" s 4. we get oo erry po Sif Bide cs een : amaadl sc cabdinite: ie a4 ‘ee ; 4 aye 4 ee wey + ad ee _— & ° dé ‘ - t - ’ = por eer Sees © poe a ie epee “an . Te LE, 4 oa eS ee qitgeie a oe . Setar ¢ : 4 wt | : .9 ’ res — > - ‘ ? “4 ” ne ;' me ¢ ine. ar, Set dF td { eo Bh & As Ee barren big , ww 2 ere . rf my li ts er beg | . : od ' irae Uae Lt > ee - a + hea BP t t : ora Se Seetli aem ry Yi’ re ae o> > & ig La ob eee get ee By - , +h : ve ii sob ® BBE BLES dh. Sarinn re i on ae ae : z 4. ie 4 { ! -* t G aoe fay age, Lis : ‘ “ i r > +h 7 ’ , Bt bens ry OR ee fe Le he mam re 4 P Bere syw ae ‘ p iW & Oa be bite oe ah Seysh: Soe robes same ‘ e a a ict Ott hayes ie ei aca Ci ba iP 4 Singin) ti Micwarhi fy BY We get = -— m hag we , a F rf <= => ee RE EEE Ge my . = = =~ - ee oe Sie > ee ~ , _>- 5 " we ee eee ee —e “ Pree hh He 6 =—3 ey S = + git: rt eer. oe i S Zz — a—| isto) om pan at) 4 is} i Meee in Chap. MAR 17 189g eee Ske cus NOTES ON VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. VETERINARY MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. CHICAGO. ISYS. 3908 COPYRIGHTED DECEMBER, 1897, BY ALEXANDER EGER. a tea Notes on Veterinary Materia Medica. ATERIA MEDICA.—Treats of substances used as medicine, their origin, composition, physical charac- teristics and chemical properties, their methods of preparation and administration, their dose, physiological and toxicological action. Toxicology.—Teaches the effects of drugs when adminis- tered in poisonous doses, also their antagonists and chemical antidotes. Physiological Action.—Is the definite and limited action of a drug upon some part of the organism, intended to antagonize or overcome a particular disease (or pathological) condition. Therapeutics.— Teaches of the use of remedial agents in the various morbid conditions of the animal economy; they are: 1. Medicinal; 2. Mechanical; 3. Surgical; 4. Hygienic or prophy- lactic, as food, clothing, pure air, etc.; 5. Imponderable, as heat, cold and electricity. Pharmacology.—Or the doctrine of drugs, is a science which treats of the drugs employed in medicine; it embraces, therefore, in its scope all of materia medica and therapeutics re- lating to drugs. Pharmacy.—Relates to the art of collecting, preparing and dispensing medicine. The term OrrictaL PREPARATIONS is applied to such reme- dies as are authorized by the U. S. Pharmacoperia (in this coun- try), and directed by it to be kept in the shops, OrricrnaL, so commonly used as to be found in all drug stores, but not official, Pharmacoperia.—Is a book containing directions for the prepa- ration of medicines, with the object of uniformity of nomencla- ture, preparation and strength of such drugs as may be generally used, Dispensatory.— Differs from a pharmacoperia in containing the physical and medical history of the various substances, 4 NOTES ON physiological action and therapeutic application and doses; it contains the whole of the pharmacopceia, with additions by the authors. Its authority rests simply upon the reputation of its authors. In the United States we have the National and the United States dispensatories. OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. There are 994 articles which are official. RECOGNIZED FORMS IN WHICH DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED. The preparations may be solid, semi-solid or liquid. ABSTRACTA—Abstracts. —( Have been thrown out of the last U.S. P.). They are alcoholic extracts, diluted with sugar of milk to bring them to a standard strength. They are in solid, dry, powdered form, and represent twice the strength of the original drug, or its fluid extract, (ten times the strength of the tincture). ACETA—Vinegars.—(2 official). Solutions of the active principles of certain drugs in dilute acetic acid. Strength ro per cent. As Acetum opii, vinegar of opium. Acetum scille, vinegar of squill. ALKALOID®— Alkaloids.—Are active principles existing in plants, extracted by chemical art. They are organic bases, form- ing salts with acids, and as salts are very soluble in water, and are thus generally used in medicine, as morphine sulphate, ete. AQqu®—Waters.—(21 official). Solutions of volatile sub- stances in water; these substances may be either solids, liquids or gases, as water, dist. water, aq. cinnamomi, aq. rosze, aq. ammon., etc. CERATA — Cerates. — (6 official). Unctuous preparations similar to ointments, but of a much firmer consistence, they con- tain wax (cera) and do not melt below 104 F. As ceratum can- tharidis, cer. camphore, etc. CHART ®—Papers.—(2 official). Strips of paper medicated by impregnation, with medicinal substances, or coated with them. There are two official papers, chartze potassii nitratis, in- tended for smoking, the other for external application as a vesi- cant or counter-irritant; as charta sinipis. CoLLopIA—Collodion. — (4 official). Liquid preparations having for their base a solution of gun cotton ina mixture of aes, | Wey. - ei: WRG ea, 5 Uap AP EEE a), ny ae SNE te ine 7 Ty Oe uN. AA, Atenas 3 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 5 ether and alcohol, as simple col.; col. flexile, col. stypticum and col. cantharidatum. CONFECTIONES—Confections.—(2 official). Remedies made into a soft mass with sugar, to render them pleasant to the taste; as a confection of rose et senna. DEecocrA—Decoctions.—(2 official). These are aqueous preparations of vegetable drugs, made by boiling them for 15 minutes (U.S. P. 1890), and they represent 23 grains of drug to the fluid oz., or 5 percent strength; as decoctum cetrariz, decoc. sarsaparillaze compositum. InFrusi—Infusions.—(4 official). Are aqueous preparations of veg. drugs, using cold or hot water, but without boiling, and let stand for two hours; they differ from decotions only in the degree of heat, 23 grains to ounce; as infusum buchu, infusum catechu, infusum cinchonee and infusum digitalis. ELIxtRIA—Elixir.—(2 official). Aromatic, sweetened prep- arations, containing active medicinal agents in small quantities; as elixir aromaticum and elixir phosphori. IEeMPLASTRA— Plasters.—(13 official). Preparations of solid, tenacious, but pliable compounds spread on linen, silk, etc., in- tended to adhere to the surface of the body; as belladonna plas- ter, arnica plaster, iron plaster, etc. [ExTRACTA— Extracts.—(32 official). Preparations obtained by evaporating a solution of the medicinal principle of drugs, to a consistence of a soft solid or dryness. 3 They are termed inspissated juices, aqueous extracts, alco- holic exts., hydro alcoholic, (water and alcohol) and etherial extracts, according to the menstrua used; they are 2 to 4 times stronger than the official agent used. Extracra FLuiA—Fluid Extracts.—Are made by first ex- tracting a veg. drug with alcohol, diluted alcohol or alcohol and water; then concentrating the resulting solution by evaporation, and when necessary adding glycerin as a preservative against decomposition. They are of uniform, definite strength, and one minim of the fild. ext. represents one grain of the original drug. They are a most valuable class of drugs for use in veterinary practice, on account of their concentration and keeping propen- sities, and the small size of the dose. GLUCOSIDEA—Glucosides.—They are similar to alkaloids but only differ chemically; this class of drugscan be distin- 6 NOTES ON guished by their ending in the Latin suffix of inum, or English, in; they are organic compounds belonging to the group of neu- tral principles which exist in plants and which are resolved into glucos and other principles by the action of reagents, or natural ferments; as santoninum-santonin, salicinum-salicin. GLYCERITA—Glycerites.—(6 official). Mixtures of medic- inal substances with glycerin. There are now 6 official glycerites; as glyceritum acidi tannici (20 per cent), glycer. ac. carbol. (20 per cent), of starch, etc. LINIMENTA—Ljiniments.—Thin alcoholic or oleaginous prep- arations intended for external use, and are made by dissolving drugs in oily or alcoholic liquids; as linimentum saponis, lini- mentum chloroformi, etc. Liquors—Solutions.—(24 official). Applied to aqueous so- lutions of non volatile substances which are not otherwise spe- cially designated; as syrups, infusions or decoctions; as liquor potasii arsenitis, liquor plumbi subacetatis, etc. Mass#—Masses.—(3 official). Pill masses, a preparation having proper consistence for making pills; as massa hydrargyri or blue mass; massa copaibee; and mas. ferri carbonatis. MELLITA—Honeys.— Differ from syrups in having honey for its base; as honey of roses (mel. rose); mel. despumatum, clarified honey. Mistur®—Mixtures.—(4 official). Aqueous preparations of insoluble substances held in suspension by a suitable vehicle; as mistura creta; mistura glycyrrhiza composita or brown mix- tiiheweLce MUCILAGINES — Mucilages. —(4 official). Thick, viscid liquids, prepared by dissolving gum in water or extracting with water the mucilaginous principles of certain plants. They are simple bland preparations devoid of medicinal properties, other than that of a demulcent and are used only as such, or asa vehicle; as mucilago acaciz (34 per cent) muc. tragacanthee; m. ulmi, (elm). EMULSIONES—Emulsions.—(4 official). Are mixtures which contain an oil or a resin, in a state of minute subdivision and held in suspension in the liquid, which is some viscid excipient, as gum, soap, alkali, or yolk of eggs. Natural emulsions are such as exist ready formed in nature, as milk, yolk of egg, etc. oh aN pk Boe ee st he eR G. ied 2 iat i r i 4 OF St hee te = ae ae Oa ‘ age iS. 7 i VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 7 Emulsions of ammoniaci, amgydalz (milk of almonds) asa- _feetida and chloroformi. OLEATA— Oleates.— (3 official). Liq. solution of metallic salts and alkaloids in oleic acids, intended for external use. Official oleates are oleate of veratrine, oleate of mercury and oleate of zinc. OLEORESIN.£E—Oleoresins.— (6 official) are made by ex- tracting with strong ether, certain drugs whose medicinal ac- tivity resides jointly in oily and resinous constituents, after which the ether is evaporated, leaving this form of liquid prepara- tion the most concentrated which can be produced, as oleoresina zingiberis, ol. piperis, ol. cubebze, ol. aspidii. PILuL#—Pills.— (15 official). Globular masses of medicinal agents, intended to be swallowed whole, as pil. aloes, pil. asa- fcetida, compound cathartic pill, pilulze opii, ete. PULVERES—Powders.—(g official).— Dry substance in a state of minute subdivision, obtained by pulverization, as pulvis glycyrrhiza compositus, pulv. jalapa, pulv. ipecacuannhe et opli (Dover’s powders ). RESIN £—Resins.—(5 official). Solid preparations obtained by precipitating the resinous principles of plants, from their alcoholic solutions, by the addition of water; resinze copaibe, res. jalapee, res. podophylii, res. secammonii’ and resinze colophyony, volatile oil from turpentine. SpiriTus—Spirits.—(25 official). Alcoholic solutions of volatile or aromatic substances. Such substances may be solids, liquids or gasses; asspts. chloroform, spts. ether, spts. camphor, spts. etheris nitrosi, spts. ammon. arom., spts. frumenti (whis- key ), spts. vini gallici (brandy), etc., ete. SUPPOSITORIA—Suppositories.— Solid bodies consisting of medicinal substances incorporated with cocoa butter (oleum theobrome ) and intended for introduction into the rectum, vagina, or urethra. They dissolve at the temperature of the body and thus set free their contained medicaments. Suppos. of glycerin is official. SyrupiI—syrups.— (32 official). Concentrated solutions of sugar in water, containing flavoring and medicinal substances. Sometimes containing acetic acid, and occasionally alcohol; they are termed simple, medicated or flavored. Some are used as vehicles, some as flavoring agents and some are medicinal. 8 NOTES ON TincTuRa—Tinctures.—(72 official). Alcoholic solutions of medicinal substances, all except tr. iodine being from non volatile bodies, in a few cases aromatic spts. of ammonia is used as a solvent, then they are known as ammoniated tinctures. Spts. ether and spts. nit. eth. are also used as a solvent; they are then known as etheral tinctures. The spts. of nitrous ether is not used in official tinctures. Thus we have alcoholic, etherial and ammoniated tinctures. Tinctures vary in strength from 0.4 (paregoric) to 65 per cent, (tr. soap), the majority ranges in strength, from 5 to 20 per cent, of the active ingredient. Spirits are all made from volatile drugs. ‘Tinctures, from non volatile drugs. On account of the large percentage of volatile solvent, tinc- tures should be kept well stoppered, and away from sun- light, and should not be kept too long, as from evaporation they may become concentrated to a dangerous strength. Tincturee-Herbarum-Recentium.— ‘Tr. of fresh herbs. This is a title of a general formula given in the U. S. P. forthe prep- aration of green tinctures, 50 parts of the fresh herbs are to be bruised, crushed or macerated in roo parts of alcohol for 14 days, then expressed and filtered; this form of trs. is not recommended on account of its variation in strength. TRITURATIONES—Triturations. —(1 official). Finely com- ‘minuted powder composed of one part medicine to 9 parts sugar of milk, as a diluent. (General formula, ) only one official; Tri- turati elaterin1. Trocuisci—Troches.—(15 official). Also called pastiles, tablets or lozenges, these may vary in shape, they are small flattened cakes of medicinal substances, incorporated with sugar, mucilage of tragacanth, etc., to give bulk, consistency, and di- lution. ‘They are intended for slow solution in the mouth for direct or indirect medication to mucous membrane of mouth, throat, etc. UNGUENTA—Ointments.—(23 official).—Soft, fatty prepara- tion of medicinal agents, with a basis of lard, benzoated lard, petroleum or vaseline, or fixed oils, intended for application to skin, for either local or constitutional effect. They are made so as to easily melt at the temperature of the body. ViINA.—Wines.—(10 official). Medicated wines are practic- ime ) No NOTES ON 1. Those like potassium bromide, strengthen the detrusor (ejecting ) muscles and prevent retention. 2. Those like strychnine and cantharides, strengthen the sphincter vesicee and thus prevent involuntary escape of the urine. . Belladonna acts upon the regulating nerve centers and les- sens their sensibility. MEDICINES ACTING ON ORGANS OF GENERATION AND THE MAMMARY GLANDS. On Generative Organs.—Aphrodisiacs, anaphrodisiacs, ec- bolics and emmenagogues, uterine depressants, uterine tonics and alteratives. ; Aphrodisiacs.—Stimulate the sexual appetite and function, by direct or reflex action on the genital centers in the brain and cord, as nux vomica, strychnine, cannabis indica, cantharides, phosphorus, alcohol, ergot, and general tonics. Anaphrodisiacs.—Diminish sexual desire and lower the func- tional power of the sexual organs either by depressing the spe- cial nervous apparatus, or by decreasing the local circulation; ex- amples, tobacco, cocaine, belladonna, gelsem., camphor, mono- bromate of camphor, bromides, iodides, local cold, cocaine lo- cally, drop 4 per cent solution on glands. Emmenagogues.—Restore the menstrual functions and are divided into: 1. Direct, which stimulates the uterine muscular fibres and are ecbolic in large doses, as ergot, rue, savine, potassium-per- mangate, etc. 2. Indirect or tonic, which improves and tones up the blood aud nervous system. ‘Thisis done by iron, manganese, strych- nine, cinnamon and other tonics. Ecbolics or Oxytocics.—Agents which produce abortions by stimulating the pregnant uterus to contract upon its contents; supposed to be by direct irritation upon the center in the cord; this is produced by ergot, ustilago, savine, oil of rue, pilocarpine, violent or irritant purgatives, tansy, pennyroyal, etc. Uterine Depressants.—Lower the activity of the nervo-muscu- lar apparatus by controlling uterine contraction, the chief of which are, opium, morphine, cannabis indica, bromides and chloroform (but not ether). Viburnum prunifolium is a good tonic in regular aborting animals. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 33 Uterine Tonics and Alteratives.—Improve the vigor and re- move morbid conditions of the uterus, viburnum prunifolium, helonias diocia, savine, in small doses, local astringents, cimici- fuga, electricity, etc. On Mammary Glands.—Galactagogues increase lacteal se- cretion. Jaborandi is the best, castor-oil locally, potassium chlor- ate, milk, beer, tonics, massage, etc., act beneficially. Galactophyga arrest secretion of milk. The best is bella- donna or atropia applied externally, spirits camphor, potassium iodide, tannin, etc., but do not use balladonna both internally and externally at the same time on a dog, as adog’s skin absorbs too fast. REMEDIES ACTING ON TISSUE CHANGES. Include restoratives, tonics, hzematinics, alteratives, antipy- retics, antiphlogistics, deobstruents and resolvents. Restoratives—Promote constructive metamorphosis and in- clude food, water, stimulants and the different classes of tonics; they also prevent rapid waste. Hematinics or Blood ‘Tonics.—Increase the quantity of hematin or colcring matter in the blecd, enrich its red ccr- puscles and thus restore the quality of the blood; the iron and manganese compounds are chiefly used for this purpose. Alteratives.—Are medicines which alter the process of nu- trition and excretion, restoring the normal functions of an organ, or of the system; mercury, iodine and arsenic are the principal alteratives. Deobstruents.—A medicine that removes functional obstruc- tion from the body, as the purgatives. Resolvents or Discutients.—Are agents which cause the solu- tion, absorption and elimination of morbid products by stimulat- ing the lymphatic system; these are properly a subdivision of alteratives. Antipyretics.—Are agents which reduce high temperature of the blood, either by controlling oxidation or increasing the loss of heat. Bleeding.—If you bleed at all, bleed until the pulse runs down. Antiphlogistics.—Include all measures and medicines which educe inflammation either local or general. 34 NOTES ON POISONS AND ANTIDOTES. Antidotes.—Are agents which counteract the effects of a poison and render it inert.—They are divided into: 1. Chemical, which change the composition of the drug. 2. Mechanical, which surround the drug, preventing its ab- sorption, or protecting the tissues from its action. 3. Physiological, drugs administered with a directly opposite action to that of the poison, to antagonize its action, viz.: 1. For iodine we would give starch, which would form the iodide of starch, this is insoluble and inert. Give acids for alkalies and vice versa; examples of chemical antidote. 2. For corrosive drugs such as corrosive sublimate and other metallic and corrosive drugs, give white of eggs or any demulcent,. wash out stomach, etc.; examples of mechanical antidote. 3. Examples of physiological antidotes, for strychnine, give chloral hydrate, for aconite give digitalis and other heart stimu- lants, for digitalis give aconite, tannin, etc. Tannin is the great antidote for vegetable poisons, it pre- cipitates their active principles and forms the tannate of the re- spective alkaloids, rendering it insoluble and thus more or less in- ocuous, this should be followed by linseed oil to remove it, for the animal that can vomit, give an emetic and follow with the physiological antidote to combat the poison which may have been absorbed. For Poisonous Gas.—Fresh air, inhalations of steam, artificial respiration, together with stimulants and intravenous injections of ammonia. ANTAGONISTS AND INCOMPATIBLES. Antagonists.—Are agents which counteract each other. Incompatibles.—That relation between medicines which renders their admixture unsuitable, this may be either chemical, physiological or pharmaceutical. Chemical.—Reaction between drugs, resulting in new com- pounds. Physiological.—When a drug opposes the action of another. Pharmaceutical.—When an unsightly mixture results. 1. Stimulants antagonized by sedatives, alkalies and acids. 2. Never combine free acids with carbonates or hydrates. 3. Strong acids displace weaker ones, and should always be used alone. ‘Two or more soluble salts should in general not be VETERINARY: MATERIA MEDICA. 35 combined, they may form new compounds with different prop- erties. 4. Alkalies neutralize free acids, they displace weak or vola- tile bases of salts in solution. 5. Oxides of alkalies decompose the metalhe salts, also alka- line salts. 6. Alkaloids in solution are precipitated by alkalies, by alkaline salts, by salts that produce insoluble compounds, by tan- nic acid, by gallic acid and vegetable substances containing them. Remember that because a mixture is clear, it does not follow that no incompatibility or reaction has taken place; as substances in solution may be displaced without precipitation, the new product may be soluble in the solution. 7. Corrosive sublimate and potassium iodide should be pre- scribed alone; acetate of lead, subacetate of lead and nitrate of silver also, except the latter may be combined with opium. It is best to prescribe the following alone except when the result of the combination is definitely known; sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrocyanic acid, tannic acid, lime-water, tr. ferri. chloride, syr., iod. of iron, citrate of iron and quinine, tr. guaiac, salts of morphine, except with the alkaloids, Fowler’s solu- tion, and acetate of zinc. 8. Never order a drug in combination with any of its tests or antidotes. g. Never mix mineral acids with alcohol, they form ethers similar to chloroform. 10. Alcohol or water added to a tincture or fluid extract will throw it out of solution, but not necessarily prevent the physi- ological action. 11. Never mix glucosides as santonin, colocythin, ete., with free acids, or with a substance containing emulsin, as these agents will decompose it. 12. Corrosive sublimate is incompatible with almost every- thing, even compound syrup of sarsaparilla is said to decompose it. 13. Iodide of potash decomposes most of tne metallic salts; it is best administered alone. 14. Nitrate of silver, acetate and the subacetate of lead are incompatible with almost everything, but may be com- bined with opium, which though chemically incompatible, is therapeutically active as an astringent and anodyne. 36 NOTES ON 15. Tannic acid and gallic acid and substances containing them, as the astringent bitters, precipitate albumen, alkaloids and most soluble metallic salts. 16. Iodine and the soluble iodides are incompatible with the alkaloids and substances containing them, also with most me- tallic salts. 17. Poisonous compounds may be formed by mixing iodide of potash or syrup of iodide of iron with chlorate of potash. Potassium cyanide or dilute hydrocyanie acid, with calomel, bismuth salts, metallic hydrates, carbonates, subnitrates or sub- chlorides, form the poisonous cyanides. Never combine hydro- chloric acid and calomel as corrosive sublimate will be formed. 18. Explosive compounds result from mixing powerful oxi- dizing agents with others which are readily oxidized. Chief are as follows: Oxidizers.— Nitric and chromic acids, hydrochloric acid, nitro-hydrochloric acid, potassium chlorate, potassium _ per- manganate, iodates, nitrates, bichromates, and chlorates. Oxidizable or Combustible.—Glycerin, sugar, alcohols, oils, charcoal, ethers, sulphur, and sulphites, dry organic substances, phosphorus, iodine and turpentine. Nitrate of silver and creosote when mixed explode, also potassium chlorate and tannic or gallic acids, bromine and alcohol, alcohol and muriate of ammonia. Resinous Tinctures or Fluid Extracts.—Are pharmaceut- ically incompatible with aqueous solutions, they are thrown out of solution. Alcoholic Tinctures.—Are made with diluted alcohol or watery solutions. Infusions are generally made with metallic salts. Chloral and alkalies form chloroform. PRESCRIPTION WRITING. A Simple Prescription.—Is one that contains one drug only. A Complex Prescription.—Consists of several drugs: 1. The basis or principal active ingredient (curer). 2. The adjuvant or that which assists in action (helper). 3. Corrigens or that which corrects its operation (correcter ). 4. Constituents. —Vehicle of excipient, to give it an agreea- ble form (former ). Thus the object of every prescription is to cure quickly, safely and pleasantly. _ ‘. —* a | Te a q ee ee o A, vats ° : MASE, Leas: VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Ww “I Superscription.—Name of party, date and the sign k. Inscription.—Consists of the above subdivisions. Subscriptions. — Directions to the compounder, directions for administration of medicine, followed by the name of the pre- scriber. Signature. Write ingredients in Latin, and usually in the genitive case. When large dose is prescribed, underline or put after quantity. Don’t write a prescription from memory; know the individual dose and action of every drug. Abbreviations, words and phrases used in prescription writ- ing: K means take thou. Fiat, make. Bol. Bolus, large pill. M. Misce, mix. V. O. S., Vitello ovisolutus, dissolved Et. means and. in the yolk of an egg. Sig. Signa, liable, or write thus. Div., divide. Numerus, number. Ft., fiat, make. O. Octarius, a pint. Gtt. Guttee, drops. C. or Cong., Congius, gallon. Inj.. injectio, an injection. ‘Ter., thrice. M. ft., mistura fiat; let a mixture be Dies., diem, day. made. Q. S., Quantum sufficiat. Sufficient Pil., Pilula; pill. quantity. Destil, Destilla; distill. Ad., add, to make. Elect, Electuarum; an electuary. Bene, well. F. pil., Fiat pilulee, make pills. q. s. ad. quantity sufficient to make In. d., In. die.; daily. certain amount. Liq., liquor. a solution. Q.h., quaqua-hora, every hour. Pulv., Pulvis; powder. aa. ana. Of each. F1., fluidus, fluid. ad. lib., ad. libitum. To take at M., Minim, S. Semis, means half. liberty and as much as desired. S.S. Semi or Semissis meaus one-half. B. I. D., Bisin die. Twice daily. Cum, with. T. I. D., or T. D., 3 times daily, Ter Stat., statim, immediately. in die. Cola, strain. Q. D., quater in die; 4 times daily. Filtra, filter. P. w., Partes «equales, equal parts. 3 Drachm, dram. * Scruple. 5 Uncia, ounce. Remember, don’t give too large a dose. 1. Prescribe as few remedies as possible. 2. Prescribe no drug without knowing fully its action and how it acts. 3. Be careful that your prescription is correct and written plainly. 4. Becareful of abbreviations. 5. A maximum dose is the largest dose that it is safe to give. A minimum dose is the smallest dose which will produce the physiological action. If you are not sure of the dose, put 38 NOTES ON down a small quantity instead of a large one; and always think of antagonists and incompatibles. Abbreviations that may be mistaken: Ammon. may mean ammonia or ammoniacum. Ac. hydroec. may mean ac. hydrochloricum, or hydrocyani- cum. Chlor. may mean chloral, chlorum, or chloroformum. Hyd-chlor. may mean hydrate of chloral, or hydrargyri chloridum. Sulp. may mean sulphur, sulphas, sulphidum, or sulphitum. Zine-phos. may mean zinci phosphas, or zine phosphidum. These words should always be spelled out in full to avoid mistakes. In prescribing always take into consideration the size, age, species, race, habit, temperament, idiosyncrasy, disease and cli- mate in apportioning the dose of agents. The dose of most fld. exts. for a horseis about 1 dr. That excepts the powerful poisons, such as aconite. The dose of most powdered drugs is about 1 drachm, except the alkaloids. The dose of trs., except the poisons, about 1 oz. The hypodermic dose is about one-half the amount that is. given by the mouth. The dose per rectum is about twice as much as by the mouth. Doses.—One-half as much again for cattle as for horses; one-half as much again for sheep and goats as pigs; one half as much for cats as dogs. Horses, 1; cattle, 114; sheep and goats, 3; pigs, %; dogs, is; cats, az. Dogs take about the same dose as the human, but, consider the sizeof the dog. Pigs twice as much as the human. Sheep and goats three times as much. Horses 16 times as much. A teaspoonful represents about 3i- A dessert spoon, 3. A table spoon, about 3 ss- A wine glass full, 3 ti- Coffee cup, So * Sdemure VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 39 Tables for regulating the dose for young animals: HORSES. SHEEP. 3 years old and upward, 1 part. 2 years old and upward, r part. From 1% yrs. old to 3 yrs., %4 part. From I to 2 years old, 4 part. From g to 15 months old, 4% part. From % to I year, 4 part. From 4'%4 to 9 months old, ' part. From 3 to 6 months, ' part. From 1 to 45 months old, ,}; part. From I to 3 months, ;); part, CATTLE. PIGS. 2 years old and upward, 1 part. {s years and upward, I part. From 1 to 2 years old, 3 part. From g to 18 months old, 4 part. From 4 to I year, 4 part. From 43 to 9 months, 4 part. From 3 to6 months, \% part. From 23 to 44 months, } part. From 1 to 3 months, ,;4 part. From 1 to 2 months, ;; part. DOGS. From + to 1 year old, I part From 20 to 45 days, \% part. From 3 to 6 months, 3 part. From 10 to 20 days, ;; part. From 1+ to 3 months, } part. ACTIONS AND USES OF REMEDIAL AGENTS—RESTORATIVES. Regarding Food for Sick Animals.—When a sick horse re- fuses food, he will often drink milk and eggs. Use about one gallon of milk and one dozen of eggs beaten together, but with- hold water from him so he will drinkit, as the milk will act as water and food both. If he will not drink it, drench it down him. Oat meal gruel and whisky, scalded oats salted; green food when in season may be given. For sick dogs give bismuth to settle the stomach; eggs and beef tea peptonized for nourishment. Food for Very Young Puppies.—Give equal parts of cow’s milk and aqua calcis, sweetened a little. Never give clear milk alone to very young puppies, as their digestive organs get dis- ordered, possibly causing their death; let them nurse from a bottle. As they get older lessen the quantity of lime-water. Always water a horse from 15 to 20 minutes before feeding; likewise feed hay before grain, forif fed grain first the water may sweep the grain from the stomach before it is digested and cause acute indigestion. Grain is digested in the stomach and hay in the intestines. Agua DESTILLATA—Distilled Water.—Water freed from its organic and inorganic impurities. This alone is official. Aq. Fluvialis, river water. Aq. Fontana, well or spring water. Aq. Bueliens, boiling water. Aq. Communis, common water. Aq. Fervens, hot water. Aq. Marina, sea water. Aq. Pluvialis, rain water. 40 NOTES ON Diseases are frequently conveyed by water. Typhoid fever, epizootic disease, larval stages of worms, diphtheria, etc. Water will be considered only when used as a remedial agent. Internally.—1. Water is a necessary constituent of all tissues. 2. A certain amount is necessary to the digestive process. 3. Excessive quantity impairs digestion by weakening the gastric juices, therefore water one-half hour before feeding. 4. Water too cold impairs digestion and brings on conges- tion. 5. Water isa natural diuretic, flushing the kidneys as it were, and should be allowed freely to a feverish patient. 6. It also dilutes the faeces and other fluids of the body, increases perspiration, and acts as a stimulant. Physiological Effects of Water — External. —In applying water externally the temperature must be considered. Effects of Cold Water.—Cold water abstracts heat from the surface of the body and affects the condition of the internal or- gans through the nervous system. Cold water first contracts then dilates the blood vessels. Effects of Warm Water, Externally.— Dilates blood vessels— and diminishes the tension, soothes irritable nerves by a direct action, also by removing the blood pressure. SUMMARY.—Water internally, is: I. Stimulant; 2, restorative; 3, diuretic; 4, diaphoretic; 5, diluent; 6, antipyretic; 7, laxative; 8, In vomiting animals, water is an emetic. External.—Cold is: 1. Astringent; 2, Stimulant; 3, antiphlogistic. Externally.— Hot water is anodyne, very hot is a styptic, re- moves congestion and pain by increased flow of blood, which it does by dilating capillaries and other blood vessels. Methods of Applying Water.- For horses use sponging, fomentations, wet pack, soaking tub, sweat bandage, etc., and hip or sitz bath for dogs. Therapy.—1, For sprains use hot water; 2, bruises, hot; 3, cleansing wounds, hot; 4, azoturia, hot; 5, congestion of kidneys, hot; 6, brain trouble, hot and cold alternately; 7, metritis, hot; 8, heemorrhage or strangulated hernia, ice water; 9, for rectal ene- VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 4fL mas or injections, always use warm water; 10, laminitis, use hot and cold water alternately to stimulate the circulation, as the cold water contracts and the hot water dilates, consequently will relieve the foot of the congested blood, and follow with hot poul- tices of flax seed meal; 11, nail wounds inthe foot should always be soaked in hot antiseptic water, as hot as the animal can bear, and then follow with an antiseptic poultice; 12, hot wet blankets for bowel and chest troubles; 13, for uterine haemorrhage, ice water in the uterus and over the loins; for thermic fever, cold water over head and neck and occasionally over entire body. DIGESTIVE FERMENTS. PEPSINA—Pepsin.—A digestive ferment obtained from the pig’s stomach. Properties—A fine white or yellowish white amorphous (formless) powder, pale yellowish or yellowish transparent scales or grains free from offensive odor, having a mildly acidulous or slightly. saline taste, followed by a slight bitter taste. Soluble in about 100 parts water, but more soluble in water acidulated with hydrochloric acid, which adds to its digestive power. If heated in solution to 212 degrees F. it loses its diges- tive power. Preparations.— There are a number of pharmaceutical prepa- rations, but the pure pepsinis the only one of value, and the liquor pepsini is useful in dog practice. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Alkalies and the mineral salts precipitate pepsin from solution; tannic and gallic acids, creosote, etc., are incompatibles. Alcohol and all alcoholic liquors destroy the activity of pepsin. Synergists, lactic, hydrochloric, acetic, citric and malic acids promote the digestive activity of pepsin. Physiological Effects.