiguancay
Rivers, i d1.

Bolivia — Yungas, i d1 (not typical).

Remarks: Of seven males from Peru, six have the inner web of the
outer rectrix rufous, with subterminal band of black and the tip white,
and one (from Macate) has it black and white. All have the tips of
the rectrices more or less rufous, and in two the rufous color predomi-
nates, resembling cinnamomina in this character; the subterminal black
band on the rectrices varies in width from 17 to 20 mm. in different
specimens. None of the males show any trace of rufous on the crown,

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 321

but two of the females show a slight trace and three have a small but well
marked rufous crown patch; all of the males are more or less spotted
on the under parts.

Cerchneis sparveria caucae Chapman.

Cerchneis sparverius cauc& Chap., Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
XXXIV, 1915, P. 375-

Type locality: La Manuelita (alt. 3500 ft.), near Palmira, Cauca
Valley, Colombia.

Range: Western Colombia and western slopes of Central Andes;
northwestern Ecuador.

Characters: Adult male. Similar to C. s. peruviana in size and
general marking, but differs in deeper cinnamon coloration of the breast
(approaching that of ochracea); outer web of second outer primary
usually with two small white spots, the outer web of third with three well
marked white spots; distal white patches on inner webs of outer pri-
maries (in specimens examined) not confluent;* length of tail band, 17
to 22 mm.

Wing, 175 to 185; tail, 119 to 132 mm.

Adult female. Similar to the female of peruviana, but coloration of
upper parts darker and under parts more tinged with buff.

Wing, 183 to 186; tail, 129 to 135 mm.

Comparative differences: This form may be readily distinguished
from C. s. andina, C. s. intermedia, and C. s. ochracea by its spotted
under parts; from C. s, peruviana by the character already given; from
C. s, aquatorialis by its shorter tail band, shorter tail, and smaller size;
and from cinnamomina and australis by its much more deeply colored
under parts and other characters.

Specimens examined: Colombia — La Manuelita (near Palmira),
alt. 3500 ft., Cauca Valley, (Type) i d% i 9 ; Cali, Cauca, i d" ; La Flo-
rida, west of Popayan, i d", i 9 ; La Tig, Cauca, id", i 9 ; Noamama,
Rio San Juan, Cauca, i 9 .

Ecuador — Gulea, Prov. Pichincha, i d* (not typical).

Remarks: The specimen from Gulea, Ecuador, approaches cauca,
but is larger and white spots are present on the outer web of the fourth
(outer) primary. All Colombian specimens which I have seen have
two small white spots or streaks on the outer web of the second (outer)
primary and three larger ones on the third; one male has a trace of
rufous on the crown, in the rest it is plain; none of them have the distal
white patches confluent on any of the outer primaries.

* See remarks concerning this character, p. 313.

322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

Cerchneis sparveria asquatorialis (Mearns).

Falco sparverius cequatorialis Mearns, Auk, 1892, p. 269.

Type locality: Ecuador (Guayaquil?; exact region unknown).

Range: Ecuador.

Characters: Male (Type, No. 101309, U. S. National Museum).
General coloration and spotting of under parts approaching caucce, but
size larger; outer web of second outer primary immaculate; third
with two small narrow white spots; tail band wide; tail long; inner web
of outer rectrix black and white, without rufous.

Wing, 192; tail, 141; width of tail band, 26 mm.

Female (No. 67349, U. S. National Museum). Wing, 195; tail,
139 mm.

Comparative differences: Differs from C. s. andina in the heavy spot-
ting of the under parts and somewhat paler coloration; in the much
wider tail band; and in the absence of the pronounced white markings
on outer webs of several outer primaries. From cauc& and peruviana
it differs by its larger size; longer and much wider tail; and also from the
latter in the more deeply colored under parts. From cinnamomina it
differs in its very much wider tail band and more deeply colored under
parts; and from C. s. ochracea in its somewhat larger size; longer tail;
and strongly spotted under parts.

