NOTES AND QUERIES. VOL. VIL NOTES AND QUERIES: %mmm ;iHelJium xif $ntn*--Commtinication LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. " When found, make a note of." — Captain Cuttle. VOLUME SEVENTH. January— June, 1853. LONDON: GEORGE BELL, 186. FLEET STREET. 1853. NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOB LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. '< VTben found, make a note of." — Captain Cuttle. No. 166.] Saturday, January 1. 1853. f Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, Qd. ' Page 1 CONTENTS. Our Seventii Volume ' - Notes : — \ Proclamations of the Society of Antiquaries, and their Value as Historical Evidences, by John Bruce - 3 Curiosities of Advertising Literature, by Cuthbert Bade 4 On a Passage in "King Henry VIII.," Act III. Sc. 2., by S. W. Singer - 5 Notes on Bacon's Essays, by P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A. - 6 Latin Poems in connexion with Waterloo, by Lord Braybrooke ....-- 6 Sir Henry Wotton and Milton, by Bolton Corney - 7 Folk Lore: — Unlucky to sell Eggs after Sunset — Old Song — Nursery Tale — Legend of Change - - 7 Passage in Hamlet ------ 8 Volcanic Influence on the Weather, by Rev, Wm. S. Hesledon - ..-.-.9 Minor Notes: — ValueofMSS Robert Hill— English Ortliography — Bookselling in Glasgow in 1735^ Epitaph on a Sexton - - - . - 9 QUERIBI : — Eustache de Saint Pierre, by Philip S. King - - 10 Devizes, Origin of: a Question for the Heralds, by J. Waylen 11 Minor Queries: — Gold Signet Ring— Ecclesia Angli- can a — Tan giers : English Army in 1684 — Smith — Termination " -itis " — Loak Hen — Etymological Traces of the Social Position of our Ancestors — Locke's Writings — Passage in Gothe's "Faust" — Schomberg's Epitaph by Swift— The Burial Service said by Heart— Shaw's Staffordshire MSS. — "Ne'er to these chambers," &c.— County History Societies — Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter— The English Do- inestic Novel — Dr. Young — Bishop Hall's Medita- tions — Chatterton — Passage in Job — Turner's View of Lambeth Palace — Clarke's Essay on the Usefulness of Mathematical Learning — " The General Pardon" - 12 Minor Queries with Answers: — Edward the Con- fessor's Ring — The Bourbons - - - - 15 Replies : — Emblems .--.---15 Marriages en Cheraise—Mantelkinder— Legitimation, by L. Smirke, &c. - - . - - - 17 Editions of the Prayer-Book prior to 1662, by Arch- deacon Cotton - - - - - -18 Etymology of Pearl, by Sir J. Emerson Tennapt, &c. - 18 " Martin Drunk," by Dr. E. F. Rimbault - - 19 Gothe's Reply to Nicolai - - - - - 19 Photooraphic Correspondence : — Processes upon Paper— Exhibition of Photography at the Society of Arts .---..-20 Replies to Minor Queries : — Quotation in Locke — Pic-nic — Discovery at Nuneham Regis — Door-head Inscriptions— Cross and Pile — Rhymes upon Places — 'Ajv/ov — Who was the greatest General? — Beech- trees struck by Lightning — Passage in Tennyson — In- scriptions in Churches— Dutensiana — Early Phono- graphy — Kontish Local Names; Dray — Monument at Moiistena— Book-plates— " World without end," &c. 23 Miscellaneous : — Books and Odd Volumes wanted - - - - 28 Notices to Correspondents - - . .28 Advertisements - - - _ . - 28 Vol. VII. — No. 166. OUR SEVENTH VOLUME. We might, without any offence against truth or modesty, begin our Seventh Volume by congratulating ourselves and our Readers on the continued sfuccess and increasing circulation of our work. As to Truth, our Readers can only judge in part, and must take our word for the rest ; but they may see enough in our pages to lead them to do so. Let them but look at the signatures which from time to time appear in our columns, and they will see enough to prove that we have the sanction of a list of names, high in literary reputation, such as it might seem ostentatious to parade in our columns on an occasion like the present. We abstain the more readily, because we have felt it our duty to do the thing so frequently and fully in our prospectuses. And as to Modesty, can there be any want of it in saying that with such — or perhaps we should say by such — contributors we have produced a work which the public has found acceptable ? With such contributors, and others whom we should be proud to name with them, if they had given names which we cannot but know, but do not feel authorised to decypher — with such help, what sort of animal must an editor be who could fail to make a work worth reading ? In fact, if not our highest praise, it is the plainest proof of the value of our publication, that we have done little or nothing except to give the reader the greatest possible quantity of matter in a legible form, wholly unassisted by graphic ornament or artistic decoration of any kind — without even the attraction of politics, scandal, or polemics. Our pride is that we are useful ; and that fact is proved by another to which it has given rise, namely, that we are favoured with many more contributions than we can possibly find room for ; and therefore, in- stead of employing the occasion which offers for a few words with our Headers, by way of introduction to a new Volume, in any protracted remarks on what we have done, we would rather confer with them on the ways and means of doing more. In the first place, let us say explicitly that we do not mean by the most obvious method of increasing the bulk of our publication. It is quite clear that we NOTES AND QUEKIEa [No. 166. could print twice as much on twice as many pages ; ■ but this is not what we mean. Those who refer to our earliest Numbers will see " how we are grown," and we are perfectly convinced that we are now quite grown up — that our quantity (to change the figure) is quite as much as our company wish to see set on the table at once, and our price quite as agreeable as if it ■were larger ; for to enlarge the work without enlarg- ing the price would be quite out of the question. But, in the course of what we may now call con- siderable experience, during which we have seen the work grow up into the form which it now wears, we have been led to think, that if our friends will allow us to offer a few suggestions (on which some of them may perhaps improve), we may be able, with the same space and cost, to oblige more Correspondents ; and not only by that means, but by rendering our information more select and valuable, increase the gratification of our Readers. Our name suggests the idea of a work consisting of two parts ; and, with regard to the first, we can only offer such obvious remarks as, that the more a writer condenses what he has to say, the less room his com- munication will occupy in print — and the less room he occupies, the more he will leave for others, &c. These are weighty and important truths, but such as we need not insist on. But when we look at the other part, passing under the single name of " Queries," it becomes obvious that our work, instead of having, as its title would import, what Sir Thomas Browne calls a " blcapitous conform- ation," does in fact consist of three parts, which must be ranged under three different heads, and dealt with in three different ways. A little, modest, demure- looking Query slips into print, and by the time it has been in print a fortnight, we find that it has a large family of Replies, who all come about it, and claim a settlement on the ground of their parentage. Now, it is on this matter that we think some im- provement may be made. We would not on any account diminish our number of Queries, and would wish even our Notes to be notes of interrogation as well as information. But between Queries and Re- plies, notwithstanding their family connexion, there is an essential difference. In every case the Query, in order to its answering the end for which it is proposed, must be public ; but in a great many cases the Reply need not be so. The Query may be a very proper and curious one, and interesting in a high degree to the proposer and several other persons, but the Reply to it may involve details not generally interesting.* * A valued Correspondent, who has strongly urged the adoption of the course which we are now recom- mending to our Readers, thus illustrates his position: — We shall not be thought to discourage such inquiries (while we consider the opportunity which we afford for making them one of the most valuable features of our work) if we illustrate this by suggesting that A. wishes for genealogical or family history ; B. wants to know what the author of such or such a book which he is editing means by such or such a reference ; C, who is editing another, wants a collation of this or that edi- tion ; D., who is writing a third book, in order to correct and enrich it, wants as many things (and heartily glad should we be to help him to get them) as would occupy half-a-dozen of our Numbers ; and so we might go on, were it not quite unnecessary to pursue in detail the illustration of what is so plain. Now it has occurred to us, that if Correspondents who wish to make inquiries, the answers to which would obviously be of no general interest, would, with their Query, enclose a stamped envelope, directed in any way which they may think proper, it would often be in our power not only to transmit to them answers to their inquiries, but to put them in direct communication with those who could give them further information ; and who would in many cases communicate with indi- viduals of whose respectability and capacity they were satisfied, more freely than they would through a public channel. We shall be glad to know how far such a plan would be approved of. We must add, that it would enable us to make use of many Replies which it is impossible, under present circumstances, to insert ; and we believe that many Answerers would uot only be as well pleased to learn that their Replies had been trans- mitted to the Querist, but that, with a knowledge that they would be so transmitted, they would write with more freedom and fulness than if they expected the Reply to be published. One thing only we should bargain for — and, having cut ourselves off from all hope of gain by desiring to have the envelopes directed, we think we have a right to ask it — 'it is, that if in this correspondence, of which we are the medium, they come to any curious and generally interesting results, they will send them to us, pro bono publico. " It seems to be a very good thing to have a me- dium of genealogical inquiry ; but why should all the world be troubled with the answers to a man who writes, — ' Sir, — I shall be obliged to anybody who can give me a full account of my family. John Smith.' " Again, supposing X. Y. wants to borrow some not very common book which one happens to have, T am not going to write (and if I did so write you would not print it), ' If X, Y., as soon as he sees this, will call on the Pump at Aldgate, he will find my copy of the book tied to the spout, if the charity-boys have not cribbed it ; and he can return it or not, according to bis conscience, if he has any." Jan. 1. 1853.] [N'OTES AND QUEKIES. PROCLAMATIONS OF THE SOCIETY Ol" ANTIQUABIES, AND THEIS VALUE AS HISTORICAL EVIDENCES. The work that is now going on at the Society of Antiquaries in reference to the collection of royal proclamations in their library, is one in which not merely the Fellows of that Society, but all his- torical students, are deeply interested. The So- ciety possesses one of the three known largest collections of these public documents. They were formerly bound up in volumes of several different sizes, intermixed with a variety of fugitive pub- lications, such as ballads and broadsides, which formed altogether a very incongruous collection. A short time since it was found that the binding of many of the volumes was very much worn, and that some of the documents themselves had been considerably torn and damaged. Under these circumstances, Mr. Lemon, of the State Paper Office, offered his services to the Council to su- perintend an entire new arrangement, mounting, binding, and calendaring, of the whole series of proclamations. His offer was of course gratefully accepted, and the work is now in active progress. The collection is certainly the most important that is known, and is especially so in the reign of Elizabeth ; in reference to which there is no col- lection at all approaching to it, either in com- pleteness or value. Still there are many pro- clamations wanting : several of the Fellows of the Society have come forward most liberally to fill up gaps. Mb. Payne Collier led the way in a contribution of great value ; Mb. Salt followed Mr. Collier with a munificent donation of a whole collection relating to Charles II. and James II. ; and upon Mr. Lemon's suggestion, and with the joint concurrence of Mr. Secretary Walpole and the Keeper of the State Paper Office, an inter- change of duplicates has been effected between that office and the Society of Antiquaries, which has added forty proclamations to the Society's collection. My principal reason for addressing you upon this subject is to ask you to suggest to your readers that a similar interchange of duplicates might be effected between the Society and any persons who chance to have duplicate proclama- tions in their possession. It is of the very highest literary and historical importance that we should get together, in some accessible place, a collection of proclamations, which if not actually complete (a consummation hardly to be expected), shall yet approach to completeness. The collection at Somerset House offers the best opportunity for forming such a collection. It is by far the most nearly complete in existence, and is strong in that particular part of the series in which other collections are most defective, and in which missing proclamations are the most difficult to be supplied. At the Society of Antiquaries the collection will be accessible to all literary inquirers, and no doubt the Society will publish a proper catalogue, which is already in preparation by Mr. Lemon. It is obvious that any person who chooses to contribute such stray proclamations, or copies of proclamations, as he may chance to have in his possession, will be helping forward a really good work, and the possessor of duplicates may not only do the same, but may benefit his own collection by an interchange. The value of proclamations as historical autho- rities, and especially as authorities for the history of manners, and of our national progress, is indis- putable. As I write, I have before me the Boohe of Proclamations of James I. from 1603 to 1609; and the page lying open affords a striking illustra- tion of what I assert. It gives us A chapter in THE HISTORY OF OUR POST-OFFICE. Immediately on the accession of James I., the high north road from London to Edinburgh was thronged with multitudes of pilgrims hastening to the worship of the newly risen sun. Robert Carey became, in the words of Cowper's enigma, " the parent of numbers that cannot be told." Scotland has never poured into the south more active or more anxious suppliants than then traversed the northward road through Berwick. All ordinary ac- commodation soon fell short of the demand. Mes- sengers riding post from the council to the king were stayed on the road for want of the ordinary supply of post-horses, all which were taken up by lords and gentry — rushing northward in the fury of their new-born loyalty. As a remedy for these inconveniences, the lords of the council issued a proclamation, calling upon all magistrates to aid the postmasters " in this time so full of business," by seeing that they are supplied with " fresh and able horses as necessitie shall require." Of course the supply was merely of horses. Travellers oould not in those days obtain carriages of any kind. The horses were directed to be " able and suffi- cient horses, and well furnished of saddles, bridles, girts and stirropes, with good guides to looke to them ; who for their said horses shall demand and receive of such as shall ride on them, the prices accustomed." The new state of things became permanent. London, after James's removal from Edinburgh, being really the seat of government for the whole island, the intercourse both ways was continuous, and further general orders for its management were published by proclamation. There were at that time, on all the high roads through the country, two sorts of posts: — 1. Special messen- gers or couriers who rode "thorough post," that is, themselves rode through the whole distance, " with horn and guide." Such persons carried with them an authentication of their employment in the NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 166. public service. In 1603, they were charged " two- pence balfe-peny the mile" (raised in 1609 to threepence) for the hire of each horse, "besides the guide's groats." The hire was to be paid be- forehand. They were not to ride the horses more than one stage, except with the consent of " the post of the stage" at which they did not change. Nor were they to charge the horse " with any male or burden (besides his rider) that exceedeth the weight of thirtye pounds." Nor to ride more than seven miles an hour in summer or six in •winter. 2. The other sort of post was what was termed the " post for the packet." For this ser- vice every postmaster was bound to keep horses ready ; and on receipt of a " packet" or parcel containing letters, he was to send it on towards the next stage within a quarter of an hour after its arrival, entering the transaction in " a large and faire ledger paper book." Two horses were to be kept constantly ready for this service, " with furniture convenient," and messengers " at hand in areadinesse." The postmaster was also to have ready " two bags of leather, at the least, well lined •with bayes or cotton, to carry the packet in." He •was also to have ready " homes to sound and blow, as oft as the post meets company, or foure times in every mile." The "post for the packet" was at first used only for the carriage of despatches for the govern- ment or for ambassadors, but a similar mode of conveyance soon began to be taken advantage of by merchants and private persons. Difficulty in obtaining posts and horses for the conveyance of private packets, led to the interference of " certain persons called hackney-men, tapsters, hostlers, and others, in hiring out their horses, to the hinderance of publique service, danger to our state, and wrong to our standing and settled postes in their several stages." The government of James I. thought, in its blindness, that it could put a stop to the dan- gerous practice of transmitting unofficial letters, by rendering it penal for private persons to carry them ; that of Charles I., wiser, in this respect, in its generation, settled a scheme for their general conveyance through the medium of " a letter office." But the " post for the packet," with his leathern bag and his twanging horn (the origin, of course, of our mail-coach horn), continued down to a late period, and probably still lingers in some parts of the kingdom. Cowper, it will be remem- bered, describes him admirably. John Bruce, CUEIOSITIES OF ADVERTISING lilTERATUEE. We are all well acquainted with the ingenious artifices by which modern advertisers thrust their wares upon the attention of newspaper readers. We may, perhaps, have been betrayed into the expression of some rude Saxon expletive, when, in the columns devoted to news and general information, we have in our innocence been tempted with a paragraph that commenced with " a clever saying of the illus- trious Voltaire's," and dovetailed into a panegyric of Messrs. Aaron and Son's Reversible Paletots ; or we may have applauded the clever logician who so clearly demonstrates, that as Napoleon's bilious affection frequently clouded his judgment in times of greatest need, the events of the present century, and the fate of nations, would have been reversed, had that great man only been, persuaded to take two boxes of Snooks's Aperient Pill, price Is. l^rf.» with the Government stamp on a red ground (see Advt.). All these things we know very well ; but, of the fugitive literature that does not find a place in the advertising columns of The Times, but flashes into Fame only in the pages of some local oracle, or in some obscurer broad-sheet, how often must it remain unappreciated, and doomed to " waste its sweetness on the desert air." That this may not be said of the following burst of advertis- ing eloquence, I trust it may be found worthy a niche in the temple of " N. & Q." In its com- position the author was probably inspired by the grand scenery of the Cheviots, in a village near to which his shop was situate. It was one of those " generally-useful " shops where the grocer and draper held equal reign, and anything could be got, from silks and satins to butter and Bath bricks. The composition was printed and distributed among the neighbouring families ; but shortly after, when the author heard that it had not produced the exact efiect he had wished, he, with the irrita- bility that often accompanies genius, resolved to get back and destroy every copy of his production, and deny to the world that which it could not appreciate. Fortunately for the world's welfare, I preserved a copy of his hand-bill, of which this, in its turn, is a faithful transcript : " To the Inhabitants of G. and its rmighhourhood. " The present age is teeming with advantages which no preceding Era in the history of mankind has af- forded to the human family. New schemes are pro- jecting to enlighten and extend civilisation, Railways have been projected and carried out by an enterprising and spirited nation, while Science in its gigantic power (simple yet sublime) affords to the humane mind so many facilities to explore Its rich resources, the Seasons roll on in their usual course producing light and heat, the vivifying rays of the Sun, and the fructifying in- fluences of nature producing food and happiness to the Sons of Toil ; while to the people of G. and its neigh- bourhood a rich and extensive variety of Fashionable Goods is to be found in my Warehouse, which have just been selected with the greatest care. The earliest visit is requested to convey to the mind an adequate idea of the great extent of his purchases, comprising as it does all that is elegant and useful, cheap and substantial, to the light-hearted votaries of Matrimony, the Matrons of Reflection, the Man of Industry, and the disconsolate Victims of Bereavement. J — M — ." Jan. 1. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. The peroration certainly exhibits what Mrs. Malaprop calls "a nice derangement of epitaphs :" and, as for the rest, surely "the force of" bathos " could no further go." Cuthbeet Bede, B.A. ON A PASSAGE IN "KING HENET VIII.," ACT III. sc. 2. One of the most desperately unintelligible pas- sages in Shakspeare occurs in this play, in the scene between the King and the Cardinal, when the latter Professes his devoted attachment to his service. t stands thus in the first folio : Car. " I do professe That for your Flighnesse good, I euer labour'd More then mine owns : that am, haue, and will be (Though all the world should cracke their duty to you, And throw it from their Soule, though perils did Abound, as thicke as thought could make 'em, and Appeare in formes more horrid) yet my Duty, As doth a Rocke against the chiding Flood, Should the approach of this wilde Riuer breake, And stand vnsha':on yours." Upon this Mason observes : " I can find no meaning in these words (that am, have, and will be), or see how they are connected with the rest of the sentence ; and should therefore strike them out." Malone says : " I suppose the meaning is, ' that or such a man, I am, have been, and will ever be.' Our author has many hard and forced expressions in his plays ; but many of the hardnesses in the piece before us appear to me of a different colour from those of Shakspeare. Perhaps, however, a line following has been lost ; for in the old copy there is no stop at the end of this line ; and, in- deed, I have some doubt whether a comma ought not to be placed at it, rather than a fullpoint." Mr. Knight, however, places a fullpoint at will be, and says : " There is certainly some corruption in this passage ; for no ellipsis can have taken this very obscure form. Z. Jackson suggests ' that aiin has and will be.' This is very harsh. We might read ' Tliat aim I have and will,' will being a noun." Mr. Collier has the following note : " In this place we can do no more than reprint ex- actly the old text, with the old punctuation ; as if Wolsey, following 'that am, have, and will be' by a long parenthesis, had forgotten how he commenced his sentence. Something may have been lost, which would have completed the meaning ; and the instances have not been unfrequent where lines, necessary to the sense, have been recovered from the quarto impressions. Here we have no quarto impressions to resort to, and the later folios afford us no assistance, as they reprint the passage as it stands in the folio 1623, excepting that the two latest end the parenthesis at 'break.'" I cannot think that the poet would have put a short speech into Wolsey's mouth, making him forget how he commenced it ! Nor do I believe that anything has been lost, except the slender letter / preceding am. The printer or transcriber made the easy mistake of taking the word t7-ue for haue, which as written of old would readily occur, and having thus confused the passage, had recourse to the unconscionable long mark of a parenthesis. The passage undoubtedly should stand thus : Car. " I do profess That for your highness' good I ever labour'd More than mine own ; that f aiu true, and will be Though all the world should lack their duty to you, And throw it from their soul : though perils did Abound, as thick as thought could make them, and Appear in forms more horrid ; yet my duty (As doth a rock against the chiding flood,) Should the approach of this wild river break, And stand unshaken yours." Here all is congruous and clear. This slight correction of a palpable printer's error redeems a fine passage hitherto entirely unintelligible. I do not insist upon the correction in the fourth line of lack for crack, yet what can be meant by cracking a dull/? The duke, in the Two Gentlemen of Verona, speaks of his daughter as " lacking duty ; " and seeing how very negligently the whole passage has been given in the folio, I think there is good ground for its reception. With regard to the cor- rection in the second line, I feel confident, and doubt not that it will have the approbation of all who, like myself, feel assured that most of the difficulties in the text of our great poet are at- tributable to a careless printer or transcriber. When I proposed (Vol. vi., p. 468.) to read "rai7 at once," instead of "aZZ at once," in As You Like It, Act III. Sc. 5., I thought the conjecture ray own, having then only a,ccess to the editions of Mr. Collier and Mr. Knight ; I consequently said, " It is somewhat singular that the passage should hitherto have passed unquestioned." My surprise was therefore great, on turning to the passage in the Variorum Shakspeare, to find the following note by Warburton, which had escaped my notice: " If the speaker intended to accuse the person spoken to only for insulting and exulting, then, instead of ' all at once,' it ought to have been both at once. But, ex- amining the crime of the person accused, we shall dis- cover that the line is to be read thus : ' That you insult, exult, and rail at once,' for these three things Phoebe was guilty of. But the Oxford editor improves it, and, for rail at once, reads domineer." I have no recollection of having ever read the note before, and certainly was not conscious of it. The coincidence, therefore, may be considered (as Mr. Collier observed in respect to the reading of palpable for capable^ as much in favour of this conjecture. 65 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 166. That the most careful printers can misread, and consequently misprint, copy, is evident from the following error in my last Note: — Vol. vi., p. 584., col. 1, for "in the edition which I gave of the part^' read '■'■poet." This mistake, like most of those I have indicated in the first folio Shakspeare, might easily occur if the word was indistinctly written. S. W. Singer. Mickleham. NOTES ON BACON S ESSAYS. As I find that the editor of Bacon's Essays for Bohn's Standard Library has not verified the quo- tations, I venture to send you a few " N. & Q." on them, which I hope to continue from time to time, if they prove acceptable. In compliance with the recommendation of Mr. Sydney Smirke and the Kev. H. T. Ellacombe (Vol. vi., p. 558.), I ap- pend my name and address. N.B. The paging and notes of Bohn's edition are followed throughout. Preface, p. xiii. note *. " Speech on the Im- peachment of Warren Hastings." See Burke's Works, vol. viii. p. 15. [ed. 1827.] Speech On the first day of reply. Ditto, p. XV. Letter to Father Fulgentio. See Montagu's Bacon, vol. xi. pref , p. vii. ; vol. xii. p. 205. Ditto, ditto. Spenser's Faery Qucene, Sfc. See preface to Moxon's Spenser (1850), p. xxix., where this story Is refuted, and Montagu, xvi., note x. Ditto, p. xvi. " It was like another man's fair ground," &c. See Montagu, xvi. p. xxvii. Ditto, ditto. "I shall die," &c. Ditto, xxxiv. and note ww. Ditto, p. xvii. note f . Dugald Stewart. Sup- plement to Encycl. Brit, vol. i. p. 54. [ed. 1824.] Ditto, ditto. Hatton, not Hwtton, as in Eliza Cook's Journal, vi. 235. Ditto, ditto. Love an ignoble passion. Essay x. ad init. Ditto, p. xviii. " Says Macanlay." Review of B. Montagu's Bacon Essays, p. 355. [ed. 1851.] Ditto, ditto. A pamphlet. Montagu, vi. 299. Ditto, p. xix. " A place in the Canticles." Cap. ii. 1. Bacon quotes, from memory it would appear, from the Vulgate, which has " Ego flos campi." By whom is the observation ? See, for the story, Montagu, xvi. p. xcviii. Ditto, ditto. " JBooks were announced." What ? Ditto, p. XX. " Caesar's compliment to Cicero." Where recorded ? Ditto, p. xxi. " The manufacture of particular articles of trade." Montagu, xvi. 306. Ditto, p. xxii. " Says Macaulay." Ut supra, p. 407. Ditto, ditto. Ben Jonson. See Underwood's, Ixix. Ixxviii. [pp. 711, 713. ed.Moxon, 1851.] Ditto, p. XXV. Marcus Lucius. Who is here alluded to ? Ditto, p. xxvii. "Which strangely parodies." The opening alluded to Is " Franciscus de Veru- 1am sic cogitavit." Ditto, p. xxvili. " One solitary line." Where is this to be found ? Ditto, ditto. " Ben Jonson after sketching." See Discoveries, p. 749. rit sup. Ditto, p. xxix. " Might have censured with Hume." Where ? Ditto, ditto. " Hobbes." Where does he praise Bacon? Ditto, ditto. "Bayle." In Bayle's Dictionary [English edition, 1710], *. v., we find but four- teen lines on Bacon. Ditto, ditto. " Tacitus." Vit. Agric, cap. 44. Ditto, p. xxxiii. note. Solomon's House. See p. 296. seqq. of the vol. of the Standard Library. Ditto, p. xxxiv. note. Paterculus, i. 17. 6.^ [Burmann.] (To be continued.) P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A. 26. Hill's Road, Cambridge. LATIN POEMS IN CONNEXION WITH WATERLOO. I send you two copies of Latin verses which have not, to my knowledge, appeared in print. They are however interesting, from the coinci- dence of their both relating to elm-trees, and in some measure belonging to the " Story of Water- loo," about which we never can hear too much. The lines themselves possess considerable merit; and, as their authors were respectively distin- guished alumni of Eton and Winchester, I hope to see both compositions placed in juxtaposition in the columns of " N. & Q." The first of these productions was written by Marquis Wellesley, as an inscription for a chair carved from the Wellington Elm (which stood near the centre of the British lines on the field of Waterloo), and presented to his Majesty King George IV., to whom the lines were addressed : Ampla inter spolia, et magni decora alta triumphi, Ulmus erit fastis commemoranda tuis, Quam super exoriens fausta tibl gloria penna Palmam oleamque uno detulit alma die ; Immortale decus maneat, famaque perenni Felicique geras sceptra paterna manu ; Et tua victrices dum cingunt tempera lauri, Materies solio digna sit ista tuo. For the other verses subjoined, we are indebted to the late Rev. William Crowe, Fellow of New College, Oxford, and many years public orator in that university. It seems that he had planted an elm at his parsonage, on the birth of his son, after- wards killed at Waterloo, which sad event was Jan. 1. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. commemorated by his afflicted father in the fol- lowing touching monody, affixed to the same tree : Sane Ego quam felix annis melioribus Ulmum Ipse manu sevi, tibi dilectissime Fili Consecro in seternum, Gulielme vocabitur Arbos Hsec tua, servabitque tuum per secula nomen. Te generose Puer nil muneris hujus egentem Te jam perfunctum vitaa bellique labore, Adscripsit Deus, et coelestibus intulit oris, Me tamen afflictum, me consolabitur aegrum Hoc tibi quod pono, quanquam leve pignus amoris. Hie Ego de vita meditans, de sorte futurft, Ssepe tuam recolam formam, duloemque loquelam, Verbaque tam puro et sacrato foute profecta, Quam festiva quidem, et facili condita lepore. At Te, qui nostris quicunque accesseris hospes Sedibus, unum oro, moesti reverere Parentis, Nee tu sperne preces quas hac super Arbore fundo. Sit tibi non invisa, sit inviolata securi, Et quantum natura sinet, crescat monumentum Egregii Juvenis, qui sisvo est Marte peremptus, Fortiter ob patriam pugnando, sic tibi constans Stet fortuna domus, sit nuUi obnoxia damno, Nee videas unquam dilecti funera nati. Bkatbeooke. SIE HENRY WOtTON AND MILTON. The letter which sir Henry Wotton addressed to Milton, on receiving the Mashe presented at Ludlow-castle, appears to admit of an interpreta- j tion which has escaped the numerous editors of the works of Milton ; and I resolve to put this novel conjecture on its trial in the critical court of facts and inferences held at No. 186. Fleet Street. Sir Henry Wotton thus expresses himself on the circumstance which I conceive to have been misinterpreted : " For the work itself [a dainty piece of entertain- ment, by Milton] I bad viewed some good while before with singular delight, having received it from our common friend Mr. R. in the very close of the late R.'s Poems, printed at Oxford ; whereunto [it] is added (as I now suppose) that the accessory might help out the principal, according to the art of stationers, and to leave the reader con la bocca dolce." — ReliquicB Wot- toniancE, 1672. In the poems of Milton, as edited by himself in 1645, the date of this letter is " 13th April, 1638 ;" and as the Poems of " Thomas Randolph, master of arts, and late fellow of Trinity colledge in Cam- bridge," were printed at Oxford in that year, in small quarto, it may be assumed that the gift of Mr. R. was a copy of that Tolume, with the addi- tion of the Maske, as printed in the same size in 1637. Such was the conclusion of Warton, and such is mine. The question at issue is. Who was Mr. R. ? Warton says, " I believe Mr. R. to be John Rouse," the keeper of the Bodleian library. Is it not more probable that Mr. R. means Robert Randolph, master of arts, and student of Christ- church — a younger brother of Thomas Randolph, and the editor of his poems ? I must first dispose of the assertion that the friendship between Rouse and Milton " appears to have subsisted in 1637." There is no evidence of their friendship till 1647 ; and that evidence is the ode to Rouse, to which this address is prefixed : " Jan. 23. 1646. Ad Joannem Rousium, Oxonien- sis academiae bibliothecarium. De libro poematum amisso, quern ille sibi denuo mitti postulabat, ut cum aliis nostris in bibliotheca publica reponeret, ode." It seems that Milton did not send the volume of 1645 till a copy of it had been requested ; no evi- dence, certainly, of old friendship ! I admit the probability that Wotton and Rouse were friends ; but why should Rouse officiously stitch up, as Warton expresses it, the Mask of Milton with the Poems of Thomas Randolph, and present the volume to Wotton ? Did he give away that which is still wanting in the Bodleian library? Admit my novel conjecture, and all the diffi- culties vanish. Thomas Randolph, says Phillips, was " one of the most pregnant young wits of his time ; " and Robert, who was also noted as a poet, could scarcely fail to offer the poems of his brother to so eminent a person as sir Henry Wotton. As sir Henry yearly went to Oxford, he may have made acquaintance with Robert ; and Robert may have been introduced to Milton by Thomas,_who was for eight years his cotemporary at Cambridge, and in the enjoyment of much more celebrity. The Maske may have been added as an experi- ment in criticism. The rev. Thomas Warton was a man of exten- sive reading, an excellent critic, and a fascinating writer — but too often inattentive to accuracy of statement. He says that Randolph died the 17th March, 1634 : Wood says he was buried the 17th March, 1634. He says it is so stated on his monu- ment : the monument has no date. He says the Poem^ of Randolph contain 114 pages: the volume cpntains 368 pages ! He says the Maske is a slight quarto of 30 pages only : it contains 40 pages ! t it not fit that such carelessness should be ex- posed? BoLTON COENEY. FOLK LOBE. Unlucky to sell Eggs after Sunset. — The follow- ing paragraph is extracted from the Stamford Mercury of October 29, 1852 : « There exists a species of superstition in north Not- tinghamshire against letting eggs go out of a house after sunset. The other day a person in want of some eggs called at a farm-house in East Markham, and inquired of the good woman of the house whether she had any eggs to sell, to which she replied that she had a few scores to dispose of. • Then I'll take them home 8 NOTES AND QUEEIES. [No. 166. with me in the cart,' was his answer ; to which she somewhat indignantly replied, ' That you'll not ; don't you know the sun has gone down ? You are welcome to the eggs at a proper hour of the day ; but I would not let them go out of the house after the sun is set on any consideration whatever !' " DRAUriBLB. Old Song. — My father gave me an acre of land, Sing ivy, sing ivy. My father gave me an acre of land, Sing green bush, hollj, and ivy. I plough'd it with a ram's horn, Sing ivy, &c. I harrow'd it with a bramble. Sing ivy, &c. I sow'd it with a peppercorn. Sing ivy, &c. I reap'd it with my penknife. Sing ivy, &c. I carried it to the mill upon the cat's back, Sing ivy, &c. Then follows some more which I forget, but I think it ends thus : I made a cake for all the king's men. Sing ivy, sing ivy.^ I made a cake for all the king's men. Sing green bush, holly, and ivy. Nursery Tale. — I saddled my sow with a sieve full of buttermilk, put my foot into the stirrup, and leaped nine miles beyond the moon into the land of temperance, where there was nothing but hammers and hatchets and candlesticks, and there lay bleeding Old Noles. I let him lie, and sent for Old Hippernoles, and asked him if he could grind green steel nine times finer than wheat flour. He said he could not. Gregory's wife was up in the pear-tree gathering nine corns of but- tered peas to pay Saint James' rent. Saint James was in the meadow mowing oat cakes ; he heard a noise, hung his scythe at his heels, stumbled at the battledore, tumbled over the barn-door ridge, and broke his shins against a bag of moonshine that stood behind the stairsfoot door, and if that isn't true you know as well as I. D. Legend of Change. — In one of the Magazines for November, a legend, stated to be of oriental origin, is given, in which an immortal, visiting at distant intervals the same spot, finds it occupied by a city, an ocean, a forest and a city again : the mortals whom he found there, on each occasion, believing that the present state had existed for ever. I have seen in the newspapers, at different times, a poem (or I rather think two poems) founded on this legend ; and I should like to know the author or authors, and whether it, or either of them, is to be found in any collection of poems. D. X. PASSAGE IN HAMLET. " Cut off even in the blossoms of my sin, Unhousell'd, disappointed, unanel'd." Hamlet, Act I. Sc. 5. Boucher, in his Glossary of Ai-chaic and Pro- vincial Words (art. Anteal), has a note on this passage which seems to me to give so much better an idea of the word disappointed than any I have met with, that I am induced to send it you as a Note : — " The last two words have occasioned considerable difficulty to the critics. The old copies, it is said, concur in giving disappointed, which Dr. Johnson is willing to understand as meaning unprepared; a sense that might very well suit the context, but will not be easily confirmed by any other instance of the use of the word disappointed. Dissatisfied, therefore, with this interpretation, some have read unanointed, and some unappointed. Not approving of either of these words, as connected with unanealed, Pope, no timid corrector of texts, reads unaneld, which he supposes to signify unknelled, or the having no knell rung. To these emendations and interpretations Mr. Theobald, whose merit as a commentator on Shakspeare Mr. Pope, with all his wit and all his poetry, could not bring into dis- pute, urged many strong objections. Skinner rightly explains anealed as meaning vnctus ; from the Teu- tonic preposition an, and ele, oil. As correction of the second word is admitted by all the commentators to be necessary, it is suggested that a clear and consistent meaning, consonant with Shakspeare's manner, will be given to the passage, if, instead of disappointed, unas- soiled, which signifies ' without absolution,* be sub- stituted. " The line — ' Unhousell'd, unassoil'd, unaneal'd,' will then signify ' without receiving the sacrament: without confession and absolution: and without ex- treme unction.' " That unassoiled was no less proper, will appear from due attention to the word assoile, which of course is derived from ahsolvo ; and the transition from absolve into assoyle is demonstrated in the following passage from Piers Plowman, Vision, p. 3. : ' There preached a pardoner, as he a priest were. Brought forth a bul, with many a bishop's scales, And saide, that himself might absoyle hem alle, Of falshode, of fasting, and of vowes broken.' As a further confirmation of the propriety of substi- tuting a word signifying absolution, which pre-supposes confession, the following sentence from Prince Arthur may be adduced : ' She was confessed and houselled, and then she died,' part ii. p. 108. " It must be allowed that no instance can be given of the word unassoiled: but neither does any other instance occur to me of the word unhouseled except the line in Hamlet." B. J. S. Jan. 1. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 9 VOLCANIC INFLUENCB ON THE yTEATHEE. The recent obseryations of your correspondent Mr. Noake (Vol. vi., p. 531.) on the superstitions of the people of Worcestershire regarding the weather, have called my attention to the present extraordinary wet season, on which subject I have been asked many questions. Although I do not account myself any more weatherwise than my neighbours, yet I may note that, for many years past, I have remarked that whenever we have had any very serious volcanic disturbance in the Medi- terranean or its neighbourhood, or at Mount Hecla, we have always had some corresponding atmo- spheric agitation in this country, either in exces- sive heat or moisture, or both, and accompanied with very perceptible vibrations, at times so strong as to answer the name of earthquakes ; and these vibrating so generally in the direction from north- west to south-east, I have been convinced that underneath us there is a regular steam passage from Mount Hecla in Iceland to Mount Vesuvius in Italy. I have unfortunately mislaid my memo- randa on this subject, and have no regular roster of these occasional visitations to refer to, but I think my attention to this effect was first impressed on ine by the season which followed the destruc- tion at Lisbon in 1796. I recollect a friend of mine, the late Mr. Empson, of Bouley, while attending some drainage improvements in his carrs within the Level of Ancholme, was aroused by an extraordinary noise, which he thought was occa- sioned by some "drunken fools," as he called them, racing with their waggons upon the turnpike road above the hill, which was two miles off from where he then was in the carrs. His uphill shepherd, however, told him, when he got home, that there had been no such occurrence as he supposed on the turnpike, as, had such been the case, he must have heard and seen it. The next day, however, added fresh information, and better observei'S dis- covered that the noise heard across the carrs was underground ; and further intelligence confirmed the suspicion that it was occasioned by a species of earthquake that had been felt at different places with different intensities, through Yorkshire and Lancashire, and amongst the islands west of Scot- land ; and afterwards came the same kind of in- telligence across France, confirming me in my con- clusions before noted. And ever since this period of 1796 we have never had any extraordinary al- ternation of extreme heat or wet, without its being to me the result of some accompanying volcanic agitation in Mount Hecla, or Mount Vesuvius or its neighbourhood ; and the recurrence of the violent ebullition that has this year being going on at Mount Etna may therefore be considered as the electric cause not only of the extraordinary heat of our late summer, but also of the floods that have subsequently poured down upon us. It is only of late years that scientific men have paid due attention to these physical phenomena. Sir Humphrey Davy, I think, was the first who laid down their causes ; and if we recollect the account given by Sir Stamford Raffles of the appalling effects of the tremendous explosion of Tombora, in Sambowa, one of the islands east of Java, in the year 1815, described as so violent in its immediate neighbourhood as to cause men, and horses, and trees to be taken up into the air like chaff; and of its effects being perceptible in Sumatra, where, nearly at a thousand miles distance from it, they heard its thundering noisy explosions, — thinking of this, we may well accede the comparatively small vibrations that we occasionally feel, as aris- ing from the interchange of civilities passing be- tween our volcanic neighbours Hecla and Vesu- vius, or Etna ; and glad we may be that we have them in no more inconvenient shape or degree than we have hitherto experienced them. I have some friends in Lancashire who have been a good deal alarmed by the vibrations they have lately experienced; and I must confess that my good wife and myself were, on the morning of the 10th Dec, not a little startled in our bed by a shock that aroused us early to inquire after the cause of it, but for which we cannot account otherwise than that, from its sudden electric character, the Lan- cashire vibration had reached us. The chief pur- port, however, of my present communication is, to make inquiry amongst your readers, whether any of them, like myself, have observed and expe- rienced any recurrence of these concomitant and physical obtrusions. Wm. S. Hesledon. Barton upon Humber. Minax ^ateS. Value of MSS. — In the cause of Calvert v. Sebright, a question arose as to the sale of a collec- tion of manuscript books by the late Sir John Sebright in the year 1807. In aid of the inquiry before the Master, as to the difference in value of the manuscripts in 1807 and the year 1849, Mr. Rodd made an affidavit, from which I have made the following extract, showing the prices at which five lots were sold in 1807, and the prices at which the same lots were sold at the late Mr. Heber's sale in 1836 : " No. in Catalogue, 1 185. Bracton de (Hen.) Con- suetudinibus et Legibus Anglicw. (In pergamena) Uteris deauratis. Sold in 1807 for IZ. 13s. : produced at Heber's sale, 1836, 61, 6s. " Lot 1 190. Gul. Malmesburiensis de Gestis Regum Anglorum. (In pergamena.) Sold in 1807 for 17. 7*. : produced at Heber's sale, 1836, 63l. "Lot 1195. Chronica Gulielmi Thorn. (In mem- branis.) Sold in 1807 for 12s. : produced at Heber's sale, 1836, 851. 10 NOTES AND QUEKIES. [No. 166. " Lot 1 1 98. Henrici Archid. Huntindoniensis de Gestis Anglorum et Gyr. Cambriensis expugnatio Hiberniae. (In pergamena.) Sold in 1807 for 2/. Is. : produced at Heber's sale, 1836, 78Z. 15s. 6d. "Lot 1206. Chronica Matt. Parisensis sine Historia Minor cum vita authoris, per Doctissinnum Virum Rog. Twysden Bar. (In papyro.) Sold in 1807 for 21. 8s. : produced at Heber's sale, 1836, 51. I5s. 6d. Total produce in 1807, 81. Is. : in 1836, 2387. 17s." In the catalogue of Heber's books, &c., Nos. 447- 1006. 498. 118. and 1016. correspond with the H^os. 1185. 1190. 1195. 1198. 1206. F. W. J. Robert Hill. — I possess a Latin Bible which formerly belonged to this person, and contains many MS. notes in his handtvrlting. The follow- ing is by another hand : " This book formerly belonged to Mr. Robert Hill, a taylor of Buckingham, and an acquaintance of my cousin John Herbert, surgeon of that town. J. L." " In literature we find of this profession (i. e. that of a taylor) John Speed, a native of Cheshire, whose merit as an historian and antiquary are indisputable — to whom may be added the name of a man who in literature ought to have taken the lead, we mean John Stow. Benjamin Robins, the compiler of Lord Anson's Voyage, who united the powers of the sword and the pen, was professionally a taylor of Bath ; as was Robert Hill of Buckingham, who, in the midst of poverty and distress, while obliged to labour at his trade for the support of a large family, acquired a knowledge of the Hebrew, and other languages, such as has only been equalled by Magliabecchi, who studied in a cradle curtained by cobwebs and colonised by spiders." — See "Vestiges Revived," No. XX. European Mag. for Mar. 1813. The above choice note is, I presume, an extract from the Europ. Mag., and may serve to show that although ordinarily it takes " nine tailors to make a man," it may occasionally require nine men to make such a tailor as R. Hill seems to have been. B. H. C. English Orthography. — The agricultural news- papers and magazines in the United States have generally restored the spelling of plow in place of plough, which has crept In since the translation of the Bible into English. Could not cloke, the old spelling, be also restored, in place of cloak, which has nothing but oak to keep it in countenance ; whilst cloke Is in analogy with smoke, spoke, broke, &c. ? There are two English words, in pronouncing which not a single letter of them is sounded; namely, ewe (yo !) and aye (I ! ) Uneda. Philadelphia. Bookselling in Glasgow in 1735. — The following curious report of a law case appears in Morlson's Dictionary of the Decisions of the Court of Session, p. 9455. It appears from It that, so late as 1735, the city of Glasgow, now containing a population of nearly 400,000, was considered too limited a sphere for the support of only two booksellers. "1735, January 15. Stalker against Carmichael. Carmichael and Stalker entered into a co-partnery of bookselling within the City of Glasgow, to continue for three years ; and because the place was judged too narrow for two booksellers at a time, it was stipulated that after the expiry of three years, either of them re- fusing to enter into a new contract upon the former terms, should be debarred from any concern in book- selling within the city of Glasgow. In a reduction of the contract, the Lords found the debarring clause in the contract is a lawful practice, and not contrary to the liberty of the subject." X.Y. Edinburgh. Epitaph on a Sexton. — Epitaph on a sexton, who received a great blow by the clapper of a bell : " Here lyeth the body of honest John Capper, Who lived by the bell, and died by the clapper." Answer to the foregoing : " I am not dead indeed, but have good hope, To live by the bell when you die by the rope." E. EUSTACHB DE SAINT PIEKKE. With the siege of Calais, and its surrender to Edward III. In 1347, is associated the name of Eustache de St. Pierre, whose loyalty and devoted- ness have been immortalised by the historian, and commemorated by the artist's pencil. The subject of Queen Phllippa's Intercessions on behalf of Eustache and his brave companions is, no doubt, familiar to most of your readers : the stern de- meanour of the king ; the tears and supplicating attitude of the Queen Philippa ; and the humili- ating position of the burgesses of Calais, &c. But what if Eustache de St. Pierre had been bought over by King Edward ? For without going the length of pronouncing the scenes of the worthy citizens, with halters round their necks, to have been a "got up" affair, there is, however, some reason to doubt whether the boasted loyalty of Eustache de St. Pierre was such as Is represented, as will appear from the following notes. And however much the statements therein contained may detract from the cherished popular notions regarding Eustache de St. Pierre, yet the seeker after truth Is Inexorable, or, to use the words of Sir Francis Palgrave (Hist, of Norm, and Eng., i. 354.), he Is expected " to uncramp or shatter the pedestals supporting the idols which have won the false worship of the multitude ; so that they may nod In their niches, or topple down." In one of the volumes forming part of that valuable collection published by the French go- Jan. 1. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 11 vernment, and commenced, I believe, under the auspices of M. Guizot, namely, the Documens ine- dits sur VHistoire de France^ the following passage attracted my notice : *' II (M. de Brequigny) a prouve par des litres authentiques et inconnus jusqu'a present, qu'Eustaclie de St. Pierre, dont on a si fort vante le devouement pour les habitans de Calais, fut seduit par Edouard, et qu'il re5ut de ce prince des pensions et des possessions fort peu de temps apres la prise de cette place, aux conditions d'y maintenir le bon ordre, et de la conserver a I'Angleterre." — See Lettres de Rois, Sfc, vol. i. Pre- face, p. cix. The above statement is founded on a memoir read before the Academic des Belles-Lettres by M. de Brequigny, respecting the researches made by him in London (see Mem. de TAcad. des Belles- Lettres, torn, xxxvii.). Lingard throws a doubt over the matter. He says : " Froissart has dramatised this incident with con- siderable effect ; but, I fear, with little attention to truth . . . Even in Froissart there is nothing to prove that Etlward designed to put these men to death. On the contrary, he takes notice that the King's refusal of mercy was accompanied with a wink to his attendants, which, if it meant anything, must have meant that |ie was not acting seriously." — Lingard, Srd edit. 1825, vol. iv. p. 79., note 85. Again, in Hume : " The story of the six burgesses of Calais, like all extraordinary stories, is somewhat to be suspected ; and so much the more, as Avesbury, who is particular in his narrative of the surrender of Calais, says nothing of it, and, on the contrary, extols in general the King's generosity and lenity to the inhabitants." — Hume, Svo, 1807, vol. ii., note h. Both Hume and Lingard mention that Edward expelled the natives of Calais, and repeopled the place with Englishmen ; but they say nothing as to Eustache de St. Pierre becoming a pensioner of the King's " aux conditions d'y maintenir le bon ordre, et de la conserver a I'Angleterre." Chateaubriand {Etudes Hist., 1831, 8vo., tome iv. p. 104.) gives Froissart's narrative, by which he abides, at the same time complaining of the " esprit de denigrement" which he says prevailed towards the end of the last century in regard to heroic actions. Regarding Queen Philippa's share in the trans- action above referred to, M. de Brequigny says : " La reine, qu'on suppose avoir ete si touchee du malheur des six bourgeois dont elle venalt de sauver la vie, ne laissa pas d'obtenir, peu de jours apres, la con- fiscation des maisons que Jean d'Acre, Tun d'eux, avait possedees dans Calais." Miss Strickland {Lives of Queens, 1st edit., vol.ii. p. 3.3&-.) likewise gives the story as related by Proissart, but mentions the fact of Queen Philippa taking possession of Jean d' Acre's property, and the doubt cast upon Eustache's loyalty ; but she would appear to justify him by reason of King Philip's abandoning the brave Calaisiens to their fate. However this may be, documents exist proving that the inhabitants of Calais were in- demnified for their losses ; and whether or not the family of Eustache de St. Pierre approved his conduct, so much is certain, that, on the death of the latter, the property which had been granted to him by King Edward was confiscated, because they would not acknowledge their allegiance to the English. I wish to ask whether this new light thrown on the subject, through M. de Brequigny's labours, has been hitherto noticed, for it would appear the story should be re-written. Philip S. King. DEVIZES, ORIGIN OF: A QUESTION FOR THE HERALDS. I will put the following case as briefly as I can. Throughout the mediaeval ages, the word devise formed the generic term for every species of em- blazonment. Thus we have " Devises Heroiques, par Claude Paradin, Lyons, 1557 ; " " Devises et Emblems d' Amour moralises, par Flamen ; " " 2'he Paradise of Dainty Devices, 1576;" '■^Minerva Britannica, or a Garden of Heroical Devices fur- nished and adorned with Emblems and Impressas of Sundry Natives, newly devised, moralised, and published by Henry Peachum, 1612 ;" and lastly, Henry Estienne's " discourse of hieroglyphs, sym- bols, gryphs, emblems, enigmas, sentences, para- bles, reverses of medals, arms, blazons, cimiers, cyphers, and rebus," which learned discourse, be it observed, is entitled The Art of making Devises^ 1646. As an additional proof that device included the motto, take the following : " Henry III. commanded to be written by way of device in his chamber at Woodstock, ' Qui non dat quod amat non accipit ille quod optat ;' " quoted by Sir Eger. Brydges. Here I must stop, though I could add many illustrations ; and go on- to observe, that whereas all the explanations which I have ever met with, of the unique appellation of " Castrum Divisarum," or the castle of Devises, are totally un-historic, if not ridiculous, I crave the attention of all whom it may concern to a new solution of the difficulty. First, then, in order to clear the way, I would observe, that if, as commonly stated, the name had signified a frontier fort, would it not have been called the castle of the division [singular] rather than the castle of the divided districts ? In other words, why make it a plural term ? Secondly. If, as I surmise, the Italian word divisa bore at the time of the Conquest its present meaning of " device," in greater force than the 12 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 166. sense of divisions or partitions, is it unreasonable to suppose that Castrum Divisarum implied and constituted, at that early period, the deposit or fountain-head of the blazonry of the Norman leaders ? It was certainly not unsuited for such a species of heralds' college ; being central, inland, a royal treasury, and the frequent scene of a court. When in the ensuing age re-edified by Bishop Roger, the monkish historians, without a dissentient voice, proclaimed it the most splendid castle in the realm ; and though it may be objected that this observa- tion belongs to a date not to our purpose, yet the pre-existence of the fortress is proved by its having been the temporary prison of Duke Robert. I am aware that such a notion as Devizes having formed the nucleus of the tree heraldic in England is not countenanced, nor even suspected, by any of the popular writers on the art. I may add, that one gentleman, holding an important position therein, has signified his disapproval of so early an origin being assigned to the institution. But over- against this, I beg to parade a passage from a letter written by Thomas Blore in 1806 to Sir Egerton Bi-ydges : " The heralds," says he, "seem originally not to have been instituted for the manufacturing of armorial en- signs, but for the recording those ensigns which had been borne," — Censura Lileraria, vol. iii. p. 254. My case Is now stated. I shall be well content that some of your archseologlcal friends should scatter It to the winds, provided they will explain how it is that Devizes, in common with some of the ancient cities of Egypt and Greece, has so long rejoiced in a plural name. To aid this last endea- vour, I close with one more statement. The castle stood nearly midway between two other adjoining towns or villas, also bearing plural names : Pot- ternae=arum [Posternse ?] and Kaninga;=arum. J. Waylen. P. S. — I think I may plead the privilege of a postscript for the purpose of recording (what may be taken as) an Indication, though perhaps not a proof, that the idea of devices or contrivances was implied in the name so recently as the period of the civil war. The Mercwius Civicus, a parlia- mentary paper, 1644, states that Devizes was being garrisoned for the king, in the following terms : " Hopton is fortifying amain at the Devises in Wilt- shire, but I fear greater fortifyings from the Devices in Oxford." Oold Signet Ring. — I possess an ancient gold signet ring, which was dug up a few years since not far from an old entrenchment in the borough of Leominster, in the county of Hereford, the de- vice thereon being a cock ; it is of very pure metal, and weighs 155 grains. It is in fine preservation : the device is rudely cut, but I beg to inclose an impression from which you may judge. Can any of your antiquarian readers throw any light on the subject to whom this device originally belonged ? In levelling the ibrtified entrenchment above referred to some half century ago, various utensils of pottery, burnt bones, spear and arrow heads, tesselated tiles, fragments of sculptured stones, and other relics of antiquity, were found. J. B. Whitborne. Ecclesia Anglicana. — I observe. In an interesting letter published in the December Number of the Ecclesiologist, In an enumeration of Service Books belonging to the English Church before the Re- formation, and now existing in the Pepysian Li- brary, Cambridge, the following title : "No. 1198. Servicium de omni Officio Episcopali consernenta {sic) chorum .... secundum usum Ee- clesie Anglicane." Now I am anxious to know from any of your readers, who are better informed on these subjects than I am, or who have access to old libraries, whether Ecclesia Anglicana is a usual designation of the Catholic Church in England before the Reformation . Service Books according to the use of some particular cathedral church are of course well known, as in this same list to which I have re- ferred we find " secundum usum insiguls ecclesie Eboracensis," " ad insignis ecclesise Sarisburiensis usum," &c. : but I should be glad to learn. In these days of ultramontane pretensions, whether, even prior to the Reformation, the distinct nationality, of the Anglican church was commonly asserted by the use oif such a title In her Service Books. I need scarcely observe how many interesting cog- nate questions might be asked on this subject. G. R. M. Tangier s. — English Army in 1684. — A mer- chant in 1709 deposed that he knew not how long complainant had been a soldier, or beyond the seas belbre May, 1697, but that he has heretofore seen and knew him at Tomger, before and at the- time of the demolishing thereof, being then a soldier; and no doubt could prove that he was in England a considerable time next before May, 1697. Could the place be other than Tangiers, de- stroyed In 1684 ? Was complainant (a younger son of a well-con- nected family of gentry, but himself probably in poverty), who In deeds, and on his mon. tablet, is described as gent., likely to have been In 1684 (aged twenty-seven) a private, a non-couunis- sloned, or commissioned officer ? If the latter, would he not have been so de- scribed ? A. C. Jan. 1. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 13 Smith. — Of what fomily was Smith, con- fessor of Katherlne of Bra^^anza, burled in York Minster ? and what are the arms on his tomb ? AVhere can information be obtained as to a Judge Smith, supposed to have been of the same family ? A. F.B. Diss. Termination " -j7w." — What is the derivation of the termination " -itis," used principally in medical words, and these signifying inflammation, as Pleu- ritis, vulgo pleurisy, inflammation of the pleura, &c. ? Adsum. Louk Hen. — In two or more parishes in Nor- folk was a custom, or modus, of paying a loak hen in lieu of tythes of fowls and eggs. I shall feel obliged to any of your correspondents who can inform me what constituted a loak hen ? G. J. Etymological Traces of the Social Position of our Ancestors. — I remember reading an account of the traces of the social position of our Saxon ancestors yet remaining in our English customs, whicli in- terested me much at the time, and which I would gladly again refer to, as, Captain Cuttle's invalu- able maxim not being then extant, I neglected "making a note of it." It described the Norman derivation of the names of all kinds of meat, as beef, mutton, veal, venison, &c.; while the corresponding onnna/*' still retained their original Saxon appellations, ox, sheep, calf, &c. : and it accounted for this by the fact, that while the animals were under the care of the Saxon thralls and herdsmen, they retained of course their Saxon names ; but when served up at the tables of their Norman lords, it became necessary to name them afresh. I think the word heronsewes (cf. Vol. iii., pp.450. 207. ; Vol. iv., p. 76.) is another example, which are called harnseys at this day in Norfolk ; as it is difficult, on any other supposition, to account for an East- Anglian giving a French appellation to so common a bird as the heron. E. S. Taylor. Loche's Writings. — In an unpublished manu- script of Paley's Lectures on Lockers Essay, it is stated that so great was the antipathy against the writings of this eminent philosopher, at the time they were first issued, that they were " burnt at Oxford by the hands of the common hangman." Is this fact recorded in any Life of Locke ; or how may it be ascertained ? Tiiere is no notice of it, I believe, in either Law's Life, or in that of Lord King. George Munford. East Which. Passage in Gothe^s " Faust." — Has the following passage from the second part of Faust ever been noticed in connexion with the fact that the clock in Gothe's chamber stopped at the moment that Vol. VII. — No. 166. he himself expired ? If it has not, I shall con- gratulate myself on having been the fii'st to point out this very curious coincidence : " llephistopheles. Die Zeit wild Herr, der Gries hier liegt im Sand, Die Vhr steht still Chorus. Steht still ! Sie schweigt wie Mltternacht Der Zeiffer fiillt. Mephistopheles. Er fiillt, es ist vollbracht." Faust, der Tragodie Zweiter Theil, Flinfter Act. W. Fraseb. Schomherg's Epitaph hy Swift. —^ A correspon- dent asks whether the epitaph alluded to in the following extract from the Daily Courant of July 17, 1731, is given in any edition of Swift's Works. " The Latin Inscription, composed by the Rev. Dr. Swift, Dean of St. Patrick's, and ordered by the Dean and Chapter to be fixed up in the Cathedral of the said Church, over the place where the body of the great Duke of Scliomberg lies, has been with all possible care and elegance engraved on a beautiful table of black Kilkenny marble, about eight feet long and four or five broad ; the letters are gilded, and the whole is no%v finished with the utmost neatness. People of all ranks are continually crowding to see it, and the In- scription is universally admired." The Daily Gazetteer of Saturday, July 12, 1740, gives a detailed account of the rejoicings in Dublin on the Tuesday preceding, being the anniversary of the battle of the Boyne, and a particular account of the bonfire made by Dean Swift in St. Kevin's Street, near the watch-house. E. The Burial Service said hy Heart. — Bishop Sprat (in his Discourse to his Clergy, 1695, for which see Clergyman's Lnstructor, 1827, p. 245.) relates that, immediately after the Restoration, a noted ringleader of schism in the former times was interred in one of the principal churches of London, and that the minister of the parish, being a wise and regular conformist, and afterwards an eminent bishop, delivered the whole Office of Burial by heart on that occasion. The friends of the de- ceased were greatly edified at first, but afterwards much surprised and confounded when they found that their fervent admiration had been bestowed on a portion of the Common Prayer. Southey (^Common- Place Book, iii. 492.) conjectures that the minister was Bull. This cannot be, for Bull, I believe, never held a London cure. Was it Hackett ? And who was the noted ringleader of schism ? J- K* Shaws Staffordshire MSS. — Can any of your Staffordshire correspondents furnish information as to the present depository of the Rev. Stebbing Shaw's Staffordshire MSS., and the MS. notes of Dr. Thomas Harwood used in his two editions 14 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 166. of Erdeswick's Staffordshire? And can they refer to a pedigree of Thomas Wood, Esq., Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, 1501 ; who is said to have built Hall O'Wood, in Batterley, near Botley, Staffordshire. N. C. L. " Ne'er to these chambers^'' ^c. — " Ne'er to these chambers where the mighty rest Since their foundation, came a nobler guest, Nor to th' immortal entrance e'er convey'd A loftier spirit, or more welcome shade." Where do these lines come from ? Aram. Swillington. County History Societies. — I would suggest the idea whether County History Societies might not be formed with advantage, as there are so many counties which have never had their histories written. They are very expensive and laborious for individuals to undertake, and constantly require additions on account of the many changes which are taking place, to make them complete as works of reference for the present time : I think that by the means suggested they might be made very useful, particularly if complete statistical tables were annexed to the general and descriptive ac- count. With comparatively little expense, the history and statistics of every county could be brought down to the latest date, making a valu- able work of reference to which all could refer with confidence for the information which is constantly being sought for. G. H. Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter. — Is any pedigree extant of the family of Hugh Oldham? Baines speaks of him {Hist, of Lane, vol. ii. p. 579.) as " descended from an ancient family," born, " according to Wood and Godwin, at Manchester ; but, according to Dodsworth, at Oldham." What arms did he adopt ? J. B. The English Domestic Novel. — My first inten- tion was to ask whether Defoe was the founder of this pleasing class of literature, but have just recol- lected, that Mrs. Aphara Behn wrote something of the kind in the time of Chai'les II. My first ques- tion will be, therefore, who was the earliest writer of this description ? And, secondly, is not the matter of sufficient interest to ask your readers' assistance in the formation of a list, giving full titles, authors' names, and dates extending to 1730 or 1750? John Miland. Dr. Young. — In the most authentic biographical accounts we have of Dr. Young the poet, it is stated that he left in the hands of his housekeeper a collection of manuscript sermons, with an in- junction that after his death they should be de- stroyed ; it is also added, that this request was only complied with in part. Can any of your cor- respondents confirm the hope that these sermons may still be in existence ; and if so, in what quar- ter information may be obtained concerning them ? The housekeeper is said to have been the widow of a clergyman, and therefore was not regarded by the Doctor in the light of a servant. J. H. Cambridge. Bishop Hairs Meditations. — I have an old copy before me, the title-page of which runs as follows : " Oecasionall Meditations by Jos. Exon. Set forth by 11. II. The Third Edition : with the Addition of Forty-nine Meditations not heretofore published : London, printed by M. F. for Nathaniel Butter, 1633." It is edited by Bishop Hall's son (Robert). I should be glad to learn whether this is a scarce edition. Boeoticus. Edgmond, Salop. Chatterton. — Dr. Gregory, in his Life of Chat- terton, p. 100. (reprinted by Southey in the first volume of his edition of Chatterton's Works, p. Ixx.), says : " Chatterton, as appears by the coroner's inquest, swallowed arsenick in water, on the 24th of August, 1770, and died in conse- quence thereof the next day." Mr. Barrett, the historian of Bristol, one of Chatterton's best friends and patrons, Avho, from his profession as a surgeon, was likely to have made, and seems to have made, inquiries as to the circumstances of his death, says, in his History of Bristol, not published before 1789, and therefore not misled by any false first report, that Chatter- ton's principles impelled him to become his own . executioner. He took a large dose of opium, some of which was picked out from his teeth after his death, and he was found the next morning a most horrid spectacle : with limbs and features distorted as after convulsions, a frightful and ghastly corpse" (p. 647.). I do not know whether this contradic- tion has ever been noticed, and shall be obliged to any correspondent who can give me information. I believe that Sir Herbert Croft's Love and Mad- ness was the authority followed by Dr. Gregory, but I have not the book. N. B. Passage in Job. — The wonderful and sublime book of Job, authenticated by subsequent Divine records, and about 3400 years old. Is very probably the most ancient writing in the world : and though life and immortality were especially reserved as the glorious gift and revelation of our Blessed Redeemer, the eternal Author and Finisher of our salvation, yet Job was permitted to declare his deep conviction, that he should rise from the dead and see God. This memorable declaration (chap, xlx. ver. 25.) can be forgotten by none of your readers; but some of them may not know that the Septuagint adds these words of life to chap. xlii. ver. 17.: ^^ yeypairTai, (xeaurhv irdkiv afacTTijcTeffOai ixed' S)v 6 Kipios w/iTTrja-o/." — (But it is written that Jan. 1. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 15 he sliall rise again with those whom the Lord raiseth up.) Our authorised and truly admirable translation of the Holy Scriptures omits this deeply important conclusion of Job's life, so properly noticed by the learned and excellent I'arkhurst. Pray, can you or any of your readers explain the cause of this omission ? As your pages have not been silent on the grand consummation which cannot be too constantly before us, I do not apolo- gise for this very short addition to your Notes. Edwin Jones. Southsea, Hants. Turner's View of Lambeth Palace. — In a news- paper memoir of the late Mr. Turner, R.A., pub- lished shortly after his deatli, it was stated that the first work exhibited by him at Somerset House was a "View of Lambeth Palace," I believe in water colours. I should be glad to ascertain, through your columns, if this picture be still in existence, and in what collection. L. E. X. Clarke's Essay on the Usefulness of Mathema- tical Learning. — Can any of the readers of " N. & Q." assist me In obtaining a copy of this work ? In the same author's Rationale of Circulating Numbers (Murray, London, 1778) it is stated that the demonstrations of all the theorems and problems at the end of the Rev. John Lawson's Dissertation on the Geometrical Analysis of the Ancients " will be given at the latter end of An Essay on the Usefulness of Mathematical Learning., which will soon be published." In a subsequent portion of the work, a sketch of the contents of the Essay is given, which include "a Treatise on Magic Squares, translated from the Prench of Frenicle, as published in Les Oum^ages de Muthematique par Messieurs de V Academic Hoyale des Sciences, with several Additions and Remarks." And in a list of " Tracts and Translations written and published by H. Clarke, LL.D.," which occurs at the end of my copy of the first volume of Leybourn's Mathema- tical Repository (London, 1805), the Essay appears as No. 10, and is stated to have been published in 8vo. at six shillings. None of my friends are acquainted with the work ; but if the preceding description will enable any reader to help me to a copy, I shall esteem it a great favour. T. T. Wilkinson. Burnley, Lancaslnre. " The General Pardo7i." — An imperfect copy of a small tract (measuring five and a half inches by three and a half inches) has recently come into my hands, of which I much desire to obtain the wanting parts. It is entitled : " The general Pardon, geuen longo agone, and sythe newly confyrmed, by our Almightie Father, with many large Priuileges, Grauntes, and Bulles graunted for euer, as is to be seen hereafter : Drawne out of Frenche into English. By Wyllyam Hay ward. Im- printed at London, by Wyllyam How, for Wyllyam Pickeringe." There is no date, but it is believed to have been printed in or about 1571. It is in black letter, and is an imitation of the Roman Catholic pardons. It consists of twelve leaves. In my copy the last seven of these are torn through their middle ver- tically. I have not been able to meet with this tract in the catalogues of any of the great libraries which I have consulted; e.g. the British Museum, Bod- leian, Cambridge University, Lambeth, and several of the college libraries at Cambridge. I want any information concerning it, or its original in French, which the readers of " N. & Q." can give : also access to a copy from which to transcribe the parts wanting in mine. Charles C. Babington. St, John's Coll, Cambridge. Edward the Confessor's Ring. — There is an old legend of a ring given to one of our early kings, I think Edward the Confessor, by some saintly or angelic messenger. If any of your readers could give me any of the details of this story, it would very much oblige your constant reader M. J. T. [The following extract from Taylor's Glory of Re- gality, pp. 74. ct seq., will give our Correspondent the legend referred to. " Tlie ring with which our kings are invested, called by some writers ' the wedding ring of England,' is illustrated, like the Ampulla, by a miraculous history, of which the following are the leading particulars : from the ' Golden Legende' {Julyan Notary, 1503), p. 187. : — ' Edward the Confessor being one day askt for alms by a certain ' fayre olde man,' the king found nothing to give him except his ring, with which the poor man thankfully departed. Some time after, two English pilgrims in the Holy Land having lost their road, as they travelled at the close of the day, ' there came to them a fayre auncyent man wyth whyte heer for age.' Then the olde man axed them what they were and of what regyon. And they answerde that they were Pylgryms of Englond, and hadde lost their felyshyp and way also. Then this olde man comforted theym goodly, and brought theym into a fayre cytee ; and whan they had well refresshyd them, and rested theym alle nyght; on the morne, this fayre olde man wente with theym and brought theym in the ryght waye agayne. And he was gladde to hear theym talke of the welfare and holynesse of theyr Kynge Saynt Edward. And whan he shold departe fro theym thenne he told theym what he was, and sayd I am Johan The- uangelyst, and saye ye unto Edward your king, that I grete hym well by the token that he gaaf to me thys rynge with his one hondes, whych ryngc ye shalle de- 16 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 166. lyiier to hym agayne : and whan he had delyuerde to theym the ringe, he departed from theym sodenly.' " This command, as may be supposed, was punc- tually obeyed by the messengers, who were furnisht with ample powers for authenticating their mission. The ring was received by the Royal Confessor, and in after times was preserved with due care at his shrine in the Abbey of Westminster."] The Bourhons. — "What was tlie origin of the Bourbon family ? How did Henry IV. come to be the next heir to the throne on the extinction of the line of Valois ? E. H. A. [Henri IV., King of Navarre, succeeded to the throne on the extinction of the house of Valois, as the head of the house of Bourbon, which descends from Robert of France, Count do Clermont, the fifth son of St. Louis, and Seigneur de Bourbon. On the death of Louis I. in 1.34], leaving two sons, this house was divided into the Bourbon, or elder branch (which became extinct on the death of the Constable of Bourbon, in 1527), and the younger branch, or that of the Counts de la Marche, afterwards Counts and Dukes of Vendome. Henri was the son of Antoine de Bourbon, Due de Vendome.] Eeplt'c^. (Vol. vi., p. 460.) The Query confirms Professor De Morgan's excellent article in The Companion to the Almanack for 1853, "On the Difficulty of correct Descrip- tion of Books." The manuscript note cited by H. J., though curiously inaccurate, guided me to the book for which he inquires. I copy the title- page : " Die Bc.trilhte Pegnesis, den Leben, Kunst, iind Tugend- Wandel des Seelig-Edeln Floridans, H. Sigm. von Birken, Com. Pal. Cces. diirch 24 Sinn- hilder in Kupfern^ zur schuldigen nach-Ehre fih'- .stellend, und mit Oesprach und Reim- Gedichten er- hl'drend, durch ihre Blumen-Hirten. Niirnberg, 1684, 12mo." I presume the annotator, not under- standing German, and seeing " Floridans " the most conspicuous word on the title-page, cited him as the author; but it is the pastoral academic name of the late Herr Sigmond von Birken, in "whose honour the work is composed. The emblem, with the motto "Bis fracta relinquor," at p. 249. (not 240.), is a tree from which two boughs are broken. It illustrates the death of Floridan's second Avife, and his determination not to take a third. The chess-board, plate xiv. p. 202,, has the motto, " Per tot discrimina rerum," and comme- morates Floridan's safe return to Nuremberg after the multitudinous perils ("die Schaaren der Ge- fahren") of a journey through Lower Saxony. They must have been great. If typified by the state of the board, on which only a black king and a white bishop are left — a chess problem ! I bought my copy at a book-sale many years ago, and, after reading a few pages, laid it aside as insufferably dull, although it was marked by its former possessor, the Rev. Henry White, of Lich- field, " Very rare, probably unique." On taking it up to answer H. J.'s Query, I found some matter relating to the German academies of the seven- teenth century, which I think may be interesting. Mr. Hallam {^Literature of JEio-ope, iv. v. 9.) says : " The Arcadians determined to assume every one a pastoral name and a Greek birthplace ; to hold their meetings in some verdant meadow, and to mingle with all their own compositions, as far as possible, images from pastoral life ; images always agreeable, because they recall the times of primitive innocence. The poetical tribe adopted as their device the pipe of seven reeds bound with laurel, and their president, or direc- tor, was denominated General Shepherd or Keeper — Custode Generate." He slightly mentions the German academies of the sixteenth century (in. ix. 30.), and says : " It is probable that religious animosities stood in the way of such institutions, or they may have flourished wiilwut obtaining mucfi celebritt/." The academy of Pegnitz-shepherds (" Pegnitz- shafer-orden") took its name from the little river Pegnitz which runs through Nuremberg. Herr Sigmond von Birken was elected a member in 1645. He chose Floridan as his pastoral name, and the amaranth as his flower. In 1658 he was admitted to the Palm Academy ("Palmen-orden"), choosing the n^nxa Der Erwacsene (the adult?), and the snowdrop. In 1659, a vacancy having occurred in the Pegnitz- Herdsmen (" Pegnitz- Hirten ") he was thought worthy to fill it, and in 1679 he received the diploma of the Venetian order of the Recuperati. He died in 1681. This, and what can be hung upon it, is Die Beti'iibte Pegnitz., a dialogue of 406 pages. It opens with a meeting of shepherds and shepherdesses, who go In and out of their cottages on the banks of the Pegnitz, and tell one another, what all seem equally well acquainted with, the entire life of their de- ceased friend. It would not be easy to find a work more clumsy in conception and tasteless in execution. Herr von Birken seems to have been a prosperous man, and to have enjoyed a high pas- toral reputation. His works are enumerated, but the catalogue looks ephemeral. There is, however, one with a promising title : Die Trockene Trunkcn- heit, oder die Gehrauch und Misshrauch des Tahachs. His portrait, as " Der Erwachsene," is prefixed. It has not a shepherd-like look. He seems about fifty, with a fat fiice, laced cravat, and large flow- ing wig. There are twenty-four emblematical plates, rather below the average of their time. As so secondary a town as Nuremberg had at least three academies, we may infer that such in- Jan. 1. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 17 stitutions were abundant in Germany in the seven- teenth century : that of the Pegnitz shepherds lasted at least till the beginning of the eighteenth. In Der Tlwrichte Pi-itschmeister^ a comedy printed at Coblenz, 1704, one of the characters is " Phan- tasirende, ein Pegnitz SchliiFer," who talks fustian and is made ridiculous throughout. The comedy is " von Menantes." I have another work by the same author : Galante, Verliebte, und Satyrische Gedichte, Hamburg, 1704. I shall be very glad to be told who he was, as his versification is often VGft'y good, and his jokes, though not graceful, and not very laughable, are real. II. B. C. U. U. Club. MABRIAGES EN CHEMISE. — MANTELKINDEB. — LEGITIMATION. (Yol. vi., pp.485. 561.) The popular error on the legal effect of marriage en chemise is, I think, noticed among other vulgar errors in law in a little book published some twenty years ago under the name of Westminster Hall, to which a deceased lawyer of eminence, then young at the bar, was a contributor. I believe the opinion to be still extensively prevalent, and to be probably founded, not exactly in total ignorance, but in a misconception, of the law. The text writers inform us that " the husband is liable for the wife's debts, because he acquires an absolute interest in the personal estate of the wife," &c. (Bacon's Abridgment, tit. "Baron and Feme.") Now an imlearned person, who hears this doctrine, might reasonably conclude, that if his bride has no estate at all, he will incur no liability ; and the future husband, more prudent than refined, might think it as well to notify to his neighbours, by an imequivocal symbol, that he took no pecuniary benefit with his wife, and therefore expected to be free from her pecuniary burdens. In this, as in most other popular errors, there is found a sub- stratum of reason. With regard to the other vulgar error, noticed at the foot of Mr. Brooks' communication (p. 561 .), that " all children under the girdle at the time of marriage are legitimate," the origin of it is more obvious. Every one knows of the " legitimatio per subsequens jnatrinionium " of the canonists, and how the barons assembled in parliament at Merton refused to engraft this law of the Church on the jurisprudence of England. But it is not perhaps so well known that, upon such a marriage, the premature offspring of the bride and bride- groom sometimes used to perform a part in the ceremony, and received the nuptial benediction under the veil or mantle of the bride or the pallium of the altar. Hence the children so legitimated are said to have been called by the Germans ilfan/e^- kinder. The learning on this head is to be found in Hommel's Jurisprudentia Numismaiibus Ulus' trata (Lipsije, 1763), pp. 214 — 218., where the reader will also find a pictorial illustration of the ceremony from a codex of the Novellce in the library of Christian Schwarz. The practice seems to have been borrowed from the form of adopting children, noticed in the same work and in Ducange, verb. "Pallium, Pallio cooperire ;" and in Grimm's Deut. Rechts Alterth., p. 465, Let me add a word on the famous negative given to the demand of the clergy at Merton. No reason was assigned, or, at least, has been recorded, but a general unwillingness to change the laws of Eng- land. As the same barons did in fact consent to change them in other particulars, this can hardly have been the reason. Sir W. Blackstone speaks of the consequent uncertainty of heirship and dis- couragement of matrimony as among the causes of rejection, — arguments of very questionable weight. Others (as Bishop Kurd, in his Dialogues') have attributed the rejection to the constitutional re- pugnance of the barons to the general principles of the canon and imperial law, which the proposed change might have tended to introduce, — a degree of forethought and a range of political vision for which I can hardly give them credit, especially as the great legal authority of that day, Bracton, has borrowed the best part of his celebrated Treatise from the Corpus Juris. The most plausible motive which I have yet heard assigned for this famous parliamentary negative on the bishops' bill at Merton, is suggested (quod minime reris ! ) in an Assistant Poor-Law Commissioner's Report (vol. vi. of the 8vo. printed series), viz. that bastardy mul- tiplied the escheats which accrued to medieval lords of manors. E. Smirke. A venerable person whose mind is richly stored with "shreds and patches" of folk-lore and local antiquities, on seeing the "curious marriage entry" (p. 485.), has furnished me with the following explanation. It is the popular belief at Kirton in Lindsey that if a woman, who has contracted debts pre- . vious to her marriage, leave her residence in a state of nudity, and go to that of her future husband, he the husband will not be liable for any such debts. A case of this kind actually occurred in that highly civilised town within my informant's me- mory ; the woman leaving her house from a bed- room window, and putting on some clothes as she stood on the top of the ladder by which she accom- plished her descent. K. P. D- E. In that amusing work, Burn's History of the Fleet Marriages, p. 77., occurs the following entry: — "The woman ran across Ludgate Hill in her shift ; " to which the editor has added this note: — "The Daily Journal of 8th November, 1725, mentions a similar exhibition at Ulcomb in 18 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 166. Kent. It was a vulgar error that a man was not liable to the bride's debts, if he took her in no other apparel than her shift." J. Y. Saffron Walden. EDITIONS OF THE PRAYER-BOOK TRIOR TO 1662. (Vol. vi., pp. 435. 