—Pepsin dissolves proteids and con- verts them into peptones, but does not affect fats or starch. One grain of pepsin will dissolve about 2000 grains of albumen. Its value then is limited to young herbivorous animals while living on milk, as dogs. It should be given along with or after meals. Hydrochloric acid does more good than pepsin in our adult patients. Therapy. — For young herbivorous animals or dogs suffering from indigestion in any of its forms, (pot-bellied, diarrhcea, long, shaggy coat, or constipation, etc. ), pepsin is indicated. 42 NOTES ON Dose. — For foals and calves, to grains to one dram. For dogs, 1 to 10 grains of the golden scale pepsin. Liquor pepsin for dogs, 1 to 2 drachms. For indigestion in.suckling calves or colts: kK Pepsini puri. % Ss Acidi hydrochlorici diluti. 3 jss Aq. qs. ad. rsa] m Sig.—One oz. in 4 pint water after meals. Allied Drugs—PANCREATIN.—From the pancreas of ani- mals; digests albuminoids, converts starch and glucose into sugar, hence is better for our animals; acts only in presence of alkalies, it converts albumen into peptones, emulsifies and saponifies fats. Best administered about three hours after feeding, as the acid of the stomach destroys its action. Dogs take from 4 to Io grs. INGLUVIN.—Is prepared from the gizzard of the domestic fowl, and owes its digestive action to its bitter principle; it is used in vomiting of pregnancy. For women 10 to 30 grains, and in proportionate doses for dogs. FAPAIN-PAPAYOTIN.—This is obtained from the papaw or carica papaya tree of the tropics. As it is taken from.the tree it is too powerful a digestive to be given internally, but.a prepara- tion of it is called PArorb or PAPAIN. It is soluble in water, and is givenin 1 to 5 gr. doses for the human. Foals and calves would take 5 to 30 grs., and dogs 1 to 5 grains. It can also be given to horses. It acts equally well whether in presence of an acid or alkali, and its action is continued into the intestines. It digests all kinds of food, and is undoubtedly the best of the arti- ficial digestive ferments for our animals. A 5 to 10 percent solution, or % to 1 dr. to the 1 oz. of water is used to dissolve diphtheritic false membranes. It is also introduced into tumors and cancers for the purpose of di- gesting them. Sometimes it is used in fistulous withers in the ‘above strength. It is known as vegetable pepsin. It converts albuminoids into peptones, starch into maltose; and emulsifies fats. Acipum Lacticum, Lacric Acrp—Properties.—A syrup liquid containing 75 per cent of absolute lactic acid, pale wine color, and mixes in all proportions in water, alcohol and ether. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Alkalies and mineral salts. Synergist.— Pepsin, vegetable acids, hydrochloric acid, ete. a é Spat” Fh; wees2 ey VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 43 The dose for colts is 15 to 60 Ms.; calves, 388 to 3jss; for dogs, 5 to 20 Ms. Physiological Action.—Aids digestion, promotes appetite. Large doses cause pain and flatulence; when lactic acid is in ex- cess in the blood it is supposed to cause rheumatism; if admin- istered during diabetes will cause rheumatism. Therapy.—Used in all. forms of dyspepsia, is a solvent of false membranes, is frequently prescribed with pepsin and used in most forms of indigestion. Also used in diabetes. MINERAL ACIDS. AcIDUM SULPHURICUM, SULPHURIC AcID.—Oil of vitriol,con- tains 92.5 per cent of absolute sulphuric acid. Colorless, oily liquid, odorless, has a’great affinity for water and albumen. Mixing with water it evolves great heat. It is one of the strongest min- eral acids, decomposes and chars all organic substances, stains the tissues black, (carbonizes); therefore you can always tell when a horse has been poisoned with sulphuric acid. AcIpUM SULPHURICUM DiILuTUM, DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID. —Contains 10 per cent of official acid. (Always order the chem- ically pure acids. ) Doses.—Horses, 2 drs. to I 0z., according to purpose. Av- erage dose, 588s- Cattle—1 to4ozs. Pigs—™% to2drs. Sheep —Idr. to % oz. Dogs—3 to 30 M. AcipuM SuLPHURICUM AROMATICUM.—Aromatic sulphuric acid or elixir of vitriol, composed of sulphuric acid 100 parts, tincture of ginger 50 parts, oil of cinnamon 1 part, alcohol to make 1000 parts. Doses.—Horses, '% to 2 ozs.; foals, 2 to 6 drs.; pigs, 1 dr. to % oz.; calves, 2 drs. to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 4.0zs.; sheep, 2 drs. to 33, OZ; .dOes, 5 m. tot, dr. Alway give these acids diluted with 4o to 50 times their bulk of water. This is the best form in which to use sulphuric acid. Physiological Action.—It is a powerful caustic and eschar- otic, carbonizes, turns tissues black. It is also when diluted an astringent and antiseptic tonic, and in small doses an antidote for alkaline poisons. It is eliminated by the kidneys, and lessens the alkalinity of the urine. In the bloodit is turned into sul- phates and as such is eliminated; when diluted is astringent, both locally and internally, and checks secretions. Antagonists and Incompatibiles.—Alkalies and their car- 44 NOTES ON bonates, salts of lime and lead; antagonize all mineral acids, for their action is the same. Toxicology.—All mineral acids when swallowed in concen- trated form, immediately produce retching with vomiting, in those that can vomit, the material vomited is acid, often dark, viscid and bloody and contains shreds of mucous membrane, the lips, mouth, and fauces are red, inflamed and swollen, stained black if from sulphuric acid, yellow or tan if from nitric, and whitish or pale yellow if from hydrochloric acid. From irritation and swelling of the throat, breathing is difficult and death may ensue from suffocation, great abdominal pain, rapidly increasing prostration, and death in from 1 to 24 hours. Post-mortem ex- amination will show the characteristic stains of the different acids, erosions of mucous membrane which will also be soft, swollen and inflamed, and possibly perforations of the stomach. Death may be due to overcoming the alkalinity of the blood. Antidotes.— Alkaline bicarbonates, chalk or carbonate of magnesia, given in milk, in small quantities, at short intervals. Demulcents are subsequently administered, such as oil, slippery- elm tea, cream, ete. Trachzotomy may have to be performed where there is danger of death due to swelling of air passages. For sulphuric acid poisoning, 0 water should be given, but white of eggs or oil with above alkalies in them. Medicinal Uses.—Sulphuric acid is prescribed internally as a tonic and astringent, in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery, it is usually given with tincture of opium, in flour or starch gruel, and is given in purpura hemorrhagica with other tonics, such as cin- chona, nux vomica, ete. In ulcerated sore throat give about 5ss to 3i of the dilute acid to a pint of water; it arrests excessive perspiration, corrects gastric derangement and diarrhoea in milk feed animals and whey feed pigs. Also use for hemorrhoids, and antidote for poisoning by lead, carbolic acid, and alkalies. For diarrhoea and dysentery: K Ac. Sulphuric Aroim. Tr. Opii. Spts. Camph. aa. 3 vj- m. Sig.—14 ounce every 2 hours in % pint flour gruel. Local Uses. —To touch up ulcers, gangrene, remove warts, hemorrhoids, fungus growths, mild wash in itching skin disease, '4 ounce, to water 1 pint. Sulphuric acid penetrates deeper into. Bie dy Pas 44 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 45 the tissues than nitric acid; when used externally always grease the surrounding space to prevent scalding the healthy parts and removing the hair where it runs down. AcIDUM HybDROCHLORICUM, HyDROCHLORIC ACID—MURI- ATiIc Acip is the common name.—Properties; a liquid composed of 31. 9 per cent absolute hydrochloric acid, 68. 1 per cent water. It is a fuming colorless liquid of a pungent suffocating odor, an intensely acid taste and reaction. Official Preparations.—Acidum hydrochloricum dilutum 10 per cent strength; acidum nitro-hydrochloricum or aqua regia, full strength is composed of nitric acid 180 parts, and hydro- chloric acid 820 parts. ACID NITRO-HYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM OR DILUTE NITRO- MURIATIC acid has 4o parts of nitric acid, 180 parts hydrochloric acid and 78o parts of distilled water. NITRO-MURIATIC ACID DILUTE, is a colorless or faintly yel- low liquid, odorless or having a faint odor of chlorine, very acid and reaction. Dose of the full strength is % to 2 drs. but is not taste usually given in full strength. Dose of acidum hydrochloricum dilutum.—Horse, 2 drs, to 1 Oz. average % oz; cattle, 3 drs. to 1% ozs; pigs, 10 to 30 Ms; dogs, 3 to 20 Ms. Dose of dilute nitro-hydrochloric acid.—Horse, 2 to 4 drs; cattle, 3 to 6 drs; pigs, 10 to 20 Ms; dogs, 3 to 10 Ms. These acids should be diluted with 4o to 50 times their bulk with water. Physiological Actions. —- Corrosive and irritant in concentrated doses, in medicinal doses are astringent, antiseptic, tonic, and antidote for poisoning by alkalies. They stimulate the appetite and digestion. They are excreted withthe urine, diminish its alkalinity. Topically, these acids are caustic. The effect of hydrochloric acid on the secretions differs from that of sulphuric and nitric acid. Sulphuric acid checks the se- cretions, while nitric acid increases it, but hydrochloric acid does neither. Their tonic effects and antidotes are the same. Therapy.—Hydrochloric acid is used in sore throat. It quenches thirst by reflexly evoking secretion of saliva, thus moistening the mouth. Like other acids it stimulates the mucous, intestinal and other alkaline secretions. It is the special acid of the gastric juice. It aids digestion and is principally used for 46 NOTES ON this purpose. It overcomes acidity of stomach when administered before meals, as evinced by animals licking walls, especially white-washed walls, eating dirt, etc. It is useful to give young calves or foals which are digesting their food in an indifferent manner and scouring. Where there is an over secretion of acid it should be given before meals. For other forms of indigestion it is best given after feeding. It sometimes acts as a vermifuge, especially with iron. It actsonthe liver andis used in low fevers. Externally. —It is used on warts, as an antiseptic for wounds, foot-rot in sheep, and occasionally asa styptic. The dilute hy- drochloric acid is very useful for dissolving diseased bones as in cracked jaws; keep applying the acid until the loose fragment of bones become loose enough to be removed either by the hand or forceps. Nitro-muriatic acid is especially useful for torpidity of the liver and intestines. It being tonic and stimulant to the skin, liver and intestinal glands. It is used in chronic hepatitis and certain cases of pneumonia; where the conjunctiva is yellowish, showing that the liver is torpid, also used in chronic diarrhcea and scouring, when due to dyspepsia (intestinal ),and is often ad- ministered in any of the forms of indigestion. It isthe acid most used for internal administration, besides the aromatic sulphuric acid. It should always be made up fresh, and the dilute nitro- muriatic acid used. For hepatic or enteric influenza: & Quin sulph 5 i. Tr. Ext Nucis Vomiica, 3 1. Tr. Capsici 5 ilj- Ac. Hydrochloric dil. 3 iv.ss. m. Sig.—14 tablespoonful in water every three hours. Acipum Nirricum—Nirric Acrp.—Common name aqua- fortis. Properties, a colorless fuming very caustic and corrosive liquid of a peculiar somewhat suffocating odor, and a strong acid taste and reaction, contains 68 per cent absolute acid. The full strength acid is seldom given. Acidum Nitricum Dilutum—Dilute Nitric Acid.—It is 10 per cent strength. Doses. —Horses, 2 drs. to 1 0z.; cattle, 4 drs. to 2 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 30 m.; dogs, 3 to 20 m. 4 ys 7 . ' # % OWity * i, iw : eee a Lt Sits! Oe VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 47 Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Toxicology and antidotes, the same as all other mineral acids. Physiological Action.—Irritant and corrosive, especially de- structive when used in concentrated solution. It leaves a tan yellow or brown stain on the skin. It is an oxidizing agent, and is especially used as a hepatic stimulant and tonic. Therapy.— Useful in horses convalescing from influenza and other debilitating disease; also in torpor of liver. Externally it is used on warts, chancres, ulcers, fungus and malignant growths to remove hardened and thickened skin, as in mallenders and sallenders, as a caustic in poisoned wounds, foot- rot, caries, etc. When used for this purpose, protect the sur- rounding tissues by greasing. Freely dilute with water; it abates itching of nettle-rash (1 in 200). AcIbDUM PHOSPHORICUM—PHOSPHORIC ACID. — Full strength is 85 percent acid, colorless, sour syrupy liquid. Dilute acid 10 per cent. Itis not so corrosive as other mineral acids and is thought not to be so apt to derange digestion as the others when long continued. It is a nerve tonic, anti-phosphatic, aphrodisiac and anti-febrile. Very useful to stop thirst of diabetics. It is given in febrile disease as a tonic and refrigerant, in nervous dis- eases, jaundice, dyspepsia, ete. Dose - For horse, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; dogs, 2 to 30 m. It is often prescribed as a tonic combined with nux vonica, Tr. chloride of iron, gentian, or any of the stomachics. k Acidi phosphoric dil. Biv. 85: Fl. ext. nucis vomica, 2 eiSS- Tr. ferri chloridi % vj: Fl. ext. gentian rad. q. s. ad. 3 xxiv. m. Sig.—2 oz. 3 times daily in 3 to 1 pint water. Recapitulation of Mineral Acids.—They are: 1, sulphuric; 2, hydrochloric; 3, nitric, and 4, phosphoric, with their combi- nations of aromatic sulphuric acid and nitro-muriatic acid. They are all escharotics, abstracting the water from the tissues, com- bining with the bases, destroying the protoplasm, and are very diffusible. Sulphuric carbonizes, stains tissues black. Nitric stains tan or yellow. Hydrochloric, leaves a whitish film. Nitric promotes secretion. Sulphuric lessens secretion. 45 NOTES ON Hydrochloric does neither. Nitro-hydrochloric acid acts especially well in treating dys- pepsia, as it combines the action of both acids, aids stomach di- gestion by virtue of its hydrochloric acid mainly. Aromatic Sulphuric Acid.—Is especially good in indigestion, accompanied by diarrhoea on account of its astringent action and the aromatics which it contains. To the mouth of ducts having an acid secretion, they check the flow, to those of alkaline secretion they promote it. Fermentation is stopped bythe mineral acids. | Bowels are constipated by sulphuric, and relaxed by nitric acid. As they are synergistic to pepsin they at first aid digestion, but if continued long they lessen the production of gastric juice and so impair di- gestion. Given before meals in small doses they relieve exces- sive acidity of the stomach, by checking production of the acid gastric juice. Poisoning by them is treated by alkalies as carbonate or bi- carbonate of soda, magnesia, chalk, and soap, to neutralize the acid. Empty the stomach first (when possible) then give demul- cents as oil, albumen, milk, etc. to protect the mucous surfaces. If prostrated give stimulants, ad aq. ammon. intravenously, etc. Do not use water in antidotal agents for sulphuric acid. Therapy in General.—They are used in: 1. Atonic dyspepsia, best treated with hydrochloric acid after meals; also combined with pepsin. 2. Acidity of the stomach, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids before meals. 3. Low fevers, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids. 4. Oxaluria, nitric, or nitro-muriatic acids. 5. Chronic liver disorder, nitro-hydrochloric acid. Diarrhcea and dysentery, when with profuse secretions, use the sulphuric or aromatic sulphuric acid with opium. 7. Lead poisoning, give sulphuric acid to form sulphate of lead which is insoluble. 8. Heemorrhoids or piles, use sulphuric acid. 9. Hemorrhage of uterus, sulphuric acid dilute. 10. Hemorrhage of purpura hemorrhagica, sulphuric acid 11. ‘Thirst of diabetes, phosphoric acid. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 49 Local Use.— Ulcers and growths, nitric acid full strength; applied with glass rod. Diseased bone, dilute hydrochloric acid. The average dose of all the mineral acids.—Horse, 2 to 4 drs.; cattle, 3 to 6 drs.; sheep and pigs 10 to 30 M.; dogs, 3 to 10 M. These are for the dilute acids which are prepared for internal use. OILS AND FATS. 1. ADEPS LARD.—Used as base for ointments. A lubricant, emollient and demulcent, and an antidote for poison, of any caustic substance, also for horses and dogs, in chest and throat diseases; applied hot. When you want a substance to penetrate, use lard as it is easily absorbed by the tissues. 2. ADEPS BENZOINATUS, BENZOINATED LARD.—Use as base for ointments, lard 1000 parts, benzoin 2c parts. 3. ADEPS LANA Hyprosis, LANOLIN. —Purified fat of the wool of sheep, mixed with not more than 30 per cent of water. It will absorb its own weight of water, is very penetrative and does not get rancid. Good lanolin should be white or nearly so, most of the lano- lin in this country is a dirty yellow, owing to its impurity. It is used asa base for ointments when the medicine is to be absorbed. It also allays the itching of skin diseases, especially when combined with sub-nitrate of bismuth. 4. SEvuM, SuET.—Abdominal fat of sheep. It is used as a bas2 for ointments when they are wanted to be stiff. 5. OLEuM AMYGDALA ExPRESSUM—ALMOND OIL.—A fixed oil obtained from the sweet almond. It iscombined with other drugs in itching skin disease. 6. OLEUM THEOBROMATIS. —Common name, CACAO BUTTER. It is the oil from the kernels of the fruit of the theobroma cacao, used as a base for suppositories. 7. OLEUM OLIv4!—OLIVE OR SWEET O1L.—Used as a demul- cent, emollient and laxative. It isa solvent for iodoform. 8. Oxvgum GossyPIISEMINIS --COTTON SEED O1L.—A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of cotton and subsequently purified. 50 NOTES ON It is used as anutrient and tonic; also used instead of olive oil. K Olei Sinapis, A: Aq. Ammon. Fort, 3 1. Ol. Gossypii- Sem. & iv. m. Sig.—Apply externally for chest and throat disease. It is the best counter-irritant to use in pneumonia, as it does not remove the hair; the oilcan be used the same as cod-liver oil, as a laxative, nutrient and tonic. The seeds in the south are used to fatten cattle. g. PETROLATUM ( VASELINE OR COSMOLINE ).—A semi-solid substance, yellowish, fat-like mass, obtained from petroleum, rock- oil or coal-oil. It is used as an emollient, and as a base for oint- ments. It has some antiseptic properties, and is used as a pro. tective as well as a healing agent. 10. OLEUM Morruvu& - Cod Liver Oil. — A fixed oil obtained from the fresh livers of codfish; has a pale yellow color, is official and said to be the best for nutritive purposes. Cod-liver oil is often adulterated with the oil of other fish. Action and Uses. — Nutrient,tonic and alterative; on account of its biliary constituents is easily emulsified and digested. It is indicated in all cases of malnutrition and where digestive or- gans are weak; also in animals recovering from debilitating dis- eases, Strangles andinfluenza. It is good in catarrh and bron- chitis, as it appears to furnish suitable material for repair of the inflamed mucous membranes. Like other oils it relieves broken wind, and is given to the human in consumption. It is particularly used for the smaller animals. It isgivento dogs and cats during distemper, also in eczema, epilepsy, chorea, rickets and chronic rheumatism. Avy- erage dose for animals: Horses, 2 ozs.; sheep, 1 0z.; dogs, 1te 4 drs.; cattle; 2 tow OZS, > Pigs 25 20.1 OZ.7- Cats Edn, Give two to three times daily. LINUM, FLAX OR LINSEED.—1. LINI Farina, flax-seed or linseed meal. 2. OLEUM LINI, expressed oil of linseed. 3. LINSEED CAKE, oil cake, used as food. From the stem of the plant we get lint andtow. ‘The seeds crushed, ground and under hydraulic pressure yields linseed oil. "The residue is called linseed or oil cake and is a valuable article of food for horses and cattle. Linseed oil for medicine should always be used raw. ea mae Nts as a ; VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 51 Action and Uses.—It is nutrient, tonic, laxative, emollient and demulcent. Linseed meal and the cake are valuable food stuffs, in small quantities. It is 2'4 times as fattening asstarch or sugar. It causes the coat to become slick and glossy and induces shedding in the spring, but is very heating in summer. Linseed gruel is a good food, being palatable and easily di- gested, for horses, cattle and sheep, not only good in health, but in debilitating diseases, also in chronic skin troubles. It acts in such cases both as food and medicine. In febrile diseases horses will often sip or drink cold linseed tea (2 ounces to 1 pint of water) when they will not touch any- thing else. When a patient is exhausted, the linseed tea is given with milk, eggsand whisky. Horses that are bad feeders, having harsh, scurvy skins, or being affected with roaring, thick wind or heaves, are usually much benefited with linseed in some form. Give about one pound of the cake daily. For young herbivorous animals living on skim milk, it is a valuable adjunct, furnishing the requisite fatty matter. A mucilaginous demulcent, or a decoction in the proportion of about 1 to 20zs. to apint or 1% pints of warm water, is use- ful in irritable conditions of the throat, alimentary canal, kidneys and bladder; also in poisoning by irritants and corrosives and as a vehicle for nauseous and acrid medicines. The oil may be used for the last two. For linseed poultices, take the best grade of linseed meal, pour hot water over it until it becomes pasty. Char- coal and antiseptics are often mixed with it. When used asa poultice on the foot in nail pricks, always put on a poultice that will cover the-whole foot. LINSEED-O1L.— Cannot be used as a diet on account of its be- ing too laxative; it is laxative in small doses, but in large doses produces copious discharges of feeces, having a distinct linseed-oil smell. The oil is also emollient, soothing, and softening to in- flamed and indurated surfaces. For burns and scalds the well known CARRON OIL, composed of equal parts of linseed oil and lime-water, cannot be surpassed. This oil is also used as a vehicle for acrid medicines and to act as a protective to the alimentary tract in poisoning or corrosive drugs, also tosweep them out. As a laxative it usually produces tolerably full and softened evacuations, without nausea, griping 52 NOTES ON or superpurgation and with a decided odor of the oil. It is the best physic to administer to pregnant animals and in irritable conditions of the bowels; also in cases of influenza, purpura and other debilitating diseases, where the usual purgatives would be too severe, irritating and exhausting. It is also used as an enema; 2 to 4 ozs. of the oil or meal given daily in mash often suffices to maintain the bowels in a relaxed condition throughout febrile at- tacks, where there is a tendency to constipation. An ounce or two of oil given daily often relieves broken wind in horses. It is the best purgative for all young or weakly animals. Equal parts ol. lini and castor-oil is very effectual for dogs. Asa lubricant and emollient the oil relieves choking. The oil mixed with Goulard’s extract makes a good dressing in scaly skin disease. kK Liq. Plumbi Sub. Acet., 3 ii, to iv. Oleum Lini, Oj. This is a fine mixture for skin disease, scratches, grease or cracked heels. Dose as a full cathartic.—Horse, takes 1 to 2 pints; asa lax- ative, % tor pint; cattle, 2 to 4 pints; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 ozs.; dogs, % to 3 ozs.; cats, 1 dr. It may be fed to horses mixed with bran mash, also to foals and calves in proportion to their age. PHOSPHORUS. A translucent nearly colorless solid, resembling wax, with- out taste but having a peculiar smell. It should be kept under water ina cool place and protected from the light, for when brought into the air it bursts into a flame. It tS insoluble in water, but very soluble in olive-oil and ether, also soluble in most all the oils. Dose.—Horse, % to 2: or even 4 grs,; cattle, 1 to 5 grs.; sheep and pigs, about 1-100 gr. to 1-50 gr.; dogs, 1-200 of a gr. 10/1 -100 2F- Always start with the smallest dose and gradually and cau- tiously increase the size. Give it in some protective vehicle, as an electuary or dissolved in oil, vaseline or glycerin. Synergist.—Oils and fats favor its absorption and should never, therefore, be employed in case of poisoning with phos- phorus. Arsenic is a synergist and sulphur also. we Pat be re gine tes (ahaa a) Ae VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 53 Antagonists and Antidotes.—In case of poisoning, empty the stomach with emetic or pump, and administer mucilaginous fluids but No oils, use milk, eggs, slippery elm tea, and oil of turpentine, but the best is sulphate of copper, which acts as an emetic, and forms insoluble phosphide of copper. Give lime- water and charcoal to protect the tissues. Physiological Action.—It is an alterative in bone diseases as it promotes the growth of bone. Antirachitic, aphrodisiac, a brain and nerve tonic, irritant, promotes tissue growth, replaces spongy texture of bone with denser or more compact tissue, and stimulates the central nervous system. Uses.—It is indicated in osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, chronic nervous exhaustion, chorea, pernicious anemia, sexual weakness, and locomotor ataxia. It is a most potent drug in threatened softening of the brain. It is sometimes used instead of arsenic in chronic skin disease, but arsenic is the best. It is sometimes used in paralysis as a local irritant; but I do not rec- ommend it for this. Phosphorus 1 part, olive oil roo parts, as an irritant. It is recommended in osteoporosis. Toxicology—Externally.—It inflames the skin and may even cause gangrene. Internally will cause gastro-enteritis, diarrhcea and emesis (in those that can vomit), 15 -grs. in horses and cattle cause gastro-enteritis. Large doses, such as 30 grs. in horses and cattle, and % to 1 gr. in dogs and men, produce paresis, con- vulsions, coma and death, usually within 2 or 3 days. Paralysis of the heart may cause sudden death. Moderate to full doses repeated several times daily may within a few days produce fatty degeneration of the albuminoid tissues or hypertrophy of connective tissues and acute cirrhosis. Persons working in match factories or with phosphorus constantly are liable to suffer from necrosis of the lower or upper jaw. Slow phosphorus poisoning will cause cirrhosis of the liver. In_ pois- onous doses it destroys the red blood corpuscles, causing acute heemorrhages from fatty degeneration of the arterial walls, fatty degeneration of the stomach, liver and heart, with deep jaundiced condition, sometimes within 36 hours. ‘Thisis followed with de- lirium, convulsions, coma, and death generally from gradual fail- ure of both respiration and circulation. It is excreted by the kidneys and lungs, chiefly as phosphorus and phosphoric acid. 54. NOTES ON COMPOUNDS OF PHOSPHORUS. ZINCI PHOSPHIDUM—-PHOSPHIDE OF ZINC.—Dose for horses, 1 to 3 grs.; dogs 1-50 to 1-30 of a gr., or 1-10 gr. for very large dogs. This preparation is irritating and must be administered with a demulcent the same as phosphorus. It is used by some instead of phosphorus. It occurs as a gray, friable mass, with metallic luster, and contains 24 per cent phosphorus. : OLEUM PHOSPHORATUM—PHOSPHORATED OrL—Prepared by dissolving phosphorus in ether and almond oil, 1 part of phosphorus to 100 parts of the menstrum. Each 100 drops of phosphorated oil contains 1 grainof phosphorus. Dose for horses, 1 to 3 drs.; sheep and pigs, ro to 30 m.; cattle, 2 to 4.drs.; dogs, 1 to 3 m. This is a good form for administering phosphorus for rickets. in dogs: ) kK Ol. Phosphoratis, mxvj. Ol. morrhue, % iv. M. Sig.—vTeaspoonful four times daily. PILULE PHOSPHORI—PILLS OF PHOSPHORUS.—Each pill con- tains about 160 of a grain. A good form for administration to sheep, pigs and dogs. One to three pills for dogs. PHOSPHITES AND PHOSPHATES. CALCII PHOSPHAS PRHECIPITATUS—PRECIPITATED PHOS- PHATE OF LIME.—Known as bone phosphate, a light, white, amorphous powder, permanent in the air, odorless, tasteless and insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in lactic or hydrochloric acid in small quantities. It is given in fracture of bones to hasten process of repair; also in osteoporosis or any disease where the» growth of bone is desired. It must be given in small doses or it may cause calculus. Doses.—Horses 2 to 4 drs., or even 1 0z.; cattle, % to 2 ozs.; colts 1 to4drs.; lambs, ro to 30 grs.; sheep and pigs, 1% to 2drs.; calves, 2 to4 drs.; dogs, 5 grs. to % dr.; given along with other tonics. If an ounce is given at a dose don’t give it over twice a day, asa large dose is apt to derange the bowels and produce concretions. Sopir PHOSPHAS—PHOSPHATE OF SODA.—Large, colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, speedily efflorescing on exposure to air. That is, it loses its water of crystallization and becomes. ets : VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 55 somewhat changed. It is odorless and has a cooling, saline and feebly alkaline taste and a slight alkaline reaction. It occurs also and is best used in the form of a granular salt. Soluble in six parts water at 60 F., andin two parts of boiling water. Dose—Horse, 3 to 10 ozs,, except when you in- tend to repeat it as a laxative. One-half to 2 ozs. every 2 hours to relieve hepatic colic, for which it isa most excellent drug. Give foals and calves 1 dr. to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 3 drs. to 1 oz.; dogs, 1 dr. to 1 oz. Used more especially in young animals suffering from de- ranged liver; also the effect of being weaned, improper food and whey fed animals. Syrvurvs Cancn LAcrornosrtatis—Svrvur or Lactro PHOSPHATE or Lime.—Useful in weakly young puppies as it is already dissolved and easily absorbed. Dose, 5 Ms, tor dr, 4 | times daily. Lactic acid makes the phosphate of lime much more : soluble. Physiological Actions.—In general they are used as altera- tives and nutrients in disease of malnutrition. Phosphate of lime is an essential ingredient of all the tissues, forming more than §0 per cent of bone giving it solidity. It increases the alkalinity of the blood, and slightly diminishes the excretion of urine. Used especially where the development of the bone is imperfect, also in osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, caries, necrosis of bone, in delayed union of fractures. It hastens repair of fractures and diminishes the formation of bone calloses, prolonged suppura- tion, anszemia, and chronic diarrhcea. Tue Puosrnatr or Sopa.—Acts similarly on the blood and urine, increasing secretion, especially that of bile, being an excel- lent hepatic stimulant, it is used in hepatic colic in horses, due to congestion of liver, jaundice, sclerosis of the liver and in constipa- / tion due to lack of biliary secretion. Difference Between a Phosphide, a Phosphate, and a Phos- phite: A phosphide is formed by direct union of phosphorus with a base. A phosphate is formed by the union of phosphoric acid with a base. ; A phosphite is formed by the union of phosphorus acid with a base, A base may be soda, zinc, copper or any other substance. Dee in. an ie ~ Sis ~ 7 ' . e ~ ca A» o ‘ Ry) Pee > 56 NOTES ON Whenever a salt ends in ‘‘Ipk’’ it is formed by the union of an element with a base,(thus iron oxide, iron and oxygen, iron phos- phide, iron and phosphorus, etc.) Whenever a salt ends in ‘‘aTE’’ it shows the union of an acid ending in “‘ic’’ with a base. (Thus, iron phosphate, iron and phosphoric acid, iron sulphate, iron and sulphuric acid, etc.) When the salt endsin ‘‘rTR’’ it is composed of an acid ending in ‘‘ous,’’ and a base (thus, sodium sulphite, sodium and sulphurous acid. ) IRON AND ITS PREPARATIONS. As there are 42 official preparations of iron, and 7 or 8 more unofficial preparations, quite a few of them are impracticable for use in veterinary practice, consequently we will give only those which are practicable for our use. "They nearly all have the same action only to a different degree. Some are more irritating than others and some have special actions due to other drugs combined with the iron. FERRI CARBONAS SACCHARATUS.—A greenish gray powder, odorless, having at first a sweetish, slightly ferruginous taste. It is only partly soluble in water. Doses.—Horse, 1 to 3 drs.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 ers.; dogs 3 to 10 grs.;_ It is used when the stomach is irritable. FERRUM REDUCTUM—REDUCED IRON—POWDERED IRON.— Doses, human, 3 to6 grs.; horse, 1 to 3 drs.; dog, 1 to 5 grs. Itis used on account of its being non-astringent and non-irritating to the stomach. FERRI SULPHAS—SULPHATE OF IRON.—Known as copperas, bluish gray crystals, which on exposure to the air, effloresces and changes its color, is wholly soluble in r and % times its quantity of water. It is also called green vitriol and copperas. Dose, a little more than the exsiccated sulphate. It is an astringent, heematinic (blood tonic) and disinfectant. On account of its efflorescing tendency, it should be kept in bottles with glass stoppers. FERRI SULPHAS EXSICCATUS—DRIED SULPHATE OF JRON.— A greenish white powder soluble in water with the exception of a small residue. It is the best form of powdered iron, used in veterinary practice for large animals, except when the stomach is irritable, then the milder preparations, such as the carbonates, are preferable. Se i as ie v y is i VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 57 Dose.—Horses, % to 1 dr.; pigs, 5 to 15 drs.; lambs, 1 to 4 grs.; colts, 10 to 15 grs.; cattle, 1 to 1% drs.; calves 10 to 20 grs.; sheep, 8 to 20 grs.; dogs, % to2 grs. Syrupus FERRI Iopip1.—A yellowish or greenish yellow liquid with a sweet, inky taste. Dose.—Horse, 1 to 2 ozs.; dogs, ro m. to 1 dr. Given where you want the combined action of iron and . . . . me . . &. iodine. Action: Tonic, alterative, diuretic and emmenagogue. FERRUM OxIDUM HyDRATUM—HYDRATED OXIDE OF IRON Used internally and only as an antidote for arsenical poisoning. It has a reddish brown color, should be administered in the form of a soft mass, and must be made up fresh. Human dose, a table- spoonful every 5 or 10 minutes until the symptoms of poisoning have subsided. TINCTURA FERRI CHLORIDI—This is a solution of chloride of iron in alcohol, with some free hydrochloric acid. Dose.