Remarks: The type locality of this subspecies may or may not have
been Guayaquil, Ecuador,* as given by Mearns; and it is by no means
certain that the female came from the same locality as the male, or in
fact is the same subspecies. The male, however, having been first
described, must be accepted as the type of C. s. aquatorialis. While
it is probable that the type specimen was not killed in the vicinity of
Guayaquil, until specimens have been secured from this locality for
comparison we have no grounds for the positive assertion that it was
not, as it differs from any other specimen which I have seen from
Ecuador or elsewhere. The type specimen is apparently not fully
adult and is intermediate in size between the large deeply colored and
comparatively unspotted birds from Quito and Mt. Chimborazo (C. s.
andina') and the strongly spotted and smaller birds from lower altitudes
(C. s. cauccB & C. s. peruviana). It is, however, quite similar to some
of the latter in coloration, and not greatly different in size (except for
its longer tail) from a specimen which is apparently C. s. caucce from

* Dr. C. W. Richmond writes me as follows: "I find that Dr. Jones received
the birds from a Mr. Cartright of Guayaquil, who was constantly receiving them from
the interior of Ecuador. So it appears that the type localities of the Falco atquatori-
alis, the Columba guayaquilensis and the Xiphocolaptes saturatus described from this
collection will always be in doubt." (See also Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
N. Y., XXXIV, 1915, P- 377-)

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 323

Gulea, Province of Pichincha, but it differs from both forms in its broad
tail band (which measures 26 mm.) and absence of the white markings
on the second (outer) primary which is strongly marked in C. s. andina
and usually present, but in a very much less degree, in cauca. If we
assume this puzzling specimen to be an intergrade, we are confronted
by a problem to determine to which race it should be referred on
account of the wide tail band and plain outer webs of the second
(outer) primaries, characters which are not found in either of the
other Ecuadorian races. Even should the spotting of the under
parts ultimately disappear with maturity (which so far as we know
in strongly spotted birds is questionable), it would be difficult to
identify it with any known form on account of the other differences.
I have therefore provisionally considered C. s. Gequatorialis to repre-
sent a distinct subspecies from an unknown locality, until a much
larger series of specimens from Ecuador is available for comparison and
the relationship of forms inhabiting that region can be more satisfac-
torily determined.

Cerchneis sparveria andina subsp. nov.

Type from Quito (alt. about 9300 ft.), Ecuador. Male, No. 123965,
American Museum of Natural History, New York. Collected by
Wm. B. Richardson, May 21, 1913.

Range: Ecuador, probably largely or wholly confined to altitudes
ranging from 5000 to 13000 feet.

Characters: Male. Similar to C. s. ochracea in the deeply colored
ochraceous cinnamon under parts, but differs in somewhat larger size;
much longer tail; much narrower tail band; and more pronounced and
more numerous white spots on the outer webs of the outer primaries.
Under parts deep ochraceous cinnamon, with a few, mostly small and
narrow, black spots on the sides of the abdomen (other specimens have
the black spots on the under parts practically absent or when present
they are small, linear in shape and usually confined to the sides of the
body) ; outer webs of the second, third, fourth, and fifth outer primaries
with large white spots (the second usually with three large exposed spots,
and a fourth concealed by the coverts; the third with four, the fourth
with two and three, and in typical specimens from high altitudes the fifth
and often the sixth with at least one); greatest breadth of the black
subterminal band on the tail, measured at the shaft of the feather,
1 8 mm. ; inner web of outer rectrix rufous, with a subterminal black band
and the tip white; under wing coverts white, spotted with black, and
the outer portion strongly tinged with buff.

324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

Wing, 202; tail, 144; tarsus, 37.5 mm.

Average measurements of four males from Quito and Mt. Chim-
borazo: Wing, 196 to 205, average 200; tail, 140 to 144, average 141;
width of tail band, 16 to 20, average 18 mm. Measurements of three
females: Wing, 194 to 208; tail, 143 to 148 mm.

Comparative differences. The male of this large, deeply colored
race may be distinguished at a glance from all other known American
forms (except C. s. ochracea and C. s. intermedia) by its deep ochraceous
cinnamon and usually nearly immaculate under parts; its large size;
long tail; and noticeably white blotches or spots on the outer webs of
several (including the second) of the outer primaries. From C. s.
ochracea it may be distinguished by its much narrower tail band, which
in ochracea averages about 29 mm. ; larger size; and the large white spots
on the outer web of the second (outer) primary and several of the
others. From C. s. intermedia it may be separated by its much longer
tail; average larger size; somewhat narrower tail band; buffy tinge on
outer under wing coverts; and the larger and more numerous white
spots on the second, third and fourth outer primaries. From the type
specimen of C. s. cequatorialis it differs in its much more deeply colored
under parts; absence of numerous, large, rounded black spots; much
narrower tail band; somewhat larger size, and the presence of several
large white spots on the outer webs of several of the outer primaries.
The female averages larger in size, the breast is rather more tawny, and
the buffy spots on the second and third (outer) primaries are larger
and more numerous than in allied races.