564.) As Mr. Sparrow Simpson invites additions to his list from all quarters, I send him my contri- bution : and as I see that he has included trans- lations of our Liturgy into other languages, I do the same : 1552. Worcester. Jo, Oswen. Folio. 1560. London. Jugge and Cawood. 4to. 1565. London. Jugge and Cawood. 8vo. 1607. London. Folio. 1629. London. Folio. 1629. Cambridge. Folio. 1632. London. 4to. 1633. London. 4to. 1634. London. Folio. 1635. London. 4to. 1638. Cambridge. 4to. 1639. London. Folio. 1641. London. 4to. 1660. Cambridge. Folio. 1644. Tlie Scotch, by Laud and the Scotch bishops. Printed by John Jones. 8vo. 1551. Latine versa, per Alex. Absium. Lipsije. 4to. 1594. „ „ London. 8vo. s. A. „ by Reginald Wolfe. London. 4 to. 1638. In Greek. London. 8vo. 1616. In French. London. 4to. 1608. In Irish. Dublin. Folio. 1612. In Spanish. London. 4to. 1621. In Welsh. London. 4to. All the foregoing editions are in the Bodleian Library. I may add to them the following three : 1. — 1551, Dublin, by Humfrey Powell. Folio. 2. — 1617 (?). Dublin. Company of Stationers. 4to. 3—1637. Dublin. ThQ first of these, which is the first book printed in Ireland, is extremely rare. I believe only two copies are certainly known to exist ; one of which is in the library of Trinity College, Dublin ; and the other in that of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Both are in very fine condition. The second is in my possession. The book is quite perfect ; but some wiseacre has carefully erased the date. The Almanac for xxvi Yeares tells nothing, being for the years 1603 to 1628. But the book contains a prayer for " Frederick, the Prince Elector Palatine, and the Lady Eliza- beth, his wife, with their hopeful issue." He married the princess in 1613 ; and in 1619 he was elected King of Bohemia, and thenceforward would be prayed for under his higher title. If the Sun- day letter in the calendar is to be trusted, the book was printed (according to De Morgan's Book of Almanacs) in 1617. The Dublin Society of Sta- tioners Avas established in that year; and it is not unlikely that they commenced their issues with a Prayer-Book. I have never seen nor heai'd of another copy, with which I might compare mine, and thus ascertain its date. The thii'd^ of 1637, is reported; but I have never met with it. H. Cotton. Thurles. etymology of pearl. (Vol. vi., p. 578.) The inquiry of your correspondent Ifigfowl respecting the etymology of the word pearl does not admit of a simple answer. The word occurs in all the modern languages, both Romance and Teutonic : perla, Ital. and Span. ; perle^ French and German, whence the English pearl. Adelung in V. believes the word to be of Teutonic origin, and considers it as the diminutive of beere, a berry. Others derive it from perna, the Latin name of a shell-fish (see Ducange inperla; Diez, Grammatik der Romanischen Sprachen, vol. i. p. 235.). Neither of these derivations is probable : it is not shown that beere had a diminutive form, and perna was a local and obscure name : see Pliny, N. H. xxxii. ad fin. Salmasius {Exercit. Plin., p. 40. ed. 1689) thinks that perla is formed i'rom. pe7mla, for sperida, the diminutive oi' sphcei'a. A more probable origin is that the word is formed from the Latin pirum, as suggested by Diez, in allusion to the pear-shaped form of the pearl. Ducange in v. says that the extremity of the nose was called pirida nasi, from its resemblance to the form of a pear. But piims was used to denote a boundary-stone, made in a pyramidal shape (Ducange in v.) ; and this seems to have been the origin of the singular expression ptirula nasi, as being something at the extremity. Another supposition is, that the word perla is derived from the Latin perula, the diminutive of pei'a, a wallet. A wallet was a small bag hung round the neck ; and the word perula, in the sense of a small bag, occurs in Seneca and Apulcius. The analogy of shape and mode of wearing is sufiiciently close to suggest the transfer of tbe name. Pei'ida and peruliis are used in Low Latin in the sense of pearl. Ducange cites a passage from a hagiographer, where perula means the white of the eye, evi- dently alluding to the colour of the pearl. The choice seems to lie between perula as the diminutive of pera or of pirum. Neither deriva- tion is improbable. It is to be observed that the modern Italian form of pirum, the fruit of the pear, is pera; the modern feminine noun being, as in numerous other cases, formed from the plural of the Latin neuter noun (see Diez, ib. vol. ii. p. 19.). The analogy of unio (to which I shall Jan. 1. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 19 advert presently) supports the derivation from the fruit ; the derivation from jiera, a wallet, is, on merely linguistical grounds, preferable. The Greek name of pearl is /xapyupirris, origin- ally applied to a precious stone, and apparently moulded out of some oriental name, into a form suited to the Greek pronunciation. Scott and Liddell in v. derive it from the Persian mm-wari. Pliny, //. N. ix. 56., speaking of the pearl, says : " Apud Gra3Cos non est, ne apud barbaros quidem inventores ejus, aliud quam margaritte." The Greek name Margarita was used by the Romans, but the proper Latin name for the pearl was ■iinio. Pliny (ibid.) explains this word by say- ing that each pearl is unique^ and unlike every other pearl. Ammianus Marcellinus (lib. xxiii. ad fin.) thinks that pearls, were called unioncs, be- cause the best were found single in the shell ; Solinus (c. 53.) because they were always found single. The more homely explanation of Salma- sius seems, however, to be the true one ; namely, that the common word for an onion, growing in a single bulb, was transferred to the pearl (Exercit. Plin., pp. 822-4. ; Columella de R. R. xii. 10.). The ancient meaning of unio is still preserved in the French ognon. L. Your correspondent asks the " etymon of our English word pearl." It would not be uninte- resting to learn, at the same time, at what period pearl came into general use as an English word ? Burton, who wrote his Anatomy in the reign of James I., uses the word union (from the Latin unid) instead of peai-l (Anat. Melanc, vol. ii. part 2. sec. 3. mem. 3., and ib., p. 2. sec. 4. mem. 1. subs. 4.). In the latter passage he says : " Those smaller unions which are found in shells, amongst the Persians and Indians, are very cordial, and most part avail to the exhilaration of the heart," The Latin term unio differs from " margarita," in so far as it seems to have been applied by Pliny to distinguish the small and ill-shaped pearls, from the large round and perfect, which he calls " margaritas." And in his ninth book, c. 59., he defines the difference philologically, as well as philosophically. Philemon Holland, who published his translation of Pliny in 1634, about thirteen years after Burton published the first edition of his Anatomy, uses the word pearl indifferently as the equivalent both of margarita and unio. Query : Was the word unioii generally received in England instead of pearl in Burton's time, and when did it give place to it ? J. Emeeson Tennant. " MARTIN DRUNK." (Vol. v., p. 587.) ILas not the following song something to do with the expression "Martin drunk" ? It is certainly cotemporary with Thomas Nash the Elizabethan satirist, and was long a favourite " three man's " song. It is copied from Deiiteromelia, or the Second Part of Mustek's Melodic, 4to., 1609 : " MARTIN SAID TO HIS MAN. " Martin said to bis man, Fie ! man, fie ! 0 Martin said to his man, Who's the foole now ? Martin said to his man, Fill thou the cup, and I the can ; Thou hast well drunken, man, Wlio's the foole now ? " I see a sheepe shering come, Fie ! man, fie ! 1 see a sheepe shering come. Who's the foole now ? I see a sheepe shering come, And a cuckold blow his home ; Thou hast well drunken, man. Who's the foole now ? " I see a man in the moone. Fie 1 man, fie ! I see a man in the moone ; Who's the foole now ? I see a man in the moone, Clowting of St. Peter's shoone ; Thou hast well drunken, man. Who's the foole now ? " I see a hare chase a bound, Fie 1 man, fie ! I see a hare chase a hound, Who's the foole now ? T see a hare chase a liound, Twenty mile above the ground ; Thou hast well drunken, man. Who's the foole now ? " I see a goose ring a bog, Fie ! man, fie ! I see a goose ring a hog, Who's the foole now ? I sec a goose ring a bog, And a snayle that did bite a dog ; Thou hast well drunken, man. Who's the foole now ? " 1 see a mouse catch the cat, Fie ! man, fie ! I see a mouse catch the cat, Who's the foole now ? I see a mouse catch the cat. And the cheese to eate the rat ; Thou bast well drunken, man, Who's the foole now?" Edward F. Rimbault. GOTHe's reply to NICOIiAI. (Vol. vi., p. 434.). Had M. M. E. gone to the fountain-head, and consulted Gothe's own statement in his autobio- graphy, he would have seen in the Werke, vol. xxvi. 20 NOTES AND QUEEIES. [No. 166. p. 229., that Mr. Hayward's note was not written with that writer's usual care. Gothe does not say that his reply to Nicolai's Joys of Werter, though circulated only in MS., destroyed N.'s literary repu- tation : on the contrary, he says that his squib (for it was no more) consisted of an epigram, not fit for communication, and a dialogue between Charlotte and "Werter, which was never copied, and long lost; but that this dialogue, exposing N.'s impertinence, was written with a foreboding of his sad habit, after- wards developed, of treating of subjects out of his depth, which habit, notwithstanding his indisput- able merits of another kind, utterly destroyed his reputation. This was most true : and yet all such assertions must be taken in a qualified sense. Nearly thirty years after this was written I par- took of the hospitality of N. at Berlin. It was in 1803, when he was at the head, not of the Berlin literati, but of the book-manufactory of Prussia. He was then what, afterwards and elsewhere, the Longmans, Murrays, Constables, Cottas, and Brock- hauses were, — the great publisher of his age and country. The entrepi'eneur of the Neue Deutsche Bibliothek may be compared with the publishers of our and the French great Cyclopzedias, and our Quarterly Reviews. It was unfortunate for the posthumous reputa- tion of the great bibliopolist that he, patronising a school that was dying out, made war on the athletes of the rising school. He assailed nearly every great man, philosopher or poet, from Kant and Gothe downwards, especially of the schools of Saxony, Swabia, and the free imperial cities. No wonder that he became afterwards what Macfleckno and Colly Cibber had been to Dryden and Pope. In some dozen of the Xenien of Gothe and Schiller, in 1797, he was treated as the Arch-Philistine. M. M. E. characterises him as the " friend" and " fellow-labourer" of Lessing. Now Lessing was incomparably the most eminent litterateur of the earlier part of that age, — the man who was the forerunner of the philosophers, and whose criti- cisms supplied the place of poetry. The satirists of the Xenien affect to compassionate Lessing, in having to endure a companion so forced on him as Nicolai was, whom they speak of as a " thorn in the crown of the martyr." The few who care for the literary controversies of the age of Gothe in Germany will be greatly assisted by an edition of the Xenien, with notes, published at Dantzig, IS.SS. H. C. R. PHOTOGRAPHIC COBBESPONDENCE. Processes upon Paper. — The favourable manner in which the account I have given of the Collo- dion process has been received, not only by your readers in general, as has been evinced by many private letters, but also by the numerous cor- respondents it has drawn forth, induces me, after some little delay, to request space for a descrip- tion of the following processes upon paper. In giving these I wish it to be understood that I may offer but little that is original, my object being to describe, as plainly as I possibly can, these easy methods, and to make no observation but what I have found to be successful in my own hands. I have had the good fortune to obtain the friendship of some of the most successful photographers of the day ; and taking three very eminent ones, I find they have each some pecu- liarities in his mode of manipulation, varying with each other in the strength of the solutions em- ployed, and producing results the most agreeable to their respective tastes. Reviewing these dif- ferent processes in my own mind, and trying with patience the various results, I conclude that the following quantities are . calculated to produce an adequate degree of sensibility in the paper, and yet to allow it to be prepared for the action of light for many hours previous to its use, and yet with more certainty than any other I am ac- quainted with. I think I may always depend upon it for twenty-four to thirty-six hours after excitement, and I have seen good pictures pro- duced upon the third day. I believe it is a rule which admits of no contradiction, that the more you dilute your solution, the longer the excited paper will keep ; but in proportion to its dimi- nished sensibility, the time of exposure must be prolonged, and therefore I am, from this waste of time and other reasons, disposed to place much less value upon the wax-paper process than many do. The process I am. about to describe is so simple, and I hope to make it so intelligible to your non- photographic readers, that a perfect novice, using ordinary care, must meet with success ; but should I fail doing so upon all points, any information sought through the medium of " N. & Q." shall meet with explanation from myself, if not from other of your experienced correspondents, whose indulgence I must beg should the communication be deemed too elementary, it being my earnest desire to point out to ai'chseologists who are de- sirous of acquiring this knowledge, how easily they themselves may practise this beautiful art, and possess those objects they would desire to preserve, in a far more truthful state than could be otherwise accomplished. I have not myself met that uniform success with any other paper that I have with Turner's photographic of Chafford Mills : a sheet of this divided into two portions forms at the same time a useful and also a very easily-managed size, one adapted for most cameras, forming a picture of nine inches by seven, which is adequate for nearly every purpose. Each sheet being marked in its opposite corners with a plain pencil-mark on its smooth side (vide ante, p. 372.), the surface for Jan. 1. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 21 all future operations Is in all lights easily dis- cerned. In my instructions for printing from collodion negatives, a form of iodized paper was given, which, although very good, is not, I think, equal to the following, which is more easily and quickly prepared, exhibits a saving of the iodide of potassium, and is upon the whole a neater mode. Take sixty grains of nitrate of silver and sixty grains of iodide of potassium ; dissolve each sepa- rately in an ounce of distilled water ; mix together and stir with a glass rod. The precipitate settling, the fluid is to be poured away ; then add distilled water to the precipitate up to four ounces, and add to it 650 grains of iodide of potassium, which should re-dissolve the precipitated iodide of silver, and form a perfectly clear solution ; but if not, a little more must be carefully added, for this salt varies much, and I have found it to require 720 grains to accomplish the desired object. The fluid being put into a porcelain or glass dish, the paper should be laid doAvn upon its sur- face and immediately removed, and being laid upon a piece of blotting-paper with the wet sur- face uppermost, a glass rod then passed over it to and fro ensures the total expulsion of all particles of air, which will frequently remain when the mere dipping is resorted to. When dry, this paper should be soaked in common water for three hours, changing the water twice or thrice, so as to remove all the soluble salts. It should then be pinned up to dry, and, when so, kept in a folio for use. I have in this manner prepared from sixty to eighty sheets in an evening with the greatest ease. It keeps good for an indefinite time, and, as all experienced photographers are aware, unless you possess good iodized paper, which should be of a primrose colour, you cannot meet with success in your after-operations. Io- dized paper becomes sometimes of a bright brim- stone colour when first made ; it is then very apt to brown in its use, but tones down and improves by a little keeping. To excite this paper, dissolve thirty grains of nitrate of silver in one ounce of distilled water, and add a drachm and a half of glacial acetic acid; of this solution take one drachm, and add to it two ounces and a half of distilled water. The iodized surface of the paper may then be either floated on the surface of the aceto-nitrate of silver or exciting fluid, and afterwards a rod passed over, as was formerly done in the iodizing, or the aceto- nitrate may be applied evenly with a brush ; but in either instance the surface should be immedi- ately blotted off"; and the same blotting-paper never used a second time for this, although it may be kept to develop on and for other pur- * poses. It will be scarcely needful to observe that this process of exciting must be performed by the light of a candle or feeble yellow light, as must the subsequent development. The excited paper may be now placed for use between sheets of blotting-paper ; it seems to act equally well either when damp or when kept for many hours, and I have found it good for more than a week. The time for exposure must entirely depend upon the degree of light. In two minutes and a half a good picture may be produced ; but if left exposed for twenty minutes or more, little harm will arise ; the paper does not solarise, but upon the degree of image visible upon the paper de- pends the means of developing. When long ex- posed, a solvent solution of gallic acid only ap- plied to the exposed surfaces will be suflicient; but if there is little appearance of an image, then a free undiluted solution of aceto-nitrate may be used, in conjunction with the gallic acid, the former never being in proportion more than one- third. If that quantity is exceeded, either a brownish or an unpleasant reddish tint is often ob- tained. These negatives should be fixed by im- mersing them in a solution of hyposulphate of soda, which may be of the strength of one ounce of salt to eight ounces of water — the sufficiency of immersion being known by the disappearance of the yellow colour, and when they have been once immersed they may be taken to the daylight to ascertain this. The hyposulphate must now be perfectly removed by soaking in water, which may extend to several hours ; but this may be always ascertained by the tongue, for, if tasteless, it has been accomplished. If it Is deemed advisable — which I think is only required in very dark over- done pictures — to wax the negative, It is easily managed by holding a piece of white wax or candle in front of a clean Iron rather hot, and passing It frequently over the surface. The super- abundant wax being again removed by passing it between some clean pieces of blotting-paper. Al- though the minuter details can never be acquired by this mode which are obtained by the collodion process. It has the advantage of extreme simpli- city, and by the operator providing himself with a bag or square of yellow calico, which he can loosely peg down to the ground when no other shade is near, to contain spare prepared papers, he can at any future time obtain a sufficient number of views, which afterw-ards he can de- velop at his leisure. It requires no liquids to be carried about with you, nor is that nice manipulation required which attends the collodion process. The wax-paper process has been extolled by many, and very successful results have been ob- tained : the paper has the undoubted advantage of keeping after being excited much longer than any other; but, from my own experience, just so much the weaker it is made, and so as to safely rely upon Its long remaining useful, so It is proportionally slower in Its action. And I have rarely seen from 22 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 166. wax negatives positives so satisfactory in depth of tone, as from those which have been waxed after being taken on ordinary paper. It is all very well for gentlemen to advocate a sort of photo- graphic tour, upon which you are to go on taking views day after day, and when you return home at leisure to develop your past proceedings : I never yet knew one so lukewarm in this pui-suit as not to desire to know, at his earliest possible opportunity, the result of his labours ; indeed, were not this the case, I fear disappointment would more often result than at present, for I scarcely think any one can exactly decide upon the power of the light of any given day, without having made some little trial to guide him. I have myself, especially with collodion, found the action very rapid upon some apparently dull day ; whilst, from an unexplained cause, a comparatively brighter day has been less active in its photographic results. As in the pre- vious process, I would strongly advise Turner's paper to be used, and not the thin French papers generally adopted, because I find all the high lights so much better preserved in the English paper. It may be purchased ready waxed nearly as cheap as it may be done by one's self; but as many operators like to possess that which is entirely their own production, the following mode will be found a ready way of waxing : — Procure a piece of thick smooth slate, a trifle larger than the paper to be used; waste pieces of this description are always occurring at the slate works, and are of a trifling value. This should be made very hot by laying it close before a fire ; then, covered with one layer of thick blotting-paper, it will form a most admirable surface upon which to use the iron. Taking a piece of wax in the left hand, an iron well heated being pressed against it, it may rapidly be made to flow over the whole surface with much evenness, the surplus wax being afterwards removed by ironing between blotting- paper. When good, it should be colourless, free from gloss, and having the beautiful semi-trans- parent appearance of the Chinese rice-paper. To iodize the paper completely, immerse it in the fol- lowingr solution : - 4 drachms. - 4 drachms. - 8 ounces. Iodide of potash Mannite Cyanide of potash Distilled water 200 grains. 6 drachms. 5 grains. 20 ounces. Allow it to remain three hours, taking care that air-particles are perfectly excluded, and once during the time turning over each sheet of paper, as many being inserted as the fluid will conve- niently cover, as it is not injured by after keeping. It should be then removed from the iodide bath, pinned up, and dried, ready for use. When re- quired to be excited, the paper should, by the light of a candle, be immersed m the following solution, where it should remain for five minutes : Nitrate of silver Glacial acetic acid - Distilled water Being removed from the aceto-nitrate bath, im- merse it into a pan of distilled water, where let it remain about a quarter of an hour. In order to make this paper keep a week or two, it must be immersed in a second water, which in point of fact is a mere reduction of the strength of the solutions already used ; but for ordinary purposes, and when the paper is to be used within three or four days, one immersion is quite sufficient, especially as it does not reduce its sensitiveness in a needless way. It may now be preserved between blotting- paper, free from light, for future use. The time of exposure requisite for this paper will exceed that of the ordinary unwaxed, given in the pre- vious directions. The picture may be developed by a complete immersion also in a saturated solution of gallic acid; but should it not have been exposed a sufficient time in the camera, a few drops of the aceto-nitrate solution added to the gallic acid greatly accelerates it. An excess of aceto-nitrate often produces an unpleasant red tint, which is to be avoided. Instead of complete immersion, the paper may be laid upon some waste blotting-paper, and the surface only wetted by means of the glass rod or brush. The picture may now be fixed by the use of the hyposulphate of soda, as in the preceding process. It is not actually necessary that this should be a wax-paper process, because ordinary paper treated in this way acts very beautifully, although It does not allow of so long keeping for use after excite- ment ; yet it has then the advantage, that a nega- tive may either be waxed or not, as shall be deemed advisable by its apparent depth of action. Hugh W. Dia^mond. Exhibition of recent Specimens of Photography at the Society of Arts. — This exhibition, to which all interested in the art have been invited to con- tribute, was inaugurated by a conversazione at the Society's rooms, on the evening of Wednesday, the 22nd of December : the public have since been admitted at a charge of sixpence each, and it will continue open until the 8th of January. We strongly recommend all our friends to pay a visit to this most delightful collection. By our visit at the crowded conversazione, and another hasty view since, we do not feel justified to enter into a review and criticism of the specimens so fully as the subject requires; but in the mean time we can assure our archaeological readers that they will find there such interesting records of architectural detail, together with views of anti- quities from Egypt and Nubia, as will perfectly convince them of the value of this art with refer- ence to their own immediate pursuits. Those who feel less delight in mere antiquity will be gratified Jan. 1. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 23 to see, for the first time, that there are here shown photographs which aim at more than the bare copying of any particular spot ; for many of the pictures here exhibited may rank as fine works of art. We feel much delicacy and hesitation in mentioning any particular artist, where so many are entitled to praise, especially in some parti- cular departments. We could point out pictures having all the minute truthfulness of nature, com- bined with the beautiful effects of some of the greatest painters. We must, however, direct especial attention to the landscapes of Mr. Turner, the views in the Pyrenees by Mr. Stewart, and one splendid one of the same locality by Le Gray. Mr. Buckle's views in paper also exhibit a sharp- ness and detail almost equal to collodion ; as do the various productions of Mr. Fenton in wax paper. The effects obtained also by Mr. Owen of Bristol appear to be very satisfactory : why they are, with so much excellence, called experimental, we cannot tell. In collodion Mr. Berger has ex- hibited some effective portraits ; and we think the success of Mr. De la Motte has been so great, that in some of his productions little remains to be de- sired. We cannot conclude this brief notice without directing attention to the minuteness and pleasing effect of the views in Rome by M. Eugene Con- stant, which are also from collodion ; as also the specimens from albumen negatives of M. Ferrier ; and, lastly, to the pleasant fact that lady amateurs are now practising this art, — very nice specimens being here exhibited by the Ladies Nevill, whose example we shall hope to see followed. T^t^Mti to ^t'nor agger-case. — I have in my possession a small dagger-case, very beautifully carved in box -wood, bearing the following in- scriptions on two narrow sides, and carved repre- sentations of Scripture subjects on the other two broad sides. Inscriptions. " DIE EEN PENINCK WINT KNDE BEHOVT DIE MACHT VKRTEREN ALS HI WORT OWT HAD." "ICK DAT BEDOCHT IN MIN lONGE DAGEN SO DORST ICK HEX IN MIN OVTHEIT NIET BEGLAGEN." On the other sides the carvings, nine in number, four on one side, one above another, represent the making of Eve, entitled " Scheppin;" the Tempt- ation, entitled " Paradis ; " the Expulsion, " En- gelde ; " David with the head of Goliath, " Da- vide." At the foot of this side the date " 1599," and a head with pointed beard, &c. beneath. On the other side are five subjects : the uppermost, entitled " Hesterine," represents Queen Esther kneeling before Ahasuerus. 2. " Vannatan," a kneeling figure, another stretching his arm over him, at- tendants following with offerings. 3. " Solomone," the judgment of Solomon. 4. " Susannen." 5. " Samson," the jaw-bone in his hand ; beneath " SLANG ; " and at the foot of all, a dragon. The case is handsomely mounted in silver. Jan. 8. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 41 May I ask you or some of your readers to give me an interpretation of the inscriptions ? G. T. H. Hallett and Br. Saxby. — In the Literary Journal, July, 1803, p. 257., in an article on "The Abuses of the Press," it is stated : " Hallett, to vex Dr. Saxby, published some dis- graceful verses, entitled ' An Ode to Virtue, by Doctor Morris Saxby ; ' but the Doctor on the day after the publication obliged the bookseller to give up the author, on whom he inflicted severe personal chastise- ment, and by threats of action and indictment obliged both author and bookseller to make affidavit before the Lord Mayor that they had destroyed every copy in their possession, and would endeavour to recover and destroy the eight that were sold." Can any of your readers throw a further light upon this summary proceeding, as to the time, the book, or the parties ? S. K. Rugby. 3R0j>ItE^. DESCENT OF THE QUEEN FROM JOHN OF GAUNT. (Vol. vi., p. 432.) I have in my possession a pedigree, compiled from original sources, which will, I believe, fully support your correspondent's opinion that the year usually assigned for the death of Joan Beaufort's first husband (1410) is inaccurate. Two entries on the Patent Rolls respectively of the 21st and 22d Richard II., as cited in the pedigree, prove that event to have taken place before Lord Neville of Raby's creation as Earl of Westmoreland ; and I am inclined to think that his creation was rather a consequence of his exalted alliance than, as the later and falsely assigned date would lead one to infer, that his creation preceded his marriage by twelve or thirteen years. Robert Ferrers son and heir of Robert, first Lord Ferrers of Wemme (second son of Robert, third Baron Ferrers of Chartley), and of Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of William Boteler of Wemme, was born circa 1372, being eight years old at his father's death in 1380 (Esc, 4 Ric. II., No. 25.). He married Joan Beaufort, only daugh- ter of John Duke of Lancaster by Catharine Swynford, who became the duke's third wife, 13th January, 1396 ; their issue before marriage having been made legitimate by a patent read in parlia- ment, and dated 9th February, 1397 (Pat, 20 Ric. II. p. 2. m. 6.). It might almost be inferred from the description given to Joan, Lady Ferrers, in the patent of legitimation, "dilectse nobis no- bili muliei'i JoJiannce Beauford, domicellee," that her first husband was not then living. We find, however, that she had certainly become the wife of the Lord Neville before the 16th of February following, and that Lord Ferrers was then dead (Jokanne qui fuist femme de Monsieur Robert Ferrers que Dieu assoile) : Pat, 21 Ric. II. p. 2. m. 22. ; Pat, 22 Ric. II. p. 3. m. 23. The Lord Ferrers left by her only two daughters, his co- heirs, viz. Elizabeth, wife of John, sixth Baron Greystock, and Mary, wife of Ralph Neville, a younger son of Ralph, Lord Neville of Raby, by his first wife Margaret Stafibrd. The mistake in ascribing Lord Ferrers' death to the year 1410, has probably arisen from that being the year ia which his mother died, thus recorded in the pe- digrees : "Robert Ferrers, s. & h. ob' vita matris," who (i.e. the mother) died 1410 (Esc, 12 Hen. IV., No. 21.). His widow remarried Ralph, Lord Neville of Raby, fourth baron, who was created Earl of Westmoreland, 29th September, 1397 % * There is amongst the Records of the Duchy of Lancaster an interesting grant from John, Duke of Lancaster, to his daughter Joan Beaufort, very soon afler her marriage with Lord Neville of Raby. This document, of which the following is a translation, proves that Robert Ferrers died before 16th February, 1397. « John, son of the king of England, Duke of Guienne and of Lancaster, Earl of Derby, of Lincoln, and of Leicester, Steward of England, to all who these our letters shall see or hear, greeting. Know ye that, of our especial grace, and forasmuch as our very loved, son, the Lord de Neville, and our very loved daughter, Joan, his wife (sa compaigne), who was the wife (femme) of Monsieur Robert Ferrers (whom God assoyl), have surrendered into our Chancery, to be cancelled, our other letters patent, whereby we formerly did grant unto the said Monsieur Robert and our afore- said daughter 400 marks a-year, to be received annually, for the term of their two lives, out of the issues of our lands and lordships of our honour of Pontefract, pay- able, &c., as in our said other letters more fully it is contained : we, willing that our abovesaid son, the Lord de Neville, and our aforesaid daughter, his wife (sa compaigne), shall have of us, for the term of their two lives, 500 marks a-year, or other thing to the value thereof, have granted by these presents to the same, our son and daughter, all those our lordships, lands, and tenements in Easingw;old and Huby, and our three wapentakes of Hang, Hallikeld, and GUling, the which Monsieur John Marmyon (whom God assoyl) held of us in the county of ifork : to have and to hold our abovesaid lordships, tenements, and wapentakes, with their appurtenances, to our said son and daughter, for the term of their two lives, and the life of the survivor of them, in compensation for lOOZ. a-year, part of the abovesaid 500 marks yearly. And also, we have granted by these presents to the same, our son and daughter, the manor of Lydell, with appurtenances, to have and to hold for their lives, and the life of the sur- vivor, in compensation for 40 marks a-year of the abovesaid 500 marks yearly, during the wars or truces between our lord the king and his adversary of Scot- land: so, nevertheless, that if peace be made between our same lord the king and his said adversary of Scot- land, and on that account the said manor of Lydell, with 42 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 167. and died 1425. The Countess of Westmoreland died 13 th November, 1440. As regards the Queen's descent from John, Duke of Lancaster, in the strictly legitimate line, I may wish to say a word at another time. Allow me now, with reference to the same pedigree, to append a Query to this Reply : Can any of your learned ge- nealogical readers direct me to the authority which may have induced Miss A. Strickland, in her amus- ing Memoirs of the Lives of the English Queens., to give so strenuous a denial of Henry VIII.'s queen, Jane Seymour's claim to a royal lineage ? Miss Strickland writes : "Through Margaret Wentworth, the mother of Jane Seymour, a descent from the blood-royal of England was claimed, from an intermarriage with a Wentworth and a daughter of Hotspur and Lady Elizabeth Mor- timer, grand-daughter to Lionel, duke of Clarence. the appurtenances, shall be found lawfully to be of greater and better yearly value than the said 40 marks a-year, then our said son and daughter shall answer to us, during such peace as aforesaid, for the surplusage of the value of the said manor, beyond the said 40 marks a^year, and the yearly reprises of the said manor. And in full satisfaction of the aforesaid 500 marks a-year we have granted to our abovesaid son and daughter 206/. 13s. Ad. yearly, to be received out of the issues of our honours of Pontefract and Pickering, by the hands of our receiver there for the time being. In witness whereof we have caused these our letters to be made patent. Given under our seal, at London, on the 16th day of February, in the twentieth year of the reign of our most dread sovereign lord King Richard the Second after the Conquest" (a.d. 1397). The above grant was confirmed on the 1 0th of Sep- tember, in the twenty-second of Richard the Second, 1398, by the eldest son of John of Gaunt, Henry of Lancaster, Duke of Hereford, a (evf weeks only before the duke's banishment, in the following words: " We, willing to perform and accomplish the good will and desires of our said very honoured lord and father, and in the confidence which we have in our said very loved brother, nowEarl of Westmoreland, that he will be a good and natural son to our said very dread lord and father, and that he will be to us in time to come a good and natural brother, and also because of the great affection which we bear towards our said very loved sister, the countess his wife (sa compaigne), do, for us and our heirs, as far as in us lies, ratify and confirm to our said brother and sister the aforesaid letters patent, &c. Given under our seal, at London, on the 10th day of September, in the twenty-second year of the reign of our most dread lord King Richard the Second after the Conquest." King Henry the Fifth, on his accession, by a patent under the seal of the duchy of Lancaster, dated at Westminster, on the 1st of July, in the first year of his reign, confirmed the above letters "to the aforesaid earl and Joan his wife ; " and King Henry the Sixth in like manner confirmed his father's patent on the 13th of Julv, in the second year of his reign. — Repiat Ducat. Lane. temp. Men. VI., p. 2. fol. 41. This Lady Percy is stated by all ancient heralds to have died childless. Few persons, however, dared dis- pute a pedigree with Henry VIII.," &c. — Lives of the Queens of England, by Agnes Strickland, vol. iv. p. 300. This is a question, I conceive, of sufficient his- torical Importance to receive a fuller investigation, and fairly to be determined, if possible. The pedigree shows the following descent : — Lionel Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, third son of King Edward III. and Philippa of Hainault, left by Elizabeth de Burgh (daughter of William de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, and Maud Plantagenet, second daughter of Henry, third Earl of Lan- caster) an only child, Philippa, married to Ed- mund Mortimer, third Earl of March {Esc, 5 Kic. II., No. 43.). The eldest daughter of Phi- lippa Plantagenet by the Earl of March was Elizabeth Mortimer, who married the renowned Hotspur, Henry Lord Percy, son and heir ap- parent of Henry Lord Percy, created Earl of Northumberland, 16th July, 1377, K. G. Hot- spur was slain at the battle of Shrewsbury, 7th September, 1403, v. p. His widow experienced the revengeful persecution of King Henry (Rymer, viii. 334., Oct. 8, 1403), and died, leaving by her said husband one son, Henry, who became second Earl of Northumberland, and an only daughter, Elizabeth de Percy, who married firstly, John, seventh Lord Clifford of Westmoreland, who died 13th March, 1422 (Esc, 10 Henry V., No. 37.), and secondly, Ralph Neville, second Earl of West- moreland (Esc, 15 Hen. VI., No. 55.), by whom she left an only child. Sir John Neville, Knight, who died during his father's lifetime, 20th March, 1451, 5. p. (Will proved 30th March, 1451.) Lady Elizabeth de Percy, who died in October, 1436, left by her first husband, the Lord Clifford, three children : Thomas, eighth Lord Clifford ; Henry, her second son ; and an only daughter, Mary, who became the wife of Sir Philip Wentworth, Knight. The Lady Mary Clifford, who must have been born before 1422 (her father having died in that year), was probably only a few years older than her husband Sir Philip, the issue of a marriage which took place in June, 1 Henry VI., 1423 (Cott. MSS. Cleop., F. iv. f. 15.) ; she was burled in the church of the Friars Minor at Ipswich, where her mother-in-law directed a marble to be laid over her body. Sir Philip's father, Roger Wentworth, Esq. (second son of John Wentworth of North Elmsal, a scion of the house of Went- worth of the North), had married in 1423 Margery Lady de Roos, widow of John Lord de Roos, sole daughter and heiress of Elizabeth de Tibetot, or Tiptoft (third daughter and co-heir of Robert, Lord de Tibetot), and of Sir Philip le Despenser Chlvaler (Esc, 18 Edw. IV., No. 35.). By this marriage came, first, Sir Philip Wentworth, Knight, born circa 1424, and married when about twenty- Jan. 8. 1853.] NOTES AND QUEKIES. 48 three years of age, in 1447 ; he was slain in 1461, and attainted of high treason in the parliament held 1 Edw. IV. ; second, Henry Wentworth of Codham, in the county of Essex ; third, Thomas Wentworth Chaplain ; and fourth, Agnes, wife of Sir Robert Constable of Flamborough (JHarl MSS., 1560. 1449—1484, and will of Margery, Lady de Koos, proved in the Prerogative Court of Can- terbury, 28th May, 1478). Sir Philip, about the year 1447, as before stated, married the Lady Mary Clifford (Harl. MSS., 154. and 1484.), sister of Thomas Lord Clifford, who was slain at the battle of St. Alban's in 1454, and aunt of the Lord Clifford who stabbed the youthful Edmund Plan- tagenet at the battle of Wakefield, and was himself slain and attainted in parliament, 1st Edward IV. 1461. The issue of this marriage was Sir Henry Wentworth of Nettlestead, in the county of Suffolk, Knight, his son and heir (will of Margery, Lady de Roos, proved as above), born circa 1448, being thirty years of age at his grandmother's death in 1478 (Esc, 18 Edward IV., No. 35.), and died in 1500. His will was proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 27th February, 1501. Sir Henry, son of Sir Philip, was restored in blood by an act of parliament passed in the 4th of Edward IV. (Parliament Rolls, v. 548.), and having married Anne, daughter of Sir John Say, Knight (Rot. Pat., 1 Ric. II., p. 2., No. 86., 20th Febi'uary, 1484), left by her several children, viz. Sir Richard Wentworth, Knight, son and heii', Edward Wentworth, and four daughters, the second of whom, Margery, was married to Sir John Seymour of Wolf Hall, in the county of Wilts, Knight (Harl. MSS., 1449—1484. 1560., &c.), of which marriage, among other children, were born Sir Edward Seymour, created Duke of Somerset, and Jane, third wife of King Henry VIII., mother of Edward VI. Wm. Haedy. UNCEETAIN ETYMOLOGIES — " LEADEB. (VoLvi., p. 588.) I must differ from your correspondent C, in believing that the " N. & Q." have effected much good service to etymology. Even the exposure of error, and the showing up of crotchets, is of no inconsiderable use. I beg to submit that C. him- self (unless there are other Richmonds in the field) has done good service in this way. See Grummett, Slang Phrases, Martinet, Cockade, Ro- mane, Covey, Bummaree, &c. I do not, indeed, give implicit faith to his Steyne, and some more, fie, however, would be a rash man who should write or help to write a Dic- tionary of the English language (a desideratum at present) without turning over the indices of the " N. & Q." Even in the first volume, the discussions on Pokership, Daysman, News, and a great many others, seem to me at least valuable contributions to general knowledge on etymology. As to my remark (Vol. vi., p. 462.) about the derivation of leader, C. has, perhaps excusably, for the sake of the pun, done me injustice. I hazarded it on the authority of one who has been in the trade, and, as I believe, in the cuicunque perito. I beg to inclose his own account. He says : " It is a fact, that when editorial articles are sent to the printer, written directions are generally sent with them denoting %vhat type is to be used : thus, brevier leads, or bourgeois leads, signifying that the articles are to be set in brevier or bourgeois type with lead strips between the lines, to keep them further asunder. It is also a fact, that such articles are denominated in the printing-office ' leaded articles ' — hence, leaders." I submit if this does not justify my Note. I grant, however, many of those articles are entitled also to be called leaden, as C. will have it. I do not think, however, that in tracing recent words, we should not give possible as well as cer- tain origins. Many words, if not a double, have at least several putative origins. Let me subscribe myself — seu male seu bene — NOTA. P. S. — I would like to suggest that this origin of the term "leading article" is the most fa- vourable to the modesty of any single writer for the Press, who should hardly pretend to lead public opinion. LINES ON TIPPEEAEY. (Vol. vi., p. 578.) These lines were said to have been addressed to a Dr. Fitzgerald, on reading the following couplet in his apostrophe to bis native village : — " And thou ! dear Village, loveliest of the clime, Fain would I name thee, but I scant in rhyme." I subjoin a tolerably complete copy of this "rime doggrele : " " A Bard there was in sad quandary. To find a rhyme for Tipperary. Long labour'd he through January, Yet found no rhyme for Tipperary ; Toil'd every day in February, But toil'd in vain for Tipperary ; Search'd Hebrew text and commentary, But search'd in vain for Tipperary ; Bored all his friends at Inverary, To find a rhyme for Tipperary ; Implored the aid of ' Paddy Gary,' Yet still no rhyme for Tipperary ; He next besought his mother Mary, To tell him rhyme for Tipperary ; But she, good woman, was no fairy. Nor witch — though born in Tipperary ; — Knew everything about her dairy. But not the rhyme for Tipperary ; 44 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 167. The stubborn muse he could not vary. For still the lines would run contrary. Whene'er he thought on Tipperary ; And though of time he was not chary, 'Twas thrown away on Tipperary ; Till of his wild-goose chase most weary. He vow'd to leave out Tipperary. But, no — the theme he might not vary, His longing was not temporary, To find meet rhyme for Tipperary. He sought among the gay and airy. He pester'd all the military, Committed many a strange vagary, ' Bewitch'd, it seem'd, by Tipperary. He wrote post-haste to Darby Leary, Besought with tears his Auntie Sairie : — But sought he far, or sought he near, he Ne'er found a rhyme for Tipperary. He travell'd sad through Cork and Kerry, He drove ' like mad ' through sweet Dunleary, Kick'd up a precious tantar-ara. But found no rhyme for Tipperary ; Lived fourteen weeks at Stran-ar-ara, Was well nigh lost in Glenegary, Then started ' slick ' for Demerara, In search of rhyme for Tipperary. Through ' Yankee-land,' sick, solitary. He roam'd by forest, lake, and prairie. He went per terrain et per mare. But found no rhyme for Tipperary. Through orient climes on Dromedary, On camel's back through great Sahara ; His travels were extraordinary, In search of rhyme for Tipperary. Fierce as a gorgon or chimsera, Fierce as Alecto or Megsera, Fiercer than e'er a lovesick bear, he Raged through ' the londe ' of Tipperary. His cheeks grew thin and wond'rous hairy. His visage long, bis aspect ' eerie,' His tout ensemble, faith, would scare ye. Amidst the wilds of Tipperary. Becoming hypochon-dri-ary. He sent for his apothecary, Who ordered 'balm' and 'saponary,* Herbs rare to find in Tipperary. In his potations ever wary. His choicest drink was ' home gooseberry,' On ' swipes,' skim-milk, and smallest beer, he Scanted rhyme for his Tipperary. Had he imbibed good old Madeira, Drank ' pottle-deep ' of golden sherry. Of FalstafF's sack, or ripe canary, No rhyme had lack'd for Tipperary. Or had his tastes been literary, He might have found extemporary. Without the aid of dictionary. Some fitting rhyme for Tipperary. Or had he been an antiquary. Burnt ' midnight oil ' in his library. Or been of temper less ' camsteary,' Rhymes had not lack'd for Tipperary. He paced about his aviary. Blew up, sky-high, his secretary, And then in wrath and anger sware he, There was no rhyme for Tipperary." May we not say with Touchstone, " I'll rhyme you so, eight years together ; dinners, and suppers, and sleeping hours excepted : it is the right but- ter-woman's rank to market." J, M. B. SHAKSFEARE EMENDATIONS. CVol. vi., p. 312.) I cannot receive Mr. Cornish's substitution (p. 312.) of "chommer" for clamour in the Win- ters Tale, Act IV. Sc. 3. In my opinion, clamour is nearly or altogether the right word, but wrongly spelt. We have a verb to clam, which, as con- nected with clammy, we use for sticking with glu- tinous matter ; but which originally must, like the kindred German klemmen, have signified to press, to squeeze ; for the kind of wooden vice used by harness-makers is, at least in some places, called a clams. I therefore suppose the clown to have said clam, or perhaps clammer (i. e. hold) your tongues. Highly plausible as is Mb. C.'s other emendation in the same place of 2 Henry IV., Act III. Sc. 1., I cannot receive it either. In Shakspeare the word clow7i is almost always nearly equivalent to the Spanish gracioso, and denotes humour ; and surely we cannot suppose it to be used of the ship-boy. Besides, a verb is wanted, as the causal particle /or is as usual to be understood before "Uneasy lies," &c. I see no objection whatever to the common reading, though possibly the poet wrote : " Then, happy hoy, lie down." There never, in my opinion, was a happier emendation than that oi guidon for guard; On, in Henry V., Act IV. Sc. 2. ; and its being made by two persons independently, gives it — as Mr. Col- lier justly observes of palpable for capable in As You Like It — additional weight. We are to recollect that a Frenchman is the speaker. I find guidon used for banner in the following lines of Clement Marot (Elegie III.) : " De Fermete le grand guidon sulvrons," and — " Cestuy guidon et triomphante enseigne, Nous devons suyvre : Amour le nous enseigne." The change of a sea of troubles to assay of troubles in Hamlet is very plausible, and ought perhaps to be received. So also is Sib F. Madden's of /ace for case (which last is downright nonsense) in Twelfth Night, Act V. Sc. 1. But I would just hint that as all the rest of the Duke's speech is in rhyme, it is not impossible that the poet may have written — « O thou dissembling cub ! what wilt thou be ■ . When time hath sow'd a grizzle upon thee ? " Jan, 8. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 45 Allow me now to put a question to the critics. In the two concluding lines of the Merchant of Venice (the speaker, observe, is the jesting Gra- tiano) : " Well, while I live, I'll fear no other thing So sore, as keeping safe Nerissa's ring." May there not be a covert allusion to the story first told by Poggio in his Facetiae, then by Ariosto, then by Rabelais, then by La Fontaine, and, finally, by Prior, in his Hans Carvel ? Ra- belais was greatly read at the time. Thomas Keightlet. STATUES REPRESENTED ON COINS. (Vol. vi., p. 485.) Mr. Burgon {Inquiry into the Motive of the Re- presentations on Ancient Coins, p. 19.) says : " I do not believe that the types of coins are, on any occasion, original compositions; but always copied from some sacred public monument . . . When we find Mi- nerva represented on coins, we are not to understand the type as a Minerva, but the Minerva of that place ; and in some cases which might be brought forward, the individual statues which are represented on coins, or ancient copies, will be found still to exist." This opinion is certainly borne out by a very great number of proofs, and may almost be con- sidered demonstrated. The Farnese Hercules is found on many coins, Roman and Greek. The com- monest among the Roman are those of Gordianus Pius, 1st and 2nd brass, with " virtvti avgvsti." Three colonial coins of Corinth, of Severus, Cara- calla, and Geta ( Vaillant, Num. Imp. Coloniis per- cuss., ii. 7. 32. 54.), exhibit the same figure. As an additional illustration of Mr. Burgon's view, I would advert to the Corinthian coin of Aurelius (Vaill. i. 182.), which has a Hercules in a differ- ent attitude ; and which Vaillant regards as a copy of the statue mentioned by Pausanias as existing at Corinth. Du Choul (Religio vet. Rom., 1685, pp. 158, 159.) gives a coin representing Hercules killing Antasus ; and quotes Pliny for a statue representing this by Polycletus. Haym also (Te- soro, i. 248.) gives a coin with a reversed view of the same subject. The figures of Hercules on coins of Commodus are certainly copied from the statues of that Emperor. Baudelot de Dairval (De V TJtilite des Voyages) gives a small silver sta- tuette of Commodus as Hercules, certainly copied from the larger statues, and corresponding with those on coins. I am not aware of any coins exhibiting exactly the Venus de Medici. It is possible, however, that they exist, though I cannot at present find them. Haym (Tesoro, ii. 246., tab. xvi. 8.) gives a coin of Cnidus, with a very similar representation, the Cnidian Venus, known to be copied from a statue by Praxiteles. > I must say the same as to the Apollo Belvidere. I cannot at present refer to an engraving of the equestrian statue of Aurelius, but Mr. Akerman (JDescr. Cat., i. 280. 12. u., 283. 10.) describes gold coins and a medallion of Aurelius, representing him on horseback ; and I find in the plates appended by De Bie to Augustini Antiquatum ex Nummis Dia- logi, Antw., 1617, plate 47., one of these coins engraved. I find the medallion engraved also by Erizzo (last edition, n. d., p. 335.), who explains it as referring to this statue. He says, however, that the attribution of the statue was uncertain ; and that on a medallion of Antoninus Pius, which he possessed, exactly the same representation was found, whence he was inclined to suppose it rather erected for Antoninus Pius. I suppose the coins of Domna, alluded to by Mr. Taylor, are those with the legend " veneri viCTRici." In spite of the attitude, I can hardly think this intended for Venus Callipyge, from the fact that Venus Victrix is found in the same atti- tude on other coins, holding arras ; and sometimes again holding arms, but in a different attitude, and more or less clothed. The legend is opposed alsa to this idea. See the coins engraved by Ondaap, or Oiselius, Plate rii. The coin of Plantilla in Du Choul (1. c. p. 188.) is a stronger argument; for here is seen a partially clothed Venus Victrix, with the same emblems, leaning on a shield, as the Venus of Domna leans on a column, but turned towards the spectator instead of away : thus de- monstrating that no allusion to Callipyge is to be seen in either. Erizzo (1. c. p. 519.) mentions the discovery at Rome of a fragment of a marble statue inscribed "veneris victricis." In the British Museum (Townley Gallery, i. 95.) is a bas-relief representing the building of the ship Argo. There is described in the Thomas Catalogue, p. 22. lot 236., an unpublished (?) medallion of Aurelius, possibly copied from this very bas-relief. A very doubtful specimen exists in the Museum of the Scottish Antiquaries, which enables me to make this assertion, although it is not minutely described in the catalogue, and is otherwise explained. This is an additional con- firmation of the original statement, and many more might be added but for the narrow limits allowed, which I fear I have already transgressed. W. H. Scott. Edinburgh. JDDGE JEFFREYS. (Vol.vi., pp. 149. 432. 542.) This extraordinary and Inhuman man was the sixth son of John Jeffreys, Esq., of Acton, near Wrexham, co. Denbigh, by Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas Ireland, Knight, of Bewsey, and was born at Ids father's house about the year 1648. 46 NOTES AND QUEKIES. [No. 167. He died on the 19th of April, 1689, at thirty-five minutes past four in the morning. The tradition that his remains were deposited at Enfield is in- correct. He was first interred in the Tower pri- vately, and after three years, when the day of persecution was past, his friends petitioned that they might be allowed to remove the coffin. This was granted, and by a warrant dated the 30th of September, 1692, signed by the queen and directed to the governor of the Tower, the body of Lord Jeffreys was removed, and buried a second time in a vault under the communion-table of St. Mary, Aldermanbury. As regards the number of places pointed out as the residence of Judge Jeffreys, the following are mentioned in the bill that was brought in for the forfeiture of his honour and estate. In Salop he had the manors of Wem and Lop- pington, with many other lands and tenements ; in Leicestershire the manors of Dalby and Brough- ton ; he bought Dalby of the Duke of Bucking- ham, and after his death it passed to Sir Charles Duncombe, and descended to Anthony Duncombe, afterwards Lord Feversham. In Bucks he had the manor of Bulstrode, which he had purchased of Sir Roger Hill in 1686, and the manor of Fulmer, with other tenements. He built a man- sion at Bulstrode, which came afterwards to his son-in-law, Charles Dive, who sold it in the reign of Queen Anne, to William, Earl of Portland, in whose family, now aggrandised by a dukedom, it still continues. And he had an inclination at one time to have become the purchaser of another estate (Gunedon Park), but was outwitted by one of his legal brethren. Judge Jeffreys held his court in Duke Street, Westminster, and made the adjoining houses towards the park his residence. These houses were the property of Moses Pitt the bookseller (brother of the Western Martyrologist), who, in his Cry of the Oppressed, complains very strongly against his tenant, the chancellor. Jeffreys's " large house," according to an adver- tisement in the London Gazette, was let to the three Dutch ambassadors who came from Holland to congratulate King William upon his accession in 1689. It was afterwards used for the Admi- ralty Office, until the middle of King William's reign. ■ " The house is easily known," says Pennant, " by a large flight of stone steps, which his royal master per- mitted to be made into the park adjacent, for the ac- commodation of his lordship. These steps terminate above in a small court, on three sides of which stands the house." Edward F. Rimbault. The birthplace of Judge Jeffreys should not be a matter of doubt. The old house at Acton in which his father lived, was in the parish of Wrex- ham, and close to the confines of that parish and Gresford. It was pulled down about seventy years ago, about the time when the present man- sion bearing that same name was built. Twenty years ago there were several persons living in the neighbourhood who remembered that it stood in the parish of Wrexham. Lord Campbell, in his Lives of the Lord Chan- cellors of England, vol. iii. p. 496., writes, — " He (Judge Jeffreys) of whom such tales were to be told, was born in his father's lowly dwelling at Acton in the year 1648." And he subjoins the following note : " This is generally given as the year of his birth, but I have tried in vain to have it authenticated. There is no entry of his baptism, nor of the baptism of his brothers, in the register of Wrexham, the parish in which he was born, nor in the adjoining parish of Gresford, in which part of the ^family property lies. I have had accurate researches made in these registers by the kindness of my learned friend Serjeant Atcherley, who has estates in the neighbourhood. It is not im- probable that, in spite of the' Chancellor's great horror of dissenters, he may have been baptized by ' a dis- senting teacher.'" The fact is, however, and it is a fact known certainly twenty years ago to several of the in- habitants of Gresford and Wrexham, that no re- gister has been preserved in the parish of Wrex- ham for a period extending from 1644 to 1662 ; and none in the parish of Gresford from 1630 to 1660. I may add that no such registers have been discovered up to this time. Taffy. When the family of Jeffi-eys became possessed of Acton is uncertain, probably at a very early period, being descended from Cynric ap Khiwallon, great-grandson of Tudor Trevor. George Jeffreys, afterwards Chancellor, was born at Acton, and was sixth son of John Jeffreys and Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas Ireland of Bewsey, near Warrington, in Lancashire. In 1708 the estate passed into the family of the Robinsons of Gwersyllt by the marriage of the eldest daughter and heiress of Sir Griffith Jeffreys. Ellis Yonge, Esq., of Bryny Orchyn (in the immediate neigh- bourhood(, purchased the estate of Acton from the trustees of the said Robinson. The Yonges were in no way related to the Jeffreys, although bearing the same arms, as being also descended from the same tribe. Geesford. DUTCH AI.LEGORICAX PICTURE. (Yol.vi., pp.458. 590.) In answer to the obliging notice which your correspondent Cuthbert Bede (Vol. vi., p. 590.) has taken of my description of the Dutch alle- gorical picture, I beg to say that I agree with him, and admit myself to be mistaken in supposing the Jan. 8. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 4!7 middle picture described (Vol. vi,, p. 458.) to represent St. John Baptist. On examining it again, I have no doubt it is intended to denote the Ascension of our Lord. The right hand is raised as in the act of benediction, and, as far as I can make it out (for the paint is here somewhat rubbed), the fingers are in the position of bene- diction described by your correspondent. I do not, however, concur in his suggestions as to the meaning of the figures on the frame of the picture ; which is not shaped as a vesica piscis, but is (as I described it) a lozenge. The female figure, hold- ing a llaming heart, is, I would say, certainly not the Virgin Mary. The appearance of my account of this picture in your pages has been the occasion of a very agreeable correspondence with the Editor of the Navoj-scher (the Dutch daughter of " N. & Q."). That gentleman has taken a great interest in the subject, and has enabled me to decypher the mottoes on the scrolls which run across the three pictures on the right-hand wall of the room, which, in my former communication, I said I was unable to read. The scroll on the picture nearest the fireplace contains these words : " Trouw moet blycken." That on the second picture, noticed by Cuthbert Bjbde, is, " Liefde boven al." And the scroll on the third bears the inscription, as I stated in my former communication, " In Liefd' getrouwe ; " for so it ought to have been printed. These, as the editor of the Navorscher informs me, are the mottoes of three Haarlem Societies of Rhetoricians called, 1. " De Pelicaen," whose motto was, " Trouw moet Mj/cken:" 2. " De Wyn- gaertrancken," whose motto was, "Liefde boven al:" and, 3. " Witte Angiren," whose device was, " In Liefde getrouwe." I think you are entitled to have whatever in- formation I may glean respecting this picture, as you so kindly inserted my description of it in your columns ; and I have to thank you for procuring me the acquaintance and correspondence of the editor of the Navorscher. J. H. Todd, D.D. Trin. Coll. Dublin. THE REPKINT, IN 1808, OF THE FIRST FOMO EDITION OF SHAKSPEARE. (Vol. vi., p. 579.) In reply to the Query of Varro, I beg to state that I possess the late Mr. Upcott's collation of the reprint of the first folio edition of Shakspeare. It consists of twenty-six folio leaves, exclusive of the fly-leaves, on the first of which occur the fol- lowing notes in the handwriting of the collator ;« " London Institution, " Moorfields, Dec. 25, 1821. " Four months and twenty-three days were occupied, during my leisure moments, at the suggestion of our late Librarian, Professor Porson, in reading and com- paring the pretended reprinted fac-simile First Edition of Shakspeare with the original First Edition of 1623. With what accuracy it passed through the Press, the following pages, noticing 368 typographical errors, will sufficiently show. Wm. Upcott." " MS. note written in Mr. Dawson Turner's tran- script of these errors in the reprint of Shakspeare, edit. 1623. " The contents of the following pages are the result of 145 days' close attention by a very industrious man. The knowledge of such a task having been undertaken and completed, caused some alarm among the book- sellers, who had expended a considerable sum of money upon the reprint of Shakspeare, of which this MS. discloses the numerous errors. Fearful, therefore, lest this should be published, they made many overtures for the purchase of it, and at length Mr. Upcott was induced to part with it to John and Arthur Arch, Cornhill, from whom he expected a handsome remu- neration ; he received a single copy of the reprint, published at five guineas. " N. B. This copy, corrected by myself from the above MS., I sold to James Perry, proprietor of the Morning Chronicle, for six guineas : which at his sale (Pari; III.) produced 12/. 1*. 6d. Wm. Upcott." At the end of the volume is written : " Finished this collation Jan. 28, 1809, at three minutes past 12 o'clock. Wm. Upcorr." Upon comparing these remarks of Mr. Upcott with Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual^ p. 1645., col. 1., it will be seen that the latter was not accu- rately informed as to Perry's copy ; Professor Porson having had no farther share in that labo- rious work than the recommending Mr. Upcott to undertake the collation, from which Perry's copy was subsequently corrected. F. C. B. PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES. Le Grey and the Collodion Process. — As the .claim to the invention of the collodion process is disputed, I think, in justice to Mr. Le Grey, whom all will acknowledge as a talented man, and who has done much for photography, that the claims he puts forth, and which I give, should be known to your readers who have not got his work, as they are in direct contradiction to Mr. Archer's letter in your 165th Xo. In his last published work, page 89., he states : " I was the first to apply collodion to photography. My first experiments were made in 1849. I used that substance then principally to give more equality and 46 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 167. fineness to the paper, I employed for that purpose a solution of iodide of potassium in alcohol of forty de- grees saturated with collodion. " In continuing these studies I was induced to apply this body upon glass, to obtain more fineness, and I was soon in possession of an extremely rapid proceeding, which I at last consigned to the pamphlet that J published in 1850, and which was translated into En- glish at the same time. " I had already at that time indicated the proto- sulphate of iron for developing the image, the am- monia and the fluorides as accelerating agents ; and I was the first to announce having obtained by these means portraits in five seconds in the shade. " The pyro-gallic acid is generally used now in place of the sulphate of iron that I had indicated ; but this is wrong, that last salt forming the image much more rapidly and better, it having to be left less time in the camera. " I believe, then, I have a right to claim for my country and myself the invention of this would-be English process, and of having been the first to indicate the collodion, arid of giving the best method that has been discovered up to the present time. " From the publication of my process, till my return from the voyage that I had made for the minister, I was little occupied in practising it, my labours on the dry paper having taken all my time. This has been used as a weapon against me, to make out that the first trials before setting out had been quite fruitless, as they had heard nothing more about it. " Nevertheless, I have made my discovery completely public ; and if I had practised it but little, leaving it to others to further develope, it has only been to oc- cupy myself upon other works of which the public has still profited. It is then much more ungenerous to wish to take from me the merit of its invention." G. C, Ready Mode of iodizing Paper. — The readiest way I have found of iodizing the beautiful paper of Canson Freres, is the cyano-iodide of silver, made as follows : Twenty grains of nitrate of silver may be placed in half an ounce of distilled water, and half an ounce of solution of iodide of potassa, fifty grains to the ounce, added to the silver solution. Cyanide of potassa may then be added, drop by drop, tin the precipitate is dissolved, and the whole filled up with four ounces of water. This solution requires but a very few minutes' floating upon water containing a small quantity of sulphuric acid ; and it is then ready, after a bath of nitrate of silver, for the camera, and will not present any of the dis- agreeable spots so noticed by most photographers. This paper Is probably the best for negative pic- tures we have at present ; although. If very trans- parent paper Is required, oiled paper may be used for negative pictures very successfully ; or paper varnished is equally good. The oiled paper may be prepared as follows : Take the best walnut oil, that oil having less tendency to darken paper of any other kind, and oil it thoroughly. It must then be hung up in the light for a few days, the longer the better, till quite dry. It may then be iodized with the ammonlo-nltrate, the ammoniated solution passing more readily over greased surfaces. The varnished paper may be prepared by half an ounce of mastic varnish and three ounces of spirits of turpentine, hung up to dry, and treated as the oiled paper in iodizing ; but both are better for resting a short time previous to iodizing upon water containing a little isinglass in solution, but used very sparingly. As I have experienced the excellence of these preparations, I hope they may be useful to your photographic students. Weld Taylok. Bayswater. After-dilution of Solutions. — There are in gene- ral use two methods of preparing sensitive paper. In one, as in Mr. Talbot's, the iodide of silver is formed in a state of purity, before being rendered , sensitive : and as, for this end, a small quantity only of nitrate of silver is necessary, a very dilute solution will answer the purpose as well, or even better, than a strong one ; but by the other method, the paper being prepared with iodide of potassium only, or with some other analogous salt, the iodide of silver has to be formed by the same solution that renders It sensitive. Now as for every 166*3 parts of iodide of potassium 170'1 parts of nitrate of silver are required for this pui'pose, it Is evident that a dilute solution could not be employed unless a very large bulk were taken, and the paper kept In a considerable time. The after-washing Is to remove from the surface of the paper the great excess of silver, which is of but little service, and prevents the paper from keeping. William Crookes. Hammersmith. Stereoscopic Pictures from one Camera. — Your correspondent Ramus will easily obtain stereo- scopic pictures by either of the following plans : — After the first picture Is taken, move the subject, as on a pivot, either to the right or left, through an angle of about 15° ; then take the second im- pression : this will do very well for an inanimate object, as a statue ; but, if a portrait Is required, the camera, after taking the first picture, must be moved either to the right or left, a distance of not more than one-fifth of the distance It stands from the sitter ; that Is, if the camera Is twenty feet from the face of the sitter, the distance between its first and second position should not exceed four feet, otherwise the picture will appear dis- torted, and the stereosity unnaturally great. Of course it is absolutely necessary in this plan that the sitter do not move his position between the taking of the two impressions, and also that the distance between him and the camera be the same in both operations. Jan. 8. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 49 In reply to the very sensible inquiry of Sim- PLiciTAs, there is an essential difference between the calotype of Talbot and the waxed-paper pro- cess, the picture in the first being almost entirely superficial, whilst in the latter it is much more in the body of the paper ; this causes the modifi- cation of the treatment. A tolerably -strong solu- tion of (AgO NOg) nitrate of silver is required to decompose the (KI) iodide of potassium, with which the paper is saturated, in any reasonable time, but if this were allowed to dry on the sur- face, stains would be the inevitable result ; there- fore it is floated in distilled water, to remove this from the surface; and it seems to me that the keeping of the paper depends on the greater or less extent to which this surface-coating is re- moved. There can be no doubt that the paper would be far more sensitive, if used immediately, without the washing, simply blotting it off; but then the great advantage of the process would be lost, viz. its capability of being kept. William Pumphbey. Camera for Out-door Operations. — I should be glad to see a clear description of a camera so con- structed as to supersede the necessity for a dark room. Such a description has been promised by Dr. Diamond (Vol. vi., p. 277.) ; and if he could be induced to furnish it at an early period, I at least, amongst the readers of " N. & Q.," should feel much additionally indebted to him. E. S. " TWAS ON THE MORN. (Vol. vi., p. 556.) This is a very celebrated Gloucestershire ballad, which though at one time popular, is, I believe, rarely heard now. I have before me an old and much mutilated broadside of it, which, at the con- clusion, has the initials " L. & B." I presume the words are wanted, and therefore send them ; and not knowing whether the tune has been pub- lished, will also forward it, if wished for by your querist. 1. " 'Twas on the morn of sweet May-day, When Nature painted all things gay. Taught birds to sing, and lambs to play, And gild the meadows fair ; Young Jockey, early in the morn, Arose and tript across the lawn ; His Sunday clothes the youth put on, For Jenny had vow'd away to run With Jockey to the fair. For Jenny had vow'd away to run With Jockey to the fair. 2. The cheerful parish bells had rung, AVith eager steps he trudg'd along, While rosy garlands round him hung, Which shepherds us'd to wear; He tapt the window: « Haste, my dear;' Jenny impatient cry'd, ' Who's there ? ' * 'Tis I, my love, and no one near ; Step gently down, you've nought to fear, With Jockey to the fair,' Step gently, &c. 3. * My dad and mammy's fast asleep. My brother's up, and with the sheep ; And will you still your promise keep, Which I have heard you swear ? And will you ever constant prove? ' * I will, by all the Powers above, And ne'er deceive my charming dove. Dispel those doubts, and haste, my love, With Jockey to the fair.' Dispel, &c. 4. * Behold the ring,' the shepherd cry'd ; * Will Jenny be my charming bride ? Let Cupid be our happy guide. And Hymen meet us there.' Then Jockey did his vows renew ; He would be constant, would be true. His word was pledg'd ; away she flew, With cowslips tipt with balmy dew, With Jockey to the fair. With cowslips, &c. 5. In raptures meet the joyful train ; Their gay companions, blithe and young, ^ Each join the dance, each join the throng, To hail the happy pair. In turns there's none so fond as they. They bless the kind, propitious day, The smiling morn of blooming May, When lovely Jenny ran away With Jockey to the fair. When lovely, &c. H. G. D. ALLEGED REDUCTION OF ENGLISH SUBJECTS TO SLAVERY. (Vol. v., p. 510.) The crime Imputed to the Dutch authorities (that of reducing English subjects to slavery) is of so atrocious a character, that any explanation that should place the matter in a less offensive light, would be but an act of justice to the parties implicated. With this view I venture to submit to Ursula and W. W. the following conclusions which I have arrived at, after a careful considera- tion of all the circumstances. I am of opinion that the writer of the letter in question (charging the Dutch Governor with the above mentioned offence) was the officer command- ing the troops in the English division of St. Chris- topher ; and, in that capacity, invested with the civil government. At that period, the admini- ^ NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 167. stration of our West Indian possessions was gene- rally confided to the military commandants : our policy, in that respect, being different from that of the French, who have contrived at all times to maintain, in each of their colonies, an uninter- rupted succession of Governors appointed from home. The name of the Dutch Governor of St. Martin, to whom the letter was addressed, has not been ascertained. He was probably some buccaneering chief, who cared as little for the States- General as he did for the Governor of St. Christopher, If not actually engaged in the piratical enterprises of his countrymen, he certainly had no objection to receive, according to usage, the lion's share of the booty as a reward for his connivance. It is very doubtful whether the outrage imputed, in this instance, to the Dutch Governor, was per- petrated, or even attempted. The buccaneers, English, French, and Dutch, began by uniting their efforts against the Spaniards. After a time they "fell out" (as thieves will sometimes do), and, turning from the common enemy, they di- rected their marauding operations against each other. It was doubtless during one of these that the Dutch captured the English ship in question ; detaining the passengers and crew at St. Martin, in the hope of extorting some considerable ransom for their release. When, therefore, the English Governor threatened to complain to the States- General of the " reduction to slavery of English subjects," we must presume that, by the words "reducing to slavery," he meant to describe the forcible detention of the passengers and crew ; and that, in doing so, he merely resorted to the expe- dient of magnifying a common act of piracy into an outrage of a more heinous character, with the view of frightening the Dutch authorities into a compliance with his wishes, and obtaining the restitution of the property and subjects of his " dread Sovereigne Lord y'= King." The annals of that period are replete with similar adventures ; and Labat relates several of them which he wit- nessed during a voyage to Guadaloupe in a vessel belonging to the French buccaneers. As to the English, the daring exploits of Sir Henry Morgan and his followers, and the encouragement which they received, both at home and in the colonies, show that we were not behind our neighbours in those days of marauding notoriety. Henet H. Bbeen. St. Lucia. ' Jtoyal Assent, §*c. (Vol. vl., p. 556.). — 1. No such forms as those referred to by Claren- don are usual now. 2. The last time the prerogative of rejecting a bill, after passing both Houses of Parliament, was exercised, was in 1692, when William III. refused his assent to the bill for Triennial Parliaments. Two years after, however, he was induced to allow the bill to become the law of the land. J. R. W. Bristol. Can Bishops vacate their Sees? (Vol. v., p. 156.). — R. C. C, in his reply to this Query of K. S., writes, that he has never heard of any but Dr. Pearce who wished so to do. There is another instance in the case of Berke- ley, Bishop of Cloyne, who, having failed in his attempt to exchange his bishopric for some canonry or headship at Oxford, applied to the Secretary of State for his majesty's permission to resign his bishopric. So extraordinary a petition excited his majesty's curiosity, and caused his inquiry from whence it came ; when, learning that the person was his old acquaintance, Dr. Berkeley, he declared that he should die a bishop in spite of himself, but gave him full power to choose his own place of residence. This was in 1753. The above Is taken from Bp. Mant's History of the Church of Ireland, vol. ii. p. 534. Rubi. " Genealogies of the Mordaunt Family," by the Earl of Peterborough (Vol. vi., p. 553.).^Bridges, in his History of Northamptonshire, vol. ii. p. 252., states that twenty-four copies of the work were printed. There is a l&rge paper copy of the work, in the library at Drayton House, the former seat of the Mordaunts, now the property of W.B. Stop- ford, Esq. J. B. Niagara, or Niagara? (Vol. vi., p. 555. '). — An enthusiastic person, of the name of Peraberton (who had spent much time at the Falls, and was so en- thusiastic in his admiration of them that he pro- tested he could not keep away from them, and went back and died there), informed me that the proper name was Ni-dgara or aghera, — two Indian woi'ds signifying " Hark to the thunder." J. G. Maudlin (Vol. vi., p. 552.). — ^Your Massachu- setts correspondent comes a long way for informa- tion which he might surely have obtained on his own side of the Atlantic. Dr. Johnson says, " Maudlin Is the corrupt appellation of Magdalen, who is drawn by painters with swollen eyes and disordered look." And do we not know that Magdalene College Is always called Maudlin, and that Madeleine is the French orthography ? very closely resembling our vernacular pronunciation ? J. G. Spiritual Persons employed in Lay Offices (Vol. vi., pp. 376. 567.). — Your correspondents W. and E. H. A. seem to have overlooked the modern instances of this practice, which the London Gazette has recently recorded, in an- Jan. 8. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 51 nouncing the appointment of several clergymen as deputy-lieutenants. This is an office which is so far of a military character, that it is supposed to place the holder in the rank of lieutenant- colonel, and certainly entitles him to wear a military uniform. If these members of the " church mi- litant" should be presented at Her Majesty's Court in their new appointment, will they appear in their clerical or military habit ? n. *. Passage in Burke (Vol. vl., p. 556.). — The reply to Quando Tandem's Query is given, I imagine, by Burke himself, in a passage which occurs only a few lines after that which has been quoted : " Little did I dream that she should ever be obliged to carry the sharp antidote against disgrace concealed in that bosom." This means, I suppose, that Mai-ie Antoinette carried a dagger, with which, more Romano, she would have committed suicide, had her brutal persecutors assaulted her. Axfred Gatty. Ensake and Cradock Arms (Vol. vi., p. 533.). — In a pedigree of the family of Barnwell, of Crans- ley in Northamptonshire, now before me, I find emblazoned the arms of Ensake : Paly of six azure and or, on a bend sable three mullets pierced. Cradock : Argent, three boars' heads couped sable armed or. G. A. C. Sick House (Vol. vi., pp. 363. 568.). — ^SzAe or syJte, a word in common use in the south of Scot- land, and on the Border, meaning a small water run. In Jamieson's Dictionary it is spelt " Sike, syik, syk, a rill or rivulet ; one that is usually dry in summer ; a small stream or rill ; a marshy bottom with a small stream in it." J. S.s. Americanisms so called (Vol. vi., p. 554.). — The word bottom, signifying a piece of low ground, whether upon a stream of water or not, is English. I recollect two places at this moment (both dry), in the county of Surrey, to which the word is ap- plied, viz. Smitham Bottom, to the north of Rei- gate, through which the railway runs ; and Boxhill Bottom, a few miles to the westward, in the same range of chalk hills. Sparse and sparsely, it is said by Uneda of Philadelphia, are Americanisms. This, however, is not so. There is a Query on the word sparse in Vol. i., p. 215. by C. Forbes : and on p. 251. of the same volume J. T. Stanley supposes It to be an Americanism, on the authority of the Penny Cyclopcedia. I have a strong conviction that I then wrote to " N. & Q." to claim the word sparse as aboriginal to the British Isles, for I find memoranda I had made at the time on the margin of my Jamieson's Dictionary on the subject ; but I do not find that what I then wrote had been printed in " N. & Q." In the Supplement to Jamieson's Dictionary is the following : " Spars, Sparse, adj. widely spread ; as, 'sparse writing' is wide open writing, occupy- ing a large space." The word is in common use throughout the south of Scotland. I have come to be of opinion that there are few, if any, words that are real Americanisms, but that (except where the substance or the subject is quite modern) almost every word and expression now in use among the Anglo-Americans may be traced to some one of the old provincial dialects of the British Isles. J. S.s. The Folger Family (Vol. vi., p. 583.).— I do not know whether there are any of that name in Wales, but there was a family of that name near Tregony in Cornwall some years ago, and may be now. I am not quite certain whether they spell it Folger or Fulger, but rather think the latter was the mode of spelling it. S. Jennings- G. Wake Family (Vol.vi., p. 290.). — The Rev. Robert Wake was vicar of Ogbourne, St. Andrew, Wilts, from 1703 to 1715, N.S.,'during which time he had these children :— Thomas, born the 17th of July, 1706, and baptized on the 28th of the same month; Elizabeth and Anne, both baptized on the 16th of July, 1711. Arthur R. Carter. Camden Town. Shakspeare's " Twelfth Night " (Vol.vi., p. 584.). — Agreeing with Mr. Singer in his doubts re- garding the propriety of changing the word case into face, in the line, — " When time hath sow'd a grizzle on thy case" — I would instance a passage in Measure for Measure, where Angelo says — « O place ! O form ! How often dost thou with thy case, thy habit, Wrench awe from fools," &c. w. c. Electrical Phenomena (Vol. vi., p. 555.^. — The case recorded by Adsum is not at all an infrequent one, and the phenomena alluded to have been no- ticed for a very long period, and are of very com- mon occurrence in dry states of the atmosphere. The following, from Daniel's Introduction to Che- mical Philosophy (a most useful work for general readers), will probably explain all that Adsum is desirous of knowing : " It was first observed by Otto de Guericke and Hawsbee, that the friction of glass and resinous sub- stances not only produced the phenomena which we have just described (those of vitreous and resinous electricity), but, under favourable circumstances, was accompanied by a rustling or crackling noise ; and, when the experiment was made in a dark room, by flashes and sparks of light upon their surfaces. When once the attention has been directed to the observation. 52 NOTES AND QUEEIES. [No. 167. most persons will find that such phenomena of electrical light are familiar occurrences, and often present them- selves in suddenly drawing off from the person a silk stocking, or a flannel waistcoat, or in the friction of long hair by combing. How small a degree of friction is sufficient to excite electricity in the human body, is shown in a striking way by placing a person upon an insulating stool (with glass legs). If in such a posi- tion he place his finger upon a gold-leaf electrometer, and another person flip him lightly with a silk hand- kerchief, the leaves will immediately repel each other" (resinous electricity has been excited). — Page 205. par. 307. S. Jbnnings-G. Datibuz Family (Vol. vi., p. 527.). — Where are the descendants of this worthy family (Dau- buz) ? It may possibly give Mr. Corser a clue to the information he desires, if I tell him that there is a very respectable family of that name in Cornwall. One lives in the neighbourhood of Truro, and a brother is vicar of Creed, near Grampound, Cornwall. The father of these gen- tlemen was the first of the family, I believe, who resided in Cornwall, where he amassed a large fortune from his connexion with mining specu- lations. 