—Horses, 2 drs. to 1 0z.; sheep and pigs, toto 30 ms.; lambs, 3 to ro ms.; cattle % to 1% ozs.; calves, % to 2 drs.; dogs, 2 to 20ms. All the preparations of iron should be diluted with water or oil; this is the best liquid preparation of iron for our use. Powdered forms of iron should be diluted with some non-irritating powder. FERRI PHOSPHAS—PHOSPHATE OF IRON.—Occurs in hright green, shining scales. Dose.—Horse, 1 to 3 dts.; sheep, 10 to 30 grs.; pigs, 5 to 20 gts.; puppies, %4 to 3 grs.; colts'15 grs. to 1 dr.; lambs, 2 to ro grs.; dogs, 5 torogrs. It is soluble in water. Most often pre- scribed in anzemic, rickety young animals. Syrupu Ferri, Quinine et Strichnina Phosphatum—Syrup of Phosphate of Iron, Quinine and Strichnine.— Contains «'s gr. of strychnine to 1 fluid drachm of syrup, 123 grs. quinine and 1% of iron phosphate. It is a very good general tonic for dogs and other animals. ‘The dose for dogs varies from '%4 to 2 drs. LIQUOR FERRI SULPHATIS—MONSEL’S SoLuTIon. —A solu- tion of sulphate of iron, sulphuric and nitric acids. Itis an ino- dorous, syrupy liquid of a ruby red color, having an extremely astringent taste, somewhat caustic and mixes with water and 58 NOTES ON alcohol in all proportions without decomposition. This is used almost entirely for external use as an astringent or styptic. FERRI SUBSULPHATIS—MONSEL’S POWDER.—It is used as a styptic. FERRI ARSENITE—IRON AND ARSENIC.—Prescribe your own in proper proportion, as: RK Tr. Ferri Chlor. Liq- Potas. Arsen. aa. 3 xii. M. Sig.—3 1. T. I. D. in Aqua 1 pt. As internal treatment, particularly before and after trephin- ing for catarrhal discharges. FERRUM DIALysatuM.—Useful in Arsenical poisoning. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Iron is incompatible with acids and acidulous salts and vegetable astringents. The tincture of the chloride of iron can be combined with acids, but is incom- patible with alkalies as lime-water and magnesia. Synergist.—All agents promoting constructive metamorpho- sis are synergistic to iron; as food, the simple aromatics, and as- tringent bitters, cinchona, manganese, bismuth, etc. Physiological Actions.—In general, metallic iron is dissolved in the acids of the stomach, enters in combination with them and (although inert as pure iron) acquires molecular activity. The iron is partly absorbed by the stomach, probably as an albuminate, and partly in the intestinal canal. The stools become brownish and even black, dueto the iron, which has not been taken up by the system and is thus eliminated; this is especially shown where larger doses than necessary are administered. Iron is not a foreign substance to the organism, it being constantly present in the blood, gastric juice, chyle, lymph, bile, pigment of the eye, and traces of it in the milk and urine. In man there is 1 part of irou to 230 red blood corpuscles, and in cattle 1 to 194 red globules, as (oxide). It exists either in combination or as metallic iron, (opinions differ), in the heematin, (coloring matter of the blood). That it performs a very important part is shown in the rapid con- struction of red globules when iron is administered in anzemia, without it heematin is not formed, and red globules diminish in number. By its medicinal use we furnish to the blood a material which it needs. The physiological action of iron is not limited merely to the construction of red blood. It also promotes the ap- petite and invigorates the digestion, when there is no intolerance to its presence in the stomach. By increasing the disposition for VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 59 food and the ability to dispose of it, iron acts as a stomachic tonic, consequently when given in the healthy state or when adminis- tered for too long a_ period during disease, the gastric glands be- come exhausted by over stimulation, then it is said that the iron disagrees. Being a restorative its use is contra-indicated in a condition of plethora (fullness of the blood vessels). In large doses the soiuble preparations of iron give rise to nausea and vomiting, some of them possess more or less toxic activity. The iodide and chloride, nitrate and sulphate are the most active. Alarming symptoms, or even death may result from over doses. Extreme doses will produce gangrene of stomach and intestines. Certain of the salts of iron, as the sulphates, nitrates and chlor- ides, possess a high degree of astringency, hence they produce constipation, when taken internally. When brought into contact with the blood, they coagulate it, forming a tough brownish magma, and as the albuminous elements of the tissues are also solidified, they are powerful hemostatics. Iron is eliminated chiefly by the intestinal route, partly by the liver into the bile, thence into the intestines, some by the kidneys also. ‘The tincture of the chloride, being especially diuretic. Summary.—Iron in general is a hzematinic, stomacliic. styptic, astringent or haemostatic. The tincture chloride in addition is diuretic. The sulphate is in addition vermicide. The iodide is alterative and resolvent as well as tonic. THE Syr. FERRI BROMIDI is sedative as well as tonic in nervous diseases. A drug used in combination with iron may modify or en- hance its action. Therapeutical Application.—Iron arsenite has been used in chronic skin diseases for emaciated patients in about the same doses as arsenic, but the best way is to prescribe iron and arsenic combined as: ‘Tincture chloride of iron and Fowler’s solution in proper dosage. Citrate of iron and quinine conjoin the tonic properties of its components, and is used for dogs and small ani- mals. It is best to prescribe proper doses of each. Dose of Ferriet quinine citratis for dogs, 3 to 6 grains. The phosphate of iron is serviceable in disease of bone, dia- betes and nervous exhaustion. Especially good for delicate dogs 60 NOTES ON and thriftless foals, when they are said to be weak in the bones, osteoporosis and other bone diseases. For colts 2 or 3 years old: kK Ferri Phosphatis, 3 iss. Calcii Phosphatis priecip, 3 iii. Pulv. Nuc Vom., 3 Vi- Pulv. Gentian Rad., 3 iss M. Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig.—1 powder 3 times daily. Rickets in puppies. RK Iron Phos., grs. iiss. Lime Phos., grs. Vv. Nux. Pulv., QTs. SS. Gentian puly. rs. ii. M. Sig.—For one dose. THE SACCHARATED carbonate is staple, non-irritating to the stomach, and especially suited to dogs. It has the same uses as the sulphate. It is also used for the other animals when the stomach is weak: The Sulphate of Iron.—Used locally as an astringent, and internally as a haematinic and tonic in anemia. It improves the appetite and abates exhausting discharges in nasal gleet, leucor- rhoea, atonic torpidity of bowels. Prescribed with aloes; also in the same way for intestinal worms. Combined with iodine it is the best prescription for diabetes insipidus: kK Sulphate of iron, 4 i. Resublimed iodine, 3 i. M. Sig.—Give twice a day. It is also used in early signs of liver rot in sheep. Chorea and epilepsy when with anzemia, are benefited by iron. Combine iron and arsenic for chorea, septiczemia, pyeemia and all forms of blood poisoning, as pupura heemorrhagica, scarlatina, etc., with quinine. The tincture chloride is prescribed in blood poisoning. In red water of cattle, after bowels are freely opened. In convalescence from debilitating diseases it isa valuable tonic, conjoined with other remedies as nux. quinine. etc. Such diseases as influenza, lung diseases and chronic catarrh should be followed with iron and other tonics. Representative prescription for general tonic. kk Ferri. Sulph Ex., % 1. to iss. Quinine Sulph., 3 ss. Pluv. Nucis Vom., 3 iss. Gentina Rad. 3 iii. Pot. Nit. 3 iss. M. Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig.—One powder 3 times daily. Iron Iodide.——Is used when an alterative as well as a tonic eA ¥ 5 a ¢ i aa See ta ae TR. “ pte Bete ri VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 61 action is desired. Besides being used for the same purpose as sulphate, it is given to promote the absorption of glandular en- largements in young and weakly animals, and in swelling of the joints. It is useful in polyuria or diabetes insipidus, also nasal gleet. THE TINCTURE CHLORIDE of iron acts as a hematinic tonic, antiseptic, astringent, styptic, diuretic and local irritant or caustic. It is serviceable in most cases in which the sulphate is recom- mended. Itis used in atonic dyspepsia and for the removal of intestinal worms, in relaxed and sore throat, in proportion of 2 to 4 drs. to every pint of water for animals. kK Tr. Ferri Chlor. 5 ss. Pot. Chloratis, 3 1. Glycerini, % ii. Aqua qs. ad. Oj. M. Sig.—3 i. every two or three hours as a gargle for sore throat. Also used in anzemia and in blood poisoning combined with quinine. It also promotes absorption of inflammatory material when associated with debility and anzemia. It is the most ser- viceable preparation of iron for influenza, purpura and scarlatina, as it has a tonic effect on both the blood and arterioles. In these cases it is prescribed with turpentine, quinine and oil. It is used in rheumatism in weakly patients alternated with salol, salicylic acid or salicylate of soda. Also used as an astringent and stimu- lant for the genito-urinary mucous membrane. The tincture being excreted by the kidneys, is preferred to watery solutions. It is particularly suited for distemper and rheumatic lameness in weakly dogs. Iron alternated with arsenic is useful in chorea, also in chronic diarrhcea, epilepsy, erysipelas, albuminuria and diphtheria. Externally.—It is an antiseptic, astringent and styptic. It coagulates albumen. Diluted with 6, 8, or 10 times its quanity of water, it is used for uterine hzemorrhage, and is occasionally injected into fistulous openings. Iron is regarded as a specific for erysipelas. It is given both internally and used externally. 1 oz. to r pint of oil injected into the rectum will destroy and bring away rectal worms. Monsel’s solution and powder are used almost entirely to check hemorrhage. Pour it on the wound or apply with a sponge. FERRI OxipuM HypRATUM is used internally as an antidote for arsenical poisoning, must be made up fresh and given in a 62 NOTES ON soft condition. ‘The dose for the human is ™% oz. every 5 or 10 minutes. Add aq. ammonia 8 parts to a solution of sulphate of iron ro parts, which will precipitate the iron from the solution, then strain through a cloth, you then have hydrated oxide of iron. Administration of Iron.—The fluid preparations should be freely diluted; the solid preparations should be combined with protectives or inert remedies, either in powder or pill form, or with stomachics as gentian rad. Iron causes less gastric irri- tation, and enters the blood more readily if given with or im- mediately after meals. In anzmia it should be given in in- creased doses. Overcome constipation by giving, when neces- sary or combining iron with laxatives as linseed oil. MANGANUM-MANGANESE. This drug and its salts are inferior to iron. The only prepa- ration of importance is, Por. PERMANGANAS—PERMANGANATE OF PoTasH.—Needle shaped crystals of a deep purple color; soluble in 20 parts cold waterand three parts boiling water, the solution having a deep purple or rose color, according to the amount of salt in solution. Distilled or boiled water should be used. Dose—Horse, % to 1 dr.; pigs, 3 to 6 grs.; cattle, 1 to 1% drs.; dogs, % to3 grs. It is seldom used internally, but has been administered as an alterative and febrifuge; externally it is used as a deodorant, astringent and antiseptic; itis very powerful in its action. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Salts of lead, silver, mer- cury and the caustic alkalies are chemically incompatible. They decompose the alkaloids. Action and Uses of Potassii Permanganas.—It is a power- ful oxidizing agent and readily yields up its oxygen in the form of ozone; hence it is an antiseptic and deodorizer. Full strength it is a mild caustic. Diluted it is astringent. It isused to deodorize and disinfect foul smelling wounds, the nostrils in ozeena, nasal gleet, the mouth in apthe, throat when ulcerated, diphtheria, the uterus in metritis, and retention of placenta, also to cleanse hands or instruments. It is some- times used internally in flatulence, erysipelas, puerperal fever and septiczemia. It has been used successfully as a remedy for bites of poisonous snakes and other animal poisons, used locally ; rears Boe) eta be, VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 63, and internally. In the human it is used to promote the menstrual flow. Used in cancers, caries ulcers, abscesses, etc., and in foul smelling sheaths of horses. Strength for veterinary purpose, 1 drachm to % oz. tor pint of water. It is adminis- Ve tered by the mouth or hypodermically for morphine poisoning. When given for this purpose the amount of the antidote should equal that of the poison taken. Asan eye-wash use about 1 to 2000 or I to 1000 solution. THE REMEDIES PROMOTING CONSTRUCTIVE METAMORPHOSIS previously considered, are constituents of the body. Those now to be discussed act indirectly, by stimulating the organs concerned in blood making. BISMUTHUM SUBNITRAS—SUBNITRATE OF BISMUTH—A heavy white powder with a faintly acid odor and taste, insoluble in water. Is the only one used in veterinary practice to any ex- tent. Dose.—Horse, 1 to 4 drs., or even I 0z.; dogs, 3 to 20 grs. BISMUTHI SUBCARBONAS—CABBONATE OF BISMUTH.—Insolu- ble. Same character, dose and uses as the subnitrate. BISMUTHI SALICYLATE, used mostly as dressing. BISMUTHI SUBIODIDUM, used only asa dusting powder for wounds, ulcers, etc. Where an antiseptic and stimulant are re- quired, it is said to be very good. BISMUTHI ET AMMONIA CITRAS.— Soluble in water. BisMUTHI CrTRAs.— Insoluble. Physiological Action.—The insoluble preparations, as the subnitrate and subcarbonate promote the appetite, increase the digestive power, and cause a gain in body weight. They are somewhat astringent and retard intestinal movements and _ pro_ duce constipation. As they are insoluble, or nearly so, they pass down the intestinal tract and are converted into sulphides causing the faeces to become a dark slate color. Toxic symp- toms arise from the adulteration of bismuth with arsenic. They are astringent, antiseptic and sedative to mucous membrane and abraided skin. The subnitrate is the salt chiefly used. It allays irritation in dyspepsia, vomiting, and gastro-intestinal catarrh, or irritation from any cause, by virtue of its medicinal and mechani- cal action. It is used to relieve itching and burning of abraided skin and in skin diseases. For diarrhcea use bismuth and opii 64 NOTES ON combined. Being insoluble bismuth forms a coating over the bowel. For itching skin diseases in dogs, the following prescription is recommended: k Bismuthi subnit. 355 ii. Lanolin, 31, M. Sig.—Apply when necessary. For Vomiting in dogs: & Ac. Carbolici, m iii. Bismuthi subnit, % i. Tr. opii camph., 5 ss: Glycerint, 3 SS. Bismuth is best administered in milk. ARSENICUM OR ARSENIUM—ARSENIC—(NOT USED IN MEDICINE. ) ActpuM ARSENOSUM, ARSENOUS AcID, also called Arsenicum Alba. This is dispensed as a heavy white powder. It is soluble in I to 100 parts cold water, and 1 in 20 parts boiling water; always stir in, while boiling. Shot is a mixture of metals containing 2 per cent of arsenic, and it is from the arsenic that benefit is de- rived in giving shot to a horse for heaves. Dose of the arsenous acid.—Horse, 1 to 6 grs., cattle, 2 to 8 grs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 grs.; dogs, «x to #0 grs. Give well diluted. ARSENI IopipuM, IopIDE oF ARSENIC.—An orange red, crystalline, solid, soluble in 7 parts water, used as an alterative in skin diseases. It enters into Donovan's solution. Dose. — Horse, 2 to 6 grs.; pigs, 7+ to 34 grs.; dogs, sy to ~ grs. Give well diluted with some inert substance. Liquor Acipi ARSENOsI—Solution of Arsenous Acid.—The strength of all are about the same. This contains 4.56 gers. of arsenicto theoz. It is about the same as Fowler’s solution, but more irritating and less reliable. Dose.—Horse, 2 to 6 drs., % oz. 3 times a day is the average dose. LIQUOR ARSENI ET HyDRARGYRI IopIbI, known as Downo- VAN’S SOLUTION.—1 oz. contains about 4™% grs. (4.56) each of iodide of arsenic, and red mercuric iodide. It is an alterative in — skin diseases, and should be kept in a dark place, and not used VETEEINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 65 if decomposed; that is if color is changed to a yellowish red and the odor of iodine is apparent. Dose.—Horse, 2 drs. to 1 oz.; pigs, 15 to 45 Ms.; dogs, 2 to 10 Ms.= 1% oz., is the average dose for a horse given 3 times daily. Liquor Porasstt ARSENITIS— FOWLER’ s SOLUTION—This is the preparation most commonly used. A solution of potassium arsen- ite, contains arsenous acid 1 part, potassium. bicarbonate 1 part, compound spirits of lavender 3 parts and distilled water 95 parts. Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to 1 0z.; cattle, 4% to 114 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 45 Ms.; dogs, 2 to 10 Ms. Average dose for horse ™% oz. usually given 3 times daily in drinking water or bran mash. Liquor Soptr ARSENATIS.—A solution of arsenate of soda, known as PEARSON’S SOLUTION, about the same strength as Fowl- er’s Solution, 4% grs. to the oz. but itisless active. Dose about double that of Fowler’s Solution. It is better to administer ar- senic in solution than to give the solid arsenous acid, and Fowl- er’s Solution is the best; Donovan’s Solution may prove effica- cious in chronic skin troubles, where other preparations will not benefit, also in nasal catarrh. Give small doses at first and then increase, unless very small doses are taken for its action on the stomach, to increase appetite and digestion by virtue of its irri- tant properties. Arsenic had better be administered after meals and well diluted in water or bran mash. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—The salts of iron, magnesia, lime, and astringents, are chemically incompatible. The hydrated oxide of iron, or as it is also known, HYDRATED SESQUIOX- IDE of iron, freshly made and in soft magma is the antidote to arsenic. Give dogs from '% to 1 tablespoonful every 5 or Io minutes. From 8 to 20 grs. of the antidote are required to each grain of arsenic swallowed, (when it can be determined). The stomach should first be evacuated, and then give the antidote, and follow with demulcents as oil, milk and mucilaginous drinks. Also give diluents, as weak alkaline water. Iodide of Potash should be administered to promote elimina- tion of the arsenic. In absence of the antidote, chalk, magnesia, and lime-water may be freely given. "These agents act mechani- cally by enveloping the poison and preventing absorption. Dialysed iron is said to be quite efficacious as an antidote in doses of 5 to 15 Ms. for dogs. 66 NOTES ON Synergists are all those agents which promote constructive metamorphosis. Physiological Actions— Gastro-intestinal and pulmonary tonic, a stimulant and alterative, acting especially on the digestive and respiratory mucous membranes and skin. It is antiperiodic and tonic; also antispasmodic, in nervous diseases and is a nervine tonic. In large doses it isa corrosive irritant poison, killing either by gastro-enteritis, or nervous paresis. Continued doses cause fatty degeneration. On account of its being a stomachic tonic small doses promote the appetite and digestion. Large doses inflame the stomach and derange digestion. It increases the cardiac action, respiratory power, and secretion of intestines. In man it stimulates the mind and sexual appetite, and causes rotundity of form and fair skin. It also increases peristalsis. When toler- ance is established large doses are taken with impunity. Externally.—Arsenic is very painful and excharotic, ex- citing violent inflammation. It is a caustic, antiseptic, and para- siticide, and is frequently used as a sheep dip. It is eliminated chiefly by the kidney, skin and saliva and in the milk of nursing animals. MEDICINAL USES. It should not be given in acute diseases. It is given asa general tonic after debilitating diseases, particularly when the lungs are involved, as in pneumonia, bronchitis and pleurisy. Arsenic combined with the feed is beneficial in stocking of the legs. As for its use in dyspepsia, other remedies had better be resorted to. It assists in the removal of worms. Useful in chronic diseases. of air passages, as influenza. Relieves irritable chronic coughs, and roaring in early stages, as well as thick and broken wind, and heaves. As an alterative modifying tissue change, it is prescribed in early stages of tuberculosis, chronic rheumatism, chorea and epilepsy. It prevents periodically returning fevers. In anzemia it increases both red and white blood corpuscles. Action on the Skin.—Administered internally it stimulates the dermis and hastens the removal of epidermal cells; hence it is useful in all chronic skin diseases, as chronic eczema, scab, mange and warts. ‘To remove warts that sometimes come on the muzzle of horses, give internally and apply locally Fowler’s solu- tion full strength locally. In malarial disorders use: oe ay) sn Rants \ re aie” gi y. ‘wal eae | x ee a ; Vos pu, coats ¥ a VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 67 kK Fowler's solution, ze Ss. Compound Tr. Cinchona, 3 1. M. Sig.—53 i. one dose. Repeat 3 or 4 times daily. In skin diseases use Donovan's or Fowler’s solution or acidum of arseniosi and sulphur mixed in the feed. Useful in- ternally in successive crops of boils and in urticaria. Externally.—The white arsenic or arsenous acid is used to slough out tumors, fistula, etc., but it is too painful. Prof. Williams recommends it in foot-rot. The affected sheep should be slowly driven through a trough containing a tolerable strong solution of arsenic. It is used for sheep to destroy ticks. In this way animals are sometimes poisoned, as it drips on the grass and other animals eat it. It is usedto harden and dry specimens. TOXICOLOGY OF ARSENIC.—Full medicinal doses if long con- tinued, cause cedema and itching of the eyelids, increased flow of saliva, nausea, vomiting of mucous, diarrhoea or dysentery, weak heart, soreness to the touch over region of the stomach, itchy skin with small eruptions, jaundice and albuminuria. In long continued doses it diminishes oxidation, decomposes albuminoid tissues and produces fatty degeneration; also impairs the glyco- genic functionsof the liver. /z toxic doses it causes two different sets of symptoms. Ist. Gastro-enteritis with shivering, retching, vomiting, thirst, straining, purging, with blood stools, violent colicky pains, quick weakened cardiac action, suppressed or bloody urine, strong and hard pulse at first, but gradually gets small, reduced temperature, general cedema, delirium, collapse, coma and death. 2nd. Inthe nervous form the first thing noticed is pro- found coma, like that of opium narcosis. Coma comes on sud- denly without any gastro-intestinal symptoms. Chronic Arsenical Poisoning.—Is common around tin and copper smelting work. The symptoms are indigestion, thirst, wasting, chronic disease of joints and bones, the knee joints swell, the animal gets lame, and hide-bound, hair falls off, skin gets scurfy, teeth get black and fall out and necrosis of the bones occurs. POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES. Stomach inflamed, mucous membrane reddened, softened, thickened and ulcerated in patches, ecchymosis. Sameis formed in the intestines, according to the size of the dose. 68 NOTES ON Lungs congested, mucous membrane reddened. Genito-urinary organs congested and inflamed. Fatty degeneration of intestinal organs, especially liver and kidneys, same as in phosphorus poisoning. In chronic poisoning the body becomes dry and mummified (embalmed), general fatty degeneration. BITTERS. Bitters are divided into simple and aromatic. The aromatic bitters contain tannic and gallic acids, besides aromatic constituents, and are therefore more or less astringent. The special bitters are eucalyptus, hydrastis, cinchona, ete., which will be treated of separately. Ist. Simple bitters contain no tannic and gallic acids, and can be combined with iron. QUASSIA contains a crystallizable bitter principle, neutral in re- action. It is made from chips or shavings from a tall tree, 70 to. 100 feet high that growsin Jamaica. Preparations: EXTRACTUM QuASSI4a—Extract of Quassia. Dose.—Horse, 20 grs. to 1 dr.; dogs, 4% to 2 or 3, and even 5 ers. TINCTURA QUASSI# —Tincture of Quassia. | Dose.—Dog, Semis £0. dt EXTRACTUM QuaAssi# FlurpuM —Fluid Extract of Quassia. Dose.—Horse, % to 1 oz.; dog, 2 ms. to % dr. Besides its internal use it is used as an infusion for rectal worms; 2 to 4 ozs. to the pint of warm water. GENTIANA is the most used in veterinary practice; it con- tains no tannin, or so little that it can be combined with iron, and is an excellent stomachic tonic. The dose of the extract is the same as quassia. TINCTURA GENTIANA Composrta—Compound Tincture of Gentian. Dose.—Horse, I to 4 ozs.; dogs. 4 to1 dr. POWDERED GENTIAN RADIUS (root. ) — Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to 10z.; sheep and pigs, % to 3 drs.; dogs, 5 to 20 ers. Remeners GENTIANA Scare ~—Fluid Extract of Gen- tian... Dose.— Horse, % to 2 ozs.; sheep, 2. to 4° diss piesa A idrst;2dogs, 15) ins. to 1 dx. CALUMBA OR COLUMBA.—This is aed a good stomachic. We have the tincture of calumba and fluid extract of Calumba— Extractum Calumbee Fluidum. epee bn VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 69 Dose of the fluid extract, horse, % to 2 ozs.; sheep, 1% to 6 drs.; pigs, 1 to 4 drs.; dogs, 5 ms. to1 dr. Dose of powdered Columba the same. AROMATIC BITTERS. SERPENTARIA VIRGINIA—VIRGINIA SNAKE Rootr.—We have an extract of serpentaria and a fluid extract. EXTRACTUM SERPENTARIA FLurIpuM.—Fluid Extract of Serpentaria.—Dose—Horse, 2 drs, to 1 oz.; dogs, 10 to 30 ms. Actions—tonic, stimulant, expectorant, diuretic and em- menagogue. PRUNUS VIRGINIANA—WILD CHERRY BARK.—Used a great deal in the human as an expectorant. Contains tannic and gal- lic acids. EXTRACTUM PRUNI VIRGINIANA FLUIDUM—FLUID ExTrRacr oF WILD CHERRY. Dose.—Horse, % to 2 ozs.; dogs, 15 ms. to. 1dr. SYRUPUS PRUNI VIRGINIANA?.—Doses.—Dogs, % to 2 drs. Actions—tonic, stomachic, astringent, sedative, and reduces expectoration. Uses, catarrhal conditions and nervous coughs. CASCARILLA, contains cascarillin, tannic acid, volatile oil, etc. Used as a tonic, stimulant and carminative. Dose of powdered bark.—Horse, 2 drs. to1 oz.; dog, 10 to 20 grs.; calves, 2 to 6 drs.; pigs, 1 to3drs.; lambs, 5 grs. to 1 dr. Good for calves and pigs that are fed on whey and suffer from dyspepsia. ZINGIBER—Ginger.—Used as a stimulant and carminative in colic; also to promote appetite and aid in digestion, as a local stimulant and rubefacient. TINCTURA ZINGIBERIS—EHSSENCE OF GINGER.—20 per cent strength. Dose.—Horse, ™% to 2 0zs., I oz. average dose, cattle double; sheep 1% drs. tor oz.; pigs1 to 2 drs.; dogs, 15 to 30 ms. EXTRACTUM ZINGIBERIS FLurpuM—Fluid Extract of Gin- ger. Dose.—Horses 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 2 to 10 ms. PuLVIS ZINGIBERIS — Powdered Ginger.—Dose.—Horse, 2 drs. to I 0z.; pigs, 15 grs. to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 grs. Small doses as a stomachic. CAPSICUM—RED PEPPER—CAYENNE PEPPER. 70 NOTES ON ExTrRactum Capsicr FLurpum — Fluid Extract of Capsicum. Dose.—Horse, 1 dr. to % oz.; dog, 2 to 20 ms. TINCTURE CApsici.—Dose.—Horse, 2 drs. to 2 ozs.; dogs, 5 to 30 ms. Dose of powdered Capsicum same as of the fluid extract. There is also an OLEO RESINA CAPSICI. Physiological Action.—Capsicum is a local irritant, vesicant, hot pungent, acrid in taste, produces a warm sensation in the stomach and body, stimulates the heart and is good in flatulent colic. PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF BriTreRs.-- The simple bitters increase appetite and aid digestion, thus promoting constructive metamorphosis. ‘They increase mucous secretion, flow of saliva and gastric juice. They also increase the gastric mucous; their continued use will cause gastric catarrh and interfere with diges- tion. The aromatic bitters have similar properties and in addition are carminative. ‘They have a local stimulant action on the ali- mentary canal, due to the volatile oil, which they all contain; as well as decided astringent qualities, from their tannic and gallic acids. THERAPY, Dyspepsia—Convalescence.—To promote appetite, aid digestion and relieve acute and chronic flatulence, and bron- chial catarrh, give prunis virginis, and give quassia internally and by enema for ascarides vermiculares, (or pin worms). EucALyptTus.—Leaves of eucalyptus globules; Australian or blue gum tree. ‘Tincture eucalyptus is not official. EXTRACTUM HUCALYPTI FLuripuM - Fluid Extract Eucalyp- tus. Dose.— Horse, % to 2 0z.; dog, 15 Ms. to 1 dr.; ¥% of this dose is sufficient as an expectorant. OLEuM Eucatypri - Oil of Eucalyptus. Dose.—Horse, 1 to 4 drs., dogs, 2 to 10 Ms.; In diluted alcohol, milk or oil. Composition. — Contains a peculiar resin, of 3 different res- inous bodies; a volatile oil consisting of eucalyptol, terpene, and cymol, tannic acid, and a crystallizable fatty acid. EUCALYPTOL is most important of all the constituents, and is now official; is a neutral body obtained from the volatile oil of eucalyptus. Dose.—Horse, 1 dr. to 1 0z.; dog, 5 to 30 Ms. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Alkalies, mineral acids, salts of iron, mercury, lead, zinc, etc. are chemically incompatible. ives Ho Chas orhy hi VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Gjs All waste producing agents are therapeutically incompatible. Synergist.—’The simple and aromatic bitters including cin- chona, hydrastis, etc. Camphor, turpentina, cubebs, copaiba; es- sential oils and substances containing them are synergistic and promote the action of eucalyptus and can be prescribed with it. Physiological Action—Eucalyptus has a warm, aromatic bitter and camphoraceous taste. It is sialagogue, stomachic, and car- minative, slightly laxative, cardiac stimulant, antiperiodic; (as it passes out of the body, it increases the activity of excreting channels, chiefly the respiratory mucous membrane, and the kidneys); is diaphoretic, diuretic and expectorant; disinfectant and antispasmodic. Miasmatic districts are rendered healthy by the growth of the tree. Therapy.—As a gargle, inhalation in catarrh of nose, throat or bronchi; used in strangles, influenza, purpura in horses, blood poison of animals, in distemper of dogs, combined with qui- nine; used externally wherever an antiseptic is indicated. Inject diluted in nasal gleet. In Tetanus.—Useful internally in chronic stomach troubles, but not in inflamed conditions, chronic catarrh of air passages, es- pecially with excessive secretion. In chronic catarrh of bladder it is highly recommended in human. Hyprastis. — The parts used in medicine are the rhizoma and roots of Hydrastis Canadensis. (Yellow root or golden seal). EXTRACTUM HypRASTIS FLUIDUM—Fluid extract of Hy- drastics. Dose.—Horse, 2 drs. to 1 0z., average dose % 02.; dog, 2 Ms. to % dr. Dose of powdered Hydrastis the same as the fluid extract. Fluid Hydrastis is an aqueous preparation, used generally in man—in gonorrhcea.—1 to 4. There is also a tincture and a glycérite. HyYDRASTRININ® HyprocHioras.—Is the hydrochlorate of an artificial alkaloid derived from hydrastine, the alkaloid of hydrastis. Dose.—Dogs, % to5 grs.; horse, % dr. to 5% ozs. Composition.—The active principle is hydrastine, which is different from the hydrastin of the eclectics; it also contains berberine. Antagonists and Incompatibles.— Alkalies, tannic and muri- 72 NOTES ON atic acids are chemically incompatible. They precipitate ber- berine from it. Synergist.—Vegetable tonics in general. Physiological Action of Hydrastis.—It acts like the simple bitters, promotes appetite and aids digestion, increases nutrition, and stimulates secretion, especially of intestines and liver. It is a stomach tonic, laxative, slightly diuretic and hepatic stimulant. Locally it is an antiseptic and astringent. /z poisonous doses it acts like strychnine, but less powerful, and requires the same antidote. It is a convulsant and paralyzer. It is also said to promote uterine contractions, and has some power as an antiperi- odic. The alkaloid is a motor stimulant. Therapy. Useful in conjunctivitis, nasal gleet, leucorrhcea and gonorrhcea; in 10 to 20 ms. of fluid extract to the ounce of distilled aqua. One drachm of the fluid hydrastic to one ounce of distilled water is useful as a gargle for sore throat. Equal parts of fluid extract of ergol and fluid extract of hydrastis is useful in ulceration of the uterus, vagina, and in eversion of rec- tum. Useful internally during convalescence after debilitating diseases, as influenza and distemper, or wherever a bitter tonic is indicated, as in dyspepsia, chronic gastric catarrh, catarrhal jaun- dice, constipation from deficient secretions, chronic nephritis and chronic cystitis, fissure of teats, and cracked heels; in full strength also said to be useful in excessive sweating in 1% ounce to 1 drachm doses twice daily. CINCHONA AND ITS PREPARATIONS. Cinchona is the bark of a tree, the Cinchona Calisaga, and contains at least 5 per cent of its’ peculiar alkaloids, of which not less than one-half should be quinine. Doses of powdered cinchona bark.—Horses, 2 to 4 drts.; cattle, 1 to 2 ounces; sheep and pigs, 1 to 4 drs.; dogs, 10 grs. to Peat. Preparation of Cinchona. CrncHoNna Fava, (yellow cin- chona). This contains the most quinine. EXTRACTUM CINCHON#%.—Dose—Horse, 15 grs. to 2 drs.; dogs, % to Io gts. EXTRACTUM CINCHON# FLurpuM.—Dose—Horse, 2 drs. to 3,0zs.; dogs, 10 ms. to 1 dr. 7 . | | ha oe A eas RoE Ne SA RP =f oag Beie® ria es VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Vie: There is also a tincture and infusion, but the dose is too large for our use. CINCHONA RuUBRA—Red Cinchona.—Preparation, Tinctura Cinchonze Composita. Dose—Human, 1 to4 drs.; dogs about the same; dose too large for horses and cattle. ALKALOIDS OF CINCHONA. QUININE SuLpHAS—Sulphate of Quinine.