Specimens examined: Ecuador — Mt. Chimborazo, 3 o" ; Quito,
i d", i 9; Riobamba, id"; "Ecuador," id"; Ambato, 2 9; Chuncha,
i 9 ; Cumbaga, i 9 .

Remarks: Two males have the inner web of the outer rectrix
rufous, with the usual subterminal band of black and the tip white.
Two others have the greater portion of the web rufous, but have two
black bands on the terminal part, the space between the bands being
white. None of them show any rufous on the crown, and in four out
of the five males the tips of the rectrices are more or less mixed with
rufous. None of the females show any rufous on the crown. The
specimen from Riobamba, which I have provisionally referred to this
race, is not typical. It is smaller (wing, 185; tail, 136); has less white
marking on the outer web of the third and fourth outer primaries and
some white mixed with the rufous and a second black band on the
terminal part of the outer rectrix. Another specimen from Huigra,
Chimborazo (alt. about 5000 ft.), is apparently an intergrade, being
smaller (wing, 187; tail, 130); the under parts paler; tail band 24; and

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 325

spots on outer webs of primaries fewer and narrower, and the outer
rectrix black and white.

Cerchneis sparveria intermedia subsp. nov.

Type from Villavicencio (alt. 1600 ft.), base of eastern Andes,
Colombia. Adult male, No. 121449, American Museum of Natural
History, New York. Collected by Chapman, Cherrie, et al., March 14,

Range: Andes region of Colombia, from Cundinamarca and
Bogota southward.

Characters: Adult male. Similar to C. s. ochracea in its deeply
colored ochraceous cinnamon and practically unspotted under parts,
but differs in averaging somewhat larger; black subterminal band on
the rectrices much shorter, and more pronounced white markings on
the outer webs of second and third (outer) primaries. The type speci-
men has the inner web of outer rectrix barred with black and white,
with a tinge of rufous near the shaft on the basal part.

Male: Wing, 189; tail, 127; tarsus, 37; greatest breadth of black
tail band (measured at shaft of feather), 20 mm. Average measure-
ments of seven males from Villaviciencio, Honda, Magdalena River,
and Bogota: Wing, 177 to 189, average 185; tail, 124 to 132, average
129 mm. Seven males from Cundinamarca, which are apparently
this form, average decidedly larger: Wing, 188 to 199, but the tail
measurements (126 to 132) and the subterminal band on the tail (18
to 22) average about the same.

Female: Wing, 194; tail, 139 mm.

Comparative differences: The practically unspotted and deeply
colored under parts will readily distinguish males of this race from other
South American forms except C, s. ochracea and C. s. andina. From
the former it differs in averaging somewhat larger ; in the much narrower
black tail band (varying from 18 to 22 mm.; while in ochracea it varies
from 28 to 34, averaging about 29) ; and in the much more pronounced
white markings on the outer webs of the second and third (outer)
primaries, the second having two spots or streaks and the third three
well marked spots (in ochracea the second is plain or with one small
spot, and on the third the three spots are small and narrow). From
C. s. andina it differs in averaging smaller in size; much shorter tail;
somewhat broader tail band; much smaller and less numerous white
spots on the outer webs of the outer primaries (in andina the white
spots are much larger, and are present on the fourth, fifth, and often
the sixth outer primary, as well as the second and third) , and in purer
white under wing coverts.

326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

Specimens examined: Colombia — Cundinamarca, 73% 49;
Villavicencio, i d1; Honda, Magdalena River, 40% 19; Bogota, 2 d",
3 9 ; Rio Toche, Tolima, i 9 ; Andalucia, eastern Andes, id1, 2 9 .

Remarks: All the males which I have seen have two white spots or
streaks on the outer web of the second (outer) primary, and, with one
exception, three well marked spots on the third. Twelve males have
the crown plain and only two show a trace of rufous. The coloration
of the inner web of the outer rectrix is very variable. Five males have
it rufous, with the usual subterminal black band and white tip; four
have it part rufous and part white, with two black bands; and three
have it alternately banded with black and white, without rufous.