5-*^/» ///^ S. Jennings-G. Lord Nelson (Vol. vi., p. 576.). — I am obliged to Mb. Kebslet for giving me an opportunity of reconciling my statement respecting Dr. Scott (VoLvi., p. 438.) with the inscription on Mr. Burke's monument. Both, I believe, are true. I quote from the Authentic Narrative of the Death of Lord Nelson, by William Beatty, M.D. &c. The copy of this work which is before me has the fol- lowing in Sir W. Beatty's own handwriting : " To the Rev. Doctor Scott, with every sentiment of regard, by his friend and messmate, the author." In this " narrative," Dr. Scott and Mr. Burke are fenerally described as personally attending on (Ord Nelson from the time of his being brought down into the cockpit. And at p. 50. it is said : " Doctor Scott and Mr. Burke, who had all along sustained the bed under his shoulders," &c. : and again at p. 51.: "His lordship breathed his last at thirty minutes past four o'clock : at which {)eriod Dr. Scott was in the act of rubbing his ordship's breast, and Mr. Burke supporting the bed under his shoulders." All this is represented in West's beautiful picture, which hangs, in a bad light, in the hall of Greenwich Hospital. There is another claimant for the honour of having been Nelson's last nurse, whose name I forget. His pretensions are recorded on a tablet to his memory in the chapel of Greenwich Hospital. Dr. Scott's daughter, who was with me there one day, remonstrated on the subject with old blue jacket who lionised us. And I put in the lady's right to speak with some authority. But " what is writ is writ," was enough for our guide: we could make nothing of him, for he fought our arguments as if they had been so many guns of the enemy. Alfred Gattt. Robes and Fees in the Days of Robin Hood (Vol. vi., p. 479.). — In translating the ordinances and statutes against maintainers and conspirators, Mr. Lewellyn Curtis more than once translates " gentz de pais" by " persons of peace." This is a material error : it should be "q/" the country;" " pays," not " paix." For the subject referred to, Mr. Foss's Judges of England, vol. iii., should be consulted. J. Bt. Wray (Vol. iv., p. 164.). — In one of the Wray pedigrees in Burke's Landed Gentry, it is stated that the Yorkshire family of that name originally resided in Coverdale in Richmondshire. In Clarkson's History of Richmond is a pedi- gree of the " Wrays," which commences (if I rightly recollect) with an ancestor (six or eight years before him) of Sir Christopher Wray, of whose fore-elders, some lived at St. Nicholas, near to Richmond. I have traced a family of the name of Wray or Wraye for three centuries back, in Wensleydale, and at Coverham in Coverdale (both in Richmond- shire), but am unable to connect it by direct evidence with either of the pedigrees above re- ferred to ; and should be much obliged for any information touching any part of the family in Richmondshire, particularly such as might aid in showing the relation of the several branches to one another. With reference to the origin of the name, I may mention, that there is a valley called Raydale, between Wensleydale and Craven, adjacent to Coverdale ; and also a village in Westmoreland, near to the western extremity of Wensleydale, called Wray or Ray. The arms of the AVensleydale Wrays are : azure, a chevron ermine between three helmets proper on a chief or, three martlets gules ; crest a martlet, and motto " Servabo fidem." I am informed that there is to be found, in the Heralds' College, an entry of a Wray pedigree with these arms; and I should be glad to have particulars of such entry. The motto of the St. Nicholas family is, to the best of my recollection, "Et juste et vraye:" a canting motto, as is that of Pak-Rae. Calcutta. Irish Rhymes (Vol. vi., pp. 431. 539. 605.).— For the benefit of Irishmen, I beg to adduce Shak- speare as a writer of Irish Rhymes. In that ex- quisite little song called for by Queen Catharine, " to soothe her soul grown sad with troubles," we have : « Everything that heard him play. Even the billows of the sea." w.c. Jan. 8. 1853.] NOTES AND QUEEIES. 53 NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. We have received a copy of Notes and Emendations on the Text of Shakspeare's Plays from Early Manuscript Corrections in a Copy of the Folio in the Possession of J. Payne Collier, Esq., F.S. A., forming a Supplemental Volume to the Works of Shakspeare, by the same Editor, in Eight Volumes, 8vo. With the nature of this volume the readers of " N. & Q," are already so fully ac- quainted, from the frequent references which have been made to it in these columns, that on this occa- sion we feel that we need do little more than re- cord its publication, and the fact that it appears to be edited with the same scrupulous care, for which all works which appeared under the superintendence of Mr. Collier are invariably distinguished. That all the critics will agree either with the MS. corrections, or with Mr. Collier in his estimate of the value of the emend- ations, is not to be expected; but all will acknow- ledge that he has done good service to Shakspearian literature by their publication. " The New Year," observes The Athenaeum, " opens with some announcements of promise in our own lite- rary world. Mr. Bentley announces the Memorials and Correspondence of Charles James Fox, on which the late Lord Holland was understood to be so long engaged. The work, however, is now to be edited by Lord John Ilussell, and to extend to two volumes octavo. The same publisher promises a history, in one large volume, of' The Administration of the East India Company,' by Mr. Kaye, author of the ' History of the War in Affghanistan ; ' and a ' History (in two volumes octavo) of the Colonial Policy of the British Empire from 1847 to 1851,' by the present Earl Grey. — The fifth and concluding volume of ' The Letters of the Earl of Chesterfield,' including some new letters now first published from the original MSS., under the editorship, as before, of Lord Mahon, will, we believe, shortly appear. — Two volumes of 'Letters of the Poet Gray,' so often announced by Mr. Bent- ley, are to come out at last during the present season. They will be edited by the Rev. J. Mit- ford, author of 'The Life of Gray.' — Nor is Mr. Murray without his usual attractive bill of fare for the literary appetite. The Lowe Papers, left in a mass of confusion at the death of Sir Harris Nicolas, are now nearly ready ; and the St. Helena Life of Na- poleon will appear, it is said, for the first time, as far as Sir Hudson Lowe is concerned, in its true light. The Castlereagh Papers (no-"- in Mr. Murray's hands) will include matter of moment connected with the Congress of Vienna, the Battle of Waterloo, and the occupation of Paris. The same publisher announces The Speeches of the Duke of Wellington (to which we called at- tention some time back) : — also a work by Mr. George Campbell, called ' India as it may be,' — and another by Captain Elphinstone Erskine about the Western Pacific and Feejee Islands The Messrs. Longman announce a Private Life of Daniel Webster, by his late Private Secretary, Mr. Charles Lanman — and a new work by Signor Mariotti, ' An Historical Memoir of Fra Dolcino and his Times.' — Mr. Bohn will have ready in a few days « Yule-Tide Legends,' a collection of Scandinavian Tales and Traditions, edited by B. Thorpe, Esq. — Messrs. Hurst and Blackett whose names now take the place of Mr. Colburn's, as his successors — are about to publish Memoirs of the Court and Cabinets of George the Third, to be com- piled from original family documents by the Duke of Buckingham and Chandos." We need scarcely remind the Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries who may have in their minds sug- gestions for the improvement of the Society, how de- sirable it is that they should bring those suggestions at once under the consideration of the Committee just appointed. We are sure that all such as are submitted to Mr. Hawkins and his colleagues will receive every attention; and we trust that the Committee will at once proceed to their task, so that the Society may have time to well consider their Report before the Anniversary in April. Boors Received. — Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, by various Writers. Edited by William Smith. Part V. The new issue of this most useful work extends from Campi Raudii to Cimolus. — Cyclo- paedia Bibliographica, a Library Manual of Theological and General Literature, Analytical, Bibliographical, and Biographical. Part IV. of this useful guide for au- thors, preachers, students, and literary men, extends from Henry Bull to Isaac Chauncy. — The Journal of Sacred Literature. New Series. Edited by Dr. KItto. No. VI. — Swift and Richardson, by Lord JeflTrey, is the new Number of Longman's Traveller's Library. — The Goose Girl at the Well, &c. , completes the interest- ing collection of Grimm's Household Stories. — The Shakspeare Repository is the first Number of a work especially devoted to Shakspeare, containing a great variety of matter illustrative of his life and writings, by J. H. Fennell. — The Chess Player's Chronicle, the first Number of which professes and appears to be an im- proved series of this indispensable Chess Player's companion. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. LuD. GcicciARDiNi's Descrip. Bklgii. Rastall's Exposition op Words. The Gentleman's Magazine for January 1851 . Ben Jonson's Works. (London, 1716. 6 Vols.) Vol. II. wanted. The Pursuit op Knowledge. (Original Edition.) Vol. I. Rapin's History of England, 8vo. Vols. I., III. and V. of the Continuation by Tindal. 1744. Sharpe's Prose Writers. Vol. IV. 21 Vols. 1819. Piccadilly. Inchbald's British Theatre. Vol. XXIV. 25 Vols. Long- man. Mkyrick's Ancient Armour, by Skelton. Part XVI. Donne, B/«fla»«Tor, 4to. First Edition, 1644. Second Edition, 1648. PsEUDO-iVlARTYK. 4tO. —^ Paradoxes, Problems, and Essays, &c. 12mo. 1653.] Essays in Divinity. 12mo. 1651. Sermons on Isaiah 1. 1. Pope's Works, by Warton. Vol. IX. 1797. In boards. Percy Society Publications. No. 94. Three copies. Memoirs of the Duchess of Abbantes. (Translation.) 8 vols. 8vo. Bentley. Poems of " Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair " Mac- Donald. m NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 167. Smith's CoLiBCTANKA Antiqua. 2 vols. 8vo. ; or Vol. I. Brewster's Memoir op Rev. Hugh Moises, M.A., Master of Newcastle Grammar School. Keligio Miutis ; or Christianity for the Camp. Longmans, 1826. *«• Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send their names. •«* Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. fiaXitti t0 C0rrc^p0nlrentjf. Notices to Correspondents. — /n our early Numbers we inserted an address to Correspondents, in which we observed, " Correspondents will see, on a very little r^€ction, that it is plainly the Editor's interest to take all he can get, and make the most and the best of everything ; and therefore he begs them to take for granted that their coinmunications are received and ap- preciated, even if the succeeding Numbers bear no proof qf it. He is convinced that the want of specific acknowledgment will only be felt by those who have no idea ucaa, Esq. James Lys Seager, Esq. J. Basley White, Esq. Joseph Carter Wood, Esq. Trustees. W. Whatelcy, Esq., Q.C. L. C. Humfrey, Esq., Q.C. George Drew, Esq. Considting Counsel. — Sir Wm. P. Wood, M.P. Physician. — William Rich. Basham, M.D. Baiikers. — 'M.easTs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. POLICIES eifected in this Office do not be- come void through temporary difficulty in pay- ing a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Pro- spectus. Specimens ofRates of Premium for Assuring 100^. with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits :— Age £ s. d. Age £ s. d. 17- - - 1 U 4 32- - 2 10 8 22- - - 1 18 8 37- - 2 18 6 27- - 2 4 5 42- 3 8 2 ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. Now ready, price 10s. M., Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL IN- VESTMENT and EMIGRATION : being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO- CIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Com- pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR- THUR SCRATCHLEY, M. A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parlia- ment Street, London. SHAKSPEARE SOCIETY. MR. PAYNE COLLIER'S Volume of Notes and Emendations on the Text of SHAKSPEARE, derived from the unpublished and highly important manu- script corrections, made by a cotemporary, in the Folio Edition of 1632, will be r»ady on the 11th instant for delivery to the Subscribers who have paid their Subscription for the year ending December, 1862, at the Agents', MR. SKEFFINGTON, 192. Piccadilly. F. G. TOMLINS, Secretary. RALPH'S SERMON PAPER, — This approved Paper is particularly deserving the notice of the Clergy, as, from its particular form (each page measuring 5j by 9 inches), it will contain more matter than the size in ordinary use ; and, from the width being narrower, is much more easy to read : adapted for expeditious writing with either the quill or metallic ^en ; price 5s. per ream. Sample on application. 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Ther- mometers from Is. each. BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Foolscap 8vo. price 6s. THE PRACTICAL WORKING of THE CHURCH OF SPAIN. By the Rev. FREDERICK MEYRICK, M.A., Fel- low of Trinity College, Oxford. " Pleasant meadows, happy peasants, all holy monks, all holy priests, holy every body. Such charity and such unity, when every man was a Catholic. I once believed in this Utopia my- self, but when tested by stern facts, it all melts away like dream." — A. Welby I'ugin. " The revelations made by such writers a» Mr. Meyrick in Spain and Mr. Gladstone in Italy, have at least vindicated for the Church of Ensland a providential and morally defined position, mission, and purpose in the Catholic Church." — MomingChronicle. " Two valuable works ... to the truthfiil- nees of which we are glad to add our own testi- mony : one, and the most important, is Mr. Meyrick's ' Practical Working of the Church of Spain.' This is the experience — and it is the experience of every Spanish traveller — of a thoughtful person, as to the lamentable results of unchecked Romanism. Here is the solid substantial fact. Spain is divided between ultra-infidelity and what is so closely akin to actual idolatry, that it can only be controver- sially, not practically, distinguished from it : and over all hangs a lurid cloud of systematic immorality, simply frightful to contemplate. We can offer a direct, and even personal, testi- mony to all that Mr. Meyrick has to say." — Christian Eemembrancer. " I wish to recommend it strongly."— r, K, Arnold's Theological Critic. " Many passing travellers have thrown more or less light upon the state of Romanism and Christianity in Spain, according to their objects and opportunities ; but we suspect these ' workings ' are the fullest, the most natural, and the most trustworthy, of anything that has appeared upon the subject since the time of Blanco White's Confessions."— .Speciafor. " This honest exposition of the practical working of Romanism in Spain, of its every- day effects, not its canons and theories,descrves the careful study of all, who, unable to test the question abroad, are dazzled by the distant mirage with which the Vatican mocka many a yearning soul that thirsts after water-brooks pure and fUU."— Literary Gazette. JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford i and 377. Strand, London. Jan. 8. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 55 To PHOTOGRAPHERS- MR. PHILIP DELAMOTTE begs to announce that he ha« now made arrangements for printing Calotyres in large or sniall quan- tities, citlier from Paper or Glass Negatives. Gentlemen who are desirous oi havmg good im- nreseions of their works, may see spccimena ot Mr. Dclamotte's Printing at his own residence, 38. Chepstow Place, Bayswater, or at MB. GEORGE BELL'S, 186. Fleet Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER— Negative and Positive Papers of Whot- man's, Turner's, Sanford's, and CansoB Pr^res' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Grey a Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. Sold by JOHN SANFORD. PhotograpWc Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster Row, London. Just published, price U., free by Post U. 4d., THE WAXED- PAPER PHO- TOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUSTAVE LE GREY. New Edition. Translated from the last Edition of the French. GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS., Foster Lane, London, Manufacturers of Photographic Apparatus and Materials, consisting of Cameras, Stands, Coating Boxes, Pressure Frames, Glass and Porcelain Dishes, &c., and pure Photographic Chemicals, suited forpractising the Daguer- reotype, Talbotypc, Waxcil-Paper, Albumen and Collodion Processes, adapted to stand any Climate, and fitted for the Requirements of the Tourist or Professional Artist. Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for VOIGHXLANDER & SON'S celebrated Lenses for Portraits and Views. General Depat for Turner's, Whatman's, Cansou Fr^res'.La Croix, and other Talbotype Papers. Instructions and Specimens in every Branch of the Art. VOLUME I. OF THE RB-XSSVE OF XiXVES OF THE QVEENS OF EXrCXiAITD, By AGNES STRICKLAND, Comprising all the recent Important Addi- tions, PORTRAITS of aU the QUEENS, Sic., IS PUBLISHED THIS DAY, To be completed in eight Monthlv Volumes 8vo., price 10». 6rf. each, handsomely bound. 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Price Is., or by Post, Is. 6d. Published by DELATOUCHE & CO., Manu- facturers of Pure Photographic Chemicals, Apparatus, Prepared Papers, and every Ar- ticle connected with Photography on Paper or Glass. ROSS'S PHOTOGRAPHIC , PORTRAIT AND LAND.SCAPE LENSES.— These lenses give correct definition at the centre and margin of the picture, and have their visual and chemical acting foci coincident. Great Exhibition Jurors' Reports, p. 274. " Mr. Ross prepares lenses for Portraiture having the greatest intensity yet produced, by procuring the coincidence of the chemical ac- tinic and visual rays. The spherical aberra- tion is also very carefully corrected, both in the central and oblique pencils." " Mr. Ross has exhibited the best Camera in the Exhibition. It is furnished with a double achromatic object-lens, about three inches aperture. There is no stop, the field is flat, and the image very perfect up to the edge." A.R. invites those interested in the art to inspect the large Photographs of Vienna, pro- duced by his Lenses ana Apparatus. Catalogues sent upon Application. A. ROSS, 2. Featherstone Buildings, High Holboin. PHOTOGRAPHIC PIC- TURES.—a Selection of the above beautiful Productions may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photo- graphy in all its Branches. Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. K PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMI- CALS of absolute Purity, especially irepared for this Art, may be procured froin A. W. THOMAS, Operative Chemi*, 10. Pall Mall, whose well-known Preparation of Xylo- lodide of Silver is pronounced by the most eminent scientific men of the day to excel every other Photographic Compormd in sensitive- ness, and in the marvellous vigour uniformly nreserved in the middle tints of pictures pro- duced by it. MR. R. W. THOMAS cautions Photographers against unprincipled persons who tfrom the fact of Xyloidin and Collodion being synonymous terms) would lead them to imagine that the inferior compound sold b/ them at half the price is identical with his S reparation. In some cases, even the name of IR. T.'s Xylo- Iodide of Silver has been as- sumed. In order to prevent such dishonour- able practice, each bottle sent from his Esta- blishment is stamped with a red label bearing his signature, to Counterfeit which is felony. THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGA- ZINE for JANUARY 1853, which is the First Number of a New Volume, contains the following articles : — 1. King Charles T. in the Isle of Wight. 2. 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Samples, 3«. sd., sent to all parts on receipt of Post-office Older or Stamps. 56 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 167. Now leady, in Seven Volumes, medium 4to., cloth, pp. 4,167, Price Fourteen Guineas, THE ANNALS OF IKBLAFD; From the Original of the Four Masters, from the earliest Historic Period to the Conclusion in 1616 ; consisting of the Irish Text from the Original MSS., and an English Translation, with copious Explana- tory Notes, an Index of Names, and an Index of Places, by John O'Donovan, Esq., LL.D., Barrister at Law ; Professor of the Celtic Language, Queen's College, Belfast. Extract from the Dublin Review. " We can but hope, within the limited space at our disposal, to render i tive with that of other annalists, both native and foreign ; the countless a scanty and imperfect measure of justice to a work of such vast extent and varied erudition We would beg the reader, if he be disposed to doubt our opinion, to examine almost every single page out of tne four thousand of which the work consists, in order that he may learn the true nature and extent of Mr. O'Donovan's editorial labours. Let him see the numberless minute verbal criticisms ; the elaborate topographical annotations with which each page is loaded ; the his- torical, genealogical, and biographical notices ; the lucid and ingenious illustrations, dra\vii from the ancient laws, customs, traditions, and institutions of Ireland ; the parallelisms and discrepancies of the narra- authorities which are examined and adjusted ; the errors which are corrected ,• the omissions and deficiencies supplied ; in a word, the curious and various learning which is everywhere displayed. Let hira remember the mines from which all those treasures have been drawn are, for the most part, unexplored j that the materials thus laudably ap- plied to the illustration of the text are in great part manuscripts whi<3i Ussher and Ware, even Waddy and Colgen, not to speak of Lynch and Lanigan, had never seen, or left unexamined ; many of them in a language which is to a great extent obsolete." A Prospectus of the Work will be forwarded gratis to any application made to the Publishers. Dublin : HODGES & SMITH, Grafton Street, Booksellers to the University. London : LONGMAN & Co. ; and SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & Co. Out Hundred Days' Sale of Books and other Property. MR. L. A. LEWIS, Auctioneer of Literary Property (Established 1825, without change of name or firm), will have SALES by AUCTION of LIBRARIES, SMALL PARCELS of BOOKS, EARLY DU- PLICATES of CIRCULATING LIBRA- RIES, EDITOR'S BOOKS, PRINTS, PIC- TURES, and MISCELLANEOUS EFFECTS every Week throughout the present year, on the under-named days. Property sent in not later than tlie previous Friday will be certain to be sold (if required) in the following week. On FRIDAY, "th, and SATURDAY, 8th of January. On FRIDAY, 14th, and SATURDAY, 15th of January. On FRIDAY, 21st, and SATURDAY, 22nd of January. On THURSDAY, 27th, FRIDAY, 28th, and SATURDAY, 2yth of January. On SATURDAY, 5th of February. 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On FRIDAY, 2nd, and SATURDAY, 3rd of On FRIDAY, 9th, and SATURDAY, 10th of On SATURDAY, 17th of December. On FRIDAY, 23rd, and SATURDAY, 24th of December. On FRIDAY, 30th, and SATURDAY, 31st of December. MR. L. A. LEWIS will also have occasional Sales of Printing and Book-binding Materials, Household Furniture, and General Effects. /CLASSICAL EDUCATION IN \j FRANCE. — A married gentleman, of literary habits, a graduate and repeated prize- man of Cambridge, who has resided many years in France, receives into his family THREE PUPILS, to whom with his own younger son he devotes the whole of his time. There are now vacancies : terms, including masters for French, German, andDrawing, 100 guineas per annum. Address H. I. D., at MR. BELL'S, 186. Fleet Street. TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS. THE GARDENERS' CHRO- NICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GA- ZETTE, (The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY) Of Saturday, January 1, contains Articles on Agriculture, progress of Aphelexis Apple, golden pippin Birds, destructive, by Messrs. Hardy Calendar, Horticultu- ral Carrots, cattle Cement for stoneware Chicory, to roast College, Cirencester, sessional examina- tion at Drains, stoppage of, by Mr. Sherrard Eau de lessive Emigrant, the. Rev. Fairclough's (Mr.) farm Farm valuation, by Mr. Morton Farming, the year's experience in, by the Rev. L.Vernon Har- court Flowers, florist, by Mr. Edwards Fruits, Syrian Gardenia Fortuni Giftllall farm, cheese- making at Grapes, Red Ham- burgh, by Mr. Thompson Hort.Society's Garden Land question Lanktree's Elements of Land Valuation, Rev. Larch, durability of, by Mr. Patterson Melons in St. Mi- chael's, by Mr. Wal- lace Mildew Mushrooms, by Mr. Massey Nuts, cedar Plough, drain Poultry Primula sinensis Rabbits, rearing of Reptiles, temperature of, by M. Aug. Du- ra^ril Reviews, miscellane- ous Roots, curious in- stances of formation of, by Mr. Booth (with engraving) Societies, Proceedings of the Caledonian ; Horticultural ; Fylde Agricultural St. Michael's, melons in, by Mr. Wallace Statistics.agricultural, by Dr. Mackenzie Tanks, water Tree - lifter, M'Gla- shen's Turnips, Lois Weedon at Kettering Wardian cases Wind gauge. THE GARDENERS' CHRO- NICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition to tlie above, the Coveiit Garden, Mark Lane, Sraithfleld, and Liverpool prices, with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool, and Seed Markets, and a complete Kewepaper, with a condensed account of all the transactions of Vie week, ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London. Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London ; and fublished by Gboroe Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstau in the West, in the City of Loudon, Publisher, at No. 186. leet Street aforesaid.— Saturday, January 8. 1863. NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOB LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. " Vimen found, make a note of." — Captain Cuttle. No. 168.] Saturday, jANUARr 15. 1853. {With Index, price IC^" Stamped Edition, Hd. CONTENTS. Notes : — Page Incditcd Poem by Pope - - - - - 57 Soutliev's " Doctor :" St. Matthias' Day in Leap-year, by P. J.'Yarrum 58 Oxfordshire Legend in Stone, by B. H. Cowper - .58 I^ady Nevcll's Music-boolc - - - - 59 Bishop Burnet, by Wm. L. Nichols ... ;,0 A Monastic Kitchener's Account - - - - ' 60 The Fairies in New Ross, by Patricia Cody - - 61 Minor- Notes : — The Dulie of Wellington and Marshal Ney : Parallel Passage in the Life of Washington and Major Andre — St. Bernard versus Fullie Greville — St. Minioki's Da)- — Epitapli in Cheshara Cliurchyard — Gentlemen Pensioners — Marlborough: curious Case of Municipal Opposition to County Magistracy — Wet Season in 1348— General Wolfe - - - 62 Queries :— . Pope and the Marquis Maffei - - - .64 The Church Catechism, by C. J. Armistead [ - - 64 A Countess of Southampton - - - .64 Minor Queries : — Hardening Steel Bars — Pierrepoint ' — Ceylon — Flemish and Dutch Schools of Painting — "'lo tallc lilce a Dutch Uncle " — Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Belgium — Charter of Waterford — — Inscription on Penny of George III. — " Shob " or " Shub," a Kentish Word — Bishop Pursglove (Suf- 1 fragan) of Hull — Stewarts of Holland — Robert Wau. chope. Archbishop of Armagh, 1543 — Plum-pudding — " Whene'er I aslicd " — Immoral Works — Arms at Bristol — Passage in Thomson — " For God will be your King to-day" — " See where the startled wild fowl" — Ascension-day — The Grogog of a Castle - 65 Replies : — Canongate Marriages . - - . - 67 Lady Katherine Grey - - - - - 68 Ho'wlett the Engraver, by B. Hudson - - - 69 Chaucer -.._...C9 Photographic Notes AND QOeries :—Pyrogallic Acid- Stereoscopic Pictures with One Camera — Mr. Crookes' Wax-paper Process — India Rubber a Substitute for Yellow Glass — Dr. Diamond's Paper Processes - 70 Replies to Minor Queries : —Ancient Timber Town- halls— Magnetic Intensity — Monument at W.idstena — David Routh, R. C. Bishop of Ossory — Cardinal Erskiiie — "Ne'er to these chambers," &e. — The Budget — " Catching a Tartar"— The Termination "-itis" --.--_. 71 Miscellaneous : — Books and Odd Volumes wanted - Notices to Correspondents Advertisements ... - 73 - 73 - 74 V0L.VII. — No. 168. INEDITED POEM BT POPE. In an original letter from James Boaden to Northcote the artist, I find the following passage ; and I add to it the verses to which allusion is therein made : " 60. Warren Street, Fitzroy Square. " 28th August, 1827. " My dear friend, " The verses annexed are so fine, that you should put them into your copy of Pope, among the Mis- cellanies. Dr. Warburton received them too late for his edition of our poet, and I find them only in a letter from that prelate to Dr. Hurd, dated ' Prior Park, June 24th, 1765.' " I have used the freedom to mark a few of the finest touches with a pencil, to show you mt/ feel- ing. These you can rub out easily, and after- wards indulge your own. The style of interro- gation seems to have revived in Gray's Elegy. Hurd would send the verses to Mason as soon as he got them ; and Mason and Gray, as you know, were one in all their studies. " I do not forget the Fables. " Yours, my dear friend, always, " J. BoADEN. " J. Northcote, Esq." Not having by me any modern edition of Pope's Works, may I ask whether these verses, thus transcribed for Northcote by his friend Boaden, have yet been introduced to the public ? Verses ly Mr. Pope, on the late Dean of Carlisle's {Dr. Bolton) having written and published a Paper to the Memory of Mrs. Butler, of Sussex, Mother to old Lady Blount of Twickenham. [They are supposed to be spoken by the deceased lady to the author of that paper, which drew her character.] " Stript to the naked soul, escaped from clay. From doubts unfetter'd, and dissolved in day; ' Unwarm'd by vanity, unreach'd by strife. And all my hopes and fears thrown off with life; Why am I charm'd by Friendship's fond essays, And tho' unbodied, conscious of thy praise ? 58 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 168. Has pride a portion in tbe parted soul ? Does passion still the formless mind control ? Can gratitude outpant the silent breath, Or a friend's sorrow pierce the jrlooms of death? No, 'tis a spirit's nobler taste of bliss, That feels the worth it left, in proofs like this ; That not its own applause but thine approves. Whose practice praises, and whose virtue loves ; Who liv'st to crown departed friends with fame; Then dying, late, shalt all thou gav'st reclaim. Mr. Pope." A. F. W. SOtlTHET S " DOCTOR ; ST. MATTHIAS DAT IN LEAP- TEAR. In looking over the 1848 edition of Southey's book. The Doctor, I observe an en-or which has escaped the care and revision of the editor, the Kev. J. W. Warter, B.D. At p. 199., where Southey is referring to the advantages of alma- nacs, he writes : " Who is there that has not sometimes had occasion to consult the almanac? Maximilian I., by neglect- ing to do this, failed in an enterprise against Bruges. It had been concerted with his adherents in that tur- bulent city, that he should appear before it at a certain time, and they would be ready to rise in his behalf, and open the gates for him. He forgot that it was leap-year, and came a day too soon ; and this error on his part cost many of the most zealous of his friends their lives. It is remarkable that neither the historian who relates this, nor the writers who have followed him, should have looked into the almanac to guard against any inaccuracy in the relation ; for they have fixed the appointed day on the eve of St. Matthias, which being the ^23rd of February, could not be put out of its course by leap-year." The words in Italics show Southey's mistake. This historian was quite correct : as, according to the calendar of the Roman Catholic Church, al- though the regular festival of St. Matthias is celebrated upon the 24th of February, yet, " in anno bissextili Februarius est dierum 29, et Fes- tum S. Mathias celebratur 25 Februarii." Thus it will be seen, that the year when Maximilian was to have appeared before Bruges being leap- year, and the day appointed being the eve of St. Matthias, he should have come upon the 24th, not the 23rd of February : the leap-year making all the difference. P. J. Yarrum. Dublin. OXFORDSHIRE LEGEND IN STONE. A few miles from Chipping-Norton, by the side of a road which divides Oxfordshire from War- wickshire, and on the brow of a hill overlooking Long Compton, stand the remains of a Druidical temple. Leland speaks of them as " Rollright stones," from their being in the parish of Roll- right. The temple consists of a single circle of stones, from fifty to sixty in number, of various sizes and in difl'erent positions, but all of them rough, time-worn, and mutilated. The peasantry say that it is impossible to count these stones, and certainly it is a difficult task, though not because there is any witchcraft in the matter, but owing to the peculiar position of some of them. You will hear of a certain baker who resolved not to be outwitted, so hied to the spot with a basketful of small loaves, one of which he placed on every stone. In vain he tried ; either his loaves were not sufficiently numerous, or some sorcery dis- placed them, and he gave up in despair. Of course no one expects to succeed now. In a field adjoining are the remains of a crom- lech, the altar where, at a distance from the people, the priests performed their mystic rites. The superimposed stone has slipped off, and rests against the others. These are the " AVhispering Knights," and this their history : — In days of yore, when rival princes debated their claims to Eng- land's crown by dint of arms, the hostile forces were encamped hard by. Certain traitor-knights went forth to parley with others from the foe. While thus plotting, a great magician, whose power they unaccountably overlooked, trans- formed them all into stone, and there they stand to this day. Not far from the temple, but on the opposite side of the road, is a solitary stone, probably the last of two rows which flanked the approach to the sacred circle. This stone was once a prince who claimed the British throne. On this spot he inquired of the magician above named what would be his destiny : " If Long Compton you can see, King of England you shall be," answered the wise man. But he could not see it, and at once shared the fate of the " Whispering Knights." This is called the " King's stone," and so stands that, while you cannot see Long Comp- ton from it, you can if you go forward a very little way. On some future day an armed war- rior will issue from this very stone, to conquer and govern our land ! It is said that a farmer, who wished to bridge over a small stream at the foot of the hill, resolved to press the " Whispering Knights " into the ser- vice ; but it was almost too much for all the horse power at his command to bring them down. At length they were placed, but all they could do was not sufficient to keep them In their place. It was therefore resolved to restore them to their original post, when, lo! they who required so much to bring them down, and defied all attempts to keep them quiet, were taken back almost with- out an effort by a single horse ! So there they stand, Jan. 15. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 59 till they and the rest (for I believe the large circle was once composed of living men) shall return to their proper manhood. Other legends respecting this curious relic might, I doubt not, be obtamed on the spot. I obtained the above in answer to inquiries, when making a pilgrimage to the place. B. H. Cowpek. LADT NEVELLS MUSIC -BOOK. The following contents of the Lady Nevell's music-book (1591) may be interesting to many of your readers : "1. My Ladye Nevell's Grownde. 2. Qui passe, for my Ladye Nevell. 3. The March before the Battell. 4. The Battell. The March of Footemen. The March of Horsemen. The Trumpetts. The Irishe Marche. The Bagpipe and Drone. The Flute and Dromme. : The Marche to Fight. Tantara. The Battells be ioyned. The Retreat. 5. The Galliarde for the Victorie. 6. The Barley Breake. 7. The Galliarde Gygg. 8. The Hunt's upp. 9. Ut re mi fa sol la. 10. The first Pauian. 11. The Galh'ard to the same. 12. The seconde Pauian. 13. The Galliarde to the same. 14. The third Pauian. 15. The Galliarde to the same. 16. The fourth Pauian. 17. The Galliarde to the same. 18. The fifte Pauian. 19. The Galliarde to the same. 20. The sixte Pauian. 21. The Galliarde to the same. 22. The seventh Pauian. 23. The eighte Pauian. Tlie passinge mesurs is, 24. The nynthe Pauian. 25. The Galliarde to the same. 26. The Voluntarie Lesson. 27. Will you walk the Woods soe wylde. 28. The Mayden's Song. 29. A Lesson of Voluntarie. 30. The seconde Grownde. 31. Have w' you to Walsingame. 32. All in a Garden greene. 33. The lo. Willobie's welcome home. .34. The Carman's Whistle. 35. Hughe Ashton's Grownde. 36. A Fancie, for my Ladye Nevell. 37. Sellinger's Rownde. 38. Munser's Almaine. 39. The tenth Pauian, Mr. W. Peter. 40. The Galliarde to the same. 41. A Fancie. 42. A Voluntarie. Finis. Ffinlshed and ended the Leventh of September, in the yeare of our Lorde God 1591, and in the 33 yeare of the raigne of our sofFeraine ladie Elizabeth, by the grace of God Queen of England, &c., by me, Jo. Bald- wine of Windsore. Laudes Deo." The songs have no words to them. Most of the airs are signed " Mr. William Birde." A modern MS. note in the book states that the book is " Lady Nevell's Music-book," and that she seems "to have been the scholar of Birde, who professedly composed several of the pieces for her ladyship's use ;" and that sixteen of the forty-two pieces are " in the Virginal Book of Queen Eliza- beth," and that " Jo. Baldwine was a singing-man at W'indsor." The music is written on four-staved paper of six lines, in large bold characters, with great neatness. The notes are lozenge-shape. Can any of your correspondents furnish rules for transposing these six-line staves into the j&ve-line staves of modern notations ? L. B. L. BISHOP BURNET. Having but recently become acquainted with your useful and learned work (for scire tibi aliquid invenire possis, magna pars eruditionis est), I have been much interested in looking over the earlier volumes. Allow me to add a couple of links to your catena on Bishop Burnet. The first is the opinion of Hampton, the translator of Polybius ; the other is especially valuable, it being nothing less than the portrait of Burnet drawn by himself, but certainly not with any idea of its being sus- pended beside the worthies of his " Own Time," for the edification of posterity. Hampton's testimony is as follows : " His personal resentments put him upon writing history. He relates the actions of a persecutor and benefactor ; and it is easy to believe that a man in such circumstances must violate the laws of truth. The re- membrance of his injuries is always present, and gives venom to his pen. Let us add to this, that intem- perate and malicious curiosity which penetrates into the most private recesses of vice. The greatest of his triumphs is to draw the veil of secret infamy, and ex- pose to view transactions that were before concealed from the world ; though they serve not in the least either to embellish the style or connect the series of his history, and will never obtain more credit than, perhaps, to suspend the judgment of the reader, since they are supported only by one single, suspected testi- mony."— Reflections on Ancient and Modern History, 4to. : Oxford, 1746. Let me now refer you to a document, written with his own hand, which sets the question of 60 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 168. Burnet's truthfulness and impartiality in his deli- neations of character completely at rest. From the Napier charter-chest, " by a species of retributive justice," there has recently risen up in judgment against him a letter of his own, proving his own character. It is, I regret, too long for in- sertion in your pages in exienso, but no abstract can give an adequate idea of its contents. It is, in fact, so mean and abject as almost to overpass belief. I must refer your readers to Mr, Mark Napier's Montrose and the Covenanters, vol. i. pp. 13 — 21. All the reflections of the Whig his- torian Dalrymple, all the severe remarks of Swift and Lord Dartmouth, as to Burnet's dishonesty and malice, would now seem well bestowed upon a writer so despicable and faithless, and the credit of whose statements, when resting on his own sole authority, must be totally destroyed. This curious epistle was written, in an agony of fear, on a Sun- day morning, during the memorable crisis of the Rye-House plot, and while Lord Bussell was on the eve of his execution. Addressed to Lord Halifax, it was intended to meet the eye of the King. It evidently proves the writer's want of veracity in divers subsequent statements in his history. The future bishop also protests that he never will accept of any preferment, promises never more to oppose the Court, and intimates an intention to paint the King in the fairest light — " if I ever live to finish what I am about ; " i.e. the History of his Own Time, in which the villanous portrait of Charles afterwards appeared. " Here, then," says Mr. Napier, " is Burnet Redi- vivus; and now the bishop may call Montrose a coward or what he likes, and persuade the world of his own super-eminent moral courage, if lie can. For our own part, after reading the above letter, we do not believe one malicious word of what Burnet has uttered in the History of his Own Time against Charles I. and Mon- trose : and he has therein said nothing about them that is not malicious. We do not believe that the apology for Hamilton, which he has given to the world in the memoirs of that House, is by any means so truthful an exposition of the character of that mysterious marquis as the letters and papers entrusted to the bishop en- abled him to give. We feel thoroughly persuaded that Bishop Burnet, in that work, as well as in the History of Ms Own Time, reversed the golden maxim of Cicero, ' A^e quid falsi dicere audeat, ne quid veri non audeat.' The marvellous of himself, and the malicious of others, we henceforth altogether disbelieve, when resting on the sole authority of tlie bishop's historical record, and will never listen to when retailed tradition- ally and at second-hand from him. Finally, we do be- lieve the truth of the anecdote, that the bishop, ' after a debate in the House of Lords, usually went home and altered everybody's character as they had pleased or displeased him that day ; ' and that he kept weaving in secret this chronicle of his times, not to enlighten posterity or for the cause of truth, but as a means of indulging in safety bis own interested or malicious feelings towards the individuals that pleased or offended him. So much for Bishop Burnet, whose authority must henceforth always be received cum nota." Wm. L. Nichols. Lansdown Place, Bath. A MONASTIC KITCHENERS ACCOUNT. (From a volume of memoranda touching the monastery of Whalley, temp. Henry VIII., among the records of the Court of Augmentation.) " Dyv'se somes of money leid oute by me Jamys More, monke and kechyner to the late Abbot of Whal- ley, for and conc'nynge dyv'se caitts bought by the seid Jamys of dyv'se psons, as hereaft' dothe j)ticlerly appire by pcells whiche came to tliuso of the seid house, and spent yn the seid house from the last daye of Decem- ber until the daye of Marche then next folow- ynge yn the xxviij"* yere of the reign of Kynge Henry the viij"', whiche somes of money the said Jamys askcth allowance. First payde to Edmunde Taillor Fischer for salt salmons, spent in the seyd late abbott kechyn syns the tyme of his accompt - - . _ xxv' Itm. Payde to the seid Edmunde for xj freshe salmons, bought of the said Ed- munde to thuse, &c. of the seid house, there spent by the seid tyme - - xxv' Itm. Payde to Will'm Newbbet for fresh fische . - _ _ iijs iijjd Itm. Payde for vj capons, bought at Fas- tyngeseven of dyv'se psons - - ij' Itm. Payde for xxxv hennes, bought of dyv'se psons - - - - v' x* Itm. Payde for eggs, butter, chese, bought of dyv'se psons betwixt Cristmas and Fastyngsevyn, spent yn the seid house - xxiiij' Itm. Payde for mustersede . - \* Itm. Bought of Will'm Fische viij potts hony-pric - - - - x' Itm. Bought of Anthony Watson vij gal- lons hony - - - - ix' iiij<* Itm. Bought of John Colthirst ij gallons hony - -_ - - - - ij» iiija Itm. Payde to Richard Jackson for xvij<= sparlyngs - - - - ix" viii* Sum of the payments vj" xviij* (sic in orig.) Itm. The same Jamys askyth allowance of xiiij', whiche the seid late abbott dyd owe hym at the tyme of his last accompt, whiche endyd at Cristmas last past, as yt dothe appire by the accompt of the seid Jamys More. Itm. The late abbott of Whalley dyd owe unto the seid Jamys More, for a grey stagg that the seid late abbott dyd by of the same Jamys by the space ofa yere syns - - - - - x». By me James Mor." The advowson of the parish church of Whalley having been bequeathed to the White Monks of Stanlawe (Cheshire), they removed their abbey Jan. 15. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. ei there a.d. 1206 ; it being dedicated to the Virgin Mary ("Locus Benedictus de Whalley"), and having about sixty indwellers. (Tanner's Notitia.) Anon. THE FAIRIeS in NEW BOSS. " When moonlight Near midnight Tips the rock and waving wood ; When moonlight Near midnight Silvers o'er the sleeping flood ; When yew tops With dew-drops Sparkle o'er deserted graves ; 'Tis then we fly Through welkin high, Then we sail o'er yellow waves." Book of Irish Ballads. There lived, some thirty years since, in the eastern part of the suburbs of New Ross, in the county of Wexford, denominated the " Maudlins," a hedge carpenter named Davy Ilanlan, better known to his neighbours by the sobriquet of " Milleadh Maide," or " Speilstick." Davy plied his trade with all the assiduity of an industrious man, " and laboured in all kinds of weather " to maintain his little family ; and as his art consisted principally in manufacturing carts, ploughs, and harrows (iron ploughs not being then in use) for the surrounding farmers, and doctoring their old ones, the sphere of Davy's avocations was confined to no mean limits. It was a dry, sharp night, in the month of No- vember, and darkness had set in long before Davy left Mount Hanover, two miles distant from his home. At length he started forward, and had already reached the bridge of the Maudlins, when he stopped to rest ; for besides his tools he carried a bundle of wheaten straw, which he intended for a more than usually comfortable " shake-down " for his dear rib Winny. The moon had by this time ascended above the horizon, and by its silvery radiance depicted in delicate outline the hills rising in the distance, while the tender rays mix- ing with, and faintly illumining the gloom of the intermediate valleys, formed a mass of light and shade so exquisitely blended as to appear the work of enchantment. As Davy leaned on the parapet of the bridge, a thrill of alarm involuntarily dis- turbed his feelings : he was about to depart when he heard a clamorous sound, as of voices, proceed- ing from that part of the valley on which he still gazed. Curiosity now tempted him to listen still longer, when suddenly he saw a group of dwarfish beings emerging from the gloom, and coming rapidly towards him, along the green marsh that borders the Maudlin stream. Poor Davy was terror-stricken at this unusual sight ; in vain he attempted to escape : he was, as it were, spell- bound. Instantly the whole company gained the road beside him, and after a moment's consultation they simultaneously cried out, " Where is my horse ? give me my horse ! " &c. In the twinkling of an eye they were all mounted. Davy's feelings may be more easily imagined than described, and in a fit of unconsciousness his tongue, as it were mechanically, articulated " Where is my horse ? " Immediately he found himself astride on a rude piece of timber, somewhat in shape of a plough- beam, by which he was raised aloft in the air. Away he went, as he himself related, at the rate of nine knots an hour, gliding smoothly through the liquid air. No aeronaut ever performed his ex- pedition with more intrepidity ; and after about two hours' journeying the whole cavalcade alighted in the midst of a large city, just as " The iron tongue of midnight had told twelve." One of the party, who appeared to be a leader, conducted them from door to door, Davy follow- ing in the rear ; and at the first door he passed them the word, " We cannot enter, the dust of the floor lies not laehind the door." * Other impedi- ments prevented their ingress to the next two or three doors. At length, having come to a door which was not guarded byany of these insuperable sentinels which defy the force of fairy assault, he joyfully cried out " We can enter here : " and immediately, as if by enchantment, the door flew open, the party en- tered, and Davy, much astonished, found himself within the walls of a spacious wine-store. In- stantly the heads of wine vessels were broken ; bungs flew out ; the carousing commenced ; each boon companion pledged his friend, as he bedewed his whiskers in the sparkling beverage ; and the wassail sounds float round the walls and hollow roof. Davy, not yet recovered from his surprise, stood looking on, but could not contrive to come at a drop : at length he asked a rather agreeable fairy who was close to him to help him to some. " When I shall have done," said the fairy, " I will give you this goblet, and you can drink." Very * Every good housewife is supposed to sweep the kitchen floor previously to her going to bed ; and the old women who are best skilled in " fairy lore" aflSrm, that if, through any inadvertence, she should leave the dust thus collected behind the door at night, this dust or sweepings will have the power of opening the door to the fairies, should they come the way. It is also believed that, if the broom should be left behind the door, without being placed standing on its handle, it will possess the power of admitting the fairies. Should the water in which the family had washed their feet, before going to bed, be left in the vessel, on the kitchen floor, without having a coal of fire put into it, if not thrown out in the yard, it will act as porter to the fairies or good people. 62 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 168. soon after he handed the goblet to Davy, who was about to drink, when the leader gave the word of command : " Away, away, my good fairies, away ! Let's revel in moonlight, and shun the dull day," The horses were ready, the party mounted, and Davy was carried back to the Maudlin bridge, bearing in his hand the silver goblet, as witness of his exploit. Half dead he made his way home to Winny, who anxiously awaited him; got to bed about four in the morning, to which he was con- fined by illness for months afterwards. And as Davy " lived from hand to mouth," his means were soon exhausted. Winny took the goblet and pledged it with Mr. Alexander Whitney, the watchmaker, for five shillings. In a few days after a gentleman who lived not twenty miles from Creywell Cremony came in to Mr. Whitney's, saw the goblet, and recognised it as being once in his possession, and marked with the initials " M. R.," and on examining it found it to be the identical one which he had bestowed, some years before, on a Spanish merchant. Davy, when able to get out, deposed on oath before the Mayor of Ross (who is still living) to the facts narrated above. The Spanish gentleman was written to, and in reply corroborated Davy's statement, saying that on a certain night his wine-store was broken open, vessels much injured, and his wine spilled and drunk, and the silver goblet stolen. Davy was exonerated from any imputation of guilt in the affair, and was careful, during his life, never again to rest at night on the Maudlin bridge. Patkick. Codt. MuUinavat, county of Kilkenny. Minav 3oteS^ The Duke of Wellington and Marshal Ney. Parallel Passage in the Life of Washington and Major Andre. — J. R. of Cork (Vol. vi., p. 480.) tells how Wellington was in his youth smitten with the charms of a lady, who, in after-life having ap- pealed to him to save the life of Ney, was not simply unsuccessful in her object, but was ordered to quit Paris forthwith. J. B. Burke, in the Patrician, vol. vi. p. 372., tells how Washington endeavoured to win the love of Mary Phillipse, and how he failed : how years rolled on, and the rejected lover as Commander-in-Chief of the American forces was supplicated by the same Mary, then the wife of Roger Morris, to spare the life of Andre. The appeal failed, and one of the General's aides was ordered to conduct the lady beyond the lines. St. Johns. St. Bernard versus Fulhe Greville. — On lately reading over the fine philosophical poem Of Hu- mane Learning, by Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, I was struck at finding that the 144th stanza was a literal transcript from St. Bernard. Some of your readers may possibly be amused or interested by the discovery : " Yet some seeke knowledge, meerely to be knowne, And idle curiositie that is ; Some but to sell, not freely to bestow, These gaine and spend both time and health amisse; Embasing arts, by basely deeming so. Some to build others, which is charity, But those to build themselves, who wise men be." Workes, p. 50.: Lond. 1633, 8vo. " Sunt namque qui scire volunt eo fine tantum, ut sciant : etturpis curiositas est. Et sunt item qui scire volunt, ut scientiam suam vendant, verbi causa pro pecunia, pro honoribus: et turpis qusestus est. Sed sunt quoque qui scire volunt, ut Jedificent : et caritas est. Et item qui scire volunt, ut sedificentur : et pru- dentia est." — S. Bernard! In Cantica Serm. xxxvi. Sect 3. 0pp., vol. i. p. 1404. Parisiis, 1719, fol. It is no mean eulogy upon Lord Brooke's poem just referred to, to say that it stood high in the estimation of the late Rev. Hugh James Rose, and was quoted approvingly by him in his lectures before the Durham University. My acquaintance with it was first derived from that source, and I am confident that many others of your readers sympathise with the wishes of Mr. Crosslet, for " a collected edition of the works of the two noble Grevilles" (" N. & Q.," Vol. iv., p. 139.). The facts upon which the tragedy of Mustapha is founded are graphically summed up by KnoUes in his Historie of the Turkes, pp. 757-65. : London, 1633, fol. Rt. Warmington. St. MunokCs Day. — Professor Craik, in his Romance of the Peerage, vol. il. p. 337., with reference to the date of the death of Margaret Tudor, Queen Dowager of Scotland, gives two authorities, namely, 24th November, 1541, from the Diurnal of Remarkable Occurrents, and St. Munoki's Day, from the Chronicle of Perth, and then says : " I find no saint with a name resem- bling Munok in the common lists." Now this Note of mine has originated in the belief that I have found such a name in the Calendar of Saints, or at any rate one very closely resembling it, if not the identical Munok. " St. Marnok, B. patron of Killmarnock in Scotland, honoured on the 25th October in the Scots Calendar." Now " Marnok " is most probably Munok, the latter, perhaps, mis- spelt by a careless scribe in the Chronicle of Perth. There is a discrepancy of a month cer- tainly in these two dates, 25th October and 24th November ; but that is not very wondei'ful, as a doubt of the exact day of Queen Margaret's de- cease evidently exists among historians, for Pin- kerton (vol. ii. p. 371.) conjectures June. The above extract regarding St. Marnok is from a Jan. 15. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 63 curious old work in my possession, published in 1761 in London, and entitled A Memorial of An- cient British Piety, or a British Martyrology. It gives also the names of St. Moroc, C, Nov. 8 ; St. Munnu, Ab., Oct. 21, both saints in the Scot- tish calendar. A. S. A. Punjaub. Epitaph in Chesham Churchyard. — " As an Encouragement to Regularity, Integrity, and good Conduct, This Stone was erected at the general Expense of the Inhabitants of this Town and Parish to perpetuate the Memory of Matthew Archir, who served the Office of Clerk with the utmost Punctuality and Decorum for upwards of Thirty Years. He died 15th December, 1793." F. B. Relton, Gentlemen Pensioners. — " On Saturday last, the Secretary to the Band of Gentleman Pensioners did, by order of the Duke of Montague their Captain, dispatch circular letters to the said gentlemen, signifying his Grace's pleasure to revive the ancient rules and orders that were practised at the time of the first institution of the Band in the reign of King Henry VII., viz. that five of the said Gentleman Pensioners shall attend constantly every day in the antechamber of the palace where His Ma- jesty shall be resident, from ten in the forenoon till three in the afternoon, the usual time of His Majesty's retiring to go to dinner ; and on every Drawing Room night from eight to twelve." — Weekly Journal, Jan. 4, 1735. E. Marlborough ; Curious Case of Municipal Op- position to County Magistracy. — Shortly after the invasion of the elder Pretender, the corporation of Marlborough so far defied the royal authority as to drive Ihe quarterly county sessions from the town ; and high legal opinions were not wanting to fortify the position thus assumed by the bo- rough, on the ground, namely, of its municipal charter, which secured to the town a court of its own. Now, we all know that in early times a bo- rough's court-leet exempted the burgesses from the jurisdiction of the sheriff's " tourn," and that up till the period of the Municipal Reform bill, many charters still existed, verbally sustaining such right of exemption ; but the Queries which I wish to put are the following. First, Though the crown's representative had no jurisdiction, had he not a right to enter, and sit on cases foreign to the borough? Secondly, What are the earliest in- fetances of county quarter sessions sitting in inde- pendent boroughs ? Thirdly, Were the cases nu- merous of similar acts of resistance at the period alluded to, viz. the reign of George I. ? I take this occasion to state that I am drawing to conclusion a history of Silkely Hundred, which includes Marlborough and Lord Ailesbury's seat ; and shall feel grateful for any information relating to the Pretender's influence in that district. That it must have been considerable may be argued from the Ailesbury alliance by marriage with the young Pretender. J. Watlek. Devizes. Wet Season in 1348. — Accidentally looking into Holinshed a few days ago, I found that our pre- sent unusually wet season is not without a pa- rellel, indeed much exceeded ; as on that occasion the harvest must have been a complete failure, and dearth and disease consequently ensued. Pro- vidence, however, has kindly blessed us with an average harvest ; and, exclusive of the disasters attendant upon storms and floods, I trust we shall escape any further visitation. I annex an extract of the passage in Holinshed : " In this 22 yeare [of Edward III., a.d. 1348], from Midsummer to Christmasse, for the more part it con- tinuallie rained, so that there was not one day and night drie togither, by reason whereof great flouds insued, and the ground therewith was sore corrupted, and manie inconueniences insued, as great sickenes, and other, insomuch that in the yeare following, in France, the people died wonderfuUie in diverse places. In Italia also, and in manie other countries, as well in the lands of the infidels as in Christendome, this grieuous mortalitie reigned, to the great destruction of people. About the end of August, the like dearth began in diuerse places of England, and especiallie in London, continuing so for the space of twelue moneths following. And vpon that insued great barrennesse, as well of the sea as the land, neither of them yielding such plentie of things as before they had done. Wherevpon vittels and come became scant and hard to come by."^ — The Chronicles of Raphaell Holin- shed, fol., vol. iii. p. 378 (black letter). General Wolfe. — It may interest many of your readers to know that a portrait of General Wolfe, by Ramsay, 1758, is to be sold by Messrs. Christie and Manson, at their rooms, 8. King Street, St. James's Square, on Saturday, February 12. The picture is marked No. 300 in the catalogue of the first two days' sale. It formed part of the collection of a gentleman lately deceased, whom I had the pleasure of knowing. C. Fobbes. Temple. 64 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 168. POPE AND THE MARQUIS MAFFEI. I would beg the insertion of the foUowin^r Note, which occurs at p. 338. of Walker's Historical Memoir on Italian Tragedy ; with a view to ascer- taining whether any light has been thrown on the subject since the publication of the work in ques- tion. I fear there is little chance of such being the case, but still I would be glad to learn from any of your correspondents, whether there is other evidence than the passage given from the Mar- quis's letter to Voltaire, to prove that Pope was actually engaged in the translation of his tragedy ; or whether there is any allusion in the cotem- porary literature of the day, to such a work having been undertaken by the bard of Twickenham. ~" It seems to have escaped the notice of all Pope's biographers, that when the Marquis Maffei visited Twickenham, in company with Lord Burlington and Dr. Mead, he found the English bard employed on a translation of his Merope : yet the public have been in possession of this anecdote above fifty years. The Marquis, in his answer to the celebrated letter ad- dressed to him by Voltaire, says : ' Avendomi Mylord Conte di Burlington, e il Sig. Dottore Mead, I'uno e r altro talenti rari, ed a quali quant' io debba non posso dire, condotto alia villa del Sig. Pope, ch' e il Voltaire dell Inghilterra, come voi siete il Pope della Francia, quel bravo Poeta mi fece vedere, che lavorava alia versione della mia Tragedia in versi Inglesi : se la terminasse, e che ne sia divenuto, non so.' — La Merope, ver. 1745, p. 180. With the fate of this version we are, and probably shall ever remain, unacquainted : it may, however, be safely presumed, that it was never finished to the satisfaction of the translator, and there- fore committed to the flames." T. C. S. THE CHURCH CATECHISM. Allow me to make the following inquiries through the pages of " N^. & Q.," which may possibly elicit valuable information from some of your many correspondents. In the Archbishop of York's questions put to candidates for Holy Orders, Feb. 1850, occurred this Query : " The Church Cate- chism . . by whom was the latter part added and put into its present form ; and whence is it chiefly derived?" The former part of this is readily answered ; being, as any one at all read in the history of the Prayer-Book well knows, added at the Hampton Court Conference, 1603; and was drawn up by Bishop Overall, at that time Dean of St. Paul's : but whence is it chiejly derived ? That is the question for which I have hitherto sought in vain a satisfactory solution, and fear his grace, or his examining chaplain, must have looked in vain for a correct reply from any of his quasi clergymen, college education though they may have L'^d. It is a point which seems to be passed over entirely unnoticed by all of our liturgical writers and church historians, as I have been at no little pains in searching works at all likely to clear it up, but, hitherto, without success. It may be conjectured that the part referred to, viz., on the Sacraments, was taken from Dean Nowell's Catechism ; or, at all events, that Overall bor- rowed some of the expressions while he changed its meaning, as Nowell's was purely Calvinistic in tendency. He may have had before him the fourth part of Peter Lombard's Liber Sententi' arum, or some such work. But all this is mere supposition ; and what I want to arrive at, is some correct data or authoritative statement which would settle the point. Another interesting mat- ter upon which I am desirous of information, is, as to the protestation after the rubrics at the end of the Communion Service. In our present Prayer- Book it is in marks of quotation, which we do not find in the second book of King Edward VI., where it originally appears — and the expressions there admit the real presence. It was altogether left out in Elizabeth's Prayer-Book, but again inserted in the last review in 1661, when the in- verted commas first appear : the sense being some- what different, allowing the spiritual but not the actual or bodily presence of Christ. Why are the commas or marks of quotation, if such they be, then inserted ? I have written to a well-known Archdeacon, eminent for his works on the Sacra- ments, but his answer does not convey what is sought by C. J. Armistead, Springfield Mount, Leeds. A COUNTESS OF SOUTHAMPTON. I have just been reading, in the Revue des deux Mondes, an interesting article upon the recently- published Memoirs of Mademoiselle deKoenigsmark, in which I meet with the following passage : " Ce fut a Venise que Charles-Jean de Koenigsmark rencontra la belle Comtesse de .Southampton, cette vaillante amoureuse qui, plantant la fortune et famille, le suivit desormais par le monde deguisee en page : romanesque anecdote que la princesse Palatine a con- signee dans ses memoires avec cette brusque rondeur de style qui ne marchande pas les expressions. ' II doit etre assez dans le caractere de quelques dames anglaises de suivre leurs amans. J'ai connu un Comte de Koenigsmark qu'une dame anglaise avait suivi en habit de page. Elle etait avec lui a Chambord, et coinme, faute de place, il ne pouvait loger au Chateau, il avait fait dresser dans la foret une tente ou il logeat. II me raconta son aventure a la IMasse ; j'eu la curiosite de voir le soi-disant page. Je n'ai jamais rien vu de plus beau que cette figure : les plus beaux yeux du monde, une bouche charmante, une prodigieuse quan- tite de cheveux du plus beau brun, qui tomberent en grosses boucles sur ses epaules. Elle sourit en me voyant, se doutant bien que je savais son secret. Lors- Jan. 15. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 65 qu'il partit de Chambord pour I'ltalie, le Comte de Koe- nigsmark se trouva dans une auberge, et en sortit le matin pour f'aire un tour de promenade. L'hotesse de cette maison courut apres lui et lui cria : ' Montez vite la-haut, Monsieur, votre page accouche !' Le page ac- coucha en efFet d'une fille : on mit la mere et I'enfant dans un couvent a Paris." He afterwards went to England, where — " Les freres, cousins, et petits cousins de lady South- ampton I'attendaient, et les duels se mirent a lui pleu- voir dessus. Comme son epee aimait assez a luire au soleil, il la tira volontiers, et avec une chance telle que ses ennemis, ne pouvant le vaincre par le fer, jugerent a propos d'essayer du poison, Degoute de perdre son temps a de pareilles miseres, &c. &c. Tant que le comte a vecu il en a eu grand soln ; mais il mourut en Moree, et le page fidele ne lui survecut pas long»temps. Elle est morte comme une sainte." Can you, or any of your correspondents, say who this interesting Countess of Southampton was ? She lived at the end of the seventeenth century. In addition to these particulars, which are so nicely told that I would not venture to alter them, as Orsino asks Viola, " What was her his- tory?" W. R. Minor Cutties. Hardening Steel Bars. — Can any of your readers inform me how thin, flat, steel bars (say three feet long) can be prevented from " running " crooked when hardened in water ? J. H. A. Pierrepont. — Who was John Pierrepont of Wadworth, near Doncaster, who died July, 1653, aged 75. A, F. B. Diss. Ceylon. — I should be much obliged to Sik James Tbnnent, if he would kindly inform me where the best map of Ceylon Is to be got ? such as are to be found in the atlases within my reach are only good enough to try a man's temper, and no more. May I also take the liberty of asking how soon we may expect the appearance of Sir James Ten- nent's book on the history, &c. of Ceylon ? a work which will be a great work indeed, If we have at all a fair specimen of Its author's learning and powers in the Christianity in Ceylon. Ajax. Flemish and Butch Schools of Painting. — Would any of your correspondents direct me to some work giving me some information about the painters of the Dutch and Flemish schools, their biographers, their peculiarities, chefs-d'oeuvre, &c. ? Ajax. " To talk like a Dutch Uncle." — In some parts of America, when a person has determined to give another a regular lecture, he will often be heard to say, " I will talk to him like a Dutch uncle ;" that is, he shall not escape this time. As the emigrants to America from different countries have brought their national sayings with them, and as the one I am now writing about was doubtless introduced by the Knickerbockers, may I ask If a similar expression is now known or used in Holland ? W. W. Malta. Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Belgium. — I want some work on this subject : can any one tell me of one? K.B. — A big book does not frighten me. Ajax. Charter of Waterford. — I have a copy of the English translation of this charter, published in Kilkenny, with the following note, written in an old hand, on the title-page : " This was first translated by William Cunningham Cunningham (sic), a native of Carrick-on-Suir, born on Ballyrichard Road: his father and brother were blacksmiths ; his grand-nephew Cunningham lives now a cowper (^sic) in New Street in do. town." I wish to know if this note is worth anything, and if the statement contained in it is true ? R. H. Inscription on Penny of George III. — On an old 'penny of George III., on the reverse, I find the following inscription : " STABIT QVOCVNCiVE lECERIS." What does this precisely mean ; or why and when was it adopted ? J. M. A. " Shoh" or " Shub," a Kentish Word. — Your correspondent on the Kentish word sheets (Vol. vi., p. 338.) may possibly be able to give some account of another Kentish word, which I have met with In the country about Horton-KIrby, Dartford, Crayford, &c., and the which I cannot find in Halllwell, or any other dictionary in my possession, — viz. to shob or shub. It Is applied to the trimming up elm-trees in the hedge-rows, by cutting away all the branches except at the head : "to shob the trees" is the expression. Now, in German we have schaben, v. r. to shave ; but in the Anglo-Saxon I find nothing nearer than scaf part, scof, to shave. A. C. M. Exeter. Bishop Pursglove (Suffragan) of Hull. — This prelate is buried in Tideswell Church, Devon- shire, and a copy of his monumental brass is given in Illustrations of Monumental Brasses, published in 1842 by the Cambridge Camden Society. Per- haps some reader of " N. & Q." who has access to that work will send the inscription for in- sertion in your columns. Any information also as NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 168. to his consecration, character, and period of de- cease, would be acceptable. What is the best work on English Suffragan bishops ? I believe Wharton's Suffragans (which, however, I do not possess to refer to) is far from being complete or correct. It would be interesting to have a com- plete list of such bishops, with the names of their sees, and dates of consecration and demise. I find no Suffragan bishop after Bishop John Sterne, consecrated for Colchester 12th November, 1592, and this from the valuable list in Percival's Apol. for Ap. Sue. A. S.A. Punjaub. Stewarts of Holland. — In the year 1739 there lived in Holland a Lieutenant Dougal Stewart, of the Dutch service, who was married to Susan, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Fairfowl, of Bra- cindam. He was descended from the ancient Scottish family of Stewarts of Appin, in Argyle- shire ; and this Query is to inquire whether any- thing is known regarding him or his descendants, if he had such ? This might find a reply in De Navorscher perhaps. A. S. A. Punjaub. Robert Wauchope, Archbishop of Armagh, 1543. ,__Is there any detailed account of this prelate extant ? The few particulars I have been able to glean respecting him are merely that he was a native of Scotland, and Doctor in Divinity of the University of Paris, where he probably studied theology, as was common with Scottish ecclesiastics of that day. He arrived in Ireland about the year 1541, and is memorable for the glory, or shame, of being the first who introduced the Je- suit order into that country. Pope Paul III. no- minated him to the primatial see of Armagh, after the death of Archbishop Cromer in 1543, and during the lifetime of Archbishop Dowdal, who was a Catholic also, but being appointed Archbishop of Armagh in November 1543, by King Henry VIIL, was not acknowledged at Rome as such. Waucup, as his name is also spelt, and Latinized " Venantius," never appears, however, to have been able to obtain regular possession of the see of Armagh and primacy of Ireland, being merely titular archbishop. Some accounts state that he was blind from his child- hood, but others say, and probably more cor- rectly, that he was only short-sighted. He was present at the Council of Trent in 1545-47, being one of the four Irish prelates who attended there ; and, in Hist, del Condi. Trid., 1. ii. p. 144., he is alluded to as having been esteemed the best at riding post in the world! — " Huomo di brevissima vista era commendato di questa, di correr alia posta meglio d'huomo del mondo." I should like • much to ascertain the date and place of his birth, consecration, and death. A. S.A. Plum-pudding, — Can any of your readers in- form me of the origin of the following custom, and whether the ceremony is still continued ? I can find no mention of it in any topographical dictionary or history of Devon, but it was copied from an old newspaper, bearing date June 7, 1809 : " At Paignton Fair, near Exeter, the ancient custom of drawing through the town a plum-pudding of an immense size, and afterwards distributing it to the populace, was revived on Tuesday last. The in- gredients which composed this enormous pudding were as follows : 400 lbs. of flour, 1 70 lbs. of beef suet, 140 lbs. of raisins, and 240 eggs. It was kept con- stantly boiling in a brewer's copper from Saturday morning to the Tuesday following, when it was placed on a car decorated with ribbons, evergreens, &c., and drawn along the street by eight oxen." EVERABD HOBNE CoLEMAN. ^^ Whene'er I asked." — I shall be very glad to know the author and the exact whereabouts of the following lines, which I find quoted in a MS. letter written from London to America, and dated 22nd October, 1767 : *' Whene'er I ask'd for blessings on your head. Nothing was cold or formal that I said ; My warmest vows to Heaven were made for thee. And love still mingled with my piety." W. B. R. Philadelphia, U. S. Immoral Works. — What ought to be done with works of this class ? It is easy to answer, " de- stroy them:" but you and I know, and Mr. Macaulay has acknowledged, that it is often ne- cessary to rake into the filthiest channels for his- torical -and biographical evidence. I, personally, doubt whether we are justified in destroying any evidence, however loathsome and offensive it may be. What, then, are we to do with it ? It is im- possible to keep such works in a private library, even under lock and key, for death opens loclis more certainly than Mr. Hobbs himself. I think such ought to be preserved in the British Mu- seum, entered in its catalogue, but only per- mitted to be seen on good reasons formally as- signed in writing, and not then allowed to pass into the reading-room. What is the rule at the Museum ? I ask these questions because I have, by acci- dent, become possessed of a poem (about 1500 lines) which professes to be written by Lord Byron, is addressed to Thomas Moore, and was printed abroad many years since. It begins, — " Thou ermin'd judge, pull off that sable cap.''^ More specific reference will not be necessary for those who have seen the work. Is the writer known ? I am somewhat surprised that not one of Byron's friends has, so far as I know, hinted a denial of the authorship ; for, scarce as JjlK. 16. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 67 the work may be, I suppose some of them must have seen it ; and, under existing circumstances, it is possible that a copy might get into the hands of a desperate creature who would hope to make a profit, by republishing it with Byron's and Moore's names in the title-page. I. W. Arms at Bristol, — In a window nov/ repairing in Bristol Cathedral is this coat : — Arg. on a chevron or {false heraldry), three stags' heads caboshed. "Wbose coat is this ? It is engraved in Lysons' Gloucestershire Antiquities without name. E.D. Passage in Thomson. — In Thomson's "Hymn to the Seasons," line 28, occurs the following pas- sage : «' But wandering oft, with brute, unconscious gaze, Man marks not Thee ; marks not the mighty hand That, ever busy, wheels the silent spheres ; Works in the secret deep ; shoots, steaming, thence The fair profusion that o'erspreads the spring," &c. Can any of your readers oblige by saying whether the word steaming, in the fourth line of the quo- tation, is the correct reading ? If so, in what sense it can be understood ? if not, whether teeming is not probably the correct word ? W. M. P. '■'■For God will he your King to-day" — " For God will be your King to-day, And I'll be general under," My grandmother, who was a native of Somerset- shire, and born in 1750, used to recite a ballad to my mother, when a child, of which the above lines are the only ones remembered. Do they refer to the rising under the Duke of Monmouth? And where can the whole of the ballad be found ? M. A. S. 35. Dover Road. " See v)here the startled wildfowl" — Where are the following lines to be found ? I copy them from the print of Landseer's, called " The Sanctuary." " See where the startled wild fowl screaming rise, i, . And seek in martial flight those golden skies. Yon wearied swimmer scarce can win the land. His limbs yet falter on the wat'ry strand. Poor hunted hart ! the painful struggle o'er, How blest the shelter of that island shore ! There, while he sobs his panting heart to rest. Nor hound nor hunter shall his lair molest." G.B.W. Ascension-day. — Was "Ascension-day" ever kept a close holiday, the same as Good Friday and Christmas-day ? And, if so, when was such cus- tom disused ? ' H. A. Hammond. The Grogog of a Castle. —It appears by a record of the Irish Exchequer of 3 Edw. II., that one Walter Haket, constable of Maginnegan's Castle in the co. of Dublin, confined one of the King's officers in the Grogog thereof. Will you permit me to inc^uire, whether this term has been applied to the prison of castles in England ? J. F. F. Dublin. CANONGATE MABBIAGES. (Vol. v., p. 320.) I had hoped that the inquiry of R. S. F. would have drawn out some of your Edinburgh corre- spondents ; but, as they are silent upon a subject they might have invested with interest, allow me to say a word upon these Canongate marriages. I need not, I think, tell R. S. F. how loosely our countrymen, at the period alluded to, and long subsequent thereto, looked upon the marriage tie ; as almost every one who has had occasion to touch upon our domestic manners and customs has pointed at, what appeared to them, and what really was, an anomaly in the character of a na- tion somewhat boastful of their better order and greater sense of propriety and decorum. Besides the incidental notices of travellers, the legal records of Scotland are rife with examples of litigation arising out of these irregular mar- riages ; and upon a review of the whole history of such in the north, it cannot be denied that, among our staid forefathers, "matrimony was more a matter of merriment"* than a solemn and reli- gious engagement. The Courts in Scotland usually frowned upon cases submitted to them where there was a strong presumption that either party had been victimised by the other; but, unfortunately, the require- ments were so simple, and the facility of procur- ing witnesses so great, that many a poor frolick- some fellow paid dearly for his joke by finding himself suddenly transformed, from a bachelor, to a spick and span Benedict ; and that too upon ' evidences which would not in these days have sent a fortune-telling impostor to the tread-mill : the lords of the justiciary being content that some one had heard him use the endearing term of wife to the pursuer, or had witnessed a mock form at an obscure public-house, or that the parties were by habit and repute man and wife. How truly then may it have been said, that a man in the Northern Capital, so open to imposition, scarcely knew whether he was married or not. In cases where the ceremony was performed, it * Letters from, Edinburgh, London, 1776. See also, Letters from a Gentleman in Scotland to his Friend in England (commonly called Burt's Letters) : London, 1754. 68 NOTES AND QUEMES. [No. 168. did not follow that the priest of Hymen should be of the clerical profession : " To tie the knot," says John Hope, " there needed none ; He'd find a clown, in brown, or gray, Booted and spurr'd, should preach and pray ; And, without stir, grimace, or docket, Lug out a pray'r-book from his pocket ; And tho' he blest in wond'rous haste, Should tie them most securely fast." Thoughts, 1780. In Chambers's Traditions of Edinburgh, there is a slight allusion to these Canongate marriages : " The White Horse Inn," says he, " in a close in the Canongate, is an exceedingly interesting old house of entertainment. It was also remarkable for the run- away couples from England, who were married in its large room." The White Hart, in the Grass-market, appears to have been another of these Gretna Green houses. A curious fellow, well known in Edinburgh at the period referred to, was the high priest of the Canongate hymeneal altar. I need hardly say this was the famous " Claudero, the son of Nim- rod the Mighty Hunter," as he grandiloquently styled himself: otherwise James Wilson, a dis- graced schoolmaster, and poet-laureate to the Edin- burgh canaille. In the large rooms of the above inns, this comical fellow usually presided, and administered relief to gallant swains and love-sick damsels, and a most lucrative trade he is said to have made of it : — " Claudero's skull is ever dull. Without the sterling shilling :" in allusion to their being called half-merk or shilling marriages. Chambers gives an illustrative anecdote of our subjects' matrimonial practices in that of a soldier and a countryman seeking from Wilson a cast of his office : from the first Claudero took his shil- ling, but demanded from the last a fee of five, observing — " I'll hae this sodger ance a week a' the times he's in Edinburgh, and you (the countryman) I winna see again." The Scottish poetical antiquary is familiar with this eccentric character ; but it may not be uninte- resting to your general readers to add, that when public excitement in Edinburgh ran high against the Kirk, the lawyers, meal-mongers, or other rogues in grain, Claudero was the vehicle through which the democratic voice found vent in squibs and broadsides fired at the offending party or obnoxious measure from his lair in the Canongate. In his Miscellanies, Edin. 1766, now before me, Claudero's cotemporary, Geordie Boick, in a poet- ical welcome to London, thus compliments Wilson, and bewails the condition of the modern Athens under its bereavement of the poet : " The ballad-singers and the printers. Must surely now have starving winters ; Their press they may break a' in splinters, I'm told they swear, Claudero's Muse, alas ! we've tint her For ever mair." For want of Claudero's lash, his eulogist goes on to say : " Now Vice may rear her hydra head. And strike defenceless Virtue dead ; Religion's heart may melt and bleed, With grief and sorrow, Since Satire from your streets is fled. Poor Edenburrow !" Claudero was, notwithstanding, a sorry poet, a lax moralist, and a sordid parson ; but peace to the manes of the man, or his successor in the latter office, who gave me in that same long room of the White Horse in the Canongate of Edinburgh the best parents son was ever blest with ! J. O. liADY KATHERINE GREY. (Vol.vi., p. 578.) There appears to be some doubt if the alleged marriage ever did take place, for I find, In Baker's Chronicles, p. 334., that in 1563 " divers great persons were questioned and condemned, but had their lives spared," and among them — " Lady Katherine Grey, daughter to Henry Grey Duke of Suffolk, by the eldest daughter of Charles Brandon, having formerly been married to the Earl of Pembroke's eldest son, and from him soon after law- fully divorced, was some years after found to be with child by Edward Seymour Earl of Hartford, who, being at that time in France, was presently sent for : and being examined before the Archbishop of Canter- bury, and affirming they were lawfully married, but not being able within a limited time to produce wit- nesses of their marriage, they were both committed to the Tower." After some further particulars of the birth of a second child in the Tower, the discharge of the Lieutenant, Sir Edward Warner, and the fining of the Earl by the Star Chamber, to the extent of 5000Z., the narrative proceeds : " Though in pleading of his case, one John Hales argued they were lawful man and wife hy virtue of their own bare consent, without any ecclesiastical ceremony," Collins, In his Peerage (1735), states : " The validity of this marriage being afterwards tried at Common Law, the minister who married them being present, and other circumstances agreeing, the jury (whereof John Digby, Esq., was foreman) found it a marriage." Jan. 15. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 6d Sharpe, in his Peerage (1833), under the title " Stamford," says : " * The manner of her departing' in the Toiver, which Mr. Ellis has printed from a MS. so entitled in the Harleian Collection, although less terrible, is scarcely less afTecting than that of her heroic sister," &c. Perhaps your correspondent A. S. A. may be enabled to consult this work, and so ascertain further particulars. Bkoctuna. Bury, Lancashire. HOWLETT THE ENGRAVER^ (Vol. i., p. 321.) In your first Volume, an inquiry is made for information respecting the above person. As I find on referring to the subsequent volumes of " N. & Q." that the Query never received any reply, I beg to forward a cutting from the Obi- tuary of the New 3fonthly Magazine for June, 1828, referring to Howlett; concerning whom, however, I cannot give any further information. " MB. BARTHOLOMEW HOWLETT. " Lately in Newington, Surrey, aged sixty, Mr. Bartholomew Howlett, antiquarian, draughtsman, and engraver. This artist was a pupil of Mr, Heath, and for many years devoted his talents to the embellish- ment of works on topography and antiquities. His principal publication, and which will carry his name down to posterity with respect as an artist, was A Selection of Vieius in the County of Lincoln ; comprising the Principal Towns and Churches, the Remains of Cas- tles and Religious Houses, and Seats of the Nobility and Gentry ; with Topographical and Historical Accounts of each View. This handsome work was completed in 4to. in 1805. The drawings are chiefly by T. Girtin, Nattes, Nash, Corbould, &c., and the engravings are highly creditable to the burin of Mr. Howlett. Mr. Howlett was much employed by the late Mr. Wilkin- son on his Londina lUustrata ; by Mr. Stevenson in his second edition of Bentham's Ely ; by Mr. Frost, in his recent Notices of Hull ; and in numerous other topo- graphical works. He executed six plans and views for Major Anderson's Account of the Abbey of St. Denis ; and occasionally contributed to the Gentleman's Maga- zine, and engraved several plates for it. In 1817, Mr. Howlett issued proposals for A Topographical Account of Clapham, in the Coujity of Surrey, illustrated by En- gravings. These were to have been executed from drawings by himself, of which he made several, and also formed considerable collections ; but we believe he only published one number, consisting of three plates and no letter-press. We hope the manuscripts he has left may form a groundwork for a future topo- grapher. They form part of the large collections for Surrey, in the hands of Mr. Tytam. In 1826, whilst the Royal Hospital and Collegiate Church of St. Katharine, near the Tower, was pulling down, he made a series of drawings on the spot, which it was his intention to have engraved and published. But the greatest effort of his pencil was in the service of his kind patron and friend, John Caley, Esq., F.R. S., F. S. A., keeper of the records in the Augmentation Office. For this gentleman Mr. Howlett made finished drawings from upwards of a thousand original seals of the monastic and religious houses of this kingdom." B. Hudson. Congleton, Cheshire. CHAUCER. (Vol. vi., p. 603.) In reference to the question raised by J. N. B., what authority there is for asserting that Chaucer pursued the study of the law at the Temple, I send you the following extract from a sketch of his life by one of his latest biographers, Sir Harris Nicolas : " It has been said that Chaucer was originally in- tended for the law, and that, from some cause which has not reached us, and on which it would be idle to speculate, the design was abandoned. The acquaint- ance he possessed with the classics, with divinity, with astronomy, with so much as was then known of che- mistry, and indeed with every other branch of the scholastic learning of the age, proves that his education had been particularly attended to ; and his attainments render it impossible to believe that he quitted college at the early period at which persons destined for a mili- tary life usually began their career. It was not then the custom for men to pursue learning for its own sake ; and the most rational manner of accounting for the extent of Chaucer's acquirements, is to suppose that he was educated for a learned profession. The knowledge he displays of divinity would make it more likely that he was intended for the church than for the bar, were it not that the writings of the Fathers were generally read by all classes of students. One writer says that Chaucer was a member of the Inner Temple, and that while there he was fined two shillings for beating a Franciscan friar in Fleet Streef"; and another (Leland) observes, that after he had travelled in France, ' col- legia leguleiorum frequentavit.' Nothing, however, is positively known of Chaucer until the autumn of 1359, when he himself says he was in the army with which Edward III. invaded France, and that he served for the first time on that occasion." The following remarks are from the Life of Chaucer, by William Godwin, Lond. 1803, vol. i. p. 357. : " The authority which of late has been principally relied upon with respect to Chaucei-'s legal education is that of Mr. Speght, who, in his Life of Chaucer, says, ' Not many yeeres since, Master Buckley did see a record in the same house [the Inner Temple], where Geoffrey Chaucer was fined two shillings for beating a Franciscane fryar in Fleet-streete.' This certainly * " Speght, who states that a Mr. Buckley had seen a record of the Inner Temple to that effect." — Note hy Sir H. N. 70 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 168. would be excellent evidence, were it not for the dark and ambiguous manner in which it is produced. I should have been glad that Mr, Speght had himself seen the record, instead of Master Buckley, of whom I suppose no one knows who he is : why did he not ? I should have been better satisfied if the authority had not been introduced with so hesitating and questionable a phrase as ' not many yeeres since ;' and I also think that it would have been better if Master Buckley had given us the date annexed to the record ; as we should then at least have had the satisfaction of knowing whether it did not belong to some period before our author was born, or after he had been committed to the grave. Much stress, therefore, cannot be laid upon the supposition of Chaucer having belonged to the Society of the Inner Temple." Ttbo. ■ Dublin. PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUEEIES. Pyrogallic Acid (Vol. vi., p. 612.). — In answer to the Query of your correspondent E. S., I beg to give the following method of preparing pyro- gallic acid (first published by Dr. Stenhouse), which I have tried and found perfectly successful. Make a strong aqueous infusion of powdered galls ; pour it off from the undissolved residue, and carefully evaporate to dryness by a gentle heat : towards the conclusion of the process the extract is very liable to burn ; this is best prevented by continued stirring Avith a glass or porcelain spatula, l^ext, procure a flat-bottomed iron pan, about ten inches diameter and five inches deep. Make a hat of cartridge paper pasted together, about seven inches high, to slip over and accurately fit the top of the iron pan. Strew the bottom of the pan with the gall extract to the depth of three- quarters of an inch ; over the top stretch and tie a piece of bibulous paper pierced with numerous pin-holes ; over this place the hat, and tie it also tightly round the top of the pan. The whole apparatus is now to be placed in a sand-bath, and heat cautiously applied. It is con- venient to place a glass thermometer in the sand- bath as near the iron pan as possible. The heat is to be continued about an hour, and to be kept as near 420° Fab. as possible ; on no account is it to exceed 450". The vapour of the acid condenses in the hat, and the crystals are prevented from falling back into the pan by the bibulous paper diaphragm. When it is supposed that the whole of the acid is sublimed, the strings are to be un- tied, and the hat and diaphragm cautiously taken off together ; the crystals will be found in con- siderable quantity, and should be removed into a stoppered bottle ; they should be very brilliant and perfectly white ; if there is any yellow tinge, the heat has been too great. I believe that close attention to the above details will ensure success to any one who chooses to try the process, but at the same time I must remind your correspondents that scarcely any operation in chemistry is perfectly successful the first time of trial. J. G. H. Clapham. Stereoscopic Pictures with One Camera (Vol. vi., p. 587.). — In reply to the inquiry of Ramus, allow me to say the matter is not difficult. My plan is as follows: — Suppose a piece of still-life to be the subject. Set up the camera at such a distance as will give a picture of the size intended, suppose it sixteen feet from the principal and central object ; by means of a measuring tape or a piece of string, measure the exact distance from the principal object to the front of the camera. Take and com- plete the first picture ; if it prove successful, re- move the camera about two feet either to the right or left of its first station {i.e. according to the judgment formed as to which will afford the most artistic view of the subject), taking care by help of the tape or string to preserve the same distance between the principal object and the camera, and that the adjustment of focus is not disturbed. In other words, the camera must be moved to an- other part of the arc of a circle, of which the principal object is the centre, and the measured distance the radius. If the arc through which the camera is moved to its second station be too large, the stereoscopic picture will be unnaturally and unpleasingly distorted. The second picture is now to be taken. If the subject be a sitter, it is of the utmost importance to proceed as quickly as possible, as the identical position must be retained movelessly till both pictures are completed. This (in my ex- perience) is scarcely practicable with collodion pictures, unless by the aid of an assistant and two levelled developing-stands in the dark closet ; for the time occupied by starting the first picture on its development, and preparing the second glass plate (scarcely less than three or four minutes), will be a heavy tax on the quiescent powers of the sitter. This difficulty is avoided by adopting the Daguerreotype process, as the plates can be pre- pared beforehand, and need not be developed before both pictures are taken. In this case the only delay between the pictures is in the shifting the position of the camera. This is readily done by providing a table of suitable height (instead of the ordinary tripod), on which an arc of a circle is painted, having for its centre the place of the sitter. If the sitter be at the distance of eleven or twelve feet (my usual distance with a 3^ inch Voight- lander), the camera need not be moved more than ten or twelve inches ; and even this distance pro- duces some visible distortion to an accurate ob- seiVer. The second levelling stand is required when using the collodion process, because the second Jan. 15. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 71 picture will be ready for development before the developing and fixing of the first has set its stand at liberty. Cokelt. Mr. Crookes' Wax-paper Process (Vol, vi., p. 613.). — R. E. wishes to know the exact mean- ing of the sentence, "With the addition of as miich free iodine as will give it a sherry colour." After adding the iodide of potassium to the water, a small quantity of iodine (this can be procured at any operative chemist's) is to be dissolved in the mixture until it be of the proper colour. The paper is decidedly more sensitive if exposed wet, but it should not be washed ; and I think it is advisable to have a double quantity of nitrate of silver in the exciting bath. I have not yet tried any other salt than iodide of potassium for the first bath ; but I hope before the summer to lay before your readers a simpler, and I think superior wax- paper process, upon which I am at present experi- menting. William Crookes. Hammersmith. P.S. — I see that in the tables E. E. has given, he has nearly doubled the strength of my iodine bath. It should be twenty-four grains to the ounce, instead of forty-four ; and he has entirely left out the iodine. India Rubber a Substitute for Yellow Glass. — I think that I have made a discovery which may be useful to photographers. It is known that some kinds of yellow glass effectually obstruct the pas- sage of the chemical rays, and that other kinds do not, according to the manner in which the glass is prepared. I have never heard or read of India rubber being used for this purpose ; but I believe it will be found perfectly efficient, and will therefore state how I arrived at this conclusion. Having occasion to remove a slate from the side of my roof, to make an opening for my camera, I thought of a sheet of India rubber to supply the place of the slate, and thus obtain a flexible water- proof covering to exclude the wet, and to open and shut at pleasure. This succeeded admirably, but I found that I had also obtained a deep rich yellow window, which perfectly lighted a large closet, previously quite dark, and in which for the last ten days I have excited and developed the most sensitive iodized collodion on glass. I therefore simply announce the fact, as it may be of some importance, if verified by others and by further experiment. I have not yet tested it with a lens and the solution of sulphite of quinine, as I wished the sun to shine on the sheet of India rubber at the time, which would decide the question. How- ever, sheet India rubber can be obtained of any size and thickness required : mine is about one- sixteenth of an inch thick, and one foot square ; and the advantages over glass would be great in some cases), especially for a dark tent in the open air, as any amount of light might be obtained by stitching a sheet of India rubber into the side, which would fold up without injury. It is pos- sible that gutta percha windows would answer the same purpose. H. Y. W. N. Brompton. Dr. Diamond's Paper Processes. — We have been requested to call attention to, and to correct se- veral errors of the press overlooked by us in Db. Diamond's article, In the hurry of preparing our enlarged Number (No. 166.). The most impor- tant is in the account of the exciting fluid, — the omission, at p. 21. col. 1. 1. 47. (after directions to take one drachm of aceto-nltrate of silver), of the words "one drachm of saturated solution of gallic acid." The passage should run thus : " Of this solution take one drachm, and one drachm of saturated solution of gallic acid, and add to it two ounces and a half of distilled water." In the same page, col. 2. 1. 13., " solvent" should be " saturated ; " and In the same article, passim, " hyposulphate " should be " hyposulphite," and " solarise " should be " solarize." Ancient Timber Town-halls. — Since my ac- count of ancient town-halls (Vol. v., p. 470.) was written, one of these fabrics of the olden time noticed therein has ceased to exist, that of Kington, co. Hereford, it having been taken down early in November last, but for what reason I have not learned. Another, formerly standing in the small town of Church Stretton, in the co. of Salop, which was erected upon wooden pillars, and constructed entirely of timber, must have been _ a truly picturesque building, was taken down in September, 1840. A woodcut of the latter is now before me. Of the old market-house at Leo- minster I possess a very beautiful original draw- ing, done by IMr. Carter upwards of half a cen- tury ago. J. B. Whitborhe. Magnetic Intensity (Vol. vi., p. 578.). — The magnetic intensity is greatest at the poles ; the ratio may roughly be said to be 1"3, but more ac- curately 1 to 2-906. This is found by observation of the oscillations of a vertical or horizontal needle, A needle which made 245 oscillations in ten minutes at Paris, made only 211 at 7° 1' south lat. in Peru. The intensity and variations to which it Is subject is strictly noted at all the mag- netic observatories, and I believe the disturbances of intensity which sometimes occur have been found to be simultaneous by a comparison of ob- servations at different latitudes. For the fullest information on magnetic in- tensity, Adsum is referred to Sabine's Report on n NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 168. Magnetic Intensity, also Sabine's Contributions to Terrestrial Magnetism, 1843, No. V. T. B. Monument at Wadstena (Vol. vL, pp. 388.518.). — I have received the following (which I trans- late) from my friend in Denmark, whom I men- tioned in my last communication on this monu- ment : " It is only about a month since I saw Queen Philippa's tombstone in the c|iurch of Vadstena Monastery. It is a very large stone, on which the device and inscription are cut in outline, but there is no brass about it. King Erik Menved's and Queen Ingeberg's monument in llingsted Church is the finest brass I ever saw, and I have seen many." There is a good engraving of the brass alluded to, which is a very rich one, in Antiquariske An- naler, vol. iii. : Copenhagen, 1820. The inscrip- tions are curious, and the date 1319. W. C. Treveltan. Waliington. David Routh, R. C. Bishop of Ossory (Vol. iii., p. 169.). — In the article on a Cardinal's Monu- ment, by Mr. J. Graves, of Kilkenny, allusion is made to the monument of the above Catholic Bishop Routh or Rothe, as being in the Cathedral of St. Canice, Kilkenny, with his arms " sur- mounted by a cardinal's hat," and that he died some years after 1643. If Mr. Graves would give the date of this prelate's decease, or rather a copy of the full inscription on his monument, with a notice of the sculptured armorial bearings there- upon, he would be conferring a favour on a distant inquirer ; and as Mr. Graves is, apparently, a re- sident at Kilkenny, no obstacle exists to prevent his complying with this request. Any notices procurable regarding Bishop Routh are well deserving of insertion in " N. & Q.," for he was a man of deep learning and research, and is well known to have assisted the celebrated Archbishop Ussher of Armagh in the compilation of his Primordia, for which he had high compli- ments paid him by that eminent prelate, notwith- standing their being of difierent religions. Bishop Routh was also himself the author of a work on Irish Ecclesiastical History, now very rare, and seldom procurable complete. He pub- lished it anonymously, in two volumes 8vo., in tte year 1617, at " Coloniae, apud Steph. Ro- linum," with the following rather long title : " Analecta Sacra, Nova, et Mira, de llebus Catho- licorum in Hibernia : Divisa in tres partes, quarum I, Continet semestrem gravaminam relationem, secundci hac editione novis adauctam additamentis, et Notis il- lustratam. II. Para;nesin ad Marty res designates. III. Processum IMartyrialem quorundam Fidei Pu- gilium ; Collectore et Relatore, T. N. Philadelpho." I fear this has degenerated from a Note into a Query ; however, I may state in conclusion, that Mr, Graves is in error in styling the hat on Bi- shop Routh's monument a cardinal's, for all Ca- tholic prelates, and abbots also, have their armo- rial bearings surmounted by a hat, exactly similar to a cardinal's hat, with this difference only, that the number of tassels depending from it varies according to the rank of the prelate, from the car- dinal's with fifteen tassels in five rows, down to that of a prior with three only on each side in two rows. A. S. A. Punjaub. Cardinal Erskine (Vol. ii., p. 406. ; Vol. iii., p. 13.). — Several notices of this ecclesiastic have ap- peared in " N. & Q.," but as none of them give the exact information required, I now do so, though perhaps tardily. He was born 13th February, 1753, at Rome, where his father, Colin Erskine, a Jacobite, and exiled scion of the noble Scottish house of Erskine, Earls of Kellie, had taken up his residence. " Monsignor Charles Erskine," having embraced the ecclesiastical life at an early age, and passed through several gradations in the Church of Rome, was, in 1785, "Promotore della Fede," an office of the Congregation of Rites ; in 1794 auditor to Pope Pius VI., and raised to the purple by Pope Pius VII., who created him a Cardinal-Deacon of the Holy Roman Church, 25th February, 1801. Cardinal Erskine accom- panied the latter pontiff in his exile from Rome in the year 1809, and died at Paris, 19th March, 1811, in the fifty-eighth year of his age, and eleventh of his cardinalate. A. S. A. Punjaub. "Ne'er to these chambers," Sfc. (Vol. vii., p. 14.). — In reply to Aram's Query : " Where do these lines come from ? " they come from Tickell's sublime and pathetic " Elegy on the Death of Addison." Aram (" Wits have short memories," &c.) has misquoted them. In a poem of so high a mood, to displace a word is to destroy a beauty. Aram has interpolated several words. The follow- ing is the true version : " Ne'er to these chambers, where the mighty rest, Since their foundation, came a nobler guest. Nor e'er was to the bowers of bliss convey'd A fairer spirit, or more welcome shade." George Daniel. Canonbury. These lines are taken from the " Elegy on the Death of Addison," written by Tickell. They are, if I remember rightly, inscribed on the gravestone recently placed over his remains by the Earl of Ellesmere, in the north aisle of Henry VII.'s Chapel. The last two lines which your corre- spondent quotes should be as follows : " Nor e'er was to the bowers of bliss convet/'d A fairer spirit, or more welcome shade." J. K. R. W. Jan. 15. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 73 The Budget (Vol. vi., p. 604.). — It may be useful to inform Pkestoniensis, that, in a recent work on political economy, M. Ch. Coquelin says, that the word budget, in its present signification, has passed into France from England : the latter country having first borrowed it from the old French language — hougette signifying (and par- ticularly in old Norman) a leather purse. It was the custom in England to put into a leather bag the estimates of receipts and expenditure pre- sented to parliament : and hence, as Coquelin observes, the term passed from the containant to the contained, and, with this new signification, returned from this country into France ; where it was first used in an oflicial manner in the arretes of the Consul's 4th Thermidor, year X, and 17th Germinal, year XI. F. II. " Catching a Tartar" (Vol. vi., p. 317.). — This common and expressive saying is thus explained in Arvine's Cyclojxsdia : " In some battle between the Russians and the Tartars, who are a wild sort of people in the north of Asia, a private soldier called out, ' Captain, halloo there 1 I've caught a Tartar ! ' ' Fetch him along then,' said the Captain. ' Ay, but he won't let me,' said the man. And the fact was the Tartar liad caught him. So when a man thinks to take another in, and gets himself bit, they say he's caught a Tartar." Grose says that this saying originated with an Irish soldier who was in the " Imperial," that is, I suppose he means the Austrian service. This is hardly probable ; the Irish are made to father many sayings which do not rightly belong to them, and this I think may be safely written as one among the number. EiRioNNACH has now two references before him, Grose's Glossary and Ai'vine's Cyclopcedia, in which his Query is partly explained, if he can but find the dates of their publication. In this search I regret I cannot assist him, as neither of these works are to be found in the libraries of this island ; at least thus far I have not been able to meet with them. W. W. IVIalta. The J'ermination ^^ -itis" (Vol. vii., p. 13.). — Adsum asks : "What is the derivation of the term -itis, used principally in medical words, and these signifying inflammation ? " If " N. & Q." were a medical journal, the question might be answered at length, to the great advantage of the profession ; for, of late years, this termination has been tacked on by medical writers, especially foreigners, to words of all kinds, in utter defiance of the rules of language : as if a Greek affix were quite a natural ending to a Latin or French noun, -itis can with propriety be appended only to those Greek nouns whose adjectives cud in -jttjs : e. g. ■rrXevpa, irXivpirrjs ; Kepas, Keparirrjs, &C. UKevpirts IS used by Hippocrates. u\ivpa means the mem- brane lining the side of the chest : irKevpiTis (i^oaos understood) is morbus lateralis, the side -disease, or pleurisy. In the same manner keratitis is a very legitimate synonym for disease of the horny coat (cornea) of the eye. But medical writers, disregarding the rules of language, have, for some years past, revelled in the use of their favourite -itis to a most ludicrous extent. Thus, from cornea, they make " corneitis," and describe an inflammation of the crystalline lens as lentitis. Nay, some French and German writers on diseases of the eyes have coined the monstrous word " Des- cemetitis," on the ground, that one Monsieur Descemet discovered a structure in the eye, which, out of compliment to him, was called " the mem- brane of Descemet." Jatdee. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. Defence or Usury, by Bentham. (A Tract.) Treatise on Law, by Mackinloch. Two DiscotiRSEs OF Purgatory and Prayers for the Dead, by Wm. Wake. 1687. What the Chartists are. A Letter to English Working Men, by a Fellow-Labourer. ISmo. London, 1848. Letter of Church Rates, by Ralph Barnes. 8vo. London, 1837. Colman's Translation of Horace De Arte Poetica. 4to. 1783. Casaubon's Treatise on Greek and Roman Satire. Boscawen's Treatise on Satire. London, 1797. Johnson's Lives (Walker's Classics). Vol. \. Titmarsh's Paris Sketch-book. Post 8to. Vol. L Macrone, 1840. Akohbishop Leighton's Works. Vol. IV. 8vo Edition. 1819. Fielding's Works. Vol. XI. (being second of "Amelia.") 12mo. 1808. Holcroft's Lavater. Vol. I. 8vo. 1789. Otway. Vols. I. and IL 8vo. 17fi8. EoMOiNDSoN's Heraldry. Vol. H. Folio, 1780. Sermons and Tracts, by W. Adams, D.D. The Gentleman's Magazine for January 18-51 . Ben Jonsons Works. (London, 171G. 6 Voli.) Vol. H. wanted. The Pursuit op Knowledge. (Original Edition.) Vol. I. Rafin's History of England, 8to. Vols. L, III. and V. of the Continuation by Tindal. 1744. Sharpe's Prose Writers. Vol. IV. 21 Vols. 1819. Piccadilly. Inchbald's British Theatre. Vol. XXIV. 25 Vols. Long- man. Meyrick's Ancient Armour, by Skelton. Part XVI. *»• Correspondents sending Lists of Boolst Wanted are requested to send their names. *,• Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Mu. Bell, Publisher of " NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. §.iititti to C0rrc^iJ0u5Jcnt^. Owing to the necessity of infringing on the present Number for the Title-page of our Sixth Volume, we tire compelled to omit many interesting communications, and also our usual Notes on Booijs, ^c. B. H. C.'s communication on the subject of "Proclamations " has been forwarded to Mr. Bruce. , , 74 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 168. A. S. T. The line is from Prior : " Fine by degrees and beautifully less." T. M. G. (Worcester) w thanked. As the entire document would not occup!/ any great space, we shall be obliged by the oppor- tunity of inserting it. Notes on Old liOtiooH have only been thrust aside. They are intended for early insertion. M. B. C. We fear this cannot be avoided. The only consolation is, the additional interest with which the volumes will be regarded a century hence. N. C. L., who writes respecting Shaw's Stafford MSS., ijre- quested to say how a communication may be forwarded to him. A Reader, who writes respecting the " Arnold Family," the tame. W. S.'i (Sheffield) communications are at press, and shall have early attention. J. E. L. !S thanked. We can assure him that the present result qfmuch consideration and many communications, both by letter and personally, is to impress us with the feeling that the majority approve. The book-men shall, however, be no losers. New Ordinaky of Arms. The anonymous Correspondent on this subject will obtain the information of which he is in search on rtference to its Editor, Mr. J. W. Papworth, 14 a. Great Marl- borough Street, London. Aldiborontophoskophornio — World without a Sdn. The many Correspondents who have replied to these Queries are thanked. C. (Pontefract) is requested to forward copies of the Queries in question. Rev. E. B. (B***) is requested to state the subject of his com- munication. In his last very extraordinary letter he has omitted this i7nportant piece of information. C. E. F., who complains of the disappearance of a portion of the collodion film at the spot where the hyposulphite of soda is applied, is informed that this is by no means an uncommon occur- rence, and indicates the feeble action of the light at the present time of year. By using the glass a little larger than is required, as has bee7i before recommended, and pouring the hyposulphite of soda on the portion which is to be cut off', and allowing it to flow over the picture, the defect will generally be avoided. A 7nuck stronger solution of the hyposulphite of soda may be used — say, one ounce to two ounces of water ; and then, by preserving the solution, nwrf using it over and over again, a more agreeable picture is produced. The solution, when it becomes weak, may be refreshed by a few crystals of the fresh salt added to it. F. W. If the bath of nitrate of silver produces the semi-opaque appearance upon the collodion, in all probability there is no hypo- sulphite of soda in the bath: three or four drops of tincture of iodine added to each ounce of the solution of nitrate of silver in the bath, often acts very beneficially. All doubtful solutions qf nitrate of silver it is well to precipitate by means of common salt, collect the chloride, and reduce it again to its ?netatlic state. The paper process described by Dr. Diamond in our 166/A Number is calcu- lated both for positives and negatives. " Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcel, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday. THE ECLECTIC REVIEW for JANUARY, price Is. 6d., orby post 23. (commencing a new volume), contains : I. The Hungarian Struggle and Arthur Gorgey. H. Scottish Preachers and Preaching. III. Thackeray's History of Colonel Es- mond. rV. British South Africa. "V. Solwan ; or Waters of Comfort. VI. Religious Persecutions in Tuscany. VH. The Distribution of the Representation. VIII. Review of the Month, &c. &c. This day is published, No. IX., price Is. (80 pp.), THE HOMILIST; and Bi- Monthly Pulpit Review. Contexts : HOMHiY:— The Historic Forms of Anti- Theism. GERMS OF THOUGHT. THE GENIUS OF THE GOSPEL; — The Temptation of Christ ; or, the Typal Battle of the Good. GLANCES AT SOME OF THE GREAT PREACHERS OF ENGLAND : — Hugh La- timer. THEOLOGICAL AND PULPIT LITE- RATURE : — Sohleiermacher. Wellington and the Pulpit. No. X. will be published on the 1st of March. WARD & CO., 27. Paternoster Row. Just published, 1 vol. 8vo., price 9s. ANCIENT IRISH MIN- STRELSY, by REV. W. HAMILTON DRUMMOND,D.D., M.R.S.A. " A graceful addition to the lover of Ancient Minstrelsy, whether he be Irishman or not. A man need not be English to enjoy the Chevy Chace, nor Scotcli to value tlie Border Min- strelsy. The extracts we have given from Dr. Drummond's work, so full offeree and beauty, will satisfy him, we trust, he need not be Irish to enjoy the fruits of Dr. D.'s labours."— 2'Ae Dublin Advocate. Dublin : HODGES & SMITH, Grafton Street. London : 8IMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., 4. Stationers' Hall Court. Just published. Vol. I., 2/. 12s. 6d. DETAILS OF GOTHIC Ar- chitecture, measured and drawn from existing Examples, by J. K. COLLING, Architect. No. XXV. of Vol. II. contains : West Doorway of North Aisle, Kingsbury Church, Warwick. South Doorway, Ebony Chapel, Kent. Corbel from the Mayor's Chapel, Bristol. Sedilia and Piscina in the Chantry Chapel, Bitton Church, Gloucestershire. Ditto, Ditto, Section and Details. Naves, Piers, and Arches, Wittersham Church, Kent. Ditto, Fishtoft Church, Lincoln. Ditto, St. Mary's Church, Scarborough. Also, GOTHIC ORNAMENTS, Being a Series of Examples of enriched De- tails and Accessories of the Architecture of Great Britain. Drawn from existing Authori- ties by JAMES K. COLLING, Architect. 2 vols. 4to., 71. 10s., cloth. London : GEORGE BELL. 186. Fleet Street, and DAVID BOGUE. To Members of Learned Societies, Authors, &e. A SHBEE & DANGERFIELD, Bl LITHOGRAPHERS, DRAUGHTS- MEN, AND PRINTERS, 18. Broad Court, Long Acre. A. & D. respectfully beg to announce that they devote particular attention to the exe- cution of ANCIENT AND MODERN FAC- SIMILES, comprising AutORraph Letters, Deeds, Charters, Title-pages. Engravings, Woodcuts, &R., which they produce from any description of copies with the utmost accuracy, and without the slightest injury to the originals. Among the many purposes to which the art of Lithography is most successfully applied, may be specified, — ARCH^OLOGICAL DRAWINGS, Architecture, Landscapes, Ma- rine Views, Portraits from Life or Copies, Il- luminated MSS., Monumental Brasses, Deco- rations, Stained Grlass Windows, Maps, Plans, Diagrams, and every variety of illustrations requisite for Scientific and Artistic Publi- cations. PHOTOGRAPinC DRAWINGS litho- graphed with the greatest care and exactness. LITHOGRAPHIC OFFICES. 18. Broad Cotirt, hong Acre, London. Twenty-flve Letters of Nelson, near One Hun- dred interesting Letters of the Duke of Wel- lington, Important State Papers illustrative of the Reign of (Jeorge III., and other very valuable Autographs. PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, on TUESDAY, January 21, and Two following Days, a Valuable Assem- blage of Autograph Letters, in the finest pre- servation ; including the Joint Collections of S. J. PRATT and DR. MAYOR ; amongst which will be found many Letters of great Rarity and Interest, Selections from the Fairfax and Rupert Correspondence, &c. Catalogues will be sent on Application (if in the Country, on receipt of Six Stamps). Theology, Voyages and Travels, American History and Literature, and the celebrated Copy of the Scriptures known as "The Bowyer Bible." PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, on SATURDAY, Feb. 26, and Five following Days, an Extensive and Valu- able Collection of Curious and Interesting Voyages and Travels, msny of which relate to America, the East and West Indies, &c. : also valuable Theological Books, including a large Collection of the Works of Puritan Writers : to which is added, the Celebrated Copy of the Holy Scriptures, known as " THE BOWYER BIBLE," the most extensively Illustrated Book extant formed at a cost of several Tlionsand Pounds : tlie elaborately Carved Oak Case to contain the same, &c. Catalogues are preparing, and may shortly be had. Recently published, price 2d. DEATH THE LEVELLER. A Sermon preached in Ecclesfield Parish Church, by the KEV. ALFRED GATTY, M.A., Vicar, on the 21st of November, 18.')2, the Sunday after the Funeral of the Duke of Wel- lington. Published by Request. London : GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. Jan. 15. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 75 BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GBKAT EX- HIBITION. No. 1. Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in Ave qualitie^, and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANU- FACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases. 8, 6, and 4 guineas. Tirst-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 euineas ; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its periormance guaranteed. Barometers, 2Z., 3?., and 4i!. Ther- mometers from Is. each. BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE. MR. HENRI VAN LAUN assists Gentlemen in obtaining a critical knowledge of the French, German, and Dutch languages. From his acquaintance with the ancient as well as the modern literature of these three languages, and also with the best English authors, he can render his lessons va- luable to gentlemen pursuing antiquarian or literary researches. He also undertakes the translation of Manuscripts. Communications to be addressed, pre-paid, ANDREW'S Li- brary, 167. New Bond Street. WESTERN LIFE ASSU- RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, 3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. Founded A.D. 1842. Directors. H. Edgeworth Bicknell, Esq. William Cabell, Esq. T. Somers Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P. G. Henry Drew, Esq. William Evans, Esq. William Free:nan, Esq. F. Fuller, Esq. J. Henry Ooodhart, Esq. T. Grissell, Esq. James Hunt, Esq. J. Arscott Lethbridge, Esq. E. Lucas, Esq. James Lys Seoger, Esq. J. Basley White. Esq. Joseph Carter Wood, Esq. Trustees. W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C. L. C. Humfrey. Esq., Q.C. George Drew, Esq. Comulling Counsel. — Sir Wm. P. Wood, M.P. Physician. — William Rich. Basham, M.D. Bankers. —Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. VALUABLE PRIVIIvEGE. POLICIES effected in this Office do not be- come void through temporary difficulty in pay- ing a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend tlie payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in tlie Pro- spectus. Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100/., with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits :— Age 17- S2 - 27- £ s. d. - 1 14 4 - 1 18 8 37- £ s. d. - 2 10 8 - 2 18 6 - 3 8 2 ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A,, F.R.A.S., Actuary. Now ready, price 10s. ad.. Second Edition, ■with material additions, INDUSTRIAL IN- VESTMENT and EMIGRATION; beino- a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO- CIETIES, and on tlie General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Matlaniatical Appendix on Com- pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR- THUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary t» the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. FaxUa- ment Street, London. PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, sperimens of which may be seen at their Esta- blishment. Also every description of Apparatus, Che- micals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art. 123. and 121. Newgate Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMI- CALS of absolute Purity, especially prepared for this Art, may be procured from K. W. THOMAS, Operative Chemist, 10. Pall Mall, whose well-known Preparation of Xylo- lodide of Silver is pronounced by the most eminent scientific men of tlie day to excel every other Photographic Compound in sensitive- ness, and in the marvellous vigour uniformly preserved in the middle tints of pictures pro- duced by it. MR. R. W. THOMAS cautions Photographers against unprincipled persons who (from the fact of Xyloidin and Collodion being synonymous terms) would lead them to imagine that the inferior compound sold by them at half the price is identical with his preparation. In some cases, even the name of MR. T.'s Xylo- Iodide of Silver has been as- sumed. In order to prevent such dishonour- able practice, each bottle sent from his Esta- blishment is stamped with a red label bearing his signature, to counterfeit which is felony. Prepared solely by R. W. THOMAS, Chemist, &c., 10. Pall Mall. PHOTOGRAPHIC Pic- tures.—a Selection of the above beautiful Productions may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photo- graphy in all its Branches. Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC Por- traits and VIEWS by the Collodion and Waxed Paper Process. Apparatus, Ma- terials, and Pure Chemical Preimration for the above processes, Superior Iodized Collodion, known by thenameof Collodio-iodide orXylo- iodide of Silver, 9rf. per oz. Pyro-gallic Acid, 4.S. per drachm. Acetic A old, suited for Collodion Pictures, 9,d. peroz. Crystallizable and per- fectly pure, on which the success of the Calo- typist so much depends. Is. per oz. Canson Frfere's Negative Paper, 3s. ; Positive do., 4s. M. ; La Croix. 3s. ; Turner, 3s. Whatman's Nega- tive and Positive, 3s. per quire. Iodized Waxed Paper, 10s. M. per quire. Sensitive Paper ready for the Camera, and warranted to keep from fourteen to twenty days, with directions for use, 11X9, 9s. per doz. ; Iodized, only 6s. per doz. GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS (sole Agents for Voightlander & Sons' celebrated Lenses), Foster Lane, London. TiO PHOTOGRAPHERS.— 1 MR. PHILIP DELAMOTTE begs to announce that he has now made arrangements for printing Calotypes in large or small quan- tities, cither from Paper or Glass Negatives. Gentlemen who are desirous of having good im- Sresfions of their works, may see specimens of Ir. Delamotte's Printing at his own residence, 38. Chepstow Place, Bayswater, or at MR. GEORGE BELL'S, 186. Fleet Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.— Negative and Positive Papers of What- man's. Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Frferes' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Grey's Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Piiotography. Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster Row, Iiondon. GEITERAIi CORNTWAIiXiXS. An original Portrait for Sale, by COTES. Address H. W., care of Samuel Edwards, Esq., 16. Harpur Street, Red Lion Square. nHEAP BOOKS. — Just Pub- \J lished, a Catalogue of Second- Hand Books (many curious), on Sale for Ready Money, by J. CROZIER, No. 5. New Turn- stile (near Lincoln's Inn Fields), Holbom. ARCHER'S PHOTOGRA- PHIC CAMERA. — This very useful apparatus for working the various Photogra- phic Processes in the open air, without the aid of any tent or dark chamber, can only be ob- tained of MR. ARCHER, 105. Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury. These Cameras are made either folding or otherwise. Also a portable folding Tripod Stand, so constructed that the Camera can be raised or lowered at pleasure. Achromatic Flu'd and other Lenses from ■21. 2s. to 6/. 6s. Iodized Collodion. 10s. per lb., 9rf. per oz. J and all Chemicals of the best qua- lity. Practical Instruction given in the Art. TO PHOTOGRAPHERS. — Pure Chemicals, with every requisite for the practice of Photograpliy, according to the instructions of Hunt, Le Grey, Bri^bisson, &e. &c., maybe obtained of WILLIAM BOLTON, Manufacturer of pure chemicals for Photogra- phic and other purposes. Lists of Prices to be had on application. 146. Holbom Bars. EALPH'S SERMON PAPER, — This approved Paper is particularly deserving the notice of the Clergy, as, from its particular form (each page measuring 5J by 9 inches), it will contain more matter than the size in ordinary use ; and, from the width being narrower, is much more easy to read : adapted for expeditious writing with either the quill or metallic pen ; price 5s. per ream. Sample on application. ENVELOPE PAPER. — To identify the contents with the address and postmark, important in all business communi- cations ; it admits of three clear pages (each measuring 5J by 8 inches), for correspondence, it saves time and is more economical. Price 9s. &d. per ream. F. W. RALPH, Manufacturing Stationer, 36. Throgmorton Street, Bank. KERR & STRANG, Perfumers and Wig-Makers, 124.LeadenhalI Street, London, respectful! v inform the Nobility and Public that they have invented and brought to the^ greatest perfection the following leading articles, besides numerous others : — Their Ventilating Natural Curl ; Ladies and Gen- tlemen's_ PERUKES, eitlier Crops or Full Dress, with Partings and Crowns so natural as to defy detection, and with or without their improved Metallic Springs ; Ventilating Fronts, Bandeaux, Borders, Nattes, Bauds i\ la Reine, &c. ; also their instantaneous Liquid Hair Dye, the only dye tiiat really answers for all colours, and never fades nor acquires that un- natural red or purple tint common to all other dyes ; it is permanent, free of any smell, and perfectly harmless. Any lady or gentleman, sceptical of its effects in dyeing any shade of colour, can have it applied, free of any charge, at KERR & STRANG'S, 124. Leadenhall Street. Sold in Cases at "s.6rf.,1.'is.,and20s. Samples, 3s. 6rf., sent to all parts on receipt of Post-office Order or Stamps. 76 NOTES AND QUEKIES. [No. 168. Now ready, in Seven Volumes, medium 4to,, cloth, pp. 4,167, Price Fourteen Guineas, THE ANNALS OF IRELAND; From the Original of the Four Masters, from the earliest Historic Period to the Conclusion in 1616 ; consisting of the Irish Text from the Original MSS., and an English Translation, with copious Explana- tory Notes, an Index of Names, and an Index of Places, by John O'Donovan, Esq., liL.D., Barrister at Law ; Professor of the Celtic Language, Queen's College, Belfast. Extract from the Dublin Review, " We can but hope, within the limited space at our disposal, to render a scanty and imperfect measure of justice to a work of such vast extent and varied erudition We would be? the reader, if he be disposed to doubt our opinion, to examine almost every single page out of the four thousand of wliich the work consists, in order that he may learn the true nature and extent of Mr. O'Donovan's editori.al labours. Let him sec the numberless minute verbal criticisms ; the elaborate topographical annotations with wliich each page is loaded ; tlie his- torical, genealogical, and biographical notices ; tlie lucid and ingtnious jUustrations, drawn from the ancient laws, customs, traditions, and institutions of Ireland j the parallelisms and discrepancies of the narra- tive with that of other annalists, both native and foreign ; the countless autliorities which arc examined and adjusted ; the errors which are corrected ; the omissions and deficiencies supplied ; in a word, tlie curious and various learning which is everywhere displayed. I^et him remember the mines from which all those treasures have been drawa are, for the most part, unexplored ; that the materials thus laudably ap- plied to the illustration of the text are iu great part manuscripts which TJssher and Ware, even Waddy and Colgen, not to speak of Lynch and Lanigan, liad never seen, or left unexamined ; many of them ia a language whicli is to a great extent obsolete." A Prospectus of the Work will be forwarded gratis to any application made to the Publishers. Dublin : HODGES & SMITH, Grafton Street, Booksellers to the University. London : LONGMAN & Co. ; and SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & Co. Now ready, small 4to., handsomely bound in cloth, il. 2s. ; morocco, 2Z. lit. 5d. POETRY OF THE YEAR, PASSAGES PROM THE POETS DESCRIPTIVE OF THE SEASONS. WITH TWENTY-TWO COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS FROM DRAWINGS BY THE FOLLOWING EMINENT ARTISTS. T. CBESWICK, B.A. C. DAVIDSON. W. LEE. J. MULLEK. E. DUNCAN. BIBKET FOSTER. D. COX. H, LE JEUNE. W. HEMSLEY. C. BBANWHITE. J. WOLF. C. WEIGALL. HARRISON WEIR. B. B. E. V. B. LUCETTE E. BARKER. " Christmas has seldom produced a gift-book more creditable to all concerned in it than this beautiful volume. The poetry is well chosen ; the passages being for the most part bits of real description, excellent in their kind, from the writings of our poets, from the time of Lord Surrey to that of Tennyson, with two or three beautiful bits from American authors. Now and then a poem is inserted, which, if not descriptive, is in spirit and feeling akin to the season to which it is referred ; and this gives variety to what might otherwise be too great a mass of description. As a book of extracts merely, it would be an intelligent and creditable selection, made upon a distinct and coherent plan. But the drawings of Messrs. Foster, Davidson, Weir, Creswick, Cox, Duncan, and Branwhite, arc a great addition to the volume ; and the coloured engravings have been happy in catching the spirit and character of the artists themselves. ...... " Though on a small scale, the feeling of some of the designs is ad- mirable, specially those devoted to the illustration of spring and summer _ the seasons which, both in poetry and painting, have the greatest amount of honour in this volume. The publisher is cntitledto the praise of great care and attention to the appearance of the book ; the colour and texture of the paper, the type, and the binding are unexceptionable. It is a book to do credit to any pvhlhher." — Guardian. GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of Txjndon ; and fublished by Geoiiok Bell, of No. 18(5. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Duustau in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. 'leet Street aforesaid.— Saturday, January 15. 1853, NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOB LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. •' IXTben found, make a note of." — Caftaik Cuttle. No. 169.] SATURDAY, January 22. 1853. C Price Fonrpence. \ Stamped Edition, Qd. CONTENTS. NoTKs : — Page Blacliguard, by Sir J. Emerson Tennent - - 77 Predictions of the Fire and Plague of London, No. I., by T. Sternberg - - - - - - 79 Notes and Queries on Bacon's Essays, No. 11., by P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A. 80 Folk Loke : — Irisli Superstitious Customs— Charm for Warts— The Devil — "Winter Thunder," &c. - 81 Malta the Burial-place of Hannibal - - - 81 Minor Notes: — Waterloo — " Tuch" — The Dodo — Francis I. - 82 Queries : — Dr.* Anthony Marshall 83 I.indis, Meaning of - - - - - - 83 Minor Queries : — Smock Marriage in New York — The broken .\stragalus-Peiiardo and Laissa — St. -idulph — St. Botiilph — Tennyson — "Ma Ninette," &c. — Astronomical Query — Chaplains to Noblemen — " More " Queries — Heraldic Query — " By Prudence guided," &c. — Lawyers* Bags — Master Family — Passage in Wordsworth— Govett Family — Sir Kenelm Digby — Riddles — Straw Kail— Wages in the West in 1642 — Literary Frauds of Modern Times - - 84 Minor Queries with Answers : — *' Very like a Whale " — Wednesday a Litany Pay — " Thy Spirit, Independence," &c. — " Hob and nob," Meaning of - 86 Replies: — Wellesley Pedigree, by John D'.\lton - - - 87 Consecrated Rings for Epilepsy - - - - 88 Turner's View of Lambeth Palace, by J. Walter, &c. - 89 Etymological Traces of the social I'osition of our An. cestors, by C. Forbes, &c. . - - - 90 Goldsmiths' Year-marks, by W. Chaffers, Jun., and H. T. EUacombe 90 Editions of the Prayer-Book prior to 1662, by W. Spar- row Simpson, B.A. . - - - - 91 Photographic Notes and Queries: —Originator of the Collodion Process — Mr. Weld Taylor's Process — Dr. Diamond's Services to Photography — Simplifi- cation of the Wax-paper Process - - - 92 The Burial Service said by Heart, by Mackenzie Wal. cott, M.A., &c. - . . - - - 94 Replies to Minor Queries: —Mary Queen of Scots' Gold Cross — Jennings Family — Adamson's " Eng- land's Defence"— Chief Justice Thomas Wood— Aldi- borontiphoscophornio — Statue of St. Peter at Rome — Old Silver Ornament — " Plurima, pauca, nihil" — " Pork-pisee " and " Wheale " — Did the Carians use Heraldic Devices V — Herbert Family— Children cry- ing at Baptism, &c. - - . . -95 Miscellaneous : — Notes on Books, &c. Books and Odd Volumes wanted - Notices to Correspondents Advertisements • - . . - 97 - 98 - 98 - 99 Vol. VII. — No. 169. ^att^. BLACKGUARD, In some of the earlier numbers of "N. & Q,," there occur disquisitions as to the origin of the term blackguard, and the time at which it came into use in England in its present sense. But the commu- nications of your correspondents have not been satisfactory upon either point — they have not shown the period at which the word came to be accepted in its present sense ; and their quotations all apply to its use in a much more simple mean- ing, and one totally different from that which we now attach to it. One class of these quotations (Vol. ii., pp. 171. 285.), such as the passages from Butler and Fuller, refer obviously to a popular superstition, during an age when the belief in witchcraft and hobgoblins was universal ; and when such crea- tures of fancy were assigned as Black Guards to his Satanic majesty. " Who can conceive," says Fuller in the paragraph extracted, " but that such a Prince-principal of Darkness must be pro- portionally attended by a Black Guard of mon- strous opinions ?" (Church History, b. ix. c. xvi.) And in the verses of Butler referred to, Hudi- bras, when deceived by Ralpho counterfeiting a ghost in the dark, — " Believed it was some drolling sprite That staid upon the guard at night ;" and thereupon in his trepidation discourses with the Squire as follows : " Thought he, How does the Devil know What 'twas that I design'd to do ? His office of intelligence. His oracles, are ceas'd long since; And he knows nothing of the Saints, But what some treach'rons spy acquaints. This is some petty -fogging _/?e«e?. Some under door-keeper's friend's friend, That undertakes to understand, And juggles at the second liand : And now would pass for spirit Po, And all men's dark concerns foreknow. I think I need not fear him for't ; These rallying devils do not hurt. 78 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 169. With that he roused his drooping heart, And hastily cry'd out. What art? — A wretch, quoth he, whom want of grace Has broupfht to this unhappy place. I do believe thee, quoth the kniglit ; Thus far I'm sure thou'rt in the right, And know what 'tis that troubles thee, Better than thou hast guess'd of me. Thou art some paltry, blackguard sprite, Condemn'd to drudg'ry in the night ; Thou hast no work to do in th' house, Nor half-penny to drop in shoes ; Without the raising of which sum You dare not be so troublesome ; To pinch the slatterns black and blue. For leaving you their work to do. This is your business, ojood Pug Robin, And your diversion, dull dry bobbing." Hudihras, Part III. Canto 1. line 1385, &c. It will be seen that Butler, like Fuller, uses the term in the simple sense as a guard of the Prince of Darkness. But the concluding lines of Hudi- bras's address to Ralpho explain the process by which, at a late period, this term of the Black Ouard came to be applied to the lowest class of domestics in great establishments. The Black Guard of Satan was supposed to perform the domestic drudgery of the kitchen and servants' hall, in the infernal household. The extract from Hobbes (Vol. ii., p. 134.) refers to this : — " Since my Lady's decay, I am degraded from a cook ; and I fear the Devil himself will entertain me but for one of his black guard, and he shall be sure to have his roast burnt." Hence came the popular superstition that these goblin scullions, on their visits to the upper world, confined themselves to the servants' apartments of the houses which they favoured with their presence, and which at night they swept and garnished ; pinching those of the maids in their sleep who, by by their laziness, had imposed such toil on their elfin assistants ; but slipping money into the shoes of the more tidy and industrious servants, whose attention to their own duties before going to rest had spared the goblins the task of performing their share of the drudgery. Hudibras apostrophises the ghost as — "... some paltry blackguard sprite Condemn'd to drudgery in the night ; Thou hast no work to do in th' house Nor half-penny to drop in shoes ; " and therefore, as the knight concluded — "this devil full of malice" had found sufficient leisure to taunt and rally him in ihe dark upon his recent disasters. This belief in the visits of domestic spirits, who busy themselves at night in sweeping and arrang- ing the lower apartments, has prevailed in the North of Ireland and in Scotland from time im- memorial : and it is explained in Sir Walter Scott's notes to the Lay of the Last Minstrel, as his justification for introducing the goblin page Gilpin Horner amongst the domestics of Branksome Hall. Perhaps, from the association of these elves with the lower household duties, but more probably from a more obvious cause, came at a later period the practice described by Gifford in his note on Ben Jonson, as quoted by your correspondent (Vol. ii., p. 170.), by which — " in all great houses, but particularly in the Royal Residences, there were a number of mean dirty depen- dents, whose office it was to attend the wool-yard, sculleries, &c. Of these, the most forlorn wretches seem to have been selected to carry coals to thy kitchens, halls, &c. To this smutty regiment, who attended the progresses, and rode in the carts with the pots and kettles, the people, in derision, gave the name of the black guards." This is no doubt correct ; and hence the expres- sion of Beaumont and Fletcher, quoted from the Elder Brother, that — " from the black guard To the grim Sir in office, there are few Hold other tenets:" meaning from the lowest domestic to the highest functionary of a household. This too explains the force of the allusion, in Jardine's Criminal Trials, to the apartments of Euston House being " far unmeet for her Highness, but fitter for the Black Guard" — that is, for the scullions and lowest ser- vants of an establishment. Svvift employs the word In this sense when he says, in the extract quoted by Dr. Johnson in his Dictionary in illus- tration of the meaning of blackguard, — " Let a black-guard boy be always about the house to send on your errands, and go to market for you on rainy days." It will thus be seen, that of the six authors quoted in " N. & Q." no one makes use of the term black gvxird in an opprobrious sense such as attaches to the more modern word "blackguard;" and that they all wrote within the first fifty years of the seventeenth century. It must therefore be subse- quent not only to that date, but to the reign of Queen Anne, that we are to look for its general ac- ceptance in its present contumelious sense. And I believe that Its Introduction may be traced to a recent period, and to a much more simple deriva- tion than that investigated by your correspondents. I apprehend that the present term, "a black- guard," is of French origin ; and that its import- ation Into our language was subsequent to the Restoration of Charles II., a.d. 1660. There is a corresponding term in French, bhgue, which, like our English adaptation, Is not admissible In good society. It is defined by Bescherelles, in his great Dictionnaire National, to mean " fanfaronnade, hablerie, mensonge ; Ijourde, gasconade : " and to Jan. 22. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. f# be " nn mot populaire et bas, dont les personnes bien clevees evitent de se servir." From blague comes the verb hlaguer, which the same authority says means " dire des blagues ; mentir pour le plaisir de mentir." And from hlaguer comes the substantive blagiieur, which is, I apprehend, the original of our English word blackguard. It is described by Bescherelles as a " diseur de sor- nettes et de faussetees; hableur, fanfaron. Un blagueur est un menteur, mais un menteur qui a moins pour but de tromper que de se faire valoir." The English term has, it Avill be observed, a somewhat Avider and more offensive import than the French: and the latter being rarely to be found amongst educated persons, or in dictionaries, it may have escaped the etymologists who were in search of a congener for its English derivative. Its pedigree is, however, to be sought in philological rather than archaeological records. Within the last two centuries, a number of words of honest origin have passed Into an opprobrious sense ; for example, the oppressed tenants of Ireland are spoken of by Spenser and Sir John Davies as " villains." In our version of the Scriptures, " cunning " implies merely skill in music and in art. Shakspeare employs the word " vagabond " as often to express pity as reproach ; and I think It will be found, that as a knave, prior to the reign of Elizabeth, meant merely a serving man, so a black- guard was the name for a pot-boj or scullion in the reign of Queen Anne. The transition Into its more modern meaning took place at a later period, on the importation of a foreign word, to which, being already Interchangeable in sound, it speedily became assimilated in sense. J. Emerson Tennent. PREDICTIONS OP THE FIRE AND PI.AGUE OF LONDON, NO. I. " It was a trim worke indeede, and a gay world no doubt for some idle cloister-man, mad merry friers, and lusty abbey-lubbers ; when themselves were well whit- tled, and their paunches pretily stuffed, to fall a pro- phesieingof the woefull dearths, famines, plagues, wars, &c. of tlie dangerous days imminent." — Harvey's Discoursive Probleme, Lond. 1588. Among the sly hits at our nation, which abound in the lively pages of the Sieur d'Argenton, Is one to the effect that an Englishman always has an old prophecy in his possession. The worthy Sieur Is describing the meeting of Louis X. and our Henry 11. near PIcquini, where the Chancellor of England commenced his harangue by alluding to an ancient prophecy which predicted that the Plain of PIcquini should be the scene of a memor- able and lasting peace between the two nations. " The Bishop," says Commlnes, " commencja par vne prophetic, dont," adds he, en parenthese^ "les Anglois ne sont jamais despourveus."* Even at this early period, we had thus acquired a reputa- tion for prophecies, and it must be confessed that our chronicles abound In passages which illustrate the justice of the Sieuv's sarcasm. From the days of York and Lancaster, when, according to Lord Northampton "bookes.of beasts and babyes were exceeding ryfe, and current in every quarter and corner of the realme,"t up to the time of Napoleon's projected Invasion, when the presses of the Seven Dials were unusually prolific in visions and predictions, pandering to the popular fears of the country — our national character for vaticin- ation has been amply sustained by a goodly array of prophets, real or pretended, whose lucubra- tions have not even yet entirely lost their Influence upon the popular mind. To this day, the ravings of Nixon are " household words " in Cheshire ; and I am told that a bundle of " Dame Shipton's Sayings" still forms a very saleable addition to the pack of a Yorkshire pedlar. Recent discoveries In biological science have given to the subject of popular prophecies a philosophical Importance be- yond the mere curiosity or strangeness of the de- tails. Whether or not the human mind, under certain conditions, becomes endowed with the prescient faculty. Is a question I do not wish 1o discuss in your , pages : I merely wish to direct attention to a neglected and not uninteresting chapter in the curiosities of literature. In delving among what may be termed the popular religious literature of the latter years of the Commonwealth, and early part of the reign of Charles, we become aware of the existence of a kind of nightmare which the public of that age were evidently labouring under — a strong and vivid im- pression that some terrible calamity was impend- ing over the metropolis. Puritanic tolerance was sorely tried by the licence of the new Court ; and the pulpits were soon filled with enthusiasts of all sects, who railed in no measured terms against the monster city — the city Babylon — the bloody city ! as they loved to term her : proclaiming with all the fervour of fanaticism that the measure of her iniquities was wellnigh full, and the day of her extinction at hand. The press echoed the cry ; and for some years before and after the Restora- tion, it teemed with "warnings" and "visions," in which the approaching destruction is often plainly predicted. One of the earliest of these prefigur- ations occurs in that Leviathan of Sermons, God's Plea for Nineveh, or London's Precedent for Mercy, by Thomas Reeve: London, 1657. Speaking of- London, he says : " It was Troy-novant, it is Troy le grand, and it will be Troy Textinct." — P. 217. * Memoires, p. 155. : Paris, 1649. f Defensative againsf the Poyson of supposed Pro- phecies, p. 116. 80 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 169. And again : " Methinks I see you bringing pick-axes to dig downe your owne walls, and kindling sparks that will set all in a flame from one end of the city to the other." — P. 214. And afterwards, in a strain of rough eloquence : " This goodly city of yours all in shreds, ye may seek for a threshold of your antient dwellings, for a pillar of your pleasant habitations, and not find them ; all your spacious mansions and sumptuous monuments are then gone . . . Wo unto us, our sins have pulled down our houses, shaken down our city ; we are the most har- bourlesse featlesse people in the world . . . Foxes have holes, and the fowls of the air nests, but we have neither ; our sins have deprived us both of couch and covert. What inventions shall ye then be put to, to secure yourselves, when your sins shall have shut up all the conduits of the city, and suffer only the Liver conduit to run * ; when they allow you no showers of rain, but showers of blood ; when ye shall see no men of your incorporation, but the mangl'd citizen ; nor hear no noise in your streets but the crys, the shrieks, the yells and pangs of gasping, dying men ; when, amongst the throngs of associates, not a man will own you or come near you," &c. — Pp. 221. et seq. After alluding to the epidemics of former ages, he thus alludes to the coming plague : " It will chase men out of their houses, as if there was some fierce enemy pursuing them, and shut up shop doors, as if execution after judgment was served upon the merchants ; there will then be no other music to be heard but doleful knells, nor no other wares to be born up and down but dead corpses ; it will change mansion houses into pest-houses, and gather congre- gations rather into churchyards than churches . . , The markets will be so empty, that scarce necessaries will be brought in, a new kind of brewers will set up, even apothecaries to prepare diet drinks." — P. 255. The early Quakers, like most other religious en- thusiasts, claimed the gift of prophecy : and we are indebted to members of the sect for many contri- butions to this branch of literature. Humphrey Smith was one of the most celebrated of the vati- cinating Quakers. Little is known of liis life and career. He appears to have joined the Quakers about 1654 ; and after enduring a long series of persecutions and imprisonments for the sake of his adopted creed, finally ended his days in Winches- ter gaol in 1662. The following passage, from a Vision which he saw concerning London (London, 1660), is startling t : * " It was a great contributing to this misfortune that the Thames Water House was out of order, so that the conduits and pipes were almost all dry." Observations on. the Bnrning of London: Lond. 1667, p. 34. f For a sight of this extremely scarce tract, I am indebted to the courtesy of the gentleman who has the care of the Friends' Library in Devonshire House, Bishopsgate. " And as for the city, herself and her suburbs, and all that belonged to her, a fire was kindled therein ; but she knew not how, even in all her goodly places, and the kindling of it was in the foundation of all her buildings, and there was none could quench it . . . And the burning thereof was exceeding great, and it burned inward in a hidden manner which cannot be described. . . All the tall buildings fell, and it consumed all the lofty things therein, and the fire searched out all the hidden places, and burned most in the secret places. And as I passed through her streets I beheld her state to be very miserable, and very ie'vr were those who were left in her, who were but here and there one : and they feared not the fire, neither did the burning hurt them, but they walked as dejected mournful people . . And the fire continued, for, though all the lofty part was brought down, yet there was much old stufle, and parts of broken-down desolate walls, which the fire continued burning against . . . And the vision thereof Remained in me as a thing that was showed me of the Lord." Daniel Baker, Will Lilly, and Nostradamus, I shall reserve for another paper. T. Sternberg. 3S0TES AND QUERIES ON BACON S ESSAYS, NO. II. (Vol. vii., p. 6.) Essay I. p. 2. " One of the fathers." Who, and where ? Ditto, ditto. Tiie poet. Lucretius, ii., init. " Suave mari raagno," &c. Ditto, p. 3. (note i). Plutarch. Does Montaigne allude to Plutarch, De Liberis educandis, vol. ii. (ed. Xyland.) 11 C. : "t5 70^ \pev5f(T0ai Sov\oirpeiris /C.T.A."? Essay II. p. 4. " You shall read in some of the friars' books," &c. Where ? Ditto, ditto. "Pompamagis,"&c. Does Bacon quote this from memory, referring to "ToUe istam pompam, sub qua latcs, et stultos territas " ? (Ep. XXIV. vol. ii. p. 92. : ed. Elzev. 1672.) Ditto, p. 5. " We read," &c. Tac. Hist, ii. 49. "Quidam militcs juxta roguni interfecere se, non noxa neque ob metum, sed semulatione decoi-is et caritate principis." Cf. Sueton. Vit. 0th., 12. Ditto, ditto. " Cogita quamdiu," Sec. Whence is this ? Ditto, ditto. " Augustus Cajsar died," &c. Suet. Vit Octav., 99. Ditto, ditto. " Tiberius in dissimulation." Tac. Ann., vi. 50. Ditto, ditto. "Vespasian." Suet. Fi7. F(?sp«5., 23. Ditto, ditto. " Galba." Tac. Hist, i. 41. Ditto, ditto. "Septimus Severus." Whence is this? Ditto, p. 6. (notem). "In the tenth Satire of Juvenal." V. 357., seq. Ditto, ditto. " Extinctus amabitur idem." Hor. Epistu. 1. 14, Jan. 22. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 81 Essay III. p. 8. "A master of scoffing." Rabe- lais, Pantagruel, book ii, cap. viii. (p 339. vol. i. ed. Bohn, 1849.) Ditto, p. 9. "As it is noted by one of the fathers." ^y whom, and where ? Ditto, p.|10. "Lucretius." i. 102. Ditto, p. 11. "It was a notable observation of a wise father." Of whom, and where ? Essay IV. p. 13. " For the death of Pertinax." See Hist. Aug. Script, vol. i. p. 578. (Lugd. Bat. 1671.) Ditto, ditto, (note/). " The poet." Ovid, Ar. Am., i. 655. Essay V. ditto. " Bona rerum secundarum," &c. Does Bacon allude to Seneca (Ep. Ixvi. p. 238., ut sup.), where, after stating that "In ffiquo est moderate gaudere, et moderate dolere;" he adds, " Ilia bona optabilia sunt, haec mirabilia" ? Ditto, ditto. " Vere magnum habere," &c. Whence is this ? Ditto, ditto. " The strange fiction of the ancient poets." In note (a) we find " Stesichorus, Apol- lodorus, and others " named. Whereabouts ? Ditto, p. 11. (note c). " This fine passage has been quoted by Macaulay." Ut sup., p. 407. Essay VI. p. 15. " Tacitus saith." Ann., v. 1. Ditto, ditto. " And again, when Mucianus," &c. Ditto, Hist., ii. 76. Ditto, ditto. " Which indeed are arts, &c., as Tacitus well calleth them." Where ? Ditto, p. 17. " It is a good shrewd proverb of the Spaniard." What is the proverb ? Essay VII. p. 19. "The precept, 'Optimum elige,' &c." Whence ? though I am ashamed to ask. Essay VIII. p. 20. " The generals." See iEsch. PerscB, 404. (Dindf.), and Blomfield in he. (v. 411. ed. sueb). Ditto, ditto. " It was said of Ulysses," &c. By whom? Compare Od., v. 218. Ditto, p. 21. "He was reputed," &c. Who ? (Zb be continued.) P. J. F. Gajjtiu-on, B.A. FOLK LOBE. Irish Superstitious Ciuttoms. — The following strange practices of the Irish are described in a MS. of the sixteenth century, and seem to have a Pagan origin : " Upon Maie Eve they will drive their cattell upon their neighbour's come, to eate the same up ; they were wont to begin from the rast, and this principally upon the English churl. Onlesse they do so upon Maie daie, the witch hath power upon their cattell all the yere following." The next paragraph observes that " they spitt in the face ; Sir R. Shee spat in Ladie face." Spenser alludes to spitting on a person for luck, and I have experienced the ceremony myself. H. Charm for Warts. — I remember in Leicester- shire seeing the following charm employed for re- moval of a number of warts on my brother, then a child about five years old. In the month of April or May he was taken to an ash-tree by a lady, who carried also a paper of fresh pins ; one of these was first struck through the bark, and then pressed through the wart until it produced pain : it was then taken out and stuck into the tree. Each wart was thus treated, a separate pin being used for each. The warts certainly disappeared in about six weeks. I saw the same tree a year or two ago, when it was very thickly studded, over with old pins, each the index of a cured wart. T. J. Liverpool. The Devil. — " According to the superstition of the west countries if you meet the devil, you may either cut him in half with a straw, or force him to disappear by spitting over his horns." — Essays on his own Times, by S. T. Cole- ridge, vol. iii. p. 967. J. M. B. If you sing before breakfast you will cry before supper. If you wish to have luck, never shave on a Monday. J. M. B. " Winter Thunder," Sfc. — I was conversing the other day with a very old farmer on the disastrous rains and storms of the present season, when he told me that he thought we had not yet seen the worst ; and gave as a reason the following proverb : " Winter thunder and summer flood Bode England no good." H.T. Ingatestone Hall, Essex. MALTA THE BURIAL-PLACE OP HANNIBAL. . Malta affords a fine field for antiquarian re- search ; and in no part more so than in the neigh- bourhood of Citta Vecchia, where for some distance the ground is dotted with tombs which have al- ready been opened. Here, in ancient times, was the site of a burial- place, but for what people, or at what age, is now unknown ; and here it is that archaeologists should commence their labours, that in the result they may not be disappointed. In some of the tombs which have been recently entered in this vicinity, fragments of linen cloth have been seen, in which bodies were enveloped at the time of their burial ; in others glass, and earthen candle- sticks, and jars, hollow throughout and of a curious shape ; while in a few were earrings and finger- rings made of the purest gold, but they are rarely found. ^$ NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 169. There cannot be a doubt that many valuable antiquities will yet be discovered, and In support of this presumption I would only refer to those now known to exist ; the Giant's Tower at Gozo, the huge tombs in the Bengemma Hills, and those extensive and remarkable ruins at Krendi, which were excavated by order of the late Sir Henry Bouverie, and remain as a lasting and honourable memento of his rule, being among the number. An antiquary, being at Malta, cannot pass a portion of an idle day move agreeably than in visiting some singular sepulchral chambers not far from Notabile, which are built in a rocky emi- nence, and with entrances several feet from the ground. These are very possibly the tombs of the earliest Christians, who tried in their erection " to imitate that of our Saviour, by building them in tlie form of caves, and closing their portals with marble or stone." When looking at these tombs from a terrace near the Cathedral, we were strongly reminded of those which were seen by our lately deceased friend Mr. John L. Stephens, and so well described by him in his Incidents of Travel in eastern lands. Had we time or space, we should more particularly refer to several other interest- ing remains now scattered over the island, and, among them, to that curious sepulchre not a long time ago discovered in a garden at Rabato. We might write of the inscription on its walls, " In pace posita sunt," and of the figures of a dove and hare which were near it, to show that the ashes of those whom they burled there were left in f)eace. We might also make mention, more at ength, of a tomb which was found at the point BeniTsa in 1761, having on its face a Phoenician inscription, which Sir William Drummond thus translates : ' " The interior room of the tomb of ^nnibal, illus- trious in the consummation of calamity. He was be- loved. The people, when they are drawn up in order of battle, weep for iEnnibal the son of Bar Malek." Sir Grenville Temple remarks, that the great Carthaginian general is supposed, by the" Maltese, to have been a native of their island, and one of the Barchina family, once known to have been established in Malta ; while some writers have stated that his remains were brought from Bi- thynla to this island, to be placed in the tomb of his ancestors ; and this supposition, from what we have read, may be easily credited. Might I ask if there is any writer, ancient or modern, who has recorded that Malta was not the burial-place of Hannibal? W. W. Malta. Waterloo. — I do not know whether, in any of the numerous lives of the late Duke of Welling- ton, the following fact has been noticed,,. In, Strada's History of the Belgian war (a work which deserves to be better known and appreciated than it is at present), there occurs a passage which shows that, about three hundred years since, Waterloo was the scene of a severe engagement ; so that the late sanguinary struggle was not the first this battle-ground had to boast of. The pass- age occurs in FamiancB Slradce dc Hello Selscico, Decas prima, lib. vi. p. 256., edit. Romse, 1653 ; where, after describing a scheme on the part of the insurgents for surprising Lille, and Its dis- covery by the Eoyalists, he goes on : " Et Ilassinghemius de Armerterieiisi milite inaudi- erat ; nihilqve moratvs selectis centvmqvinqvaginta peditibvs et equitibus sclopetariis ferme qvinqveginta prope Wuterlocvm pagvm pvgnam committit." What makes this more curious Is, that, like the later battle, neither of the contending parties on this occasion were natives of the country In which the battle was fought, they being the Trench Cal- vinists on one side and the Spaniards on the other. Philobiblion. " Tuchr — In " The Synagogue," attached to Herbert's Poems, but written by Chr. Harvie, M.A., is a piece entitled "The Communion Table," one verse of which is as follows : " And for the matter whereof it is made, The matter is not much, Although it be o( tuck. Or wood, or mettal, what will last, or fade ; So vanitie And superstition avoided be." S. T. Coleridge, in & note on this passage, printed in Mr. Pickering's edition of Herbert, 1850 (fcap. 8vo.), says : ' ' ■ ' " Tach rhyming to much, from the German tuch, cloth : I never rhet with it before as an English word.., So I find platt, for foliage, in Stanley's Hist, of Pkilo^ snphi/, p. 22." Whether Coleridge rightly appreciated Stanley's use of the word platt, I shall not determine ; but with regard to touch, it Is evident that he went (it was the tendency of his mind) to Germany for error, when truth might have been discovered nearer home. The context shows that cloth could not have been intended, for who ever heard of a table or altar made of cloth ? The truth is that the poet meant touchstone, which the author of the Glossary of Architecture (Srd edit., text and ap- pendix) rightly explains to be " the dark-coloured stone or marble, anciently used for tombstones. A musical sound" (it is added) "may be pro- duced by touching It sharply with a stick." And tills is In fact the reason for Its name. The author of the Glossary of Architecture cites Ben Jonson by GIfibrd, vlii. 251., juad ArchcBol.., xvl. 84. .1 •>! .'-fj' Alphage. . Lincoln's Inn. • « Jak. 22. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 83 The Dodo. — Amonp; the seals, or rather sulphur casts, in the British Museum, is one of Nicholas Sauinares, anno 1400. It represents an esquire's helmet, from which depends obliquely a shield with the arms — supporters — dexter a unicorn, sinis- ter a greyhound ; crest, a bird, which from its un- wieldy body and disproportionate wings I take to be a Dodo : and the more probability attaches it- self to this conjecture, since Dodo seems to have been the surname of the Counts de Somery, or Somerie fqnery Saumarez), as mentioned in p. 2. of Add. MSS. 17,455. in the British Museum, and alluded to in a former No. of " N. & Q." This seal, like many others, is not in such a state of preservation as to warrant the assertion that we have found a veritable Dodo. I only offer it as a hint to Mb. Strickland and others, that have written so learnedly on this head. Burke gives a falcon for the crest of Saumarez ; but the clumsy form and figure of this bird does not in any way assimilate with any of the falcon tribe. Dodo seems also to have been used as a Christian name, as in the same volume of MSS. quoted above we find Dodo de Cisuris, &c. Clarence Hopper. Francis I. — Mention has been made in " N. & Q." of Francis I.'s celebrated " Tout est perdu horniis I'honneur ! " but the beauty of that phrase is lost in its real position, — a long letter to Louisa of Savoy, his mother. The letter is given at full length in Sismondi's Histoire des Francais. M— aL. «a«en>iS. Dr. ANtHONT MARSHALL. In 1662 Anthony Marshall, D.D., was Rector of Bottesford, in Leicestershire. Nichols adds a query after his name ; whether he were of the Bishop of Exeter's fiimily ? and a note, that An- thony IMarshall was created D.D. at Cambridge in 1661 by royal mandate {Hist. Leic, vol. ii. p. 77.) ; and apiin. Dr. Anthony Marshall preached a Visitation Sermon at Melton in 1667, Aug. 11. I do not find that any Bishop of Exeter bore the name of Marshall except Henry Marshall in 1191, of course too far back to suppose that the Query could refer to him ; but I have not introduced this Note to quarrel with Mr. Nichols, but to ask if this is all that is known of a man wlio must, in his day, have attained to considerable eminence. I more than suspect that this Dr. Marshall was a native of Staveley in Derbyshire. Sir Peter Prescheville, in his will, dated in 1632, gives to St, John's College, Cambridge, 601 " for the buy- ing of bookes to furnish some one of the desks in the new library lately built and erected in the said college ; and expresses his desire that the said money shall be layed forth, and the bookes bought, provided, and placed in the said library by the paines, care, and discression of his two loveing friends, Mr. Robert Hitch, late Fellow of Trinity College in Cambridge ; and Mr. Robert Marshall, Fellow of St. John's College* ; or the survivor of them," — which last Robert, I suspect, should be Anthony. In 1677 Anthony Marshall, D.D., Rector of Bottesford, was a subscriber of lOZ. towards a fund then raised for yearly distribution; and there is only one name precedes his, or subscribes a larger amount, and that is Dr. Hitch before named. Mr. Bagshaw, in his Spiritttalibus Pecci, 1701, p. 61., referring to Thomas Stanley, one of the ejected ministers, says : " Mr. Stanley was born at Dackmonton, tliree miles from Chesterfield, where he had part of his education, as he had another part of it at Staley, not far from it. His noted schoolmaster was one Mr. Marshall, whose brother made a speech to King James I." Is there any means of corroborating this incident? In 1682 I observe the name of Dr. Marshall amongst the King's Chaplains in Ordinary, and a Dr. Marshall (perhaps the same individual) Dean of Gloucester ; but whether idenlified in the Doctor about whom I inquire, remains a Query. U. J. s. Sheffield. LINDIS, MEANING Or. We are told by Bede that Lindisfarne, now Holy Island, derives the first part of its name from the small brook Lindis, which at high water is quite in- visible, being covered by the tide, but at low water is seen running briskly into the sea. Now I should be glad to know the precise meaning of Lindis. We are informed by etymologists, that Lyn or Lin, in names of places, signifies water in any shape, as lake, marsh, or stream : but what does the adjunct dis mean ? Some writers assert that Lindis sig- nifies the linden-tree ; thus making the sound an echo to the meaning : and hence they assume that Lindesey in Lincolnshire must signify an Isle of Linden-trees. But it is very doubtful that such a tree ever existed in Lincolnshire anterior to the Conquest. The linden is rather a rare tree in England ; and the two principal species, the Tilia Europea and the Tilia grandifolia, are said by botanists not to be indigenous to this country, but to have been introduced into our island at an early period to adorn the parks of the nobles, and cer- tainly not till after the Conquest, Dr. Henry, in his History of Britain, vol. iv., gives the meaning of " Marsh Isle" to Lindsey, and of " Lake Colony " to Lincolnia, This I con- sider the most probable signification to a district [* There is a Latin epigram, by R, Marshall of St. John's College, Cambridge, prefixed to John Hall's Poems, published in 1646, —Ed,] 84 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 169. that abounded in marshes at that early period, when the rude Briton or the Saxon applied names to places the most consonant to the aspects they afforded them : nor is it likely they would give the name of Lindentree to a small brook, where such a tree never could have grown. As to the antiquity of the name of Lindes or Lindesey, I should say Lindentree must be of comparatively modern nomenclature. I should, however, be glad to have the opinion of some of your better-informed etymologists on the meaning of the word, as it may decide a point of some im- portance in genealogy. J. L. Berwick. Smock Marriage in New York. — In a curious old book, entitled The interesting Narrative of the Life of Oulandah Equiano, or Gustaims Vassa, the African, loritten by himself and published in London, by subscription, in 1789, I find the fol- lowing passage : "While we lay here (New York, a.d. 1784) a cir- cumstance happened which I thought extremely sin- gular. One day a malefactor was to be executed on a gallows, but with a condition that if any woman, having nothing on but her shift, married the man under the gallows, his life was to be saved. Tliis ex- traordinary privilege was claimed ; a woman presented herself, and the marriage ceremony was performed." — Vol. ii. p. 224. Perhaps some of your New York correspondents can say whether the annals of that city furnish evidence of so extraordinary an occurrence. B,. Wright. The broken Astragaliis. — Where was the broken astragalus, given by the host to his guest, first used as the symbol of hospitality ? C. H. Howaed. Penardo and Laissa. — Who is the author of a poem (the title-page of which is wanting) called The History e of Penardo and Laissa, unpaged, in seventeen caputs, with poems recommendatory, by Drummond of Hawthornden and others, small 4to., containing many Scotticisms ? E. D. St. Adulph (Vol. v., pp. 566, 567.). — Capgrave, quoting John of Tynemouth (?), says : " Sanctum igitur Adulphum audita ejus fama ad trajecteasem ecclesiam in episcopum rex sublimavit." Query \. Who is the "rex" here mentioned? Query 2, "Trajecteasem:" ought this to be applied to "Utrecht" or " Maestricht," or either? Literally, it is " on the other side of the water." A.B. St. Botulph (Vol. v., pp. 566, 567.).— Your cor- respondent C. W. G. says : " His (St. Botulph's) life was first put into regular form by Fulcard , . . Fulcard tells us what his materials were . . . An early MS. of this life is in the Harleian Collection, No. 3097. It was printed by Capgrave in the Legenda Nova." Query : Fulcard's life of the saint, or the life by some other person : John of Tynemouth to wit ? A. B. Tennyson. — Mr. Gilfillan, in his Literary Gal- lery, speaking of that fine poem "The Two Voices," says that the following line — *' You scarce could see the grass for flowers" — P. 308. 1, 18., 7th edit. is borrowed from one of the old dramatists. Could you or any of your correspondents tell me what the line is ? As also the Latin song referred to in " Edwin Morris : " " Shall not love to me, As in the Latin song I learnt at school, Sneeze out a full God-bless-you right and left?" P. 231. 1. 10., 7th edit. My last Tennyson Query is about the meaning of— " She to me Was proxy-wedded with a bootless calf. At eight years old." Princess, p. 15. 1. 18., 4th edit. H. J. J. Liverpool. " Ma Ninette," Sec. — Can any of your French readers tell me the continuation, if continuation there be, of the following charming verses ; as also where they come from ? " Ma Ninette a quatorze ans, Trois mois quelque chose ; Son teint est un printemps, Sa boucbe une rose." H. J. J. Astronomical Query. — You style your paper a medium of communication between literary men, &c. I trust this does not exclude one of my sex from seeking information through the same channel. We have had additions to our solar system by the discovery of four planets within the last few years. Supposing that these planets obey the same laws as the larger ones, they must be at all times apparently moving within the zodiac ; and considering the improvements in telescopes within the last seventy years, and the great number of scientific observers at all times engaged in the pursuit of astronomy both in Europe and North America, I am at a loss to understand why these planets were not discovered before. I suppose we may not consider them as new creations attached to our solar system, because the law of perturbations on which Mr. Herschel dis- Jak 22. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. TS5 courses at length, in the eleventh chapter of his IVeatise on Astronomy, would seem to demonstrate that they would interfere with the equilibrium of the solar system. Would some of your scientific contributors con- descend to explain this matter, so as to remove the ijrnorance under which I labour in common with, I believe, many others ? Leonora. Liverpool. Chaplains to Noblemen. — Under what statute, if any, do noblemen appoint their chaplains ? and is there any registry of such appointments in any archiepiscopal or episcopal registry ? X. '■'■ More'''' Queries. — " When More some years had Chancellor been, No more suits did remain ; The same shall never more be seen, Till More be there again." I infer from the first lines of this epigram that Sir Thomas More, by his unremitting attention to the business oftheCourt of Chancery, had brought to a close, in his day, the litigation in that depart- ment. Is there any authentic record of this cir- cumstance? Are there, at the present day, any male descen- dants of Sir Thomas More, so as to render possible tlie fulfilment of the prophecy contained in the last two lines ? Heney H. Bbeen. St. Lucia. TTeraldic Query. — To what families do the fol- lowing bearings belong ? L Two lions passant, on a chief three spheres (I think) mounted on pedes- tals ; a mullet for difference. The crest is very like a lily reversed. 