—Occurs in white, silky, light and fine needle shaped crystals, soluble in 740 parts cold water and 30 of boiling water, and 65 partsof alcohol. Very soluble in acidulated water, especially the sulphuric acid greatly increases its solvency; 1 minim of the dilute sulphuric acid for each grain of quinine. Hose.— Horse, 15 prs.)to--25drs:; colts; 4 grs.:to..4, dr.; cattle, % dr. to % oz.; calves, 20 grs. to 2 drs.; sheep, 20 grs. to 1dr.; lambs, 1 to 20 grs.; dog, % to 5 grs. Don’t repeat oftener than every 3 hours. The bisulphate of quinine is soluble in 10 parts of water. Dose same as the sulphate. QUININ® Hypro Bromas.—This is bromate of quinine. It does not produce the head symptoms or ringing in the ears that sulphate of quinine does. Dose about the same as sulphate of quinine. TANNATE OF QUININE.—Used in the human, also in whey fed animals. Dose about the same as sulphate of quinine. CINCHONINE SuLpHAS.—Hard, white, lustrous, prismatic crystals, odorless, very bitter taste, soluble at 59 F. in 66 parts water and 10 parts. alcohol. Dose about 3 times that of quinine. Composition.—Cinchona contains 4 principal alkaloids, and some 20 odd isomeric or synthetic alkaloids even 40 are mentioned, besides it contains 2 simple acids, and 2 tannic acids; the most important alkaloid is quinine, which is most abundant in the yellow bark. Red cinchona contains the most tannin. The 4 chief alkaloids are quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchoni- dine. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Tannic acid, iodine and preparations of iodine, form insoluble compounds with cinchona alkaloids. The alkalies, alkaline carbonates, and alkaline earths precipitate them from solutions. This holds good for ail alkaloids. The waste producing agents are also antagonists. 74 NOTES ON Synergist.—All those agents which promote constructive metamorphosis, as the bitters, iron, arsenic, and mineral acids. Physiological Actions.—Cinchona is an astringent, bitter tonic: In its astringency only, does it differ from the action of its alkaloids, which are tonic, antiseptic, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiphlogistic, antimiasmotic, stomachic, and antiferment, also diminishes reflex action. I gr. to I oz. prevents development of organisms; 2 grs. to I oz, prevents putrefaction and decomposi- tion. The alkaloids are rapidly diffused and slowly excreted, being found in the urine 15 minutes after administration, and for 3 days afterwards. At first they promote appetite, digestion, flow of saliva and gastric juice, but long continued they derange the stomach and bowels. Action on the Heart.—Small doses stimulate the heart; large doses (2 drs. to 1 oz.) depress it. On the Brain.—The brain is exhilarated by small doses and depressed by large ones. On Spinal Cord.—Reflex function of spinal cord is lowered by large doses. Spleen.—Large doses reduce the size of the spleen; the temperature in fever is lowered, although it does not affect the temperament of a healthy animal. It checks oxidation and les- sens protoplasmic and amceboid movement. It is also said to be a uterine stimulant. On the Body in General.—Small doses stimulate; large doses depress. Tissue change is diminished by it. How it Reduces Fever.—Probably by virtue of its antisep- tic properties; also by increasing the size of red blood corpus- cles. It prevents them from giving up their oxygen to a certain extent, and diminishes the number and movement of the white blood corpuscles. Medicinal Uses.—The bark and its alkaloids are used as _bit- ter stomachics and tonics to improve the appetite and stimulate digestion. Checks abnormal gastro-intestinal fermentation, and is used in atonic indigestion. Quinine sulphate with nitro- muriatic acid dilute. Weakly foals and calves with relaxed bowels are bene- fited by quinine sulphate and arom. sulphuric acid. mye” Ric Gare, eee Dee ie ea eae Let an Maamecls rite | Ay vy nae AN VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 35 During convalescence and for debilitating diseases, as a gen- eral tonic, the following prescription is useful: kK Quinine sulph., % iii. Ferrisulphasex., 3 1. Gentian rad., 3% iii. Puly. nucisvom., 3 iss. Pot. nit. pulv. 3 ii. M. Ft. chart No. 12. Sig.-—One powder three times daily. In Anzemia.—Give quinine sulphate with tincture ferri chlor. or other iron preparations. It is serviceable in septicaemia and pyzemia, influenza, strangles, purpura and other febrile diseases, especially of germ origin. In puerperal metritis of cows and ewes; also in distem- per of dogs it isof great benefit, and probably the best medicine known in malarial diseases. Give 1 drachm dose every four hours of Quinine sulph. for horses. Rheumatism—Quinine Sulph. with salol, salicylic acid or salicylate of soda is sometimes injected hypodermically for sciatic rheumatism, For rheumatism the following is indicated. kK Quin. sulph. 5 i. Pulv. bellad. fol., 3 ij. Sodii. salicylatis, 3 1 Puly. cimicifugee, 3 il. M. Ft. chart No, 12. Sig—One powder every four hours. Chorea.—With other tonics, as cod-liver oil, iron, bitters, nux vomica, strichnine, arsenic, etc. Quinine is useful in solutions as an antiseptic for wounds, used as a spray or gargle in relaxed or diphtheric throats. ‘Qui- nine is indicated in tetanus. In colds and catarrhal affections use the following prescription: RK Quinine sulph., 3. Pulv. Opii, % ij. Pulvy. ammon. carb 5 ij. Pulyv. camphoree. Bul M. Ft. chart No. 12. Sig.—One powder mixed with syrup every 3 hours. Quinine is used to prevent and allay surgical fever. In ery- sipelas quinine combined with iron is the best treatment. It is also used in periodic opthalmia, pneumonia, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis; also used to dress seatons, for atrophy of muscles, etc. In cystitis a 2 per cent solution for irrigation of the bladder. 76 NOTES ON Frescriptions containing quinine, for catarrhal fever where fever is high. K Quin. sulph, | 5 Vj: cae Acetanilid, 3 1j-—3 Uy. Spts. aeth. nit., 3 vj. Spts. vini rectif. 3 xij. M. Sig.—3 iss. every three hours in half pint water. For fever and debility: K Quin. sulph., Bite Spts. vini rectif, 5 xij. M. Sig.—3 i every 3 or 4 hours in 3 v. or 3 vi. water. For ema fever. kK Quin. sulph. Si: Acid sulphurici dil., 3 j. Aq. qs. ad.,. % xij- M. Sig.—3 i. every 3 or 4 hours. AGENTS PROMOTING DESTRUCTIVE METAMORPHOSIS or in- creasing waste, most commonly called waste producers. Alkalies.—Comprise salts of potash, soda, lithium and am- monia. Alkalies are directly opposed to acids. They increase acid and diminish alkaline secretions when given '% hour before meals. In dyspepsia, due to excessive acidity, the result of undue fer- mentation, administer '% hour to an hour after eating. The al- kalies and salts alter osmosis in animal membranes and promote both the action of the bowels and kidneys; they increase the al- kalinity of the blood, encourage oxidation, produce waste, and promote other alterative effects. POTASSIUM. Potash and its salts are protoplasmic poisons when used long enough and in sufficient concentration, are more soluble, more readily absorbed and diffused, but are also more quickly excreted than sodium salts, are also more powerful irritants. In large doses they act as irritants to the gastro-intestinal tract. The circulation is generally depressed by potassium salts; but after small doses, the primary depression of the pulse rate and arterial pressure is followed by a rise of both. Large doses cause a rapid fall of blood pressure and pulse rate, consequently they are cardiac depressants. If injected into a vein they will paralyze the heart. Antagonists and Incompatibles of all Alkalies.—The alkalies and their carbonates are incompatible with acids and metallic sonny aN Ate * sis re oh ny Ay ike 2 as: bie “ oy Peatsetns sy emg | > * ph ity eure VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. ri salts. They decompose the alkaloids of vegetable drugs. Never prescribe with the alkalies any of the alkaloids. Potassium chlorate rubbed with sugar forms an explosive. In case of pois- oning by the alkalies give dilute vegetable acids as vinegar, lemon juice, etc. Also administer oils which form soap; demul- cents in general are indicated; empty stomach, when you can. Synergist.—Other alkalies and waste producers as mercury, iodides, etc. Porassa—Caustic Potash.—Synonym, Potassze Hydras. Characters.—Hard deliquescent corrosive pencils or rods, soluble in water and alcohol. Liquor Porass#.—Solution of potash. Character.—Colorless alkaline fluid with soapy feel and taste. Physiological actions of caustic and liquor potassz. Externally.—Irritant and caustic, (abstracts water from parts) dissolves fatty matters, antacids, and if well diluted acts as a sedative. Internally.— Not used to any extent, as milder salts are pre- ferred, is antacid, alterative, febrifuge and diuretic. Toxicology.— They corrode and inflame the alimentary tract, cause colicky pains, great depression and sometimes perforations. Post-Mortem.—Will find red and black spots from extravasa- tion of blood; the blood will be dark colored and fluid. Smaller or more dilute doses impair digestion and assimilation, and de- stroy life by inanition. 2 drs. in 6 oz. of water killed a horse in 32 hours. Therapy — Caustic potash is sometimes used to destroy warts and fungus growths. A diluted solution is used to cauterize poisoned wounds, but is dangerous, as it may penetrate too deeply and spread. This can be overcome by washing with vinegar. A 4o per cent sol. of caustic potash is used in the human for in growing toe nails; is painted on, leave on a few minutes until the nail softens, then scrape with glass. It can then be removed with scissors. kK Liq. potas., - % ss. Ac. hydrocyanic, 5 i. Aqua, Oj. M. Sig.-—Use as a wash for itching skin disease to allay ir- 78 NOTES ON ritation. ‘Two to five drops of Liq. Potash to the ounce is some- . times used in diphtheria to dissolve the false membrane. Porasst1 CARBONAS.—Carbonate of Potash. Synergist.— Salts of Tartar. Actions and Uses.—Same as caustic potash, but less caustic. The potash bicarbonate is preferred for medicinal uses. Porasstt BICARBONAS — Bicarbonate of Potash.—Acr1p Car- BONATE. Character.— Non-corrosive, non-deliquescent, colorless, mono- clinic prisms; mildly alkaline taste, solubility, 1 in 4 of water. Dose.—Horse, 2 to 6 drs.; sheep and pigs, 20 grs. tor dr.; Cattle, % to 1.0z.; dogs. 2. to 30 grs. Physiological Actions and Uses.—Those of potash, only milder, used to stimulate production of gastric juice; adminis- tered before meals with bitter tonics, orafter meals to overcome excessive acidity of stomach; used in rheumatism and gouty condition to make blood alkaline and overcome lactic acid. Use- ful as an antacid in nettle-rash and other itching skin diseases. Internally and externally as a mild wash; % oz. to the pint. The potash bicarbonate is used to remove uric acid deposits, which may occur in overfed dogs. Calculus made up of am- monium, magnesium and phosphates, occur in bladder and urethra of highly fed rams and wethers. For this use potash bicarbonate % to 1 dr., well diluted, conjoined with laxative diet and_bella- donna to dilate urethra; 8to 16 grains of belladonna is less cer- tain as a diuretic than the acetate or nitrate of potash. In leucorrhoea use 2 to 4 drs. to 1 pint for injection to over- come acidity. Potasst1 ACETAS—Acetate of Potash. Character.—White deliquescent, satiny, neutral masses of peculiar odor; alsoin a granular form. Soluble in 2% of water. Alcohol, 1 in 2. Dose.—Horse, 2 to 4 drs.; for single dose, 1 or 2 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 15. srs to 1dr.; cattle, 3 to. 6 drs... or 11 407,; scare to 20 ers. Porassit CrrRAsS— Citrate of Potash. Character.— White, granular, deliquescent powder, saline taste, neutral reaction. Soluble, 10 to6 in water. Dose about the same as the acetate. Physiological Actions.—Are least irritant to stomach of a VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 79 the potash salts. Are neutral and have no action on the gastric juice; are not antacid. ‘They are changed into the carbonate of potash and as such circulate in the blood. Are powerful direct diuretics, stimulate renal cells directly; also diaphoretic; the ci- trate more than the acetate. ‘They have slight depressing action on the heart; also slightly expectorant. Therapy.—Used in gouty conditions, Bright’s disease, fev- ers of all kinds, azoturia, (when put in water is not so irritat- ing as the nitrate), dropsical conditions, pleurisy, ascites, cedema of legs, ete. Combined with tonics, iron, etc. For cedema of legs and other dropsical conditions: K Potas. acet., 3 vj. Tr. digitalis, 3 V)j- Aq. qs. ad., 5 xij. M. Sig.—One oz. every 3 or 4 hours. PoTASSsII SULPHAS.—Sulphate of Potash,—Sulphate of soda is preferred. Dose.—Horse, 2 drs. to 1 0z.; pigs, 15 grs. tor dr.; dogs, 3 to 30 grs.; pigs, 15 grs. to 1 dr. Chief action is cholagogue. Porassir TARTARS—Tartrate of Potash.—Small, colorless deliquescent, monoclinic prisms. Soluble ro in 8 of water. Dose. — Horse, 2 to 4 drs. as a febrifuge and diuretic; from 6 to 16 oz. as a laxative or purgative, according to size; pigs, ™% to 1 dr.; 1 to 20zs. asa purgative; dogs, 2 to 30 grs.; 1dr. tor oz. as a purgative. POTASSII BITARTRATE, ACID TARTRATE OF POTASSIUM— Cream of Tartar.—Soluble 1 in 15 boiling water. Dose—dog, Io grs. to 2 drs. as refrig rant and diuretic; for purgative from I dr. to 1 oz. for dogs. For simple itching skin disease, for dogs equal parts of cream tartar and sulphur. Physiological Action of the 3 Sulphates.—Tartrate and bi- tartrate of potassium; hydragogue, saline purgative, abstracts fluid from the blood and pours it into the intestines. In large doses the sulphate is a mild hepatic stimulant slightly increasing the flow of bile. Small doses of the tartrate and bitartrate are diuretics. Therapy.—Sulphate, for liver disease, the other two for chronic constipation, skin diseases, and as refrigerants in febrile conditions. PoTassi1 NritrAs—Nitrate of Potash. S80 NOTES ON Synergist— Nitre—Saltpeter.—The purified saltpeter is used in veterinary practice. Characters. —White, six-sided rhombic prisms, cool saline in taste. Soluble in 1 to 4 of water, neutral reaction. Physiological Actions.—lLarge doses irritate the stomach, bowels and kidneys; medicinal doses are alterative, febrifuge, diuretic and feebly laxative. Excreted by the bronchial glands, skin and kidneys, increasing secretions of these organs; is a car- diac depressant, and mild refrigerant and diaphoretic. Uses. —In certain febrile conditions; in oedema of legs com- bined with digitalis and general tonics. For the dropsical con- ditions the acetate and citrate are better. Externally.— It is a refrigerant and stimulant. Dose—asa febrifuge and mild diuretic, horse, 1 to 4 drs.; dogs, I to Io grs. As astrong diuretic, give a horse 1 oz. but do not repeat oftener than twice in 24 hours. 5 grs. tor dr. is a powerful diuretic for a dog. ? For acute laminitis 2 to 4 ozs. is given by some veterinarians, this is used principally in the east. Porassit CHLORAS.—Chlorate of Potash, Potassium Chlorate. Character.—Colorless, monoclinic prisms, easily explodes on trituration with sugar, sulphur, tannin, charcoal and glycerin. It is soluble in 1 to 16 parts of cold water. and 1 to 2 of boiling water. Dose.—Horse, 1 to 2 drs.; cattle twice as much, dogs, 1 to 10 grs. Larger doses are occasionally given but this salt is very irritating to stomach and kidneys. Physiological Actions.— Antiseptic, antacid, alterative, sial- agogue, diuretic, febrifuge, and cardiac depressant; irritant to gastro-intestinal tract and kidneys. Externally, antiseptic, mild stimulant and refrigerant. Isa protoplasmic poison, as is the nitrate; disintegrates the red blood corpuscles. Medicinal Uses.—Laryngitis, pharyngitis, sore mouth from any cause. Asa gargle use % tor ounce to the pint of water. Also used in febrile conditions, especially of a catarrhal nature. Prescription for gargle: k Tr. ferri chlor, 3% ss. Pot. chloratis, 3% i. Glycerin, 3 il. Aqua qs. ad., Oj. M. Sig.—1 or 2 ozs. every hour or two. ee tae Bigs yaa ae a WA ad rene ae nee VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. SI SODIUM—NATRIUM—SODA, CAUSTIC SODA. Character.—Grayish white solid masses, or cylindrical pencils. Liouor Sop#.—Solution of Soda. Action.—Same as caustic potash and solution of potash, ex- cept less poisonous, less irritant and depressing. Sopir CARBONAS.—Soda, or Washing Soda.—Soluble in 1 to. 2 of cold water. Dose three or four times that of the exsiccatus. Sop. CARBONAS ExsiIccATus— DRIED CARBONATE OF SODA. —A dry, white powder; a purified washing soda. Dose.— Horse, _\% to 2drs.; pigs, 4 to 10 grs,; dogs, 2 to 5 grs. Sop1r BICARBONAS.—BICARBONATE OF SODA. Character.— White opaque powder, milder than the carbonate. Soluble in 1 to 12 of cold water. Actions.—Of carbonate and bicarbonate, antacid and alter- ative. Dose of Bicarbonate.—Horse, 2 drs. to 1 oz.; dogs, Io grs. to % dr. Uses.—In digestion, ’% hour before meals, to increase gastric juice, or as an antacid after meals. Young calves when fed on stale skim milk, suffering from dyspepsia, are benefited by 1 or 2 drs. of bicarbonate of soda dissolved in each meal of milk. It is an antidote to poisoning by acids, less irritating than the potas- sium salts, hence better for dyspepsia. A solution of the carbon- ate or bicarbonate lessens irritation of itching skin diseases, as urticaria or nettle-rash, 1 oz. to 1 pint of water. Also as injec- tion for leucorrhcea. Never use it in flatulence, as the extra gas due to effervescence is apt to cause rupture of stomach or bowels. The carbonate is used as a remedy against gall-stones, given two hours after meals. It increases the fluidity of the bile. SopIiuM BORATE—SODIIBORAS — Borax.—Colorless crystals wholly soluble in boiling water and in 16 parts of cold water. Actions.—Antiseptic, parasiticide, mild astringent and alka- line. Can be used the same as the bicarbonate, internally and ex- ternally. Externally boracic acid is better as an antiseptic; also. useful as an eye-wash, % oz to 1 pint of water. Sopii Nirras—Nitrate of Sodz.— Same as potassium nitrate,. but not as strong and not used much in medicine. 82 NOTES ON Sop1l CHLORIDUM—SODIUM CHLORIDE —Chloride of Sode. —Common salt. Soluble 1 in 234 water. Action and Uses.—Salt is an essential article of food; small doses are restorative, tonic, stomachic, antiseptic, antiferment, emetic for dogs, anthelmintic, laxative and alterative; used as injec- tion for pin worms. Its constant use will prevent worms. Animals suffer from inanition without it. Animals deprived of salt do not thrive. As an emetic for dogs 1 to 4 drs. of salt and % tea- spoonful of mustard in one-half cup of tepid water. Salt as an eye-wash is tonic to the eyes; 1 dr. to 1 pint of water. Condemn rock salt for horses as it contains irritating properties due to its great impurity. Feed animals cooking salt. Dose.—Horse, % to 1 0z.; sheep, 2to 4 drs.; cattle, 2 to 3 ozs.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs. These doses are stomachic and altera- tive, often used for cattle as a purgative and vermifuge; from 10 to 20 ozs. in water. In cases of azoturia order plenty of salt; it acts as a diuretic, makes the horse thirsty and causes him to drink water freely and flushes the kidneys. Sopit SuLPHAS— Sulphate of Soda—GLAUBER’S SALT. Character. - Colorless, transparent prisms, efflorescing on ex- posure to air. Soluble in 1 to 3 of water; occurs also in granu- lar form, which is the best. Dose as a purgative, well diluted, horse, 10 to 20 ozs., but generally give the largest dose, 20 ozs.; cattle, 1 to 1% Ibs.; sheep, 2 to 4ozs.. It is best to give a carminative with it, as ginger or capsicum to prevent griping. Action. — Purgative, cholagogue, slightly diuretic, febrifuge and hepatic stimulant. Uses. — Wherever a purgative is indicated, as in congestion of the liver, small, repeated doses act better than large ones; as a hepatic stimulant, dropsical conditions, influenza, especially where liver is involved, tetanus, febrile diseases, where the bowels are apt to be constipated, give 2 to 4 ozs. in a bucket of water. Also used in itching skin disease in full doses. Sopir_ HyprosuLpHi1s — Hyposulphite of Soda.— Occurs in large colorless, transparent crystals, also in granular forms, solu- ble in 1 to 1% of water. Dose.—Horse in gastric flatulence, 4 to 12 ozs.; % to 1 oz. for repeated doses; dogs, 5 to 30 grs. Physiological Actions.—Antiseptic, antiferment, deodorizer and insecticide. re ae v4 ap oe ey > 7 ¥ Lil Tae pa hs * i WE, Py, % Pore ay aes & veh ery ‘SS ty cB Nera FED GLa ne Sas aN T.WiAc : VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 3 Uses.— Mainly used in gastric flatulence. When you have acase of gastric flatulence, you cannot give anything better than hyposulphite of sodze. In intestinal flatulence give salicylic acid, or naphthalin. In either case always combine with carmin- atives. Also prescribe in distemper of dogs, wash for wounds, influenza for horses, strangles, foot and mouth disease, given in- ternally to control suppuration. In the human give to gr. doses for gonorrhea. CALCIUM, CALX, LIME. CALCII CARBONAS PRAECIPITATUS—CRETA PREPARATA.— Prepared Chalk.—A fine white powder, insoluble in water,. Dose. — Horses, 2 drs. to 2 ozs.; lambs, 3 to Io ers.; colts aud \calves, 10° Pfs. to” 2 ~drs:; .dogs;°2' to 20. grs:; pigs, % to 2 drs. Liguor Caricis—Lime-water. Dose. — Horses, 2 to 16 ozs.; dogs, 1 to 8 drs. Antagonists, Incompatibles and Synergists.—Same as for potassium and sodium salts. Actions. — Antacids, intestinal astringents, desiccants. Uses.—Its principal use is in diarrhoea, combined with opti and tannic acid, also antiseptic; makes a nice dusting powder over abraided surfaces. Antidote to poisoning by carbolic acid, mineral acids, oxalic acid and zinc chloride. LIME-WATER.—Milk and Aq. Calcis, equal parts and sweetened is good for puppies raised on bottle, as it is easily di- gested. Aq. Calcis and Oleum Ljini equal parts is good for burns. LITHIUM. Liruit Cirras—Citrate of Lithium.—White crystalline powder; soluble in 2!4 parts boiling water and 55 parts cold water. Dose. —Horse, 1 to 4'drs.; dogs, 1 to 20 grs. There is also a bromide carbonate, salicylate and a benzoate; doses and action about the same, citrate usually being preferred on account of its solubility. Physiological Actions.—Closely resembles that of potash salts, powerful solvent of uric acid and uric acid calculi, is diu- 84 NOTES ON retic and renders the urine alkaline; depressant in large doses, but not as powerful as potassium salts. Uses. — Rheumatism and gouty conditions in general, used in azoturia, but do not recommend its use in this disease, as it seems to render the poison more soluble, so that it is readily taken up by the system, often causing sudden death of a patient that might have otherwise recovered. AMMONIUM. Ao. AMMONIEZ ForTIOR—Stronger water of ammoniz; 28 per cent by weight of the gas dissolved in water. Character—Colorless pungent liquid, very alkaline. Dose.—horse, 1 to 2 drs.; sheep and pigs, ™% to rdr.; cattle, 2to 4 drs.; dogs, 2 to roms. Should be well diluted, 1 drachm to 1 pint of water. Spiritus AMMONLE.—Contains to per cent of the gas by weight, dissolved in alcohol. Dose.—Horse, 1 to 4 drs., 1 0z. as a stimulant; dogs, 1 to 20 ms.; sheep and pigs, % to1™ drs. AouA AMMONIA.—Io per cent, of the gas dissolved in water. Dose twice that of the Fortior. Spiritus AMMONLE AROMATICUS.—Aromiatic spirits of Ammonie. Synonym.—Sal. Volatile, composed of ammon. carb., aq. amimon., oil of pimenta, oil of lemon and oil of lavender in a menstruum of alcohol and water. Dose. — Horses, % to 1% oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; calves, % to 2 drs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drs., lambs, 5 to 30 ms.; dogs, 5 to go ms. Physiological Actions.—The four preparations of ammonia are gastric and general stimulants; stimulates the cardiac, respiratory and spinal systems. The aromatic spirit is also car- minative. ‘They irritate the nose when inhaled, but reflexly, they stimulate the pulse and respiration, are good stimulants as. they do not affect the brain. Externally they are rubefacients, and when confined are vesicants. Uses.—Externally as counter-irritants; it is frequently used in liniments, 1 ounce of aqua ammon. to1 pint of water, etc., VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 85 makes a good stimulating liniment. As a counter-irritant in chest diseases, etc.: kK Ol. sinapis, ae Aq.ammon. fort, 3 1. Ol. gossyp. sem., 3 iv- M. Sig.—Apply. It is also used as an inhalation for syncope or aneesthesia. Internally.— May be used as diffusible stimulants in collapse from any cause. In indigestion, especially flatulence and_ spas- modic colic use the aromatic spirits. It isan antidote to poisoning by narcotic and sedative drugs, such as opium, digitalis, aconite, etc. The aqua ammon. or aqua ammonie fort. are injected into the jugular vein for parturient apoplexy in cattle, 1 dr. to 1% oz. of distilled water. The same isused for snake bites, given inter- nally and injected into the wound and surrounding subcutaneous tissues, also for poisoning by gases. Representative prescription for intestinal flatulence or spas- modic colic: RK Fl. Ex. cannabis Ind., 3 ss Fl. ext. hyoscyami, % li. Tr. zingib, 5 iss. Spts. ammon. arom., 5 iss. Ac. Salicylici, % iii. M. Sig—At one dose in one pint of water; repeat in one-half or three-quarters of an hour, if necessary. Liquor AmMmonit AcETATIS.—Solution of acetate of am- monia. Synonym.—Mindererus spirits. The carbonate of ammonia is gradually added to dilute acetic acid until neutralized; each ounce will contain about 23 grains of carbonate of ammonia: should always be made up fresh. Dose.—Horse, 2 to 6 ozs.; dogs, 1 to4 dts.; cattle, 3 to 8 ozs. Dilute in from 2 to 4 parts water. Physiological Actions.—Diaphoretic, antipyretic, mild stimu- lant, mild diuretic, mild expectorant and stomachic. Uses.—Much used in febrile and inflammatory attacks, es- pecially of the respiratory organs, catarrh, bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, strangles, etc., combined with other remedies, improves the appetite; can be used externally as a refrigerant over swollen and inflamed tendons, used as a general stimulant. AMMONII CARBONAS.— White, translucent masses, pungent ammoniacal odor, alkaline, soluble I in 4 of water. 86 NOTES ON Dose.—Horse, 1 to 3 drs. when repeated every 3 hours, 1 dr. is enough. Cattle, 14% to 5 drs.; dogs, 1 to8 grs.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 40 grs.; colts, 20 to 60 grs. well diluted. The larger doses are used as stimulants. Physiological Actions.— Gastric stimulant, general stimu- lant, cardiac stimulant, stimulant expectorant, antacid, carmin- ative, respiratory stimulant and emetic in dogs. Uses.—Can be used in indigestion as indicated, but the milder alkalies are preferred, also in exhaustion, and debilitating diseases. In diseases of the air passages it is used as an expecto- rant; is contra-indicated in purpura heemorrhagica, as it lowers the oxygen-carrying power of red blood corpuscles, and dissolves fibrin. Asa stimulant it can be combined with alcohol and sul- phuric ether. Ammonia is indicated where a clot, thrombi or embolism, is supposed to exist, on account of its defibrinating power. AMMONII CHLORIDI.—Chloride or muriate of ammonia. Synonym.—Sal. ammoniac. Character.—Translucent, fibrous masses or colorless crystals, volatile, and soluble 1 in 4 of water. Dose.—Horse,'1 to 4.drs.; cattle, 2to 6 drs.; sheep, 1 tee drs.; colts, 20 to 60 grs.; calves, % to 2 drs.; dogs, 1 to 10 or 15 grs. Physiological Actions.—Expectorant, hepatic stimulant, mild diaphoretic, diuretic, antacid and mild general stimu- lant. The chief difference between the carbonate and the chlo- ride of ammonia is that the chloride is more of an expectorant, and the dose larger than that of the carbonate but the carbonate is more stimulating. Uses of the Muriate or Chloride.—Used in all diseases where an expectorant is indicated, catarrhal conditions, pneumonia, influenza, chronic congestion of the liver, etc. Give 2 ozs. each of the chloride of ammonia and pot. nit. in 14 pints of water as a refrigerant for inflamed swellings, sprained tendons, joints, etc. For Catarrhal disorders give: K . Quininz sulph. — 3 vi. to 3 i. Ammon. chloridi puly. 5 iii. Camph. pulv. % i. caret Pot. nit. pulv. : M. Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig.—1 powder every 3 hours. ~ AMMONIT BENZOAS—BENZOATE OF AMMONIA. VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 87 Dose for horse, 2 drs. to 1 0z.; dogs, 2 to 30 grs. Use in gouty conditions, and to dissolve gravel, same as benzoic acid in alkaline urine; also as an expectorant, and in cystitis has a soothing effect on the mucous membrane. Ammontt PHospHas.—Phosphate of ammonia, is used for gout and to dissolve uric acid calculi. Dose for dogs, 2 to 20 grs. There is alsoa VALERIANATE of AmMonrié. All the prepara- tions of ammonia are more orless stimulating tothe entire mo- tor apparatus, but in excessive doses cause death by paralysis; if too long continued or given in too large doses may cause irrita- tion and inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract. Dilute well. VEGETABLE ACIDS. Actrpum TartTaricumM.—Occurs in colorless crystals. Ob- tained from cream of tartar. Refrigerant and purgative. Dose for dog, 5 to 40 gts. Acrpum Crrricum—Citric Actp.— Obtained from lime fruit and lemon. Colorlesscrystals. Dose for dog, 2 to 20 grs. Actipum Aceticum—Acetic Acip.—A_ colorless liquid of pungent, sharp odor, is the sour principle of vinegar. Acrpum Aceticum Ditutum—Drintutr Acetic Acip—Vine- gar.—Contains 17 per cent strength of acetic acid and 30 per cent of water. Dose of dilute acetic acid, horse, 1 to 2 ozs.; dogs, 15 ms. to 2 drs. Actpum AcETicUM GLACIALE.—Pure acetic acid. Actions.—Concentrated these acids are escharotic; dilute, they diminish thirst and allay restlessness, are refrigerants, in- crease acidity of urine, promote secretion and increase the water of the urine. Long continued doses cause general wasting away. They are antilithic. Uses.—The glacial or full strength acid is used to remove warts or other growths. The dilute acetic acid as a wash in itching skin disease, and externally as a refrigerant. ‘The citric and tartaric are not much used in veterinary practice. A little lump of citric acid about the size of a pea left to dissolve in the mouth will cure hoarseness in the human. ‘Tartaric acid is said to eliminate phosphates from the urine. SULPHUR, SULPHITES AND SULPHIDES. SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM.—Sublimed sulphur, commonly known as flower of sulphur, is the chief form used in veterinary practice. Dose as an alterative and laxative. CO ioe NOTES ON Horses, 1 to 4 ozs.; sheepand pigs, % tor oz.; cattle, 3 to 6 ozs.; dogs, % dr. to % oz. There is also a Sulphur Precipitatum, known as the milk of sulphur; also Sa/phur Lotum, known as washed sulphur. As an alterative about one-half the above doses are enough. In hu- man practice sulphur is used in rheumatism applied to parts on flannel. They are all insoluble in water or alcohol. Physiological Actions.—Internally, laxative and alterative. FExternally.— Chiefly used as a parasiticide and desiccant, also to disinfect premises. Uses.— Burned, and used as a deodorizer and disinfectant; as amild laxative where powerful ones would irritate and be dan- gerous; as in pregnancy, convalescence from, accute diseases and piles. Good for young animals as a laxative; in urticaria (nettle- rash). The following prescription may be used: 4 Sulphur sub., 3 vi- Carbo ligni., 3 iii. M. Sig.—Two tablepoonfuls 3 times daily in feed. Used in parasitic and other skin diseases, mange, etc. For mange clip off the hair, scrub well, give Fowler's so- lution internally, if chronic, and use sulphur and lard externally. In more obstinate cases of mange use the following: kK Sulphur sub. File Ol. cadinum, 5 ili. Adeps., ae Thoroughly rub in and leave on for 48 hours. Wash off and repeat, or kK Sulphur. Si Pot. carbonate, 31. Lard or oil, 5 xs Or xii. Dissolve with aid of gentle heat, then add 2 ozs. of benzine * when cold. Use the same way as above. CaLcium SULPHIDE.—Soluble 1 to 500. Dose. — Horse, 10 to 20 grs., every three hours to stop sup- puration. A sulphite of calcium may be administered for the same purpose, ' to1 dr. three times daily in tetanus. AcipumM SuLpHuRostM—SuLpHurovs Acip. Colorless liquid, odor of burning sulphur; and a sulphurous sour, and somewhat astringent taste: Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to 1 oz.; dogs, I to 60 ms. every three VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 89 or four hours, diluted. Not much used internally; used more externally. It combines with oxygen and forms sulphuric acid. For local use dilute with 3 or 4 times its quantity of water. Actions.— Disinfectant, deodorant, antiseptic and parasiti- cide; is irritating, should be well diluted. Uses.—Sulphurous gas from burning sulphur, is used for husk or hoose of sheep and calves; this is a disease in which worms affect the bronchial tubes, due to strongylus micrurus in calves, and strongylus filaria in sheep. ‘The subjects are placed in a loose box and sulphur burned about 6 feet away from them, so that air may dilute the fumes before being inhaled by the animals; let them inhale the fumes for Io, 15 or 20 minutes or longer, unless irritation is too great. The sulphurous acid is used in foot and mouth diseases, as a spray or on lint; in diphtheria and in epizootic aphthee, etc., as a spray; used internally in septicaemia. . Antagonists and Incompatibles of Sulphur, Sulphides and Sulphites.—The mineral acids, including sulphuric, decompose the sulphites and hyposulphites. All oxidizing agents are in- compatible, as these preparations have a great afhnity for oxygen and the sulphites readily become sulphates. Solutions of the metals are incompatible with sulphides of potash and calcium. Antidotes.—Are chlorine water, common salt, sulphate of iron, etc. Synergist.—All agents which arrest fermentative processes or promote waste. ‘The alkalies favor their action, both chemi- cally and physiologically. IODINE AND ITS PREPARATIONS. IopuM-IopINE.