Cerchneis sparveria ochracea Cory.

Cerchneis sparverius ochracea Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub.,
Ornith. Series, I, No. 8, 1915, p. 298.

Type locality: Colon (alt. about 2300 ft.), Tachira, western Vene-
zuela.

Range: Western Venezuela and northeastern Colombian region
north and east of Cundinamarca; probably intergrading with intermedia
in the south and isabellina or distincta in eastern Venezuela.

Characters: Adult male. Greater portion of under parts ochraceous
rufous cinnamon or ochraceous cinnamon, becoming ochraceous buff
on the thighs and pale ochraceous buff on the under tail coverts; black
spots on under parts confined to sides of body and nearly or quite
concealed when the wing is closed; crown dark slaty gray, darker than
in brevipennis and about the same as cauca and peruviana; outer web
of second outer primary without white spots or occasionally with a slight
trace; outer web of third outer primary with from one to three small
spots or short narrow streaks; inner web of outer rectrix (in type)
rufous, with one subterminal black band of black, and grayish white
tip.

Male: Wing (of type), 185 ;* tail, 133 ; tarsus, 34; tail band, 33 mm.
Average of nine males from Merida and Colon, Tachira, Venezuela,
and Paramo de Tama and Andalucia, Colombia: Wing, 180 to 185,
average 183; tail, 127 to 132, average 130; length of subterminal black
band on the tail, 27 to 33, average 29 mm.

Female: Wing, 191 to 195, average 193; tail, 135 to 139, average
136 mm.

Distinguishing characters: This race, on account of the deeply
colored and practically unspotted under parts (black spots when pres-

* By mistake the measurement of the wing in the original description of the
type was given as 190 mm.

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 327

ent being nearly or quite concealed by the closed wing), needs com-
parison with but three other forms; i.e., intermedia, andina, and perplexa.
From intermedia it differs in its much longer tail band, and difference
in white spotting of the outer webs of the second and third outer prima-
ries. From andina it may be distinguished by its smaller size; shorter
tail; much longer tail band and the absence of large white spots on the
outer webs of several of the outer primaries, and from perplexa by its
much larger size and more rufous (less chestnut) upper parts, especially
rump and upper surface of tail. It may be added, that the much darker
and very differently colored under parts will at once distinguish it from
isabellina and distincta.

Specimens examined: Venezuela — Colon (alt. about 2300 ft.),
Tachira, i tf, i 9 ; near Merida (alt. about 5300 ft.), 7 d", 29.

Colombia — Paramo" de Tama (alt. about 7000 ft.), near Venezuelan
line, i tf, i 9.

Remarks: Three males have the crown plain, without rufous; two
show a slight trace of rufous; three show a small crown patch and one
(from ParamO de Tama) has a well marked rufous crown patch. One
specimen has a small white spot on the outer web of the second outer
primary; one shows a trace, and on the others the outer web of the
feather is plain. All of the males have from one to three small spots
or streaks on the outer web of the third outer primary, but they are
small, narrow, and inconspicuous. Males from Colon, Tachira, and
ParamO de Tama, have the tail band very wide, measuring about 33
mm. In the specimen from Merida it varies from 27 to 30, the majority
measuring 28 to 29 mm. The coloration of the inner web of the outer
rectrix is very variable. In three specimens it is black and white
without rufous; three specimens have it part white and part rufous, and
three have it rufous with one subterminal black band and white tip.

Cerchneis sparveria perplexa subsp. nov.

Emerillon de Cayenne, Buff., PI. Enl., I, 1770, pi. 444.

Type from Lower Essequibo River, British Guiana. Adult male,
No. 47651, Field Museum of Natural History. From J. Rodway.

Range: Extent of range unknown, probably low country from
British Guiana, eastward at least to Cayenne.

Characters: Adult male. Size small; general under parts deeply
colored, approaching that of ochracea, but back more rufous chestnut;
rump and upper surface of tail distinctly tinged with chestnut; crown
plumbeous gray, somewhat more plumbeous than in isabellina; pri-
maries and secondaries tipped with whitish; inner web of outer rectrix

328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

barred with black and white; outer web of second (outer) primary with
only a slight indication of a white spot on the exposed portion near the
base, the third the same, but the spot somewhat more exposed; length
of black band on the central rectrices 23 mm.