2. Ermine, a bull passant ; crest, a bull passant : initials " C. G." U. J. S. Sheffield. " By Prudence guided,'" ^c. — Can any of the readers of " N. & Q." supply me with the words deficient in the following lines, and inform me from what author they are quoted ? I met with them on an old decaying tomb in one of the churchyards in Sheffield : " By prudence guided, undeiiled in mind, Of pride unconscious, and of soul refined, . . . . conquest subdue With in view Here the heaven-!)orn flame Which from whence it came." W. S. (Sheffield.) Laivyers' Bags. — I find it stated by Colonel Landman, in his Memoirs, that prior to the trial of Queen Caroline, the colour of the bags carried by barristers was green ; and that the change to red took place at, or immediately after, the event in question. I shall be glad of any information both as to the fact of such change having taken place, and the circumstances by which it was brought about and accompanied. J. St. J. Y. Wellbank. Master Family. — Can you refer me to any one who may be able to give me information respect- ing the earlier history of the family of Master or Maistre, of Kent, prior to 1530 : and any sugges- tions as to its connexion with the French or Nor- man family of Maistre or De Maistre ? This being a Query of no public interest, I inclose a stamped envelope, according to the wish expressed by you in a recent Number. George S. Master. Welsh-Hampton, Salop. Passage in Wordsworth. — Can any of your cor- respondents find an older original for Wordsworth's graceful conceit, in his sonnet on Walton's lines — " There are no colours in the fairest sky As fair as these : the feather whence the pen Was shaped, that traced the lives of these good men, Dr opt from an angeVs winy " — than the following : " whose noble praise Deserves a quill pluckt from an angel's wing." Dorothy Berry, in a Sonnet prefixed to Diana Primrose's Chain of Pearl, a Memorial of the peerless Graces, Sfc. of Queen Elizabeth: pub- lished London, 1639, — a tract of twelve pages. M— A L. Edinburgh. C Govett Family. — Can you inform me for what i&v to\vn or county Sir Govett, Bart., was mem- '"'■ ber of parliament in the year 1669, and what were his armorial bearings ? His name appears in the list of members given in page 496. of the Grand Duke Cosmo's Travels through England, published in 1821. Is the baronetcy extinct ? If so, who was the last baronet, and in what year ? Where he lived, or any other particulars, will much oblige. Qu^BO. Sir Kenelm Digby. — Why is Sir Kenelm Digby ■ represented, I believe always, with a sun-flower by his side ? Vandyke. Riddles. — It would take up too much of your valuable time and space to insert all the riddles for which correspondents cannot find answers ; but will you find means to ask, through your pages, if any clever CEdipus would allow me to commu- nicate to him certain enigmas which puzzle me greatly, and which I should very much like to have solved. KtiBi. Straw Bail. — Fielding, in his Life of Jonathan Wild, book i. chap, ii., relates that Jonathan's aunt " Charity took to husband an eminent gentleman, whose name I cannot learn ; but who was famous for 86 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 169. so friendly a disposition, that he was bail for above a . Jiundred persons in one year. He had likewise the remarkable honour of walking in Westminster Hall witli a straw in his shoe." What was the practice here referred to, and what is the origin of the expression " a man of straw," which is commonly applied to any one who appears, or pretends to be, but is not, a man of property ? Straw bail is, I believe, a term still used by attorneys to distinguish insufficient bail from "justifiable" or sufficient bail. J. Lbwelyn Cuetis. Wages in the West in 1642. — The Marquis of Hertford and Lord Poulett were very active in the West in the year 1642. In the famous collection of pamphlets in the British Museum (113, 69.) is contained Lord Poulett's speech at Wells, Somerset : " His lordship, with many imprecations, oaths, and execrations (in the height of fury), said that it was not fit for any yeoman to have allowed him from his own labours any more than the poor moiety of ten pounds a-year; and when the power shall be totally on their side, they shall be compelled to live on that low allow- ance, notwithstanding their estates are gotten with a great deal of labour and industry. " Upon this the people attempted to lay violent hands upon Lord Poulett, who was saved by a regi- ment marching in or by at the moment." What was Lord Poulett's precise meaning ? Do we not clearly learn from the above, that the Civil War was due to more than a mere choosing between king and parliament among the humbler classes of the remote country districts ? George Roberts. Literary Frauds of Modern Times. — In a work by Bishop (now Cardinal) Wiseman, entitled The Connexion between Science and Revealed Religion, 3rd edition, vol. ii. p. 270., occurs the following remark : " The most celebrated literary frauds of modern times, the History of Formosa, or, still more, the Sicilian Code of Vella, for a time perplexed the world, but were in the end discovered." Will you, or any of your readers, kindly refer me to any published account of the frauds alluded to in this passage ? I have a faint remembrance of having read some remarks respecting the Code of Vella, but am unable to recall the circumstances. I was under the impression that Chatterton's forgery of the Rowley poems, Macpherson's of the Ossianic rhapsodies, and Count de Surville's of the poems of Madame de Surville, were " the most celebrated literary frauds of modern times." In what respect are those alluded to by Dr. Wiseman entitled to the unenviable distinction which he claims for them ? Hemrt H. Bbeen. St. Lucia. " Very like a Whale.'" — What is the origin of this expression ? It occurs in the following dog- gerel verses, supposed to be spoken by the driver of a cart laden with fish : " This salmon has got a tail ; It's very like a whale ; It's a fish that's very merry ; They say its catch'd at Derry. It's a fish that's got a heart ; It's catch'd and put in Dugdale's cart." Henry H. Breen. St. Lucia. [This expression occurs in Hamlet, Act III. Sc. 2. : " Hamlet. Do you see yonder cloud, that is almost in shape of a camel ? Polonius. By the mass, and 'tis like a camel, indeed. Hamlet. Methinks it is like a weasel. Polonius. It is backed like a weasel. Hamlet. Or like a whale ? Polonius. Very like a whale." Since Shakspeare's time, it has been used as a pro- verb in reply to any remark partaking of the mar- vellous.] Wednesday a Litany Day. — Why is Wednesday made a Litany day by the Church ? We all know why Friday was made a fast; but why should Wednesday be sacred ? Anon. [Wednesdays and Fridays were kept as fasts in the primitive Clmrch : because on the one our Lord was betrayed, on the other crucified. See Mant and Wheatley,] '•'■Thy Spirit, Independence" Sfc. — Could you, or any of your readers, inform me where are the following lines? — " Thy spirit. Independence, let me share, Lord of the lion heart and eagle eye ! Thy steps I'll follow with my bosom bare. Nor heed the storm that howls along the sky." I quote from memory. H. [In Smollett's Ode to Independence.!^ "Hob and nob," Meaning of . — What is the origin of these words as verbs, in the phrase "Hob or nob," which means, as I need not inform your readers, to spend an evening tippling with a jolly companion? What is the origin of "nob?" And is either of these two words ever used alone ? C. H. Howard. Edinburgh. [This phrase, according to Grose, " originated in the days of good Queen Bess. When great chimnies were in fashion, there was at each corner of the hearth, or grate, a small elevated projection, called hob, and be- hind it a seat. In winter-time the beer was placed on the hob to warm ; and the cold beer was set on a small table, said to have been called the nob : so that the Jan.. 22. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. question, Will you liave hob or nob ? seenis onjy td have meant, Will you have warm or cold beer? i.e. beer from the hob, or beer from the nob." But Nares, in his Glossary, s. v. Hahbe or Nahbe, with much greater reason, shows that hob or nob, now only used convi- vially, to ask a person whether he will have a glass of wine or not, is most evidently a corruption of the old hab-nab, from the Saxon habban, to have, and nabban, not to have; in proof of which, as Nares remarks, Shakspeare has used it to mark an alternative of an- other kind : " And his incensement at this moment is so impla- cable, that satisfaction can be none but by pangs of death and sepulchre : hob, nob is his word ; give't Or take't." — Twelfth Night, Act III. Sc. 4.] i\cplt0£f. WELLESLET PEDIGREE. (Vol. vi., pp.508. 585.) There is an anxiety to obtain further particulars on this interesting subject, and I have searched my Genealogical MSS. Collections for such ; the result has extended farther than I could have wished, but, while I am able to furnish dates and authorities for hitherto naked statements, I have inserted two or three links of descent not before laid down. A member of the Somersetshire Welleslelghs is said to have accompanied Henry 11. to Ireland. Walleran or Walter de Wellesley, living in Ireland in 1230 (Lynch, Feud. Dig.), witnessed a grant of certain townlands to the Priory of Christ Church about 1250 {Registry of Christ Church) ; while it is more effectively stated that he then "endowed the Priory of All Saints with 60a. of land, within the manor of Cruagh, which then be- longed, with other estates, to his family, and that he gave to the said priory free common of pasture, of wood arid of turbary, over his whole mountain there." His namesake and son (according to Lynch, Feud. Dig-.), "Walran de Wylesley," was in 1302 required, as one of the " Fideles " of Ireland, by three several letters, to do service in the meditated war in Scotland {Pari. Writs, vol. i. p. 363.), and in the following year he was slain {MS. Book of Obits, T.C.D.). The peerage books merge these two Walleran s in one. William de Wellesley, who appears to have been son to AValleran, was in 1309 appointed Constable of the Castle of Kildare {Rot. Pat. Cane. Hib.), which he maintained when besieged by the Bruces in their memorable invasion of Ireland, and their foray over that county. For these and other services to the state he received many lu- crative and honourable grants from the crown, and was summoned to parliament in 1339. In 1347 he was slain at the siege of Calais. {Obits, T.C.D.) -UMi :...:; Sir John deWellesly, Knight, son of William, having performed great actions against the O'Tooles and O'Byrnes of Wicklow, had grants of sundry wardships and other rewards from the year 1335. In 1343 he became one of the sureties for the appearance of the suspected Earl of Des- mond, on whose flight Sir John's estates were seised to the crown and withheld for some years. (Lynch's Feud. Dig.) His successor was another John de Wellesley, omitted in the peerage books, but whose existence is shown by Close Roll 29 & 30 Edw. HI., C. H. He died about the year 1355. William Wellesley, son of John, was summoned to great councils and parliaments of Ireland from 1372 ; he was also entrusted by the king with various important commissions and custodies of castles, lands, and wards {Patent Rolls C. H.). In 1386 he was Sheriff of Kildare, and Henry IV. renewed his commission in 1403. Richard, son and heir of William de Wellesley, as proved by Rot. Pat. 1 Henry IV., Cane. Hib., mar- ried Johanna, daughter and heiress of Sir Nicholas de Castlemartin, by whom the estates of Dangan, Mornington, &c. passed to the Wellesley family ; he and his said wife had confirmation of their estates in 1422. {Rot. Pat. 1 Henry VI., C. H.) He had a previous grant from the treasury by order of the Privy Council, in consideration of his long services as sheriff of the county of Kildare, and yet more actively " in the wars of Munster, Meath, and Leinster, with men and horses, arms and money." {Rot. Claris. 17 Ric. II., C. H.) In 1431 he was specially commissioned to advise the crown on the state of Ireland, and was subsequently se- lected to take charge of the Castle of Athy, as " the fittest person to maintain that fortress and key of the country against the malice of the Irish enemy." {Rot. Pat. et Claus. 9 Henry VI., C. II.) In resisting that " malice " he fell soon after. The issue of Sir Richard de Wellesley by Johanna were, William Wellesley, who married Katherine , and dying in 1441 was suc- ceeded by his next brother, Christopher Wellesley, whose recorded fealty in the same year proves all the latter links ; his succession to William as brother and heir, and the titles of Johanna as widow of his father Richard, and of Katherine as widow of William, to dower off said estates. {Ra* Claus. 19 Henry VI., C.H.) At and previous to this time, another line of this family, connected as cousins with the house of Dangan, flourished in the CO. Kildare, where they were recognised as Palatine Barons of Norragh to the close of the seventeenth century. William Wellesley of Dan- gan was the son and heir of Christopher. An (un- printed) act of Edward IV. was passed in 1472 in favour of this William; and his two marriages are stated by Lynch {Feud. Dig.) : the first was to 88 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 169. Ismay Plunkett ; the second, to Maud O'Toole, was contracted under peculiar circumstances. The law of Ireland at the time prohibited the inter- niarria^jes of the English with the natives without royal licence therefor being previously obtained, and not even did the licence so obtained wash out the original sin of Irish birth ; for, as in this in- stance, Maud, having survived her first husband, on marrying her second, Patrick Hussey, had a fresh licence to legalise that marriage. It is of record (i2o^. Paf. 21 Henry VII., C.H.), and proves the second marriage of Sir William clearly : yet it is not noticed in any of the peerage books, which derive his issue from tiie first wife, and not from the second, as Lynch gives it, that issue being Gerald the eldest son, Walter the second, and Alison a daughter. Gerald had a special livery of his estate in 1 539 ; Walter the second son became Bishop of Kildare in 1531, and died its diocesan in 1539 (see Ware's Bishops) ; and the daughter Alison intermarried with John Cuaack of Cushington, co. Meath. (Burke's Landed Gentry, Supp. p. 88.) Gerald, according to all the peerage books, married Margaret, eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Fitzgerald, who was Lord Chancellor of Ireland in 1483, and had issue William, his eldest son, Lord of Dangan, who married Elizabeth Cusack, of Portrane, co. Dublin, and died previous to 1551 (as I believe is proveable by inquisitions of that year in the office of the Chief Remembrancer, Dublin), leaving Gerald, his eldest son and heir. An inquiry taken in 1579 as to the extent of the manor of Dangan, finds him then seised thereof (Inquis. in C. H. 23 Eliz.'). Previous to this he appears a party in conveyances of record, as in 1564, &c. He had a son Edwai-d (not mentioned in the peerage books), who joined in a family conveyance of 1599, and soon after died, leaving a son. Valerian Wellesley. Gerald himself died in 1603, leaving said Valerian, his grandson and heir, then aged ten (Inquis. 5 Jac. I. in Bolls Office), and married, adds the Inquisition ; and Lynch, in his Feudal Dignities, gives interesting particulars of the betrothal of this boy, and his public repu- diation of the intended match on his coming to age. This Valerian is traced through Irish records to the time of the Restoration ; he mar- ried first, Maria Cusack (by whom he had William Wellesley, his eldest son), and, second, Anne Forth, otherwise Cusack, widow of Sir Ambrose Forth, as shown by an Inquisition of 1637, in the Rolls Office, Dublin. William Wellesley, son and heir of Valerian, married Margaret Kempe (Peerage Books), and by her had Gerald Wellesley, who on the Re- storation petitioned to be restored to his estates, and a Decree of Innocence issued, which states the rights of himself, his father, and his grand- father in " Dingeri." This Gerald married Eliza- beth, eldest daughter of Sir Dudley Colley, and their first daughter was baptized in 1663 by the name of Margaret, some evidence, in the courtesy of christenings, of Gerald's mother being Mar- garet. (Registry of St. Werburgh's.) Gerald was a suitor in the Court of Claims in 1703 : he left two sons; William the eldest died s. p., and was succeeded bj' Garrett, his next brother, who died also without issue in 1728, having bequeathed all the family estates to Richard Colley, second son of the aforesaid Sir Dudley Colley, and testator's uncle, enjoining upon said Richard and his heirs male to bear thenceforth, as they succeeded to the estates, the name and arms of Wellesley. This Richard C6lley Wellesley married Eliza- beth, daughter of John Sale, LL.D. and M.P., by whom he had issue Garrett Wellesley, born, as the Dublin and London Magazine for 1735 announces, " 19th July," when " the Lady of Richard Colley Westley was delivered of a son and heir, to the great joy of that family.^' This son was father of the Marquis Wellesley and of the Duke of Wel- lington ! John D'Alton. 48. Summer Hill, Dublin. CONSECBATED rings rOR EPILEPSY. (Vol. vi., p. 603.) Sir W. C. T. has opened a very interesting field for inquiry regarding these blest rings. St. Edward, in his last illness (obiit January 5, 1066), gave a ring which he wore to the Abbot of Westminster. The origin of this ring is sur- rounded by much mystery. A pilgrim is said to have brought it to the king, and to have informed him that St. John the Evangelist had made known to the donor that the king's decease was at hand. " St. Edward's ring " was kept for some time at Westminster Abbey, as a relic of the saint, and was applied for the cure of the falling sickness or epilepsy, and for the cramp. From this arose the custom of our English kings, who were believed to have inherited St. Edward's powers of cure, solemnly blessing every year rings for distribution. It is said, we know not on what authority, that the ring did not always remain at Westminster, but that in the chapel of Havering (so called from having the ring), in the parish of Hornchurcb, near Rumford in Essex (once a hunting-seat of the kings), was kept, till the dissolution of religious houses, the identical ring given by the pilgrim to St. Edward. Weaver says he saw it represented in a window of Rumford Church. These rings seem to have been blessed for two different species of cure: first, against the falling sickness (comitialis morbus) ; and, secondly, against the cramp (contracta membra). For the cure of the king's evil the sovereign did not bless rings, but continued to touch the patient. Jan. 22. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 89 Good Friday was the day appointed for the bless- ing of the rings. They were often called " medij- cinable rings," and were made both of gold and silver ; and as we learn from the household books of Henry IV. and Edward IV., the metal they were composed of was what formed the king's offering to the cross on Good Friday. The follow- ing entry occurs in the accounts of the 7th and 8 th years of Henry IV. (1406) : " In oblacionibus Domini Regis factis adorando Crucem in capella infra manerium suum de Eltham, die Parascevis, in precio trium nobilium auri et v solidorum sterlyng, xxv s, "In denariis solutis pro eisdem oblacionibus reassumptis, pro annulis medicinalibus inde faci- endis, xxv s." The prayers used at the ceremony of blessing the rings on Good Friday are published in Wal- dron's Literary Museum. Cardinal Wiseman has in his possession a MS. containing both the cere- mony for the blessing the cramp rings, and the ceremony for the touching for the king's evil. At the commencement of the MS. are emblazoned the arms of Philip and Mary : the first ceremony is headed, " Certain prayers to be used by the queues heignes in the consecration of the crampe rynges." Accompanying it is an illumination re- presenting the queen kneeling, with a dish, con- taining the rings to be blessed, on each side of her. The second ceremony is entitled, " The ceremonye for y*-' heling of them that be diseased with the kynges evill;" and has its illumination of Mary kneeling and placing her hands upon the neck of the diseased person, who is presented to her by the clerk ; while the chaplain, in alb and stole, kneels on the other side. The MS. was exhibited at a meeting of the Archa3ological Institute on 6th June, 1851. Hearne, in one of his manuscript diaries in the Bodleian, Iv. 190., mentions having seen certain prayers to be used by Queen Mary at the blessing of cramp rings. May not this be the identical MS. alluded to ? But, to come to W. C. T.'s immediate question, " When did the use of these blest rings by our sovereigns cease ? " The use never ceased till the change of religion. In addition to the evidence already given of the custom in the fifteenth cen- tury, may be added several testimonies of its continuance all through the sixteenth century. Lord Berners,. when ambassador to the Emperor Charles V., writing " to my Lord Cardinal's grace" from Saragossa, June 31, 1518, says, "If your grace remember me with some crampe ryngs, ye shall doo a thing muclie looked for ; and I trust to bestowe thaym well with goddes grace." (Harl.MS. 295. f. 119. See also Polydore Virgil, Hist I 8. ; and Harpsfield.) Andrew Boorde, in his Introduc- tion to Knowledge, mentions the blessing of these rings : " The kynges of England doth halow every yerc crampe rynges, j° which rynges worne on one's finger doth helpe them whych hath the crampe : " and again, in his Breviary of Healthy 1557, f. 166., mentions as a remedy against the cramp, " The kynge's majestic hath a great helpe in this matter, in halowing crampe ringes, and so given without money or petition." A curious remnant or corruption of the use of cramp rings is given by Mr. G. Rokewode, who says that in Suffolk " the use of cramp rings, as a preservative against fits, is not entirely abandoned. Instances occur where nine young men of a parish each subscribe a crooked sixpence, to be moulded into a ring, for a young woman afflicted with this malady." {History, Sfc, 1838, Introd. p. xxvi.) Ceyrep, TURNERS VIEW OT LAMBETH PALACE. (Vol.vii., p. 15.) L. E. X. inquires respecting the first work exr hibited by the late J. M. AV. Turner, Il.A. The statement of the newspaper referred to was correct. The first work exhibited by Turner was a water- colour drawing of Lambeth Palace, and afterwards presented by him to a gentleman of this city, long since deceased. It is now in the possession of that gentleman's daughter, an elderly lady, who attaches no little importance to it. The fact is, that Mr. Turner, when young, was a frequent visitor at her father's house, and on such terms that her father lent Mr. Turner a horse to go on a sketching tour through South Wales. This lady has also three or four other drawings made at that time by Turner, — one a view of Stoke Bishop, near Bristol, then the seat of Sir Henry Lippincott, Bart., which he made as a companion to the Lambeth Palace ; another is a small portrait of Turner by himself, of course when a youth. As the early indications of so great an artist, these drawings are very curious and interesting ; but no person that knows any- thing of the state of water-colour painting at that period, and previous to the era when Turner, Girtin, and others began to shine out in that new and glorious style, that has since brought water- colour works to their present style of splendour, excellence, and value, will expect anything ap- proaching the perfection of latter days. J. Walter, Marine Painter. 28. Trinity Street, Bristol. Whether or not the work deemed by L. E. X. to be the first exhibited by Turner may have been in water-colours, or be still in existence, I leave to other replicants, availing myself of the occasion to ask him or you, whether in 1787 two works of W. Turner, at Mr. G. Turner's, Walthamstow, " No. 471. Dover Castle," " No. 601. Wanstead House," were not, in fact, his first tilt in that arena of which he was the champion at the hour of his 90 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 169. death ? Whether in the two following years he appeared at all in the ring; and, if not, why not? although in the succeeding 1790 he again threw down the glaive in the " No. 644. The Arch- bishop's Palace, Lambeth," being then set down as " T. W. Turner;" reappearing in 1791 as " W. Turner, of Maiden Lane, Covent Garden," with " No. 494. King John's Palace, Eltham ;" " No. .160. Sweakley, near Uxbridge." In the horizon of art (strange to say, and yet to be explained !) this luminary glows no more till 1808, when he had "on the line" (?) several views of Fonthill, as well as the "Tenth Plague of Egypt," pur- chased of course by the proprietor of that princely mansion, as it is found mentioned in Warner's Walks near Bath to be that same year adorning the walls of one of the saloons. J. H. A. ETTMOLOGICAIi TRACES OF THE SOCIAIj POSITION OP OUR ANCESTORS. (Vol.vii., p. 13.) I was preparing to answer your correspondent E. S. Taylor by a reference to the conversation between Gurth and Wamba, Lmnhoe, chap, i., when a friend promised to supply me with some additional and fuller information. I copy from a MS. note that he has placed in my hands : " Nee quidem temere contigisse piito quod animalia viva nominibus Germanicae originis vocemus, quorum tamen carnem in cibum paratam originis Gallicse nominibus appellamus ; puta, — bovem, vaccam, vitu- lum, ovem, porcum, aprum, feram, etc. (an ox, a cow, a calf, a sheep, a hog, a boar, a deer, &c. ) ; sed carnem bubulam, vitulinam, ovinam, porcinam, aprugnam, feri- nam, etc. (beef, veal, mutton, pork, brawn, venison, &c.) Sed hinc id ortum putaverim, quod Normanni milites pascuis, caulis, haris, locisque quibus vivorum aninia- lium cura agebatur, parcius se immiscuerunt (quse itaque antiqua nomina retinuerunt) quam macellis, culinis, mensis, epulis, ubi vel parabantur vel habe- bantur cibi, qui itaque nova nomina ab illis sunt adepti." — Preface to Dr. Wallis's Grammatica Linoua AnglicancB, 1653, quoted by Winning, Comparative Philology, p. 270. C. Forbes. Temple. If your correspondent E. S. Taylor will refer to the romance of Ivanhoe, he will find in the first chapter a dialogue between Wamba the son of Witless, and Gurth the son of Beowulph, wherein the subject is fully discussed as to the change of names consequent on the transmutation of live stock, under the charge of Saxon herdsmen, into materials for satisfying the heroic appetites of their Norman rulers. It would be interesting to know the source from whence Sir Walter Scott derived his ideas on this subject : whether from some previous writer, or " some odd corner of the brain." A. R. X. Paisley. See Trench On Study of Words (3rd edit.), p. 65. P. J. F. Gantiuuon, B.A. Mr. Taylor will find in Pegge's Anonymiana, Cent. i. 38., and Cent vii. 95., allusion to what he inquires after. Thos. Lawrence. goldsmiths year-marks. (Vol. vi., p. 604.) In answer to Mr. Livett's Query, as to the marks or letters employed by the Goldsmiths' Company to denote the year in which the plate was " hall-marked," I subjoin a list of such as I am acquainted with, and which might with a little trouble be traced to an earlier period : I have also added a few notes relating to the subject generally, which may interest many of your readers. In the year 1596, the Roman capital A was used ; in 1597, B ; and so on alphabetically for twenty years, which would bring us to the letter U, denoting the year 1615 : the alphabet finishing every twenty years with the letter U or V. The next year, 1616, commences with the Old English letter it, and is continued for another twenty years in the Old English capitals. In 1636 is introduced another alphabet, called Court alpha- bet. From 1656 to 1675 inclusive, Old English capitals. 1676 to 1695 „ Small Roman letters. 1696 to 1715 „ The Court alphabet. 1716 to 1735 „ Roman capitals. 1736 to 1755 „ Small Roman letters. 1756 to 1775 „ Old English capitals, 1776 to 1795 „ Small Roman letters. 1796 to 1815 „ Roman capitals. 1816 to 1835 „ Small Roman letters. 1836 to 1855 „ Old English capitals. The letter for the present year, 1853, being S). In this list it will appear difficult, at first sight, in looking at a piece of plate to ascertain its age, to determine whether it was manufactured be- tween the years 1636 and 1655, or between 1696 and 1715, the Court hand being used in both these cycles : but (as will presently be mentioned) instead of the lion passant and leopard's head in the former, we shall find the lion's head erased, and Britannia, denoting the alteration of the standard during the latter period. The standard of gold, when first introduced into the coinage, was of 24 carats fine ; that Is, pure gold. Subsequently, it was 23^ and half alloy ; this, after an occasional debasement by Henry VIII., was fixed at 22 carats fine and 2 carats alloy by Charles I. ; and still continues so, being Jan. 22. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. n called the old standard. In 1798 an act was passed allowino; gold articles to be made of a lower or worse standard, viz., of 18 carats of fine gold out of 24 ; such articles were to be stamped with a crown and the figures 18, instead of the lion passant. The standard of silver has always (with the exception of about twenty years) been 11 oz. 2 dwts., and 18 dwts. alloy, in the pound: this was termed sterling, but very much debased from the latter end of Henry VIII. to the beginning of Elizabeth's reign. In the reign of William III., 1697, an act was passed to alter the standard of silver to 10 oz. 10 dwts., and 10 dwts. alloy : and instead of the usual marks of the lion and leopard's head, the stamps of this better quality of silver were the figure of a lion's head erased, and the figure of Britannia : and the variable letter denot- ing the date as before. This act continued in operation for twenty-two years, being repealed in 1719, when the standard was again restored. A duty of sixpence per ounce was imposed upon plate in 1719, which was taken ofi" again in 1757 ; m lieu of which, a licence or duty of forty shillings was paid by every vendor of gold or silver. In 1784, a duty of sixpence per ounce was again imposed, and the licence still continued : which in 1797 was increased to one shilling, and in 1815 to eighteenpence — at which it still remains. The payment of this duty is indicated by the stamp of the sovereign's head. All gold plate, with the exception of watch- cases, pays a duty of seventeen shillings per ounce ; and silver plate one shilling and sixpence; watch- cases, chains, and a few other articles being exempted. The letters used as dates in the foregoing list (it must be remembered) are only those of the Goldsmiths' Hall in London, as denoted by the leopaid's head crowned. Other Halls, at York, Newcastle, Lincoln, Norwich, Bristol, Salisbury, and Coventry, had also marks of their own to show the year ; and have stamped gold and silver since the year 1423, perhaps earlier. Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dublin have had the same privilege from a very early period : and, more recently, Chester, Birmingham, and Sheffield. Thus it will be seen that four marks or punches are used on gold and silver plate, independent of the makers' initials or symbol, viz. : The Standard Mark — For gold of the old standard of 22 carats, and silver of 11 oz. 2 dwts. : A lion passant for England. A thistle for Edinburjrh. A lion rampant for Glasgow. A harp crowned for Ireland. For gold of 18 carats : A crown, and the figures 18. For silver of 11 oz. 10 dwts. : ( A lion's head erased, and Britannia. The Hall Marh. — A leopard's head crowned for London. A castle for Edinburgh. Hibernia for Dublin. Five lions and a cross for York. A castle for Exeter. Three wheatsheaves and a dagger for Chester. Three castles for Newcastle. An anchor for Birmingham. A crown for Sheffield. A tree and fish for Glasgow. The Duty Marh — The head of the sovereign, to indicate that the duty has been paid : this mark is not placed on watch-cases, &c. The Date Mark, or variable letter, denoting the year as fixed by each Hall. W. Chaffers, Jun. Old Bond Street. The table inquired for by Me. Livett, with a most interesting historical paper on the subject, was published in the last Archceological Journal, October, 1852. H. T. Ellacombe. EDITIONS OF THE PBAYEB-BOOK PRIOB TO 1662. (Vol. vi., pp. 435. 564. ; Vol. vii., p. 18.) Since the publication of the professedly im- perfect list of various editions of the Prayer-Book, at page 564. of your last volume, which list was compiled chiefly from liturgical works in my own possession, I have had occasion to consult the Catalogue of the British Museum, from which I have gleaned materials for a more full and correct enumeration. All the editions in the following list are in the library of the British Museum ; and in order to increase its value and utility, I have appended to each article the press-mark by which it is now designated. In some of these press- marks a numeral is subscript, thus : C. 25. h. 7. 1 In order to save space I have represented this in the following list thus, (C.25. h. 7.) 1., putting the subscript numeral outside the parenthesis. 1552. (?) 4to. B. L. N. Hyll for A. Veale.(3406. c.) '' 1573. (?) fol. R. Jugge. (C. 24. m. 5.) 1. 1580. (?) 8vo. Portion of Prayer-Book. (3406. a.) 1584. 4to. Portion of Prayer-Book. (1274. b. 9.) 1595. fol. Deputies of Ch. Barker. (C. 25. ra. 5.) 2. 1596. 4to. (C. 25. h. 7.) I. ' 1598. fol. (C. 25.1.10.) 1. 1603. (?) 4to. Imperfect. (1275. b, 11.) i. 1611. 4to. (1276. e. 4.) 1. 1612. 8vo. (3406. a.) 1613. 4to. (3406. c.) 92 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 169. 1614. 4to. Portion of Prayer- Book. (3406. c.) 1. 1615. Fol. (3406. e.) 1. 4to. (1276. e. 8.) 1. 1616. Fol. (1276. k. 3.) 1. ' Fol. (1276. k. 4.) 1. 1618. 4to. Portion of Prayer- Book. (3407. c.) 1619. Fol. (3406. e.) 1. 1628. 8vo. (30,50. a.) 1. 1629. 4to. (1276. f. 3.) 1. 1630-29. Fol. (3406. e.) 1. 1631. 4to. (1276. f. 1.) 1. 1633. 12mo. (3405. a.) 1. 8vo. (1276. b. 14.) 1. 1633-34. Fol. (3406. f.) (With the "Form of Healing," two leaves.) 1634. 8vo. (3406. b.) 1. 1636. 4to. (1276. f. 4.) 2, 1639. 8vo. (3050. b.) 1. 8vo. (1274. a. 14.) 1. 1642 (?) 8vo. (1276. c. 2.) 3. 1642. 12mo. (3405. a.) 1660. 12mo. (3406. b.) 1. In Latin we have an early copy in addition to those already noted, viz. : 1560. Reg. Wolfe. 4to. (3406. c.) Of which the British Museum possesses two copies of the same press-mark, one of which is enriched with MS. notes and sixteen cancelled leaves. Besides the above we have also 1689. 8vo. London. In French. 1599. 4to. London. Deputies of Ch. Barker. In Welsh. Allow me to take this opportunity of thanking Archdeacon Cotton for his very valuable com- munication. I trust that he and others of your many learned readers will lend a helping hand to the correction of this list, and its ultimate com- pletion ; the notice of the editions of 1551 and 1617 (Vol. vii., p. 18.) is as interesting as it is important. It will be perceived that editions of the Prayer-Book referred to in former lists are not enumerated in the present one. W. Sparrow Simpson, B.A. PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES. Originator of the Collodion Process. — All those who take any interest in photography must agree with your correspondent (x. C. that M. Le Gray is a talented man, and has done much for photo- graphy. G. C. has given a very good translation of M. Le Gray's last published worh, p. 89., which work I have : but I must take leave to ob- serve, that it is no contradiction whatever to my statement. The translations to which M. Le Gray alludes, of 1850, appeared in Willat's publication, from which I gave him the credit of having first suggested the use of collodion in photography. The subject is there dismissed in three or four lines. I M. Le Gray gave no directions whatever for its application to glass in his work published in July 1851, wherein he alludes to it only as an " encal- lage" for paper, classing it with amidou, the resins, &c., which he recommends in a similar manner. I had, four months previous to this, published the process in detail in the Chemist. I never asserted that he had not tried experiments with collodion in 1849 ; but he did not give the public the advantage of following him: and I again repeat that the first time M. Le Gray published the col- lodion process was in September, 1852, — a year and a half after my publication, and when it had become much used. It is obvious that if M. Le Gray had been in possession of any detailed process with collodion on glass in 1 850, he would not have omitted to pub- lish it in his work dated July, 1851. F. ScoTT Archer. 105. Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury. G. C, claiming for Le Gray the merit of the first use of collodion upon glass, states that a pamphlet upon the subject was published in 1850, and which was translated into English at the same time. Will he oblige me by stating who publish^.d this pamphlet, or where it may be obtained ? I have heard this statement before, and have used every endeavour to obtain a sight of the publication, but without success. Were the facts as stated by your correspondent, it would deprive Mr. Archer un- doubtedly of the merit v/hich he claims ; but from all I have been able to learn, Le Gray mentioned collodion as a mere agent for obtaining a smooth surface to paper, or other substance, having no idea of making it the sole sensitive substance to be employed. I have been informed that in Vienna, early in 1850, collodion was tried upon glass by being first immersed in a bath of iodide of potas- sium; and it was afterwards placed in a second bath of nitrate of silver. These experiments had very limited success, and were never published, and certainly were unknown to Mr. Archer. II. W. D. Mr. Weld Taylors Process. — In your 167th Number (Vol. vii., p. 48.) is a communication from Weld Taylor on photographic manipulation, which, in its present form, is perfectly unintelli- gible. At p. 48. he says : " Twenty grains of nitrate of silver in half an ounce of water is to have half an ounce of solution of iodide of potassium of fifty grains to the ounce added." Now this is unneces- sarily mystifying. Why not say : " Take equal quantities of a forty-grain solution of nitrate of silver, and of a fifty-grain solution of iodide of po- tassium ;" though, in fact, an equal strength would do as well, and be quite as, if not more, economical. In the next place, he directs that cyanide of potassium should be added drop by drop, &c. It Jan. 22. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 93 is to be presumed that he means a solution of this salt, which is a solid substance as usually sold. What follows is so exceedingly droll, that I can do nothing more than guess at the meaning. How one solution is to be floated on another, and then, after a bath of nitrate of silver, is to be ready for the camera, surpasses my comprehension. Also, further on, he alludes to iodizing with the ammonio-nitrate (I presume of silver). What does he mean ? Geo. Shadbolt. Dr. Diamond's Services to Photography. — Sib, We, the undersigned amateurs of Photography in the city of Norwich, shall be obliged if you will (privately, or otherwise, at your own discretion) convey to Dr. Diamond our grateful thanks for the frankness and liberality with which he has published the valuable results of his experiments in the pages of " N. & Q." We have profited largely by Dk. Diamond's instructions, and beg to express our conviction that he is entitled to the gratitude of every lover of the Art. We are. Sir, Your obedient servants, [iT. Lawson Sisson, Clk., G. Brownfield. * (Edingthorpe Rectory). Henry Pulley. Thos. D. Eaton. W. Bransby Francis. John Crosse Koope. J. Blowers (Cossey). JaAies Howes. Benj. Russell. T. G. Bayfield. [Agreeing, as we do most entirely, with the Plioto- grapliers of Norwich in their estimate of the skill and perseverance exhibited by Dr. Diamond in simplify- ing the collodion and paper processes, and of his liberality in making known the results of his experi- ments, we have great pleasure in giving publicity to this recognition of the services rendered by Dii. Dia- mond to this important Art.] Simplification of the Wax-paper Process. — At a late meeting of the Chemical Discussion Society, Mr. J. How read the following paper on this subject : — " The easiest way of waxing the paper is to take an iron (those termed 'box- irons' are the cleanest and best for the purpose) moderately hot, in the one hand, and to pass it over the paper from side to side, following closely after it with a piece of white wax, held in the other hand, until the whole surface has been covered. By thus heating the paper, it readily imbibes the wax, and becomes rapidly saturated with it. The first sheet being finished, I place two more sheets of plain paper upon it, and repeat the operation upon the top one (the intermediate piece serving to absorb any excess of wax that may remain), and so on, sheet after sheet, until the number required is waxed. " The sheets, which now form a compact mass, are separated by passing the iron, moderately heated, over them ; then placed between folds of bibulous paper, and submitted to a further appli- cation of heat by the means just described, so as to remove all the superfluous wax from the surface, and render them perfectly transparent — most es- sential points to be attended to in order to obtain fine negative proofs. " I will now endeavour to describe the method of preparing the iodizing solution. " Instead of being at the trouble of boiling rice, preparing isinglass, adding sugar of milk and the whites of eggs, &c., I simply take some milk quite fresh, say that milked the same day, and add to it, drop by drop, glacial acetic acid, in about the pro- portion of one, or one and a half drachm, fluid measure, to the quart, which will separate the caseine, keeping the mixture well stirred with a glass rod all the time ; I then boil it in a porcelain vessel to throw down the remaining caseine not previously coagulated, and also to drive off as much as possible of the superfluous acid it may contain. Of course any other acid would pre- cipitate the caseine ; still I give the preference to the acetic from the fact that it does not affect the after-process of rendering the paper sensitive, that acid entering into the composition of the sensitive solution. " After boiling for five or ten minutes, the li- quid should be allowed to cool, and then be strained through a hair sieve or a piece of muslin, to collect the caseine : when quite cold, the che- micals are to be added. " The proportions I have found to yield the best results are those recommended by Vicomte Veguz, which I have somewhat modified, both as regard quantities and the number of chemicals employed. They are as follow : 385 grains of iodide of potassium. 60 „ of bromide. 30 „ of cyanide. 20 „ of fluoride. 10 „ of chloride of sodium in crystals. 1| „ of resubliraed iodine. " The above are dissolved in thirty-five ounces of the strained liquid, and, after filtration through white bibulous paper, the resulting fluid should be perfectly clear and of a bright lemon colour. " The iodized solution is now ready for use, and may be preserved, in well-stopped bottles, for any length of time. " The waxed paper is laid in the solution, in a flat porcelain or gutta percha tray, in the manner described by M. Le Gray and others, and allowed to remain there for from half an hour to an hour, according to the thickness of the paper. It is then taken out and hung up to dry, when it should be of a light brown colour. All these operations may be carried on in a light room, taking care only that, during the latter part of the process, 94 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 169. the paper be not exposed to the direct rays of the sun. " The ' iodized paper,' which will keep for almost any length of time, should be placed in a portfolio, great care being taken to lay it perfectly flat, otherwise the wax is liable to crack, and thus spoil the beauty of the negative. The papers ma- nufactured by Canson Freres and Lacroix are far E referable, for this process, to any of the English inds, being much thinner and of a very even texture. " To render the paper sensitive, use the follow- ing solution : 150 grains nitrate of silver crystals, 3 fluid drachms glacial acetic acid, crystallizable. ' 5 ounces distilled water. " This solution is applied in the way described by Le Gray, the marked side of the paper being towards the exciting fluid. The paper is washed in distilled water and dried, as nearly as possible, between folds of bibulous paper. It should be kept, till required for the camera, in a portfolio, between sheets of stout blotting-paper, carefully protected from the slightest ray of light, and from the action of atmospheric air. If prepared with any degree of nicety, it will remain sensitive for two or three weeks : indeed I have seen some very beautiful results on paper which had been kept for a period of six weeks. At this time of year, an exposure in the camera of from ten to twenty minutes is requisite. " The picture may be developed with gallic acid, immediately after its removal from the camera ; or, if more convenient, that part of the process may be delayed for several days. Whilst at this sec- tion of my paper, I may, perhaps, be allowed to describe a method of preparing the solution of gallic acid, whereby it may be kept, in a good state of preservation, for several months. I have kept it myself for four months, and have found it, after the lapse of that period, infinitely superior to the newly-made solution. This process has, I am in- formed, been alluded to in photographic circles ; but not having seen it in print, and presuming the fact to be one of great practical importance, I trust I shall be excused for introducing it here, should it not possess that degree of novelty I attribute to it. " What is generally termed a saturated solution of gallic acid is, I am led to believe, nothing of the kind. In all the works on photography, the direc- tions given run generally as follow: — 'Put an excess of gallic acid into distilled water, shake the mixture for about five minutes, allow it to deposit, and then pour off" the supernatant fluid, which is found to be a saturated solution of the acid.' " Now I have found by constant experiment, that by keeping an excess of acid in water for several days, the strength of the solution is greatly increased, and its action as a developing agent materially improved. The method I have adopted is to put half an ounce of crystallized gallic acid into a stoppered quart bottle, and then so to fill it up with water as that, when the stopper is inserted, a little of the water is displaced, and, consequently, every particle of air excluded. " The solution thus prepared will keep for several months. When a portion of it is required, the bottle should be refilled with fresh distilled water, the same care being taken to exclude every portion of atmospheric air, — to the presence of which, I am led to believe, is due the decompo- sition of the ordinary solution of gallic acid. " It will be needless to detain you further in explaining the after-processes, &c. to be found in any of the recent works on the Waxed-paper Process, the translation of the last edition of Le Gray being the one to which I give the pre- ference." THE BURIAL SERVICE SAID BY HEART. (Vol. vii., p. 13.) Southey has confounded two stories in conjec- turing that the anecdote mentioned by Bp. Sprat related to Bull. It was the baptismal and not the funeral service that Bull repeated from memory. I quote from his Life by Robert Nelson : " A particular instance of this happened to him while he was muiister of St. George's (near Bristol); which, because it showeth how valuable the Liturgy is in itself, and what unreasonable prejudices are some- times taken up against it, the reader will not, I believe^ think it unworthy to be related. ^ " He was sent for to baptize the child of a Dissents in his parish ; upon which occasion, he made use of the oflfice of Baptism as prescribed by the Church of England, which he had got entirely by heart. And he went through it with so much readiness and freedom^ and yet with so much gravity and devotion, and gave that life and spirit to all that he delivered, that the whole audience was extremely affected with his per- formance ; and, notwithstanding that he used the sign of the cross, yet they were so ignorant of the offices of the Church, that they did not thereby discover that it was the Common Prayer, But after that he had con- cluded that holy action, the father of the child returned him a great many thanks; intimating at the same time with how much greater edification they prayed who entirely depended upon the Spirit of God for his assist- ance in their extempore effusions, than those did who tied themselves up to premeditated forms; and that, if he had not made the sign of the cross, that badge of Popery, as he called it, nobody could have formed the least objection against his excellent Prayers. Upon which, Mr. Bull, hoping to recover him from his ill- grounded prejudices, showed him the office of Baptism in the Liturgy, wherein was contained every prayer that was offered up to God on that occasion ; which, with farther arguments that he then urged, so effectually Jan. 22. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 95 wrought upon the good man and his whole family, that they always after that time frequented the parisli- church ; and never more ahsented themselves from Mr. Bull's communion," — Pp. 39— 41., Lond. 1714, 8vo. Some few dates will prove that Bull could not have been the person alluded to. Bp. Sprat's Discourse to the Clergy of his Diocese was delivered in the year 1695. And he speaks of the minister qf the London parish as one who " was afterwards an eminent Bishop of our Church." We must therefore suppose him to have been dead at the time of Bp. Sprat's visitation. Now, in the first place (as J. K. remarks), " Bull never held a London cure." And, in the second place, he was not consecrated Bishop until the 29th of April, 1705 (ten years after Bp. Sprat's visitation), and did not die until Feb. 1709-10. (Life, pp.410— 474.) Southey's conjecture is therefore fatally wrong. And now as regards Bp. Hacket. The omission of the anecdote from the Life prefixed to his Ser- mons must, I think, do away with his claims also, thouj^h he was restored to his parish of St. An- drew's, Holborn, and was not consecrated Bishop of Lichfield until December, 1661. Unfortunately, I have not always followed Captain Cuttle's advice, or I should now be able to contribute some more decisive information. I have my own suspicions on the matter, but am afraid to guess in print. Rt. Warmington. The prelate to whom your correspondent alludes was Dr. John Hacket, Rector of St. Andrews, Holborn, cons, to the see of Lichfield and Coven- try on December 22, 1661. The anecdote was first related by Granger. (Chalmers's Biog. Diet., vol. xvii. p. 7.) Bishop Bull, while rector of St. George's near Bristol, said the Baptismal Ofiice by heart on one occasion. (Nelson's Life, i. § ix. p. 34. ; Works, Oxford, 1827.) Mackenzie Walcott, M.A. Mary Queen of Scots' Gold Cross (Vol. vi., p.486.).— " Would it not facilitate the identification of the Gold Cross of Mary Queen of Scotts, in the possession of Mr. Price of Glasgow, if a representation of it was sent to The Illustrated London News, as the publication of it by that Journal would lead antiquaries to the identification of a valuable historical relic ? " I hope you will insert the above in " N. & Q." in the hope it may meet the eye of Mr. Price, and lead to a satisfactory result. W. H. C. Jennings Family (Vol.vi., p. 362.). — This family is supposed to have continued for some time in Cornwall, after the Visitation of 1620; but the name is not now found there in any great respect-r ability. William Jennings of Saltash was sheriff of Cornwall, 1678 ; but his arms diflfer from those of the Visitation : argent, a chevron gules between three mariners, plumets sable. Francis Jennings, who recorded the pedigree of 1620, married the daughter of Spoure of Trebartha; and in a MS. book of that family, compiled about the latter part of the seventeenth century, the same arms, strange to say, are stated to be his, and not the lion rampant of the Jennings of Shrop- shire. This seems to support the hypothesis that William Jennings, the sheriff, was of the same family. The Spoure MSS. also mention "Ursula, sister of Sir William Walrond of Bradfield, Devon, who married first, William Jennings of Plymouth (query, the sheriff?), and afterwards the Rev. William Croker, Rector of Wolfrey (Wolfardis- worthy ?) Devon." Peecuriosds. Adamsons " England's Defence" (Vol. vi., p. 580.) is well worth attention at the present time ; as is also its synopsis before publication, annexed to Stratisticos, by John Digges, Muster Master, &c., 4to,, 1590, and filling pp. 369. to 380. of that curious work, showing the wisdom of our ancestors on the subject of invasion by foreigners. £. D. Chief Justice Thomas Wood (Vol. vil., p. 14.). — In Berry's Hampshire Visitation (p. 71.), Thomas Wood is mentioned as having married a daughter of Sir Thomas de la More, and as having had a daughter named Elizabeth, who married Sir Thomas Stewkley of Aston, Devon, knight. I am as anxious as N. C. L. to know something about Thomas Wood's lineage ; and shall be obliged by his telling me where it Is said that he built Hall O'Wood. Edwari> Foss. Aldiborontiphoscophornio (Vol. vii., p. 40.). — This euphonious and formidable name will be found in The Most Tragical Tragedy that ever was Tragi' dized by any Company of Tragedians, viz., Chronon- hotonthologos, written by " Honest merry Harry Carey," who wrote also The Dragon of Wantley, a burlesque opera (founded on the old ballad of that name). The Dragoness (a sequel to The Dragon'), &c. &c. While the public were applauding his dramatic drolleries and beautiful ballads (of which the most beautiful is " Sally in our Alley"), their unhappy author, in a fit of despondency, destroyed himself at his lodgings in Warner Street, Clerken- well. There is an engraving by Faber, in 1729, of Harry Carey, from a painting by Worsdale (the celebrated Jemmy !) ; which is rare. George Daniei-. [We are indebted to several other correspondents for replies to the Query of F, R. S.] 9S NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 169. statue of St. Peter at Rome (Vol. vi., p. 604.).— This well-known bronze statue is falsely stated to be a Jupiter converted. It is very far from being true, thougli popularly it passes as truth, that the statue in question is the ancient statue of Jupiter Capitolinus, with certain alterations. Another commonly-received opinion regarding this statue is, that it was cast for a St. Peter, hut of the metal of the statue of Jupiter Capitolinus. But this can scarcely be true, for Martial informs us that in his own time the statue of the Capitoline Jupiter was not of bronze but oi gold. " Scriptus et seterno nunc primum Jupiter auro." Lib. xi. Ep. iv. Undoubtedly the statue was cast for a St. Peter. It was cast in the time of St. Leo the Great (440 — 461), and belonged to the ancient church of St. Peter's. St. Peter has the nimbus on his head ; the first two fingers of the right hand are raised in the act of benediction ; the left hand holds the keys, and the right foot projects from the pedestal. The statue is seated on a pontifical chair of white marble. Ceyeep. Old Silver Ornament (Vol. vi., p. 602.).— This ornament is very probably what your correspondent infers it is, — a portion of some military accoutre- ment : if so, it may have appertained to some Scotch regiment. It represents precisely the badge worn by the baronets of Nova Scotia, the device upon which was the saltier of St. Andrew, with the royal arms of Scotland on an escutcheon in the centre ; the whole surrounded by the motto, and ensigned with the royal crown. The insignia of the British orders of knighthood are frequently represented in the ornaments upon the military accoutrements of the present day. Ebob. " Plurima, pauca, nihil" (Vol. vi., p. SIL). — A correspondent asks for the first part of an epigram which ends with the words " plurima, pauca, nihil." He is referred to an epigram of Martial, which /cannot find. But I chance to remember two epigrams which were aflixed to the statue of Pasquin at Rome, in the year 1820, upon two Cardinals who were candidates for the Popedom. They run as follows, and are smart enough to be worth preserving : " PASQUINALIA. " Sit bonus, et fortasse plus — sed semper ineptus — Vult, meditatur, ag'it, plurima, pauca, nihil." " IN ALTERUM. " Promittit, promissa negat, ploratque negata, Haec trla si junges, quls neget esse Petrum." A Borderer. ^^ Pork-pisee" and " Wheale" (Vol. vi,, p. 579.). — Has not Mr. Warde, in his second quotation, copied the word wrongly — " pork-pisee" for pork- ? A porpoise is the creature alluded to ; or porpesse, as some modern naturalists spell it. " Wheale " evidently means whey : the former expression is probably a provincialism. Jaydee. Did the Carians use Heraldic Devices? (Vol. vi., p. 556.). — Perhaps the following, from an heraldic work of Dr. Bernd, professor at the University of Bonn, may serve to answer the Queries of Mr. Booker. Herodotus ascribes the first use, or, as he ex- presses it, the invention of signs on shields, which we call arms, and of the supporter or handle of the shield, which till then had been suspended by straps from the neck, as well as of the tuft of feathers or horse-hair on the helmet, to the Carians ; in which Strabo agrees with him, and, as far as regards the supporters and crest, JElian also : " Herodot schrieb den ersten Gebrauch, oder wie er sich ausdriickt, die Erfindung der Zeichen auf Schilden, die wir Wappen nennen, wie auch der Halter oder Handhaben an den Schilden, die bis dahin nur an Riemen um den Nacken getragen wurden, uiid die Biische von Federn oder Rosshaaren auf den Helmen, den Cariern zu, worin ihm Strabo ( Geogr. 14. i. § 27.), und was die Handhaben und Helmbiische betrifft, auch ^lian (Hist. Animal. 12. 30.), beistimmen."^ Bernd's Wappenwissen der Griechen und Homer, p. 4. Bonn, 1841, On Thucydides i. 8., where mention is made of Carians disinterred by the Athenians in the island of Delos, the scholiast, evidently referring to the passage cited by Mb. Booker, says : " Kapss wpwToi e'vpov tovs o/xcpaXous ruv aairiScav, Kal Tovs \6(^ovs. TOLS oZv airodviiaKOvat avveQairrov dcTTri- SlffKiov iMKphi/ Kol \6tpov, aT)yLiiov T^s eupeVecoy." From Plutarch's Artaxerxcs (10.) may be in- ferred, that the Carian standard was a cock ; for the king presented the Carian who slew Cyrus with a golden one, to be thenceforth carried at the head of the troop. For full information on the heraldry of the ancients, your correspondent can scarcely do better than consult the above-quoted work of Dr. Bernd, John Scott. Norwich, Herhert Family (Vol, vi., p. 473.). — The cele- brated picture of Lord Herbert of Cherbury by Isaac Oliver, at Penshurst, represents him with a small swarthy countenance, dark eyes, very dark black hair, and mustachios. All the Herberts whom I have seen are dark-complexioned and black-haired. This is the family badge, quite as much as the unmistakeable nose in the descendants of John of Gaunt. E. D. Children crying at Baptism (Vol. vi., p. 601.). — I am inclined to suspect that the idea of its being lucky for a child to cry at baptism arose Jan. 22. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 97 from the custom of exorcism, which was retained in the Anglican Church in the First Prayer-Book of King Edward VI., and is still commonly ob- served In the baptismal services of the Church of Rome. When the devil was going out of the pos- sessed person, he was supposed to do so with re- luctance : " The spirit cried, and rent him sore, and came out of him : and he was as one dead ; insomuch that many said, He is dead." (St. Mark, iiik 26.) The tears and struggles of the infant would therefore be a convincing proof that the Evil One had departed. In Ireland (as every clergyman knows) nurses will decide the matter by pinching the baby, rather than allow him to remain silent and unlachrymose. Rt. Warmington. Americanisms (Vol. vi., p. 554.). — Tlie word bottom, applied as your correspondent Uneda re- marks, is decidedly an English provincialism, of constant use now in the clothing districts of Glou- cestershire, which are called " The Bottoms," whether mills are situated there or not. E. D. Butch Allegorical Picture (Vol. vi., p. 457.). — In the account I gave you of this picture I omitted one of the inscriptions, which I but just discovered; and as the picture appears to have excited some interest in Holland (my account of it having been translated into Dutch * , in the Navorscher), I send you this further supplemental notice. I described a table standing under the window, on the left-hand side of the room, containing on the end nearest to the spectator, not two pewter flagons, as I at first thought, but one glass and one pewter llagon. On the end of this table, which is presented to the spectator, is an inscription, which, as I have said, had hitherto escaped my notice, having been partially concealed by the frame — a modern one, not originally intended for this pic- ture, and partly obscured by dirt which had ac- cumulated in the corner. I can now make out very distinctly the following words, with the date, which fixes beyond a question the age of the picture : " Hier moet men gissen ^ j Glasen te wasser Daer in te pissen En sou niet passen. 1659." I may also mention, that the floor of the chamber represented in the picture is formed of large red and blue square tiles; and that the folio book standing on end, with another lying horizontally on the top of it, which I said in my former descrip- tion to be standing on the end of the table, under the window, is, I now see, standing not on the table, but on the floor, next to the chair of the grave and studious figure who sits in the left-hand corner of the room. These corrections of my first description have been in a great measure the result of a little soap and water applied with a sponge to the picture. James H. Todd, D.D. Trill. Coll., Dublin. Myles CoverdaJe (Vol. vi., p. 552.). — I have a print before me which is intended to represent the exhumation of Coverdale's body. The fol- lowing is engraved beneath : " The Remains of Myles Coverdale, Bishop of Exeter, as they appeared in the Chancel of the Church of St. Bartholomew, near the Exchange. Buried Feb. 1569. Exhumed 23d Sept. 1840. Chabot, Zinco., Skinner Street." If I am not mistaken, his remains were carried to the church of St. Magnus, near London Bridge, and re-interred. W. P. Stoker. Olney, Bucks. * With some corrections in the reading of the in- scriptions. NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. One of the most beautifully got up cheap publi- cations which we have seen for a long time, is the new edition of Byron's Poems, just issued by Mr. Murray. It consists of eight half-crown volumes, which may be separately purchased, viz. Childe Harold, one volume ; Tales and Poems, one volume ; and the Dramas, Mis- cellanies, and Don Juan, &c,, severally in two volumes. Mr. Murray has also made another important contri- bution to the cheap literature of the day in the re- publication, in a cheap and compendious form, of the various Journals of Sir Charles Fellows, during those visits to the East to which we owe the acquisition of the Xanthian Marbles. The present edition of his Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, and more par- ticularly in the Province of Lycia, as it embraces the substance of all Sir Charles's various journals and pamphlets, and only omits the Greek and Lycian in- scriptions, and lists of plants and coins, and such plates as were not capable of being introduced into the present volume, will, we have no doubt, be acceptable to a very numerous class of readers, and takes its place among the most interesting of the various popular narratives of Eastern travel. Most of our readers will probably remember the memorable remark of Lord Chancellor King, that " if the ancient discipline of the Church were lost, it might be found in all its purity in the Isle of Man." Yet notwitlistanding this high eulogium on the character of the saintly Bishop Wilson, it is painful to find that his celebrated work. Sacra Privata, has hitherto been most unjustifiably treated and mutilated, as was noticed in our last volume, p. 414. But here we have before us, in a beautifully printed edition of this valuable work, the good bishop himself, what he thought, and NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 169. what he wrote, in his Private Meditations, Devotions, and Prayers, now for the first time printed from his original manuscripts preserved in the library of Sion College, London. Much praise is due to the editor for bringing this manuscript before the public, as well as for the careful superintendence of the press ; and we sincerely hope he will continue his labours of research in Sion College as well as in other libraries. There are doubtless many of our readers who echo Ben Jonson's wish that Shakspeare bad blotted many a line, referring of course to those characteristic of the age, not of the man, which cannot be read aloud. To all such, the announcement that Messrs. Longman have commenced the publication in monthly volumes of a new edition of Bowdler's Family Shakspeare, in which nothing is added to the original text, hut those words and expressions are omitted which cannot with propriety he read in a family, will be welcome intelligence. The work is handsomely printed in Five-Shilling Volumes, of which the first three are already published. Books Received. — Memoirs of James Logan, a dis- tinguished Scholar and Christian Legislator, 8;c., by Wilson Armistead. An interesting biography of a friend of William Penn, and one of the most learned of the early emigrants to the American Continent.— Yide- Tide Stories, a Collection of Scandinavian and North German Popular Tales and Traditions. The name of the editor, Mr. Benjamin Thorpe, is a suflficient gua- rantee for the value of this new volume of Bohn's Antiquarian Library. In his Philological Library, Mr. Bohn has published a new and enlarged edition of Mr. Dawson W. Turner's Notes on Herodotus : while in his Classical Library he has given The Phnrsalia of Lucan literally translated into English Prose, with Copious Notes, by H. T. Riley, B.A. ; and has enriched his Scientific Library by the publication of Dr. Clialmers's Bridgewater Treatise on the Power, Wisdom, and Good- ness of God, as manifested in the Adaption of External Nature to the 3Ioral and Intellectual Constitution of Man, with the author's last corrections, and a Biographical Preface by Dr. Cumming. Photographic Manipulation. The Wax-paper Process of Gustave Le Gray, translated from the French, pub- lished by Knight & Sons; and Hennah's Directions for obtaining both Positive and Negative Pictures upon Glass by means of the Collodion Process, 8fc., published by Delatouche & Co., are two little pamphlets which will repay the photographer for perusal, but are deficient in that simplicity of process which is so much to be de- sired if Photography is to be made more popular. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. TowNSEND's Parisian Costumes. 3 Vols. 4to. 1831—1839. The Book of Adam. The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, the Sons of Jacob. Massinger's Plays, by Gifford. Vol. IV. 8vo. Second Edition. 1813. SpKOTATOR. Vols. V. and VII. 12mo. London, 1753. C0STF.RU8 (Fbanijois) Cinquante Meditations de toute l'Histoire de la Passion de Nostre Seigneur. 8vo. Anvers, Christ. Plantin. The World without a Sln. Guardian. 12nio. Two Discoursbs of Porgatory and Prayers for the Dead, by Wm. Wake. 1687. What the Chartists are. A Lptter to Enelish Working Men, by a Fellow. Labourer. l'2mo. London, 1848. Letter of Church Rates, by Ralph Barnes. 8to. London, 1837. Colman's Translation of Horace De Arte Poetica. 4to. 1783. Casaubon's Treatise on Greek and Roman Satire. Boscawen's Treatise on Satire. London, 1797. Johnson's Lives (Walker's Classics). Vol. I. Titmaush's Paris Sketch-book. Post 8vo. Vol. I. Macrone, 1840. Fielding's Works. Vol. XI. (being second of "Amelia.") 12mo. 1808. 4 Holcroft's Lavater. Vol. I. 8vo. 1789. '• Otway. Vols. I. and II. 8vo. 17fi8. Edmondson's Heraldry. Vol. II. Folio, 1780. Sermons and Tracts, by W. Adams, D.D. The Gentleman's Magazine for January 1851. Ben Jonson's Works. (London, 1716. 6 Vols.) Vol. II. wanted. Rapin's History of England, 8to. Vols. I., III. and V. of the Continuation by Tindal. 1744. Sharpe's Prose Writers. Vol. IV. 21 Vols. 1819. Piccadilly. Inchbald's British Theatre. Vol. XXIV. 25 Vols. Long. man. Mevrick's Ancient Armour, by Skelton. Part XVI. *«* Correspondents seniing Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send t/ieir names. *„* Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Mb. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES ANU QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. giatitti to dLarrcS^antsmti, Back Numbers. Parlies requiring Sack Numbers arc re- quested to malce immediate application for tliem ; as the stock mil shortly be made up into Sets, and the sale of separate copies of the early Numbers will be discontinued. M. W. B.'s Note to J. B. has been forwarded. A. T. F. (Bristol.) Our Correspondent's kindqffir is declined, with thanks. Sigma is thanked : but he will see that we could not now alter the size of our volumes. W. C. H. D. will find, in our 6th Vol., pp. 312, 313., his Query anticipated. The reading will be found in Knight's Pictorial Shakspeare. H. E., who asks who, what, and when Captain Cuttle was? is informed that he is a relation of one of the most able writers of the day — Mr. Charles Dickens. He was formerly in the Mercantile Marine, and a Skipper in the service of the well-knjwn house of Dombey and Son. Mistletoe on Oaks. O. S. R. is referred to our 4th Volume, pp. 192. 226. 396. 462., /or information upon this point. Mr. Sims is thanked for his communication, which we will en- deavour to make use of at some future time. Iota is informed that the Chloride of Barium, used in about the same proportion as common salt, will give the tint he desires. His second Query has already been answered in our preceding Numbers. As to the 7node of altering his camera, he must tax his own ingenuity as to the best mode of attaching to it the flexible sleeves, Sfc. We are unavoidably cnmpclled to postpone until next week Mr. Lawrence on the Albumen Process, and Mr. Delamotte's notice of a Portable Camera. Photographic Society. Particulars of this newly-formed Society in our next. We again repeat that we cannot undertake to recommend any particular hotises for the purchase of photographic instruments, chemicals, S;c. We can only refer our Correspondents on such subjects to our advertising columns. Our Sixth Volumf,, strongly bound in cloth, with very copious Index, is now ready, price 10s. Gd. Arrangements are making for the publication of complete sets of "Notes and Queries," price Three Guineas for the Six Volumes. " Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcel, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday, Jan. 22. 1853.] NOTES AND QUEEIES. 99 BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the ORKAT EX- HIBITION No. 1. Class X.. m Oold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, mav now he had at the MANU- FACTORY. 65. CHE APSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases. 8, 6, and 4 guineas, lirst-rate (ieneva Levers, in Oold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 euineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 ^ineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Oold. 27, 23, and 19 (tuinea". Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 i'uineas ; Silver, 40 euineas. Eveiy Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2?., 3?., and 4i. Ther- mometers from Is. each. BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE. WESTERN LIFE ASSU- RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, 3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. Founded A.D. 1842. Directors. H. Edzeworth Bicknell, Esq. William Cabell, Esq. T. Somers Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P. G. Henry Drew, Esq. William F.vani, Esq. William Freeman, Esq. F. Fuller, Esq. J. Henry Goodhart, Esq. T Grissell, Esq. James Hunt, Esq. J. Arseott l-ethbridge, Esq. E. Lucas, Esq. James Lys Seager, Esq. J. Basley White, Esq. Joseph Carter Wood, Esq. Trustees. W. Whatcley, Esq., Q.C. L. C. Htimfrey. Esq., Q.C. George Drew, Esq. ConsuUing Counsel. — Sir Wm. P. Wood, M.P. Physician. — William Rich. Basham, M.D. Sanier*. —Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. POLICIES effected in this Office do not be- come void through temporary difficulty in pay- ins a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Pro- spectus. Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring lOO/.. with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits:— Age £ s. d. Age £ s. d. 17- - 1 14 4 32- - 2 10 8 22 - - - 1 18 8 37- ■ - 2 18 6 27- - 2 4 5 42- - 3 8 2 ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. Now ready, price 10s. 6'i., Second Edition, with material additions, INUUSTRIAL IN- VFSTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TRE \TISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO- CIE riKS, and on the (ieneral Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehi'ld Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Com- pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR- THUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parlia- ment Street, London. PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE I & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. Portraits obtained by the above, for deliccy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, suei imens of which may be seen at their Esta- bliihraent. Also every description of Apparatus, Che- micals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art. — 123. and 121, Newgate Street. PHOTOGRAPHY.— A New Work, giving Plain and Practical Direc- tions for obtaining iKjth Positive and Negative Pictures upon Glass, by means of the Collodion Process, and a method for Printing from the Negative Glasses, in various colours, on to Paper. By T. H. HENNAH . Price Is. , or by Post, Is. 6 /. Published bv DELATOUCHE & CO.. Manu- facturers of Pure Photographic Chemicals, Apparatus, Prepared Papers, and every Ar- ticle connected with Photography on Paper or Glass. 147. OXFORD STREET. 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The Fifth Edition enlarged, exem- plified by 1700 Woodcuts. "In the Preparation of this the Fifth Edi- tion of the Glossary of Architecture, no pains have been spared to render it worthy of the continued patronage wideh the work has re- ceived from its first publication. " The Text has been considerably aug- mented, as well by the additions of many new Articles, as by the enlargement of the old ones, and the number of Illustrations has been in- creased from eleven hundred to seventeen hundred. "Several additional Foreign examples are given, for the purpose of comparison with English work, of the same periods. "In the present Edition, considerably more attention has been given to the subject of Mediaeval Carpentry, the numlwr of Illustra- tions of ' Open 'Timber Roofs ' has been much increased, ond most of the Carpenter's terms in use at the period have been introduced with authoriiies."- i'(V"ace to the Fifth Edition. JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford i and 377. Strand, London. Printed by Thomas Ciabk Shaw, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, m the City of London ; and published by Georoe Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London , Publisher, at JSo. 1b6. Fleet Street aforesaid.— Saturday, January 22. 1853. NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATlON roB LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. •• 'Wlcien found, make a note of." — Caitain Cuttlk. No. 170.] Saturday, January 29. 1853. f Price Foiirpence. Stamped Edition, .^d. CONTENTS. Notes : — Robertson's " Index of Charters " - - Cowper or Cooper, by George Daniel - - Yankee, its Origin and Meaning, by Dr. William Bell Sliakspeare's Bedside, or the Doctors enumerated : a new Ballad, by James Cornish - , „ , Folk Lobe : — Cures for the Hooping Cough : Eubus truticosus, Gryphea incurva. Donkey - Page 101 102 103 - 104 IS - 104 WiNOB Notes:— Epitaphs— Nostradamus on the Gold- diggings—Whimsical Bequest— The OrkneysmPawn —Lord Du«f 's Toast . - - - - Queries : — The Meteoric Stone of the Thracian Chersonesus, by W. S. Gibson ..---- Banbury Cakes and Zeal - - - - - Minor Qoekies :— Richardson or Murphy — Legend attached to Creeper in the Samoan Isles—Shearman Family- American Fisheries— Grindle-A Gentleman executed for whipping a Slave to Death — Brydone— -Clear the Decks for Bognie's Carriage " — London Queries — Scarf worn by Clergyman — Life of Queen Anne — Erasmus Smiih— Croxtonor Crostin ol Lan- cashire — Grub Street Journal — Chaplain to the Princess Elizabeth — " The Snow-flake " Minor Qiiebies with Answers : — Leamhuil or Lahoel — Orte's Maps, Edition of 1570 — Prayer for the Recovery of George I IL . - - - IlSCElLANEOUS : — Notes on Books, Ac. Books and Odd Volumes wanted Notices to Correspondents Advertisements 105 107 - 108 Replies : — Mrs. Mackey's Poems . - . • - Map of Ceylon, by Sir J. Emerson Tennent Z ^ ' "Am, have, and will be:" Henry VIII., Act III. So. 2. Sir Henry Wotton's Letter to Milton . - - Skull. caps versus Skull-cups, by Thomas Lawrence Inedited Poem by Pope - *,'..," , Cibber's " Lives of the Poets," by W. L. Nichols English Comedians in the Netherlands - - - La Bruvere, by J. Sansom - - - Southey's Criticism upon St. Mathias Day in Leap- year ...---- Photogbaphic Notes and Queries :— Portable Camera for Travellers— The Albumen Process — Black Tints of French Photographers— Originator of the Collodion Process — Developing Paper Pictures with Pyrogallic Acid - - . . . - - Repliks to Minor Queries : —Waterloo— Irish Peerages — Martha Blount — Quotations wanted— Pepys's Morena— Goldsmiths' Year-marks — Turner's View of Lambeth Palace — " For God will be your Kmg to- day " — Jennincs Family — The Furze or Gorse in Scandinavia — Mistletoe— Inscription on a Dagger— Steevens — " Life is like a Game of Tables," &c. - 1 17 IIG - 120 . 120 . 121 . 121 V0L.VII. — No. 170. Robertson's "index of charters." This work, so often quoted, is familiar to every antiquary ; but as the name of the intelligent and laborious editor does not appear in any of our biographical dictionaries, a short sketch may not be unacceptable to our readers. William Robertson was born at Fordyce, in the county of Banff, in the year 1740. Having gone through the usual course of elementary instruc- tion in reading and writing, he entered the Latin class at the grammar school of his native parish ; a seminary then, as now, of great celebrity in the North of Scotland. Among his schoolfellows he contracted a particular intimacy with Mr. George Chalmers, afterwards Secretary of the Board of Trade ; so well known by many elaborate and valuable commercial, historical, and biographical publications. The connexion between the school- boys, originating in a similarity of taste and pur- suits, was strengthened at a subsequent period of their lives by the contributions of the intelligent Deputy Keeper of the Records of Scotland to the local and historical information of the author of Caledonia, so honourably recorded in that national work. He completed his academical studies at King's College, Aberdeen, where he was parti- cularly distinguished by his proficiency in the Greek language, under Professor Leslie. He was then apprenticed to Mr. Turner of Turnerhall, advocate in Aberdeen ; but had been little more than a year in that situation, when Mr. Burnett of Monboddo applied to Professor Leslie to re- commend to him as his second clerk a young man who had a competent knowledge of the Greek language, and properly qualified to aid him in his literary pursuits. The Professor immediately men- tioned young Robertson ; and Mr. Turner, in the most handsome manner, cancelled his articles of apprenticeship. During his connexion with Mr. Burnett, he accompanied him in several visits to France, on taking evidence as one of the counsel in the great Douglas cause. On his first visit there, he went with him to see the savage girl, who, at that time, was creating a gi-eat sensation in Paris ; and, at his request, made a translation 102 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 170. of M. Gondammes' account of her, to which Mr. Burnett wrote a preface. In the year 176G he was appointed Chamberhiin to James, Earl of Findhiter and Seafiekl, on the recommendation of Lord Monboddo. In 1768 he published, at Edin- burgh, The History of Greece, from the Earliest Times till it became a Roman Province, being a concise and particular account of the civil govern- ment, religion, literature, and military alTairs of the states of Greece, for the use of seminaries of education, and the general reader, in 1 vol. 12mo. At this period, having caught a portion of the jealous nationality of the multitude, he published a political jeu d'esprit entitled A North Briton Extraordinary, by a young Scotsman in the Cor- sican service, 4t,o., 1769: designed to repel the illiberal invectives of Mr. Wilkes against the peo- ple of Scotland. Some of the popular objections to the Union reiterated by the young Scotsman having been found in the chai'acteristic discussion between Lieutenant Lesmahagon and Matthew Bramble on the same subject. In The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker, the authorship was on that account erroneously attributed to Dr. SraoUet, ■who had then discontinued an unsuccessful oppo- sition to Mr. Wilkes in The Briton. In 1773 Mr. Robertson married Miss Donald, only child of Captain Alexander Donald, of the 89th, or Gordon Highlanders. In the year 1777 he received his commission from Lord Frederick Campbell, the Lord Clerk Register of Scotland, as colleague of his brother, Mr. Alexander Robert- son, who had been appointed one of the Deputy Keepers of the Records of Scotland some years before. He was now in a situation completely suited to his wishes, and entered on the duties of his office with the utmost enthusiasm. It very early occurred to him, that many ancient records of Scotland, which had been removed by Edward I., might still be recovered ; and he suggested to Lord Frederick Campbell, who was as enthusiastic as himself in everything tending to throw light on the early history of Scotland, that searches ought to be made in the State Paper Office in London for the purpose of ascertaining whether some of the earlier records might yet be found. Lord Frederick Campbell entered warmly into his views, and the success with which the search was made may be ascertained by consulting the Preface to the Index of Charters. The Reports to the Parliamentary Commis- sioners appointed to inquire into the state of the records, with the suggestions made by him, and which have been so ably followed up since his death by the late Thomas Thomson, Esq., Deputy Clerk Register, were considered of such import- ance as to merit a vote of thanks of the Select Committee, which was transmitted to him along with a very friendly letter from Mr. Abbot, then Speaker of the House of Commons, afterwai-ds Lord Colchester. He commenced tl>e laborious work of printing The Records of the Parliament of Scotland, in which he made considerable progress, having, previous to his death, completed one very large folio volume. Between the years 1780 and 1790, in conse- quence of a strict Investigation Into the validity of the claims of several persons to peerages in Scotland, Mr. Robertson was much employed In inquiring into the state of the peerage, both by those who made antl those who rejected such claims. This circumstance naturally led him to a minute acquaintance with the subject; and In- duced him to publish, in 1794, a quarto volume, entitled Proceedings relative to the Peerage of Scotland from I6th January, 1707, to 20th April, 1788 : a work which has been found of the greatest service in conducting the elections of the representative peers of Scotland. In 1798, at the request of Lord Frederick Campbell, he published an — " Index, drawn up in the Year 1629, of many Records of Charters granted l>y the different Sovereigns of Scotland, between 1309 and 1413 (which had been discovered by Mr. Astle in the British Museum), most of which Records have been long missing; widi an Introduction, giving a State, founded upon Authentic Documents still preserved, of the Ancient Records of Scotland, which were in that Kingdom in 1292." The object of this publication was to endeavour to recover many ancient records, which there was much reason to believe were still In existence. The labour which he underwent in preparing this volume for the press, and in transcribing a very ancient quarto manuscript, written on vellum, which was found in the State Paper Office, was very great. Every word of this ancient vellum MS. he copied with his own hand, and it Is printed along with the volume of the Records of the Par- liament of Scotland. The preface, Introduction, notes, and appendix to the Index of Chai-ters, show, not only the great labour which this work required from him, but the extensive Information also, on the subject of the ancient history of Scot- land, which be possessed. At a general meeting of the Royal Society of Edinburgli, held Jan. 28, 1799, he was elected a member, and placed in the literary class of the Society. He died March 4, 1803, at his house, St. Andrew's Square, Edinburgh, In the sixty- third year of his age. Elginensis. COWPEB, OR COOPKB. In the midsummer holidays of 1799, being on a visit to an old and opulent family of the name of Deverell, in Dereham, Norfolk, I was taken to the house of an ancient lady (a member of the afore- said family), to pay my respects to her, and to drink Jan. 29. 185^ NOTES AND QUERIES. 103 tea. Two visitors were particularly expected. They soon arrived. The first, if I remember rightly (for my whole attention was singuhu-ly riveted to the second), was a pleasant-looking, lively young man — very talkative and entertain- ing ; his companion was above the middle height, broadly made, but not stout, and advanced in years. His countenance had a peculiar charm, that I could not resist. It alternately exhibited a deep sadness, a thoughtful repose, a fearful and iin intellectual fire, that surprised and held me captive. His manner was embarrassed and re- served. He spoke but little. Yet once he was roused to animation ; then his voice was full and dear. I have a faint recollection that I saw his face lighted up with a momentary smile. His hostess kindly welcomed him as "Mr. Cooper." After tea, we walked for a while in the garden. I kept close to his side, and once he addressed me as " My little master." I returned to school ; but that variable, expressive, and interesting coun- tenance I did not forget. In after years, standing, as was my wont, before the shop windows of tlie London booksellers (I have not quite left olF this old habit !), reading the title-pages of tomes that I intensely longed, but had not then the money, to purchase, I recognised at a shop in St. Paul's Churchyard that well-remembered face, prefixed to a volume of poems, " written by William Cow- per, of the Inner Temple, Esq." The cap (for ■when I saw "Mr. Cooper" he wore a wig, or his hair, for his age, was unusually luxuriant) was the only thing that puzzled me. To make " assur- ance doubly sure," I hastened to the house of a near relation hard by, and I soon learnt that "Mr. Cooper" was AVilliam Cowper. The welcome pre- sent of a few shillings put me in immediate posses- sion of the coveted volumes. I will only just add, that I read, and re-read them ; that the man ■whom, in my early boyhood, I had so mysteriously reverenced, in my youth I deeply and devotedly admired and loved I Many, many years have since passed away : but that reverence, that ad- miration, and that love Lave experienced neither diminution nor change. It was something, said Washington Irving, to have seen even the dust of Shakspeare. It is some- thing too, good Mr. Editor, to have beheld the face and to have heard the voice of Cow])er. George Daniel. YANKEE, ITS ORIGIN AND MEANING. The meaning of the term Yankee, which our transatlantic brethren now willingly adopt as their collective name, has acquired more notoriety than it deserved from the unlucky and far-fetched de- rivations which it has received in so many different publications. The term is of Anglo-Saxon origin, and of home-growth. We all know, from the veritable Dledricht Knickerbocker's History of New York, that its earliest settlers were exclusively Dutchmen, who naturally named it, though from anything but similarity in local situation, New Amstei-dam. We may, of course, suppose that in the multitude of these Dutch settlers the names they carried over would be pretty nearly in the same proportion as at home. Both then and now the Dutch Jan (the a sounded very broad and long), abbreviated from the German Johann, our John, was the prevailing Christian appellative ; and it even furnished, in Jansen, &c. (like our John- son), frequent patronymics, particularly with the favourite diminutive che, Jancke : and so common does It still remain as such, that it would be diffi- cult to open the Directory of any decent-sized Dutch or Northern German town without finding numerous instances, as Janche, Jaanche, Jahncke, &c., according as custom has settled the ortho- graj)hy in each family. It is scarcely necessary to say that the soft J is frequently rendered by Y in our English reading and speaking foreign words (as the Scandinavian and German Jtde becomes our Ytde), to show how easily and naturally the above names were transformed into Yahnkee. So much for the name as an appellative ; now for its appropriation as a generic. The prominent names of Individuals are frequently seized upon by the vulgar as a designation of the people or party in which it most prevails. AVe have Paddies for Irishmen, Taffies fur Welshmen, and Saivnies (ab- breviated Alexandei") for our Scotch brethren : so, therefore, when English interests gained the upper hand, and the name of New Amsterdam succumbed to that of New York, the fresh comers, the English settlers, seized upon the most prominent name by which to designate Its former masters, whicli ex- tended to the whole of North America, as far as Canada : and the addition of doodle, twin brother to noodle, was Intended to mark more strongly the contempt and mockery by the dominant party; just as a Sawney is, in most of the northern counties, a term next door to a fool. It is, how- ever, to the credit of our transatlantic brethren, and the best sign of their practical good sense, tliat they have turned the tables on the innuendo, and by adopting, carried the term into repute by sheer resolution and determinate perseverance. The term slave Is only the misappropriation, by malevolent neighbours, of the Slavonic term slavs or laus, so frequent in the proper names of that people ; Ladislaus, Stanislaus, Wratislaim, &c., meaning, in their vernacular tongue, glory or praise, like the Latin laus, with which It is no doubt cognate : and so servi and sei-vants is but a derivative from the Serbs, Sorbs, or Servians, whose glorious feats in arms against their Turkish oppressors have proved that there is nothing servile in their character. William Bell, Phil. Dr. 17. Gower Place, Euston Square. 