—Occurs in bluish black crystalline scales of a metallic lustre, slightly soluble in water, 1 in 5000, alcohol, 1 in 10, ether, 1 in 4, and ina solution of iodide of potash and a solution of chloride of sodium, is very soluble. It is non-me- tallic. It is obtained from the ashes of sea-weeds and should be kept in glass stoppered bottles in a cool place. We use the RE- SUBLIMED IODINE. Dose of the resublimed is for horse, 15 grs. to 1 dr.; cattle, % to1% drs.; sheep, 10 to 30grs.; pigs, 5 to 20 ers.; dogs, 4 to 1 gr. Liouor lIopr Composrrus.—Compound solution of iodine, iodine 5 parts, potassium iodide ro parts, distilled water qs. to 90 NOTES ON make 100 parts. It is always well to make your own solutions of any strength you desire. ; AMMONIUM IopIDUM—AMMONIUM IJopIDE - IoprIpE OF AM- MONIA.—White granular, very deliquescent salt, becoming yel- lowish brown by exposure, very soluble in water and alcohol. Dose.-—Horse, 1 to 4 drs. average dose 2 drs.; dogs, 1 to 10 grs. Very good in pneumonia where resolution is tardy. Sopir_ lopipum—Sopium JopiprE—lopipE or Sopa.— Minute crystals or crystalline powder, deliquescent, having a saline and bitter taste, and alkaline reaction. Soluble in water and in al- cohol; actions and dose about the same as Iod. of Pot. Potassium lopripum—Porassrtum lopipE—JopmpE oF PorasH. —Occurs in white or transparent crystals, wholly soluble in water; alcohol 1 in 18, glycerin 1 in 3. Dose.— Human, 5 grs..to, 1dr.; horse, 2'to 4.drse1oz..ean be given. Cattle, 3 to 6 drs.; sheep, 10 to 30 grs.; pigs, 15 to 30 grs.; dogs, 1 to Io grs. These are for doses that are to be repeated two or three times a day, but can be increased in certain cases, as in blood poison- ing; usually givenin solution. On account of the expense of pot. iod. can give resublimed iodine and pot. iod. together. PREPARATIONS OF IODINE.—FOR EXTERNAL USE. IopororuM— loporormM.—Yellow crystals or amorphous powder, very disagreeable odor, insoluble in water, but soluble in ether and the fixed and volatile oils. Olive-oil is usually used as a solvent. Iodoform contains by weight 96.69 per centiodine. Some- times administered internally. Dose in human, 1 to 5 grs.; dogs about the same. ALLIED DRUGS TO IODOFORM. ARISTOL.— Contains 45.8 per cent iodine, and has not much odor. ANTISEPTOL.— Has 50 per cent iodine. Jopot.— Contains 88.97 per cent iodine and is free from odor. Iodol is preferred in dog practice as a substitute for Iodoform in chronic sores and ulcers. Tinctura lopr—TINncTuRE oF IopINE.— Composed of iodine 70 parts, alcohol rooo parts, strength about 7 per cent, increased to 8 per cent by evaporation. ates rh VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. OL Uneuentum Jop1—lopin& OrntMENT.—Composed of iodine four parts, iod. of pot. 1 part, water two parts and benzoated lard 93 parts; strength 4 per cent. There is alsoan ointment of pot. iod., but is too mild for veterinary use. : Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Iodine is incompatible with nearly everything, the mineral acids, metallic salts, the alkaloids, etc. The chemical antidote is starch, which forms almost an in- ert compound. Bicarbonate of soda 2 to 4-0z. doses twice daily seems to stop iodism. Starch should be given freely diffused in water; when possible evacuate the stomach for horses, emetic for dog, followed with a purgative if the animal is not too much de- bilitated. Do not give iodine near a meal, as its action is im- paired; administer on an empty stomach. Synergist.—Alkalies and other remedies which increase waste favor the action of iodine and iodides; under some con-. ditions mercurials are especially synergistic. Physiological Actions.— Externally, stains the skin yellow, is stimulant, irritant and vesicant if used concentrated, antiseptic, (1 in 7000 destroys bacilli and spores) also resolvent, parasiticide, deodorizer and disinfectant, but is too expensive for this purpose. Tincture of iodine is sometimes used in the human and the smaller animals, as a counter-irritant. Iodine acts notably on the skin, mucous membranes and lymphatic glands, strong solutions cause irritation and desquamation of the cuticle, and on that ac- count stimulates the growth of hair. Internally.— Alterative, resolvent, deobstruent and expecto- rant. Large doses of iodine or its compounds are general depres- sants. Medicinal doses stimulate glandular activity and promote tissue change, as well as the absorption and elimination of recent formed tissue and diseased cells.. They hasten the removal of lead, mercury, and other metals from the system by combining with them. It is eliminated by the mucous surfaces and glands, particularly in the saliva, perspiration and urine, consequently full doses may irritate these channels of elimination. Toxicology.—The chain of poisonous symptoms are called todism, and is produced by continued full doses of iodine or its salts, or where an idiosyncrasy exists. JIodism is characterized by great prostration, loss of appetite, won’t drink water, an ir- ritable catarrhal condition of the mucous membrane of the nos- 92 NOTES ON trils, eyes, throat and bronchial tues, and a profuse discharge of saliva from the mouth, a thick yellow or brownish discharge from the nostrils, with irritation of the digestive organs, vomit- ing in dogs, with attempts at it in the horse; sometimes a vesicu- lar skin eruption occurs, diminished secretion of urine, sometimes totally suppressed, great languor, inaptitude for exertion, eleva- tion of temperature, irregular pulse and very rapid emaciation. The discharges from the bowels are apt to be bloody, more par- ticularly in dogs. Antidotes.—Starch is the chemical antidote, bicarbonate of soda in 2 or 3 oz. doses twice daily is also very beneficial. Give stimulants, and combat the following irritation and symptoms as they arise. Therapy.—lIodine or its compounds are used as alteratives in blood disorders, especially due to a plethoric condition, and in grease heels, cracked heels and nettle-rash. It is used for glandu- lar enlargements of all kinds, such as the parotid, or sub-max- illary glands, liver, udder, etc., also in chronic rheumatism, drop- sical conditions, as cedema of legs, hydrothorax, and ascites com- bined with tonics; persistent or chronic skin disease, in catarrhal diseases it is inhaled as a vapor. Use the tincture of iodine 1 or 2 0z. in 1 pint of water or vinegar, pour on a hot iron or brick, put into a bucket with dampened hay, inclose in a bag and hold over the horse’s nose, also useful in the same way for dry con- gested conditions, of the respiratory mucous membrane as in bronchitis. "The iod. of pot. is used in chronic cough, heaves and thick-wind. The iod. of ammonia is very useful in pneu- monia, where resolution is tardy; for this use alternately with Fowler's solution, give Fowler’s solution 3 times a day and amimon. iod. every 4 hours. Iodine is almost a specific for dia- betes insipidus, or polyuria; for this purpose use the resublimed iodine ™% to 1 dr. combined with Ferri Sulphas 1 to 2 dr. witha stomachic, such as gentian twice daily. Usually from 3 to 6 doses will cure, then follow up with general tonic treatment. It is also used internally for large swellings, such as remain from lymphan- gitis; used internally in chronic eye diseases. The Pot. Iod. is used in actinomycosis (lumpy jaw); used as an alterative and re- solvent for empyema, hydrocele, laminitis sub-acute or chronic, in goitre, (that is enlargement of the thyroid glands). Iod. of Pot, internally and tincture of iodine externally. Pot. Iod. is VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 93 used in enlargements.of the joints or thickening of the skin. In mercurial and other metallic poisoning, iodine is adminis- tered, to combine with these metals and promote their elimina- tion; it is also administered in chronic Bright's disease, enlarge- ment of the prostrate or Cowper’s glands, (which will cause diffi- cult urination). The following prescription makes a nice method of adminis- tering Iodine to horses, or other animals. Watery solutions are not as irritating as alcoholic solutions. For 1000 or 1200-]b. horse: kK Tod. resub., % iij- Potas. iod., 5 jss: Aq, 3 Xij- M. Ft. Sol. Sig. One ounce three times daily in 4 to 6 ozs. of water on an empty stomach. External Uses.—In the iodine ointment the tincture of iodine is used for this purpose. The tincture of iodine is painted on or the ointment rubbed in, for glandular enlargements, small swell- ings, knee knocking or interfering, small splints in the early stages, capped hock and curbs; used as a mild stimulant and re- solvent for chronic synovitis, bursal enlargements, and thicken- ing of the periosteum. This thickeniug of periosteum may occur from any cause, as sore shins, etc. The tincture can be used as a counter-irritant for sore throat or lungs, in consolidation if cir- cumscribed in dogs; used to stimulate the growth of hair and prevent scdrs, as where a horse falls and skins the knee, Dr. Quitman recommends healing them very slowly under a salve in- stead of powder, andas quickly as new tissue forms paint the parts with tincture of iodine, or after a blister, paint the bald spots, and this will stimulate the hair bulbs. Used to stimulate slow healing sores or ulcers. The tincture should be painted around the edges. The tincture is also injected into cysts and ab- scesses, as shoe boils, capped hock, thoroughpin and other bursal enlargements, it promotes adhesionof the walls. For so called, cold abscesses on horses’ shoulders, which spring up very quickly, in which you finda small pus pocket, take a long scalpel and open to the pocket, after opening inject tincture of iodine into it once or twice daily; afterward plug up the opening with oakum, also blister the surface. [The same treatment is used in shoe boils, capped hock, etc. The iodine acts by setting up an inflammatory process and stimulates healthy granulation. Can be used in per- 94 NOTES ON sistent cases of mange or other forms of eczema and psoriasis or ring worms; for these diseases the tincture or an aqueous solution can be used if it is localized. For large surfaces as in mange, Dr. Quitman recommends the following: Iodine 2 parts, pot. iod. 1 part, tar-oil 4 parts, to 32 parts of lard; this can be safely applied over a large surface. Used in dropsical conditions as ascites in dogs, the fluid is aspirated out of the abdominal cavity and then use resublimed iodine .1 dr. pot. iod. 1 dr. tor pint of hot water and injected into the abdominal cavity, then aspirate out and give pot. iod. internally, alternated with iron and other tonics. The same treatment can be used for horses with hydrothorax. Iodoform.— Is used externally for sores and ulcers, but has a very disagreeable odor. JIodoform ™% to 1 dr. dissolved in olive oil 1% oz. may be injected into abscesses, boils, etc. Iopo,.—Is a good substitute for iodoform and is free from odor. Iodine should always be administered on an empty stomach. For internal use, the aqueous solutions are best. MERCURY AND ITS PREPARATIONS. Most important one is mercury, quicksilver not used in veter- inary practice. Uneurntum Hyprareri.—Blue ointment, mercurial oint- ment, contains 45 per cent of- mercury. Actions and Uses. —Applied with friction, irritates the skin, and is readily absorbed, may even vesicate; in small animals may cause constitutional symptoms. Used in psoriasis and other per- sistent scaly skin diseases, but use mildly; also to stimulate in- dolent ulcers. Used to kill mange and similar parasites, as ring- worms, but is dangerous; it is used as an absorbent to reduce swellings of any character and small exostosis. Can be used ex- ternally about the same as iodine. Summary.—Parasiticide, stimulant and resolvent. Uneuentum Hyprareyri Nitratis. — Ointment of nitrate of mercury, citrine ointment, of a lemon yellow color, composed of mercury 7 parts, nitric acid 17 parts, lard oil 76 parts. Actions and Uses.—Irritant caustic, or resolvent, is used full strength, to destroy small growths, foot-rot in sheep, canker in horses feet, also used in skin diseases diluted 1 to 3 parts of oil; it is a parasiticide, kills lice, ring worms, and is very readily VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 9 On absorbed. Diluted is used locally for chronic eye diseases; where you have an opacity of cornea or deposits in the eye, use: kK Ungt. hydrarg. nitratis, 5 i. Lanolin a. a., Hie to: F <1}. With eserine or atropine as indicated. Apply around the orbit and on the lids of the eye, if very painful combine a little co- caine. OLEatuM HypRARGyRI.—Oleate of mercury, composed of yellow oxide of mercury ro parts, oleic acid go parts; thisis one of the most readily absorbed of the mercurial preparations. Action and Uses.— Is somewhat irritating, very penetrative and diffusible; it promotes absorption, on account of its being so readily absorbed into the tissues. Morphia or other alkaloids are mixed with it, for pain; small exostosis as splints can be re- moved with the oleate of mercury. Used in inflammation of the joints; combine 1 to 3 grs. of morphia to the 1 dr. for deep seated lameness, used also in subacute or chronic arthritis, exos- tosis of any kind if small, and for induration of the udder, and other purposes similiar to mercurial ointment to promote absorp- tion. When to be repeated, should be diluted with oil, lard or lanolin equal parts. Hyprareyrum Cum Creta.—Mercury with chalk, known as gray powder. Physiological Actions.—Alterative, chiefly used for its ant- acid and laxative effects, in small and delicate animals; such as dogs, young calves and foals, suffering from bilious indigestion and gastric irritation; alterative for dogs. Dose.— Young foalsand calves, 5 to15 grs.; dogs, 1 to 3 grs. once, twice or 3 times daily. Pigs, 5 to 20 grs. Massa HyprarGyri.—Synonym, blue mass, blue pill, 33 per cent mercury, or 3 grs. contain I gr. metallic mercury. Dose.—Human, '% to 15 grs.; dogs, same, not used for larger animals. Actions.—Cholagogue, laxative, deobstruent and alterative. HypDRARGYRIUM IODIDUM—RUBRUM—RED IODINE OF MER- cury.—A bright scarlet red powder, feebly soluble in water, but easily in a solution of iod. of pot. Do not mistake it for red oxide, which is milder and paler in color. Actions.—TIrritant, not often used internally, resolvent and pustulant, used as a blister 1 to 6, 8 or 10 of lard, used to reduce 96 NOTES ON exostosis, of all kinds, splints, spavins, ring bones, etc., pene- trates deeply, also used to reduce soft swellings, to arrest chronic inflammation, and promote absorption of inflammatory deposits, as seen in sprained tendons, enlarged bursze, enlarged joints, etc. Is used as a blister or counter-irritant in sore throat, chronic cough and roaring; used on rheumatic joints. It can be mixed with cantharides as you do not have to use so much mercury; 1f used too strong it destroys the hair bulbs. Prescription for blister: k Pulv. canth. hydrag. iod. rubr., aa., 31 ij. Adeps, 2 ii, Sig.—Rub in for 5 to 10 minutes. HyDRARGYRUM CHLORIDUM MITE; HyDRARGYRUM SUB- CHLORIDUM; HyDRARGYRUM SuB-MuRIATE; CALOMEL.—Muild chloride of mercury; in writing a prescription for calomel, Hy- drarg. Chlor. Mitis underlining the Mite thus, to avoid errors. Character. —A dull heavy insoluble, nearly tasteless powder. Dose.—Average dose for horse ™% to 2 drs.; cattle, 1 to 2 drs.; sheeep and pigs, 5 to 30 grs.; dogs, 4 to 10 grs. Where calomel is used as an alterative, small repeated doses are combined with opii to prevent its too rapid removal from the bowels. As a purgative is usually combined with bicarbonate of soda. Actions.—Laxative in small repeated doses; cathartic in large doses; full doses irritate the stomach and cause emesis (vomiting) in man and dogs. Calomel is a diuretic, seems to stimulate the urea functions of the liver; does not directly in- crease secretion of bile, but removes it from the duodenum, and in this way reflexly increases its secretion by the liver. Repeated doses may cause mercurialism. Alterative when combined with opii, laxative in small repeated doses, cathartic in large doses. Summary.—Diuretic, alterative, laxative, cathartic and ver- mifuge. Externally.—Calomelis a desiccant, stimulant, antiparasitic and antiseptic. Uses. —Gastric irritation, influenza, where there is a yellow- ness of the mucous membrane, liver disorder. It is useful as an adjunct to aloes or other purgative. As a laxative or purgative for horses, give aloes and calomel; cattle, calomel, epsom or Glamber’s salts; dogs, calomel with resin of jalop. Do not keep the administration of calomel up too long, as it may cause mer- oe a aE ee he oe Vie ees £8 Sees Seu cy (AMA atic obi ly ker" pear ba% ae ‘ t VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 97 curialism. Pure calomel is the best drug known for thrush. For moist skin diseases and sores with araw condition, calomel 1% oz. and bismuth subnitrate 1% ozs. is used where you wish to dry them up quickly and relieve itching. As a purgative for dogs use equal parts of calomel and bicarbonate of soda. HyprarGyrum CHLoripum CorrostvumM—Hyprarerrum Br- CHLORIDUM—H YpRARGYRUM PERCHLORIDUM—COoRROSIVE CHLOEIDE —COoRROSIVE SUBLIMATE. - Character.—Heavy, colorless masses; soluble 1 in 16 of water, 1 in 3 of alcohol; hydrochloric acid or muriate of am- monia increases its solubility. Dose.—-Horse, I to 5 grs.; sheep, % tor gr.; dogs, 1-60 to 2-10 gr.; cattle, 2 to8 grs.; pigs, 4%to % gr. Not very often given internally, except in human for syphilis, combined with pot. iod. Action.—Corrosive, irritant poison, occasionally used as an alterative, antiseptic and hepatic stimulant. Repeated doses or long continued cause mercurialism. Externally.—A most powerful antiseptic, astringent, caustic and parasiticide. Uses.—Internally, milder preparations of mercury are pre- ferred; has been used in tetanus, but its chief use is that of an antiseptic externally; used usually in the strength of 1 to 500, 1 to 1000 or I to 2000; for uterus 1 to 5000 or I to 10000. 7% ‘grs. to a pint makea, 1 to 1000 solution. 7% grs. to a quart make a 1 to 2000 solution. 15 grs. toa pint make a1 to 500 solution. Best antiseptic for nail wounds, thrush, quittor, fistu- lous withers, etc., especially foul wounds, 1 to 1000 solution kills ring worms, lice, etc., if used over a large surface must be used milder. For pruritus, prurigo and urticaria. Prof. Robertson recommends: kk Hydrarg. chlor. corros., grs. xii. Ac. hydrocyan. dil., 5 ss. Glycerini, Si Mi: Aqua, 5 x. Bathe the parts several times a day; in diphtheria a spray of % gr. to the 1 oz. of water is sometimes used; used for disinfecting purposes, mixed in white wash for barns, after glanders;} used as a sloughing agent in quittor, fistulous withers, poll-evil, fibrous 98 NOTES ON tumors, etc. Dr. Quitman recommends it as one of the best agents for quittors as follows: kK Hydrarg, bichlor., 5 Spts. vini rectificati, is M. Ft. Sol. Sig.—Inject once or twice daily. For fibrous tumors 1 oz. of corrosive sub. rolled in tissue paper and inserted into the tumor will sloughit out without danger. ‘The mercurials promote waste by stimulating the lym- phatics. Mercurialism, Salivation or Ptyalism.—Symptomis sore teeth, spongy gums, profuse saliva and tears, fetid breath, bluish line along margins of the teeth, then swelling of the glands, aching jaws and muscles, fever with rapid emaciation, aneemia, hair falls out, ulcers form on skin, fetid diarrhoea, trembling, nervous, abortion in pregnant animals. Large doses of the irritating prep- arations cause gastro-enteritis. Antidotes. — Best is albumen, the white of one egg to 4 grs. of corrosive sublimate, emesis for dogs, stomach pump for horse; cathartic; wheat flour, milk, etc. Incompatibles.—Incompatible with nearly everything; calo- mel with hydrochloric acid or chloride of soda or other chlorides form corrosive sublimate; corrosive sublimate and pot. iod. form red iod. of mercury, etc. Best to prescribe them alone. ARGENTUM— SILVER. There is an oxide, cynide and iodide, but the nitrate is most important. ARGENTI Nirras— N1TRATE OF SILVER.—A heavy colorless salt wholly soluble in water; always use distilled water in making a solution, and protect the bottle from light and heat. Dose.—Horses and cattle, 5 to 10 grs.; sheep, 1 to 2 grs.; pigs, 4 to 1 gr.; dogs, 1-30 to 1 gr. average dose for dog 4 or I-5 of a gr. Argentri Nrtras Fusus—Fusep Nitrate oF S!LVER—LUNAR Caustic.—Used only for topical applications, occurs in little sticks about % the size of a lead-pencil. Antagonists and Incompatibles.— All chlorides form insoluble chlorides of silver, mineral acids, alkalies and their carbonates, other astringents and lime-water; in case of poisoning by any of VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. ; 99 the silver preparations use common salt to form the insoluble chloride of silver. Synergist.— All waste producers, as mercury, iodides, etc. favor its actions. Physiological Actions.—Silver nitrate combines with the albumen of the tissues, and is a limited caustic; causes superficial inflammation and stains the parts black; small doses increase se- cretion, stimulate the heart. It promotes nutrition, and is said to be a nerve tonic. Its continued administration causes general waste, gastro-intestinal catarrh, fluidity of blood, slate colored lines about the gums, and similar discoloration of skin and mucous membrane, followed by nervous disorder, paralysis, convulsions and death. Uses.—A solution of 4o grains to 1 ounce of nitrous ether is said to abort superficial inflammation, if early applied; used for erysipelas, 20 grains to 1 ounce of distilled water, ap- plied around margin to limit the area; also used in ulceration of the throat; used with a spray or swab, in strength of from 10 Bie. to. 1 dri e. Hits oa ap | eae VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 143 . SPIRITUS CHLOROFORMI.—Dose—Horses, I 0z.; cattle, 2 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 6 drs.; dogs, % to 2 drs. Well diluted. LINIMENTUM CHLOROFORMI.—Composed of chloroform 30 and soap liniment 70 parts. For external use. These should be welldiluted except the aqua chloroform. They are used as stimulants, antispasmodics and anodynes. Physiological Actions.—It is a topical irritant, antiseptic, parasiticide, carminative, antispasmodic and analgesic, full doses quickly and powerfully paralyze the cerebro-spinal nervous system; kills by paralyzing the heart and respiration; the latter effects are most rapidly produced when the drug is inhaled. Chloroform is the anzesthetic most used for veterinary purposes, except for dogs. Locally it is rubefacient if confined or even suppurant; it also acts as a refrigerant, anodyne and local anzesthetic if not con- fined. COMPARED TO ETHER. Chloroform is much more irritat- ing to the mucous membrane, and causes violent gastro-enteritis, if swallowed undiluted it is less stimulating and more depressing to the heart and circulation; FOR INHALATION it requires much more air; is less irritant to the air passages than ether; is uninflam- mabie, more pleasant, more prompt in action, has a shorter stage of excitement, causes a more profound narcosis, and is not so nauseating as ether. Statistics in human practice show it to be five times more fatal than ether. The results of exhaustive experiments show that chloroform and ether both act in the same manner upon the heart and respi- ration, paralyzing the latter first, but chloroform acts much more quickly and powerfully than ether in both directions. Uses.—It may be used as an aid in painful and prolonged parturition, where you have a tumultuous contraction of the uterus, or rigid contraction of the Os. Use only enough by inhalation to dull the pain and relax the parts; it will aid you in your efforts to rectify false presentations by relaxing the parts. Internally.—Is used for its carminative, antispasmodic and anodyne effects; spasmodic coughs, chloroform combined with belladonna and opium, given in linseed gruel or water, well di- luted; in liniments about one or two ounces to the pint, or chloroform 1 oz., turpentine 1 0z., soap liniment 2 ozs., is used as a counter-irritant; chloroform is used in chronic diarrhoea £44 NOTES ON with other drugs, such as morphine, capsicum, ether and oil of peppernunt. Directions for Anzethesia.—For dogs make a cone of a towel and paper, put asponge in the bottom, allowing a small opening in the end to admit air, pour in ether a little at atime. For horses use an ordinary nose-bag or regular inhaler. Dr. Quit- man recommends casting the horse; after complete anzesthesia remove the hopples; in brain disease or tumor of the brain chloroform would be dangerous. Horses with emphysema or heaves should not take chloroform; it is also dangerous in fatty degeneration of the heart. Operations during incomplete anzes- thesia are dangerous; always produce complete anzesthesia, have the stomach empty, but don’t fast animals. A hypodermic in- jection of morphine in full doses renders anzesthesia easier and less dangerous. Always watch the tongue, respiration, re- flex action of eye, heart, etc. REMEMBER, 1. ‘The operator must be skilled and give his attention ex- clusively to the production of narcosis. 2. Watch the respiration and pulse for signs of failure. 3. Don’t commence operation until the anzesthesia is pro- found, until reflex action is abolished, which can be told by touch- ing the eye with finger, as the stimulus of the knife may reflexly stop the heart; obey this, no matter how slight the operation. 4. Great care should be exercised if the patient is very old or has fatty degeneration of the heart, or lung disease. 5. In operations about the mouth or trachea, see that no blood goes down the trachea; have stomach empty. This will cause less nausea and feed may be regurgitated and run down the trachea. 6. Use ether fortior, stronger ether; or chloroformum puri- ficatum, purified chloroform; use Squibbs’ make of both, as the agents must be pure. 7. Ether can be used almost pure, only a little air being necessarily allowed for dilution; chloroform must have a large amount of air. 8. The head should be slightly raised, and watch the tongue so that it does not fall back over the larynx and suffocate the animal. Wire NK Wim) Bhe VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. I45 g. Maintain no cramped or awkward position; and use no bindings when possible to avoid. If bindings are used remove as soon as the animal is unconscious. to. Keep aclear head and a steady nerve, have on hand a good working hypodermic syringe; brandy or nitro-glycerin and aq. ammonia fort. should be kept in readiness; if breathing be- comes very weak or stops, artificial respiration should be com- menced AT ONCE and tongue pulled well forward to allow free en- trance of air, strike the body sharply with cloths or hands to stimulate circulation. Brandy or atropine may be injected hypo- dermically and the ammonia inhaled; maintain warmth and try dilation of the anus, as recommended in human practice. CHLORAL. HYDRATE OF CHLORAL—CHLORAL HypRATE.—Occurs in separate rhomboidal, colorless and transparent crystals, slowly evaporating when exposed to the air, having an aromatic, pene- trating and slightly acrid odor, bitter, caustic taste and neutral reaction, freely soluble in alcohol, water or ether, also in fixed and volatile oils; it liquifies when mixed with carbolic acid and camphor. A solution of chloral hydrate should not be kept on hand long as it is transformed into chloroform; it should always be administered well diluted. Dose.— Horses, 4 to 8 drs., up to 2 ozs., according to effect desired; cattle, 1% to 2 ozs.; pigs, % to1 dr.; sheep, 1 to 2 drs.; dogs, 3 to 20 ers. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Alcohol, ammonia, atro- pine and other stimulants, to combat its depression on the heart and respiration; strychnine is also antagonistic; all alkaline agents decompose it into chloroform. Synergists.—Are the hypnotic drugs, notably opium and the aneesthetics; these deepen the effect of chloral when used at the same time. Physiological Actions.—Locally it is an irritant, antiseptic and stimulant; when absorbed it has a primary stimulating effect and a secondary sedative action on the cireulation and central nervous system. Toxic doses after slight and temporary stimu- lation, notably depress and paralyze the cerebro-spinal centers. Medicinal Doses.—Are hypnotic, analgesic, feebly anzesthet- ic, antispasmodic, and prevents coagulation of fibrin; it is more 146 NOTES ON hypnotic than chloroform and less anesthetic; used hypodermic- ally it produces extensive sloughing of tissues; large doses and strong solutions may cause gastritis; on the brain it produces anemia; moderate doses contract the pupils, dangerous doses di- late them. Should be dissolved in eight or ten times its bulk of water. Uses.—To quiet irritability, and cause sleep; can be com- bined with morphine for gastro-intestinal irritation and spasm, but should not be used where there is inflammation or a tendency to it. In violent spasmodic coughing, chorea, epilepsy and hys- teria, to quiet. In tetanus continue large doses; it is the direct antidote to strychnine poisoning. Is used in phrenitis: Should not be used as an anzesthetic; is dangerous to inject into jugular, but is used that way by some practitioners in from 3 to6 dram doses, dissolved in distilled water. As a hypnotic it may be com- bined with potassium bromide; this is especially useful in dog practice in all forms of fits. BuTYL CHLORAL HyDRATE—OR CROTON CHLORAL Hy- DRATE.—Resembles chloral but is less powerful, less cardiac de- pressant, is used more especially for neuralgia of the facial nerve in the human, in doses of 2 to 15 grs. OPIUM. The concrete milky exudation obtained in Asia Minor from the unripe capsule of PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM OR Poppy PLANT by incision and spontaneous evaporation. Opium should yield at least 9 per cent of morphine by the process of assay in its normal moist condition. PREPARATIONS OF OPIUM. Opt PuLVIS—POWDERED Opium —This is opium dried and powdered and should not contain less than 12 per cent nor more than 16 per cent morphine. Dose.—Horses, 20 to 60 grs.; sheep, 5 to 20 grs.; dogs, 1-20 to 3 grs.; cattle, 1 to 2 drs.; pigs, 3 to 10 grs. EXTRACTUM OPII—EXTRACT OF OpluM.—Has i8 per cent of morphine. Dose about % less than the powdered opium. PuLvis IpECACUANHA ET Opi1.—This is the well-known DOvVER’S POWDER, 10 grs. contain 1 gr. each of ipecac and opium, and 8 grs. sugar of milk. 0 ia eee Boo hie Bees © as Aid Arlee Let Veit oe : ree Side my VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 147 Dose as a diaphoretic and expectorant. Horse, 1 to 4 drs.; sheep, 30 to 60 grs.; dogs, 2 to 10 or I5 grs. repeated several times daily; supply patient freely with diluents, as water, and keep warmly clothed; from 5 to 15 grs. is frequently taken by man at the outset of colds to break them up. TINCTURA Opli—TINCTURE OF OpIUM—LAUDANUM. Opium strength 10 per cent, 13 minims or 25 drops equal 1 gr. of opium. Dose.—Horse, % to 2 or 3 ozs.; cattle, 1 to 3 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 4 drs.; dogs, 2 to 30 ms. TINCTURA Opir CAMPHORATA—CAMPHORATED ‘TR. OF OpiumM—Well-known PAREGORIC.—"™% oz. contains nearly 1 gr. of opium about 1-co strength of the tincture. Dose.—Puppies, 1 to 10 ms.; adult dogs, roms. to 1 or 2 drs., up to % oz. EMPLASTRUM OPII—PLASTER OF Opium. Not used in veteri- nary practice. | PiLuL# Opi, Prnis oF Oprum.—Each pill contains 1 gr. of opium. . ACETUM OPplI—VINEGAR OF OPpluM.—Same dose as the tincture. VinumM OplIi—WINE OF, Oprum.—Contains opium, cloves, cinnamon and sherry wine. Dose, same as the tincture; good for dogs. TINcTURA Oprt DEopoRATI.—AII about Io per cent strength, and dose the same as the tincture. Composition of Opium.—About % the weight of opium is made up of non-medicinal substance as gum, albumen, fragrance of the poppy capsules, sugar, resin, extractive matters, odorous principles, etc. It contains 17 or 18 so called alkaloids, besides 2 recognized neutral substances and 2 organic acids, etc. The two principal alkaloids of opium are MORPHINE AND CODEINE. MORPHINE is hypnotic, anodyne and narcotic. CODEINE is more calmative and less constipating. There is also an import- ant derivative of morphine obtained by the action of hydrochloric acid, known as APOMORPHINE.—It is an artificial alkaloid and a powerful emetic. The hydrochlorate is official. Dose of APOMORPHINA’ HyDROCHLORAS as an emetic for dogs, % to 1-5 gr. by the mouth, and 1-20 to 1-10 grs. hypo- -dermically; it is soluble 1 in 7 of water, it occurs in small gray 148 NOTES ON ish white shining needles, turning green on exposure to light and air, but this does not affect its action. Of morphine there is an ACETATE, a HYDROCHLORATE and a SULPHATE. If you combine with zinc sulphate, use the sul- phate of morphine, if combined with acetate of lead, use the acetate of morphine, etc. MorPHIN SULPHAS.—Occurs in feathery crystals, soluble in 21 parts of water and 34 of boiling water; contains about 80 per cent of morphine and is the form most used. Doses.— Horses 2 to 10 grs. by the mouth; hypodermically for fullsized horses, 4, 5 or 6 grs, but 4 grs. is generally sufficient and not apt to constipate; cattle, 5 to 10 grs.; pigs, 1-10 to % gr.; sheep, % to 2 grs.; dogs, 1-30 to 14 gr. About one-half of these doses for hypodermic uses. CopEINA—CODEINE.— This occurs in white or yellowish white prisms, soluble in 80 parts water at 60° F. and in 17 parts boiling water. There is a PHOSPHATE OF CODEIN® which is sufficiently solu- ble for hypodermic use, 1 in 20 of water usual solution. Dose of Codeinze about three times that of morphine; dogs, Y to 2 gts. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—As regards chemical antag- onism, the alkaline carbonates, lime-water, and salts of iron, lead, copper, zinc, mercury, and Fowler’s Solution are incompat- ible with the preparations of opium; notwithstanding this chem- ical incompatibility, the metallic salts are frequently given in conjunction with opium and the systemic effects of both are pro- duced; astringent vegetables (tannin) are also incompatible; they limit physiological activity by forming tannate of morphine, which is not readily soluble. In Case of Poisoning.