Wing, 169; tail, 120; tarsus, 31 mm.

Female: Wing, 182; tail, 126 mm.

Specimens examined: British Guiana — Essequibo River, id", i 9.

Comparative differences: Compared with other races having deeply
colored unspotted under parts, C. s. perplexa differs from andina and
intermedia in its much smaller size; absence of pronounced white spots
on the outer webs of the second and third (outer) primaries, etc., etc.
From ochracea it differs in its smaller size, shorter tail band, etc. It
somewhat resembles C. s. margaritensis, but the under parts are more
deeply colored; the upper parts more rufous chestnut; and it lacks the
well marked white spots on the outer webs of the second and third
(outer) primaries. From C. s. isabellina it may be distinguished at a
glance by its deeply colored under parts.

Remarks: This strongly colored race probably ranges so far east as
Cayenne, as it agrees very well with Buffon's colored plate, illustrat-
ing the Emerillon de Cayenne (/. c.). Bonyan* also refers to the
Cayenne bird as the "Chestnut-bellied Falcon." That the deeply
colored under parts in this bird is not due to age may be assumed from
the fact that fully adult males of C. s. distincta (which approaches very
closely in coloration of the under parts to C. s. isabellina} have the under
parts very nearly as pale as in immature specimens.

Cerchneis sparveria isabellina (Swains.).

Falco isabellina Swains., Anim. in Menag., I, 1837, p. 281.

Type locality: Demerara, British Guiana.

Range: British Guiana (limits of range unknown) .

Characters: Under parts unspotted or .with a few spots on the flanks
concealed by the wing; breast and upper abdomen washed with light
pinkish cinnamon or pale Isabella buff; lower abdomen, thighs, and
under tail coverts almost white; outer web of second (outer) primary
plain or with a faint trace of a small white spot; outer web of third
with two small white spots or a narrow white or whitish streak; inner
web of outer rectrix normally rufous] with one subterminal black band
and the tip white.

*Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, p. 60.

t The specimen in the National Museum collection has the greater portion of
the inner web rufous, with two black bands near the end separated by a whitish
space.

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 329

Wing (of the single specimen examined), 166; tail (badly worn),
115; tail band, 24mm.

Distinguishing characters: The very pale and unspotted under
parts of C. s. isabellina will at once distinguish it from other forms,
with the exception of C. s. distincta from which it apparently differs*
in having the crown darker (less ashy) ; the wing and tail somewhat shor-
ter; and in the white marking of the inner webs of the outer primaries.
In isabellina (and in most other races) the inner webs of the outer pri-
maries have seven or eight white bars, the dark bars which separate
them reaching nearly or quite to the edge of the web on the greater
portion, and on some of the feathers the two distal white patches often
being confluent. In distincta, however, the greater portion of the inner
web is white, the dark bars being much shorter and more irregular, often
(especially on the basal half of the feather) not extending beyond the
middle of the web so that the white areas are correspondingly increased.
From C. s. margaritensis it may be separated by its paler under parts
(less distinctly tinged with ochraceous cinnamon) ; paler abdomen and
flanks; and the absence of distinct white spots on the outer web of the
second outer primary.

Specimens examined: British Guiana, i d" (U. S. Nat. Mus., No.
90160).

Remarks: Judging from published descriptions and the very few
specimens I have seen from British Guiana, I am forced to believe that
two small forms of Cerchneis inhabit that region: one (isabellina') a pale
form which occurs on the higher savanas of the interior, and the other
(perplexa) a dark form probably inhabiting the low country bordering
the rivers and in the valleys nearer the coast. Swainson's original
description of the type (/. c.) gives the "breast and body beneath,
isabella, unspotted." Wing, 6 3-10 in. and tail 5 in. Penard and
Penard (Vogels von Guyana, I, 1908, p. 437) describe C. s. isabellina
as having the throat white, passing into light brown or yellowish white
on the breast; wing 175 mm. Sharpe, who had access to Swainson's
type and other specimens from British Guiana (obtained by Schomburgk
and preserved in the British Museum), gives the coloration of the under
parts of the body as "pale fawn shading into buffy white on the flanks
and thighs" (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., I, 1874, p. 441). We must, there-
fore, assume that the bird described as isabellina by Swainson is a pale
form closely approaching distincta in the coloration of the under parts.