104 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 170. SHAKSPEARE S BEDSIDE, OR THE DOCTORS ENUMERATED. A NEW BALLAD. On looking over a collection of MSS. which has lain untouched for many years, I have lighted on the accompanying ballad. Of its source I know nothing; nor do I recollect how it fell into my hands. I have never seen it in print. The author, fancifully enough, imagines the various editions of Shakspeare brought in succession to the sick-bed of the immortal bard, and has curiously detailed the result of their several prescriptions. If you do me the favour of giving it insertion in Jour valuable " N. & Q." I shall feel obliged ; and think that your numerous Shakspeare corre- spondents, to some of whom it may be unknown, will not be displeased at seeing it in the columns of your interesting journal. The editorial period to which the ballad is brought down will tolerably fix its date : Old Shakspeare was sick — for a doctor he sent — • But 'twas long before any one came ; Yet at length his assistance Nic Row did present; Sure all men have heard of his name. As he found that the poet had tumbled his bed ; He smooth'd it as well as he could ; He gave him an anodyne, comb'd out his head, But did his complaint little good. Doctor Pope to incision at once did proceed, And the Bard for the simples he cut ; For his regular practice was always to bleed, Ere the fees in his pocket he put. Next Theobald advanced, who at best was a quack, And dealt but in old women's stuff; Yet he caused the physician of Twick'nam to pack, , And the patient grew cheerful enough. Next Hanmer, who fees ne'er descended to crave, In gloves lily-white did advance ; To the Poet the gentlest of purges he gave, And, for exercise, taught him to dance. One Warburton, then, tho' allied to the Church, Produced his alterative stores ; But his med'cines the case so oft left in the lurch That Edwards * kick'd him out of doors. Next Johnson arrived to the patient's relief. And ten years he had him in hand ; But, tired of his task, 'tis the gcn'ral belief, He left him before he could stand. Now Capel drew near, not a Quaker more prim. And number'd each hair in his pate ; By styptics, call'd stops, he contracted each limb, And crippled for ever his gait. From Gopsal then strutted a formal old goose. And he'd cure him by inches, he swore ; But when the poor Poet had taken one dose. He vow'd he would swallow no more. But Johnson, determined to save him or kill, A second prescription display'd ; And, that none might find fault with his drop or his pill, Fresh doctors he call'd to his aid. First, Steevens came loaded with black-letter books. Of fame more desirous than pelf; Such reading, observers might read in his looks,. As no one e'er read but himself. Then Warner, by Plautus and Glossary known^ And Hawkins, historian of sound* ; Then Warton and Collins together came on. For Greek and potatoes renown'd. With songs on his pontificalibus pinn'd, Next, Percy the Great did appear ; And Farmer, who twice in a pamphlet had sinn*d^ Brought up the empirical rear. " The cooks the more nura'rous the worse is the broth," Says a proverb I well can believe ; And yet to condemn them untried I am loth, So at present shall laugh in my sleeve. RlGDUM FUNNIDOS. James Cornish; Falmouth. [This ballad originally appeared in the Gentleman's May. for 1797, p. 912. ; and at p. 1108. of the same volume will be found the following reply : " Answer to Shakspeare's Bed-side ; or, the Doctors Enumerated. How could you assert, when the Poet was sick. None hit off a method of cure ; When Montagu's pen, like a magical stick, His health did for ever ensure?"] FOLK LORE. * One Edwards, an apothecary, who seems to have known [more] of the poet's case than some of the regular physicians who undertook to cure him. Cures for the Hooping Covgh (Rubus fniticosusy^ — Tiie following is said to prevail in the counties- of Warwick, Worcester, and Stafford, as a remedy for this harrowing disorder in children : that if a child is put to walk beneath a common bramble (Rubus fniticosus), having rooted in the ground at both extremities (which may be very commonly met with where they grow luxuriantly), a certain number of times, a perfect cure would be the result. * From the abilities and application of Sir J. Haw- kins, the publick is now furnished with a compleat history of the science of musick. Jax. 29. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 105 Gryphea incurva. — In the course of conversation with an old man in the county of Warwick, relative to ancient customs, he related to me as a fact within his own knowledge, that the pretty round «tone shell, as he termed it (picking one up at the rsame time), a specimen of the Gryphea incurva, or Devil's Thumb, as it is frequently called, which is found in considerable quantities in the gravel beds of that county, when prepared in a certain manner — calcined, I believe — is a certain specific for this complaint in its most obstinate form. Indeed, he related to me some very extraordinary cures which jhe had himself witnessed. Donkey. — A certain number of hairs taken from the black cross on the shoulders of a donkey, and put into a small bag made of black silk, and worn round a child's neck afflicted with the complaint, is a never-failing remedy. T. B. Whitbobne. ^innx §,aXti. Epitaph in Tynemouth churchyard : " Wha lies here ? Pate Watt, gin ye speer. Poor Pate ! is that thou ? Ay, by my soul, is 't ; But I's dead now." J. Mn. Epitaph composed by an old gardener at Ilder- iton, Northumberland, for his own tombstone : ^' Under this stone lies Bobbity John, Who, when alive, to tlie world was a wonder ; And would have been so yet, had not Death in a fit Cut his soul and his body asunder." J. Mn. Nostradamus on the Gold-diggings. — Nostra- e best of my recollection, he gave some entire lives, besides in- ■sertiiig abundance of paragraphs, of notes, anecdotes, and remarks, in those wliich were compiled by Shiells and other writers. I say athtr, because many of the i>est pieces of biography in that collection were not written by Shiells, but by superior hands. In siiort, the engagement of Gibber, or some other Englishman, to superintend what Shiells in particular should offer, was a measure absolutely necessary, not only to guard against his Scotticisms, and other defects of expression, but his virulent Jacobitism, which incHned him to abuse every Whig character that came in his way. This, indeed, he would have done ; but Gibber (a stanch Williamite) opposed and prevented him, inso- much that a violent quarrel arose on the subject. By the way, it seems to me, that Shiell's Jacobitism has been the only circumstance that has procured him the regard of Mr. Johnson, and the favourable mention that he has made of Shiell's 'virtuous life and pious «nd' — expressions that must draw a smile from every one who knows, as I did, the real character of Robert Shiells. And now, what think you of noticing this matter in regard to truth, and the fair fame of the honest bookseller?" — Memoir of the Life, Writings, and JIfchanical Inventions of Edmund Cartwriyht, D.D., F. R. S. : Saunders & dtley. W. L. Nichols. Lansdown Place, Bath. ENGLISH COMEDIANS IN THE NETHERLANDS. (Vol. ii., pp. 184. 459. ; Vol. iii., p. 21.) ^ From the following extract from the Thes. liek. (Treusiiry Accounts) of Utrecht, it appears that English actors ])erfornied there : " Schenkelwyn, 31 July, 1597. Sekere Engelsche Comedianten, voor hore speelen op ten Stadhuyse, 8 q. Fransche wyns." — (Tq certain English Gomedians, for their playing at the town-hall, eight quarts of French %yine.) In the Gerechtsdaghoechen (Tllinutes of the Council) of Leyden appear sevei'al requests of English comedians to perform there in 1614; these I hope soon to have in liand. I can now give the decision of tlie Council on the request of the Englishman W. Pedel : " Op te Requeste daerby den voorn. Willem Pedol, versochte aen die van de Gerechte der stadt Leyden omme te mogen speelen verscheyde fraeye endc eerlicke spelen mettet lichaem, sonder eenige woorden te ge- bruycken, stent geappostileert : Die van de Gerechte deser stadt Leyden hebben voor zoe veel in hswi es, den thoonder toegelaten ende gcconsenteert, latea toe ende consenteren mits desen binaen dezer stede inde Kercke vant BagynhofF te mogen spelen voor de ge- nieente ende syne speelen verthoonen, mits dat hy hem daervan zalt onthouden geduyrende tdoen van de pre- dicatien van Gods woorts, en dat de arme VVeesen alhier zullen genieten de gerechte helfte van de in- comende proffyten, en dat zulcx int geheel zullen werdeii ontfangen en gecollecteert by een persoon daertoe bij M'"" van de Arme Weesen te stellen ende commit- teeren. " Aldus gedaen op ten xvlij Nov. 1608." ( Translation.) On the request by which the aforesaid W. Pedel petitioned the authorities of the city of Leyden to allow him to exhibit various beautiful and chaste per- formances with his body, without using any words, was determined : . The authorities of this city of Leyden have consented and allowed the exhibitor to perform in the church of the Bagynhoff within this city, provided he cease during the preaching of God's word, and that the poor orphans here have half the profits, and that they be received and collected by a person appointed by the masters of the poor orphans. Done on the 18th November, 1608. In lCo6 English comedians came to Dordrecht, but were soon obliged to withdraw. About 1600 some appeared in Germany, who considerably di- minisiied the taste for biblical and moral pieces. See Dr. Schotel, Blik in de Gcsch. v. h. tooneel. ; Gervinus, Neuere Gesckichte der poetischen Na- tioiiallUeratur der Deidschen, vol. iii. pp. 96 — 100. — From the Navorscher. W. D. V. LA BHUiERE. (Vol. vii., p. 38.) I am unable to reply to Ursula's questions ; but I would ask permission to solicit from such of your better-infoi-med correspondents as may become votaries to Ursula, that they would ex- tend tlie range of their genealogical pilgrimage so far as to pay a visit to the ruins of Tor Abbey. I should be glad to learn whether either William Lord Brieicere or William de la Brunre (both of wliom were connected with the foundation of that religious house) were of the same family as Thi- bault de la Bruyerc, tlie Crusader, who is one of the subjects of Ursula's inquiry. Dr. Oliver (Monaftt. Exon., note at p. 179.) thinks that these two William Brewers may have represented fami- lies originally distinct from each other : "There is some doubt," he says, "whether the family De Bruerid or Brueru, which was settled in Devon at the time of the Domesday, and then held some of the lands afterwards given by W. Briwcre to Torr Abbey, was the same as that of tlie founder. In this cartulary the two names are spelt dilFereutly, and Biiwere seems Jan. 29. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 115 to have been a purchaser of De Bniera. See, upon this sul>ject, D.iigdale's Buronage, vol. i. p. 700., and Lysons' Devonshire, vol. i. p. 106. The names of Brie- fjuerre and De Bruera existed contemporaneously in Normandy. See Rot. Scacc. Norm. Jndiees." Whether these two William Brewers represented distinct families or not, it uppears that they be- came closely allied by marriaire. At fol.81. of an " Abstract of the Tor Cartulary, at Trinity C(A- lege, Dublin," given by Oliver, p. 187., the follow- ing grants occur ; viz. : " Grant from William Briewere to William de la Brueria, of four librates of land in Wodeberi, with Engelesia his sister, in liberum maritaginm, &c. " Grant from said William de la Bruera, with the assent of Engelesia his wife, of all their land in Grendle to William Briewere, brother of the said Engelesia, &e. " Confirmation thereof by said Engelesia." Both families appear to have given the name of Brevier to their places of residence. "The tything of Teign Grace" says Risdon, "an- ciently Teigii Brewer, was in the time of King Henry the Second the land of Anthony de la Brewer, whom divers knights of that race succeeded. Sir William de la Brewer, the last of the male line, left this inherit- ance among co-heirs, Eva, wife of Thomas le Grace, and Isabel, &c Concerning which lands these lines I found in the leger-book of the Abbey of Torr : ' Galfridus de Brewcria dominus de Teigne pro sahit. animcB Will, de Breweria §• Argalesia uxor ejus cone, abbat. de Torr liberum iraiisitum in Teigne.^'" — P. 135. JBuchland Sreive); on the other hand, derived its name (according to the same authority) from the family of which William Lord Brewer was the representative. The Brewers appear to have founded other reli- gious houses, and to have held possessions in other parts of England. It was from Welbeck Abbey, in Xottinghamshire, that William Lord Briwere obtained subjects for his abbey at Tor ; and Bruern, or Temple Bruer, in Lincolnshire, be- longing to the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, ■Clerkenwell (see Dugdale's Moiiasf., new edition, vol. vi. par. ii. p. 801.), would seem to owe its name to some connexion with the Brewer family, as did also, perhaps, Bruera in Chester, &c. Mention is made of a William de la Bruera in the History of Northamptonshire (edit. Oxon., 1791, toni. i. p. 233.), in connexion with the town- ship of Grafton, to which manor Joaue, his wife, and her sister Bruna, appear to have been co- heirs, as daughters of Ralph de S. Samson, temp. Henry IIL William Brewer, Bishop of Exeter {hrother of the William Lord Briewere already mentioned), was " put in trust " by King Henry III. " to con- duct his sister, the Lady Isabella, into Germany, to her intended marriage with the Emperor Fre- deric." See Jenkins's History of Exeter, 1806, p. 252. " This Bishop Brewer also went into the Holy Land (trunsfretavit, cruce signal.) the eleventl. of Henry .the Third." — Risdon, edit. Lond., 1811, p. l.S". There was another William Brewer, a son of William Lord Brewer ; but be died withautnaale issue. I fear these few notices bear no very precise relation to IJESUiiA's inquiries. Still I send them, in the hope of discovering, by the kindness of some of your erudite contributors, what is tlie difference (if any) between the names La Hniyere, De la JBruere, and Briewere; and also whether, originally^ these names belonged to two or three distinct families, or only to so many different branches of the same family. J. Sansom. P. S. — The name Bruere is probably not yet extinct, either in France or in England. In the Bodleian Library there is a letter, addressed by John Bruere to the clergy of the diocese of Ox- ford, written within the last century, and bearing date "May 19, 1793," " Odington, near Islip," of which place the author was probably the rector. And in the Biitish IVIuseura Catalogue, under the name of {M. de la) Bruere, is mentioned Histoire dii Regne de Charlemagne, 2 torn. 12°^ Paris, 1745. 60UTHEY S CRITICISM UPON ST. MATHIAS DAT IN LEAP-YEAR. (Vol.vii., p. 58.) Mr. Yarrum's expose of Southey's singular blunder is perfectly just ; but it does not include tlie whole truth, a consideration of which renders the lapsus even more notable and unaccountable than if it arose oidy from a want of acquaintance with the distribution of Roman Catholic Feriae. The allegati(m of error against the historians, because they had " fixed the appointed dny on the eve of Mathias," would seem to imply that they might .have fixed upon some other i'east-day with more correctness ; whereas there is no other in the calendar which could by any possibility be affected by leap-year : but the most extraordinary part of the mistake is, the ignorance it display.^ (scarcely credible in Soulhey) of the origin and etymology of the bissextile institution — the very subject he was criticising. Because the name " bissextile," as every body knows, arose from the repetition in leap-year of the identical day in question : the sixth of the kalends of March ; the 24th of February ; the feast of the Regifugium amongst the Romans ; and of its substitute, that of St. Mathias, amongst the Christians. It is clear, that since the Regifugium was held upon the sixth day before the 1st of Mai'ch (both inclusive), that day must, according to our reckon- 116 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 170. ing, be the 24th of February in common years, ami the 25th hi leap-years: therefore, the super- numerary or superfluous day, added on account of leap-year, was considered to be the 24th of February, and not the 25th ; which latter, in those years, became the true " Sixth before the Kalends." Indeed, it is highly probable, although it cannot be supported by direct evidence, that the first day of the double sextile was distinguished from its name-fellow of the following day by having the word "bis" prefixed to sextum; so tiiat, in leap- years, the 24th of February would be expressed as follows : " Ante diem bis-Vl Calend. Martias;" while the following day, or the 25th of February (being considered the real Simon Pure), Avould retain the usual designation of " a.d. VI Calend. Mar." Such an hypothesis offers a reasonable explanation of the seeming reversal in terms of calling the day which Jirst arrived posterior, and that which succeeded it prior. Althougli the Church of England Calendar now places the feast of Saint Mathias invariably on the 24th of February in all years, yet the earlier copies of the Book of Common Prayer allocated it to " The Sixth of the Kalends of March," without any direction as to which of the two days, bearing that name in leap-years, it should be appropriated. The modern Reformed Church Calendar tiierefore repudiates the usage of the Romans themselves, rather than that of the Roman Catholics. A. E. B. Leeds. PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES. Portable Camera for Travellers. — Yonr corre- spondent E. S. asks for a clear description of a camera that will supersede the necessity of a dark room. Mr. Stokes has invented one ; and in the early part of the photographic exhibition at the Society of Arts it was exhibited. The weight of the camera is only nine pounds, including focus- sing-glass, lens, shutter, &c. The shutter is so ar- ranged that it will contain from twelve to twenty pieces of prepared paper, each piece between separate sheets of blotting-paper. Light and air are completely excluded, by the paper being pressed by the front portion of the shutter. When required for use, the first piece of paper is placed at the back of the glass. By the assistance of a small hood, the impression is then taken ; and, by removing the millboard, the paper will fall back into its place. At the same time another piece can be brought forward, ready for a second picture, before focussing, and so on to the end. The hood is made of India rubber cloth, and answers the purpose of a focussing cloth, without the trouble of removing it from the camera throughout the day. The size of the pictures that can be taken by it is 9 J by 12 inches. It has been tried during the latter pai't of the last year, and proved most successful. Philip H. Delamottb. Baj'swater. The Albumen Process. — I shall be greatly obliged to Dr. Diamond, or any other photo- grapher, by their kindly communicating through your medium their experience with albumenized glass. I have Thornthwaite's Guide to Photography. I should like answers to the following Queries : Must tlie albumen be poured oif from the plate after it is spread over the surface, in the same manner as collodion ? Is the plate (while roasting, according to the- process of Messrs. Thompson and Ross) nearly perpendicular in the process ? Will the iodized albumen, for giving the film, keep ; and how long ? How long will the plate retain its sensitiveness after exciting? May the same sensitive bath be used for a number of plates without renewing, in the same way as silver bath for collodion ? In conclusion, what is the average time with single achromatic lens, six or seven inch focus, to> allow to get a good picture ? Will photographers who are chemists turn their attention to obtain sensitive dry glass plates ? for I think there can scarcely be any od'.s Historical Botany. Windsor, 182G. 3 vols. 12mo. Antiiologia Bouralis et Australis. Fi.oRILEGIUM SaNCT. AsHIRAT. Laderchii Annales EccLEsiASTici, 3 tom. fol. Romae, 17i8^ 1737. Townsend's Parisian Costumes. 3 Vols. 4to. 1831—1839. The Book ok Adam. The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, the Sons of Jacod. Massinger's Pi.ays, by Gifford. Vol. IV. 8vo. Second Edition. 1813. .Spi-ctator. Vols. V. and VII. 12mo. London, 1753. Cohterus (Fran(;ois) Cinquante Meditations de toutb i.'HisTOiRE DE LA Passion i)B NosTRK Seigneub. 8vo. Auvers, Christ. Plantin. ; or any of the works of Cosierus in any lan- guage. The World without a Sun. Guardian. I'imo. What the Chartists are. A Letter to Enalish Working Men, by a Fellow- Labourer. l'2mo. London, 181H. Letter of Church Rates, by Ralph Barnes. 8vo. London, 1837. Colman's'Translation of Horace Or Arte Poetica. 4to. 1783. Casaubon's Treatise on Greek and Roman Satire. Boscawen's Treatise on Satire. London, 1797. Johnso.n's Lives (Walker's Classics). Vol. I. Titmarsh's Paris Sketch-book. Post 8vo. Vol. I. Maerone, 1840. Fielding's Works. Vol. XI. (being second of ".Amelia.") 12mo. 1808. Holcroft's Lavater. Vol. I. 8vo. 1789. J Jan. 29. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 121 Otway. Vols. T. and II. 8vo. 17fi8. Edmondson's Heraldry. Vol. II. Folio, 1780. Sermons and Tracts, by W. Adams, D.D. The Gentleman's Magazine for January 18.51. Ben Jonson's Works. (London, 1716. 6 Volt.) Vol. II. wanted. Rapin's History of England, 8vo. Vols. I., HI. and V. of the Continuation by Tindal. 1744. *♦* Correspondenti sending Lists of liooki Wanted are requested to send their names. %• Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage .free, to be sent to Mh. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. ^ntitti to (HaxvtiJ^avCOtnii. Dick the Treble will find the Gloucestershire Ballad George Ridler's Oven «« our 4th Volume, p. 311. Hogmanay. Our Correspondent J. Bn., who inquires the ety- mology of this word, is re/erred to Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary and Brand's Popular Antiquities (ed. Bohn, 5849), vol.i. p. 400., for the very numerous and contradictory derivations which the learned have given of it. W. W. (Stilton.) The stone of which our Correspondent has forwarded an impression appears to be one of those gems called Abraxas, used by the Gnostic and Basilidian heretics. On it is n double serpent, and the seven vowels of the Greek alphabet, A E H I O T n, which constantly appear on their engraved stones, and to which they referred certain mystical ideas. These were worn as amulets : sometimes used as love charms ; and our Cor- respondent will find some curious facts about them in an old Greek papyrus jnst published by Mr. Godwin, in the Proceedings or Transactions of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. C. E. F. is informed that Mr. Eaton's proportion of ten grains of salt to the pint is quite correct i and he will find it produce a most agreeable tint. G. S. " The Cataract of Lodore" will be found in Longman's one-volume edition (1850) ofSouthey's Poetical Works, />. IM. RuBi. We have several communications for this Correspondent. How may they be forwarded ? nosA.MiAo asks almiit Men of Kent and Kentish Men, »* referred to our 5th Vol., p. 322. 1. N. (Leicester.) There must be something wrong in the pre- paration of your chemicals. Consult the directions given in our Nos. l.'il, 152. We have seen some glass negatives of landscapes taken by Db. Diamond during the past week, which have all the intensity which can be desired. The time of exposure in these cases has varied from fifteen to sixty seconds, the lens used being a single meniscus. Amber Varnish. Our Correspondent Littlklens will find the directions for making this in No. 153. p. 320. It will be reprinted in the Photographic Notes announced in our advertising columns. Dr. Diamond's Papers on Photography. It is as well tore- mind writers on Photography that. Dr. Diamond being about to republish his Photographic Notes, the reprinting of them by any other parties would be uncourleous — not to say piratical. Sir W. Newton's Calotype Process in our next. His first communication was in type before the amended copy reached us. Errata P. 90. col. 1. for "immiscuerKnt" read "immis- ciien'nt." P. 80. col. 1. for " honour" read " humour." P. 84. col. 1. lines 46. and 48., for " Trajecteosem" read " Triyec- tensem." We again repeat that we cannot undertake to recommend any particular houses for the purchase of photographic instruments, chemicals, igc. We can only refer our Correspondents on such subjects to our advertising columns. OcR Sixth Volume, strongly bound in cloth, with very copious Index, is now ready, price \()s. Crf. Arrangements are making for the publication of complete sets of " Notes and Queries," price Three Guineas for the Six Volumes. " Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcel, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday. Just published, fcp. 8vo., 6s., I DEMOCRITUS IN LONDON ; j ■with the Mad Pronks and Comical Con- i celts of Motley and Robin Goodfellow : to I ■which are added Notes I'estivous, &c. By GEORGE DANIEI>, Author of" Merrie Eng- 1 land in the Olden Time," " The Modem Dun- I ciad," &c. " An exquisite metrical conceit, sparkling ■with wit and humour, in the true spirit of Aristophanes, in which Dcmocritus guides his brilliant and merry muse through every fun- tastic measure, evincing grace in the most gro- tesque attitudes. As a relief to liis cutting sarcasm and fun, the laughing philosopher has introduced some tine descriptive scenes, and Sassages of deep pathos, eloquence, and Iteauty. Tot tlie least remarkable feature in this very remarkable hook are the recondite and curious notes, at once so critical and philosophical, so ■varied and so amusing, so full of interesting anecdote and racy reminiscences. — See Athe- tueum. Critic, &c. WILLIAM PICKERING, 1 77. Piccadilly. HANDEL'S MESSIAH. newly arranged by JOHN BISHOP, of Cheltenham, from his large folio edition, in- cluding Mozart's Accompaniments. Tliis edi- tion contains the Appendix, and is printed on extra fine stout paper, imperial 8vo., pp. 257. Price (whole bound in cloth) 6s. 6d. " Mr. Jolin Bishop, coming after other ar- rangers, has profited by their omissions." HAMILTON'S MODERN IN- STRUCTIONS FOR THE PIANOFORTE. Edited by CZEKNV. 34th edition, 48 large folio pages, 4s. " It is sufficient to say that the present edi- tion is the 34th edition, to stamp it with the genuine mark of excellence. It really deserves all the popularity it enjoys."— 6'«Mda.v Times. London -. ROBERT COCKS & CO., New Burlington Street ; and of all Musicsellen. Also, their JJITSICAL ALMANACK for 1853, Gratis toad r^tage Free. RALPH'S SERMON PAPER. — This approved Paper is particularly deserving the notice of the Clergy, as, from its particular form (each page measuring 5J by 9 inches), it will contain more matter than the size in ordinary use ; and, from the width being narrower, is much more easy to read : adapted for expeditious writing with either the quill or metallic pen ; price is. per ream. Sample on application. ENVELOPE PAPER. — To identify the contents with the address and postmark, important in all business communi- cations ; it admits of three clear pages (each measuring SJ by 8 inches), for correspondence, it saves time and is more economical. Price 9s. 6d. per ream. F. W. RALPH, Manufacturing Stationer, 36. Throgmorton Street, Bonk. KERR & STRANG, Perfumers and Wig-Makers, 124.Leadenhall Street, London, respectfully inform the Nobility and Public that they have invented and brought to the greatest perfection the following leading articles, besides numerous others : — Their Ventilating Natural Curl ; Ladies and Gen- tlemen's PERUKES, either Crops or Full Dress, with Partings and Crowns so natural as to defy detection, and with or without their improved Metallic Springs ; Ventilating Fronts, Bandeaux, Borders, Nattes, Bands i\ la Reine, &c. ; also their instantaneous Liquid Hair Dye. the only dye that really answers for all colours, and never fades nor acquires that un- natural red or purple tint common to all other dyes ; it is permanent, free of any smell, and perfectly harmless. Any lady or gentleman, sceptical of its effects in dyeing any shade of colour, can have it applied, free of any charge, at KERR & STRANG'S, 124. Leadenhall Street. Sold in Cases at 7.'!. 6d., 1 5s., and iOs. Samples, 3s. dd., sent to all ports on receipt of Post-office Order or Stamps. NOTICE. SUBSCRIBERS TO EVELYN'S DIARY AND CORRESPONDENCE Are respectfully informed that the THIRD and FOURTH VOLUMES of the New and Enlarged Ediiion, printed uniformly with Pepys's celebrated " Diary," are now ready for delivery ; and they are requested to order the completion of their sets without delay, to pre- vent disappointment, as the Volumes w^ill only be sold separately for a limited period. Published for HENRY COLBURN bv his Successors, HURST & BLACKETT, 13. Great Marlborough Street. Orders received by oU Booksellers. Foolscap 8vo., \0s. 6d. THE CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH; illustrated with Brief Accounts of the Saints who have Churches dedicated in their Names, or whose Images are most frequently met with in Eng- land ; also the Early Christian and Mediaeval Symbols, and an Index of Emblems. " It is perhaps hardly necessary to observe, that this work is of an Archaeological, and not a Theological character. The Editor has not considered it his business to examine into the truth or falsehood of the legends of which he narrates the substance ; he gives them merely as legends, and, in general, so much of them only as is necessary to explain why particular emblems were used with a particular Saint, or why Churches in a given locality are named after this or that Saint." — Preface. " The latter part of the book, on the early Christian and mediaeval symbols, and on eccle- siastical emblems, is of great historical and architectural value. A copious Index of em- blems is added, as well as a general Index to the volume with its numerous illustrations. The work is an important contribution to English Archajology, especially in the depart- ment of ecclesiastical iconography."— iiterary Gazette. JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London. 1^ NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 170. To Members of Learned Societies, Authors, &c. \ SHBEE & DANGERFIELD rV LITIIOrrHAT'riEKS, DRAUGHTS, MEN, AND PRINTEKS, 18. Broad Court, I/ong Acre. A. & D. respectfully hex to announce that thev devote Darticular nttention to the exe- cution of ANCIENT AND MODERN I'AC- SIMILES, comprising Autograph Letters, Deeds, Charters. Title-pages. Engravines, ■Wooilcuts. ike, which they produce from any description of copies with the utmost accuracy, and without theslightest injury to theori^nals. Among the raauy purposes to wliich the art of Lithosrraphy is most successfully applied, may be specified, — ARCILEOLOGICAI, DRAWINGS, Architecture, Landscapes, Ma- rine Views, Portraits from Life or Copies, II- lumi'iated MSS., Monumental Brasses, Deco- rations, Stained Glass Windows, Maps, Plans, Diagrams, and every variety of illustrations requisite for Scientific and Artistic Publi- -cations. PHOTOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS litho- graphed with the greatest care and exactness. LITHOGRAPHIC OFFICES, 18. Broad Court, Long Acre, London. T) H O T O G R A P H Y. — The i AMMONIO-IODIDE OF SILVER in Collodion (price M. per ox.), prepared by DELATOUCHE & CO., Photourapiiic and Operative Chemists, 147. Oxford Street, has now atood the test of upwards of Twelve mouth.-,' y'axed and XodizeU Pai>«rs, im. PHOTOGRAPHIC PIC- TURES. — A Selection of the above beautiful Productions may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, l.')3. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice oi Photo- graphy in all its Branches. Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philo.-.ophical and Pljotographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. i leet Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.— Negative and Positive Papers of What- man's, Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Freres' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster Row, London. PHOTOGRAPHIC POR- i TRAITS and VIEWS by the Collodion \ and Waxed-Paper Process- Apparatus, Ma- , terials, and Pure Chemical Preparations for the , above processL-s, Superior Iodized Collodion, known bv thenameof Collodio-iodide orXylo- iodide of Silver, M. per oz. Pyro-gallic Acid, , 4». perdrachm. Acetic Acid, snitedforCollodion ! Pictures, 8t/. per oz. Crystallizable and per- [ fectly pure, on which the success of the Calo- typist so much depends. Is. per oz. Cansou Freres' Negative Paper, ?«.; Positive do., 4s. 6d.% La Croix. Zs. ; Turner, 3s. Whatman's Nega- tive and Positive, .3*. per anire. Iodized Waxed Paper, lOs. 6r/. per (iiiire. Sensitive Paper ' iciidy for the Camera, and warranted to keep < from fourteen to twenty days, with directions j for use, 11X9, 9s. per doz. ; Iodized, only 6». per doz. i GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS (sole Agents j for Voightlander & Sons' celebrated Lenses), : Foster Lane, London. ' i BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as sliown at the GREAT EX- HIBITION. No. 1. Class X.. in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Clinnites, may now be had at the MANU- i'ACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold Ix)ndon-madc Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, t>> and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold. 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, .lO iruincas ; Silver. 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 3Z., 3?., and 4i. Ther- mometers from Is. each. BENNETT. Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 63. CHEAPSIDE. WESTERN LIFE ASSU- RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, 3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. Founded A.D. 1842. PHOTOGRAPH Y— XYLO- lODIDE OF SILVER, prepared solely by R. W. THOMAS, has lujw ubtuiued an European fame ; it superse frequently sold at very low prices. It is to thiscauae uearly always that their labours are unattended with success. Chemicals of absolute purity, especially pre- pared for this art, may be obtained from R. W. THOMAS, Cliemist aud Professor of Photo- graphy, 10. Pall Mall. N.B. — The name of Mr. T.'s preparation, Xylo-Iodide of Silver, is made use of by mi- mincii>le(l persons. To prevent imposition each bottle is stamped with a red label bearing the maker's signature. PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE X & CO.'S Imlized Collodion, for obtaining InstantaneoUji Views, uud Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, sijetimens of which may be seen at their E»ta- btislnnent. Also every description of Apparatus, Clie- micalH, &c. dec. used in thts beautifal Art. — trj. aud 121. Newtjate Street. Dirtxtors. 71. Edgeworth Bicknell, Esq. William Cabell, Esq. T. Somers Cocks, Jun. E>q. M.P. G. Henry Drew, Esq. William Evans, Esq. William Freeman, Esq. F. Fuller, Esq. J. Henry Goodhart, Esq. T Grissell, Esq. James Hunt, Esq. J. Arscott Lethbridge, Esq. E. Lucas, Est). James Lys Seager, Esq. J. Basiey White, Esq. Joseph Carter Wood, Esq. TrusUei. W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C. L. C. Ilumfrey. Esq., y.C. Geo.'-ge Drew, Esq. Cotwdting Counsel. _ Sir Wm. P. Wood, M.P, I'hysician William Rich. Basham, M.D. Bankers, — Messrs. Cocks. Biddulph, and Co. Charing Cross. VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. 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PHOTOGEAPiilC NOTES: Comprising Plain Directions for the Practice of Photography, including the Collodion Pro- cess on Glu.ss ; the Paper and Wax-Paper Proeesses ; Printing from Glass and Pa^ier Negatives, &c. By DR. DIAMOND, F.S.A. With Notes on the Application of Photography to Archicology, &c.. By WILLIAM J. TIIOMS. F.S.A. London : GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. POYAL IRISH ACADEMY X\) TRANSACTIONS, Vol. XXII. Art. Part HI— SCIENCE, Price 7s. 6rf. VII. Description of a new Anemometer. &c. ; by REV. T. R. ROBINSON, D.D.,&c. VIII. On the Equilibrium ami Motion of an Elastic Solid ; by the REV. J. H. JELLETT. M.A.. ,tc. IX. Account of Experiments mode with a Friction Sledge for stopping Railway Trains: by the REV. S^IMUEL HAUGHTON, M.A., «:c. X. On certain Impi-ovements in the con- struction of Galvanometci's. .tc. s by MICHAEL DONOVAN, ESQ., &c. XI. On the Original and Actual Fluidity of the Earth and Pianets ; bytheRKV. SAMUEL HAUGHTON, JM.A., &c. XII. On the Homology of the Organs of the Tunicata and the Poly7j)a i by GEO. JAMES ALL.MAN, M.D.,4tc. Part IV.-POLIfE LITERATURE, Price 1U». III. On Two Medallion Busts which are I)reserved in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, ami on Two Inedited Patmiau lusc iptioiis ; by REV. JAMES KENNEDY BAILLIE, U.D.,&c. IV. On the Assyrio-Eabylonian Phonetic Characters; by kEV. EDWARD IIINCKS, D.D., S:c. The Proceedings, Vol. V.. Part II., are also ready, pi ice 2s. («/. Dublin : ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY, and HODGES id SMITH, IM. Grafton Street. Loudon : T. & W. BOONE, 29. New Bond Street. This day is published, price 5». A POSTOLIC MISSIONS: Xx Five Sermons preached before the Uni- versity lit ('ambridge in May, 1852, by the REV. W. B. HOPKINS. M.A., Fellow and Tutor of St. Catharine's Hall, and formerly Fellow and Mathematical Lecturer of Gonville and Cuius College. Cambridge : JOHN DEIGHTON, London : F. & J. RIVINGTON. This day is published, price Ts. Sd. THE CONFIRMATION OF FAITH BY REASON AND ALTrilO- RITY. The Hulsean Lectures, preached before the T'niveisity nf Cambridge iu 1S52. By the REV. GEORGE CUBKEY, B.D.. Preacher at the Charterhouse, formerly Fellow and Tutor of St. John's College. Cambridge : JOHN DEIGHTON ; MACMILLAN & CO. Loodoa iF.&i. RIYINaXON. 124 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 170. BOOKS ON SALE BY JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. SOHO SQUARE, LONDON. HOLBEIN'S DANCE OF DEATH, with an Historical and Literary Introduction by an Antiijuary. Square post Rvo. •with M Engravings, being the most accurate copies ever executed of these gems of Art, and a Frontispiece of an Ancient Bedstead at Aix- la-Chai)elle, with a Dance of l>eath carved on it, engraved by Fairholt, cloth, 9s. " The designs are executed with a spirit and fidelity quite extraordi- nary. They are indeed most truthfiil."_^ndou, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.— Saturday, January 29. 1853. NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOB LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. •' Wlien found, make a note of." — Captain Cuttle. No. 171.] Saturday, February 5. 1853. C Price Foiirpence. I Stamped Edition, gd. 125 12G 126 127 127 128 CONTENTS. Notes : — Page Jacob Grimm on the Genius and Vocation of the English Language ------- Preservation of valuable Papers from Damp ; Drying Closets -..-.-- Position of the Clergy in the Seventeenth Century, by J. Lewelyn Curtis . . . - - General Wolfe ...... Inscriptions in Books - . . _ . Folk Lobe : — Baptismal Custom — Subterranean Bells — Leicestershire Custom — Hooping Cough : Hedera Helix ------. Minor Notes: — The Aught and Forty Daugh — Alli- terative Pasquinade — The Names " Bonaparte " and " Napoleon"— A Parish Kettle— Pepys's Diary; Battle of St. Gothard— First Folio Shakspeare — An ancient Tombstone - - - - - .128 Queries : — Excessive Hainfall, by Robert Rawlinson - - 130 Baptist Vincent Laval), by William Duane - - 130 Graves of Mickleton, co. Gloucester, by James Graves - 130 Searson's Poems - - - - - - 131 Minor Queries : — Habcrdon, or Habyrdon — Holies Family — "To lie at the Catch "— Names of Planets : Spade — Arms in painted Glass — The Sign of " The Two Chances " — Consecrators of English Bishops — A minting Table — John Pictones — Gospel Place York Mint— Chipchase of Chipchase — Newspapers — On alleged historical Facts — Costume of Spanisli Physicians — Genoveva— Quotation—" God and the World" — "Solid Men of Boston"— Lost MS. by Alexander Pennecuik — " The Percy Anecdotes " — Norman Song— God's Marks— The Bronze Statue of Charles I., Cliaring Cross . - . - 132 Minor Queries with Answers : — Hutter's Polyglott — Ethnology of England— Pitt of Pimperne— " The Bottle Department " of the Beer-trade - . 134 Replies: — Bishop Pursglove (Suffragan) of Hull, by John L Dredge, &c. - - - - - - 135 The Gregorian Tones, by Dr. E.F. Rimbault . - 13fi Love's Labour's Lost, Act V. Sc. 2., by Thos. Keightley 136 Niagara or Niagara, by Robert Wright - - - 137 Drengage, by Wm. Sidney Gibson - - - 137 Chatterton - - . .- - -138 Literary Frauds of Modern Times - - - 139 Sir H. Wotton's Letter to Milton - . - HO Photographic Notes and Queries :— Sir W. Newton's Process — Collodion Film on Copper Plates— Treat- ment of the Paper Positive after fixing - - 140 Replies to Minor Queries :— Essay for a New Trans- lation of the Bible— Touchstone— Early Edition of Solinus— Straw Bail — Doctor Young — Scarfs worn by Clergymen— Gibber's Lives of the Poets — " Let- ters on Prejudice "—Statue of St. Peter, &c. - - 142 Miscellaneous : — Books and Odd Volumes wanted - - - - 146 Notices to Correspondents . - . . 140 Advertisements - - . . _ -146 V0L.VII. — Ko. 171. JACOB GKIMM ON THE GKNIUS AND VOCATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, I send you a very eloquent tribute to the genius and power of the English language by Jacob Grimm, extracted from a paper entitled "Ueber den Ursprung der Sprache," read before the Royal Academy of Berlin, January 9, 1851, and con- tained in the Transactions of that Society, "Section of Philology and History for I80I," p. 135. • Ber- lin, 4to., 1852: — " Jacob Grimm Ueber den Ursprung der Sprache. Ab- handlungen der K. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1851. " Keine, unter alien neueren Spraehen, hat gerade durch das Aufgeben und Zerriitten alter Lautgesetze, durch den Wegfall beinahe sammtlicher Flexionen,' eine grossere Kraft und Starke einpfangen, als die Englische, und von ihrer nicht einmal lehrbaren, nur lernbaren Fiille freier Mitteltone ist eine uesentliche Gewalt des Ausdrucks abhiingig geworden, wie sie vielleicht noch nie einer andern menschlichen Zunge zu Gebote stand, Ihre ganze iiberaus geistige, wun- derbar gegliickte Aniage und Durchbildung war her- vorgegangen aus einer iiberraschenden Vermahlung der beiden edelsten Spraehen des spiiteren Europas, der Germanischen und Romanischen, und bekannt ist, wie im Englischen sich beide zu einander verhalten, indem jene bei weitem die siiinliche Grundlage hergab, diese die geistigen BegrifFe zufiihrte. Ja, die Englische Sprache, von der nicht umsonst auch der grosste und iiberlegenste Dichter der neuen Zeit im Gegensatz zur classischen alien Poesie, ich kann natiirlich nur Shakespeare meinen, gezeugt und getragen worden ist, sie darf mit vollem Recht eine Weltsprache heissen, und scheint gleich dem Englischen Volke ausersehn kiinftig noch in hoherem Masse an alien Enden der Erde zu walten. Denn an Reichthum, Vernunft und gedriingter Fuge liisst sich keine aller noch lebenden Spraehen ihr an die Seite setzen, auch unsere Deutsche nicht, die zerrissen ist, wie wir selbst zerrissen sind, und erst manche Gebrechen von sich abscliiitteln miisste. ehe sie kiihn mit in die Laufbahn trate." ( Trmislation.') Of all modern languages, not one has acquired such great strength and vigour as the English. It has accomplished this by simply freeing itself from the ancient phonetic laws, and casting off almo.st all inflec- 126 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 171. tlons; whilst, from its abundance of intermediate sounds l^Mitteltone*'], tones not even to be taught, but only to be learned, it has derived a characteristic power of expression such as perhaps was never yet the property of any other human tongue. Its higlily spiritual genius, and wonderfully happy development, have proceeded from a surprisingly intimate alliance of the two oldest languages of modern Europe — the Germanic and Ro- manesque, f It is well known in what relation these stand to one another in the English language. The former supplies the material groundwork, the latter the higher mental conceptions. Indeed, the English language, which has not in vain produced and sup- ported the greatest, the most prominent of all modern poets (I allude, of course, to Shakspeare), in contra- distinction to the ancient classical poetry, may be called justly a LANGUAGE OF THE WORLD : and seems, like the English nation, to be destined to reign in future with still more extensive sway over all parts of the globe. For none of all the living languages can be compared with it as to richness, rationality, and close con- struction [Vernunft und gedriingter Fiige], not even the German — which has many discrepancies like our nation, and from which it would be first obliged to free itself, before it could boldly enter the lists with the English. I transmit the text, as many of your readers may prefer the extract — as most " foreign extracts " are preferred — "neat as imported:" although, owing to the kindness of a friend, it is foirly repre- sented in the translation. It is however very difficult to find words which precisely express the meaning of German scientific terms. S. H. PEESEaVATION OF VALUABLE PAPERS FEOM DAMP ; DRYING CLOSETS. The deslccative powers of lime are familiar to chemists, and, I believe, to many practical men ; but I do not know of lime having been used for the above purpose. A strong chest, in my possession, containing Im- portant papers (title-deeds, marriage certificates, &c.), gradually became damp, and subjected its contents to a slow process of decay. This arose, I found, from a defect in its construction, wood having been improperly introduced into the latter, and concealed; so that some singular chemical compounds would appear to have been formed. The papers were gradually injured to an extent enforcing attention; and the process continued in them after their removal into a well-constructed chest, giving me the impression of a process re- sembling the action of a ferment. Several attempts * Mitteltone are those sounds which stand between the three fundamental vowels, a , i , u, as pronounced bjT' the continental nations. f Romanesque. Those languages which have de- scended from the Latin, as the Spanish, Frank, or French, &c. were made to dry them by fires, the rays of the sun, &c.; but the damp was always renewed. They were thoroughly dried in a very few days, and permanently kept dry, by placing and keeping in the chest a box containing a little quicklime. At a later period, a large closet, so damp as to render articles mouldy, was thoroughly dried, and kept dry, by a box containing lime. The chest was about 2 feet 6 inches, by 2 feet 1 Inch, and 1 foot 8 inches ; and the box placed In it for several months was about I foot 2J^ Inches, by 8^ Inches, and 3 inches. After about a year, although no very perceptible damp was dis- covered, yet. In consequence of the value of the papers, and the beauty of some of them as manu- scripts, I introduced two such boxes. These pro- portions were selected to enable the boxes to stand conveniently on a shelf with account-books and packages of papers. The closet is about 1 1 feet 4 Inches, by 2, Irre- gular dimensions, which I estimate at about 6 feet, and 2 feet 4 inches. The box used in this case Is I foot 4 Inches, by 11 Inches, and 7 inches. The lime should be in pieces of a suitable size. For the chest, I prefer pieces about the size of a large English walnut ; for the closet, of an orange. It is necessary either that the box should be strongly made, or be formed of tin, or other metal, on account of the lateral expansive force of the lime. Room for expansion upwards Is not suffi- cient protection. The same expansion renders It necessary that the box should not be more than two-fifths filled with fresh lime. I leave the tops open. If covered, they must be so disposed that the air within the boxes shall freely communicate with that of the chest or closet. I have used these boxes several years, and only changed the lime once a year. B. II. C Philadelphia. POSITION OF THE CLERGY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. The Proceedings and Pape7's of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, Session IV., 1851-2, Include a paper contributed by Thomas Doming Hibbert, of the Middle Temple, Esq., being the second of a series of " Letters relating to Lancashire and Cheshire, temp. James I., Charles I., and Charles II." One of these letters, written In or about the year 1605, by the Rev. William Batemanne, from Ludgarsall (Ludgar's Hall), " a parish which lies In the counties of Oxford and Bucks," and ad- dressed " to his louinge father Ihon Batemanne, alderman at Maxfelde" (Macclesfield), contains, as the learned contributor remarks, " strong con- firmation of Mr. Macaulay's controverted state- ment, that the country clergy occupied a very humble position In the sixteenth and seventeenth Feb. 5, 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 127 ■centuries." He adds, that " no clergyman could now be found who would think of sending his sister to an inn to learn household matters." The Rev. William Batemanne, " who appears to have been educated at Oxford." writes thus : " . . . . My sister Katren is placed in a verie good house in Bissiter [Bicester], wher shea shall learne to doe all manner of thinges that belonge to a good hus- wyfe. It is a vltailinge house greatlie occupied. Shea shall not learne onelie to dresse meate and drinke ex- cellent well, but allso bruinge, bakinge, winnowinge, with all other thinges theirunto appertaininge, for they are verie rich folkes, and verie sharpe and quicke both of them. The cause why my Ant received her not, as shea answered us, was because all this winter shea in- tendeth to have but one servant woman, and shea thought my sister was not able to doe all her worke, because shea imagined her to be verie raw in theire •countrey worke, w"'' thinge trewlie shea that hath her now did thinke, and theirefore her wage is the slen- derer, but xvj' [16s.], W^'' in this place is counted no- thinge in efFecte for such a strong woman as shea is ; but I bringinge her to Bissiter uppon Wednesday, beinng Michaelmas even, told her dame the wage was verie small, and said I trusted shea would mend it if shea proved a good girle, as I had good hope shea would. Quoth I, it will scarce bye her hose and shooes. Nay, saith shea, I will warrant her have so much given her before the yeare be expyred, and by God's helpe that w'='' wants I myselfe will fill upp as much as I am able " J. Leweltn Cubtis. GENBBAI. WOLFE. I copy the following interesting Note from the London Chronicle, August 19, 1788 : "It is a circumstance not generally known, but be- lieved by the army which served under General Wolfe, that his death-wound was not received by the common chance of war, but given by a deserter from his own regiment. The circumstances are thus related : — The General perceived one of the sergeants of his regiment strike a man under arms (an act against which he had given particular orders), and knowing the man to be a good soldier, reprehended the aggressor with much warmth, and threatened to reduce him to the ranks. This so far incensed the sergeant, that he took the first opportunity of deserting to the enemy, where he medi- tated the means of destroying the General, which he effected by being placed in the enemy's left wing, which was directly opposite the right of the British line, where Wolfe commanded in person, and where he was marked out by the miscreant, who was provided with a rifle piece, and, unfortunately for this country, effected his purpose. After the defeat of the French army, the deserters were all removed to Crown Point, which being afterwards suddenly invested and taken by the British army, the whole of the garrison fell into the hands of the captors ; when the sergeant of whom we have been speaking was hanged for desertion, but before the execution of his sentence confessed the facts above recited."* In Smith's Marylehone, p. 272., is a notice of Lieutenant M'CuUoch, according to whose plan Wolfe attacked Quebec. M'CuUoch became desti- tute, and died in Marylebone workhouse in 1793. A letter from Wolfe to Admiral Saunders is in the Gentleman! s Magazine for 1801; and one addressed by him to Barre was sold by Puttick and Simpson about three years since. A portrait of Wolfe by Sir Joshua Reynolds is in possession of Mr. Cole of Worcester. Since my last notice, I have heard that Mr. Henry- George, proprietor of the Westerham Journal, made some collections towards a life of Wolfe : if so, it is not improbable that Mr. Streatfield obtained them at his sale in 1844. In conclusion, I beg to inquire, whence come the lines quoted by the Marquis of Lansdowne ? — " Enough for him That Chatham's language was his mother-tongue, And Wolfe's great name compatriot with his own." H. G. D. Knightsbridge. INSCBIPTIONS IN BOOKS. It occurs to me that an interesting collection might be formed of the various forms and methods by which the ownership of books is sometimes found to be asserted on their fly-leaves. Bor- rowers are exhorted to faithful restitution ; and consequences are threatened to those who misuse, or fail to return, or absolutely steal the valued literary treasure. I forward a few such Notes as have fallen in my way, thinking they may interest your readers, and shall be obliged by any additions. The first is an admonition to borrowers, by no means a super- fluous one, as I know to my cost. It is printed on a small paper, about the size of an ordinary book- plate, with blank for the owner's name, to be filled up in manuscript : " This Book Belongs to " If thou art borrow'd by a friend. Right welcome shall he be To read, to study — not to lend, But to return to me. [* The incident related above has been preserved by Sir William Musgrave, in his Biographical Adversaria (Additional MSS., No. 5723., British Museum), who has added the following note : — " This account was had from a gentleman who heard the confession." For some further notices of Mrs. Henrietta Wolfe, the mother of the General, relative to her death and the disposal of her property, see the Addit. MSS., No. 5832., p. 78 — Ed.] 128 NOTES AND QUEKIES. [No. 171. Not that imparted knowledge doth Diminish learning's store ; But books, 1 find, if often lent, Return to me no more. " Give your attention as you read, And frequent pauses take ; Think seriously ; and take good heed That you no doff's-ears make. " Don't wet the fingers, as you turn The pages, one by one. Never touch prints, observe : and learn Each idle gait to shun." On the fly-leaf of a Bible I find the following, which, however, is taken from The Weekly Pacquet of Advice from Rome, vol. ii. p. 198. No. 15., dated Friday, Dec. 26, 1679 : " Sancte Liber I venerande Liber ! Liber optime, salve ! O Animae nostra, Biblia dimidium!" A very common formula, in works of a devo- tional nature, is as follows : " This is Giles Wilkinson his l)ook. God give him grace therein to look." We now come to some of a menacing descrip- tion : " Si quis hunc furto rapiet libellum, Reddat : — aut coUo dabitur capistrum, Carnifex ejus tunicas habebit, Terra cadaver. " And again : " Si quis hunc librum raplat scelestus, Atque furtivis manibus prehendat, Pergat ad tetras Acherontis undas Non rediturus." These last partake somewhat of the character of the dirse and anathemas which are sometimes found at the end of old MSS., and were prompted, doubtless, by the great scarcity and consequent value of books before the invention of printing. Balliolensis. rOLK LORE. Baptismal Custom. — In many country parishes the child is invariably called by the name of the saint on whose day he happens to have been born. I know one called Valentine, because he appeared in the world upon the 14th of February ; and lately baptized a child myself by the name of Benjamin Simon Jude. Subsequently, on express- ing some surprise at the strange conjunction, I was informed that he was born on the festival of SS. Simon and Jude, and that it was always very unlucky to take the day from a child. Rt. Warmington. Subterranean Bells. — Hone, in his Year-Booh, gives a letter from a correspondent in relation to a tradition in Raleigh, Nottinghamshire, which states that many centuries since the church and a whole village were swallowed up by an earthquake. Many villages and towns have certainly shared a similar fate, and we have never heard of them more. " The times have been When the brains were out the man would die, That there an end." But at Raleigh, they say, the old church-bells' still ring at Christmas time, deep, deep in earth ; and that it was a Christmas-morning custom for the people to go out into the valley, and put their ears to the ground to listen to the mysterious chimes of the subterranean temple. Is this a tra- dition peculiar to this locality? I fancy not, and seem to have a faint remembrance of a similar belief in other parts. Can any of your correspon- dents favour " N. & Q." with information hereon ? J. J. S. Leicestershire Custom. — A custom exists in the town of Leicester, of rather a singular nature. The first time a new-born child pays a visit, it is presented with an egg, a pound of salt, and a bundle of matches. Can any of your correspon- dents explain this custom ? W. A. Hooping Cough : Hedera Helix. — In addition to my former communicatious on this subject, I beg to forward the following : — Drinking-cups made from the wood of the com- mon i\j, and used by children affected with this complaint, for taking therefrom all they require to drink, is current in the county of Salop as an in- fallible remedy ; and I once knew an old gentleman (now no more) who being fond of turning as ait amusement, was accustomed to supply his neigh- bours with tliem, and whose brother always sup- plied him Avith the wood, cut from his own plant- ations. It is necessary, in order to be effective, that the ivy from which the cups are made should be cut at some particular change of the moon, or hour of the night, &c., which I am now unable to ascertain : but perhaps some of your readers could give you the exact period. J, B. Whitborxe.. The Aught and Forty Daugh. — The lordship of Strathbogie, now the property of his Grace the Duke of Richmond, was anciently known by this name. It is one of the toasts ahvays drunk at the meetings of agricultural associations, the anni- versary of his Grace's birthday, &c., in the district.. The meaning has often puzzled newspaper readers at a distance. It was the original estate of tlie powerful family of Gordon in the north of Scot- land. A daugh, or davach, contains 32 oxgates of 13 acres each, or 416 acres of arable land. At Feb. 5. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 129 this rate, the whole lordship was anciently esti- mated at 20,000 acres of arable land, and compre- hends 120 square miles in whole. KiRKWALLENSIS. Alliterative Pasquinade. — The following allite- rative pasquinade on Convocation, which I have «ut from one of the newspapers, is, I think, suffi- ciently clever to deserve preservation in the pages of "N. & Q. :" " The Earl of Shaftesbury has given notice that he will call the attention of the House to the subject of Convocation after the recess. The exact terms of his lordship's motion have not as yet been announced ; but it is understood that it will be in the form of an ab- stract resolution, somewhat to the following effect : — '"That this House, considering the consanguinity and concordant consociation of Gog and Magog to be ■concludent to, and confirmatory of, a consimiiar con- natural conjunction and concatenation between Con- vocation and Confession with its concomitant contami- nations, and conceiving the congregating, confabulating, and consulting of Convocation to be conducive to con- troversy and contention, and consequent conflicts, confusion and convulsion, concurs in the conviction that to convene, and to continue Convocation, is a contumacious contravention of the Constitution, and a contrivance for constraint of conscience, and that the contemptible conspiracy, concocted for concerting the constituting and conserving of the continuous concor- poral consession and conciliar conference of Convoca- tion, is to be contumeliously conculcated by the con- ^sentient and condign condemnation of this House.' " Agkippa. The Names " Bonaparte " and " Napoleon." — Among the many fabulous tales that have been published respecting the origin of the name of Bonaparte, there is one which, from its ingenious- ness and romantic character, seems deserving of notice. It is said that the " Man in the Iron Mask " was jio other than the twin (and elder) brother of Louis XIV.; that his keeper's name was Bonpart; that that keeper liad a daughter, with whom the Man in the Mask fell in love, and to whom he was privately married ; that their children received their mother's name, and were secretly conveyed to Corsica, where the name was converted into Bonaparte or Buonaparte ; and that one of those children was tlie ancestor of Napoleon Bonaparte, who was thus entitled to be recognised not only as of French origin, but as the direct descendant of the rightful heir to the throne of France. The Bonapartes are said to have adopted the npme of Napoleon from Napoleon des XJrsins, a distinguished character in Italian story, with one of whose descendants they became connected by marriage ; and the first of the family to whom it was given was a brother of Joseph Bonaparte, the grandfather of Napoleon I. Many are the jeux de mats that have been made on this name ; but the following, which I have just met with in Litterature Franqaise Contemporaine, vol. ii. p. 266., is per- haps the most remarkable. The word Napoleon, being written in Greek characters, will form seven difTerent words, by dropping the first letter of each in succession, namely, 'HavoKeuv, hiroKeoov, VoXeaiv, 0\f(ev, Atwv, Ewv, nv. These words make a complete sentence, and are thus translated into French : " Napoleon, etant le lion des peoples, allait detruisant les cites." Henry H. Bbeen. St. Lucia. A Parish Kettle. — In the accounts of the church- wardens of Chudleigh in Devonshire, during a period extending from 1565 to 1651, occasional mention is made of " the church chyttel," " parish chettle," " parish chetell or furnace," " parish crock ;" and charges are made for malt and hops for brewing ale ; and the money received for ale sold is accounted for. There may also have been provided, for the use of the parish, a vessel of smaller dimensions than the crock, for in the year 1581 there is an entry of Is. 2d. received "for the lone of the parish panne." As cyder must have been at that time, as it is now, the common drink of the working-classes, the parish " crock " must have been provided for the use of the occu- piers of the land. I suppose that the term crock, for a pot made of brass or copper, had its origin in times when our cooking-vessels were made of crockery ware. I have never seen, in the ancient accounts of churchwardens, any mention made of a " town plough," which Gastros notices (Vol. vi., p. 462.). S. S. S. (2.) Pepys's Diary ; Battle of St. Gothard. — Lord Braybrooke, in a note on 9th August, 1664, on which day Pepys mentions a great b.attle fought in Hungary, observes, "This was the battle of St. Gothard, fought 1st August, so that the news reached England in eight days." This would scarcely be possible even in these days of railways. The difference of styles must have been over- looked, which would make the intelligence arrive in eighteen days, instead of eight. J. S. Warden. First Folio Shakspeare. — It would be extremely desirable that every one who possesses, or knows of a copy of the first folio, would send to " N. & Q." a note of the existence of such copy ; Its present owner's name ; date of acquisition ; last owner's name ; the price paid ; its present condi- tion ; and any other circumstances peculiar to the copy. When the editor should receive an adequate number of replies to this suggestion, he might pub>- lish a list in some methodised form, and subsequent lists as occasion might require. I have examined the libraries of several great country-houses, and have never found a first folio ; not even at Wilton, ISO NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 171. •where, of all the houses in England, we are most sure that it must have been. C. An ancient Tombstone. — In the month of De- cember, 1851, a tombstone' was found at the quay of Aberdeen, near Weigh House Square, in ex- cavating for a common sewer. On it is carved a cross, and a shield containing the initials " G. M.," a nameless instrument, or a couple of instruments, placed crosswise, and a heart with a cross in the centre. Round the edge is cut exquisitely, in Old English letters, with contractions such as we see in old MSS., the following inscription, " Hie jacet honorabilis Vir Georgius Manzs (Menzies ?), civis de Abirden, cum uxore eius Anneta Scherar, qui obiit XXVII die mensis Septembiis, anno D. N, I. Minixx." In former times, the Menzieses, the Col- lisons, and the Rutherfords held ruling power in Aberdeen, as in more recent times did the Gib- bons, Bannermans, and Hogarths. KiRKWAiLENSIS. cattcrteiS. EXCESSIVE RAINFALL. The following quotation induces me to put a Query to the numerous scientific readers of your widely-circulated publication : " It is a remarkable circumstance that an unprece- dented quantity of rain has fallen during the last year (1852) all over the world, — England, Ireland, Europe generally, Africa, India, and even in Australia." Query, Is it anywhere recorded that so wide- spread a rainfall has been previously noticed ? It is said that excessive rainfall has been general all over the Avorld ; and it would appear to have been general over a great portion of the land. This, however, does not constitute the whole world. The area of our globe is composed of about four- fifths water to one-fifth land ; so that an excess of rain might fall upon every square mile of land, and yet the average rainfall of the whole world not be exceeded. This is an important truth, and should be generally understood. Taking the sur- face of the whole world, there is probably, year by year, the same amount of sunshine and heat, the same quantity of evaporation, and the same volume of rainfall ; but there is inequality of distribution. We find a dry summer in America, and a wet one in Europe ; excessive wet in the south of Europe, with excessive drought in the north ; with similar excesses over much more limited areas. This case holds good even for the extraordinary year of 1852. Excess of rain has fallen on most of the land over the earth's surface ; but there has been a minimum on the great oceans ; as see the accounts of the fine weather, light winds, and calms, expe- rienced in the voyages to Australia. The question of general equality and local ex- cesses may now, through our commerce, have that attention given to it which has hitherto been im- possible. It is well worthy of study. Robert Rawlinson. BAPTIST VINCENT LAVALL. I have in my possession a manuscript of about six hundred pages, entitled " Lavall's Tour across the American Continent, from the North Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, in a more southern Lati- tude than any yet attempted : performed in the Years 1809 and 1810." A map of the route ac- companies it. The accounts of the country, and of the Indian tribes, correspond with what we learn from other sources ; and gentlemen of information in Indian affairs believe the work to be the genuine produc- tion of a person who has been over the ground described. According to this work, Lavall was a native of Philadelphia, and born in 1774. His father, who was a royalist, settled in Upper Canada, and en- gaged in the fur trade. In 1809 Baptist Vincent Lavall visited England to receive a legacy left him by a relation. Here he was persuaded to join a vessel fitting out for the purpose of trading in the North Pacific. It was a schooner of about two hundred tons, called the Sea Otter, commanded by Captain Niles. This vessel was lost upon the coast of Oregon, on the 15th of August, 1809, whilst Lavall and three of the crew were on shore hunting. They made their way across the con- tinent to New Orleans. Can any information be furnished from any custom-house in England as to the Sea Otter, Captain Niles ? William Duane. Philadelphia. GRAVES OF MICKLETON, CO. GLOUCESTER. There are three portraits engraved by Vertue,. which give the pedigree of this fiimily thus far : John Graves of York, = born 15 15, ob. 1616. 1 Graves = = Richard Graves of Mick leton, Esq.,= ob. 1669. — Graves = Richard Graves of Mickleton, Esq. = ob. 1731. The title engraved on the plate states that the first Richard Graves given above, was twice Feb. 5. 1853.] NOTES AND QUEEIES. 131 married, and had six sons and thirteen daughters. It does not give the Christian names of any of the children, and leaves it uncertain whether the Richard Graves who died in 1731 was a child of the first or second marringe. This last-mentioned Richard was an antiquary of some note, and a correspondent of Hearne, who calls him " Grave- sius noster." Query 1. Is the full pedigree of this family anywhere to be had ? 2. Is there a record of any of the six sons of the Richard who died in 1669 having settled in Ireland, as a soldier or other- wise, in the time of the Commonwealth? Ac- cording to Mr. Editoi-'s excellent arrangement, I transmit to him a stamped envelope, and shall feel much obliged to any correspondent of " N. & Q." who will give me the desired inform- ation. In the life of the Rev. Richard Graves, a younger son of Richard the antiquary (^Public Characters, Dublin, 1800, p. 291.), it is stated that his collections for the History of the Vale of Gresham came, after his death, into the hands of James West, Esq., President of the Royal Society, at whose death they were purchased by the Earl of Shelburne, a.d. 1772. Query, Are they still in existence ? James Graves. Kilkenny. SEARSON S POEMS. The Query of G. C. (Vol. vi., p. 578.) relative to Mrs. Mackey's Poems, has induced me to trouble you with a similar one respecting the author of a volume in my possession. It is en- titled Mount Vernon, a Poem, &c. &c., by John Searson, formerly of Philadelphia, Merchant; Philadelphia, printed for the author by Folwell. After the title-page (which is too long to be given in extenso) follows a dedication to General Wash- ington, in which the author, after recording that he last returned to America from Ireland in 1796, and that having been established for several years at Philadelphia as a merchant, he had been sub- jected to unforeseen losses in trade and mer- chandize, proceeds as follows : " Having a pretty good education in my youth, from an uncle, a clergyman of the Church of England, I published two poems in Ireland, was well received, and two publications since my last arrival in America, having disposed of the last copy of one thousand, Jrt of Contentment, and did myself the honour to visit your Excellency 15th May last [1799], so as to obtain an adequate idea of Mount Vernon, wishing to compose a poem on that beautiful seat, which I now most humbly dedicate to your Excellency, with your likeness," &c. Next follows a "Preface to the readers of Mount Vernon, a Poem," in which he says : " I published a rural, romantic, and descriptive poem of Down Hill, the seat of the Earl of Bristol, Bishop of Londonderry, in Ireland ; for which the gentlemen of that country actually gave me a guinea per copy, and Sir George Hill, from Dublin, gave me five guineas in the city of Londonderry ; more, I am as- sured, as feeling from my having seen better days, than from the intrinsic value of it." Besides Mount Vernon, the book contains se- veral other poems, &c., and extends to eighty - three pages, 8vo., with four pages subsequently inserted at the end. It is, I believe, a very scarce book in America, and the copy I possess is pro- bably unique in this country. Like Mrs. Mackey's poems, it seems to have been written in earnest, and it is impossible within the limits of an article of this nature to give an adequate idea of the vein of self-complacency which pervades the book, or of the high estimation in which the author evidently held his own productions both in prose and verse. A few quotations Illustrative of his descriptive powers must suffice : " Mount Vernon ! I have often heard of thee, And often wish'd thy beauties for to see." — P. 9. " The house itself is elegant and neat, And is two stories high, neat and complete." — P. 10. " A thought now strikes my mind, of Mount Vernon, That happiness may ever shine thereon ; For, Nature form'd it pleasing to the mind ; Therefore, true earthly bliss we here might find: Or, in a cottage, if our God be there. For He is omnipresent, everywhere. A garden was the first habitation Of our parents, and near relat'on," (sic) &c. — P. 14. Of Alexandria he informs us that — " The buildings here are generally neat, The streets well pav'd, which makes walking com- plete. I've seen their houses, where they preach and pray. But th' congregation small on stormy day." — P. 38. Of George Town he says : " A pleasing rural prospect rises here. To please th' enquiring mind as we draw near. The building in George Town is very neat ; But paving of the streets not yet complete. Some rural seats near to the town is fine, "Which please the fancy and amuse the mind." P. 39. And lastly, from his Valedictory, we learn that — " Poets, like grasshoppers, sing till they die. Yet, in this life, some laugh, some sing, some cry." P. 83. These extracts are not given as the worst spe- cimens. Is anything more known of John Searson, and of his other valuable productions, either in Ireland or America? As I perceive you have correspondents at Philadelphia, they will perhaps kindly afford me some information on the subject. Leicestrien sis. [Another work by this author may be found in some of our public libraries, entitled Poems on various Sub- 132 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 171. jects and different Occasions, chiefly adapted to Rural Entertainment in the United States of America. 8vo. 1797. The Preface to this work also gives some ac- count of Searson's residence in Ireland, where, he says, " I lived happily for fifteen years, till another king (or agent) arose, who knew not Joseph, who, in the most inhuman, cruel, and tyrannical manner, made use of his interest to have me put out of my place." The work concludes with the following advertisement re- specting himself: — "Being unemployed at present, should any of my kind subscribers know of any vacancy as tutor in some gentleman's family, a place in some public office, genteel compting-house, or vacancy for a schoolmaster, the author will be grateful for the favour of acquainting him of it. He may be heard of by applying to Mr. Mathew Carey, of Market Street, bookseller."] Haberdon, or Hahyrdon. — A manor now belong- ing to the school at Bury St. Edmund's bears this name. Can any meaning be given to the word ? The land formerly belonging to the Abbey of St. Edmund, several registers of that monastery, A.D. 1520 and 1533, let the said manor of Habyr- don, on condition the tenant should yearly find one white bull, &c. The leases all describe this manor of Habyrdon, and make it specially necessary to find a white bull. The land is contiguous to the town of Bury, and Is called Haberdon at the present time, presents a hilly appearance, and remains of ancient intrenchments. I have not heard of any other place by this name. C. G. Paddington. Holies Family. — I am very desirous of obtaining any information that can be procured concerning the Holies family prior to the time of Sir William, who was Lord Mayor of London in 1540. I should also be obliged if any of your numerous correspon- dents can inform me, whether that member of the family who married a lady named Gelks, I think since 1700, left any posterity; from whom he was descended, and in what county he lived ? Also, who the Gelkses were, and whether the family is represented now ; and, if so, of what county they are? The arms of the Holleses were — Ermine, two piles conjoining in the points sable. The crest was a boar's head erased, azure, langued gules, pierced with a pheon. The Gelks bore — Ermine, three chevrons azure, charged with nine bezents inter nine annulets gules. M. T. P. Reading. " To lie at the Catch " (Vol. vi., p. 5Q.). — From accidental circumstances I have only lately seen the notice of my Query. Will you excuse my saying that I do not yet understand the meaning of the phrase " To lie at the catch," and that I shall be greatly obliged if you or any of your correspondents will explain it further, or, in other words, give me a paraphrase that will suit the two passages I have quoted. M. D. Names of Planets — Spade, — Woxild any of your coi-respondents give me some information respecting the names of the different planets of our system, whether their titles are coeval with the apotheosis of the various denizens of Olympus whose names they bear; or whether such names were bestowed upon the heavenly bodies at some later date In honour of those divinities ? I should also like to hear explained, how the word spade, which from its affinities In other lan- guages would appear to have originally meant sword, ever came to be transferred from a weapon of war to the useful and harmless Implement It now designates. OuSec. Arms in painted Glass. — The following arms have recently been found in some decorated win- dows of the early part of the fourteenth century. Information as to whom belonging would be esteemed a favour. 1. Gules, a chevron, or. 2. Quarterly, first and fourth gules, a mullet, or, second and third sable, a cross, or. 3. Argent, on a chevron, or, three bucks' heads caboshed, tincture indistinct, probably sable. QUiERENS. The Sign of " The Two Chances."— An inn, at Clun, in this county, bears the unusual sign of " The Two Chances." What can this mean ? Mine host is also Registrar of Births and Deaths for the district. Does it refer to these two chances ? George S. Master. Welsh- Hampton, Salop. Consecrators of English Bishops. — It may appear a waste of space to insert in your columns my Queries on this subject ; but when you consider that I have been an exile In India for the last eleven years, and consequently unable to refer, in this country', to authorities, which are easily ac- cessible at home, I venture to hope that you will not only give a place to this, but also that you, or some clerical reader of " N. & Q.," will afford me the required information. I have continued Mr. Perceval's list of English consecrations, given in his able work, An Apology for the Doctrine of Apostolical Succession, 2nd edition of 1841, but have been unable to complete It with the names of the consecrators of the fol- lowing prelates, the objects of my Query ; viz. 1. Bishop Gilbert, of Chichester, on 27th Fe- bruary, 1842; 2. Bishop Field, of Newfoundland, 28th April, 1844; 3, 4, & 5. Bishops Turton of Ely, Medley of Fredericton, and Chapman of Feb. 5. 1853.] JSrOTES AND QUERIES. 133 Colombo, on 4th May, 1845 ; 6. Bishop Gobat, 5th July, 1846 ; 7 & 8. Bishops Smith of Victoria, and Anderson of Rupert's Land, on 29th May, 1849; 9. Bishop Fulford of Montreal, 25th July, 1850; and 10. Bishop Harding of Bombay, on 12th August, 1851. The dates are, I believe, correct, but if not, of course I should like the mis- takes to be pointed out. I also desiderate the date of Bishop Binney's (of Nova Scotia) consecration, in March or April, 1851, with names of his con- secrators ; and finally, the place of Bishop Lons- dale's (of Lichfield) consecration, on 3rd De- cember, 1843. If these data are supplied, the lacuna; in my supplemental list of English conse- crations, from the lleformation to the present day, ■will be complete. A. S. A. Punjaub. A nunting Table. — What is it? The word occurs in a quotation from Dr. Newman in the Irish Ecclesiastical Journal for December, 1852, describing a modern English church. I suppose I shall be saubbed for not giving the passage; but my copy of the journal has vanished. A. A. D. John Pictones. — Is anything known of John Pictones, or Pyctones, a person mentioned in a MS. as having taught languages to Queen Eliza- beth when she was young ? C. R. M. Gospel Place. — In a definition of the bound- aries of Bordesley Abbey, dated 1645, given in Nash's Worcestershire, there frequently occurs the term " Gospel place," thus : " And so to a Cross or Gospel Place near to Brown's cottage, and from thence to a Gospel Place under a tree near to a mill . . . thence to the old Gospel Place oak that standeth on the common." I have heard that at each one of these " Gospel places " there was kept up a mound on which it was usual to rest a corpse on its way to the churchyard, during which time some portion of the gospel was read. Can any of your corre- spondents say if such a practice was observed in any other part of the country, its origin, its in- tention, and the period of its discontinuance? And if not, can give any other explanation of the term ? G R. York Mint. — Can any of your correspondents inform me of the names of the officers of the local mint at York, instituted about 1696 ? O. O. O. Chipchase of Chipchase. — I should be glad to learn if any pedigree exists of the ancient family of Chipchase, or De Chipches (as the name is spelt in pleadings and deeds of the fourteenth century). A family bearing that name appears to have occu- pied or dwelt near the " Turris de Chipches," co. Northumberland, so early as Edward I. ; at which time the manor of Prudhoe, of which Chipchase is a member, was held by the Umfravilles. The fact of the principal charges in the armorial bearings of both families being similar, seems to have led to the suggestion that the Chipchases were cadets of the former ; but this opinion is without suffi- cient foundation. A. G. W. Newspapers. — Which is the oldest newspaper, town or country, daily or weekly, now published? The Lincoln, Rutland, and Stamford Mercury (weekly), published at Stamford, is the oldest paper I am acquainted with. The paper for the 21st January, 1853, is numbered "Vol. 158. No. 8231." This gives the year 1695 as the com- mencement of the paper. Perhaps other readers of " N. & Q." will follow up this interesting sub- ject. Vide Vol. ii., p. 375., and Vol. iii., pp. 164. and 248. L. L. L. On alleged historical Facts. — " During the troubles in the reign of Charles I., a country girl came up to London in search of a place as a servant-maid ; but not succeeding, she applied her- self to carrying out beer from a brewhouse, and was one of those then called ' tub- women.' The brewer observing a well-looking girl in this low occupation, took her into his family as a servant, and, after a little while, she behaving herself with so much prudence and decorum, he married her ; but he died when she was yet a young woman, and left her a large fortune. The busi- ness of the brewery was dropped, and the young woman was recommended to Mr. Hyde, as a gentleman of skill in the law, to settle her affairs. Hyde (who was after- wards the great Earl of Clarendon), finding the widow's fortune very considerable, married her. Of this mar- riage there was no other issue than a daughter, who was afterwards the wife of James II., and mother of Mary and Anne, queens of England." — A'ews/>aper Paragraph. What truth is there in the foregoing statement ; and if in any degree true, what further is known of the fortunate " tub-woman ?" Is her existence ignored in the Hyde pedigree ? J. B. Costume of Spanish Physicians. — I have been informed that the Spanish physicians for a veyy considerable period, and even until about forty years ago, wore a dress peculiar to their profession. Can any of your readers inform me where I can find a representation or a description of this dress ; and also whether it would be the one worn by a Flemish physician residing in Spain about the middle of the sixteenth century ? Z. Genoveva. — Can any of your readers inform me what history or legend is illustrated by a fine en- graving in line, by Felsing after Steinbriick (size 13X11 inches), which has no other clue to its sub- ject than the word Genoveva, in the lower border. It represents a beautiful maiden, with a sleeping child in her lap, at the foot of a beech-tree iu 184 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 171. a forest, and a bind or fawn in the background approaching from a cavern. It was published some years ago at Darmstadt, and is not common : but beyond a guess that it is meant for St. Gene- vieve, the printsellers can tell me nothing about it ; and I do not find in her history, as given by Alban Butler, any such incident. Silukian. Quotation. — In the Miscellaneous Writings of the celebrated Franklin (Chambers's People's Edition) I find the following anecdote, in an article on "The Art of procuring Pleasant Dreams." Franklin says : " It is recorded of Metbusalem, who, being the longest liver, may be supposed to have best preserved his health, that he slept always in the open air ; for when he had lived five hundred years, an angel said to him, 'Arise, Methusalem, and build thee aa house; for thou shalt live yet five hundred years longer.' But Methusalem answered and said, ' If I am to live but five hundred years longer, it is not worth wrliile to build me an house : I will sleep in the open air as I have been used to do.' " From what source did Franklin derive this in- formation ? Cheistophobos. " God and the World.''' — I shall be obliged by being informed from what poet are the following lines: " God and the world we worship both together, Draw not our laws to Him, but His to ours ; Untrue to both, so prosperous in neither, Th' imperfect will brings forth but barren flowers; Unwise as all distracted interests be, Strangers to God, fools in humanity ; Too good for great things, and too great for good, While still 'I dare not' waits upon ' I would.' " W. H. *' Solid Men of Boston.''' —Where are the verses to be found of which the following were part ? I have an indistinct recollection that they were quoted in parliament during the American revolution : *' Solid men of Boston, make no long orations ; Solid men of Boston, drink no strong potations ; Solid men of Boston, go to bed at sundown. Never lose your way like the loggerheads of London. Bow, wow, wow. " Sit down neighbours all, and I'll tell you a merry story, About a disappointed Whig that wish'd to be a Tory, I had it piping hot from Ebenezer Barber, Who sail'd from Old England, and lies in Boston harbour. Bow, wow, wow." Uneda. Lost MS. by Alexander Pennecuik. — In the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, is preserved a MS. in 4to., called The whole Works of Alexander Pennecuik, Gent., vol. ii. It commences at p. 215. Upon the boards is written " Edinburgh, January 1759. Ex dono viduse J. Graham, Bibliopegi, cum altero volumine." It is not known in what way the Faculty of Advocates became possessed of this volume. Query, Where is the first ? Edward F. Rimbatilt. " The Percy Anecdotes." — Who were the com- pilers of this excellent collection, published about thirty years ago ? Unbda. Norman Song. — In the year 1198 there was a song current in Normandy, which ran that the arrow was being made in Limousin by which Richard Cceur de Lion was to be slain. Can any of the readers of " N. & Q." inform me where the ballad is to be found, or if MS., give me a copy ? R.L. Gods Marks. — In Roper's Life of More there is an account of Margaret Roper's recovery from an attack of the sweating sickness. The belief of the writer was, that the recovery was miraculous ; and to enforce that opinion he asserts, that the patient did not begin to recover until after " God's marks (an evident undoubted token of death) plainly ap- peared upon her." (Roper's More, p. 29., Singer's edition.) Pray what is meant by " God's marks ? " John Bruce. The Bronze Statue of Charles I., Charing Cross. — What is known of the life and history of John Rivers*, to whose loyalty the good people of London are now indebted for the preservation of this bust, which the Parliament in the time of Cromwell had ordered to be destroyed ? That he was a brazier, and a handy workman, is all that I know of him. W. W. Malta. Hviters Polyglott. — Can any one inform me whether the following work was ever completed, or give me any particulars respecting it ? Bihlia Sacra, Ehraice, Chaldaice, Greece, Latine, Ger- manice, Saxonice ; Studio et Lahore Eliae Hutteri, Germani, Noribergae, 1599. Of this work I have the first volume — a splendid book, which recently came from abroad ; but I cannot hear of the other volumes : this includes the Pentateuch. A reply to this Query will be thankfully received. B. H. C. [We have an edition before us, printed at Noribergae, 1599, to the end of the Book of Ruth, but without the Sclavonic column. According to Ebert ( Bibliog. Diet.) there is " a fourfold edition, diflFering only in the last column, and goes only as far as the Book of Ruth. Scarce, but of no value. The edition with the Scla- [■" John Rivett, a brazier living at the Dial, near Hol- born Conduit. See Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting vol. ii. p. 319. — Ed.] Peb. 5. 