—Emetics, stomach pump, permanga- nate of potash, grain for grain of morphine. Artificial respira- tion, striking the body, keep moving, empty bladder to prevent reabsorption. Morphine can be detected in the urine; three very small doses of atropia sulphate administered 15 minutes apart may be given to act as a physiological antidote; give about 1-10 to % of agrain toa horse, if small horse, make the dose smaller; dogs, 1-120 gr. Strong coffee is a good antidote. Synergists.—The cerebral and hypnotic effects are promoted by alcohol and its derivatives (notably chloral), and within cer- VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 149 tain limits by the mydriatics, its sudorific action is increased by ipecacuanha. Physiological Actions.—Opium is analgesic, hypnotic, dia- phoretic, antispasmodic, narcotic; also cardiac and respiratory depressant, after primary brief stimulation. In Medium Doses.—It dries all the secretions, except those of mamme and skin. ‘The latter being increased, produces dry- ness of the mouth and throat, arrests gastric secretions, retards digestion, and causes anorexia (loss of appetite); it stimulates the brain by increasing the blood supply; in man it stimulates the mental activity, while in animalsit stimulates motor activity; it does not affect the conductivity of nerves, but it prevents the consciousness of pain by paralyzing the nerve centers; the action of the heart is increased and arterial tension is raised, the pupil slightly contracted; the mind at first stimulated, becomes calm, sleep follows, disturbed by dreams and headache; constipa- tion and some depression result. In Full Doses.—It arrests digestion, causes nausea and vomit- ing (in animals capable of emesis) greatly increases the sweat, prevents the conductivity of nerves, depresses the heart and cir- culation, impairing oxidation and lowering temperature, it con- tracts the pupil by stimulating the motor oculi and causes in- tense pruritus (itching), especially of the nose, often retention of urine, and soon profound sleep; in some cases coma or delirium, leaving as after effects, nausea, depression, constipation, vertigo, anorexia, nasal pruritus, and fetid pathological secretions. A Toxic Dose.—Produces cold clammy sweat, very slow heart, diminished quantity of urine, abolished reflexes, coma, the pupil minutely contracted, spoken of as pin point pupil by physicians, but dilated as the end approaches and death by sus- pension of respiration due to direct action of the poison on the respiratory centers in the medulla. Post-Mortem—Shows no characteristic lesions, find wet brain, congested lungs, and engorgement of the venous trunks and right side of heart. . Morphine and Codeine as compared with the action of opium; that of morphine is more anodyne and hypnotic; it causes more intense pruritus, is less stimulant, less convulsant, less constipat- ing and less diaphoretic. Codeine is a motor paralyzant; it exalts the spinal cord more than morphine and affects the cerebrum less, 150 NOTES ON producing muscular tremors in excess of sedation; it reduces the urinary sugar in diabetes and has a selective sedative influence on the pneumogastric. Therapy.—The chief indications for the use of opium are: 1. To relieve pain. 2. ‘To produce sleep. 3. To allay irritation. 4. To check excessive secretion. 5. To support the system. 6. Asa sudorific. Sulphuric ether prevents its drying up effects as well as the nauseating and depressing effects. Used for pain from any cause except acute inflammation of brain. Used in low fevers to sup- port system when sufficient food cannot be taken, also in irrita- tion of bronchi, bladder, stomach and bowels, as well as the uterus. IN PERITONITIS opium used freely or combined or alternated with aconite is very good. IN PLEURISY, at the outset, opium and aconite will often abort it. In DIARRHGA—DYSENTERY, opium is one of the best drugs we have, or can combine opium with lead acetate, prepared chalk, etc. In ENTERITIS.—Dr. Quitman doesn’t believe in binding up the bowels with opium, but uses belladonna to reduce congestion in preference to opium, alternated with Tr. Aconite. In Coups give Dover's Powder or oprum, quinine, ammon. carb. and camphor. Dr. Quitman says, do not use opium in spasmodic colic, unless exceedingly painful, but give hypoder- mically four grains of morphine; he prefers non-constipating anodynes, such as cannabis indica, hyoscyamus, etc. IN MuscuLAR SPASMS opium is very efficient. In SEROUS INFLAMMATION in early stages, before effusion takes place. IN CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS, opium should be given early, before exudation has set in, with belladonna and ergot alternated with aconite. In DIABETES MELLITUS, codeine is said to be the best, as it lessens the amount of sugar in the urine, and should be admin- ne: ne VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. I51 istered by the mouth; if given hypodermically it exerts no in- fluence on the sugar. In DyspnaiaA.—Use morphine, especially if from cardiac disease. In GASTRITIS.—Opium combined with Bismuth Sub. Nitrate and Hydrastis. IN EVERSION OF RECTUM OR UTERUS.—Give morphine hy- podermically to prevent straining. OPIUM OR ITS ALKALOIDS ARE CONTRAINDICATED in dis- eases of the respiratory organs, with shallow embarrassed breath- ing, asthey may still further depress and cause death; except in pleurisy, larger or more frequent doses may be given than in bronchitis or pneumonia, also contraindicated in acute fevers, congestion, and inflammation of brain and constipation. In CouGuHs, opium combined with belladonna is very useful in small medicinal doses; as large doses antagonize each other. (Belladonna stimulates and opium depresses in full doses. ) For coughs in horses (12 doses): 34 F. E. Bellad., 3 i. F. E. Lobelia, & iii. Ac. Hydrocyan Dil., 5 i. to iss. Ol. Picis. liq., 5 i. Ol. Camph., 3 iii. Syr. Simplex Qs. Ad.,3 xii. M. Sig.—One ounce every 2 or 3 hours. If cough does not yield, you can combine morphine 1 to 2 grs. to the dose in place of hydrocyanic acid, or add to above for- mula. Grade the doses according to the frequency of adminis- tration. In CATARRHAL DISEASES, give opium to lessen the discharge. Opium combined with belladonna for asthma in dogs, and in pre- mature labor pains, either opium or morphine is useful. It is used externally as an anodyne for any purpose, espe- cially on wounds or abraided surfaces; has little if any action on unbroken skin. The uterus, vagina or rectum when everted should be washed with tepid water, then bathed with a solution of opium and belladonna, returned and retained by appropriate measures. For inflammation of the eyes: 4 Morph. sulphatis, grs. iv. Zinci sulphatis. grs. ii. Aq. distil., ak M. Sig.—Use as a lotion. 152 NOTES ON Tolerance of opium or morphine is said to be as quickly ac- quired in animals as in man; frequent or continued use as well as very acute pain calls for larger doses. In young animals it should be used with caution and in small doses. BROMIDES. Porassi BromibuM—PorasstumM BroMIDE.—Occurs in colorless, cubical crystals, soluble in 1.6 of water and 200 of al- cohol; it is the most irritant to the stomach, of the bromides, most toxic to the heart and muscular system, quite a powerful depress- ant and least hypnotic; it contains 66 per cent of bromine, and is the one most commonly used in veterinary practice. Dose.—Horses and cattle, % to 1 or 2 ozs.; dogs, 5 to 60 grs.; average dose 20 to 30 grs. Always dissolve in warm water when administering; the powder otherwise would exert but little action. Sopm BromMipuM—BRroMIDE OF SopA.—This does not. irri- tate the stomach; good in dog practice; occurs in colorless monoclynic crystals, soluble in 1.2 of water and 13 of alcohol, and is neutral in reaction; it is the least toxic but most hypnotic, and acts most energetically on the circulation. It contains 78 per cent of bromine. Dose, the same as for Bromide of Potash. LITHit BROMIDUM— BROMIDE OF LirutuM.—A white granu- lar deliquescent salt, very soluble in water and alcohol, contains the most bromine of the class, 92 per cent, and resembles the so- dium salts in action, and is better than theothers in epilepsy and is considered the best hypnotic of the series; also used a great deal in retention where the kidneys are at fault. Dose.—Horse, % to 1 oz.; dogs, 2 to 20 or 30 grs. Good drug in rheumatism of dogs. AMMONII BROoMIDUM.—Occurs in colorless, prismatic crys- / / tals, soluble in 11% of water, andin 30 of alcohol. It resembles the potassium salt in action, except that it exerts less influence on the heart and muscular system, and is somewhat more stimulat- ing. It irritates the stomach. Dose the same as Bromide of Lithium. There is also a CALCIUM BROMIDE. Same dose as the bro- mide of soda and potash. A Srrontium BromipE, dose about the same, or smaller, o eter 2 - 5 Age tie | : Cea. 8 a: N 4 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Wee than the bromides of lithium and ammonium; alsoa Zixc Bro- MIDE which is a violent irritant in large doses; both used in epi- leptic conditions. Acipum Hyprospromicum Dinutum.—Contains 10 per cent ab- solute hydrobromic acid; used as a substitute for the bromides. For Cerebral engorgement in dogs: kK Ac. hydrobrom dil., % Vj, Fl, Ex., ergot, 3 Ss. Syr. aurantii cortex, qs. ad., 3 iv- M. Sig.—One drachm 4 or 5 times daily in water. Dose—Dogs, 5 ms. to 2 drs., well diluted. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Acids, acidulous and metal- lic salts are incompatible with bromides of ammon. and potash, and nitrous ether with the former; physiological actions are an- tagonized by cold, digitalis, belladonna, ergot and other agents which energize the vaso-motor nervous system. Synergists.—Opium, chloral and other remedies of this group, promote the actions of the bromides on the brain, and aconite, veratrum viride, gelsemium, etc., increase the depressing effects of them on the circulatory system. Physiological A¢tions.—They are pre-eminently depressants of the cerebral and spinal functions, also alterative, antispasmodic, hypnotic, and anaphrodisiac. The bromide of potash like all other potassium salts is especially a cardiac and muscular par- alyzant, they are very diffusible and slowly eliminated; long con- tinued doses produce gastric catarrh; they reduce the number of respirations and the heart’s action and force; lessen activity of brain cells, producing sleep; diminish sensibility of peripheral nerves, causing anesthesia of skin and mucous membrane. ‘The contin- uance of full doses causes a form of chronic poisoning termed BRo- MISM, Characterized by depression of cerebral faculties, increased secretion from mucous glands, feebleness, anzemia and wasting, lessened sexual function, dilated pupil, acne or eczematous erup- tion. Toxic doses kill by asphyxia, also cause fetid breath, re- laxation of sphincters, etc. Uses.—They are used as sedatives to the nervous system, to lower reflex activity, to produce sleep, to subdue excitement of the genital apparatus and to antagonize congestion of the brain, as the bromides bring about an anemic condition of the brain; used in fits, particularly of dogs, 20 or 30 gr. doses of the bro- 154 NOTES ON mide of potash or bromide of soda dissolved in a little warm water; also bathe the head with cold water, repeat every 15 or 20 min- utes, but one dose is usually sufficient; used in any convulsive or spasmodic conditions; used in tetanus but are of little value; for this, the bromide of potash is used in 2 oz. doses every 4 hours. . In acute rheumatism, BROMIDE OF AMMON. OR BROMIDE OF LiruHium are both quite serviceable in dog practice. In NyMPHOMANIA, the bromides are the best treatment. In strychnine poisoning, the bromide of potash may be used as an antidote in place of chloral. GELSEMIUM—YELLOW JASMINE. Extractum GELSEMI FLurpumM.—That made from the green root is the best. Dose.— Horse, 1 dr. to % oz. upto oz. for a single dose. Dog, 1 to 10 or 20 ms. TrncturRA GELSEMII—TINCTURE OF GELSEMIUM. Dose.— Dogs, 1 to 30 ms. Composition.—Contains gelsemine, a very powerful alkaloid, also an acrid resin, volatile oil, gallic acid, coloring matter, etc. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Caustic alkalies and tannic acid are chemically incompatible; physiologically, by general stimulants and other special stimulants. Toxic effects are treated by emetics, warmth, alcoholic stimulants, artificial respiration, and morphine subcutaneously. Synergists. —Conium, physostigma, tobacco, opium, ete., in- crease its effects when administered along with it. Physiological Actions.—A splendid nerve sedative, antispas- modic and nerve depressant, paralyzing motility and sensibility by central action on the spinal cord. It lowers body temperature; is not irritating; effects of moderate doses pass off in about 3 hours. Toxic Doses cause vertigo, drooping of eyelids, dilated pupils, labored breathing and feeble heart, drooping jaw, stag- gering gait, great muscular weakness, general anesthesia, sweats and death by asphyxia due to paralysis of muscles of respira- tion. Uses.—Is a very useful drug in exalted nerve function or in + HOEY Bere “J 7 le ated Dy ? - i) ae ad) VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 155 any condition known as nervous excitability; contraindicated when there is a weak heart. In Azoturia, gelsemium is the best drug to prevent or con- trol its delirium; start in with 2 dr. doses, when given every 2 or 3 hours, if the animal is quite excited give 1% oz. dose, and com- bine it with Fl. Ex. hyoscyamus % oz. Incerebro-spinal meningi- tis, gelsemium in small repeated doses 1 or 2 drs. every 2 hours. It is indicated in delirium from any cause, in coughs of convulsive or spasmodic character. Gelsemium is used a great dealin the South in remittent fever; it is also used in irritable condition of the bladder; in tetanus give gelsemium for its soothing influence, in 2, 3 or 4 dr. doses; good for relieving post partum pains. ARNICH—ARNICA. Arnic® Frores—Arnica FLowrers —ARNICH Rapix—ARNICEH Roor. PREPARATIONS—EXTRACTUM ARNic# Rapr is —ExTRActT OF Arnica Roor. Dose.—Horse, 15 to 45 or 60 grs.; dogs, % to 3 grs. Extractum Arnic&® Rapicis Frurpum—Fip. Ext. ARNIcA Roor. Dose.—Horse, 1% to 3 drs.; dogs, 2 to 10 ms. TrnoturA ArnNic#® Rapicts—Tr. Arnica Root.—This is the best and most used. Dose.—Horse, % to 2 ozs., as diaphoretic 1 or 2 ozs. com- bined with other diaphoretics. Dogs, 5 to 30 ms. There is also a TrINcTURE ARNICE FLorumM.—Dose the same as the Tr oF Root, but the Root is the best. Composition.—An active principle called arnicine. The root contains an essential oil, on which depends in great part its physiological activity. : Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Its actions are antagonized by ammonia, alcoholic stimulants, opium, camphor, etc. Synergists.—Aconite, veratrum viride, digitalis and arterial sedatives, generally increase the effects of arnica. Physiological Actions.--Arnica is irritant, stimulant, de-_ pressant; antipyretic, diuretic, diaphoretic and is used as a vul- nerary, it dilates the cuticular blood vessels. It irritates the gastro-intestinal tract. In alcoholic solution (as the Tr.) it in- flames the skin when used full strength. 156 NOTES ON In small doses it increases the action of the heart, raises ar- terial tension, stimulates the action of skin and kidneys. Large doses produce a transient excitement, followed by de- pressed circulation, respiration and temperature. Toxic Doses cause violent headache, ‘dilated pupil and mus- cular paresis; it paralyzes the nervous system of animal and organic life, causing collapse and death. Uses.—Is remarkably efficient as a diaphoretic in 1, 1% or 2 oz. doses diluted in one pint of water; '% oz. fluid extract pilocarpus may be added at ‘the outset of inflammatory diseases of any kind, such as lymphangitis, laminitis, pulmonary diseases, ete. Excellent to stop a chill and prevent the following fever or in- flammatory action. It does this by dilating the blood vessels of the skin, thus attracting the blood to the surface and away from conjested internal organs. It is indicated in sthenic fever of any kind; azoturia, rheumatism, especially inflammatory or articular; congestion of brain, kidneys, etc., externally much used, but of little value on hairy animals. Sweating mixture: K Tr. arnicee rad., 3 i., iss. or ii- Fl. Ex. pilocarpus, 3 ss. to i, Aq. qs. ad.. Oj. M. Sig.—Give at one dose; repeat in an hour if necessary. Blanket patient well with woolen blankets. PILOCARPUS—J ABORANDI. There is a TrncturE and an INFUSION also an EXTRACTUM Prnocarrr FLrurpum—F ip. Extract oF Prnocarpus. Dose.—Horse, % to 1 oz. but larger doses may be given, depending on the purpose for which it is given. Dogs, 15 ms. to I or 2 drs. : Composition.—Contains two alkaloids, Pilocarpine and Jabor- ine, these two alkaloids though isomeric are antagonistic in action, also contains a volatile oil and a peculiar acid., PrnocarPIN® Hyprocuioras.—An alkaloid which occurs. in minute white crystals, deliquescent, odorless and neutral in re- action, very soluble in water and alcohol. Dose.—(Hypodermically) Horse, 2 to 5 grs. if given alone, but I gr. at a dose is materially synergistic to eserine. Dog (by the mouth) 1-20 to % gr. (hypodermically) 1-40 to % gr. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Belladonna or atropine is directly opposite in action to pilocarpus or pilocarpine. a LU We Le ae 2 yee Ae ’ Pt RE ser 2 by al or i LI r art VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 157 The caustic alkalies, persalts of iron and the salts of the metals generally are chemically incompatible. Synergists.—Aconite, veratrum viride, gelsemium and vaso- motor paralyzers promote the activity of jaborandi. Physiological Actions.—Pilocarpus is a paralyzer of the vaso-motor system, lowers arterial pressure and is a stimulant of the peripheral terminations of nerves supplying glands and invol- untary muscular fibres, subsequently paralyzing the latter; it is therefore a powerful diaphoretic and sialagogue, a cardiac depress- ant by stimulation of the vagus ends, also myotic, emetic and sometimes abortifacient; its taste is hot and pungent. In horses it produces a prompt and very profuse salivation; while it has diaphoretic action in horses, it is not so marked as in the human, although, it is a valuable synergist to other diaphoretic drugs, particularly arnica. The nasal, bronchial and lachrymal secretions are also much increased, as well as the intestinal secretions, which make pilo- carpine a valuable synergist to eserine. PILOcCARPUS OR PILOCARPINE in sufficient doses may cause watery diarrhcea. The action of the heart at first increased is afterwards lowered, arterial tension reduced and temperature falls from 1 to 4 degrees; it also greatly increases the quantity of urea excreted, but not the quantity of urine. In Toxic Doses.—Respiratory power is lowered and apnoea may occur from excessive bronchial secretion, or cedema of lungs; pilocarpus is rapidly diffused and is eliminated by the skin and salivary glands; its effect lasting 3 to 6 hours; it increases con- traction of the bladder, uterus and spleen. Therapeutical Uses.—Dr. Quitman uses the hydrochlorate of pilocarpine to assist eserine in its action as a quick cathartic, as follows: RK Pilocarpinie hydrochloratis, gr. i. to grs. iss. Eserine sulphatis, grs. iss. Aq. destil., 4 1. M_ Sig.—For doctor’s use. (Use about 4ominims hypodermically, and then inject balance in 20 or 30 minutes if necessary). Pilocarpus is also used in pleuritic and other effusions, to promote the absorption and elimination; used as expectorant in catarrh, bronchitis, pneumonia; combined with Tr. arnica Rad. 158 NOTES ON to stop chills and abort inflammatory diseases such as lymphan- gitis, laminitis, etc. For Azoturia: K Tr. arnice rad., 3 Vj: Fl. ex. colchici sem., % Vj- Fl. ex. pilocarpus, 3 Vj- Spts. aeth. nit., % Vj- M. Sig.—1% ozs. every 3 or 4 hours in § pint of water. The pilocarpine hydrochloras may be used as antidote to belladonna poisoning. PHysosTigMA—CALABAR BEAN. EXTRACTUM PHYSOSTIGMATIS. Dose. —Horse, 3 to 8 grs.; dogs, 1-10 to % grs. TINCTURA PHYSOSTIGMATIS. Dose.— Horse, 2 to 6 drs.; dogs, 2 to 20 ms. Extractum PuysostTiGMatis FLturpumM—F.p. Ext. of PHys- OSTIGMA (not official). Dose.—Horses, % to 2 or 3 drs.; cattle, 2 to 6 drs.; of the powdered bean or seed 1 to 2 drs., but 1 dr. of the powder or Fld. Ext. is the average dose. Composition.—Contains two alkaloids, PHYSOSTIGMINE OR EsERINE AND CALABARINE. Physostigmine is the only one used. PHysosTIGMINA; SULPHAS.— Occurs in white or yellowish white powders, very soluble in water and alcohol. PHyYSsOSTIGMINE SALICYLAS.—Occurs in colorless, shining crystals, turning reddish on long exposure to air and light, odor- less, bitter taste and neutral reaction, soluble in 130 parts of water andin 12 parts of alcohol at 59° F. Both are extremely hygroscopic. Dose of both salts is the same. Dose of eserine for horses, (hypodermicaily) '% to 1%, up to. 2 grs. in great emergencies; dogs, 1-100 to I-50 gr., up to I-25, gr. for very large dogs; the salicylate is said to keep better than the sulphate. Eserine sulphate can be obtained in sealed glass. tubes containing 1, 1% and 2 grs.; this is the best form in which to carry it as it cannot spoil and it can be depended on, it is put up by Merck. ‘Tablets are more or less unreliable and when a: bottle or tube containing the drug is once opened, it rapidly spoils. The tubes containing 11% grains are the best for general purposes. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Vegetable astringents, tannic acid, and caustic alkalies are chemically incompatible. ! v au «. a . Ae ro VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 159 Physiologically.—Atropine antagonizes in part its action; chloral more so. Therapeutically.—The tetanizing agents are opposed to physostigma. Synergists.—The paralyzers or depressors of the motor ner- vous system; conium, gelsemium, amyl nitrite, etc., increase its effects. Physiological Actions. —Physostigma is a muscular stimulant and a direct spinal paralyzer, producing complete general paraly- sis and abolishment of the reflexes, but does not affect muscular irritability, or the brain. It stimulates secretion, excites nausea and vomiting, and is laxative or purgative by stimulating the muscular coat of the in- testines, as well as by increasing the intestinal secretions. It first lowers then raises arterial tension, increases heart beat in fre- quency, but depresses the power of the cardiac muscles, though not destroying it. It produces in toxic doses, dyspnoea by a tetanic action on the respiratory muscles, causing carbonic acid gas poisoning and death by paralysis of respiration; it contracts the pupil, is then myotic; eliminated by the kidneys, the urine of affected animals poisoning another. In pregnant animals it may cause abortion. Uses.—Very useful in constipation due to torpor of bowels, combined with belladonna, nux vomica and colchicum; in tetanus is used with varying results; it is antagonistic to strychnine and atropine poisoning. For the Eye.—KEserine 1 or 2 grs. tothe 1 0z. of distilled water is used to relieve congestion, inflammation and tension; to break up and prevent adhesions of the iris and lens, alternate with atropine; used to contract the pupil and vessels of the eye and thereby relieving pain and photophobia. Dr. Quitman says, in case of obstinate constipation eserine is contraindicated where the intestinal murmur cannot be heard, showing paralysis of the bowels. Eserine is very beneficial in flatulent and spasmodic colic; give 1 gr. dose hypodermically, then repeat with 1% gr. dose in 20 or 30 minutes if necessary. LOBELIA—INDIAN TOBACCO. TINcTURA LOBELLE. Dose.—Dogs, 3 ms. to % dr., % to 1 dr. as an emetic. ExTractuM LOBELLE: FLUIDUM—FLp. Ext. oF LOBELIA. 160 NOTES ON Dose.—Horse, 1 dr. to 1 0z.; dog, 1% to 20 ms., as emetic 20, to 30 ms. Composition.— Activity of lobelia is due to its alkaloid, Lo- BELINE; also contains lobelic acid. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Caustic alkalies; its de- pressing effects, by digitalis, belladonna, ergot, and other vaso- motor excitants, by alcohol, ether, ammonia, etc; on the nervous system of animal life, strychnine, picrotoxin, thebaine, etc. Synergists.—The motor depressants. Physiological Actions.—It has an acrid nauseous taste and very unpleasant odor; it is expectorant, diaphoretic, purgative, emetic, antispasmodic, and narcotic; it excites an abundant flow of saliva, much gastric mucous, profuse urination and sweating, with great nausea, vomiting and great depression, the action of the heart is enfeebled, the blood pressure at first increased, soon falls, muscular debility, reduced temperature, then coma and death by paralysis of the respiratory centers, the motor nervous. system is chiefly affected, especially the medulla oblongata and the nucleus of the pneumogastric contained therein. Uses.—Lobelia is very useful in asthma in dogs or man, combined with belladonna and gelsemium; in heaves in horses, the same combination is very useful, followed with full doses of arsenic or Fowler's Solution. Lobelia isalso excellent in dry coughs; for asthma in dogs give 15 to 30 minims of the Tr. of Lobelia ever 15 minutes till nausea sets in. It prevents the dry- ing effect of belladonna on the throat. ActpbuM HyprocyanicumM DitwrumM—DILuTED Hyprocy- ANIC OR Prussic AcID. Character.—A colorless, volatile, faintly acid liquid, having an almond-like odor, very unstable; to preserve it best, keep it in an inverted blue bottle, well corked, and away from heat and light.. If long kept it may become inert; strength 2 percent. Dose.—Horses and cattle, 20 ms. to 2 drs.; one-half ounce is often given in tetanus; sheep, roto 15 ms.; pigs, 2 to 7 ms.; dogs, % to 3ms.; give well diluted; sometimes used to kill dogs easily. Porassi) CyANIDUM—CYANIDE OF PovTAsH.—Occurs in white, opaque, amorphous pieces, having a sharp, somewhat alka- line and bitter almond taste and alkaline reaction; is deliques- sg 4 f Wadtie ie shat tlre. se fe : Se ee Ps se es oye'g Per eee sat Pane nah ak ea ia RIS ys ln Ae AL the Le ie, * Pata Sto VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. I61 cent in moist air; when powdered is readily soluble in two parts of water, sparingly soluble in alcohol. Dose.—Horse 1 to 2 up to 5 grs.; dogs, 1-15 to % gr. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—The metallic salts are gen- erally incompatible, also red oxide of iron, sesquioxide; these are too slow as antidotes. In Case of Poisoning.—Remedies of greatest utility are cold affusion to spine, inhalation of ammonia, ammonia by the stomach and intravenous injection of it, subcutaneous injection of Tr. strophanthus, nitro-glycerin, ether or atropine may be used, but is too; slow artificial respiration; emetics; must act very quickly, as it kills quickly. Physiological Actions and Uses.—Hydrocyanic acid and nicotine are the most powerful poisons known. Externally.—Hydrocyanic acid paralizes terminations of the sensory nerves, thus it is a local anesthetic and sedative; it is readily absorbed from raw surfaces, and may cause poisoning; ex- ternally, it is used to allay irritation of itching skin disease. 34 Ac. Hydrocyanici dil., a i us potassee, 5 SS. to i. Oj. ss. Aq. M. Sig.—Apply to itching surface. Internally, on the alimentary tract, it is quickly absorbed by the mucous membrane, and has the same effect on mouthfand stomach as the skin, consequently itis useful to allay vomiting of dogs, as: k Ac. Hydrocyan, dil., m. ii. to iii. Bismuthi subnit., 5 ss toi. Aq. cinnamomi, 5 Vi- M. Sig.—One drachm every two hours as lone as necessary. Also very useful in cough mixtures. For destroying the strongylus micrurus of calves, Prof. Williams gives 10 to 20 ms. of the acid conjoined with sodium carbonate and gentian. Action on the Heart.—Large doses instantly arrest its di- astolic action; it acts direct on the heart and on the center in the medulla; respiration and the spinal cord are also paralyzed by it, and it dilates the pupil. Post-Mortem.—Leaves no characteristic lesions, but you may detect the odor of prussic acid; it is also useful in tetanus, and is occasionally used to kill the round worms of horses. 162 NOTES ON The Porasstum CyANIDE has the same action as prussic acid, but locally causes inflammation of the skin, and applied to broken surfaces may cause death. Summary.—Prussic acid paralyzes all nerve structure in which it comes in contact; it is then an anodyne, antispasmodic, sedative and local anzesthetic; full doses paralyze the cerebro- spinal axis, killing by arresting the heart and respiration. Amy Nirris —Amyt Nirrite.—Yellowish or reddish yel- low liquid, oily, very volatile, peculiar and very diffusive ethe- real odor, insoluble in water, but soluble in all proportions in alcohol, ether and chloroform. Dose.—Horse (internally) 10 to 30 ms., up to 1 dr., but is very seldom given internally; hypodermically, '% this dose. By inhalation, 1% to 1 dr., and it must be fresh, as it rapidly deterio- rates. Dogs, % to 3 ms. internally, and 1 to 5 ms. by inhalation. It is best used in thin glass capsules, called pearls, which are broken when required for inhalation. Actions.—It produces the following results: Accelerates heart’s action, greatly dilates the arterioles, by paralyzing their muscular coats; causes a sense of fulness in the brain with vertigo, fallin blood pressure due to dilation of the ar- terioles, lowering of temperature; when the vapor is applied di- rect to muscular or nerve tissues it suspends or completely arrests its functional activity; it depresses the nervous system and un- striped muscular fiber. It causes death by respiratory failure. Uses.—Epileptic attacks may be warded off by its being in- haled; spasmodic asthma, used either internally, hypodermically or best by inhalation; in strychnine poisoning, angina pectoris, and in tetanus. NITROGLYCERIN—SYNONYMS, GLONOIN—TRINITRIN. SPIRITUS GLONOINI—SPIRITS OF NITROGLYCERIN.—A I per cent alcoholic solution; of this is used for horses, % to 1 dr. hypo- dermically; dogs, 4% to 4 or 5 minims. This agent is a very powerful heart stimulant, used in collapse, heart failure, antidote for prussic acid, asthma, epilepsy. Dr. Quitman prefers it to digi- talis as a heart stimulant. ACONITUM—ACONITE.— WOLFSBANE OR MonksHOOD. The part used in medicine is the tuber of aconitum napellus. Extractum AconiTI—ExtRAct oF ACONITE.—Prepared from the leaves; not much used in veterinary practice. Preparation Sieg y A Asti dy eave Le Ee say i wah eta ce eames is i RAVE NIE ome » VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 163 of the leaves are not official in the last U.S. P.—the root is 5 times stronger than the leaves. Extractum Aconit1 FrurpuM—F.Lp. Ext. oF AcONITE. Dose.—Horse, 5 to 15 ms.; cattle, 20 to 4o or 50 ms.; dogs, I-10 to I m. TINcTURA ACONITI—TR. of ACONITE RooT.—Strength 35 per cent of aconite root. Dose.— Horse, 10 to 30 ms., for single doses about 4o ms. may be given. Cattle, 15 ms. to 1 dr.; dogs, 1-10 to 2 ms. Horses cannot stand as large doses of aconite in comparison as man. FLEMINGS TINCTURE OF ACONITE.—Strength 79 per cent. Dose.— % that of the U. S. P. Tr. ACONITINE.—Dose for horse, 1-30 to 1-5 gr. Not used to any extent in veterinary practice. Always dilute each dose of aconite with from 3 to 6 ozs. of water or other diluents as it has a peculiar local effect. Composition.—Contains an active principle called aconitine in proportion of .o3 per cent together with aconitic acid; also contains another principle called napelline, etc. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Alcohol, ether, ammonia, turpentine, digitalis, heat, etc. antagonize the action of aconite. In Case of Poisoning.—The stomach should be evacuated and stimulants be administered by stomach or rectum and intra- venous injections of ammonia, sulphuric ether, or hypodermic injections of digitalis and other heart stimulants; artificial res- piration, to overcome the depression of the heart, which is the chief danger; the hypodermic injections of atropine is indicated, or nitro-glycerin would be best and one of the quickest; main- tain the recumbent position when possible. Apply warmth externally. Synergists.— All the agents of this group (motor depressants ) increase the effects of aconite, cold, fatigue, and all depressing influences are synergistic. Physiological Actions.—The taste is bitter, acrid and pun- gent, a small quantity causes a sensation of numbness and _ per- sistent tingling of the tongue and lips; Full, MEDICINAL DOSES cause a sense of constriction of the fauces, irritation of the gastro- intestinal mucous membrane with increased secretion, sometimes nausea and vomiting (in those that can vomit) and a peculiar 164 NOTES ON clicking sound due probably to spasm of the epiglottis, severe pains in joints and muscles, always more or less salivation, dia- phoresis and diuresis, reduce respiratory power, decrease cardiac rate and force, lower arterial tension and temperature. A Toxic Dose.—Produces great muscular weakness, dim- ness of sight; pupil at first may be dilated or contracted, but as end approaches remains dilated, shallow irregular and labored respiration, a slow and weak pulse, becoming rapid near the end, gulping, frothy saliva, belching, retching, nausea, etc. coldness of surface, clammy sweat, anxious countenance, extreme weak- ness of extremities, (animal goes down) lowering of temperature 2 to 3 degrees, abolishment of sensation, reflexes and motility and finally death from the paralysis of the heart and respiration, with or without convulsions, consciousness being preserved until near the end, when carbon dioxyde narcosis sets in. Post-mortem shows shrunken lungs containing but little blood; trachea and bronchii contains much frothy mucous; right side of heart greatly distended with blood while left side is almost empty; ecchynotic spots are found in lungs, pleura and endocardium. Digestive organs do not appear seriously affected. Aconite is a powerful sensory, cardiac, respiratory and spinal depressant, also diaphoretic, diuretic and powerful antipyretic; it chiefly affects the peripheral ends of the sensory nerves; they being affected first and from the periphery inwards. While the motor nerves are affected from the centers outwards; it relaxes the inhibitory apparatus of the heart and paralyzes the cardiac muscles and its contained ganglia, the respiratory centers and the spinal cord in all of its functions (sensory, reflex and motor), but does not affect the brain. Aconite is rapidly diffused and slowly excreted, the effects of a full medicinal dose continuing for 3 or 4 hours. Applied Externally.