A specimen in the collection of the United States National Museum

* The single specimen of isabellina I have seen from British Guiana is faded and
worn and the measurements evidently below the average. A good series may prove
the supposed characters separating it from C. s. distincta to be inconstant.

33° FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

(No. 90160), originally in the collection of Dr. P. L. Sclater, and taken
in British Guiana by Mr. E. F. im Thurm, agrees very well with the
above descriptions in size and pale coloration of the under parts and
appears to represent typical C. s. isabellina Swainson. It is very likely
that the specimen in question came from the high savanas of the interior,
probably in the vicinity of Roraima.*

Two specimens from eastern Venezuela, one from Maripa, Caura
River, and the other from San Antonio, Burmudez, are puzzling and
cannot be readily referred to any described form. Both have the breast
decidedly more deeply colored than in distincta or isabellina, and paler
than in ochracea or perplexa, approaching margaritensis in the coloration
of the under parts; but the paler gray crown is nearer distincta.

The San Antonio bird (wing, 177; tail, 126) has a wide tail band,
approaching that of ochracea, but in the male from Maripa, the black
tail band is much narrower. It is not unlikely that they may prove
to be intergrades between ochracea and isabellina, but more specimens
from these localities are needed to determine their relationship.

Cerchneis sparveria distincta Cory.

Cerchneis sparverius distincta Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pdb.,
Ornith. Series, I, No. 8, 1915, p. 297.

Type locality: Boa Vista, Rio Branco, Amazonas, northern Brazil.

Range: Rio Branco region, Amazonas, northern Brazil (limits
of range unknown).

Characters: Back ochraceous cinnamon rufous; crown ashy gray
and without noticeable dark shaft streaks; chest washed with pale
rufous cinnamon (approaching ochraceous tawny, with a tinge of rufous,
and palest of the races except isabellina) , becoming whitish on the ab-
domen and buffy white on the flanks and under tail coverts; under parts
unspotted; outer web of outer rectrix white, with occasionally narrow
black streaks bordering the shaft; inner web of outer rectrix largely
rufous, with one black subterminal band, the tip white; tips of all
except the outer rectrices white, in the middle bordered with more or
less rufous; greater portion of the inner web of the outer primaries white,
the dark bars or patches being much shorter and more irregular than
in allied forms, often (especially on the basal half of the feathers) not
extending beyond the middle of the web, the white areas being corre-
spondingly increased; outer web of second (outer) primary plain or with
a trace of one small white spot; outer web of third with two (rarely
three) small white spots or narrow streaks.

• See Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 196; *&., 1886, p. 76.

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 331

Male: Wing, 182 ; tail, 130; tarsus, 33 mm. Measurements of seven
males: Wing, 174 to 183, average 179; tail, 127 to 131, average 129;
tail band, 24 to 28, average about 26 mm.

Female: Wing, 178 to 185, average 183; tail, 131 mm.

Distinguishing characters: Differs from C. s. isabellina* in the
paler (more ashy gray) crown; average longer wings and tail, and much
more white on inner webs of primaries. It is separated from C. s.
margaritensis by its decidedly paler under parts; paler crown; more white
on inner webs of primaries; difference in color of inner webs of outer
rectrices, and somewhat longer wings and tail. It may be distinguished
at a glance from C. s. ochracea by its paler under parts, and much nar-
rower tail band; from C. s. australis by its unspotted under parts and
other characters.

Specimens examined: Brazil — Boa Vista, Rio Branco, Amazonas,
5 <?, i 9 ; Base of Serra da Lua Mts., near Boa Vista, 2 <?, i 9 .

Remarks: Four of the males have the crown plain; three show a
trace of rufous; one female has the plain, gray crown, the others show a
trace of rufous; all of the males have the inner web of the outer rectrix
rufous, with one subterminal black band and the tip white.

Cerchneis sparveria margaritensis Cory.

Cerchneis sparverius margaritensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
Pub., Ornith. Series, I, No. 8, 1915, p. 297.

Type locality: Margarita Island, off Venezuela.

Range: Margarita Island (and possibly northeastern Venezuela).