1853.] I^OTES AND QUEKIES. 135 vonic column is the most scarce." In 1600, Hutter published a Polyglott of the New Testament, in twelve languages, viz. the Syriac, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, German, Bohemian, Italian, Spanish, French, English, Danish, and Polish ; which, in an edition printed in 1 603, were reduced to the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and German. He died at Nuremberg, about 1603,] Ethnology of England. — Will any of your readers favour me with a reference to the best work or works which refer to the ethnology of this island, more particularly in reference to the craniology of the different races which have set- tled in it ? I beg to ask whether it is yet clearly settled that there are types of the heads of Ancient Britons, Saxons, Danes, and other races, to be referred to as standards or examples of the re- spective crania of those people ? If so, will any of your readers be kind enough to direct me to any work which contains engraved outlines of such crania ? Ethnologicus. [Ethnologicus is referred to the works of Dr. Prichard and Dr. Latham ; more especially to The Ethnology of the British Islands, by the last-named writer, noticed in our 170th Number, p. 120. That types of the heads of the Ancient Britons, Saxons, Danes, &c. are to be found, there can be no doubt, though they have never hitherto been brought together for comparison. To do this is the object of the pro- jected Crania Britannica, about to be published by Dr. Thurnam of Devizes, and Mr. J. B. Davis, of which some particulars will be found at p. 497. of our Sixth Volume.] Pitt of Pimpeme. — Can any of your readers tell me what works of Mr. Pitt, formerly Rector of Pimperne, Dorset, and translator of Virgil's , ^neid, &c., have been printed ? W. Babnes. Dorchester. [In addition to the JEneid, Christopher Pitt trans- lated Veda's Art of Poetry, about 1724; and subse- quently published a volume of Poems and Translations, 8vo. 1727. His Poems will be found in the twelfth volume of Chalmers's Collection.] " The Bottle Department^' of the Beer-trade "was evidently terra incognita in those days : " He that buys land buys many stones ; He that buys flesh buys many bones ; He that buys eggs buys many shells ; But he that buys good ale buys nothing else." ■" A favourite proverbial rhyme among topers," quoth that most amusing of lexicographers, old N- Bailey, <^ix6Xo-yos, who inserts it under the word " Buy," folio edition. Query, What was his Christian name? Balltolensis. [Nathan Bailey. A short account of him will be found in Chalmers's Biog. Dicf.] - BISHOP PUBSGLOVE (sUFFBAGAN) OF HULL. (VoL vii., p. 65.) Some time since, when at Tideswell (which Is In Derbyshire, not Devonshire), I made a rubbing from the brass of Bishop Pursglove, from which I have copied the inscription asked for by A. S. A., on a plate of brass underneath the figure. " Under this stone as here doth ly, a corps sumtime of fame. In Tiddeswall bred and born truely, Robert Purs- glove by name ; And there brought up by parents' care, at schoole and learning trad ; Till afterwards, by Uncuc dear, to London he was had. Who, William Bradshaw hight by name, in pauls w'"" did him place, And y at schoole did him maintain full thrice three ■whole years' space ; And then into the Abberye was placed as I wish. In Southwarke call'd, where it doth ly. Saint Mary OvERIS. To Oxford then, who did him send, into that Col- ledge right. And there fourteen years did him find wh. Corpus Christi hight ; From thence at length away he went, a Clerke of learning great, To GisBURN Abbey streight was sent, and plac'd in Prior's seat. Bishop of Hull he was also, Archdeacon of Not- tingham, Provost of Rotueram Colledge too, of York eak Suffragan. Two Gramer Schooles he did ordain with Land for to endure. One Hospital for to maintain twelve impotent and poor. O GasBURNE, thou, with Tiddeswall Town, lement and mourn for may, For this said Clerk of great renoun lyeth here com- pact in clay. Though cruell Death hath now down brought this body w<= here doth ly. Yet trump of Fame stay can he nought to sound his praise on high." " Qui legis hunc versum crebro reliquum memoreris Vile cadaver sum, tuque cadaver eris." The Inscription Is In black letter, except the words which are in small capitals. On a fillet round the slab, with the evangelistic symbols at the corners, — " ^ Christ is to me as life on earth, and death to me is gaine. Because I trust through Him alone saluation to obtaine ; 136 l^OTES AND QUERIES. [No. 171. So brittle is the state of man, so soon it doth decay. So all the glory of this world must pas and fade away. " This Robert Pursglove, sometyme Bishoppe of Hull, deceased the 2 day of Maii, in the year of our Lord God, 1579." AVood says (Ath. Oxon., edit. Bliss, ii. c. 820.), that about the beginning of Queen Mary's reign he was made Archdeacon of Nottingham, and suf- fragan Bishop of Hull ; but Dr. Brett, in a letter printed in Drake's Eboracum, 1736, fol., p. 539., says he was appointed in 1552, the last year of the reign of Edward VI. John I. Dredge. In Wharton's List of Suffragan Bishops, the fol- lowing entry occurs : " Robertas Silvester, alias Pursglove, epus HuUen- sis, 1537, 38." But this is probably a mistake, as, in a short ac- count of his life by Anthony a Wood (vol. ii. col. 820., Athen. Oxon., edited by Bliss), I find it stated, that " on the death of Rob. Sylvester about the beginning of Queen Mary's reign, he was made Archdeacon of Nottingham, and suffra- jjan Bishop of Hull, under the Archbishop of York ." Wood afterwards adds : " After Queen Elizabeth had been settled in the throne for some time, the oath of supremacy was of- fered to him, but he denying to take it, was deprived of his archdeaconry and other spiritualities." Ttko. It appears, from Dugdale's Warwickshire, that Pursglove assented to the suppression of Gisburne in December, 1540, and became a commissioner for persuading other abbots and priors to do the same. It is doubtful at what time he was ap- pointed to the see of Hull ; whether in the last year of Edward VI.. or in Queen Mary's reign, though it is certain, in 1559, he refused to take the oath of supremacy to Elizabeth. The hospital and schools mentioned in the epi- taph are Gisborough and Tideswell. R. J. Shaw. THE GREGOBIAN TONES. (Vol. vi., pp. 99. 178.) I have neither time nor inclination to expose all the errors and fallacies of Mr. Matthew Cooke's article on " Gregorian Tones ; " but I cannot resist pointing out certain statements which are calculated to mislead the readers of " N. & Q." in no trifling degree. The writer says : " The most ancient account we have is, that St. Am- brose of Milan knew o( four tones in his day, and that he added four others to them ; the former being those termed authentic, the latter the plagal modes." Now the fact is, that St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan (a.d. 374 to 397), chose from the ancient Greek modes four series or successions of notes, and called them simply the first, second, third, and fourth tones; laying completely aside the ancient heathen names of Doric, Phrygian, Lydlan, Ionic, &c. St. Gregory the Great, who governed the Christian Church from a.d. 591 to 604, added the four additional tones. These eight ecclesias- tical successions or scales, which still exist as such in the music of the Roman Liturgy, are called Gregorian after their founder. Tims the old Ambrosian chant is known at present only through the medium of the Gi'egorian. The writer continues his statement in these words — " Some years since, the renowned French theorist, Mons. Fetis, went to Milan for the express purpose of consulting the celebrated Book of Offices, written by St. Ambrose in his own handwriting, which is there pre- served [the Italics are added] ; and in his work, pub- lished in Belgium, he says that he collated them with those known and received amongst us ; and that the variations were of the slightest possible character, the tones being ostensibly the same." This extraordinary statement cannot be accepted without the title of M. Fetis' work, and the pas- sage upon which it rests, verbatim in the author's own words. But I have no hesitation in saying that It Is founded in error. Thibaut (Ueber der Reinheit dcr Tonkunst, pp. 28 — 30.) speaks of a MS. of the Gregorian chants at St. Gall, in Switzerland, as old as the ninth century. This is believed, by all accredited modern writers upon music, to be the oldest MS. of the tones extant. Edward F. Rimbadlt. love's labour's lost, act v. sc. 2. (Vol. vi., pp. 268. 296.) Of this passage we might almost say conclama- tum est; for really no good sense has yet been made of It, except by bold alterations. For my own part, I agree with A. E. B., that no alteration- is required except In the punctuation, and not much even then. The text of the folios is given by Mr. Singer (Vol. vi., p. 268.), and I would read It thus : " Nay, my good lord, let me o'errule you now. That sport best pleases that doth least know how. Where zeal strives to content, and the contents Dies with the zeal of that which it presents. Their form confounded makes most form in mirth. When great things labouring perish in the birth." The whole difficulty seems to lie in the word dies In the fourth line, and that I think may be removed by merely changing i Into y, and reading dyes. The meaning then will be : That sport will yield most pleasure In which, though the .nctors. are devoid of skill, they are zealous and anxious to give pleasure for their zeal in the endeavour. Feb. 5. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 137 dyes, or tinges {i. e. communicates its own hue to) the contents or satisfaction of the spectators (i. e. makes them sympatliise with the actors). While on the other "hand : My good lord, when, as in 3'our late attempt, great things labouring perish in the birth, tlieir confusion causes laughter and derision instead of pleasure, like the former simple effort. I take, as will be seen, contents, in the third line, as the substantive of the preceding verb content, and not, with Mr. Knight and A. E. B., as " things contained." The poet put it in the plural evi- dently for the sake of the rhyme. In the next line, zeal may not be the word actually written by the poet, but it makes a very fair sense ; and I know no word that could be substituted for it with certainty — we still use the phrase, to dye in. In understanding the last two lines of the remark of the king and his lords, I think I am justified by the remark of Byron : " A right description of our sport, my Lord." Perhaps it is needless to add, that labouring is i. q. travailing ; and that most form in mirth means the highest form in (i. e. the greatest degree of) mirth. In these, and any other remarks on Shakspeare with which I may happen to trouble you at any time, I beg to be regarded as a mere guerilla as compared with regularly trained and disciplined Shakspearians like Ma. Singer, Mr. Collier, and others. I have never read the folios of 1623 or 1632. I do not even possess a variorum edition of the poet ; my only copy being Mr. Collier's ex- cellent edition. Finally, my studies have lain most about the sunny shores of the Mediterranean ; and I am most at home in the literature of its three peninsulas, and the coasts of Asia. Thos. Keightley. NIAGARA, OR NIAGARA. (Vol. vi., p. 552. ; Vol. vii., p. 50.) As I consider J. G.'s apology for the popular, though undoubtedly erroneous, pronunciation of this word to be far from satisfactory, may I trouble you with some evidence in favour of Niagara, which Mr, W. Fraser truly says is the Huron pronunciation ? I also agree with him, that it is " unquestionably the most musical." For my own part, the sound of Niagara is painful to my ear ; even Moore himself could not knock music out of it. Witness the following lines : " Take, instead of a bowl, or a dagger, a Desperate dash down the Falls of Niagara," * How very different is the measured, solemn sound, which the word bears in the noble lines of * I quote these lines from memory. They occur, I believe, in the Fudge Family, Goldsmith, who, it is reasonable to suppose, was as well informed of its proper pronunciation as of its correct interpretation. Travelling a few years since in Canada, I was assured by an old gentleman, who for many years held constant intercourse with the aborigines, that they invariably place the accent upon the penult. If this be true, as I doubt not, it is conclusive : and in order to testify to the correctness of the assertion, I could cite numberless aboriginal names of places in " The States," as well as in Canada : a few, however, will here suffice : Stadacona. Alleghany. Narragauset. Hochelaga. Apalachicola. Oswego. Toronto. Saratoga. Canandaigua. Mississippi. Ticonderoga. Tuscaloosa. Now, I am aware that there are other Indian words which would seem, at first sight, if not to contradict, to be at least exceptions to the rule, but upon investigation they, I conceive, rather strengthen my argument : for instance, Connec- ticut — the original of which is, Quonehtacut, the long river. In conclusion, we should bear in mind that we have the prevalent pronunciation of such words through either of two channels, — the French or the American ; consequently, in Canada, we find them Frenchified, and in "The States" Yankeefied. I therefore hold that Niagara is a most inhar- monious Yankeefication of the melodious abori- ginal word Niagara. Robert Wright. 40, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden. srenoage. (Vol. vii., p. 39.) The tenure in dr engage was common in, if it was not confined to, the territory which was comprised in the ancient kingdom of Northumbria. Drenghs are mentioned in Domesday on the lands between the Kibble and the Mersey, which then formed part of Northumbria. They occur in Yorkshire ; and they are mentioned in the survey, called the Boldon Book, compiled in a.d. 1183, by order of Hugh Pudsey, the great Bishop of Durham, which may be termed the Domesday of the palatinate. Sir Henry Ellis, in his General Introd. to Domes- day, says, " The drenchs or drenghs were of the de- scription of allodial tenants . . . and from the few entries in which they occur, it certainly ap- pears that the allotments of territory they pos- sessed were held as manors." (Domesd., torn. i. fo. 269.) But as menial services (to be rendered, nevertheless, by the villans of the tenant in dren- gage) were attached to the tenure, at all events in the county of Durham, it was inferior to military tenure ; and the instance in the Pipe Rolls of Westmoreland, 25 Henry II., of the enfranchise- ment of drenghs, together with the particulars 138 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 171. given in records of the palatinate of Durham and the county of Northumberland, as to the services attached to drengage, show that it was far from being a free tenure. Yet Spelman (Gloss., ed. 1687, p. 184.) speaks of drenges as " tenantes per servitium militare;" and Coke calls them "free tenants of a manor." * From the Boldon Booh we learn, however, that the services of the drengli were to plough, sow, and harrow a portion of the bishop's land, to keep a dog and horse for the bishop's use, and a cart to convey his wine ; to attend the chase with dogs and ropes; and perform certain " precaria," or harvest works. To take an example from the roll of Bishop de Bury in 1336 : — We find Nicholas de Oxenhale held of the bishop in capite the manor of Oxenhale, perform- ing, amongst other services, "the fourth part of a drengage ; to wit, he was to plough four acres, and sow the land with seed of the bishop's, and harrow it, and do four days' work in autumn." And in the Pipe Roll for Westmoreland, already men- tioned, we find eighteen drenghs in the honour held by Hugh de Morvill, who had not been en- franchised by him, and who remained paying a fine to be exempt from foreign service. In Northum- berland the tenants in drengage paid a fixed money- rent, and were subject to tallage, heriots, merchet, &c. So, in the palatinate, in 25 th Bishop Hatfield (a. ». 1369), John Warde, of Hoton, died seised in his demesne of a messuage and sixty acres which were held of the bishop in capite, by homage and fealty in drengage, rendering six bushels of oats and three bushels of barley, at the manor of Middle- ham. ^ But the agricultural and menial services were lighter than those of the villan, and, as already stated, were not performed by the tenant in per- son, or by those of his household. Tiiis tenure existed in Tynedale at the close of the thirteenth century, as appears from Rot. Orig. 20 Edw. I., vol. i. p. 70., where the " consuetudinem partium prsdictarum" are mentioned. " A drengage,'' says Blount, in his Fragmenta Antiquitatis, " seems to have consisted of sixteen acres, to be ploughed, sown, and harrowed." The word drengage is de- rived, by the Rev. Wm. Greenwell, in the glossary to his recent valuable edition of Boldon Book, from the Anglo-Saxon dreogan, to do, work, bear; the root, according to Tooke, of our English word drudge. Drengage is, in Kelham's Norman-French Dictionary, explained to be " the tenure by which the drenges held their lands." In Lye's Saxon Dictionary I find " Dreng, miles, vir fortis." Wm. Sidney Gibson. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. * Spelman says they were « E genere vassallorum non ignobiliura," and such as, being at the Conquest put out of their estate, were afterwards restored. CHATTEKTOir. (Vol. vii., p. 14.) The following account of the whole of the pro- ceedings at the inquest which was held at the Three Crows, Brook Street, Holborn, on Friday, Aug. 27, 1770, before Swinson Carter, Esq., and ten jurymen, whose names are mentioned, is from a MS. copy in my possession. I am not acquainted with any printed work which contains a report of the inquest. It is not in the large collection of Chatterton's Works and Lives, and the innumerable newspaper and maga- zine cuttings, which fill several volumes, and whTch belonged to Mr. Haslewood ; nor is it in Barrett's Bristol, or Herbert Croft's Love and Madness. " Account of the Inquest held on the body of Thomas Chatterton, deceased, at the Three Crows, Brook Street, Holborn, on Friday, the 27th August, 1770, before Swinson Carter, Esq., and the following jury : — Charles Skin- ner, Meres, John HoUier, John Park, S. G. Doran, Henry Dugdale, G. J. Hillsley, C. Sheen, E. Manley, C. Moore, Nevett. " Mart Angell, sack maker, of No. 17. Brook Street, Holborn, deposed, that the deceased came to lodge at her house about nine or ten weeks ago ; he took the room below the garret; he always slept in the same room ; he was always very exact in his payments to her ; and at one time, when she knew that he had paid her all the money he had in the world, she offered him sixpence back, which he refused to take, saying : ' I have that here (point- ing to his forehead) which will get me more.' He used to sit up nearly all night, and she fre- quently found his bed untouched in the morning, when she went to make it. She knew that he always bought his loaves — one of which lasted him for a week — as stale as possible, that they might last the longer : and, two days before his death, he came home in a great passion with the baker's wife, who had refused to let him have another loaf until he paid her Zs. Qd. which he owed her pre- viously. He, the deceased, appeared unusually grave on the 28th August ; and, on her asking him what ailed him, he answered pettishly : ' Nothing, nothing — why do you ask ?' On the morning of the 24th August, he lay in bed longer than usual ; got up about ten o'clock, and went out with a bun- dle of paper under his arm, which he said ' was a treasui-e to any one, but there were so many fools in the world that he would put them in a place of safety, lest they should meet with accident.' He returned about seven in the evening, looking very pale and dejected ; and would not eat anything, but sat moping by the fire with his chin on his knees, and muttering rhymes in some old language to her. Witness saw. him for the last time whea i Feb. 5. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 139 he got up to go to bed ; he then kissed her (a thing he had never done in his life before), and then went upstairs, stamping on every stair as he went slowly up, as if he would break it. Witness stated that he did not come down next morning, but she was not alarmed, as he had lain longer than usual on the day before ; but at eleven o'clock, Mrs. Wolfe, a neighbour's wife, coming in, they went and lis- tened at the door, and tried to open it, but it was locked. At last, they got a man who was near to break it open ; and they found him lying on the bed with his legs hanging over, quite dead : the bed had not been lain on. The floor was covered all over with little bits of paper ; and on one piece the man read, in deceased's handwriting, ' I leave my soul to its Maker, my body to my mother and sister, and my curse to Bristol. If Mr. Ca . . .' The rest was torn oflf. The man then said he must have killed himself, which we did not think till then, not having seen the poison till an hour after. Deceased was very proud, but never unkind to any one. I do not think he was quite right in his mind lately. The man took away the paper, and I have not been able to find him out. "Frederick Angell deposed to the fact of deceased lodging at their house ; was from home when deceased was found. Always considered him something wonderful, and was sometimes afraid he would go out of his mind. Deceased often came home very melancholy : and, on his once asking him the reason, he said, ' Hamilton has deceived me ;' but could get no more from him. Deceased was always writing to his mother or sister, of whom he appeared to be very fond. I never knew him in liquor, and never saw him drink anything but water. " Ei>wiN Cross, apothecary. Brook Street, Holborn. Knew the deceased well, from the time he came to live with Mrs. Angell in the same street. Deceased used generally to call on him every time he went by his door, which was usually two or three times in a day. Deceased used to talk a great deal about physic, and was very in- quisitive about the nature of different poisons. I often asked him to take a meal with us, but he was so proud that I could never but once prevail on him, though I knew he was half-starving. One evening he did stay, when I unusually pressed him. He talked a great deal, but all at once became silent, and looked quite vacant. He used to go very often to Falcon Court, Fleet Street, to a Mr. Hamilton, who printed a magazine ; but who, he said, was using him very badly. I once recom- mended him to return to Bristol, but he only heaved a deep sigh ; and begged me, with tears in his eyes, never to mention the hated name again. He called on me on the 24th August about half- past eleven in the morning, and bought some arsenic, which he said was for an experiment. About the same time next day, Mrs. Wolfe ran in for me, saying deceased had killed himself. I went to his room, and found him quite dead. On his window was a bottle containing arsenic and water ; some of the little bits of arsenic were be- tween his teeth. I believe if he had not killed himself, he would soon have died of starvation ; for he was too proud to ask of any one. Witness always considered deceased as an astonishing genius. " Anne Wolfe, of Brook Street. Witness lived three doors from Mrs. Angell's ; knew the de- ceased well ; always thought him very proud and haughty. She sometimes thought him crazed. She saw him one night walking up and down the street at twelve o'clock, talking loud, and occasionally stopping, as if to think on something. One day he came in to buy some curls, which he said he wanted to send to his sister ; but he could not pay the price, and went away seemingly much morti- fied. On the 25th August, Mrs. Angell asked her to go upstairs with her to Thomas's room : they could make no one hear. And, at last, being frightened, they got a man who was going by to break open the door, when they found him dead on the bed. The floor was covered with little bits of paper, and the man who was with them picked up several and took away with him. " Verdict. — Felo de se." J. M. G. Worcester. LITERARY FRAUDS OF MODERN TIMES. (Vol.vil., p. 86.) It is not for P. C. S. S. to explain the grounds on which Cardinal Wiseman considers the History of Formosa, and the Sicilian Code of Vella, as the most celebrated literary frauds of modern times. But he thinks that before he penned the Querj', Mr. Breen might have recollected the well-known name of George Psalmanazar, and the extraordi- nary imposture so successfully practised in 1704 by that good and learned person ; a fraud scarcely redeemed by the virtue and merits of a man of whom Dr. Johnson said, that " he had never seen the close of the life of any one that he so much wished his own to resemble, as that of Psalma- nazar, for its purity and devotion." With respect to the Sicilian Code of Vella, Mr. Breen will find, on a very little inquiry, that the work to which the Cardinal adverts (entitled Libro del Consiglio di Egitto, tradotio da Giuseppe Vella) was printed at Palermo in 1793 ; that the book, from beginning to end, is an entire fiction of the learned canon ; that the forgery was de- tected before the publication of the second part — which, consequently, never saw the light ; that the detection was due to the celebrated orientalist Hager, whose account thereof (a masterpiece of 140 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 171. analytical reasoning) was published in 1799 by Palm, the bookseller of Erlang (murdered in 1806 by order of the uncle of the present French em- peror). But this was not the only imposture of the kind of which Vella was the author, and which his profound knowledge of Arabic enabled him to execute in a way which it would scarcely have been possible for any other European to have accomplished. He had published, 1791, at the Royal Press at Palermo, under the name of Alfonso Airoldi, a fictitious Codex Diplomaticus SicilicE, sub Saracenorum Imperio, to the discovery of which ingenious fraud we are also indebted to the acute Pyrrhonism of M. Hager. P, C. S. S. SIR H. WOTTON S LETTER TO MILTON. (Vol. vi., p. 5. ; Vol. vii.,'pp. 7. 111.) I am obliged to apologise for having made Sir Henry Wotton use the words "some long time before," instead of " some good while before," and therefore take the opportunity of saying that I think Sir Henry's allusion to " the art of stationers," in binding a good and a bad book up together, almost proves "our common friend Mr. 11." to have been a bookseller. Notwith- standing the very high authorities against me, I will then venture to insinuate, that instead of John Rouse, or Robert Randolph, plain Humphrey Robinson is meant, by whom Comiis was printed in 1 637, " at the signe of the Three Pidgeons, in Paul's Church-yard." Once grant the probability of this being the case, and we have no further difficulty in understanding why Comus should be stitched up " with the late Rd. poems," or Wotton be left in ignorance of the author's name. Lawes tells us in the dedication to Comus, that it Avas " not openly acknowledged by the author ;" and the publisher would naturally keep the secret : but why Rouse or Robert Ran- dolph should do so, appears to me inexplicable. I hope soon to have access to some public libraries, and also to return to this very interesting question again. Meanwhile, may I beg the forbearance of your more learned correspondents ? Rt. Warmington. PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES. Sir W. Newton^ s Process. — Having been re- quested by several friends to give them a state- ment of my mode of proceeding with reference to the calotypic art, and as I am of opinion that we ought to assist each other as much as possible in the pursuit of this important branch of photo- graphy, I beg therefore to offer the following for insertion in your " N. & Q.," if you should deem them worth your acceptance. To iodize the Paper. — 1st. Brush your paper over with muriate of barytes (half an ounce, dis- solved in nearly a wine-bottle of distilled water) : lay it flat to dry. 2nd. Dissolve sixty grains of nitrate of silver in about an ounce of distilled water. Ditto sixty grains of iodide of potassium in another bottle with the like quantity of water. Mix them together and shake well : let it subside : pour off the water, and then add hot water : shake it well : let subside : pour off the water, and then add three ounces of distilled water, and afterwards as much iodide of potassium as will redissolve the iodide of silver. Brush your previously-prepared paper well with this, and let dry ; then place them in water, one by one, for about one hour and a half or two hours, constantly agitating the water. As many as a dozen pieces may be put into the water, one after the other, taking care that there are no air-bubbles : take them out, and pin to the edge of a board at one corner. When dry they will be ready for exciting for the camera by the following process : (These are supposed to be in six 1 -ounce bottles with glass stoppers. ) 1. 1 drachm of No. 4., 6 drachms of dis- tilled water. 25 grains of ni- trate of silver to half an ounce of water. Add 45 minims of glacial acetic acid. 20 mill, of No. 3., 6 drachms of dis- tilled water. A saturated solution of gallic acid. 2 drachras of No. 4., 6 drs. of water. Equal parts of Nos. 1. and 2. N.B. — This must be mixed just be- fore using, and the bottle cleaned af- terwards. To excite for the Camera. — Mix equal parts of Nos. 1. and 2., and with a glass rod excite the iodized paper and blot off; and it may be put in the slide at once, or the number you require may be excited, and put into a blotting-paper book, one between each leaf, and allowed to remain until required to be placed in the slide. Time of Exposure. — The time varies from three minutes to a quarter of an hour, according to the nature of the subject and the power of the sun ; but five minutes is generally the proper time. To bring out. — Bring out with No. 3., and when the subject begins to appear, add No. 5. ; and when sufficiently developed hold it up, and pour water upon it ; and then put it into hypo- sulphite of soda to fix it, for about half an hour Feb. 5. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 141 or more, and then into water : this is merely to fix it for the after process at your leisure. To clean the Negative. — Get a zinc tray about three or four inches deep, with another tray to fit in at the top, about one inch deep ; fill the lower tray with boiling water, so that the upper tray may touch the water ; put your solution of hyposulphite of soda, not strong, in the upper tray, and then your negatives one by one, watch- ing them with care until the iodine is removed; then put them in hot water, containing a small piece of common soda (the size of a nutmeg to about two quarts of water), for about ten minutes ; pour off the dirty water, and then add more hot water, shaking them gently for a short time ; pour off' the water again, and then add fresh hot water, and let it remain until it is cold, after which take them out cabefui.I-y one by one, and put them in clean cold water for an hour or two ; then take them all out together, and hold up to drain for a short time, and tlien put them between three or four thicknesses of linen, and press as much of the water out as you can ; then carefully {Jor now all the size is removed) lay them out flat upon linen to dry. Mode of Waxing the Negatives. — Melt the pure white wax over a lamp of moderate heat, just merely to keep it in a liquid state ; then fill the same deep tray as above described with boiling water, and with another similar to the upper one before described (which must he kept for this purpose only) ; put a clean piece of blotting-paper in this tray, and lay your negative _/ac iz Daubuz ^ol. vi., p. 527.). — An interesting notice of the Rev. Charles Daubuz occurs in Hunter's Hallamshire, p. 175. It is unnecessary to quote the whole, and I shall content myself with merely observing that if the dates in the Peb. 5. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 145 Ilallamshire are to be depended upon, and I have almost invariably found them correct, there is a slight inaccuracy in the note copied from the commentary. Mr. Hunter writes — " He (Daubuz) was a native of Guienne, but at twelve years of age was driven from his native country, with his only surviving parent Julia Daubuz, by the religious persecution of 1686. In 1689 he was ad- mitted of Queen's College, Cambridge, and remained in college till 1696, when he accepted the situation of head master of the (Grammar) School of Sheffield. He left Sheffield in 1699 on being presented to the Vicarage of Brotherton near Ferry-Bridge, where he was much loved and respected. He died there on the 14th of June, 1717," &c. W. S. (Sheffield.) When the Levant Company surrendered their charter to the crown in the year 1 826, Mr. J. T. Daubuz was treasurer to the Company. He was a highly respected merchant in the city of London, and had purchased the estate of Offington, near Worthing in Sussex, an estate formerly belonging to the Lords De la Warr. Mr. Daubuz still re- sides at Offington. J. B. The Brides Seat in Church (Vol. vi., p. 424.). — One of the sermons mentioned in Surtees' note, and inquired after by J. R. M., M.A., was written by William Whately, the learned and ce- lebrated Puritan, who was vicar of Banbury in Oxfordshire. It is entitled " A Bride Bush, or a Wedding Sermon, compen- diously describing the duties of married persons. By performing whereof, marriage shall be to them a great helpe, which now find it a little hell. London, 1617. 4to. On Eph. v. 23." I believe a copy of the sermon may be found in the Bodleian Library. Two propositions con- tained in this sermon led to Whately's being con- vened before the High Commission, when he ac- knowledged that he was unable to justify them, and recanted May 4, 1621. (See Wood's Ath. Oxon. by Bliss, vol. ii. col. 638.) John L Dredge. Louis Napoleon, President of France (Vol. vi., p. 435.). — Modern history furnishes more than one instance of the anomaly adverted to by Mr. Relton. After the murder of Louis XVI., his son, though he never ascended the throne, was recognised by the legitimists of the day as Louis XVII. ; and on the restoration of the family in 1815, the Comte d'Artois assumed the title of Louis XVIII. In this way the revolutionary chasm was, as it were, bridged over, and the dynasty of the elder Bourbons exhibited on an uninterrupted line. So it is as regards the Napoleon dynasty. The Duke de Reichstadt, Napoleon's son, was in the same predicament as the son of Louis XVI. He received from the Bonapartists the title of Napo- leon II. ; and Louis Napoleon therefore becomes Napoleon III. A similar case might have occurred to the House of Stuart, if the Pretender's son, who began by taking the title of Henry IX., had not extin- guished the hopes and pretensions of his ill-fated race, by exchanging his " crown" for a cardinal's hat. And to-morrow (though that is perhaps a little too soon) the same thing may happen again to the elder branch of the Bourbons, should the Comte de Chambord (Henry V.) leave a son of that name to ascend the throne as Henry VI. Henry H. Breen. St. Lucia. Chapel Plaster (Vol. vii., p. 37.). — For an ex- planation of the word plaster, on which your cor- respondent has oifered so elaborate a commentary, I would beg to refer him to White's Selborne (vol. i. p. 5. ; vol. ii. p. 340., 4to. edit.) : " In the centre of the village, and near the church, is a square piece of ground surrounded by houses, and vulgarly called The Plestor. In the midst of this spot stood, in old times, a vast oak . . , This venerable tree, surrounded with stone steps, and seats above them, was the delight of old and young, and a place of much resort in summer evenings; where the former sat in grave debate, while the latter frolicked and danced before them. " This Pleystow (Saxon, Plegstow), loctis ludorum, or play-place, continues still, as in old times, to be the scene of recreation for the youths and children of the neighbourhood." Chapel Plaster is, I believe, an outlying hamlet belonging to the parish of Box ; and the name imports merely what in Scotland would be called " the Kirk on the Green " — the chapel built on, or near to, the playground of the villagers. The fascinating volumes above named will afford a reply to an unanswered Query in your second volume (Vol. Ii., p. 266.), the meaning of the local word Hanger : " The high part to the S.W, consists of a vast hill of chalk, rising 300 feet above the village ; and is divided into a sheep down, the high wood, and a long hanging wood, called The Hanger." — Vol. i. p. 1. W. L. Nichols. Lansdown Place, Bath. Passage in Thomson (Vol. vll., p. 67.). — Steam- ing is clearly the true reading, and means that the exhalations which steam from the waters are sent down again in the showers of spring. This will appear still clearer by reference to a similar pas- sage in Milton's Morning Hymn, which Thomson was evidently copying : " Ye mists and exhalations that now rise From hill or steaming lake, dusky or grey," &c. c. 146 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 171. Passage in Locksley Hall (Vol. vii., p. 25.). — If Tennyson really meant his readers to gather from the lines in question, that the curlew's call gleams about the moorland, he used a very bold fi_^ure of speech, yet one not uncommon in the vivid lan- guage of Greece. For example : " Tiaihv 5e Xci^Tret arovoeffaa re vripvs SfiavKos," And again, "*'EAaj«.;|/€ aprius (pavelcra (pd/jia." (So- phocles. ) So also, "Boa irpiirei." (Pindar and iEschylus.) May it not, however, be just possible that Ten- nyson did not mean anything ? A. A. D. :^iiS«nauc0uS. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. Newman's Ferns. Large Edition. Enigmatical Entertainer. Nos. I. and II. 1827 and 1828. Sherwood & Co. XoRTHUMBHiAN MiRROR. New Series. 1841, &c. British Diary for 1794, by Cotes and Hall. Heath's Palladium. Reubkn Burrow's Diarie, 1782—1788. Mariiat's Scientific Jodhnal. New York. Mathematical Correspondent (American). Xeeds Correspondent. Vol. V., Nos. 1, 2, and 3. Mathematical Miscellany. 1735. Turner's Mathematical Miscellany. 1750. Whiting's Select Exercises, with Key. Walton and Cotton's Angler, by Hawkins. Part H, 1784. De la Croix's Connubia Florum. Batlioniee, 1791. 8vo. Reid's Historical Botany. Windsor, 1826. 3 vols. 12mo. .'VNTHOLOGIA BoREALIS ET AnSTRALlS. Flobilegium Sanctarum Aspirationum. Laderchii Annales Ecclesiastici, 3 torn. fol. Romse, 1728 — 1737. TowNSEND's Parisian Costumes. 3 Vols. 4to. 1831—1839. The Book of Adam. The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, the Sons of Jacob. Massinger's Plays, by Gifford. Vol. IV. 8vo. Second Edition. 1813. Spectator. Vols. V. and VII. 12ino. London, 1753. C0STRRU8 (Francois) Cinquante Meditations de toute l'Histoire de la Passion dk Nostre Seigneur. 8vo. Anvers, Christ. Plantin. ; or any of the works of Costerus in any lan- guage. Guardian. 12mo. What the Chartists are. A Letter to English Working Men, by a Fellow-Labourer. 12mo. London, 1848. Letter of Church Rates, by Ralph Barnes. 8to. London, 1837. Colman's Translation of Horace De Arte Poetica. 4to. 1783. Casaubon's Treatise on Greek and Roman Satire. Boscawen's Treatise on Satire. London, 1797. ■Johnson's Lives (Walker's Classics). Vol. I. TiTMARsu's Paris Sketch-book. PostSvo. Vol.1. Macrone, 1840. Fielding's Works. Vol. XI. (being second of "Amelia.") 12mo. 1808. Holcroft's Lavater. Vol. I. 8vo. 1789. Otway. Vols. I. and II. 8vo. 1768. Edmondson's Heraldry. Vol. II. Folio, 1780. Sermons and Tracts, by W. Adams, D.D. The Gentleman's Magazine for January 1861. Ben Jonsons Works. (London, 1716. 6 Vols.) wanted. Rapin's History of England, 8vo. the Continuation by Tindal. 1744 *«• Correspondents sending Lists of Bookt Wanted are requested to send their natnet. *«* Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of " NOTES AND QUERIES," 180. Fleet Street. Vol. ir. Vols. I., III. and V. of ^atitti t0 (!C0rreSp0uircnt^. Notes on Books, &c. In consequence of the number of Replies waiting for insertion, we have thought it right this toeek to omit our usual Notes on Books, ^c. J. L. (Islington). The ordinart/ Spirits of Wine, sixty over proof, is that referred to. The Ether is to be common rectified Ether, and not the washed Ether. A Constant Reader is informed that Stereoscopic views may be taken in any Camera. We must refer him for niutvers to his other Queries to any of the numerous dealers in such objects. Inquirer (Edinburgh)'* Photographic difficulty shall be solved next week. H. H. H. (Ashburton). It is only some specimens of Gutta Percha that can be acted upon try Collodion, which then takes up a very minute portion of a waxy substance which occurs in sotne Gutta Percha, and some other eastern products. The advantages derived from its use are very questionable. T. N. B.'s offer is accepted with thanks. T. K. G. The enigma " "Twas whisper'd in heaven " was certainly written by Miss Catherine Fanshawe. Another enigma from her pen, " On the Letter I," will be found in our 5th Vol., p. 427. W. H. L. The line " To err is human, to forgive divine," is the 525/A of Pope's Essay on Criticism. H. G. D. Ws should be glad to see the Notes referred to. Varro. We have a letter on the subject of the Reprint of the First Folio Shakspeare for this Correspondent. Shall it be for- warded, or left at our Publisher's f Shakspeare. We have in type, or in the printer's hands, two or three articles on the text of Shakspeare, to which we propose to give immediate insertion. After which we would suggest the pro- priety of our Correspondents suspending their labour on this sub- ject until the appearance o/Mr. CothiEK' s promised edition, which is to contain all the MS. emendations in his copy of the Folio of 1632. Prestoniensis. a Tandem was so named from some University wag, because he drove his two horses not abreast, but at length. W. L. C. (Preston). A common brass medal, of no pecuniary value. J. G. T. (near Eden Bridge). The word Quarantine is from the Italian Quaranto, and refers to the forty days, after which it was supposed there was no further danger qf infection. The hymn " Hock of Ages " was written by Topladys and " Lo, he comes, iri clouds descending ! " by Oliver. T. F. (Taunton) is thanked for his suggestions. The first and second shall have due consideration. As to the third, the taking of it is in no case intended to be compulsory. " Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcel, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday. PHOTOGRAPHIC Pic- tures.—a Selection of the above beautiful Productions may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 163. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for tlie practice of Photo- Uraphy in all its Branches. Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.— Negative and Positive Papere of What- man's, Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Frferes' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster Row, London. PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Ksta- blishment. Also every description of Apparatus, Che- micals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art.— 123. and 121. Newsate Street. Feb. 5. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 147 WESTERN LIFE ASSU- BANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, 3. PABLLVMENT STREET, LONDON. Bounded A.D. 1842. Directora, H. Edzeworth Bieknell, Esq. ■William Cabell, Esq. T. Somcrs Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P. G. Henry Drew, Esq. ■William Evans, Esq. "William Freeman, Esq, F. Fuller, Esq. J. Henry Goodhart, Esq. T Grissell, Esq. James Hunt, Esq. J. Arscott Lethbridge, Esq. E. Lucas, Esq. James Lys Seagcr, Esq. J. Basley White, Esq. Joseph Carter Wood, Esq. Trustees. Vf. Whateley, Esq., Q.C. L. C. Humfrey. Esq., Q.C. George Drew, Esq. Constating Counsel. - Sir Wm. P. Wood, M.P. Physician. — William Rich. Basham, M.D. Bankers. — Nessrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co. Charing Cross. VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. POLICIES effected in this Office do not be- come void through temporary difficulty in pay- ing a. Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Pro- spectus. Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 1004.. with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits :— Age 17- £ s. d. - I 14 4 Age £ s. d. - 2 IS 6 - 3 8 2 ARTHUR SGRATCHLEY, M.A., r.K.A.S., Actuarj'. Now ready, price 10*. 6rf., Second Edition, •with material additions, INDT7STRIAL IN- VESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO- CIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Corn- wound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR- THUR SCRATCHLEY, M. A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parlia- ment Street, London. BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EX- HIBITION. No. 1. Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities , and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANU- FACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva I^evers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 tiiiineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas ; Silver. 40 guineas. Every Watch ekilfuUy examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2?.,3;., and 4?. Ther- mometers from Is. each. BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instmment Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE. TO PHOTOGRAPHERS.— MR. PHILIP DELAMOTTE begs to announce that he has now made arrangements for printing Calotypes in large or small quan- tities, either from Pa;)er or Glass Negatives. Gentlemen who are desirous of having good im- pressions of their works, may see specimens of Mr. Delamotte's Printing at his o^m residence, 38. Chepstow Place, Bayswater, or at MB. GEORGE BELL'S, 186. Fleet Street. PH O T O G R A P H Y. — The AMMONIO-IODIDE OF Sn.VER in Collodion (price yrf. per oz.), prepared by DELATOUCHB & CO., Photographic and Operative Chemists, 147. Oxford Street, has now stood the test of upwards of Twelve months' constant use ; and for taking Portraits or Views on Glass, cannot be suri)assed in the beautiful resultsit produces. MESSKS.DELATOUCHE & CO. supply Apparatus with the most recent Improvements, PURE CHEMICALS, PRE- PARED SKNSITIYE PAPERS, and every Article connected with Photography on Paper or Glass. Paintings, Engravings, and Works of Art copied in their Glass Room, at Moderate Charges. Instruction given in the Art. See HENNAH'S new work on the Collodion Process, price Is., by post ls.6d. PHOTOGRAPHY. — Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of Silver).— J. B. IIOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, were the first in England who pub- lished the application of tliis agent (see Athe- MKum, Aug. 14th). Their Collodion (price 9d. per oz.) retains its extraordinary sensitive- ness, tenacity, and colour unimpaired for months : it may be exported to any climate, and the TodizingCompound mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with the latest Improvements adapted for all the Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras for Developing in the open Country. GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Lenses from the best Makers. 'Waxed and Iodized Papers, &o. P HOTOGRAPHY.— XYLO- X IODIDE OF SILVER, prepared solely by R. W. THOMAS, has now obtained an European fame ; it supersedes the use of all other preparations of Collodion. Witness the subjoined Testimonial. " 122. Regent Street. "Dear Sir,— In answer to your inquiry of this morning, I have no hesitation in saying that your preparation of Collodion is incom- parably better and more sensitive than all the advertised CoUodio-Iodides, which, for my professional purposes, are quite useless when compared to yours. '■ I remain, dear Sir, " Yours faithfully, " N. He.nneman. MR. R. W. THOMAS begs most earnestly to caution photographers against purchasing im- pure chemicals, which are now too frequently sold at very low prices. It is to this cause nearly always that their labours are unattended with success. Chemicals of absolute purity, especially pre- pared for this art, may be obtained from R. W. THOMAS, Chemist and Professor of Photo- graphy, 10. Pall Mall. N.B. — The name of Mr. T.'a preparation, Xylo-Iodide of Silver, is made use of by un- principled persons. 'To prevent imposition each bottle is stamped with a red label bearing the maker's signature. KERR & STRANG, Perfumers and Wig-Makers, 124.Leadenhall Street, London, respectfully inform the Nobility and Public that they have invented and brought to the greatest perfection the following leading articles, besidi s numerous others : — Their Ventilating Natural Curl ; Ladies and Gen- tlemen's PERUKES, either Crops or Full Dress, with Partings and Crowns so natural as to defy detection, and with or without their improved Metallic Springs ; Ventilating Fronts, Bandeaux, Borders, Nattes, Bands i la Reine, &c. ; also their instantaneous Liquid Hair Dye, the only dye that really answers for all colours, and never fades nor acquires that un- natural red or purple tint common to all other dyes; it is permanent, free of any smell, and perfectly harmless. Any lady or gentleman, sceptical of its effects in dyeing any shade of colour, can have it applied, tree of any charge, at KERB & STRANG'S, 124. Leadenhall Street. Sold in Cases at 7s. 6d., 1 5s. , and 20s. Samples, 3s. 6rf., sent to all parts on receipt of Post-ofiice Order or Stamps. TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GABDEKS. THE GARDENERS' CHRO- NICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GA- ZETTE, (The Horticultural Part edited by PROF LINDLEY) Of Saturday, January Agricultural Commis- sioners College, Ciren- cester, Sessional Ex- amination at prize essays AUamanda neriifoliq. Apple trees, to graft Bee, cure for sting of, by M. Gumprecht Beet, sugar Birds, predatory Bird skins Butter, to make Cabbage Weevil (with engraving) Calendar, horticultu- ral agricultural Chemical works CJherry trees, to root- prune College, Cirencester, Agricultural Ses- sional Examination at Copings for walla CJottages, labourers' Cucumber, Hunter's Draining, experience in Drip, to prevent Dwyer on Engineer- ing, rev. Euphorbia jncquini- flora, by Mr.Bennett Farming, year's expe- rience in, by the Rev. G. Wilkins Fern, new British Fertilisation Floricultiu:e,past and present Grapes, red Ham- burgh, by Mr. Wheeler by 9, contains Articles on Gardeners, emigra- tion of Gutters, zinc Henderson's (Messrs.) nursery Larch, rot in Lotus of ancients Manures, town Melons, Surda, Lieut. Lowther Orchids, guano-water for Pigs, greaves for Pleuropneumonia, by Mr. Mamell Poppies, to sow Potatoes, luminong,by Mr. Grice Poultry dealers Rain, fail of Rfeviews, miscellane- ous Roses in Derbyshire Season, mildness of Shows, reports of the Cornwall and Tor- quay Poultry Societies, proceedings of the Linnean Sugar beet Truffles Walls, coping for Wall trees, badly pruned ■Weather in Scotland Weevil, cabbage (with engraving) Wheat, system of growing at Lois Weeden culture of Willow, weeping Woodland question, by Mr. Bailey Den- ton Wool, wood THE GARDENERS' CHRO- NICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition to the above, the Coveut Garden, Mark Lane. Smithfleld, and Liverpool prices, with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool, and Seed Markets, and a complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the transactions of the week. ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London. PHOTOGRAPHIC POR- TRAITS and "VIEWS by the Collodion and Waxed-Paper Process. Apparatus. Ma- terials, and Pure Chemical Prepaiatiyns for the above processts, Superior Iodized Collodion, known by thenameof CoUodio-iodide or Xylo- iodide of Silver, 9d. per oz. Pyro-gallic Acid, 4s. per drachm. Acetic Acid, suited for Collodion Pictures, Sd. per oz. Crystallizable and per- fectly pure, on which the success of the Calo- typist so much depends, 1«. per oz. Canson Freres' Negative Paper, 3s. ; Positive do., 4s. 6-. 6d. in boards. 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Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London ; and published by Georoe Bell, of No. ISO. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London , Publisher, at No. 166. Fleet Street pibresaid— Sattirday, February 5. 1853, NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOE LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. •• DSnbien found, make a note of." — Captain Cuttle. No. 172.] Saturday, February 12. 1853. f Price Fourpence. 1 Stamped Edition, 5£B. Chertsey. [The best explanation of this custom will be found in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1 804, where we read : " The ceremony on this occasion in the Court of Ex- chequer, which vulgar error supposed to be an unmean- ing farce, is solemn and impressive, nor have the new sheriffs the least connexion either with chopping of sticks, or counting of hobnails. The tenants of a manor in Shropshire are directed to come forth and do their suit and service ; on which the senior alderman below 158 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 172. the chair steps forward and chops a single stick, in token of its having been customary for the tenants of that manor to supply their lord with fuel. The owners of a forge in the parish of St. Clement (which formerly belonged to the city, and stood in the high road from the Temple to Westminster, but now no longer exists) are then called forth to do their suit and service ; when an officer of the court, in the presence of the senior alderman, produces six horse-shoes and sixty-one hob- nails, which he counts over in form before the cursitor baron, who on this particular occasion is the immediate representative of the sovereign."] A B,ace for Canterbury. — I have just met with a little volume of sixteen pages entitled A Race for Canterbury or Lambeth, Ho! It is dated 1747, and was evidently written on the death of Arch- bishop Potter ; and describes four aspirants to the see of Canterbury as four rowers on the Thames : " No sooner Death had seized the seer. Just in the middle of his prayer, But instantly on Thames appear'd Four wherries rowing very hard." &c. &c. &c. The first is thus introduced : " Sh , though old, has got the start, And vigorously plays his part." The second : " H in order next advances, And full of hopes he strangely fancies, That he by dint of merit shall Get first to land by Lambeth wall." The third: " M — s — n moves on a sober pace, And sits and rows with easy grace. No ruffling passion's in him seen, Indifferent if he lose or win." The fourth : " Next Codex comes with lab'ring oar. And, envious, sees the three before ; Yet luggs and tuggs with every joint. In hopes at length to gain the point." Having no list of the bishops by me, of the above-mentioned date, to which I can refer, I should be glad if any of your correspondents can tell me who these four bishops are. May I ask likewise, if it is known who was the author of this not very refined or elegant composition ? John Branfill Harrison. Maidstone. [The four aspirants probably were, 1. Sherlock of Salisbury ; 2. Herring of York, the next primate ; 3. Mawson of Chichester ; 4. Gibson of London.] Nose of Wax. — In so famous a public docu- ment as the Nottingham Declaration of the Nobles, Gentry, and Commons, in November, 1688, against the Papistical inroads of the infatuated King James, I find in the Ninth Kesolution that he is accused of " rendering the laws a nose of wax,''' in order to further arbitrary ends. I have often heard the phrase familiarly in my youthful days ; may I ask of you to inform me of its origin ? Its import is plain enough, — a silly bugbear, of none effect but to be laughed at. W. J. [Nares explains it more correctly as a proverbial phrase for anything very mutable and accommodating; chiefly applied to flexibility of faith. He adds, " It should be noticed, however, that the similitude'was originally borrowed from the Roman Catholic writers, who applied it to the Holy Scriptures, on account of their being liable to various interpretations."] " Praise from Sir Hubert Stanley !" — I have somewhere heard or read this, or a very similar phrase, ironically expressive of surprise at appro- bation from an unexpected quarter. I would much like a clue to its source and correct shape. W.T.M. Hong Kong. [This is from Morton's Cure for the Heart Ache, Act V. Sc. 2. : — " Approbation from Sir Hubert Stanley is praise indeed."] Rosary. — What is the origin of the term rosai^y ? Is it derived from the Latin rogare ? G. C. C. [Richardson derives it from Fr. Rosaire ; Ital. and Sp. Rosario ; Low Lat. Rosarium, corona rosacea, a garland or chaplet of roses. The definition of it by the Abbe Prevost is this : — "It consists," he says, " of fifteen tens, said to be in honour of the fifteen mysteries in which the Blessed Virgin bore a part. Five Joyous, viz. the annunciation, the visit to St. Elizabeth, the birth of our Saviour, the purification, and the disputa- tion of Christ in the temple. Five Sorrowful : our Saviour's agony in the garden, his flagellation, crown- ing with thorns, bearing his cross, and crucifixion. Five Glorious : his resurrection, ascension, the descent of the Holy Ghost, his glorification in heaven, and the assumption of the Virgin herself" — Manuel Lexique. Nares, quoting this passage, adds, " This is good au- thority ; but why each of the fives is multiplied by ten the Abbe does not explain ; probably to make the chaplet of a sufficient length."] aacjiite^. THE BOD : A POEM. (Vol. vi., p. 493.) My copy of this poem bears date 1754, and is not stated to be a second edition. It has " an adver- tisement" of three pages, deprecatory of the im- putation of any personal allusions, or design to encourage school rebellions. It has also a frontis- piece (" Jas. Green, sculp., Oxon."), representing two youths, one standing, the other sitting, on a form ; and before them the figure of an ass, erect on his hind legs, clothed in a pallium. A birch, doctorial hat, and books, lettered Priscian and Feb. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 159 Lycophron, form the base ; and on a ribbon above is the legend, " An ass in the Greek pal- lium teaching." In other respects my copy agrees with Mr. Crossley's description of his, except that the argument (p. 7.) commences, " The great and good King Alfred," &c. Perhaps the following lines (though I doubt their having been vrritten at the age of thirteen) jnaj be received as germane to the subject : THE BIRCH : A POEM. Written by a Youth of thirteen. Though the Oak be the prince and the pride of the grove, The emblem of power and the fav'rite of Jove ; Though Phoebus his temples with Laurel has bound, And with chaplets of Poplar Alcides is crown'd ; Though Pallas the Olive has graced with her choice, And old mother Cybel in Pines may rejoice, Yet the Muses declare, after diligent search. That no tree can be found to compare with the Birch. The Birch, they aflSrm, is the true tree of know- ledge, Revered at each school and remember'd at college. Though Virgil's famed tree might produce, as its fruit, A crop of vain dreams, and strange whims on each shoot, Yet the Birch on each bough, on the top of each switch. Bears the essence of grammar and eight parts of speech. ""Mongst the leaves are conceal'd more than mem'ry can mention, ' All cases, all genders, all forms of declension. Nine branches, when cropp'd by the hands of the Nine, And duly arranged In a parallel line. Tied up in nine folds of a mystical string. And soak'd for nine days In cold Helicon spring. Form a sceptre composed for a pedagogue's hand. Like the Fasces of Rome, a true badge of com- mand. The sceptre thus finish'd, like Moses's rod. From flints could draw tears, and give life to a clod. Should darkness Egyptian, or ignorance, spread Their clouds o'er the mind, or envelope the head. The rod, thrice applied, puts the darkness to flight. Disperses the clouds, and restores us to light. Like the Virga Divina, 'twill find out the vein Where lurks the rich metal, the ore of the brain. Should Genius a captive in sloth be confined, Or the witchcraft of Pleasure prevail o'er the mind. This magical wand but apply — with a stroke The spell is dissolved, the enchantment is broke. Like Hermes' caduceus, these switches inspire Rhetorical thunder, poetical fire : And if Morpheus our temples in Lethe should steep. Their touch will untie all the fetters of slee^. Here dwells strong conviction — of Logic the glo"y» When applied with precision a posteriori. Fve known a bhort lecture most strangely prevail. When duly convey'd to the head through the tail; Like an electrical shock, in an instant 'tis spread, And flies with a jerk from the tail to the head ; Promotes circulation, and thrills through each vein, The faculties quickens, and purges the brain. By sympathy thus, and consent of the parts, We are taught, fundamentally^ classics and arts. The Birch, d priori, applied to the palm. Can settle disputes and a passion becalm. Whatever disorders prevail in the blood The birch can correct them, like guaiacum wood : It sweetens the juices, corrects our ill humours, Bad habits removes, and disperses foul tumours. When applied to the hand it can cure with a switch. Like the salve of old Molyneux, used in the Itch! As the famed rod of Circe to brutes could turn men, So the twigs of the Birch can unbrute them again. Like the wand of the Sybil, that branch of pure gold. These sprays can the gates of Elysium unfold — The Elysium of learning, where pleasures abound, Those sweets that still flourish on classical ground. Prometheus's rod, which, mythologists say, Fetch'd fire from the sun to give life to his clay. Was a rod well applied his men to inspire With a taste for the arts, and their genius to fire. This bundle of rods may suggest one reflection, That the arts with each other maintain a con- nexion. Another good moral this bundle of switches Points out to our notice and silently teaches ; Of peace and good fellowship these are a token. For the twigs, well united, can scarcely be broken. Then, if such are its virtues, we'll bow to the tree, And THE Birch, like the Muses, immortal shall be. I copy from a MS. extract-book, and shall be. glad of a reference to any place in which these lines have appeared in print. Balliolensis. THE dutch EAST-INDIA COMPANY. (Vol. vi., p. 316.) These folio volumes appeared in 1646, without name or place of either author or printer, under the title — " Begin ende Voortgang van de Vereenighde Ne- derlandsche Geoctroyeerde Oost-Indische Compagnie, vervattende de vooraaemste Reysen, by de inwoonderen derselver provincien derwaerts gedaen, alles nevens de 160 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 172. besdiryvlnghen der Rycken, Eylanden, Hovenen, Ri- vieren, Stroomen, Rheden, winden, diepten, ondiepten, mitsgaders religien, manieren, aerdt, politie, ende re- geeringhe der volckeren, oock mede haerder Speceryen, drooghen, geldt ende andere koopmanschappen ; met veele discoursen verryckt, nevens eenighe koopere platen verciert. Nut ende dienstig alle curieuse ende andere zee-varende. Met dry besondere tafels ofte re- gisters ; in twee Delen verdeelt, waer het eerste begrypt Teerttien voyagien den meerendeelen voor desen noyt in 't licht geweest. Gedrukt in den jaere 1646." ( Translation.) Commencement and progress of the United Dutch Chartered East-India Company, containing the prin- cipal travels made among the inhabitants of the pro- vinces there, together with a description of the king- doms, courts, islands, rivers, roadsteads, winds, deeps, shallows, as well as religions, manners, character, police, and governments of the people ; also their spices, drugs, money, and other merchandise, enriched ■with many discourses, and adorned with copperplates. Useful and profitable to all curious and seafaring vir- tuosi. With three separate tables or registers ; divided into two parts, of which the first contains fourteen voyages, the most part never before published. Printed in the year 1646. The compiler, however, goes too far in asserting that the greatest part of these voyages had never been printed. The contrary appears when we open the folio catalogue of the Leyden Library, containing a fine collection of these early voyages of our ancestors. These voyages were printed consecutively in small folio before 1646; as also the Oost Indische en West Indische Voyagien, Amsterdam, by Mi- chel Colyn, boekverkooper {East Indian and West Indian Voyages, Amsterdam, by Michel Colyn, bookseller), anno 1619, one volume, in the same form and thickness as those of 1646 : some of the plates also in this volume are similar to those of 1646. This work was dedicated, 28th February, 1619, to the Heeren Gecommitteerde Raden ter Admi- raliteit residerende te Amsterdam (Advising Com- mittee to the Admiralty residing at Amsterdam), and begins with the Reis naar Nova Sembla ( Voyage to Nova Zemhla), printed at Enkhuizen in 1617, by Jacob Lenaertsz Meijn, at the Ver- gulde Schryfboek (Gilt Writing-book), so that it is not improbable that the whole work was printed at Enkhuizen. Michel Colyn also published other Dutch voyages in 1622. Concerning Cornells Claesz (i.q. son of Ni- cholas), printer at Amsterdam, I have to observe that he died before 1610, but that the late Lucas Jansz. Wagenaer had bought all his plates, maps, privileges, &c. By a notarial act passed 16th August, 1610, at Enkhuizen, Tryn Haickesdr., widow of the above- named Wagenaer, declared that the widow of Cornells Claesz might make over to Jacob Le- naertsz all the above-mentioned maps, privileges, &c. See a resolution of the States- General of I3th September, 1610, In Dodt's KerkelJ/k en Wereldli/k Archie/, p. 23. (Ecclesiastical and Civil Archives). — From the Navorscher. Elsevier, Leyden. J. A. de Chalmot, in his Biographical Dictionartf of the Netherlands, vol. vll. p. 251., names as au- thor, or rather as compiler of this work, Isaak Commelln, born at Amsterdam 19th October, 1598, died 3rd Jan. 1676, and quotes Kasp. Com- melln's Description of Amsterdam, which I have not at hand to lefer to. The work was printed at Amsterdam without printer's name : each voyagie or description is separately paged; some places have a French text. In the second volume Is a Generale beschryvinghe xian Indien, ^c, naer de copye ghedruckt tot Batavia in de druckerye van Gansenpen, anno 1638 (General Description of India, ^x., according to the copy printed at Ba- tavia at the office of the Goose Quill). Whether any other pieces which Commelln compiled had been earlier printed, I have not been able to dis- cover. — From the Navorscher. J. C. K. (VoLvi., p. 509.) The following are earlier instances of the em- ployment of its by the poets, than any that your correspondent seems to have met with : " How sometimes nature will betray its folly, Its tenderness, and makes itself a pastime To harder bosoms ! Winter's Tale, Act I. Sc. 2. " Each following day Became the next day's master, till the last Made former wonders its." Henry VIII., Act I. Sc. 1. " On the green banks which that fair stream in-bound. Flowers and odours sweetly smiled and smell'd, Which, reaching out its stretched arms around, All the large desert in its bosom held." Fairefax, Godfrey of Bidloigne, xviii. 20., 1600. I doubt if there are any earlier instances' among the poets. I have had no opportunity of examining the prose writers of the sixteenth cen- tury, but think they must have employed its earlier than the poets. As we may see In the version of the Bible, and other works of the time, the English, like the Anglo-Saxon, long continued to use the genitive his for neuters as well as for masculines ; and thereof for our present of it, its. Its leads me to reflect how Ignorant people were of the old languages in the last century. If ever there was a palpable forgery. It is the Poems of Rowley : yet, if my memory does not deceive me. Feb. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 161 Tyrwhitt regarded them as genuine ; and Malone authoritatively affirmed that " no one except the nicest judges of English poetry, from Chaucer to Pope, was competent to test their genuineness." Why, this little word its might have tested it. You see we have not been able to trace it in poetry higher up than the end of the sixteenth century ; and I am quite sure that it is not to be found in either Chaucer or Spenser : and yet, in the very first page of Rowley, we meet with the following instances of it : "The whyche in j/ttes felle use doe make moke dere." " The thynge yttes {ytte is ?) raoste bee yttes owne defense." But there is a still surer test. We can hardly read a line of Chaucer, Gower, or any other poet of the time, without meeting with what the French term the feminine e, and which must be pro- nounced as a syllable to make the metre. From one end to the other of the Poems of Rowley, there is not a single instance of it ! Thos. Keightlet. COMMENCEMENT OF THE YEAR. (Vol. vi., p. 563.) It may be of service to the inquirer as to the commencement of the year, to call his attention to the note appended to the "Table of moveable Feasts" in editions prior to 1752. As given by Keeling, from tlie editions antecedent and sub- sequent to the last review, in 1662, they are as follows : "Note. — That the supputation of the year of our Lord in the Church of England beginneth the xxvth day of March, the same day supposed to I)e the first day upon which the world was created, and the day when Christ was conceived in the womb of the Virgin Mary" [1604]. "Note That the supputation of the year of our Lord in the Church of England beginneth the xxvth day of March" [1662]. Of course, after the act for alteration of the style (24 Geo. II. c. 23.) was passed, this note was omitted. But up to that date the old sup- putation was authoritative and legal. Reference to Hampson's Medii jEvi Kalendarium might fur- ther illustrate the point. To this Note allow me to append a Query. After the collect for St. Stephen's Day follows this rubric : " Then shall follow the collect of the Nativity, which shall be said continually until New Year's Eve." Query, Was this collect to be repeated from De- cember 25 to March 24 ? for, according to the above supputation, that would be New Year's Eve. The following note, from the preface to Gran- ger's Biographical History, may not be out of place : " The following absurdities, among many others, were occasioned by these different computations. In 1667 there were two Easters, the first on the 25th of April, and the second on the 22nd of March following; and there were three different denominations of the year of our Lord affixed to three state papers wfiich were published in one week, viz. his Majesty's Speech, dated 1732-3; the Address of the House of Lords, 1732 ; the Address of the House of Commons, 1733." — Page xxiii., edit. 1824. Ballioleksis. "PENAKDO AND LAISSA. (Vol. vii., p. 84.) Your correspondent E. D. is fortunate in the possession of a rare book, worth a "Jew's eye " in the good old days of the Bibliomania. It formed a part of the Heber Collection, where (see Part iv. p. 111.) it figures under the following quaint title : " The First Booke of the Famous Historye of Penardo and Laissa, other-ways called the Warres of Love and Ambitione, wherein is described Penardo his most admirable deeds of Arms, his ambition of glore, his contempt of love, with loves mighte assalts and ammorous temptations, Laissa's feareful inchantment, hir relief, hir travells, and lastly, loves admirabel force in hir releiving Penardo from the fire. Doone in Heroik Verse by Patrik Gordon. Printed at Dort by George Waters, 1615." This copy, which was originally John Pinkerton's, cost Mr. Heber 21/., and was resold at his sale for 12/. 5s., for the library of Mr. Miller, of Cnvigen- tenny ; another is in the possession of Dr. Keith, Edinburgh. Pinkerton, in his Ancient Scottish Poems, London, 1792, thus describes Penardo and Laissa : " Rare to excess ; nor can more than two copies be discovered, one in the editor's possession, another in that of an anonymous correspondent in Scotland. The author was probably so ashamed of it as to quash the edition, for it is the most puerile mixture of all times, manners, and religions that ever was published ; for instance, the Christian religion is put as that of Ancient Greece." Of the author, Patrick Gordon, little or nothing seems to be known beyond the fact of his styling himself " gentleman," probably the only ground for Pinkerton calling him " a man of property." The fame of Gordon, however, rests upon a better foundation than the above work, he having also " doone in heroik verse The Famous Historic of the Renoimed and Valiant Prince Robert, surnamed the Bruce, King of Scotland," " a tolerable poem," says the same critic, " but not worth reprinting, although it had that compliment twice paid to it." 162 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 172. The " Bruce " of our author is a concoction from Barbour and a certain Book of Virgin Parchment, upon the same subject, by Peter Feiiton, known only to Gordon, and, like Penardo, sets propriety at defiance, " Christ and Jupiter being with match- less indecorum grouped together:"* it, too, came originally from the press of Dort, 1615; again from that of James Watson, Edinburgh, 1718; and a third time, Glasgow, by Hall, 1753. J. O. ROBIN HOOD. (Vol. vi., p. 597.) Ireland, too, is associated with the fame of this renowned wood-ranger. This "joen-ultima Thule," which received and protected the refugees of Ro- man oppression and the victims of Saxon exter- mination, was looked to in later times as a sanctuary where crime might evade punishment ; and in the Annals of Robin Hood this national commiseration was evinced. "In the year 1189," writes Holinshed, "there ranged three robbers and outlaws in England, among which ' Robert ' Hood and Little John were chieftains, of all thieves doubtless the most courteous. Robert, being betrayed at a nunnery in Scotland, called Bricklies, the remnant of the ' crue' was scattered, and every man forced to shift for himself; whereupon Little John was fain to flee the realm by sailing into Ireland, where he sojourned for a few days at Dublin. The citizens being 'doone' to understand the wander- ing outcast to be an excellent archer, requested him heartily to try how far he could shoot at random, who, yielding to their behest, stood on the bridge of Dublin and shot to a hillock in Oxmantown (thereafter called Little John's shot), leaving behind him a monument, rather by posterity to be wondered than possibly by any man living to be counterscored." — Description of Ireland, fob, p. 24. The danger, however, of being taken drove Little John thence to Scotland, where, adds the annalist, " he died at a town or village called Mo- ravie." John D' Alton. I may perhaps be allowed to subscribe to the opinion expressed by H. K., that " though men of the name of Robin Hood may have existed in England, that of itself could afford no ground for inferring that some one of them was the Robin Hood of romantic tradition;" and at the same time to express my dissent from the conclusion, that " any pretence for such a supposition is taken away by the strong evidence, both Scotch and French," which H. K. has " adduced in support of the opposite view." The inferences which I draw from the facts ad- duced by H. K. are, that the fame of the hero of English ballads probably extended to France and Scotland, and that the people of Scotland pro- bably sympathised with this disturber of the peace of the kingdom of their " aulde ennemies." I must, however, confess that I have not met with any portion of "the discussion about the nature of Robin Hood," excepting that contained in Ritson's Notes and Hunter's Tract, and that the evidence adduced in the latter publication, in support of the tradition handed down to us in the ballad entitled A Lyttel Geste of Rohyn Hode, seems to me to satisfactorily show that " the Robin Hood of romantic tradition really existed in England in the time of Edward II." J. Lewelyn Curtis. Irving's Scottish Poets. PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES. Originator of Collodion Process (Vol. vii., pp. 47. 92. 116.). — The fairest way of deciding M. Le Gray's claims would be, to quote what he really says. Willat's pamphlet, published in 1850, entitled A Practical Treatise, Sj-c, by Gustave Le Gray, translated by Thomas Cousins, ends with an ap- pendix, which runs thus : " I have just discovered a process upon glass by hydrofluoric ether, the fluoride of potassium, and soda dissolved in alcohol 40"^, mixed with sulphuric ether, and afterwards saturated with collodion ; I afterwards re-act with aceto-nitrate of silver, and thus obtain proofs in the camera in five seconds in the shade. I develope the image by a very weak solution of sulphate of iron, and fix with hyposulphite of soda. I hope by this process to arrive at great rapidity. Ammonia and bromide of potassium give great variations of promptitude. As soon as my experiments are com- plete I will publish the result in an appendix. This application upon glass is very easy : the same agents employed with albumen and dextrine, give also ex- cellent results and very quick. I have also expe- rimented with a mucilage produced by a fucus, a kind of sea-weed, which promises future success. I hope by some of these means to succeed in taking portraits in three or four seconds." I know not at what time of the year the pamphlet came out, nor whether the appendix was subsequently added ; but my copy containing it was bought about the middle of August, 1850. Thos. D. Eaton. [We have much pleasure in inserting this commu- nication, as it may be the means of drawing fresh attention to the other substances mentioned by Le Gray ; for we are strongly of opinion that, notwith- standing the advantages of collodion, there are other media which may prove preferable. — Ed.] The Soiling of the Fingers may be entirely avoided by a simple expedient. Use a slightly concave horizontal dish for sensitizing, and a depth of solution not sufficient to wet the back of the coUodionized plate, and after the impressed plate Feb. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 163 has been placed on the levelled stand and deve- loped, proceed thus : instead of holding the plate by the fingers to perform the subsequent processes, take a strip of glass (say five inches long and one and a half wide for the ordinary portrait size), put a single drop of water on it, and carefully pass it beneath the developed plate ; lift the glass thereby ; the adhesion is sufficiently firm to sustain the plate in any required position for the remaining ma- nipulations till it is washed and finished. CoKEIiT. Sir W. Newton s Process. — Chloride of Bro- mium — May I ask, through the medium of your very excellent journal, what purpose Sie W. Newton intends to meet by the application of his wash of chloride of barium previous to iodiz- ing ? F. Maxwell Lyte. The Collodion Process. — Absence from London has prevented my seeing your Numbers regularly ; but in one for December I see Mr. Archer has used my name in connexion with the collodion process. He states that he called several times, and made me familiar with the process ; by which he would lead persons to suppose that he taught me in fact to take pictures. Now I beg most dis- tinctly to state that this is incorrect. Mr. Archer made, it is true, several attempts in my glass room to take a picture, but totally failed. And why ? Because he attempted to follow out the process as he himself had published it. From that time I worked it out by myself, assisted by hints from Mr. Fry, who at the time I allude to was a success- ful manipulator, and had produced and exhibited many beautiful pictures, and at whose suggestion I commenced it in the first instance. There is also another portion of Mr. Archer's letter incorrect ; but as this relates to the sale of collodion, I will let it pass, trusting, as you have given insertion to his, you will not refuse space for mine. F. Horne. 123. Newgate Street. Portable Camera (Vol. vii., p. 71.). — If India rubber should turn out to be what H. Y. W. N. thinks he has found it to be, it would be capable of being turned to excellent account. For in- stance, instead of having a single " portable ca- mera," which is on many accounts very awkward to use, why should not the tourist have a light framework constructed, and covered entirely with thin India rubber : in fact, an India rubber box, in which his camera, and a partitioned shelf con- taining his collodion, developing fluid, hypo-soda solution, &c., might be easily packed, and in which, by the aid of sleeves, &c., he might coat his plates, and develop and fix them, quite apart from his camera? He must have something to pack his camera, &c. in ; and the above-described packing- case would be very light, and also waterproof. J. L. S. Chaplains to Noblemen (Vol. vii., p. 85.). — The statute in which chaplains to noblemen are first named is 21 Henry VIII. c. 13. (1529) ; in which, by sect. 1 1., it is enacted, " that every Archbysshop and Duke may have vj chapleyns ;" " every Markes and Erie may have fyve chapleyns ;" " every vyce- count and other Byshop may have foure chap- leyns ;" and "the Chancellour of England for the tyme beying and every Baron or Knyght of the Garter may have thre chapleyns :" and one chaplain of each order, whether Duke, Marquess, Earl, Vis- count, or Baron, is thereby authorised to purchase "lycence or dispensacion to take, receyve, and kepe two parsonages or benefices with cure of souls" (Stat, of the Realm, vol. iii. p. 294.). I be- lieve that X. will find a regular registry of these appointments in Doctors' Commons. It may be interesting to add, that among the other persons named in this statute are the Master of the Rolls, who may have " two chapleyns ;" and the " Chefe Justice of the Kinges Benche," who may have " one chapleyn." By another statute, 25 Henry VIII. c. 16. (1533-4), this last power to have one chaplain is extended to " every Jugge of the seid high courtes" (King's Bench and Com- mon Pleas), " the Chaunceller and Chefie Baron of the Exchequer, the kynges generall attorney and generall soliciter" (Ibid. p. 457.) Edward Foss. Mitigation of Capital Punishment to a Forger (Vol. vi., p. 614.). — I have been and still am in- quiring into the two cases of mitigation, intending to send the result, when I have found satisfactory evidence, or exhausted my sources of inquiry. The communication of Whunside is the first direct testimony, and may settle the Fawcett case. As he was " resident at Mr. Fawcett's when the circumstances occurred," perhaps he will be so kind as to state the date and place of the con- viction, and the name of the convict. By adding his own name, the facts will stand upon his au- thority. H. B. C. U. U. Club. Brydone the Tourist (Vol. vii., p. 108.).— A. B. C. inquires the birthplace of Brydone, " the tourist and author." I presume he refers to Patrick Brydone, who wrote Travels in Sicily and Malta, and who held, I believe, an appointment under the Commissioners of Stamps, and died about thirty years ago. Some four-and-twenty years back, I arrived, late in the evening, at the hospitable cottage of Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, at Altrieve, in the vale of Yarrow. It happened to be, as it often was, too full of guests to afford me a bed; and I was transferred by my host to the house of a neighbouring gentleman, where I slept. That gentleman was Mr. Brydone, of Mount Benger, 164 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 172. who I found was a near relative of Brydone the tourist, whose birthphice was in the Forest of Ettrick. M. R— son. Yankee (Vol. vii., p. 103.). — I am afraid Mr. Bell's ingenious speculations must give way to facts. Our transatlantic brethren do not, either wilh'ngly or unwillingly, adopt Yankee as their " collective name." Yankee was, and is, a name given exclusively to the natives of the New England States, and was never therefore applied, by an American, to the people of New Amsterdam or New York. Here, in England, indeed, we are accustomed to call all Americans Yankees ; which is about the same thing as to call all Englishmen Devonians or Lancastrians. Y. A. Miniature Ring of Charles I. (Vol.vi., p. 578.). — One of the four rings inquired for is in the pos- session of Mrs. Andrew Henderson, of 102. Glou- cester Place, Portman Square, formerly Miss Adolphus. It came to her in the female line, through her mother's family. The unfortunate Charles I. presented it to Sir Lionel AValden, on the morning on which he lost his life. It bears (as the other one alluded to in Hulbert's History of Salop) a miniature likeness of the king, set in small brilliants. Inside the ring are the words, " Sic transit gloria regum." Mrs. Henderson nndei'stood the four rings to have been presented as follows: — Bishop Juxon, Sir Lionel Walden, Colonel Ashburnham, and Herbert his secretary. Which of the four is now in the possession of the Misses Pigott is not mentioned. Anon.. Bishop of Ossory — CardinaVs Hat (Vol. vii., p. 72.). — A. S. A. is quite correct, that the hat is common to all prelates, and that the distinction is only in the number of the tassels to the hat-strings; but I think he is wrong in attributing the hat to priors. I believe it only belonged to abbots, who had black hats and tassels ; while the colour of the prelatical hats and tassels was green. (See Pere Anselme's Palais d'Honneur, chap. xxii. and plate.) C. Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter (Vol. vii., p. 14.). — Hugh Oldham bore for his arms, Sa. a chevron or, between three owls proper on a chief of the second, three roses gu. (See Isaacke's Memorials of the City of Exeter; and also Burke's Armory, under the name Oldom.) I have endea- voured to find some pedigree or particulars of his fiimily, but as yet without success. The following Notes from what I have collected may, however, assist J. B. in his inquiries. He was of Queen's College, Cambridge, and chaplain to the Countess of Richmond (King Henry VII.'s mother), and by her interest was installed Bp. of Exeter, April 3, 1507. He was a great benefactor to Brazenose College, Oxford, and joint founder (with Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester) of Corpus Christi. He also founded and endowed a school at Man- chester, for educating boys in good and useful literature. He died June 25, f523, under sen- tence of excommunication, in consequence of an action at law then pending between him and the Abbot of Tavistock ; but the Pope's sanction being obtained, he was buried in a chapel built expressly for the purpose, at the upper end of the south aisle of his own cathedral. J. T — t. ^^ Sic transit gloria mundi" (Vol. vi., pp. 100. 183.). — I have lately found two additional pas- sages, which speak of this line being used at the Pope's inauguration. The first is amongst the writings of Cornelius a Lapide : " Datus est mihi stimulus carnis mem Angelus Satana, qui me colaphizet." ..." Datus est non a Diabolo sed a Deo ; non quod Deus tentationis sit auctor, sed quia diabolo tentare Paulum parato, id pertnisit, idque tan- tum in specie et materia libidinisad eum humiliandum. Ita August, de Natura et Grat., c. 27. Hie monitor, ait Hieron., Epist. 