—It paralyzes the sensory nerves of the part, is therefore an anodyne and local anesthetic. MEDICINAL USES OF ACONITE. Indications for its Use.—It antagonizes the fever process, when properly used is a most valuable drug; it is indicated in all affections, characterized by high resisting pulse, dry, hot skin, and elevated body temperature; is useful in Acute THrRoat AF- FECTIONS as laryngitis, pharyngitis and parotiditis, in small doses. ‘ oY Pan en! i? (osogd LP ae 1 ey i ad ha yp -e ae awl : Set... Se ee eM, a ee tit afi. akin” of fit Ot 7. sats tree : ’ s i ; rd iw > ae ’ a (=p s- a , + 4 % pa) rey Fue eae a Piatt s yp TY be eS e e a - ae : sq Le i in mW Var « Ae Gr ee a Be ae TOL) am Ere ie Quek s OTs he "2 se ain oe "| Sak oe ie 7 Le te 4 © = » a ty * ~ 0)? a oe .s-iae © om ears My 7 os eee ac: ‘ sian ns, va Sel, cs Seal tt, Ae ee AY Rio bicorst, cae hd Agi oo : <> tke . tie pee, wa) wat ts PORE Vo aikterd> SNE Rens eee RA ae Vals VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 165 often repeated. Indicated in AcuTE INFLAMMATION OF THE Res- PIRATORY ORGANS. For pleurisy and peritonitis, at the outset give aconite with opium. : Indicated in simple fevers or in puerperal fever, INFLAM- MATION OF THE BRAIN; in surgical fevers, but for surgical fevers Dr. Quitman prefers quinine; In AcurE or INFLAMMATORY RHEU- MATISM, IN AcuTE LocaL INFLAMMATION, as arthritis or inflam- mation resulting from bruises, sprains, etc. In LympHANGITIS, in LAMINITIS, in ENTERITIS, if called early; in case of enteritis, Dr. Quitman gives 30 ms. of aconite and repeats 10 or 15 drops every hour and between times gives fluid extract belladonna 15 or 20 drops every hour, and exter- nally hot woolen blankets wrung out of hot water and wrapped around the body. In Mammitis.—Is also useful in large doses, combined with phytolacca; in spasmodic colic brought on by drinking cold water, give 15 to 25 drops of the tincture of aconite in the regu- lar colic mixture; in congestion of bowels or liver, or in any con- gestion of any part, small, repeated doses are better than large ones. Externally.—lIt is probably the best anodyne we have; very useful in liniments for all painful local affections. For anodyne liniment: - Be wheal 3 oe Linim. saponis, 3 Spt. vini. rectif., % M. Sig.—Apply 3 or 4 times daily. VERATRUM VIRIDE, common name AMERICAN HELLEBORE. Extractum VERATRI Viripis Fturpum—Fiuip Extract Vr- RATRUM VIRIDE. Dose.=—Hortses,/1'5 ms. to.rdr.; cattle) 34 to 144. or 2\drs. dogs, 4% to 4 or 5 ms. TINCTURA VERATRI ViIRIDIS.—Contains 4o percent of the root. Dose.— Horses, % to 2 drs.; dogs, 1 to 8 ms. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Same as aconite. Synergists.—Same as aconite. Physiological Actions.—Veratrum Viride is closely allied to that of aconite, being a powerful cardiac depressant, and spinal paralyzant, but it affects respiration much less, is a systemic 166 NOTES ON emetic and cathartic, paralyzes the motor system centrally, im- pairing the reflexes, but leaves sensation unimpaired and has little or no diaphoretic or diuretic action, causes great depression, but is seldom fatal; when death does result it is from paralysis of the heart; small doses reduce the force of the pulse, but do not at first affect the rate, but if long continued the pulse be- comes very slow, soft and compressible, rising on the least exer- tion, to be very rapid and feeble. It, like aconite, also causes great muscular weakness, and frequently nausea and vomiting; large doses increase the symptoms very much, the pulse becomes smaller and imperceptible, with as a result of toxic doses the same chain of symptoms as in aconite poisoning. ‘Treatment of the poisoning is the same as for that of aconite. Uses.—lIs inferior to aconite in fevers and inflammations, by reason of its lack of power over excretions, is used in about the same diseases as aconite. PuHyTroLaccA—POKE.—Contains a neutral principle. PHYTOLACCIN an acid, tannin, etc. ExTRACTUM PHyToLacca FLUIpUM—(RoorT). - Dose.—Horse, 2 drs. to 1 0z.; cow, % to 2 ozs.; sheep, 10 9 /# ms. to 114 or 2 drs.; pigs, 5 ms. to! dr.; dogs, 2 to 30 ms. or up to 60 ms. EXTRACTUM PHYTOLACC# (not official) dose, % that of the Fluid Extract. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Alcohol, ether, opium, digitalis, etc. oppose the action of phytolacca. Synergists.—All depressing agents; the paralyzers and emetics aid its effects. Actions. —Phytolacca is a cardiac and respiratory depressant, paralyzer of motion and of central action on the spinal cord; it is a slow and depressing emeto-cathartic, also somewhat narcotic and alterative; it irritates the throat, produces convulsions and death by paralysis of respiration; it promotes the absorption of adipose tissue. Uses.—The chief use of this drug is in mammitis or mastitis to arrest the inflammation and prevent suppuration; the Fld. Ext. is used internally, and is also applied locally; is probably the best known drug for mammitis. Give quite large doses, I oz. 3 or 4 times daily. In VARICOSE ULCERS it promotes healing; in OBSTINATE ECZEMA the Extract is applied locally; it is said to be ue ERED fade cP RA fe te we PTR Ness on y — ; oe FS see text ew watins 12 ast a> VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 167 useful in chronic rheumatism. Dr. Quitman advises the trial of the drug in other glandular inflammations besides mammitis. EVACUANTS—EMETICS. IpECACUANHA—IPECAC. ALKALOID, EMETINE. Dose of the Powdered Root.—Dog (as expectorant) 1% to 2 grs. (as emetic) 5 to 30 grs. according to the sizeof the dog. Horse, % to 2 drs. {XTRACTUM IPECACUANHE FLUIDUM. . Dose.—Dog, % to 5 or ro ms. larger doses as emetics, from I5 ms. up. TincturA IPECACUANHA Er Opi—lLiquip DOoVER’s Pow- DER. Dose.—Dogs, 1 to 15 or 30 mimims; there is also a wine and syrup of ipecac. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Salts of lead and mercury, vegetable acids and astringents are incompatible; bismuth, car- bolic acid, hydrocyanic acid and narcotics generally, hinder its emetic action. Synergists.—The emetics; its actions on the skin are increased by opium, warmth, etc. Actions.—Nauseant, systemic and local emetic, expectorant, cholagogue, diaphoretic, hemostatic, sternutatory and counter- irritant, may cause pustules; small doses are stomachic. Uses.—Is a safe non-depressant and sure, but slow emetic; is also a good expectorant in bronchitis when secretion is scant, also used against dysentery, jaundice, etc. CATHARTICS. RwHaMNUS PURSHIANA, commonly known as Cascara Sa- GRADA, English term (CHITTEM oR Sacrep Bark). Bark of California Buckthorn. ExtractuM RHAMNI PuRSHIAN® FLviIpumM. Dose.—Dogs, ™% to 2 drs. as a cathartic, 5 to 20 minims as a stomachic. Fiurp Cascara SaGRADA AROMATICUM, is a pleasanter. form than the official Fld. Ext., dose the same. Action and Uses.—Used as anon-irritant laxative or cathar- tic, tonic; small doses are stomachic; to overcome chronic con- 168 NOTES ON stipation, give small repeated doses; very useful in dog practice. O1rzuM Ricrni—Castor-or,.—A fixed oil expressed from seeds of the common castor, the purer the oil, the less purgative; the dark colored is most active. Actions and Uses. —A mild, certain and efficient laxative; in dogs, operates in from 1 to 4 hours, causing but little pain and producing free evacuations; the intestinal secretions are but slightly increased, hence, the stools are not very liquid; its pur- gative principle enters the blood and the milk of the mother may acquire purgatives properties; it is used wherever a gentle laxa- tive is indicated. Is occasionally given to the mother for its effects on the suckling. Dose.—Dogs, 1 dr. to 2 ozs.; cats, % dr. to % oz.; pigs, I to 4 ozs.; sheep, 2 to 4 ozs.; horses, 1 to 2 pints; is often used in equal parts with linseed-oil for horses, say 8 to 12 ozs., of each. TONIC, ASTRINGENT AND RESIN-BEARING PURGATIVES. SENNZ —EXxTrRAcTuM SENN# FLUvUIpUM. Dose.—Dog, 144 up to 2, 3 or 4 drs. Powdered senna, same dose. SYRUPUS SENNA. Dose.—Dog, % dr. tor oz. More agreeable than the Fluid Extract. Actions and Uses.—Hasa very bitter and nauseous taste, but is a serviceable and quick-acting purgative; does not cause inflammation or superpurgation and is not followed by constipa- tion; is so disagreeable that dogs frequently vomit it up. RHEUM—RH#UBARB.—The root is used. Dose.—Dogs, 10 grs. to 3 drs. of the powdered root. ExtrractuM RHEL FLurmuM.—FLum Extract oF Ru#U- BARB. Dose.—Dogs, 10 ms. to 3 drs. ExtTractumM RHEI—EXTRACT OF RHUBARB. Dose for dogs.—3 to 15 grs. TIncTURA RHEI AROMATICA—AROM. TR. OF RHUBARB.— Contains rhubarb, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg. . Dose.—Lamb, % to 1 dr.; calves, 1 to 4 drs.; dogs, % tor dr.; colt, 1 to 3 drs.; sheep, 4 to 8 drs. Syrupus RHEr AROMATICuS. Dose.— Dogs, 1 to 4 drs. It is useful where there is alack of tone to the bowels; used Ao ‘ ee 9 ny Fat, a SAetCn 2a Ts oh eae VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 169 in diarrhcea in small doses, for its stimulating tonic action; is laxative in large doses or may be combined with other laxativse, to prevent griping in milk fed animals, or may be combined with bismuth, opium or sulphuric acid, to stop diarrhcea. Actions.—Rhubarb isa stomachic tonic, astringent, mildly cathartic and cholagogue. Uses.—As a laxative or purgative. For dogs, 1 to 3 drs. of the Fluid Extract or powdered root combined with 1 to 2 grs. of calomel or the aromatic syrup with 3 to 5 grs. of resin of jalap and calomel is a nice combination. It is used in small doses as a stomachic tonic, and tonic astringent in diarrhceas, due to lack of tone in the bowels. ALOE—ALOES. —Inspissated juice of the leaves of various species of aloes—offcial varieties. ALOE BARBADENIS—BARBADOES ALOES OR HEPATIC ALOES.—Deep brown color or orange brown, most used in veteri- nary practice. ALOE CAPENSIS—CAPE ALOES.—Blackish brown. ALOE SocoTRINA—SoOcoTRINE ALOES.—Yellowish brown color. The active principle is aloin which differs slightly in the different species. Dose, as a stomachic, horse, 1 dr., as a purgative, % to 1% ozs. ‘The average dose when given with some synergist, as calomel is 6 or 7 drs. usually given in form of a bolus, rubbing it up carefully with water or other excipient, or given in linseed-oil, should be combined with some correctives as ginger and nux vomica which aid its action and prevents griping; for young foals several months old 5 grs. of aloes for each week of their age. Dose. Cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep, % oz. but for cattle and sheep the salines are preferred; dogs, 2 to 30 grs. up to 1% drs.; swine, 1 to 4 drs., as a bitter tonic % to 1-10 these doses. The dose of aloin for horses is 2 drs. Physiological Actions.—Aloes is purgative, acting chiefly on large intestines; small doses are bitter tonics; applied externally is stimulant and desiccant; it stimulates both peristalsis and se- cretion, increases secretion of bile; also is diuretic; the barba- does is most active and uniform in its effects. It should be kept in lumps in tin cans or other good containers, only being pow- dered for immediate use; in melting aloes don’t let the tempera- 170 NOTES ON ture rise above 120 degrees, as it impairs the activity by con- verting the active aloin into inert resin. Aloes operates in from 16 to 24 hours after administration; don’t repeat an aloetic purge until 48 hours have elapsed. Uses.—In dyspepsia with capricious appetite, irregularity of the bowels, hide-bound horses; worms; is used in colics, both spasmodic and flatulent, for overloaded condition of the bowels; to promote excretion of waste products from the bowels and the blood, and consequently relieve febrile symptoms, rheumatic attacks, skin irritation, swollen limbs and inflamed joints; in lymphangitis to prevent and aid in curing. By attracting the blood to the bowels, it is useful in congestion or inflammation of the brain and spinal cord; full doses being necessary; in paralysis, the paraplegia or hemiplegia or reflexed paralysis due to indiges- tion give a full purgative. Aloes should not be used in irritation or inflammation of the alimentary canal or piles; (Dr. Quitman very rarely gives an aloetic purge where the temperature is above 102°). Or hemor- rhage from the rectum, in high fevers is apt to cause superpur- gation, also should not be used where there is great debility or weakness. In influenza the bowels are apt to be irritable and oil is preferable to aloes. Don’t use during pregnancy, may cause abortion. For young foals or other animals, the gentler pur- gative, such as linseed-oil or castor-oil should be used. In chronic constipation 2 drs. of aloes with gentian, ginger and nux may be given once daily. To make watery infusions rub up the aloes in hot water; There is a tincture of aloes. Dose for human, % dr. to 1 oz. besides numerous other preparations. Drastic PURGATIVES. JALAPA—J ALAP.—The tuberous root is used; contains 15 to 20 per cent of the official resin. Preparations. —EXTRACTUM JALAPE —RESINA JALAPH. Dose of either.—Dog, 1 to 10 grs. medium sized dog, 5 grs. Puntvis JALAPA CoMmMPpositus.—Composed of jalapa 35 parts, bitartrate of potash 65 parts. Dose.—Dog, 5 grs. to 1 dr. PuLvis JALAPA—POWDERED J ALAP. Dose.—Dog, 10 grs. to1 dr.; pigs, 1 to 4 drs.; cats, 5 to 30 Pires 5 Maemaist beaten Wy Ryde wri X) NR A Eo VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. EE grs. By adding calomel to jalapa its power is increased; jalap is more active than senna, but is less powerful and irritating than gamboge, podophyllum, elaterium or colocynth, it also stimulates secretion of bile. ScAMMONIUM—SCAMMONY—RESINA SCAMMONII.—RESIN OF SCAMMONY. Dose.—Dog, 1 to 8 grs. Resembles jalap but more drastic. Seldom used in dog practice. — PODOPHYLLUM—MaAy APPLE. Extrractum PopopHytui. Dose.— Dogs; "2 to'10 ers; RESINA PODOPHYLLI.—Commonly known as PODOPHYLLIN. Dose.—Dogs, % to 1 gr. ExtTrActuM PoODOPHYLLI FLUIDUM. Dose.— Dog, 1 to 30 ms. Scammony stimulates the flow of bile, is used particularly where the secretion of bile is deficient, usually combined with other drugs as belladonna, physostigma and nux vomica. Prescription for habitual constipation in dogs. K& Resine jalap, grs. vi. Ext. bellad., grs. lil. Ext. physostigma, grs, ili. M. Ft. Pil. No. 12. Sig.—Give one at night. HYDRAGOGUE CATHARTICS. CAMBOGIA—GAMBOGE.—Is dangerous, should be used only for cattle if used at all. It is a gum resin. Dose for cattle, 2 to 4 drs. is very irritating and is apt to cause superpurgation. OLEUM TIGLI—CroTon-O1L.—A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of croton tiglium. Dose.—Horse, 10 to 25 ms.; cattle, % to1 dr.; sheep and swine, 5 to 10 ms. dog, % to 3 ms., administered in bolus or in oil; croton-oil is a viscid, amber colored liquid, nauseous odor and acrid taste. Physiological Actions.—Is a powerful irritant, vesicant and pustulant, is a drastic hydragogue cathartic; full doses cause gastro-enteritis and much prostration; undiluted it seriously and deeply inflames the skin, causing severe blemishes and by absorp- tion may cause fever and superpurgation. Medicinal uses of CRoToNn-O1L.—Cattle are the only animals 172 NOTES ON for which it can be used with any degree of safety; it can be used for dogs and pigs if used with great caution. For horses and sheep it is too irritating and depressing; is used in cattle as an active hydragogue purgative when they suffer from fardel bound, and other forms of constipation and from torpidity of the bowels. Should not be used in debilitated, delicate or young animals. If an over-dose has been administered combat with demulcents, opium and stimulants. It should not be used as a counter-irritant or applied to the skin in any form or for any pur- pose. For cattle a purgative composed of ro to 4o ms. of croton- oil with % to 1 dr. of calomel andr lb. of Glauber salts is a very good Brees’ dissolved in water, or linseed-oil 1 or 2 pints, may be given instead of the salts; may be used for obstinate consti- pation or torpidity of the bowels. ENEMAS—INJECTIONS. Most common, hot water and soapsuds; some use an in- fusion of tobacco, but Dr. Quitman recommends 1 or 2 ozs. of glycerin in preference to any; it attracts moisture to the parts and stimulates peristalsis; in small animals hot oil is sometimes used. In the human INTESTINAL INVAGINATION has been quickly relieved by sudden inflation of the large intestines with carbonic acid gas; the process consists in the injection of a solution of so- dium bicarbonate, followed by a solution of tartaric acid about 1 dr. of each to each % pint of water; the escape of gas through the sphincter ani must be prevented by forcible pressure upon the anus. Dr. Quitman recommends trying this on our patients. ANTHELMINTICS. This includes VERMIFUGES and VERMICIDES. ‘These should be administered on an empty stomach. REMEDIES FOR EXPULSION OF ASCARIDES LUMBRICOIDES OR MEGALOACEPHALO—COMMON ROUND WORMS. SANTONICA.—Its active principle (Santoninum ) is used. SANTONINUM—SANTONIN. — Occurs in colorless, flattened prisms. Dose according to experiments by Frohner; average safe dose for cattle, 1 to 3 ozs.; horses, 6 drs. to 1% ozs.; sheep and i ead heme! pe ; L be ae | “er + Ae marae LOY Pe: han, a } Bg « = * ROT Ra) et a Let, ON he aw Sas VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. “7/3 goats, 75 grs. to2% drs.; dogs, 5 to 30 grs. for very large dogs; these doses are for matured animals only; young animals should receive very much less at a dose; young dogs should not exceed % to3 grs. Calomel increases its power. SPIGELIA—PINK Roor. EXTRACTUM SPIGELIA FLUIDUM. Dose.— Matured dogs, 1o ms. to 2 drs.; puppies up to 8 weeks old, 1 m. for each week of age. Should always be com- bined with a brisk cathartic. The Fluid Extracts of spigelia and senna combined make a most satisfactory anthelmintic for dogs. ARECA NuT—SEEDS OF ARECA CATECHU.—BETEL NUT. PULVIS AREC# SEMINA. Actions and Uses.—Is astringent and an effective vermicide, especially for dogs; destructive to both tape and round worms; in horses and cattle it is not certain in its results. Dose.—Dog, 5 to ro grs. for small dogs, and 15 grs. to 2 dr. for large dogs; horses, 1 to 1% ozs. For dogs the dose is about 2 grs. for each pound of the dog’s weight, best administered in milk. For tape worm in dogs.—(50 pound dog ) K Pulvis arec® sem., % jss. Oleoresina aspidii m xx to xxx. M. Sig.—Give at one dose in milk. Repeat in 48 hours. Or the powdered male fern 1 to 2 ozs. for dogs may be used, but is too bulky. REMEDIES AGAINST T2NLE OR TAPE WORM. Preparation.— First, fast your patient, only allowing a little milk, then give a purge, then administer the teeniafuge, always look for the head of the tape worm, for if not removed it will re- produce itself. ASPIDIUM—MALE FErRN.—Filix Mas. OLEORESINA ASP1IDI.—Oleoresin of male fern. Dose.—Horses, 2 drs. to 4 ozs. average dose 1 0z.; dogs, 5 to 10 ms. up to 1 or 2 drs. according to size. Male fern combined with areca nut or oil of turpentine makes the best teeniafuge. Chloroform is also used with it. For THREAD WoRMS occupying rectum, use the following remedies: Infusions of quassia or aloes; or carbolic acid 20 to 30 ms. to water 1 pint or Tr. chloride of iron 1 to 1% ozs. to the pint. 174 NOTES ON URINO-GENITALS. These remedies are used for their actions on the genito-uri- nary organs; they increase the activity of the kidneys and ex- cite the function of the genital organs; in excessive quantity or long continued may set up inflammation of kidneys, produce strangury and bloody urine, excite uterine contraction, and stim- ulate to an unnatural degree, the sexual appetite; they contain an essential oil or principle, which is eliminated by the urinary passages and excites local irritation by direct contact. TEREBINTHINA.— TURPENTINE is an oleoresinous exuda- tion, liquid or concrete, consisting of a resin combined with a particular oil named oil of turpentine, and generally procured from various species of cone bearers (pines); 2 turpentines are official, viz.: TEREBINTHINA, obtained from the yellow and other species of pine, a concrete oleoresin in tough yellow masses, and TERE- BINTHINA CANADENSIS—CANADA TURPENTINE OR BALSAM of Fir, a liquid oleoresin, obtained from the silver fir or balm of Gilead; a viscid yellowish liquid, drying on exposure into a trans- parent mass. The chief preparation used in veterinary practice is OLEUM TEREBINTHINE or OIL OF TURPENTINE, often but erroneously called Sprrits OF TURPENTINE; it is a volatile oil, distilled from turpentine. Characters. —A limpid, colorless liquid, of a peculiar, strong odor and bitter pungent taste; mixes with other volatile and fixed oils, soluble 1 in 6 of alcohol, very soluble in chloroform and insoluble in water. Dose.—Horse, ™% to 2 or 3 ozs.; cattle, 2 to 6 0zs.; sheep, 1 to 3 drs.; dogs, 5 to 40 ms.; pigs, 1 to 2 drs. Best adminis- tered in linseed-oil or gruel. Small doses as diuretics and large doses as anthelmintics. Physiological Actions.—Externally, rubefacient, irritant and counter-irritant; vesicant if rubbed in or confined, also an antiseptic and disinfectant; is absorbed by the unbroken skin. Internally.—Is diuretic, stimulant, carminative, antispas- modic, hemostatic, and anthelmintic; it is irritant, and large doses undiluted may cause gastro-enteritis. Linseed-oil is a good diluent. Toxic Doses. —Paralyze nerve centers, small doses stimulate ° ‘ae } Kare pies ~. S Re is seat oh Rae ek res Yer TSH oes VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 175 the vaso-motor centers; hence it raises blood pressure, but large doses paralyze them and lower blood pressure. Elimination.-—Is excreted chiefly by the kidneys and lungs, which are stimulated to increased action by small doses, but their action is lowered by large doses, after brief stimulation. Uses.—In colic, both spasmodic and flatulent; for worms, septic fevers, gangrene of lungs, catarrhal conditions, pneu- monia and bronchitis, as a diuretic, but others not as irritant are better. In liniments 2 to 4 drs. to the pint for stimulating effects. For local gangrene remove the dead tissues and then ap- ply the turpentine direct to the affected parts, by means of ab- sorbent cotton or cloth saturated with it; the fetor is removed and sloughing arrested. It is equally useful for furuncles, phage- denic ulcers, etc. CopaiBA—CAPpAIVA.—An oleoresin. OLEUM CAPAIBA. Dose.—Same as turpentine. Actions.—Similar to oil of turpentine, is stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic and expectorant; it acts as an antiseptic to the genito-urinary apparatus, and is used chiefly in gonorrhcea in man. JUNIPERUS—JUNIPER. OLEUM JUNIPERI— OIL OF JUNIPER. Dose.—Horse, 1 to 2 drs.; cattle 14 to 3 drs.; dogs, 2 to 10 I5 ms., repeated every three hours. OLEUM CApDINUM—OIL oF CaApDE.—A product of the dry distillation of wood of a certain specie of juniper, used as an ap- plication in chronic skin disease, especially parasitic; used full strength or. diluted one-half, or combined with other agents in salves, lotions, etc. It resemblestar in color and odor. OIL OF JUNIPER is used only as a diuretic, and is very good; is stomachic in small doses, and is aphrodisiac. Bucuvu.—Dose, Fluid Extract, dogs, 5 ms. to 1 dr.; horses, 1 to 2 OZs. Uva Ursi.—Dose of Fluid Extract, dogs, 1o ms. to 2 drs.; horses, 2 to 4 ozs. These two drugs are tonic astringents, diuretic and useful in chronic cystitis; also used in dysuria and calculous affections. SCILLA—SQUILL—SYRUPUS SCILLA. Dose.— Dogs, 10 ms. to 1 dr. ExTRACTUM SCILLA FLUIDUM—FLUID ExTRACT SOUILL. 176 NOTES ON Dose.—Dog, 14 to 5 ms. Actions.—On the circulation; acts like digitalis; large doses cause vomiting and purging, is used chiefly for its expectorant and diuretic effects; should not be used in nephritis as it is too irritating. There is also a tincture, a vinegar and a compound syrup of squills. OLEUM RuTe—OIL OF RUE AND OLEUM SABINZ—OIL OF SAVINE.—These are used chiefly in human practice as EMMENO- GOGUES, and abortifacients. Dose.— Bitches, 1 to 5 ms.; their combination with aloes and myrrh make a powerful abortifacient. They are irritating and should be well diluted in oil. COUNTER-IRRITANTS. CANTHARIS—CANTHARIDES—PULVIS CANTHARIDIS — Pow- DERED CANTHARIDES also TINCTURA CANTHARIDIS—TR. OF CANTHARIDES. Actions.—Externally, is irritant, rubefacient, vesicant, ac- cording to the strength used, it produces water blisters, counter- infitant, etc. Internally is irritant, large or undiluted doses cause gastro- enteritis; small doses stimulate the genito-urinary tract, hence, is diuretic and aphrodisiac. Full doses cause inflammation, strangury and heematuria. Uses.—Internally is seldom used except in incontinence from debility or partial paralysis of the bladder. Externally is used as a rubefacient, blister, or as a counter- irritant; blister is formed in from 2 to 10 hours, if repeatedly used may cause sloughing of tissues; cantharides can be used wherever a blister or counter-irritant is required, except in in- flammation of the urinary organs, as it is absorbed and will in- crease the inflammation. Don’t use cantharides too strong on thin skinned horses, not at all on very weakly patients, and with caution on dogs, and not at all on very young animals. For blistering ointment. RK Puly. canth., % ii. to iss. Hydrarg. iod. rubr., 5% ii. to iiss. Adipis., 5 iii. M. Sig.—Blister, to be well rubbed in for Io or 15 minutes. Catharides alone is used 1 to 6 or 1 to 4; for dogs, 1 to 12, VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 always clip off the hair close, before applying a blister; tie the horse so he cannot bite it; wash and grease, etc. RUBEFACIENTS. SrvaAPIs—MvsTARD. SrvaPis ALBA—WHITE MUSTARD. Srvnapis NiGRA—BLACK MusTARD. OLEUM SINAPIS.—A volatile oil, obtained from black mustard seed. _ The Mustard flour is the form most used. Coleman’s Eng- lish Mustard being the best. Actions.—Is irritant, rubefacient, vesicant or suppurant, ac- cording to the manner in which it is used; it acts much quicker than cantharides, but its action is not so prolonged; the paste is made with water and rubbed into the skin of horses, produces its effects within 20 minutes; in 2 to 6 hours vesication occurs, pus- tules may occur where the paste is used very strong, or closely repeated, or too much friction is being used. The volatile oil of mustard is a very powerful vesicant and acts very quickly. Uses — One or two teaspoonfuls in 1 or 2 ozs. of warm water makes a very good emetic for dogs; it isused as a counter-irri- tant in sore throats, laryngitis or pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneu- monia, and pleurisy, or wherever a counter-irritant is indicated; applied in early congested stages it lessens the pain and relieves difficult breathing, besides limiting the amount of blood in the parts; it thus limits or decreases the inflammatory action; also useful in the exudative stages of these diseases; to promote the absorption of exudate and thus hasten resolution, or. where these diseases remain dormant; can be used in spinal diseases or even in congestion of the kidneys; it acts best when applied and left on 20 or 30 minutes, then wash off and repeated in an hour or two; also used in acute indigestion, applied to the abdomen; also in colic, enteritis and peritonitis; in phlebitis mustard can be used but a cantharides blister is better. In making a mustard plaster, take the pure mustard and gradually pour in warm water but not hot; can also be made with cold water or vinegar; rub in with moderate friction. (See prescription for counter-irri- tant, under aq. ammon. fortior. ) BLoop-LETTING—BLEEDING.—Useful in azoturia and acute congestion; congestion of the lungs is sometimes relieved by it. In founder in first stages, bleed from the coronary artery; always 178 NOTES ON best to bleed your animal while up if possible. Always use anti- septics in this operation. Take from three to six quarts of blood, but the pulse is the best indication as tothe amount of blood to be drawn. Asa rule we are able to accomplish with drugs the same effects that bleeding produces. ESCHAROTICS.—This includes the mineral acids, caustic potash, chloride and sulphate of zinc, arsenous acid, corrosive sublimate, etc., which have been studied under their proper heads; also AcipuM CHROMICUM—CHROmMIC ACID, occurs in deep red, needle-formed crystals, very soluble in water, forming an orange red solution. Actions.—Is an oxidizing caustic, is slow in action and not very painful, but penetrates deeply and is very destructive, and on account of its penetrating so deeply it should be used with great care. Mice or birds soaked in it will entirely disappear; also destroys bone; always protect the surrounding tissues with oil or vaseline. Uses.— Used entirely to destroy growths, as warts, tumors, ets. Sometimes used in weak solution to touch up indolent ulcers; can be made into a paste with water. Sloughing occurs in 24 to 48 hours. It is explosive with strong alcohol, glycerin or spirits of nitrous ether, etc. EMOLLIENTS, DEMULCENTS AND PROTECTIVE AGENTS. GLYCERINUM—GLYCERIN.—Soluble in water and alcohol; it is antiseptic and emollient. Uses.—Is used as an emollient where indicated, and useful as an enema in constipation or flatulence. CoLLODIUM—COLLODION—SOLUTION OF GUN COTTON IN ETHER AND ALCOHOL—COLLODIUM FLEXILE—FLEXIBLE COL- LODION—COLLODIUM STYPTICUM—STyYPTIC COLLODION.—Collo- dion painted over wounds forms an air tight coating and in small wounds keeps edges in a fixed position and promotes healing; styptic collodion can be used over raw bleeding surfaces. Keep in well stoppered bottles. AcaciAa—GuUM ARABIC—MuciLAGo ACACIA, mucilage of GUM ARABIC.—Used as an emollient or demulcent and as a vehicle for nauseous or irritating drugs; also to make an emulsion for in- soluble drugs. ay Ss Sa =< Te a rhe a Le * ak ae al ah we A aye wash) ay Wy va oar VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 179 TRAGACANTHA—TRAGACANTH—MUCILAGO TRAGACANTHS, used the same as acacia. DEMULCENTS include the fixed oils also. LINSEED INFUSION, flaxseed 2 ozs. tor pint boiling water; SuiepreryY ELM Bark in an infusion. GLYCYRRHIZA — Licorice Roor.—The powdered licorice root is used or the EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZA& FLUIDUM. Dose of Either.— Dogs, 1 to 2 drs.; horse, 1 to 2 ozs. MisTurA GLYCYRRHIZ® CoMPosiTA.—Compound licorice mixture, commonly known as Brown MIXTURE, a nice simple expectorant, containing paregoric, wine of antimony, gum arabic and spts. of nitrous ether. This mixture is very useful in dog practice. Quinine, ammonium Carb. or chloride, etc. may be added as indicated. Dose. — Dogs, ™% dr. to % oz. / Actions and Uses.—The remedies of this group contain mucilaginous constituents on which their properties depend; they are used as protectives in gastro-intestinal disorders or for ex- coriated surfaces, and as expectorants in bronchial affections. ( Licorice. ) POULTICE.— Materials most frequently used for poultices are first and best, flaxseed meal; then powdered slippery elm bark, bran and dried hops. For poultices of linseed, pour on hot water to make a paste, repeat poultice every 2 or 3 hours; use anti- septics in poultices as a sol. of bichloride of mercury when applied over a wound, for mud fever or grease heel, powder top of poul- * tice with charcoal. Actions and Uses.—Used to apply continuous heat and moist- ure, and tosoften, soothe and relax the tissues; they dilate the blood vessels and thus allow the blood to flow on, relieving pres- sure and pain. If used early in the inflammatory action they di- minish it, later they increase and promote suppuration by pro- moting the diffusion of fluids and escape of white corpuscles and purulent elements. They should not be continued too long as they will make the tissues soft and flabby. Dr. Quitman says, never approve of using cow manure as a poultice. 180 NOTES ON DRUGS ADVISED BY DR: QUITMAN TO BE CARRIED IN, CASE: 1. Acetanilid. 23. Bellad. Fld. Ext. 2. Tr. Aconite Root. 24. Cannabis Ind. Fld. Ext. 3. Quinine Sulphate. 25.. Gelsem. Fld. Ext. 4. Alcohol. 26. Morphine—Puly. Opii or Tr. 5. Acetic Acid. of Opii. 6. Ammon. Carb.—Aq. Aminon.— 27: Digitalis Tr. or Fld. Ext. Arom. Spts. of Ammon. 28. Ergot, Fld. Ex. 7. Spts. Aeth. Nit. 29. Ol. Terebinth. 8. Pot. Nitrate. 30. Fowler’s Sol. of Arsenic. g. Boric Acid. 31. Nux Vomica or Strychnine. 10. Salicylic Acid. 32. Iron, Sulphate and Tincture 11. Carbolic Acid. Chloride. 12. Corrosive Sublimate. 33. Gentian or Ginger. 13. Soda Hyposulphite. 34. Glycerin. 14. Zine Oxide. 35. Iodine Crys. or Tr. 15. Vaseline or Lard. 36. Red Iodide of Mercury. 16. Lead Acetate or Goulard’s Ext. 37. Cantharides. 17. Aloes Barb. SUPPLEMENTAL, LIST. 18. Calomel. ‘ , 1g. Colchicum Sem. Fld. Ext. Croton Oil. 20. Soda Sulphate. Chloroform. 21. Eserine—Physostigma Fld. Pilocarpus, Fld. Ext. jeye-a ee ; AimiGaw it: 22. Linseed Oil. Brom. Pot. or Chlor. Hyd. BE pita void Weird omg ve Nel i =a greed ens , A ARE Saat wy Appendix. The following drugs were either omitted from their proper classification, or have more or less recently come into common use. EUCAINE HYDROCHLORATE. Properties.—This occurs in the form of a white neutral, crystalline powder, soluble in ro parts of cold water; solutions stronger than 9g per cent are not stable and will separate crystals of eucaine. Solutions of eucaine less than 9g per cent do not decompose and may be sterilized (boiled) without suffering deterioration. Actions and Uses.—This drug has the same physiological actions and uses that COCAINE has; its advantages over cocaine lie in the fact that it is far less poisonous, and solutions of etcaine are permanent and do not, like those of cocaine, decompose when kept; again, solutions of eucaine can be boiled for the purpose of sterilization, whereas solutions of cocaine are decomposed by this process. It is used in solutions varying from ™% per cent up to g per cent. For dogs usually a 2 per cent and for horses a 5 per cent solution is used. A few drops (10 to 20) being enough to paralyze a large nerve trunk, (the metacarpal nerve for instance). It is said to have more powerful anzesthetic effects than co- caine. It may be incorporated in salves, powders, lotions, etc. in the same way that cocaine has heretofore been used. It can be carried conveniently in solution, say a 5 per cent solution, make this by adding 15 grains of eucaine to 5 drachms of distilled water, this can be boiled before using and thus it is 182 NOTES ON not necessary to add antiseptics to the solution, for the purpose of preserving it. FORMALIN. The name formalin is applied to a 4o per cent solution of chemically pure Formaldehyde in water. Formaldehyde is a gaseous product which is prepared by subjecting methyl alcohol (wood alcohol) to oxidation. It is readily absorbed by water and is put on the market in the form of a saturated aqueous solution, termed Formalin. Formalin mixes with water in all proportions. Actions.