Characters: Breast and more or less of abdomen ochraceous cinna-
mon (much paler than in ochracea or perplexa, but decidedly darker
than in distincta or isabellina) , becoming much paler on lower abdomen
and flanks; under parts without black spots, or with a few on the sides
which are concealed when the wing is closed; back vinaceous cinnamon
rufous, approaching in color that of C. s. brevipennis; inner web of outer
rectrix dull white, with several black bands; crown approaching deep
neutral gray (Ridgway), but slightly paler; outer web of second (outer)
primary with two white spots of medium size; the third with three
white spots sometimes nearly confluent in the form of a narrow streak.

Male: Wing, 170 to 177, average 175; tail, 120 to 129, average
125; tail band, 23 to 28, average about 26 mm.

Female: Wing, 178 to 184, average 181; tail, 129 to 131 mm.

* Judging from the single specimen of C. s. isabellina from British Guiana seen
by me, whether or not these differences are constant can only be determined by com-
parison with a good series from that region.

332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

Distinguishing characters: C, s. margaritensis may be distinguished
from C. s. isabellina by its much darker under parts and marking of the
outer rectrices. From C. s. distincta it differs by its much darker crown;
darker under parts and differently colored outer rectrices. From
C. s. ochracea it may be separated by its much paler under parts
and somewhat narrower tail band; from C. s. brevipennis by its larger
size and more immaculate under wing covers, etc. ; and from perplexa
by its somewhat paler under parts, less chestnut rufous upper parts,
and well marked white spots on the outer webs of the second and third
(outer) primaries.

Specimens examined: Margarita Island, 40", 29.

Remarks: All of the males have the crown plain, without rufous
and the inner web of the outer rectrix black and white. One female
has a small rufous crown patch.

Cerchneis sparveria brevipennis (Berlep.}.

Tinnunculus sparverius brevipennis Berlep., J.f.O., 1892, p. 91.

Type locality: Curacao Island (off Venezuela).

Range: Curacao, Aruba and Bonaire Islands.

Characters: Similar to C. s. margaritensis in general coloration, but
with sides of the abdomen more or less spotted with black (in very
young birds the whole abdomen is sometime spotted) and with numerous
black markings on the under wing coverts; tail band about 25 mm.;
inner web of outer rectrix normally black and white; white spots on outer
webs of outer primaries as in margaritensis.

Adult male: Wing, 163 to 169, average 167; tail, 120 to 128, aver-
age 125 mm.

Female: Wing, 169 to 178, average 174; tail, 129 to 134, average
about 132 mm.

Young male: Under parts heavily spotted with black, spots on
the sides forming a broad band on the feathers a'nd extending on the
flanks; gray feathers of the wing coverts edged with pale rusty; some of
the feathers on base of crown edged with rufous; back with broad black
bands on the feathers extending nearly to the nape; inner web of outer
rectrix as in adult, except tips, this and other rectrices washed with
rufous; white spots on outer webs of outer primaries as in the adult.
(Young male) Wing, 158; tail, 125 mm.

Distinguishing characters: The short wing combined with the
vinaceous cinnamon back will distinguish C. s. brevipennis from other
races.

Specimens examined: Curacao I., 7 <?, 5 9 ; Aruba I., 2 d" , 29.

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 333

Remarks: Two males have a small rufous crown patch; three show
a trace of rufous and the rest are plain. Four of the seven females
show a little rufous on the crown. Two of the males have the inner
web of the outer rectrix with some rufous on the basal portion, but seven
have it black and white without rufous. Two very young males have
the plumbeous gray feathers of the wings edged with rusty; the back
heavily banded with black and the feathers on the posterior portion
of the crown distinctly marked with rufous in one and slightly so in the
other. Both specimens have the entire abdomen spotted with black,*
the inner web of the outer rectrix barred with black and white, and
the white tips of the rectrices show a slight wash of rufous.

KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES.
ADULT MALES

Males may be distinguished from females by their plumbeous gray
wing coverts and (in South American races) by having but one black
bar on the central rectrices, differently marked under parts, etc.

I. Breast and often more or less of under parts strongly ochraceous
cinnamon, or cinnamon rufous.

A. Under parts with numerous black spots.

a. Back rufous or cinnamon rufous; black bars variable.

a' Wing more than 186; tail band more than 24 mm.
Wing, about 190; tail, about 140; tail band 26 mm.