—Formalin is a powerful and harmless antiseptic, disinfectant, deodorant and antizymotic. Uses. — As an antiseptic applied to wounds, it is used in from \% to % of one per cent solutions. . As a general antiseptic for hands and instruments, a % of 1 per cent to a 2 or 3 per cent solution is used. Asa deodorizer for feecal and other extraneous matter a I per cent solution is sufficient. Stables may be disinfected by spraying it into the air from an atomizer or by heating a solution of it (about a 20 per cent solu- tion) ona stove. Its fumes are somewhat irritating but not dangerous. For hardening anatomical specimens 4 to 10 per cent solutions. It is said to be more powerful than corrosive sublimate, as an antiseptic and at the same time devoid of danger. BARIT CHLORIDUM. Barium chloride, occurs in colorless, flat, four-sided crystals, of a bitter, salty taste. Soluble in 2% parts of water, almost in- soluble in alcohol. In small doses it is occasionally but not often used as a cardiac tonic. Externally it is used as collyrium and lotion for wounds in the strength of '% to 2 parts to 100 of water. Its only use in veterinary practice is as a powerful and rapid purgative, its effects being produced usuallyin from 15 to 30 minutes. The dose for a horse per os is from 30 grains to 2 drachms, in % pint of water; some veterinarians give as much as 3 or 4 drachms, but I would warn the prescriber from administering ett Dy lee ae Aan Avrienk to re . cs ye ak eee Aig. welts ato By oes sea Te) i auf VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 183 more than two drachms at the outside, as at best it isa very dangerous drug. INTRAVENOUSLY, it is administered in doses averaging 15 grains; for this method, the drug should be dissolved in distilled water, I or 2 drachms and twice filtered through the same paper, the needle should be sterilized and the air expelled from the syringe by pressing the piston until the liquid starts to flow from the needle. It should not be injected under the skin as it will raise a large, and very painful swelling, which may slough and the drug is in- active as a cathartic when used in this manner. On the whole I advise against the use of the drug; while it is highly satisfactory in some cases, in others it produces some very unlooked for and unpleasant results, i. e., extreme colicky pains, muscular twitchings and spasms, great weakness, pulse becoming almost imperceptible; sometimes the horse will recover from this condition, occasionally he dies rather suddenly and again he may become prostrated and lie almost lifeless, though perfectly con- scious, for several days and then die. Post-mortem shows extreme engorgement of the blood vessels of the intestines, with more or less inflammation. The toxic symptoms described are not those of excessively large doses, but have occurred as a result of medicinal doses (1% to 2 drachms). To tombat the toxic symptoms, one must commence early and administer stimulants, such as alcohol, sulphuric ether and aromatic spirits of ammonia, these may be combined and given in one ounce doses of each; in addition special heart stimulants may be required, preferably a 1 per cent solution of nitroglycerin in 1 to 2 drachm doses per os or hypodermatically, or Tincture Strophanthus or Digitalis. On the whole asa quick cathartic, Eserine isa much safer and more reliable drug. ANTITOXINS. TETANUS ANTITOXIN. This agent I have no doubt in saying is a failure as a cura- tive agent for tetanus. As a preventive it may have some value. 184 NOTES ON The preventive dose is 10, C. C. (about 150 minims) to be repeated if necessary 8 or 1o days later. The curative dose is 50, C. C. (about 750 minims) injected at one time, with subsequent injections of 20, C. C. (about 5 drachms) according to circumstances. TUBERCULIN. This is a glycerin extract of the germs of tuberculosis. It contains no living germs of tuberculosis and therefore does not communicate the disease to a healthy animal, the milk of the cow is unaffected by its use and it does not interfere with gestation, eve if the cow is ready to calf. It is used in veterinary practice entirely as a diagnostic agent, i. e. to positively diagnose tuberculosis in cattle when it isin its incipient stages and not far enough advanced to make a diagno- sis by physical examination. Tuberculin may be obtained in what is termed ‘‘Concentrated Tuberculin’’ and ‘“Tuberculin Solution.’’ Tuberculin will keep for several months. If it is desirous of keeping it in stock, it should be kept in the concentrated form and solutions made as required. The solution of the ‘‘concentrated Tuberculin’’ is made by adding 1 C.C. of it tog C. C. of a % of 1 per cent carbolic acid solution (5 to 1000). The solution will retain its activity for 2 or 3 weeksif the vial is unopened and kept in a cool, dark place. DIRECTIONS. FOR USING TUBERCULIN FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS. The febrile reaction in tuberculous cattle following the sub- cutaneous injection of tuberculin begins from six to ten hours after the injection, reaches the maximum 9g to 15 hours after the injection, and returns to the normal 18 to 26 hours after the in- jection. The reaction varies from 1 to 6 degrees above the average normal temperature. In healthy subjects the quantity of Tuber- culin injected is so small that the animal is not affected by it. In conducting the tests the following course is recommended to those who wish to obtain the most accurate results. aS RARE: why ba |S os. st wlely te None ay Yaa) eo tw “eRe Tales oe Wars Ih at all 4 Pibte tna 2g ie nat Marl ASAE a ‘4 i eG . ey aoe ° am “sf ran, VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 185 1.—Begin to take the rectal temperature at 6 A. M., and take it every two hours thereafter until midnight, to get the nor- mal temperature of the individual and to note that no disease exists. 2.—Make the injection at midnight. 3.—Begin to take the temperature next morning at 6 A. M., and continue as on preceding day, to note the reactions. Where large herds are to be examined or time does not per- mit of more detail: 1.—Begin to take the temperature at 8 A. M. and continue every two hours until ro P. M. (omitting at 8 P. M. if more con- venient). Or, take the temperature three times—morning, noon and evening, —before the injection. 2.—Make the injection at 10 P. M. 3.—Take the temperature next morning at 6 or 8 A. M., and every two hours thereafter until 6 or 8 P. M. ! Inject 2 cubic centimeters (about 30 minims) of the tuber- culin solution. Yearlings and two-year-olds should receive 1 to 1% cubic centimeters, according to size. Bulls and very large animals may receive 3 cubic centimeters. Make the injection beneath skin of neck or shoulder. There is now and then uneasiness, trembling and the more frequent passage of soft dung. There may also be slight acceler- ation of the pulse and of the breathing. A rise in temperature on the day following injection of 2 or more degrees Fahrenheit above the maximum observed on the previous day should be regarded as an indication of tuberculosis, particularly if the temperature reaches or exceeds 104° F. For any rise less than thisa repetition of the injection after four or five weeks is highly desirable.. In very rare cases the tempera- ture may arise in apparent absence of disease or it may fail to rise when the tuberculosis is advanced and easy of physical diag- nosis. ys For convenience in making the test the animals should not be turned out, but fed and watered in the stable. Itis desirable to note the time of feeding and watering. MALLEIN OR MALLEINE. This antitoxin is used as a diagnostic agent for GLANDERS and FARCy in the same way that Tuberculin is used to diagnose Tuberculosis. 186 NOTES ON The dose depends upon the way in which the product is pro- cured, i. e. whether concentrated or diluted. It is printed upon the vials. Only antitoxins from manufacturers with the best reputations should be used. DIRECTIONS FOR USING MALLEINE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF GLANDERS. Take the temperature of all animals to be tested three times a day for one day before making the injection. The injection is most conveniently made at six or seven o’clock in the morning, and the maximum temperature will then be reached by or before 10 P. M. of the same day. Make the injection beneath the skin of the middle of one side of the neck, where any local swelling can readily be detected. Carefully sterilize the syringe after injecting each horse by flaming the needle over an alcohol lamp. Take the temperature every two or three hours for at least 18 hours after the injection. Sterilize the thermometer in a 5 percent solution of carbolic acid, after taking the temperature of each animal. The temperature will begin to rise, as a rule, within from 4 to 8 hours after the injection, and reach its maximum from ro to 16 hours after injection. On the day succeeding the injection take the temperature at least three times, if possible. In addition to the febrile reaction, note the size, appearance, and duration of any local swelling at the point of injection. Note the general condition and symptoms of the animal both before, during, and after the test. After four or five days the injection may be repeated, if the reaction from the first injection is not entirely satisfactory. Keep the solution in a sealed bottle in a cool place. The experiments conducted at the Veterinary Experiment Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry and elsewhere, have shown as quoted below: 1.—‘‘That the injection of the Malleine causes a rise in the temperature of 2° to 5° F.in all horses affected with glanders except sometimes in well developed or advanced cases of the disease, already having a temperature of 102° F. or above. In no case has the maximum temperature of a glandered horse, following the injection, fallen below 103° F. a a ae . Fe ak § poe rs Sina ease Nay ee She ia ror as + 4 i Ss 7 \ . AY EOS Ng gts priate be i ‘ oie Ne piaie es So anneal Hi t / r Wai hie iy x A Se ry, faye Lain VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 187 2.—‘‘On the glandered horse an abrupt, hard, painful swell- ing, 4 toro inches in diameter, occurs at the point of injection. . This generally begins to appear 2 to 4 hours after the injection, continuing on the next day and increasing in size, from 1 to 3 days, disappearing again in from 3 to 9 days afterwards. —‘‘Subsequent injections in glandered horses gave a similar reaction, although frequently less marked. DIRECTIONS FOR DISGUISING THE COLOR, TASTE AND ODOR OF MIXTURES. It is frequently desirous to give a pleasant taste and odor to nauseous mixtures, especially when they are to be administered to animals that vomit, particularly the dog whose stomach is very easily irritated by nauseous mixtures. Color is frequently added for its pleasing effect to Ae eye. And again the disguising of our mixtures often becomes necessary from a business standpoint, asa protection against the layman who is ever ready to usurp our remedies. FOR PLEASANT TASTE. Tinctura Cardamomi Cardamom ) Tinctura CardamomiComposita 5 — a ifelereguint Human dose, 3 i. to jj. These give a red color and pleasant aromatic taste, and are carminative in action. ELIXIR AROMATICUM. Aromatic or simple elixir gives pleasant aromatic taste and is carminative. ' SYRUPUS AURANTII. Syrup of orange peel gives a pleasant taste. SyRupPuS GLYCYRRHIZ#.—Syrup of Licorice Root.—A nice agent to overcome bitter or nauseous taste. The combination of SyRupuS GLYCYRRHIZ# and SyRUPUS AURANTH, usually overcomes the most disgusting taste in drugs. Syrupus YERBA SANTA AROMATICUM. —Used to overcome the bitter taste of quinine. Syrupus SimpLeEx—Simple syrup.—A saturated solution of sugar in water, gives a sweet taste. Aqua CINNAMOMI—Cinnamon water. Aqua MENTH® Piprrit®—Peppermint water. 188 NOTES ON Agua GAULTHERIEZ (wintergreen). These three impar} their characteristic odor and taste to solutions and mixtures; in addition they are carminative and stomachic. The above named agents are very mild and can be given ad. lib.—usually though in % to 1 drachm doses. FOR PLEASANT ODOR AND FLAVOR. OLEUM GAULTHERI#(—Oil of wintergreen ). OLEUM MENTH# PIPERIT#—( Peppermint ). OLEUM CINNAMOMI—( Cinnamon ). OLEUM LAVANDUL# — (Lavender flowers). OLEUM BERGAMOTT#— (Bergamot ). In liquid mixtures the aqueous solutions of these agents are preferred; should the oils be used however, about two drops to the ounce is sufficient. _In powders and ointments frum 2 to 5 drops may be used. FOR COLORING LIQUIDS. TINCTURA SANTALUM RuBRUM—Tincture of Red Saunders or Sandal Wood.—Imparts a ruby red color. TINcCTURA CuRCUMA.— Gives a yellow color. INDIGO BLur.—For a blue color. CaRAMEL—Solution of burnt sugar.—Gives a deep, dark red to a brown color, according to quantity used. TinerurRA Coccus—Tincture of the cochinéal insect.—Im- parts a rich, ruby red color; darker, richer and more brilliant than a solution of carmine (carmine is made from the cochineal insect ). SoLuT1io CARMINE.—A solution of carmine which gives a pink to a bright red color according to the amount used, (one or two drachms to the pint is enough ). FOR COLORING OINTMENTS AND POWDERS. CARMINE — For pink or red. POWDERED CurcUMA—For yellow. BoLE ARMENIAN—For pink. POWDERED GLYCYRRHIZA— For yellowish or brown. CHARCOAL—For black. Directions for making a staple solution of carmine: & Carmine, % ij. Aq. Ammon. Fort., 4): Glycerin, 3 iij- Qe Aq. Dest. Qs. Ad., Rk Pea ote 030 223 yh Redes te nn ay yen et “y 44 ae hd Ter Msi L) rr eRe 4) Pig see Py Bs : Ay ran mate ~ ere A ao aS oh 5 ero an - : ; t2e Be Viet ant ae VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 189 Rub the carmine up in the ammonia, then add the water, shake, then add the glycerin to preserve it. If it should start to decompose (get foetid and merky) adda little more Aq. Ammon. Fort. FoR MAKING TINCTURE OF COCHINEAL.—Powder the in- sects, let them macerate (soak) for eight days, in the proportion of one part to eight parts diluted alcohol. In prescribing coloring agents for colorless liquid mixtures or solutions, should you not know the quantity necessary to im- part the characteristic color of the agent used, it will be suff- cient to add as the last item in the prescription the name of the coloring agent followed by the abbreviation qs., for example: kk Hydrarg. chlor. corros., grs. vijss- Ammoni.. chloridi, grs. vijss. Aqua, Oj- Sol. carmine qs., M. Ft. Sol. Sig.—For external use. Although as a rule it is better that you prescribe an exact quantity. One to four drachms of any of the agents mentioned for coloring liquids is about the proper amount. Poisonous solutions that are colorless, such as solutions of the bichloride of mercury, etc., should always be colored, to attract the attention of the one using it that it is medicine and not water or some equally harmless substance. BRRATA. And, on page 23, 18th line from bottom, should be end. Soda, calomel, on page 27, 5th line from bottom, should be Soda, cholagogues are calomel, etc. Apparatus by controlling, on page 32, 4th line from bottom, should be apparatus controlling. Made, on page 36, lines 12 and 14 from bottom, should be incompatible, Large, on page 37, line 7 from top, should be extraordinary. Put after, on page 37, line 7 from top, should be put / after. Does neither, on page 45, lines 7 and 6 from bottom, should be wets be- tween the two. Does neither, on page 48, line 1 from top, should be acts between the two. 5 li, on page 52, line 15 from top, should be 5 ii. Sulphatis, on page 57, line 4 from bottom, should be Subsulphatis. Hydrastrininz, on page 71, line 8 from bottom, should be Hydrastining. 52 Ozs., on page 71, line 5 from bottom, should be 73 dr. Synergist, on page 78, line 4 from top, should be Synonym. Give, on page 86, line 10 from bottom, should be use. Cinnamonia, on page 113, line 6 from bottom, should be Cinnamomi, Dogs, I-20, on page 121, line 4 from top, should be 7-120. TIM iO Ee x. Abbreviations in Prescription AVE TINOE Ss ont Mayer uli ae Ore C Abbreviations that may be mis- TRUCE MNS cis, sce 6 BS Ls See ale Miaieya ey Nate 38 Abstracta (Abstracts). .......... 4 PAUBER CT Da i eiie tile: te. olahanaye tarOee sloth tdieaaiels 178 Aceta (ViMeZars) .....cie ses eee 4 PARSE TDM TLE cea Seba eaters eel ore ceeeree TAY ACebHbe Ol BUN yl. 2 ae clam ec) oe 140 Acetate of Ammonia, Solution... 85 MCE UALCLOD COPPCM a. cy.. sails oslo oer 99 MeO vabe, Ol TCA: Shh. tects es ciel 101 ACEnHbe Ol, POCASD NS 5 sii). bie jules sues 78 ED LUC COPA 1ANG, Jcics.extet NLA raeeed 105 ECDC Hb NET ssc ne oor ssn cre eles as es 140 ACI e CATIOWALC. s= «ciel oi 6A Mc she 78 Acid Tartrate of Potassium...... 79 Aecidum AceticumM.....s.eeee.ce 87 Aceticum Dilutum......... 87 Aceticum Glaciale......... 87 PAT SOMOS fe cic-sls ic oleic teieines 64 BOTA OLCIUN i575 sforclletersiets 119 BOTACICUNT gee one a 118 Carbolicum sa: so. kes 112 Carbolicum Crudum....... 112 CM OMG UN; % fare! sales iain ow ae 178 AO PUTTING eyaeiesasavere Sonetemeienets 87 Ae RUNS TAT torus rieyarcie eee ates 107 Hydrobromicum Dilutum. .153 Hydrochloricum®, |...) .)s 0. 45 Hydrocyanicum Dilutum..160 DCU UI ee eicawre aero heiaete 42 INTEETE UI; ce, ie foe, BO ema oiers 46 Nitro-Hydrochloricum Di- FAD GUIN A Site e tte alecanctekie oe 45 PEMIVEITG TINS oc. Paes Se lesen 112 Pee LN Cay LUC TIN s,.- sere creices KieieE te 114 STL LPDED UL CUT |. favete'e sre alates ke 43 Acidum. Sulphuricum Aromaticum, 43 Sulphuricum Dilutum..... 43 SL PH UE OS UMD, «sous ciel sates 88 PAMMICTIN, Vsip-ad, Pear seals 106 Tartar Gunn sous neces ee 87 ANGONLEES Seis a bee iste Lionas binaeate ae 162 AGconitr Hxtractuny..< ¢ sis. seas chs 162 Fluidum, Extractum..... . 163 ATTY CUUPA chic 5's. sc auahecsion eteld eect 163 A COMBO) Cates Soc dc. Be Pee See ees 163 AGO DS Eee rece hnae iiha, ho oe eer asker 49 BOnZOMALUSS ae fe0. 8rd 49-119 anassEly ALOsis 4.737 14) tere 49 Administration of Medicine..... 10 AMG NER S235 3 tivcte acer, oo Nate teen 139 A COTICUSI stk. calewtesaeine seme 140 BOrtiOnscda tet ob eee kee se 139 AT COD OL recs es aes eC RE Ae 137 AD SOLD sei ace) choose ronshal= 137 ATV VAG US se atesisisia eres ee 137 Oa Ae yas sahil eeets acids 137 Alcoholic Extract of Belladonna THORVOS oe e5 5 cei oie Rly Bees ote ees 127 ATK aT OLS tix cachet cvaw aersianreate datas 4 ATI OTE OM; rae, ara: cletaeeanebmetet te ele 49 AT OC) Stk We Sahl sat osstais to often ieee 169 BaTbDaAMeNn Sis. c\.cicetne tere ore 169 CAPENSIB ie'scccie tet alse 169 : SOGOURIMNG cH .nctpcebele tatateveree a 169 ADPORGETVES sox. dictate: ofetal pobdiers tems: 9 ous 33 /Nitbhalsor( Ovo) eso sone ao Coe ene 105 Alumen Exsiccatum............. 105 AMINMMINIS' SULPNAS seas aisles tales 105 AANA TN TTT ee See ieveratatets attihastiaeveree a 105 American Hellebore............. 165 ATVI OPV AC ley fase ste nial tater chteveTeters ete 135 Ammonie, Aqua Fortior..,...... 84 192 AMMODITEBENZOAS ere dein! siciaielae -rcts 86 SOUS Ae oit-\ectare tele eae cate 152 CARDOMAS seh ee str = wtcrenernieiees 85 GHLOT IGT Ree ere eis pe esas ae 86 PAV OS OA Statens souete tae fofera cis) -te sens 87 ATM TNY CELDT Hee rehes says cisbee nar ete ere 84 Aimy l SN DriGe scree £2 3s stepeteraete soe 162 AmPestheticsec i se. fe)sck tone miepaiac i) Anesthesia, Directions for...... 144 ATA PH TOCISIAE sos a0 auc wl) omyeyetv or 32 ATU VV OGLCH sets, a)2 0.016 sieeereiestereee 30 AnimaliCharcoal? 2.2.7 shes ose 113 Anodynes (Analgesics).......... 19 ANTASOMISES: < i>. eee 2119 Ben Zoic“ Acid jA2 3). een 119 Benzoin; Tincture (Ol. seein LG Benzoinated Lard............ 49-119 BenzZoinumMy' Ss... «soe eiaesle ele teens 119 Bicarbonate of Potash........... 78 f nN Speake Kerra eg sa a . Sais) EN r A sr) x AS Nhe ¥ aed Bicarbonate of Soda............. BileuP ROA MCEIOU want bye cies etorels BIBI CHOU AS 2 tects se setae =! e eos te Bismuthi et Ammonia Citras.... Saliyellates ict). oss ose se SCAR DONAS ss. 500 (atic tiles SUD LOG TOTEM aii.) ors eneie eee cael are SUD MTG Agile cass ccve's eaves eler es ESTUOT Sate cies Sener co iiwele tal ale Bresyee ss Bitters, Aromatic...s......35... tacks iWOnoshlsaiene ds acle neonates cele BES EA REL AW. oes. Sint iareteh efevs epe tere) alee tee Black Snake: ROOGie 21h.) c-leloeo iia re een 125 DOD DORM are ofelere «es ety ol recital ene 125 DiLWMents s, bssceced sais ave, ioe ashe eee 18 Diluted Solution of Subacetate Ob Leah: F025 goccaiencce oe eee 102 DiSCWELEIIUTS © «sie cera otels' late) alee eee 33 DISINLE CCAMESI. crc\s vos syefekel cemeteries 15 Das kes iatares « alele. sve Sa) lalate orale ee 9 Directions for Disguising Color, Taste and Odor of Mixtures... .187 Dispensatory 2. ).\\-. cl «> -labeeeae 3 Diuretics (Hydragogue, Refriger- ant, and Stimulant)........... 30 Dog-Button...... .-sseeseeeeene, 120 Donovan’s Solution.............. 64 Doses Generally = csvconpemenes 38-39 Dover's POWER. os ccclcie sie viele sie cruene 146 DTaP OO. f.:5)00 dies Sie cele scenes seen 9 Drastic Purgatives....>. 0.52.59: 170 Dried ALUM yo 2 slots, «aus etsieleeetelat 105 Dried Carbonate of Soda........ 81 it is Ay MEE ok * mas Tes prt Cea RL ew eal gl ty i a ae aN is INDEX Drugs Advised by Dr. Quitman to be: Garriediim Case. =... . ince... 180 ESCDOLIGR an dats lens ss cic ones 3y- PYGCTUMATIOS: valeg:s 6 s.6i010 cece we STP UEC Ie Ws Elixir Aromaticum. .....cis..6.. 187 PBTEUSANE Sire taatere lave eiehor's'c. ts telatecenater a etn caverve’s 5 Bim Bark, Slippery... cdsce. < o%e nig BTS TICS) ccre/e:s ele, ce sseieha totals Gosrcveve's 25-167 BYAVE LINE'S 4S are attctoitie aie cus onele me eere 167 Emmenagogues.....:.. SneoUe Li hO FROUITOR GS 3 ./5.5 rity aa tel sists. ave raters 18-178 PEPIENOAUSEED, caro taeate rs (os stasetdns «a3 Siovstiexs 5 HTETISEBLOTISS «sccewteuesarcyctere Yo stor ayelormiers’ « 6 BIVENS ate, cio reve a chelate ona ntencee 9-172 BS O fits eveisis.t scalars sss ale Rralstone a sey 123 Ergot, Fluid Extract of.......... 123 POWGCTOC. cornice ccistae ees ee 123 BIE XO ORC sok ayainis eka todos aovehete eaters. 123 BATT TMG Sie. evare neon Boal toteve ee cu one ee a 21 HIACIEATOLICS wile lit cis caress serene 16-178 AY STESTSATT hier ahel ovaias arc Sn oh'ote: cvelnletcne ceoheve ine 158 ED ere hetero ace ara caah ecm tae ae wie IB) PMV TALC OM ON 2's... hyctcisodum«(Tlodine)\.\....\ississcsaaeets 89 Mydragogue Cathartics.......... LAs Iron land PAPSeniei s.r. cee roe 58, Hydrargyrum Bichloxriqdwm @ Ven 97 Iron and its Preparations........ 56 4 Chloridum Corrosium..... 97- Iron, Dried Sulphate of......2.. 56 j CUmMGretavtaete. aco ec eee 95 Lron, Powdered... 3: . scseeoe ote 56 ROGUGU Bip ren acid seme mtg kee 95 Redieed ss. inca wnat 56 ) Perchilomiad Miia... 32)% sas 97 Sulphate Of: : .<5..o7e-ceeee 56 Hydrastinine Hydrochloras..... TR Ur ritamuge olsen, cieeeeae ogee 15 Hydrastis.mecs. &: 5% pu nenaeeee 71. daboramadi - 3. ::,.0445s seen ee 156 : Extractum Fluidum....... yf eer SH: oy: Penn UIP aC IONS ore cus - 170 Hydrated Oxide of Iron......... 57. aks: P WV eiveicin eels ate tact een 170 Eydrobromilenbthetacecn oes es 140 Jalapae Compositus, Pulvis...... 170 Hydrochloric Alcite crests cance 45 Jalapae, Extractum.............. 170 Lea Choyersy au IDulopatsles ss Wode omen ce 111 Jalapae, Resina..... af Salle, ee eayre 170 Hydrogen Peroxiduan \-)o.cou.0 DA Teddy heh; 5ce; evel cals gecetoneisee mises ake renee 10 Hyosciami Alcoholicum, Extract- Hiv sowh oerwe an OTM MOARIAInD Gon Sec aac - 175 UTI... = aieratorew eset echne teers Ile yAee Sbhaby Neral RAG Ge deen ase ee Fluidum, Extractum....... 132) Kan O'o/ 6 tires ah) ene ere ee 107 SP UC DIAS. crasstempeaern ena 132> Kino? Tineturain ss cise cers eee 107 ET YVQSCVATNUS' ac; chp tasice ae aoe 132) Lactic ACIOW so... Sciccrcteiiteneneee 42 EUyPMOGICS rs side os che cise oat anaes 19 Lacto Phosphate of Lime, Syrup Hyposulphite of Soda............ 82 (01 I RR Ec uote ee pcr eentees 55 Fore A Se ae Pee ae inesa aie eePiantast tld 123:. Liamolin . 5d vas tape eee 49 IO Uie{eE (CRAP AMI TATA REN AS... EEA ena LG7,) Paar aishievwtasareyeusreta ue PR crt = 49 IPecacuant al cum wove meen eee ne DKS Amb) Or HIKE han ihorpee rime renee ae: .147 Pane 9 ays Qh ie Aly Pele te OY Se heel INDEX ‘197 BiG Fae en data eet tote eal vac & alee otea le 100 ETCOLRTCOPINOOUL ae oe a6 clecs.s els) ate aes 179 Lignum Vitae....... Sitio eelvl ane er 109 TUMHIVEANV POTS foc e cic 5 beetles gelates’ee 83 “vy U0 1: 0 0 ea 50 PPFMEP EMCEE BE ais Sauxicle versa teal ore eveyece 6 Linimentum Saponis............ 133 BEPIISCOU CAKE. Folia aiwsie slenywerosdiere 50 MUTNITSLON serie teleg eo cen ner. 179 HMSO BT OTD Saigon ean ook cee es 51 BTCGMOLES Saree ncwee a Sates reales 6 hiquor Acidi Arsenosa.......... 64 Ammonii Acetates......... 85 Arseni et Hydrargii Iodidi. 64 Ferri Subsulphatis........ 57 LodrCompostius:.....)) co). 89 Plumbi Subacetatis........ 102 Plumbi Subacetatis Dilu- TDS: Sayers systarsl fcr oes opaneess alse 102 PPOUABSHE G6 Fviois hetro spore sl na This Potassi fermenitte Hite oa ain fies 65 WUCHEI Geer. Aamir ie a cbte ee 81 WOGEEARSENICIBG® bo. us. oe clas 65 ATTN Cul COLTON ee alece cere 4s 103 rb hI BROMMIGUN A. ie esc a ealee ss 152 RGMU TSE seveges Wifes ccbian wees ayers 83 OTN MEE ELINT os Stern ern Mreceetccce oe Anis eke toe 83 PAID MOMEPEP ULC S a sie .ce eel ea Sherer oe paul MOMOULA So loidagooamiciaes edn otis 159 Lobeliae Fluidum, Extractum...159 SDE BILE cree sie) aithecnvoroneimteretecnta 159 UTP OMUSUIC .). c.cierctere Sere es eae 98 EMS PROB ye, ou), ao s.. totown ts eo 173 Mallein, and how to Diagnose PANELS, © tists slates ae vere Sel avs 185-186 AVIV AEROS Ea, cas tee Seles ae ercie Ya cs oe fe 62 Massae Hydrargyri:.............. 95 NEABHER i seats Shin cuties etree te laces ea 6 MERBELIA MVEUICHs:! 2 scree cere s © chet 3 IMB y PAS Plemsy.cisiemiatiste cde een oak ves 171 Meadow '‘Sairrom sac eee eee 108 ERUPT DE SS tte iene fats auntie orate 6 Mercurial Ointment............. 94. PPI NC ROIS cr cds shots a heise epee OR coe .. 94 Mercury, Ointment of Nitrate of. 94 Oleate Of. se Eee 95 Red@Odiade of <0, concanteee 95 Watch Cal 8) ce acta 95 Methylene Bile oes reeks oe Soa 116 MMOL StU at. se slots ce cole , 88 Mineral How to Admin- TASECE WO PS CER HEMEL AICTE 10 Recapitulation of.......... 47 WEEE ESE c 10 cites Co teste oe time 6 MOMES DOOM Uk ae vos creas scvaconites es 162 Monobromated Camphor........ 133 Monsel’s Powder............>..08-61 Sohitront. vss. veatcact E. .bT-61 Morphinae Acetate...... ee aetind Ute: Ey tO CHTOTAHC(s. wr ghetslac cts 148 Sillpiiase ets: th Ose g 4+ 148 Sulpltaters cnet. scioererotee east 148 TYROS OEIC AY are hets cutee taelelove chars ay shel 147 Motor Depressant............... 20 WVINICHIR ONES, eet cehsy. beste a inieuest stone ",.6-178 MuUcrlaeOr ACACIA. a. fe ales Pecans Wits) TRAP ACAN UNA! ecisec go reserei 179 Muriate of Ammonia....:.:..... 86 IMT HADI, ACT accu teeta a wo en mare 45 EWS DAL GLO cat emo a avis ese < Pe ca reyes 177 Mustards Black ata. s,s adtetene Sis, se LEE WEP TDGteeore tay tees nets lance Be ears 177 WEY QIETL ULES, 2 Name veces! aiein spa taere oiens's 21 WIV ORIES oi sis al rise s siale's oysle ge 5's 21 Naphthalititss.e.. 04060 - Gees 116 INGO Letters, ls celne cretedeene cask hate 116 IN AT GOLTCS aye ose ee eS Sle ais he 19 NAS a le LOM ME cues siete oratercghates 12 IN DUP TUM iS cete ties sisns ele ia vate) sioate Siaeitey| ING Abe ORE OTMSIM sis s. cvc kee cle reyerel 79 OMSOGR Sees cle eee 81 Ob? Sil Verein sce aed deere 98 INT ECHACTHO aiteletenes cle a ee piece oreo te 46 NitricvAciGd = Diltutes. (ain. sar ieee 46 Nitro-Glycerin...... SRS tit 132-162 Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid Dilute. 46 Muriatic Acid Dilute:..... 45 Nitrous Ether, Spirits of......... 140 Nucis Vomice, Extractum....... 120 APA C HUM Aah xe ote 120 ING CRG GL ce Potee ever ees ea eter cccts. ootie 107 INTERSE MOM CHharteyis ove Series wis cis hee 120 Fluid Extract of....... Peer i OfficiakPreparations............: 3-4 Otficinal Prepartions............ 3 Oil Cake..... Uae eS ante e tis Raa oe 50 198 INDEX. ONES ons aa eie ca ea biataeng east teem c 49 ‘Oprum Pilwlae oo se ies. ed heen 147 CANNOT BAe 5a Poe aisle ais te coe 175 PUL VAS alin. Socials ss ches 146 Gimnemon ress ser 120-188 PIN COUN: se hidis Mie os cae 147 OGG Bis iat. Jaiste Shh arches wo some hele 120 VaINAM ITS er sreayes pesca shai etek eee 147 PmMTPOR: ska see: 175° QpPlum,...cogkee wae ee ee 146 Lavender Flowers......... 188, -OmiGPZCYS 2/..2)5. ar ceoe uel eee 36 Peppermint..........-.... 188 Ox ytedits o.22).eis pe eet ee 32 Rue;.... shtheuiorfonuten sere 176 ‘Pancreatin: . .:. (500 -seq-eeeeee es © Lia at tae AT Ubapiein.) cscs. keen aelowete Se 42 MAT ANA Cis cite aces oie ataeea ease er 120° Papayotin. 4. skies 4c 42 Oil of Wintergreen.......... PAO=1S8) GRBs PELS «foil ato ls ate jelelaais a wea eee teen Paty OintMents ioe «ada eee praseeeaes 8 Parasiticides). ...\ 0... sent 15 QV GRUB oor nob avatars bo tee lnia Se edeceddans es 7 Parenchymatous Injections...... 13 Oleatum Hydrargyri............ 95 Pearson’s Solution.............. 65 Oleoresinae Aspidii............. 173) Re pperming ss6 6:6 2s 4 sv, ase es 188 Capsiears opie a 94 Blistering Ointment....... 176 Indigestion for Suckling ONS TDISCASESit. nese: cele. 60 Calves or Colts.......... 42 Bright’s Disease........... 93 Influenza (hepatic or en- Canker of Ear (in Dogs) 102-105 LETC) evareriarcrecreielete penal ets’ s,'» 46 KVR DAE LT sw aie enyh s MRA, Gere 75 Inflammation, Superficial.. 99 Intestinal Flatulence.... 85 Itching Skin Disease. ...77-161 Itching Skin Disease, in LOS Sep eee. ine ete eres aoe 64 Liniment, Stimulating.130-133 Anodyne....... .165 200 Prescriptions for— Lotion, White... oo... - eee OA ETI AS Omer ore eleteta es bee) a te 116 Malarial Disorders....... 66-67 NW fank coe hahse as en ceenseroce 129-166 nny Posts Ree ege ce Wathen ABE 88 Muscular Soreness........ 115 INGCrIeIG hit. paige ele tee 50 (@idema of Legs...:......: 79 Opacity of Cornea......... 95 Osteo-Porosis... 2.6.0... .+0: 60 PAN OST eectctcate aioe oi buena stoeiaes 108 Gly aie sctessseinls: a ere erences che 92 PALES O see. foun. Gav eles o tuah vier etale 97 JEN AUER AUT ee erp Galop iac cic oc 97 PATIL LD WiC deters lense (otela et piel 26-27 Purgative (for dogs)...... 169 Purgative (for cattle) ......172 CMUALHOT S/. Water Siete lal Staleces wees 98 Wheumatism...........- 75-115 Rickets (in dogs and pup- DIES) Gossett ncaa. ¢ ceases 54-60 SOLER GLE: Oi Ae ie Bread ec 52 Skin Disease......102-77-161-64 POLE MMO Lai «tar ere''s leye wauinteta 61 - Spasmodic Colic.:..:..: 85-135 SHUT EL OK Gitar) aes csssis cele one 118 Sweating Mixture......... 156 Tapeworm (in dogs)....... 173 AD DAU INUUS sree iorey-taieiteinis/e shores oe => 100 AR OWE. SeAseleweratay eee 47-50-60-75 UU GT CUT elie poet cto ne ovo: | 10 sesayare 88-97 - Vomiting in dogs...64-113-161 Worm Medicine........ 172-173 Worms, Removal from Intes- CIN ESe es eras wie aes veces 60-61 Prescription Writing, Mode of.36-37 phelchy ASH ss sitases is esters. a) ec therete 110 Protective Agents......... 178 Prunus Virginiana.............. 69 Pruni Virginiane, Extractum.... 69 IM ATEWe Ribose Ale 69 SYLUpPBS oe. 69 PRUSSLG SACL: areas aye everett oecteiere 160 PANLVGEL ZALTOMN 2 0a icine tae a © seats 12 Pulvis Ipecacuanhe et Opii....146 Purgatives, Cholagogue, Drastic, Hydragogue and Saline. . . . 25-26-27 INDEX. PUSFETACHEON! V5 4 o: canter 103 WWimimOsG ENT tals shores ies oc keerenc te 174 TOSI 2A OIA Cini gpepu en deuce 124 NU RSTNO More cos Westone a Ver adeneoushe eva eke 32 Gavi TSST E'S cSy, che: says my eapeunetiamereta cakeven ns 175 \ ASYLLE Shu Be iol Ne eae ry tT Neh PA a Bes 135 Valerianate of Ammonia........ 87 OL FZ ci cna e eels hake ag ere 103 Wi BOLING. Rersus calorie torctaleyans Mrsieraietetete 50 Vegetable Acids. (co 0s... <2 ns 87 A SUTIN EMTS\ os ox. ictawo rnin eo 0 106 INDEX. Veratri Viridis Fluidum Extrac- UUM ks ete te Tas eile afters 165 STEN GG UYTPAD 1s yaks Sieh, os dose suhhae tae .165 Veratrum ViInidiee, str cty ots) ove eke ee 165 Verda enis ieee hae as fcheee eel 99 Wermicidess Meteor tnte ea ales 28-172 Vermifue es. aocsuremiie tl 28-172 Vesig@ants Mara caverns hice ticles 16 Vaburnim, Apuhis roca ase ane stash: 110 Praniwiolime 2.0 seer eee 110 Wain: 22S PRES SENs aren ss be Sere 8 WAM E Sar Bi i's she) sjaee sec) ron eee 3 Mai © Bea ay chepa esac lere ore ehaven cheleteeenmrem 4 Ninegar ot (Oprumy... 2 Siesea ets 147 Virginia Snake Root............. 69 WVitriol, Hixin tor 22 atatesntes acete 43 Whafers sco Sis eae ae i) Washed) Silom. .cn «sets een 88 Washing: Sod ain, cts «(ae halsyan eter 81 Waste Producers: i.1. 7 see eee 76 WEES. Sco canes brome ne op cnesenn eee 4 Water, Boiling? ccc... sts elder CommMiON)., cece). Gree eee ao. Distilled. =..s iis. tete ere 39 15 CC) eae CERT: A Gp 39 BROAN essed oa acato eect eS 39 MEV OT G2 8 iseditne crcele a Meet eee 39 SEB otc lo sic cetera 39 POT O ow cease srs) cleat 39 SWEATS Vals grisea ss ie otovetcte arepiehapel neat 137 White Oak Bark: Jof.5 sen. romiane 107 Wilda Oherry Bark. 3.25 erent ante 69 Phi Extract: ti. s.e wee 69 WHIRGS epeceie cssher aie 2. 2h cone ek techie 8 Wianeots Opies .\.:1\cce es eenarente 147 Water ereen .).)5 2% ore vcr «talete isos . 188 Witehhazely Foe ouance ae seen 107 Wrolfs)b'am Gro teickicce cialis Signo Lees Wood! Charcoal)... eens aera 113 Manthoxylumi :\..) vstake eee 110 Vellow 7 [aSmine ccs since eee 154 Yerba Santa Aromaticum, Syr- WOU S hte ove ei nistniere el atene one een 187 ZinciiACehas oss Cool ee 105 Oarbonas Precipitatis..... 103 Carbonatis, Ceratum...... 103 C@HlOridUmM. see ees Os ORDA Pee ee is Saks ete ee 103 Phosphidtmis ys ose eee 54 Sul phases... ca erie oot ne Ow Val@riamass ¢ oss s\.bises be eeeteiene 103 FAN CWM asc 4 525 ices so cola etoile 103 /Alia¥eh oY: } SBOE BAA ON DOO. ¢ 69 Zingiberis Extractum, Fluidum.. 69 PUlWIS SP elec eakele ae ene 69 PINCUUTS: selec iisrsl eters) ea eaneaene 69 “< a > 0 002 850 348 _—————————— | | | | 9@