C. s. eequatorialis , p. 322.

b' Wing less than 186; tail band less than 24 mm.
Greater portion of under parts deeply colored.

C. s. cuacce, p. 321.

Under parts much paler; abdomen buffy white or
whitish.

C. 5. peruviana, p. 319.

b. Back rufous chestnut; black bars large.

Black markings on under parts irregular and con-
spicuously heavy.

C. s. fernandensis, p. 316.

B. Under parts without black spots or with black spots con-
fined to the sides and largely concealed when the wing is closed.

* This would seemingly indicate that the black spotting on the under parts
(in this form at least) is a juvenile character which largely disappears and becomes
confined to the sides in the adult. But this is apparently not the case in such races
as C. s. australis, C. s. peruviana, C. s. cinnamomina, etc., as no unspotted specimens
have ever been recorded and the numerous unquestionably adult specimens which
I have examined have a considerable portion of the under parts strongly spotted.

334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ORNITHOLOGY, VOL. I.

a. Back cinnamon rufous, or chestnut rufous.

a' Wing less than 177 mm.

Black tail band about 23; exposed outer webs of
second and third (outer) primaries plain or with a
small white spot at the base.

C. s. perplexa, p. 327.
b' Wing more than 177 mm.

Black tail band, about 29 (28 to 34); tail, about 131;
outer web of second (outer) primary plain or with
one small white spot; spots on outer web of third
primary small; outer web of fourth plain.

C. s. ochracea, p. 326.

Black tail band, about 20 (18 to 23); tail, average
about 131; white spots on outer web of third (outer)
primary larger; the outer web of fourth plain.

C. s. intermedia, p. 325.

Black tail band, about 18 (15 to 21); tail long, 138
to 144; outer webs of second, third, fourth, and fifth
(outer) primaries with large white spots.

C. s. andina, p. 323.

b. Back vinaceous cinnamon.

Wing more than 1 70 mm. C. s. margaritensis, p. 331.
Wing less than 170 mm. C. s. brevipennis, p. 332.
II. Breast tinged with pale ochraceous cinnamon, pale cinnamon
rufous, or breast buffy white or white.
A. Under parts with numerous black spots,
a. Back cinnamon rufous or rufous.

Black tail band narrow (9 to 16); tips of rectrices
partly or wholly rufous ; wing more than 190; inner web
of outer rectrix normally rufous with one black band.

C. s. cinnamomina, p. 315.

Tail band 18 to 22; wing less than 187 (175 to 185),
average 181; tail, 122 to 131, average 127; inner
web of outer rectrix normally black and white ; under
parts paler than peruviana; sides and flanks whitish.

C. s. australis, p. 316.

Tail band 17 to 22; wing less than 187 (175 to 185),
average 181; tail 129 to 138, average 134; under
parts usually darker than in australis; sides and more
or less of flanks buffy; inner web of outer rectrix
normally rufous with one black band.

C. s. peruviana, p. 319.

AUGUST, 1915. NOTES ON SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS — CORY. 335

b. Back vinaceous cinnamon.

Wing less than 170; some specimens have exposed
spots on sides of abdomen; very young birds are much
spotted on the under parts.

C. s. brevipennis, p. 332.

B. Under parts without black spots or with black spots confined
to the sides and largely concealed when the wing is closed.

a. Back rufous cinnamon.

Breast pale, only slightly tinged with pale ochraceous
cinnamon or isabella buff; dark bars on inner webs
of primaries not unusually restricted and white areas
not unusually large; inner web of outer rectrix normal-
ly rufous.

C. s. isabellina, p. 328.

Breast washed with pale ochraceous cinnamon;
greater portion of inner webs of primaries white,
many of the dark bars being short and irregular; inner
web of outer rectrix rufous.

C. s. distincta, p. 330.

b. Back vinaceous cinnamon.

Breast and more or less of under parts usually strong-
ly tinged with ochraceous cinnamon; wing more than
170; inner webs of outer rectrices normally black and
white.

C. s. margaritensis*, p. 331.

Breast and more or less of under parts usually
strongly tinged with ochraceous rufous; wing less than
170; inner web of outer rectrix normally black and
white.

C. 5. brevipennis, p. 332.

* C. s. margaritensis and C. s. brevipennis properly belong in Group I, but an
exceptionally pale specimen might be looked for here.