25., ad Paulum de obitu Blassilla?, Paulo datus est, ad premendam superbiam, uti in curru triumphali triumphanti datur Monitor siiggerens : homi- nem te esse memento. Uti et Pontifici cum inauguratur, stupa accensa et mox extincta accinitur : " Pater sancte sic transit gloria mundi." Commentaria in 2nd. Epist. ad Cor. cap. xii. 7. vol. ix. p. 404.: Antwerpiaj, 1705, fol. The second passage is merely a repetition of the above- quoted words of A Lapide, but I may as well subjoin a reference to it : Ursini ParalipomenUy lib.ii., Meletematum, p. 315. : Norimbergse, 1667, 12mo. Rt. Warmington. Wake (Vol. vi., p. 532.). — In a Wake pedigree in my possession, the name of the wife of Sir Hugh Wake, Knight, Lord of Blisworth, who died May 4, 1315, is stated to be " Joane, daughter and co-heiress of John de Wolverton." I am un- able to say now on what authority. W. S. (Sheffield.) Sir Hugh Wake, Lord of Deeping in Lincoln- shire and Blyseworth in Northamptonshire, married Joane, daughter and co-heiress of John de Wolver- ton. (See Kimber and SohnsoviS Baronetage, 3 vols. 1771.) Bkoctana. Bury, Lancashire. " Words are given to m.an to conceal his thoughts " (Vol. vi., p. 575.). — This saying may be anterior to Dr. South's time, as the first number of The World, under the assumed name of Adam Fitz- Adam, Thursday, January 4, 1753, begins with the following : " At the village of Arouche, in the province of Estre- madura (says an old Spanish author), lived Gonzales Feb. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 165 de Castro, who from the age of twelve to fifty-two years was deaf, dumb, and blind." After relating the sudden restoration of his faculties, " Fitz-Adam" proceeds : " But, as if the blessings of this life were only given us for afflictions, he began in a few weeks to lose the relish of his enjoyments, and to repine at the possession of those faculties, which served only to discover to him the follies and disorders of his neighbours, and to teach him tliat the intent of speech teas too often to deceive." It may serve to probe the matter of age to ask, Who was " the old Spanish author " alluded to ? Also, where may be found the hexameter line — " OS x' fTepov filv Kevdfi ivl (ppealv aWo 5e $d^ei." equivalent to the common expression, " He says one thing and means another," and of which the maxim attributed to Goldsmith, Talleyrand, the Morning Chronicle, and South, seems only a stronger form? Furvds. St. James's. Inscription on Penni/ of George III. (Vol. vii., p. 65.). — " Stabit quocunque jeceris" (it will stand in whatever way you throw it) is the well-known motto of the Isle of Mann, and has reference to the arms of the island, which are — Gules, three armed legs argent, Hexed in triangle, garnished and spurred or. I venture to conjecture that the three legs of Mann were also on the penny J. M. A. mentioned. Some curious lines about this motto are to be found in The Isle of Mann Guide, by James Brotherston Laughton, B.A. (Douglas, 1850) : one verse is — *• With spurs and bright cuishes, to make them look neat, ' He rigg'd out the legs ; then to make them complete, He surrounded the whole with four fine Roman feet. They were ' Quocunque jeceris stabit,' A thorough-paced Roman Iamb." The fore-mentioned work also contains a song entitled " The Copper Row," referring to the dis- turbances occasioned by the coinage of 1840. Thompson Cooper. Cambridge. This is, I suppose, a Manx penny, with the re- verse of three legs, and the motto, which is usually read "Quocunque jeceris stabit." C. "iVine Tailors make a Man" (Vol.vi., pp.390. 563.). — I extract the following humorous account of the origin of this saying from The British Apollo (12mo., reprint of 1726, voL i. p. 236.) : " It happen 'd ('tis no great matter in what year) that eight taylors, having finish'd considerable pieces of work at a certain person of quality's liouse (whose name authors have thought fit to conceal), and receiv- ing all the money due for the same, a virago servant maid of the house observing them to be but slender- built animals, and in their mathematical postures on their shop-board appearing but so many pieces of men, resolv'd to encounter and pillage them on the road. The better to compass her design, she procured a very terrible great black-pudding, which (having waylaid them) she presented at the breast of the foremost : they, mistaking this prop of life for an instrument of death, at least a blunder-buss, readily yielded up their money ; but she, not contented with that, severely disciplin'd them with a cudgel she carry'd in the other hand, all which they bore with a philosophical resigna- tion. Thus, eight not being able to deal with one woman, by consequence could not make a man, on which account a ninth is added. 'Tis the opinion of our curious virtuosos, that this want of courage ariseth from their immoderate eating of cucumbers, which too much refrigerates their blood. However, to their eternal honour be it spoke, they have been often known to encounter a sort of cannibals, to whose assaults they are often subject, not fictitious, but real man-eaters, and that with a lance but two inches long ; nay, and although they go arm'd no further than their middle- finger." SlQMA. Sunderland. On Quotations (Vol. vi., p. 408.). — There can be no doubt that quotations have frequently been altered, to make them more apt to the quoter's purpose, of which I believe the following to be an mstance. We frequently meet with the quotation, " Nullum numen abest, si sit prudentia," with a re- ference to Juvenal. I have not been able to find the passage in this shape, and presume it is an alteration from the address to Fortune, which occurs twice in his Satires, Sat. x. v. 305, 366., and Sat. xiv. v. 315, 316. : " Nullum numen habes, si sit prudentia : nos te Nos tacimus, Fortuna, Deam, coeloque locamus." The alteration is evidently not a mere verbal one, but changes entirely the meaning and allusion of the passage. J. S. Warden. Rhymes on Places (Vol. v., pp. 293. 374. 500.). — In addition to the local rhymes given in your pages, I call to mind the following, not inserted in Grose. They are peculiar to the Xorth of Eng- land : " Rothbury for goats' milk, And the Cheviots for mutton ; Cheswick for its cheese and bread, And Tynemouth for a glutton." " Harnham was headless, Bradford breadless, And Shaftoe pick'd at the craw ; Capheaton was a wee bonny place. But Wallington bang'd them a'." The craw, in the second rhyme, alludes to the Crasters, anciently Crancester, an old family in the parish of Hartburn, who succeeded to the estates of the Shaftoe family. Edward F. Eimbault. 1«6 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 172. Coins in Foundations (Vol. vi., p. 270.). — I have a manuscript notice of an early example of this custom. It is in a hand of the earlier half of the seventeenth century. The Bostonians knew better, however, than to bury their "great gifts;" and all who travel the Great Northern Railway will be glad to preserve the names of the great givers, who afforded so noble a relief to the tedium of Boston station. " The buylding of Boston Steeple. "Md. That in the yeere of o' Lord God 1309, the steeple of Boston, on the Monday next following Palme Sunday, was digged wt many myners till Myd- somer ; and by that time they were deeper than the botham of the haven by fyve fote, and there they found a ball of sande nigh a fote thick, and that dyd lye uppon a spring of sand neere three fote thick, and that dyd lye uppon a bed of clay, the thicknesse thereof could not be known. And there, uppon Monday nexte after the feast of St. John Baptist, was layd the first stone, and that stone layd Dame Margaret Tyl- ney, and thereuppon layd she \l. sterling. The nexte stone was layd by S"' John Tattersall, prson of Boston, who layd down thereuppon v?. sterling. And Richard Stevenson, merchant of the Staple, layd the third stone, and thereuppon v/. sterling. And these were all the great guifts that at that time were given there- unto. Remaining amongst the records at Lincolne. Tho. Turner." H. T. H. Sheffield. Fleshed, Meaning o/(Vol. vi., p. 578.). — John- son (edit. 1823) glosses to flesh (from Sidney), to harden In any practice. An old author, in a pas- sage which I have lately read, though I cannot now refer to it, talks of vice hemg fleshed (i. e. in- grown) in a man. W. Barnes. Dorchester. Robert Wauchope, Archbishop of Armagh, 1543 (Vol. vii., p. 66.). — I know of no detailed account of this prelate, and am unable to furnish any par- ticulars in addition to those stated by A. S. A., except that " he died in a convent of Jesuits at Paris, on the 10th of November, 1551," as stated by Ware, vol. i. p. 94. of his Works, Dublin, 1739. I may also add the following remark, which I find in a note, by M. Le Courayer, to his French trans- lation of Fra- Paolo Sarpi's History of the Council. of Trent (London, 1736), tome i. p. 221. : " La raillerie que fait de lui Fra- Paolo, en le loiiant de bien courir la poste, et qu'il a tiree de Sleidan, vient apparemment du nombre de voyages qu'il fit en Alle- magne, en France, et ailleurs, pour executer differentes commissions, dont il fut charge par les Papes." TrKo. Dublin. Flemish and Dutch Schools of Painting (Vol. vii., p. Q5.~). — Karelvan Griander, Leven der heroemdste Schilders, Hollandsche en Vlaamsche (Lives of the most celebrated Dutch and Flemish Painters). This work is of the beginning of the seventeenth century. A better work is the Levens der be- roemdste Hollandsche en Vlaamsche Schilders, by Immerzeel, published in 1836. H. v. L. Furmety or Frumenty (Vol. vi., p. 604.). — Erica asks \i furmety can claim descent from the once popular dish plum-porridge, mentioned in the Taller and Spectator. Though not a direct answer, the following quo- tation from Washington Irving's Sketch Book will show that it was in request at the season when plum-pudding abounds, notwithstanding the or- thodoxy of its use on Mid-Lent Sunday. In his account of the Christmas festivities at Bracebridge Hall, speaking of the supper on Christmas Eve, he says : " The table was abundantly spread with substantial fare, but the Squire made his supper o? frumenty, a dish made of wheat cakes boiled in milk, with rich spices, being a standing dish in old times for Christmas Eve," W. H. Cotton. Etymology of Pearl (Vol. vi., p. 578. ; Vol. vii., p. 18.). — Sir Emerson Tbnnent inquires as to the antiquity of the word pearl in the English language. Pari occurs in Anglo-Saxon (Bos- worth in v.), and corresponding forms are found in the Scandinavian languages, as well as in the Welsh and Irish. The old German form of the word is berille. Richardson in v. quotes an in- stance of the adjective pearled from Gower, who belongs to the fourteenth century. The use of union for pearl, cited by Sir E. Tennent from Burton, is a learned application of the woixi, and never was popular in our language. I may add that Muratori inserts the word perla in the Italian Glossary, in his 33rd Dissertation on Italian Mediasval Antiquities. He believes the origin of the word to be Teutonic, but throws no light on the subject. It appears from Halliwell's Arch, and Prov. Dictionary, that white spots in the eyes were anciently called pearls. M'Culloch, Commercial Dictionary in v., particularly speaks of the pear-shaped form of the pearl ; and, on the whole, the supposition that perula is equivalent to pear-ling, seems the most probable. L. Folkestone (Vol. vi., p. 507.). — Various etymo- logies have been given with a view of arriving at the right one for this town. I have to inform you that the places of that part of Kent where Folkes- ton, so properly spelt on the seal of the ancient priory, is situated, receive their etymologies from local or geological distinctions. Folkeston forms no exception to the general rule. The soil con- sists of a most beautiful yellow sand, such as the Feb. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 167 Romans distinguished by the word Fulvus. This the Saxons contracted into Fulk, which word has become a family prenomen, as in Fulke-Greville, Fulke-Brooke ; in other terms, the yellow Greville or yellow Brooke ; and Folkeston is nothing more than the yellow town, so called from the nature of the soil on which it is built. S. The Curfew Bell (Vol. vi., p. 53.).— " During the last 700 years, the curfew bell has been regularly tolled in the town of Sandwich : but now it is said it is to be discontinued, in consequence of the corporation funds being at so low an ebb as not to allow of the payment of the paltry sum of some 4i or 51, per annum." — Kentish Observer.^ Anon. Confirmation Superstition (Vol. vi., p. 601.). — It is singular, that though the office is called " the laying on of hands" the rubric says, " the bishop shall lay his hand on the head of every one seve- rally." When was the iirideais x^'P^'^ (Heb. vi. 2.) changed into an iirieea-is xe'pbs ? A. A. D. Degree of B.C. L. (Vol. vii., p. 38.).— On Feb. 25, 1851, a statute was passed at Oxford, by Con- vocation, which requires that the candidate for the degree of B.C.L. should have passed his exa- mination for the degree of B.A., and attended one course of lectures with the Regius Professor of Civil Law. In the case of particular colleges, twenty terms must have been kept : by members of other colleges, twenty-four terms must have been completed. The examination is upon the four books, or any part of them, of the Institutes of Justinian^ or works which serve to illustrate them in the science of civil law, of which six months' notice is previously given by the Regius Professor. At Cambridge, a B.A. of four years' standing can be admitted LL.B. The candidate must have passed the previous examination ; attended the lectures of the professor for three terms ; be ex- amined ; and after four years' standing, and resi- dence of three terms, keep his act. Mackenzie Walcott, M.A. Mobert Heron (Vol. vi., p. 389.).— The literary career of this individual in London is selected by D'Israeli as an illustration of his Calamities of Authors. Some farther particulars of him, in an editorial capacity, will be found in Fraser's Maga- zine, vol. XX. p. 747. William Bates. Birmingham. Shdkspeare's " Twelfth Night'' (Vol. vii., p. 51,). — If the term " case," as applied to apparel, re- quires any further elucidation, it may be found in the "Certaine opening and drawing Distiches," prefixed to Coryat's Crudities, 4to., 1611. And the engraved title, which the verses are intended to explain, places before the eye, in a most un- mistakeable form, the articles which compose a F. S. Q. man s " case. Catcalls (Vol. vl., pp. 460. 559.). — For a long and humorous dissertation upon this instrun>ent, 1 beg to refer your sceptical correspondent M.M.E. to page 130. of a scarce and amusing little work, entitled A Taste of the Town, or a Guide to all Publick Diversions, S^c. ; London, printed and sold by the booksellers of London and Westminster, 1731, 12mo. The passages are not unworthy of transcription ; but, I fear, would be too long for insertion in your columns. William Bates. Birmingham. " Plurima, pauca, nihil," (Vol. vi., p. 511. ; Vol. vii., p. 96.). — The following couplet will be found in Jo. Burch. Menckenii De Charlataneria Eruditorum Declamationes, page 181. of the edit. Amst. 1727. The lines are there given as a spe- cimen of " versus quos Galli vocant rapportez :" " Vir simplex, fortasse bonus, sed Pastor ineptus, Vult, tentat, peragit, plurima, pauca, nihil." N.B. I have met with the following metrical proverb, which may aiford satisfaction to your correspon- dent, which dates certainly before 1604 : " Modus retlnendorum amicorum. Temporibus nostris quicunque placere laborat, Det, capiat, quasrat, plurima, pauca, nihil." Also this : " Plurima des, perpauca petas, nil accipe : si nil Accipias, et pauca petas, et plurima dones, Gratus eris populo, te mille sequentur amici. Si nihilum trades, cito eris privatus amico ; Plurima si quseres, multam patiere repulsara : Si multa accipias, populus te dicet avarum. Nil cape, pauca petas, des plurima, habebis amicos." W. C. H. Ben Jonson's adopted Sons (Vol. v., pp. 537. 588.). — I had made some ISTotes on this subject, but have never seen stated that their number was limited to twelve. I have got ten on my list, but am unable at present to give my authorities ; but I can assure your Inquirer, at p. 537., that their names are honestly come by : " Thomas Randolph, Richard Brome, William Cart- wright, Sir Henry Morrison, James Howell, Joseph Rutter, Robert Herrick, Lord Falkland, Sir John Suckling, Shackerly Marraion." S. Wmson. Mistletoe (Vol. vi., p. 589.). — Mistletoe grows on one oak in Hackwood Park, near Basingstoke, where it is extremely plentiful on hawthorns. J. P. O. 168 NOTES AND QUEEIES. [No. 172. MiSttXiHtitauS. NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. The Camden Society has, after a long silence, just issued a volume. The Camden Miscellamj, Volume the Second, which from the variety and interest of its contents, cannot but be acceptable to all the members. These contents are, I. Account of the Expenses of John of Brahant, and Henry and Thomas of Lancaster, 1292-93. — II. Household Account of the Princess Eli- zabeth, 1551-52. — III. The Bequeste and Suite of a True-hearted Englishman, written bi/ William Cholmeley, 1553. — IV. Discovery of the Jesuits' College at Clerk- enwell in March, 1627-28. — V. Trelawny Papers. — VI. Autobiography of William Taswell, D. D. This, which is the first book for the year 1852-53, will be immediately followed by a volume of Verney Papers, editing by Mr. Bruce; and this probably by The Domesday of St. PatcFs, editing by Archdeacon Hale, or The Correspondence of Lady Brilliana Harley, editing by the Rev. T. T. Lewis. Early in the ensuing Camden year, which commences on the 1st of May, two volumes of considerable interest maybe looked for, namely, The Roll of the Household Expenses of Richard Swinfield, Bishop of Hereford, in the years 1289-90, with illustrations from other and coeval Documents, by the Rev. John Webb; and Regulce Inclusarum, The Ancren Rewie, A Treatise on the Rules and Duties of Monastic Life, addressed to a Society of Anchorites by Simon of Ghent, a work valuable for philology, for it is written in the semi- Saxon dialect of the thirteenth century, and curious for its illustration of ancient manners. It will be accompanied by a translation by the Rev. James Morton, the editor. The Architectural, Archmological, and Historic So- ciety for the County, City, and Neighbourhood of Chester, has just published the Second Part of its Journal, in which objects of local interest are made available for much instructive information ; and to accomplish which the conductors have, and as we think wisely, preferred a great number of apt illustrations, executed without any pretence to artistic skill, to a few expensive and higlily-finished engravings. Our Dutch neighbours seem to enjoy as much as ourselves the humour of Charles Dickens. Not only is Bleak House regularly translated as it appears, but in a bookseller's circular which has just reached us, we see announced translations of the Sketches by Boz, and of a Selection from Household Words. There is much tact required in writing for children, and no small share of this is exhibited in a History of France for Children, which Viscount Cranborne has just compiled for the use of his nieces. The principal events arc brought forward in succession, and related in a plain, unaffected style, well calculated for youthful readers. Books Received. — Joan of Arc, by Lord 3Iahon, the new number of Murray's Railway Library, is a re- print, from the noble author's Historical Essays, of his careful summary of Joan's extraordinary history. — Cyclopeedia Bibliographica, a Library Manual of Theo- logical and General Literature, the fifth part of Mr. Darling's most useful guide for authors, preachers, students, and literary men. — Synodalia, a Journal of Convocation, Nos. 1. to 4. ; four parts of a monthly- periodical, instituted not so much for the purpose of securing immediately synodical action in the Church, as with the view of preparing the public mind for its reception. — Ferdinand I. and Maximilian II. of Aus- tria, or a view of the Religion and Political State of Germany after the Reformation. An able and in- structive essay by Professor Von Ranke, well trans- lated for Longman's Traveller's Library by Sir A. and Lady Duff Gordon. — Kidd's Own Journal fur January, 1853. The new number of a journal which deserves the notice of all lovers of natural history and keepers of pets. — Remains of Pagan Saxondom, principally from Tumuli in England, by J. Y. Akerman ; Part III., containing Beads, Crystal Ball, and Bulla from Breach Down, and Glass Vase from Cuddesden, drawn of thL>ir original size and coloured. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. Chronon-ho-ton-thologos, by H. Cabey. The Dragon of Wantley, by H. Carey. Gammer Gurton's Story Books, edited by Ambrose Merton. 13 Parts (Original Edition). Hayward's Bkitisii Museum. 3 Vols. r2mo. 1738. Theobald's Shakspeare Restored. 4to. 1726. Illustrated Commentary on the Old and New Testaments. Vol. 1. 1840. Knight. History of the Old and New Testament, by PRmEAux. Vol. I. 1717-18. Menageries — Quadrupeds: "Library of Entertaining Know- ledge," Vol. II. Peter Simple. Illustrated Edition. Saunders and Otley. Vols. II. and III. Historical Memoirs of Queens of England, by Hannah Lawrance. Vol. II. Ingram's Saxon Chronicle. 4to. London, 1823. Newman's 1'erns. Large Edition. Enigmatical Entertainer. Nos. I. and II. 1827 and 1828. Sherwood & Co. Northumbrian Mirror. New Series. 1841, &c. British Diary for 1794, by Cotes and Hall. Reuben Burrow's Diakie, 1782 — 1788. Mauhat's Scientific Journal. New York. Mathematical Correspondent (American). Leeds Correspondent. Vol. V., Nos. 1, 2, and 3. Mathematical Miscellany. 1735. Whiting's Sslect Exercises, with Key. Walton and Cotton's Angler, by Hawkins. Part II. 1784. Dk la Croix's Connubia Florum. Bathonise, 1791. 8vo. Reid's Historical Botany. Windsor, 182(5. 3 Vols. r2mo. ."Vnthologia Borealis et Australis. FloBILEGIUM SaNCTARUM AsPIRATlONt'M. Laderchii Annales Ecclesiastic!, 3 torn. fol. Romae, 1728 — 1737. Townsend's Parisian Costumes. 3 Vols. 4to. 1831—1839. The Book of Adam. The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, the Sons of Jacob. Massinger's Plays, by Gifford. Vol. IV. 8vo. Second Edition. 1813. Spectator. Vols. V. and VII. 12mo. London, 1753. Costerus (Francois) Cinquante Meditations de toutb l'Histoire de la Passion de Nostre Seigneur. 8vo. Anvers, Christ. Plantin. ; or any of the works of Costerus in any lan- guage. Guardian. 12mo. What the Chartists are. A Letter to English Working Men, by a Fellow-Labourer. 12mo. London, 1848. Letter of Church Rates, by Ralph Barnes. 8ro. London, 1837. Colman's Translation of Horace De Arte Poetica. 4to. 1783. Boscawen's Treatise on Satire. London, 1797. Johnson's Lives (Walker's Classics). Vol. 1. Titmaush's Paris Sketch-book. Post 8vo. Vol. I. Macrone, 184". , ^ „ . ,. „, Fielding's Works. Vol. XI. (being second of "Amelia.') 12mo. 1808. Holcboft's Lavater. Vol. I. 8vo. 1789. i Feb. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 169 Otway. Vols. I. and 11. 8vo. 17fi8. Edmondson's Heraldry. Vol. II. Folio, 1780. Sermons and 'I'kacts, by W. Adams, D.D. Bbn Jonsons Works. (London, 1716. 6 Vols.) Vol. II. wanted. *»* Correspondents sending Lists of Boolct Wanted are requested to seTid their names. •«• Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of " NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. ^atitti t0 CnrreiSpffiilreitts. J. F. (Halifax). How can a letter be addressed to this Cm-re- spondent ? 3. O., who inquired respecting Johanna Southcote. How can we forward a letter to him f Mousey. A cat is called Grimalkin, or more properly Gray Malkin./rom the name of a Fiend supposed to assume the shape of a cat. Shakspeare, in his Macbeth, makes the First Witch exclaim, " I come, Graymalkin." E. J. G. We must refer our Correspondent to the critical com- vientalors on the passage: Lowth or Wintle,for instance. Inqi'isitor, who writes respecting Rotten Row, is referred to our 1st Vol., p. 441. ; 2nd Vol., p. 235. ; andour 5th Vol., pp. 40. 160. F. R. D. (Dublin). The arms on the impression of the seal forwarded by our Correspondent are obviously Gerinan, from the helmet, the style of latnbrequin, and more particularly from the charges or bearings of which the coat is composed. U is probablw of the date assigned to it by F. R. D. Shaw's Stafford MSS. We have a twle for our Correspondent on this subject, N. C. L. Where shall it be sent ? O. G. Will our Correspondent kindly favour us with the notices of Dr. Deacon contained in Townshend's Common-Place Book fir the benefit of another member of the literary brotherhood, who' we know, has been for sotne time past making collections for a Life of that remarkable Nonjuring bishop ? Replies to Photographic Correspondents next week. An Anxious Inquirer should state more precisely what branch of Photography he intends to pursue. Professor kunt's Manual o( PhologT^phy, of which the Thi)-d Edition has Just been published is the fullest which has yet appeared in this country. He will obtain Lists of Prices of Lenses, Cameras, Sjc. from any of the Photographic Houses whose Advertisements appear in our columns. Photographic Society. All communications respecting this Society should be addressed to the Honorary Secretary, " Roger Fen ton, Esq., 2. Albert Terrace, Albert Road, Regent's Park." Errata. — "So. 171. p. 136. col. 2. line 48. for "with" read "in;" and p. 137. col. 1. 1. 18., for "remark" read " mask." " Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcel and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday, ' M. GXJIZOT ON THE FINE ARTS. Now ready.mediura 8vo., cloth extra, price Us. THE FINE ARTS : THEIR NATURE AND RELATIONS. With detailed Criticisms on Certain Pictures of the Italian and French Schools. By M. GUIZOT. Translated from the French, with the assist- ance of the Author, by GEORGE GROVE. With 17 Illustrations, drawn on Wood by GEORGE SCHARF, Jun. London: THOMAS BOSWORTH, 215. Regent Street. To Members of Learned Societies, Authors, &c. \ SHBEE & DANGERFIELD, i\ LITHOGRAPHERS, DRAUGHTS- MEN, AND PRINTERS, 18. Broad Court, Long Acre. A. &. D. respectfully beg to announce that they devote particular attention to the exe- cution of ANCIENT AND MODERN FAC- SIMILES, comprising Autograph Letters, Deeds, Charters, Title-pages, Engravings, Woodcuts, &c., which they produce from any description of copies witli the utmost accuracy, and without the slightest injury to the originals. Among the many purposes to which the art of Lithography is most successfully applied, may be specified, — ARCH^OLOGICAL DRAWINGS, Architecture, Landscapes, Ma- rine Views, Portraits from Life or Copies, Il- luminated MSS., Monumental Brasses, Deco- rations, Stained Glass Windows, Maps, Plans, Diagrams, and every variety of illustrations requisite for Scientific and Artistic Publi- cations. PHOTOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS litho- graphed with the greatest care and exactness. LITHOGRAPHIC OFFICES, 18. Broad Court, Long Acre, London. B ENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GRKAT EX- HIBITION. No. 1. Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANU- FACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas ; Silver. 40 guineas. Every Watch .skilfully examined, timed, and its performance iSiaranteed. Barometers, 2i.,3t, and 4!. Ther- mometers from Is. each. BENNETT. Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Oidnaoce, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE. This day is published, 8vo., sewed, price is. 6d., or by Post, 3s. THE GHOST OF JUNIUS : or, the Author of the celebrated " Letters " by this Anonymous Writer identified with Licut.-General Sir Robert Rich, Bart. By FRANCIS AYERST. " Look, my Lord, it comes ! " Hamlet, Act I. Sc. 4. London : THOMAS BOSWORTH, 215. Regent Street. In 8vo., price 6«. 6rf., the Third Edition of COME ACCOUNT OF THE O WRITINGS AND OPINIONS OF JUSTIN MARTYR. By JOHNKAYE,D.D., Lord Bishop of Lincoln. RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place ; Of whom may be had, by the same Author, 1. CLEMENT OF ALEX- ANDRIA. 8vo. 10s. 6rf. 2. TERTULLIAN. Third Edition. Il«. 6(Z. 3. THE COUNCIL OF NI- CJEA, in Connexion with the LIFE of ATHANASIUS. (Nearly ready.) This day, fcap. 8vo., Zs. ON THE LESSONS IN PRO- A'ERBS. Five Lectures. By RICHARD CHENEVIX TRENCH, B.D., Examining Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of Oxford ; and Professor of Divinity, King's College, London. By the same Author. ON THE STUDY of WORDS. Six Lectures. Fourth Edition. Za. 6d. NOTES on the PARABLES. Fifth Edition. 123. NOTES on the MIRACLES. Third Edition. 12s. London : JOHN W. PARKER & SON. West Strand. On 1st of February, price Is., No. II. New Series. THE ECCLESIASTIC. Contents : The Religion of the Fine Arts. Master ou the Occasional Services of the Church. Bishops, Patrons, and Presentees. The New Editions of Bishop Wilson. Greek Hymnology. Cambridge Edition of Minucius Felix. Religious Opinions in Ireland. Reviews and Notices. Also, price Is. Gd. No. XCIV. (LVm. New- Series) of THE ECCLESIOLOGIST. Published under the Superintendence of the Ecclesiological, late Cambridge Camden So- ciety. Contents : — Ely Cathedral : The Rood- Screen and the Iconostasis (No. I.) ; Mr. Beck- man on Swedish Churches and Church Offices; "Godwin's History in Ruins;" The Depart- ment of Practical Art and the Architectural Museum ; The Ecclesiological Motett Society ; Messrs. Bowman and Crowther ; " Churches of the Middle Ages ;" English Service Books at Cambiidge ; The Munich Glass in Kilndown Church ; Architi ctural Institute of Scotland ; Transactions of the Exeter Diocesan Architec- tural Society ; New Churches and Restora- tions ; Mr. Helmore's Lecture at Brighton ; Wells Cathedral ; Reports, &c. London : J. MASTERS, Aldersgate Street, and New Bond Street. MONASTICON DIOCCESIS EXONIENSIS. THE REV. DR. G. OLIVER'S MONASTICON DIOCCESIS EXONI- ENSIS : being a Collection of Records and Instruments illustrating the Ancient Conven- tual, Collegiate, and Eleemosynary Found- ations in Devon and Cornwall. Folio, cloth boards (published at 4?.), now reduced to \l. 16». 1846. The same, half bound in morocco, tops gilt, 21. 6s. 1816. Just published, gratis, and post free, A. HOLDEN'S EXETER BOOK CIRCULAR. Parts II. and IH. A Catalogue of Second-hand Books, of all classes. in good condition. Exeter: A. HOLDEN. London : NATTALI & BOND. ' 170 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 172. ROSS'S PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAIT AND LANDSCAPE LENSES.— These lenses give correct definition at the centre and margin of tlie picture, and have their visual and chemical acting foci coincident. Ch-eat Exhibition Jurors' Reports, p. 274. " Mr. Ross prepares lenses for Portraiture having the greatest intensity yet produced, by procuring the coincidence of the chemical ac- tinic and visual rays. The spherical aberra- tion is also very carefully corrected, both in the central and oblique pencils." " Mr. Ross has exhibited the best Camera in the Exhibition. It is ftirnished with a double achromatic object-lens, about three inches aperture. There is no stop, the field is flat, and the image very perfect up to the edge." Catalogues sent upon Application. A. KOSS 2. Featherstone Buildings, High Holbom. Joft published, price Is., free by Post is. id., THE WAXED -PAPER PHO- TOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GTJSTAVE LE GRAY. New Edition. Translated from the last Edition of the French. GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS., Foster Lane, London, Manufacturers of Photographic Apparatus and Materials, consisting of Cameras, Stands, Coatin;^ Boxes, Pressure Frames, Glass and Porcelain Dishes, &c., and pure Photographic Chemicals, suited for practicing the Daguer- reotype, Talbotype, Waxed-Paper, Albumen and Collodion Processes, adapted to stand anj' Cliinate, and fitted for the Requirements of the Tourist or Professional Artist. Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebrated Lenses for Portraits and Views. General DepOt for Turner's, Whatman's, Canson Fr^res', La Croix, and other Talbotype Papers. Instructions and Specimens in every Branch of the Art. PHOTOGRAPHY.— XYLQ. IODIDE OF SILVER, prepared solely by R. W. THOMAS, has now obtained an European fame ; it supersedes the use of all other preparations of Collodion. Witness the subjoined Testimonial. " 122. Regent Street. "Dear Sir, — In answer to your inquiry of this morning, I have no hesitation in sajang that your preparation of Collodion is incom- parably better and more sensitive than all the advertised Collodio-Iodides, which, for my professional purposes, are quite useless when compared to yours. " I remain, dear Sir, " Yours faithfully, ** N*. Hennbman. Aug. 30, 1852. To Mr. R. W. Thomas." MR. R. W. THOMAS begs most earnestly to caution photographers against purchasing im- pure chemicals, which are now too frequently sold at very low prices. It is to this cause nearly always that their labours are unattended with success. Chemicals of absolute purity, especially pre- pared for this art, may be obtained from R. W. THOMAS, Chemist and Professor of Photo- graphy, 10. Pall Mall. N.B —The name of Mr. T.'s preparation, Xylo- Iodide of Silver, is made use of by un- Dnncipled persons. To prevent imposition each bottle is stamped with a red label bearing the maker's signatiure. TO PHOTOGRAPHERS. — Pure Chemicals, with every requisite for the practice of Photography, according to the instructions of Hunt. Le Gray, Br(?bisson, &c. &e., maybe obtained of WILLIAM BOLTON, Manufacturer of pure chemicals for Photogra- phic and other purposes. Lists of Prices to be had on application. U& HolboiuBars. PHOTOGRAPHY. — Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of Silver).— J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, were the first in England who pub- lished the application of this agent (see Atlie- nxvum, Aug. Hth). Their Collodion (price 9d. per oz.) retains its extraordinary sensitive- ness, tenacity, and colour unimpaired for months : it may be exported to any climate, and tlie Iodizing Compound mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with the latest Improvements adapted for all the Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras for Developing in the open (Country. GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Lenses from the best Makers. Waxed and Iodized Papers, &c. TO PHOTOGRAPHERS.— MR. PHILIP DELAMOTTE begs to announce that he has now made arrangements for printing Calotypes in large or small quan- tities, either from Pajrer or Glass Negatives. Gentlemen who are desirous of having good im- pressions of their works, may see specimens of Mr. Delamotte's Printing at his own residence, 38. Chepstow Place, Bayswater, or at MR. GEORGE BELL'S, 186. Fleet Street. PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Esta- blishment. Also every description of Apparatus, Che- micals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art. — 123. and 121. Newgate Street. UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY; established by Act of Parliament in 1834. — S.Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London. HONORARY PRESIDENTS. Earl of Courtown Earl Leven and Mel- ville Earl of Norbury Earl of Stair Viscount Falkland Lord Elphinstone Lord Belhaven and Stenton Wm. Campbell, Esq., of Tillichewan. LONDON BOARD. Chairman Charles Graham, Esq. Dcputij-Chainnan. — Charles Downes, Esq. H. Blair Avame, Esq. E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., F.S.A., Bcsident. C. Berwick Curtis, Esg. William Fairlie, Esq. D. Q. Henriques, Esq, J. G. Henriques, Esq. F. C, Maitland.Esq. William Railton, Esq. F. H. Thomson. Esq. Thomas Thorby.Esq. MEDICAL OFFICERS. Physician Arthur H. Hassall, Esq., M.D., 8. Bennett Street, St. James's. Surgeon F. H. Thomson, Esq., 48. Bemers Street. The Bonus added to Policies from March, 1834, to December 31. 1847, is as follows : — Sum Asstu:ed. Time Assured. 5000 »1000 500 14 years 7 years 1 year Sum added to Policy. In 1841. In 1848. £ s. d. 683 6 8 Sum potable at Death. s.d. 787 10 0 157 10 0 11 50 s. d. 6470 16 8 1157 10 0 511 5 0 * Example At the commencement of the year 1841, a person aged thirty took out a Policy for 1000?., the annual payment for which is HI. Is. 8rf. ; in 1847 he had paid in premiums 168/. Us. 8(i. ; but the profits being 2J per cent, per annum on the sum insured (which is 22/. 10s. per annum for each 1000/.) he had 157/. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much as the premiums paid. The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only one-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for Life, Every information will be atforded on application to the Resident Director. THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. I - MB. EGESTORFF, translator of Klopstocks Messiah, respectfully announces uiat he is forming Classes for reading the German Drama, his own English versions, and the German original. The headings may take place either at his Lodging, No. 8. Gillingham Street, Pimlico, or at the residence of one of the members. Particulars may be obtained on appUcatiott to MR. EGESTORFF. The Readings will commence with Schiller's Wallenstein, Mary Stuart, The Maid of Orleans, some Lyrio Poems, &c. &c. TO PHOTOGRAPHERS. — To be sold, a splendid Achromatic Double Combination Lens. The apertures, seven and eight inches, applicable for portraits, or one of tlie Lenses for views ; the Proprietor leaving England. Apply immediately to A.B.,3. Jewiii Crescent, Aldersgate Street. To save trouble, price 60Z. PHOTOGRAPHIC PIC- TURES.—a Selection of the above beautiful Productions may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. FJeet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photo- graphy in all its Branches. Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.— Negative and Positive Papers of Wliat- man's. Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Frtres' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster Row, London. WESTERN LIFE ASSU- RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, 3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. Founded A.D. 1842. Directors. H. E. Bicknell, Esq. I J. H. Goodhart, Esq. W. Cabell, Esq. T Grissell, Esq. T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. J. Hunt, Esq. M.P. J. A. Lethbridge,Esq. G. H. Drew, Esq. E. Lucas, Esq. W. Evans, Esq. J. Lys Seager, Esq. W. Freeman, Esq. J. B. White, Esq. F. Fuller, Esq. i ,1. Carter Wood, Esq. Trustees, W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C. ; L. C. Humfrey, Esq., Q.C ; George Drew, Esq. Physician. — William Rich. Basham, M.D. Bankers Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co. Charing Cross. VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. POLICIES effected in this Office do not be- come void through temporary difficulty in pay- ing a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Pro- spectus. Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100/., with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits :— Age £ s. d. Age £ s. d. 17- - 1 14 4 32- - 2 10 8 22- - 1 IS 8 37- - - 2 18 6 27- 4 5 42- ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. Now ready, price 10s. &d.. Second Edition, with material additions. INDUSTRIAL IN- VESTMENT and EMIGRATION; being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO- CIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Matiiematical Appendix on Com- pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR- THUR SCRATCHLEY, M. A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parlia- ment Street, Loudon. Feb. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 171 INCORPORATED ACCORDING TO ACT OF PARLIAMENT. ATHEIS^^UM INSTITUTE AUTHORS AND MEN OF SCIENCE, 30. SACKVILLE STREET, LONDON. Vice-Presidents. The Most Hon. the Marquis of Bristol, &c. The Right Uon. the Lord Justice Knight Bruce. &c. The Right Hon. Benjamin Disraeli, M.P., &c. Lieut.-General Lord Frederick Fitzclarence, G.C.H., &c. The Right Hon. Viscount Goderich, M.P., &c. Tlie Right Hon Lord Viscount Mouck, M.P. Sir George Tliomas Staunton, Bai-t., D.C.L., F.R.S., M.P., &e. Honorary Directors. The Hon. J. Master Owen Byug. "William Coningham, Esq. "William Ewart, Esq., MJ. Charles Kemble, Esq. Edward Miall, Esq., M.P. Benjamin Oliveira, Esq., M.P. Apsley Pellatt, Esq., M.P. Henry Pownall, Esq. Wm. Scholefield, Esq., M.P. The Hon. C; Pelham Villiers, M.P. James Wyld, Esq. Treasurer. Sir John Dean Paul, Bart. Trustees. Thomas J. Arnold, Esq. Herbert Ingram, Esq. F. G. P. Neison, Esq., F.LuS. Auditors. Alexander Richmond, Esq. William Smalley, Esq. Business Directors. Chairman. — Lient.-General Palby, C.B. De2}ut!/-Chairman.—J. Stirling Coyne, Esq. Baylc Bernard, Esq. Shirley Brooks, Esq. W. Downing Bruce, Esq. J. B. Buckstone, Esq. Thornton Hunt, Esq. G. H. Lewes, Esq. Cyrus Redding, Esq. AJigus B. Reach, Esq. Managing Director. F. G. Tomlins^Esq. Secretarif. Wm.Dalton,Egii. Solicitor. G. E.I>enue8,E8q.,F.I..S. Consulting Actuary. R. Thompson JopUng, Esq., F.S.S. J}ankc7-s. Messrs. Strahan, Paul, Paul, and Bates, 217. Strand. Agent. Mr. C. Mitchell, Newspaper Press Directory Office, Bed Lion Court, Fleet Street. CONSTITUTION, The AtheniBum Institute is legally incorporated as a Mutual Benefit Society, and the rank and public status of its Vice- Presidents, Honorary Directors, Trustees, and Treasurer, and the well-known character of its business Directors, present a security to Authors, Journalists, and all connected with Literature, that it is based on sound principles, and will be conducted with fidelity and honour. It consists of two classes of supporters. ^on-Participating or Honorary Subscribers, who, it is hoped, may in- clude The Roval Family and great Officers of the state, on account of the political and moral influence of Authors; NoBusHENandMKN OF Fortune who have manifested a marked predilection for Litera- ture ; AtTTHOBs OP FoRTuNB and others sympathising with, and in- terested in the labours of literary men. Participating Subscrihey's, consisting of Professioxai. Adthors, and that large mass of writers who produce the current literature of the age in Works of Science, Imagination, Education, and the Periodical and Newspaper Press of the Empire. The Constitution of the Society is such that the general body of its members hold the directing power. The Board of Business Directors is elected by it, and their powers and duties, as well as those of the officers, are clearly defined by the laws and rules of the Institute, which are in strict conformity with the elaborate requirements of the Friendly So- cieties' Act (14th and loth Victoria, chap. !15.). Thk QuAtiFicATiOiN OP MEMBERSHIP is authorship in some shape, but a large and liberal will be the most just interpretation of the term. As close a definition as can be given perhaps is, that it intends to include all who use the pen with an intellectual aim, women as well as men. The printed forms (wliich can be had on application) will sliow more minutely what is required to constitute membership. REVENUE. The distinguishing feature of the Institute is its appl3ring the prin- ciple of Life Assurance in all its transactions. The Subscriptions of the HoiMrary Subscribers are applied to an Assurance on the Life of the Donors. For instance, — The Right Honourable Benjamin Disraeli, Esq., sends a Donation of Twenty-five Pounds, which is immediately in- vested on an Assurance on his life, and will ultimately produce to the Institute an Endowment of 42?. Or to take anotlier instance — The Right Hon. Lord Viscount Goderich subscribes Two Guineas per year, which is invested in like manner on an Assurance on liis life, and will ultimately Endow the Institute with iOOl. And thus the Hono- rary Subscriplions, instead of being spent as soon as received, are made to form a Capital Fund, which will be ultimately available, as the Lives fall in, to the Provident Members and Participating Subscribers. The application of the subscriptions of the Honorary Members to assuring their lives, has these advantages : — It tends to create a large capital fund _ It enables the Honorary subscribers to see that the un- dertaking is successful, before their money is expended— It transforms such subscrii tions from being an alms-giving for personal purposes, into an Endowment for the general benefit of Literature— It is not like most alms subscriptions to go in casual relief, but to produce a permanent result ; such as the foundation of a Hall and chambers, and ultimately the complete organisation of Literature as a recognised profession ; to endow permanent annuities, and otherwise aid Literature by succouring Authors. By this arrangement a very strong inducement is given to the Working Literary Men to subscribe to this Institute and Society beyond all others ; as they will not only have all the benefits nnd profits arising from their own subscriptions, but participate in the Capital Fund, which, there can be no doubt, will be augmented by Donations, Legacies, and Endpwrnents. There is also the special advantage peculiar to such an Institution, of NOMINATING A wife ob child to receive immediately the Amount assured at decease irrespective of all other ( The Subscriptions of the Participating Class are as follows : — One Gcinea must be subscribed by every member, which goes towards the expenses of the Institute and the support of the Philanthropic Fund. For this he is entitled 'o be a candidate for assistance from the Philan- thropic Fund ; has a Vote at all the General Meetings of the Institute ,• and will be entitled to certain benefits from the Educational and Pro- tectrye Branches of the Institute when they are brought into operation. Every Guinea subscribed annually beyond the first Guinea above mentioned, produces the Subscriber an Assurance on liis life, according to the Tables specially calculated by the Consulting Actuary of the Institute, and wliich are in compliance with the Act of Parliament regulaiing such matters. The Policies are issued by the Institute under the Friendly Societies' Act, and are legally guaranteed by the Athenseum Life Assurance Society, which, also appealing more particularly to Literary and Scientific Men, has made an arrangement that is liberal and advantageous to the Athenseum Institute. By this arrangement every Provident Member is equally safe, whether the members of the Institute be few or many. One Subscriber is thus rendered as secure as a thousand. Annual Subscribers of Two Guineas or more are entitled to become Directors ; and in awarding relief, regard will always be had to the amount subscribed. It will be perceived by these arrangements, that cverv member of the Athena;um Institute has the full value returned to him of every Guinea subscribed beyond the first, in a Policy on his life ; and that he also has a participation in the Capital Fund formed by the Subscriptions, Donations, and Endowments of the Honorary Subscribers ; a privilege which it is probable will add from fifty to a hundred per cent, to his in- dividual contributions. The Friendly Societies' Act, under which the Institute is registered, will not permit a member to make an Assurance beyond 100?., the In- stitute is therefore limited to this amount ; but the Athenaeum Life Assurance Society, which so liberally ass'sts the Institute, will insure to any amount, and in any mode. It is desirable that the members of the Institute should assure up to the 100?. allowed by the Act, and the Tables will shew the annual amount required, according to the Age of the Subscriber. The power of nominating a wife or child, irrespective of all other claimants, is also a great inducement to assure in the In- stitute to the utmost amount, namely, 100?. It is contemplated, as the Institute progresses, to add Protectivf. and Educational Branches. The union of numbers has established the various Commercial and Philanthropic Inatitutions of the Empire, and it is earnestly urged that Authors and Journalists should take advantage of their numbers. Nothing can be accomplished without numbers — with them everything. The appeal now made is universal in its application to Literary workers, and it is hoped it will be responded to so as to neutralise all cliquism, whether arising from literary tectarianism, or the antagonism of po- litical sentiments. P. G. TOMLINS, Manager, 30. Sackville Street, London. »»» Members are admitted by the Directors (who meet monthly) ac- cording to forms which will be transmitted on application. Post Office Orders to be made payable to the Managing Director at Charing Cross Money Order Office. The Rules of the Institute, as legally drawn up by high professional authority, and as certified by the Registrar, can be had, price Is. 6d., or 2s. by post, pre-paid. Prospectuses (wiili Tables calculated especially for this Society) may be had, gratis, at the Office, 30. Sackville Street, or of Mr. Charles Mitchell, Agent to the Institute, Newspaper Press Diiectozs Office, 12. Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London. 172 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 172. NEW WORKS. LIFE OF JOAN OF ARC. An Historical Kssay. By LORD MAHON. Fcap. 8vo. Is. (Murray's " Railway Read- ing.") LIVES OF THE EARLS OF ESSEX, in the Beiens of Elizabetli, James I., and Charles I. Including many unpublished Letters and Documents. By HON. CAPT. DEVEBEUX, R.N. ! Vols. 8to. 30s. A FORTNIGHT IN IRE- LAND. By SIR FRANCIS HEAD, Bart. Second Edition. Map. 8vo. 12s. LIVES OF LORDS FALK- LAND, CAPEL, AND HERTFORD, the Friends and Contemporaries of Lord Chan- cellor Clarendon. By LADY THERESA LEWIS. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s. HISTORY OF THE ROMAN STATE. By LUIGI FARINI. Translated by the RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE, M.P. Vol. III. 8vo. 12s. A SCHEME for the GOVERN- MENT OF INDIA. By GEORGE CAMP- BELL. Maps. 8to. is. CRIME: ITS AMOUNT, CAUSES, and REMEDIES. By FREDE- RIC HILL, late Inspector of Prisons. 8vo. 12s. MY HOME IN TASMANIA, during a Residence of Nine Years. By MRS. CHARLES MEREDITH. Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 18s. IX. A CHURCH DICTIONARY. By REV. DR. HOOK, Vicar of Leeds. Sixth Edition, enlarged. 8vo. 16s. THE PERIL OF PORTS- MOUTH; or, FRENCH FLEETS AND ENGLISH FORTS. By JAMES FERGUS- SON, Esq. Second Edition. With a Plan. 8T0. 2s. 6d. RATIONAL ARITHMETIC. For Schools and Young Persons. By MRS. G.B. PORTER. 12mo. 38.6(7. TRAVELS AND Re- search ES IN ASIA MINOR, and LYCIA. By SIB CHARLES FELLOWS. New Edi- tion. Post 8vo. 9s. The RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, and SEA COAST of YORKSHIRE described. By JOHN PHILLIPS, F.R.S. 36 Plates. 8vo. 15s. HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the PEACE OF UTRECHT to the PEACE OF VERSAILLES, 1713-83. By LORD MAHON. Third Edition, revised. Vol. I. Post 8to. 6s. (A Volume every Two Months.) SAXON OBSEQUIES, illus- trated by Ornaments and Weapons recently discovered in a Cemetery. By HON. R. C. NEVILLE. 40 coloured Plates. 4to. 84s. A NAVAL and MILITARY TECHNICAL DICTIONARY 01 THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. By LIEUT-COL. BURN.R.A. Crown 8vo. 15s. HISTORY OF EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. By HENRY HALLAM, ESQ. Tenth Edition, incorporating the Supplemental Notes. 3 Vols. 8vo. 30s. HANDBOOK of FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS. From English Authors. Fcap. 8vo. PHILOSOPHY IN SPORT, MADE SCIENCE IN EARNEST. Seventh Edition, with much additional matter, and Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. THE CABINET BYRON : a New and beautifully Printed Edition of Lord Byron's Poetical Works complete. In Eight Half-Crown Volumes. Containing — Chii.de Harold. I Tales and Poems. Dramas. 2 Vols. | Miscellanies. 2 Vols. Beppo and Don Joan. 2 Vols. JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. NEW BOOKS M-E-W EDITIOirS. CLOISTER LIFE OF THE EMPEROR CHARLES the FIFTH. By WILLIAM STIRLING, M.P. Second Edi- tion, with Additions. 8s. DIGBY GRAND: An AUTO- BIOGRAPHY. By G. J. WHYTE MEL- VILLE. Reprinted from "Eraser's Maga- zine." 2 Vols, post 8vo. 18s. JESUIT EXECUTORSHIP; or, PASSAGES in the LIFE of a SECEDER from ROMANISM. 2 Vols, post 8vo. 18s. HEIR OF REDCLYFFE. By the Author of "Henrietta's Wish," "The Kings of England," &c. 2 Vols. fcap. 8 vo. 12s. WATER LILY ON THE DANUBE ! an Account of the Perils of a Pair- Oar, during a Voyage from Lambeth to Pesth. By the Author of " The Log of the Water Lily." With Illustrations by one of the Crew, and a Map by A. Petermaun. 6s. SERMONS on the SABBATH DAY, on the Character of the Warrior, and on the Interpretation of History. By F. D. MAURICE, M.A., Professor of Divinity ia King's College. 2s. 6d. NATURAL HISTORY OF INFIDELITY AND SUPERSTITION IN CONTRAST WITH CHRISTIAN FAITH : The Bampton Lectures, preached before tlie University of Oxford in 1852, with Notes. By J. E. RIDDLE, M.A. 8vo. 12s. PRINCIPLES OF IMITA- TIVE ART : FOUR LECTURES before the Oxford Art Society. By GEO. BUTLER, M.A. 6s. COMETS : A DESCRIPTIVE TREATISE ; with a Condensed Account of Modern Discoveries, and a Table of all the Calculated Comets, from tlie Earliest Ages. By J. RUSSELL HIND, Foreign Secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society. 5s. 6(1. ASTRONOMICAL VOCA- BULARY ; an Explanation of all Terms in Use amongst Astronomers. By J. R. HIND. Is. erf. MELIORA : OR, BETTER TIMES TO COME. Edited by VISCOUNT INGESTRE. Second Edition. 3s. SEQUENTIiE EX MISSA- LIBUS DESUMPT.Conni- gries " — Letters U, V, W, and St. Ives Replies : — The Orkney Islands in Pawn . _ . . The Passage in King Henry VIII., Act III. Sc. 2, by S W. Singer Miniature Ring of Charles I., by C. Ley Chantry Chapels ---.-. Photographic Notes and Queries: —The Collodion Process — Mr. Weld Taylor's Iodizing Process — Sir William Newton's Process : Further Explanations - Replies to Minor Queries : — Lady Nevell's Music, book — Tuch — Eva, Princess of Leinster — Whipping Post — The Dodo — " Then comes the reckoning," &c. — Sir J. Covert, not Govett — Chatterton — Tennyson — Llandudno on the Great Orme's Head — Oldham, Bishop of Exeter — Arms of Bristol — The Cross and the Crucifix — Sir Kenelm Digby — Martin Drunk — The Church Catechism — Sham Epitaphs and Quotations — Door-head Inscription — Potguns — " Pompey the Little" — Eagles supporting Lecterns — Lady Day in Harvest — Inscriptions in Churches — Macaulay's Young Levite, &c. - - - - Miscellaneous : — Books and Odd Volumes wanted - - . - Notices to Correspondents . - _ - Advertisements - - - - - 179 - 182 183 183 184 185 185 187 194 194 195 V01..VII.— No. 173. PEKDICTIONS OF THE FIRE AND PLAGUE OF LONDON, NO. 11. One of the most striking predictions occurs in Daniel Baker's Certaine Warning for a Naked Heart, Lond. 1659. After much invective against the evil ways of the metropolis, he proceeds : " A fire, a consuming fire, shall be kindled in the bowels of the earth, which will scorch with burning heat all hypocrites, unstable, double-minded workers of iniquity. ... A great and large slaughter shall be throughout the land of darkness where the unrighteous decrees and laws have been founded. Yea, a great effusion of blood, fire, and smoke shall encrease up in the dark habitations of cruelty ; howling and groat wailing shall be on every hand in all her streets." Thomas EUwood disposes of the city in a very summary manner : " For this shall be judgment of Babylon (saith the Lord); in one day shall her plagues come upon her, death, and mourning, and famine, and she shall be utterly burnt with fire ; for great is the Lord who judgeth her." — Alarm to the Priests, Lond. 1662. George Fox also claims to have had a distinct prevision of the fire. (See Journal, p. 386., ed. 1765.) He also relates the story of a Quaker who was moved to come out of Huntingdonshire a little before the fire, and to — " Scatter his money up and down the streets, turn his horse loose, untie the knees of his breeches, and let his stockings fall down, and to tell the people • so they should run up and down scattering their money and goods, half undressed, like mad people, as he was a sign to them,' which they did when the city was burning." Lilly's celebrated book of Hieroglyphicks, which procured the author the dubious honour of an examination before the committee appointed to inquire into the origin of the fire, is well known. In one of the plates, a large city, understood to denote London, is enveloped in flames; and another rude woodcut, containing a large amount of graves and corpses, was afterwards interpreted to bear reference to the Plague. Aubrey seems to be a 174 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 173. little jealous of the renown which Lilly acquired by these productions ; for he asserts that. — « Mr. Thomas Flatman (poet) did affirm that he had seen those Hieroghjphicks in an old parchment manu- script, writ in the time of the monks." — Mwc, p. 125. ed. 1721. Nostradamus also, more than a century before, is said to have foretold the very year of the burn- ing. In the edition, or reputed edition, of 1577, cent. ii. quatrain 51., is the following: " Le sang du jusse a Londres fera faute Bruslez par foudres de vingt trois les six La dame anticque cherra de place haute De mesme secte plusieurs seront occis." Those of your readers who incline to dubiety on this subject, I refer to the copy from whence it was taken, in the Museum Library, press-mark 718. a 14. If it is a forgery (and such I take it to be), it is decidedly the best I ever met with. Some time ago the Queries of your correspondent Spekiend elicited some interesting particulars relative to Nostradamus and his prophecies; but I do not think the question of his claim to having predicted the death of Charles I. was finally decided. I should be glad if any of your correspondents could tell me whether the quatrain above, or any- thing like it, occurs in any of the genuine early editions. Dugdale, by the way, evidently believed in its authenticity, and has inserted a version in his Histo7-y of St. PauVs. Such a promising theme as the destruction of London was, of course, too good a thing to escape the chap-book makers. During the period of the Civil Wars, we find many allusions to it. In a little quarto brochure, published in 1648, entitled Twelve Strange Prophecies., the following is placed in the mouth of the much maligned and carica- tured Mrs. Ann Shipton. The characteristic ter- mination I consider a fine stroke of the art vati- cinatory. " A ship shall come sayling up the Thames till it come to London, and the master of the ship shall weep, and the mariners shall ask him why he weepeth, and he shall say, ' Ah, what a goodly city was this ! none in the world comparable to it ! and now there is scarce left any house that can let us have drinke for our money. ^ " This string of notes, turned up at difierent times, and while in search of more important matter, can no doubt be materially increased from the collec- tions of your correspondents. If my researches prove interesting, I may trouble you with another paper : at present I leave the facts brought to- gether above to the candid investigation of your readers. Vincent T. Steenberg, EXAMPLES OF THE FRENCH SIZAIN. The epigram (if it may with propriety receive that appellation) printed in Vol. vi., p. 603., re- minded me of some similar pieces of composition stored in my note- book ; and as they are not de- void of a certain degree of curious interest, I now forward them pro bono publico. On Luther, Calvin, and Henry VIII., the leaders of the Reformation : " Vous, dont le sens est encore sain, Fuyez Luther, Henri, Calvin. Vous, dont le coeur n'est point fletri, ] Fuyez Calvin, Luther, Henri. Vous, a qui le salut est cher, Fuyez Henri, Calvin, Luther." On the death of Francis II. : " Par I'ceil, par I'oreille, et I'epaule, Trois rois sont morts naguere en Gaule; Par I'epaule, I'oreille, et I'ceil, Trois rois son entres au cercueil; Par I'epaule, I'teil, et I'oreille, Dieu a montre grande merveille." By Beaumarchais : " Connaissez-vous rien de plus sot Que Merlin, Bazire, et Chabot? Non, certes, il n'est rien de pire Que Chabot, Merlin, et Bazire ; Et nul ne vit-on plus coquin Que Chabot, Bazire, et Merlin." A more modern one still, date 1842 : " L'Etat est fort mal attel6 Avec Thiers, Guizot, ou Mole; L'Etat marche tout de travers, Avec Mole, Guizot, ou Thiers ; Vers I'abime il court a galop, Avec Mole, Thiers, ou Guizot." The prophecy in the last two lines has been un- fortunately fulfilled. W. PlNKEBTON. Ham. EPIGRAMS. The two epigrams which follow were com- municated to me many years ago by the Rev. George Loggin, M.A., of Hertford College, long one of the masters of Rugby School. He died July 15, 1824, at the age of forty; and this re- miniscence of their old tutor's name will be wel- comed by many a Rugbsan. They were repre- sented to have proceeded from the pen of Thomas Dunbar of Brasenose, who, from 1815 to 1822, was keeper of the Ashmolean Museum. I have never seen them in print, or even in writing. They were recited memoriter, and from memory I write them down ; and hence, no doubt, there will be some deviations from the true text. But they seem too good to be lost ; and I am not with- Feb. 19. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 175 out hope that a correct copy may eventually be elicited from some of your correspondents. With regard to the first, whether the lines were really made on the occasion stated, or the occasion was invented (as I am inclined to suspect) to suit the lines, is perhaps not very material : ■*' Jiepltf to Miss Charlotte Ness, who inquired the meanmg of the logical terms Abstract and Concrete. " ' Say what is Abstract, what Concrete 9 Their difference define.' ' They both in one fair person meet, And that, dear maid, is thine.' ' How so ? The riddle pray undo.' ' I thus your wish express ; For when I lovely Charlotte view, I then view loveli-iVess.' " On a certain D.D. (who, from a peculiarity in lis walk, had acquired the sobriquet of Dr. Toe) being jilted by Miss H , who eloped with her father's footman : " 'Twixt Footman Sam and Doctor Toe A controversy fell. Which should prevail against his foe, And bear away the belle. The lady chose the footman's heart. Say, who can wonder ? no man : The whole prevail'd above the part, 'Tvvas Foot-vaa.n versus Toe-man." I should like to ascertain the author of the fol- lowing : Tlie Parson versus Physician. " How D.D. swaggers — M. D. rolls ! I dub them both a brace of noddies : — Old D.D. takes the cure of souls, And M. D. takes the care of bodies. Between them both what treatment rare Our souls and bodies must endure ! One takes the cure without the care. T'other the care without the cure." Bali^iolensis. " GOE, SOULE, THE BODIES GUEST. I have a cotemporaneous MS. of this wonder- fully-fine poem, that came into my possession with a certain rare bunch of black-letter ballads, printed between the years 1559 and 1597, and all of them unique (of the said bunch, Mr. P^ditor, more here- after), which contains two .additional verses not to be found in A Poetical Rhapsodie, compiled by Francis Davison, and "printed by William Stansby for Roger Jackson, dwelling in Fleet Street, neere the great Conduit, 1611;" nor in Poems by Sir Henry Wotton, Sir Walter Raleigh, and others, carefully edited by the Rev. John Hannah, M.A., and published by my friend Wil- liam Pickering in 1845. They are prefaced by the word " Additions." They are written oa the same leaf, and in the same quaint hand, and are as follow : Tell London of their stewes, Tell marchants of their usury ; And, though it be no newes, Tell courtyers of theyr lechery ; And if they will reply, They best deserve the lye. Let cuckolds be remembred, I will not dye theyr debtor ; Theire heads beying armed, Theyl beare the brunt the better ; And if they chaunce reply, Theyr wives know best they lye. Having compared this MS. with the poem as it is printed in the above-mentioned volumes (both of which are in my library), I find it contains several variations, not however very important. Though these " Additions," in good taste, expression, and power, do not equal the noble verses that precede them, they are interesting and curious, and well worthy of preservation. After much inspection and inquiry, I have not discovered that they have ever yet appeared in print. The cabinet in which they slept, and the company they kept (undis- turbed, it would appear) for more than two cen- turies, assure me that they have not been pub- lished. If you, Mr. Editor, or any of your many friends desire to see this MS., say so, and you and they shall be welcome. It has been in my possession (unseen) twenty years. Geokge Daniex.. Canonbury. PETITIONS FROM THE COUNTY OF NOTTINGHAM. The documents, copies of which I inclose, are written on the blank leaves in a copy of Willett's Hexapla, edit. 1611. I should be glad to know if the petitions, of which they are drafts, or rather copies, were presented, and ivhen ? There is no date to the petitions ; but the copy of a letter, on another blank page, which seems to be in the same handwriting (signed "William Middleton"), is dated February 5th, 1658. Any information regarding the parties whose names are appended to the petitions would be acceptable. " To his Highness the Lord Protector of the Common- wealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the dominions and territories thereunto belonging, the humble Address and Petition of diuers Justices of the Peace, Gentlemen, Ministers of the Gospell, and others, wel-afFected persons, inhabitants in the County of Nottingham. " Upon consideration of the signall and glorious ap- pearances of God on the behalfe of his people and in- terest, wherein he hath pleased to make great use of your Highness, we account ourselues deeply engaged to acknowledge the wonderful! power, wisdome, and 176 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 17a goodness of God, and to ascribe the glory to him alone, yet would we not be found ingratefuU to your High- ness, as an eminent instrument under God of the peace and liberty we have injoyed, with a continued series of manifold mercies from the Lord, under your Highness' gouernment (notwithstanding all our declensions and unworthynesses), together with the influence it hath had upon the nations abroad to the promoteing of the Protestant interest, we judge it alsoe exceedingly re- markable that the Lord hath so signally blasted the pernicious designes of the common enemy against your Highness' person and gouernment, and against the common interest of the people of God and of these nations, for which we desire unfeignedly to bless the Lord. " These things premised, we humbly pray, " That the Lord would please to stir up the heart and strengthen the hands of your Highness, in carry- ing on what yet remains for the reforming of these na- tions (according to the word of God) and thesecureing of the interest of godlyness and righteousness for the future, that such as are found in the faith and of holy conversation may live peaceably, and receive encourage- ment to persevere in that upon which the Lord may delight to doe your Highness and these nations good ; in order whereunto we humbly propose these following particulars to your Highness' consideration : " 1. First, that a stop may be put to the spreading infection of damnable errors and heresies, by a lively and due suppressing of them according to the mind of the Lord. " 2. That an efFectuall course may be taken for the curbeing of all profaneness and libertineisme by the sword of justice, which the Lord hath put into your magistrates' hands. " 3. That your Highness would haue an eye upon the designes of the common enemy in general!, and particularly on this (vid. ), their traininge up a young generation in the old destructive principles, as also on the designes of any persons whatsoeuer that indeauour to disturb your Highness' gouernment and the peace of these nations. " 4. That the lawes of the nation may be reuised, that for what in them is agreeable to the rules of right- eousness may be continued and executed, and whatever corruption is crept into, or may grow up in, courts of judicature may be duly purged away. " 5. That in your Highness' lifetime such prouision be made for the future gouernment of the comm.on- wealth, as may secure the interest of good people of these nations for succeeding generations, that they may call you blessed. " And in the prosecution of such ends we shall be ready, as the Lord shall help us, with all that is dear to us, to defend your Highness' person and gouernment, with the true interest of religion and the lawes, and shall ever pray, &c. " Ansley. Chrystopher Sanderson, Minister of Annesley. Will. Lee. John Dan. Geo. Brittain. Abraham" f.Torn off]. " To the honourable the Parliament of England. " The humble Petition of diuers Gentlemen, Ministers of the Gospell, and others, inhabiteing in the County of Nottingham, " Sheweth, " That your petitioners, haueing seriously considered how much a thorough reformation of religion and pure administration of the ordinances of Christianity would tend to the honour of God, the good of soules, and the abundant satisfaction of the truly godly in this nation, who have long waited for these mercies as the return of their prayers, and the fruit of their expense both of blood and treasure, and being alsoe very sensible that the duty we owe to God, the eminent and signall mercies of God towards this nation, and our own solemn engagements, doe strongly oblidge us euery one in our places, to the utmost of our power, to indeauour the promoteing and aduancement of pure gospell wor- ship, we are humbly bold to address ourselues to you? honors. " We are not undmindfull of, nor would we be un- thankful! for, what hath been indeauoured this way by former Parliaments, yet we cannot but sadly resent the many obstructions this work hath hitherto met withall, and how much it hath been retarded, cliiefly, we con- fess, by our own sins, and the sins of these nations, partly through the malice of Satan, the diuisions of brethren, the secret and subtile practices of Romish emissaries, fomenting errors and heresies, and not a little, as we humbly conceive, through the want of church gouernment, settled and establislied by tlie ciuil authority, whereby those unto whom the exercise of church power is committed by Christ may be impoured to keep back ignorant and prophane persons from pol- luting the ordinances of God, as alsoe by reason of some ancient lawes, alledged and urged by diuers as yet in force, injoyning ministers to dispense the Sacra- ment of the Lord's Supper, without affording them (as we conceiue) suflScient power regularly to keep back such as are not duly qualified for the same, by reason whereof ministers are liable to prosecution att law (of whicli we have had a late instance in this county). " We therefore, your petitioners, in faithfulness to the interest of God and his glory, Christ and his gos- pell, our own and otlier men's soules, and from our sincere desires of the aduancement of the kingdome of Christ in these nations, in the promoting whereof the interest and welfare of states and nations is uery much concerned, we neither could nor durst be longer silent, but being persuaded of your willingness to act for Christ, and hopeing that God hath raised you up to carry on the work of reformation already begun amongst us, and to be repairers of our breaches and restorers of pathes to dwet in, we are incou raged hum- bly to pray, " 1. That £uch ancient lawes as may be yet in force relating to the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, so far as they are or may prove burdensome to truly godly and conscientious ministers and people, may be duly regulated. " 2. That so far as you in your wisdomes shall think fitt, ordinances of Parliament that have been made after aduicc had with the late Assembly of Diuines in order Feb. 19. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 177 to Church settlement, may be returned upon, and begun reformation carried on. " 3. That in regard a thorough settlement of Church affaires may be long under debate, in the mean time some speedy and effectuall course may be taken, where- by ignorant and scandalous persons may be kept from the Lord's Supper. " And your petitioners shall ever pray, ** Charles Jackson. Will. Farnworth, Lancelot Coates. Chrystopher Clark. Will. Coup. Will. Sa under. Prancis Brunt. George Flint. Will. . . llow [obliterated]. DAuin Taylor. John Hoyland. Charles Shepheard. Tho. Shaw. Es. Brettun." Hen. Clark. T. S. Leeds. FOLK liORE. Lancashire Fairy Tale. — The nursery rhymes In one of your late Numbers remind me of a story I used to be told in the nursery. It was, that two men went poaching, and having placed nets, or rather sacks, over what they supposed to be rabbit-holes, but which were in reality fairies' houses, the fairies rushed into the sacks, and the poachers, content with their prey, marched home again. A fiiiry missing another in the sack, called out (the story was told in broad Lancashire dialect) " Dick (dignified name for a fairy), where £LVi thou ? " To which fairy Dick replied, " In a sack, On a back. Riding up Barley Brow." The story has a good moral ending, for the poachers were so frightened that they never poached again. T. G. C. Teeth, Superstition respecting (Vol.vi., p. 60 L). — A similar (perhaps the same) piece of childish superstition respecting the teeth is, that when the upper incisors are large, it is a sign that you will iive to be rich. Fuevus. New Moon Divination. — Being lately on a visit in Yorkshire, I was amused one evening to find the servants of the house excusing themselves for being out of the way when the bell rang, on the plea that they had been "hailing the first new moon of the new year." This mysterious salutation was effected, I believe, by means of a looking-glass, in which the first sight of the moon was to be had, and the object to be gained was the important secret as to how many years would elapse before the marriage of the observers. If one moon was seen in the glass, one year ; if two, two years ; and so on. In the case in question, the maid and the boy saw only one moon a-piece. Whether the superstition would, in this instance, be suggestive to their minds of anything to be deduced from the coincidence, I do not know ; but as they were both very old-fashioned folks, I suppose the custom may not be unknown to those learned in Folk Lore. What is the orthodox mode of conducting this kind of divination ? Oxoniensis. The Hyena an Ingredient in Love Potions. — In Busbequius's Letters (Elzevir, 1633) I note that the Turks consider the hyena useful in love potions. I extract the passage : " In amatoriis ei vim magnara Turcse, ut etiam veteres, tribuunt, cumque essent duas eo tempore Con- stantinopoli, mihi tamen vendere gravabantur, quod se Sultanse, hoc est, principis uxori, eas reservare dicerent, quippe quas philtris et magicis artibus animum mariti retinere, recepta in vulgus (ut dixi) opinio est." — P. 84. Allow me to add a Query : What ancient authors allude to this old specimen of Folk Lore ? S. A. S. Bridgewater. The Elder Tree. — I was visiting a poor pa- rishioner the other day, when the following question was put to me. " Pray, Sir, can you tell me whether there is any doubt of what kind of wood our Lord's cross was made ? I have always heard that it was made of elde?; and we look carefully into the faggots before we burn them, for fear that there should be any of this wood in them." My Query is, Whether this is a common super- stition ? EUBI. Minor ^attS. The Word "Party." — Our facetious friend Punch has recently made merry with the modern use of the word " party," as applied to any absent person concerned in any pending negotiation. It was used thus, however, by William Salmon, pro- fessor of physic, in his Family Dictionary, 1705 : *' Let the party, if it can be agreeable, rub frequently his teeth with the ashes that remain in a pipe after it is smoaked." — P. 315. " Having cooled it, rub the party's mouth with a- littleofit,"&c.— P. 321. E.D. Epitaphs. — Churchyard literature presents to us some curious specimens of metaphor ; and it is interesting to observe how an old idea is sometimes unintentionally reproduced. The following lines may be seen on a gravestone in the churchyard at Kinver, Staffordshire : " Tired with wand'ring thro' a world of sin, Hither we came to Nature's common Inn, To rest our wearied bodys for a night. In hopes to rise that Christ may give us light." 178 NOTES AND QUEKIES. [No. 173* The writer was probably not aware that Spenser says, in his Faerie Queen, iii. 3. 30. : " And if he then with victorie can lin, He shall his days with peace bring to his earthly In." And again, Faerie Queen, ii. 1. 59. : " Palmer, quoth he, death is an equall doome To good and bad, the common In of rest" A Leicestershire poet has recorded, in the churchyard of Melton Mowbray, a very different conception of our '■'■earthly Inn." He says: " This world's an Inn, and I her guest : I've eat and drank and took my rest With her awhile, and now I pay Her lavish bill, and go my way." You may, perhaps, consider this hardly worthy of a place in your paper ; but I act upon the principle which you inculcate in your motto. Erica. CampbelVs '■^Pleasures of Hope." — It has often occurred to me that in two lines of the most cele- brated passage in this poem, — " O'er Prague's proud arch the fires of ruin glow. Her blood-red waters murmuring far below," the author has confounded Prague, the capital of Bohemia, with Praga, the suburb of Warsaw. The bridge over the Moldau, at the former place, is a stone one of European celebrity ; and to it Camp- bell must have referred when using terms not at all applicable to that over the Vistula, which is of much humbler form and material. In Campbell's " Ode to the Highland Society on 21st March," he describes the 42nd llegiment as having been at Vimiera, which it assuredly was not ; and no Highland regiment was in the battle except the 7lst. I suspect he confounded the " Black Watch " with the distinguished corps next to it on the army list, — an error into which the author of Charles G'Malley also must have fallen, as he makes Highlanders form a part of the Light Division, which consisted of the 43rd, 52nd, and 95th. J. S. Warden. Palindromical Lines. — In addition to the verses given by your correspondent H. H.Breen (Vol.vi., p. 449.), I send you the following, as perhaps the most remarkable of its kind in existence. It is mentioned by Jeremy Taylor as the inscription somewhere on a font. Letter by letter it reads the same, whether taken backwards or forwards : "NINS^ON ANOMHMA MH MONAN O^IN." " Wash my guilt, and not my face only." Agricola de Monte. ^^Derrick" and ''Ship's Painter."— The following Note may perhaps interest some of your readers : — The ancient British word derrick, or some such word, still exists in our marine. It is used in sea phrase to define a crane for temporary purposes, and is not unusually represented by a single spar, which is stepped near a hatchway, provided with a tackle or purchase, in order to the removal of goods from the hold of a vessel. The use of Derry, both as a termination in the names of places, and in the old ballad chorus of Down derry down, is familiar to every one. Some other of our sea terms might receive apt illustration in " N. & Q.;" and I should beg to' suggest "unde derivatur" a boat's painter, — the name of the rope which confines a ship's boat to the vessel, when at sea. Turner gave a world-wide interest to the phrase when he called, in his eccentric manner, one of his finest marine pictures " Now for the painter." J. C. G. Tavistock Square. Lord Reay^s Country. — Formerly the parish of Durness comprehended the whole of the district known as " Lord Reay's country," or, as it is called in Gaelic, " Duthaic Mhic Aoi," i. e. the land of the Mackays, extending from the river of Borgie, near Strathnaver, to the Kyle of Assynt, and com- prehending a space of about 800 square miles! Since 1734 it has been divided into three parishes, viz. Eddrachillis, Durness, and Tongue, with the parish of Farr: it was disjoined from the presbytery of Caithness, and by an act of Assembly attached to the presbytery of Tongue. Kirk wallen sis. ^\ttritS. UNANSWERED QUERIES. I think it may be permitted to Querists, wha may fail in obtaining answers, to recur to their questions after the lapse of a reasonable time, in order to awaken attention. I asked a question at page 270., Vol. vi., in which I was, and still am, much Interested. Perhaps Mr. Collier will do me the favour to answer it, particularly as his an- notated folio is remarkably rich in ''stage direc- tions." Before taking the liberty of putting the question so directly to Mr. Collier, I awaited an examin- ation of his recently- published volume of selected corrections, in which, however, the point upon which I seek information is not alluded to. In glancing over that volume, I perceive that Mr. Collier, in his notes at the end (p. 508.), does "N. & Q." the honour to refer to It, by allud- ing to an emendation "proposed by Mr. Cornish" ("N.&Q.," Vol.vi., p. 312.). When that emendation appeared. I recognised it at once as having been proposed by Warburton and applauded by Dr. Johnson. I did not, how- ever, then think it of sufficient importance to trouble the editor of " N. & Q.," by correcting a claim which, although apparent, might not perhaps be intentional. Feb. 19. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 179 But now, since the ownership {quantum vcdeai) has deceived even Mr. Collier, and is endorsed by him, it is time to notice it. A. E. B. Leeds. P. S. — I may add that, with respect to these words " happy low lie down," from my habit of looking for solutions of difficulties in parallels and antitheses, I have arrived at a different conclusion from any that has yet been suggested. Finding " uneasy " used adverbially in the last line, I see no reason why " happy " should not also be taken adverbially in the preceding line : we should then have the same verb, " lie " and " lies," repeated antithetically in the same mood and tense. The article the before " low " has probably been omitted in the press, and may be either actually restored or elliptically understood : *' Then happy [the] low lie down ; Uneasy lies the bead that wears a crown." MB. JOHN MUNRO. Between the years 1803 and 1830, a gentleman resident in London, under the signature A. Z., presented from time to time to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, a collection of works respecting the Orkney and Shetland islands, co- piously illustrated with manuscript notes and in- serted prints, maps, &c. The internal evidence leaves no room to doubt that the donor of this valuable collection was a native of Kirkwall ; and recent investigations lead to the conclusion that he was a Mr. John Munro, originally in the office of Mr. John Heddle, Town Clerk of Kirkwall. He appears to have gone to London about 1789, and to have passed the rest of his life there, down to May, 1830, when his last communication was made to the Scottish Antiquaries. A list of his dona- tions is printed in the Archcsologia Scotica, vol. iii. pp. 267 — 274. His copious manuscript notes, written in a very neat and legible hand, indicate not only a man of intelligence and research, but also of an exceedingly amiable and kindly dis- position, and strongly influenced by the amor patrice, which gave to his donations their exclu- sive character. I am anxious to ascertain what was Mr. Munro's occupation in London, the date of his death, and any interesting or characteristic notes concerning him. Judging from his tastes, it seems highly probable that he may have been known to more than one of your metropolitan correspondents. Perhaps you will not think such Queries un- deserving of a corner in your useful vehicle of literary intercommunication, nor A. Z.'s anonim.ity unworthy of an effiart to rede the riddle. Dan. Wilson. Edinburgh. ;^tn0r €ineviei. Song in Praise of the Marquess of Cfranby. — Can any of your correspondents furnish me with the words of a song written in praise of the Mar- quess of Granby, who was so distinguished as a general officer in the middle of the last century ? I think the first verse ended with — " But the jewel of Grantham is Granby." It was sung to the tune of " Over the Water to Charlie." F. W. S. Venda. — Can any of your correspondents tell me what is the origin and use of this word, as a prefix to names of places in Portugal ; as it occurs, for instance, in Venda da Agua, Venda da Pia, Venda das Monachos, &c., places not far from Torres Vedras? C. E. F. The Georgiad. — About 1814, at Cambridge, some lines under this title were commonly attri- buted to the late Rev. E. Smedley (Seaton prize- man). Can any reader supply a copy? Two stanzas run thus : " George B * has turn'd a saint, they say : But who believes the tale ? George D j" might as soon turn gay ! George C 's\ flirting fail ! " George D § set the Thames on fire ! George R his reign renew I George R imitate his sire, And to his friends be true !" AlTCH. R. S. Townshend of Manchester. — I know that you have several intelligent correspondents in the neighbourhood of Manchester, and it is probable that they may be able to give me some inform- ation respecting a Mr. R. S. Townshend, a person of literary taste and pursuits, who resided in that town about the year 1730. His Common-place Book, or Diary, which has fallen into my hands, contains numerous allusions to the leading gentry and clergy of the neighbourhood ; and more than once it mentions the well-known Dr. Byrom, under the title of " II Gran Maestro de Tachigraphia." Dr. Deacon, a distinguished person among the Nonjurors, is also mentioned. The acting of Cato by the scholars of the grammar-school on Dec. 20, 1732, is also mentioned, with some critiques upon the performers. The elections at the collegiate church are constantly referred to as subjects of all-absorbing interest ; there being a strong party, * " G. A. B.," Fellow of Trinity, a lively com- panion. f Editor of the Bible. i Lay Fellow and Tutor of Jes. Coll. ; used to read Theocritus Creech in the stage-coach. § Author of History of London, or some topogra- phical quarto. The next may be guessed. 180 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 173. as well in the town as in the church, of Jacobites, and these elections being regarded as a trial of party strength. O. G. "iliafa malce malo." — Will any of your corre- spondents be good enough to complete the distich of which the following is the first line ? — " Mala malae malo mala pertulit omnia in orbem," or something like it. And, as a further favour, finish the hexameter in this epigram ? " Roma amor e retro perlecto nomine .... Tendit enim retro Koma in amore Dei." This is in the style of Audoenus. The former I have heard attributed to Porson. Balliolensis. "Dimidium Scientice." — I should be glad if some one of your Baconian annotators would direct me to that famous maxim which Coleridge ascribes to the great philosopher, "Dimidium scientias, pru- dens quaestio," in the original. B. B. WOODWAED. Portrait Painters. — I am in possession of some good paintings, portraits, &c., which were taken at the end of the last, and early in the present cen- tury. Some were painted at Bath, and others at Derby : and I should feel obliged if, in your Notes, I could obtain information as to what artists of celebrity were known in those places from fifty to seventy years ago. I have heard that White of Derby was an artist of high repute. J. Knight. Aylestone. "^w Impartial Inquiry" Sec. — Who was author of— " An Impartial Inquiry into the true Nature of the Faith which is required in the Gospel as necessary to Salvation. In which is briefly shown upon liow righteous Terms Unbelievers may become true Chris- tians : and the case of the Deists is reduced to a short Issue, by Philalethes Cestriensis. Svo., Lond. 1 746." Y. B. N. J. " As poor as JoVs Turkey." — This proverbial expression is used in the United States, sometimes with an addition showing how poor he was, thus : "As poor as Job's turkey, that had but one feather in his tail;" "As poor as Job's turkey, that had to lean against a fence to gobble." Uneda. Fuss. — Perhaps some of your correspondents can favour the public with the etymology and date of the word /ms5. W. W. Suicide encouraged in Marseilles. — In the Lancet of Nov. 30, 1839, it is stated by De Stone that anciently, in Marseilles, persons having satisfiic- tory reasons for committing suicide were supplied with poison at the public expense. What authority is there for this ? I should also like to be in- formed what was the occasion on which a suicidal propensity in the Milesian ladies was corrected by an appeal to their posthumous modesty ? Elsno. Fabulous Bird. — Among the many quaint and beautiful conceits in Fuller, there is one pre- eminently fine : in which he likens the life-long remorse of a man who has slain another in a duel to the condition of " a bird I have read of, which hath a face like, and yet will prey upon, a man ; who, coming to the water to drink, and finding there, by reflection, that he had killed one like himself, pineth away by degrees, and never after- wards enjoyeth itself" Where did Fuller read this story ? I do not recollect it in Pliny. V. T. Steknbeeg. Segantiorum Portus. — Has there been any locality yet found for this port, mentioned by Ptolemy in his History of Britain ? Pbestoniensis. Stamping on Current Coinage. — Can any of your readers inform me whether the current English coinage may legally be used for stamping adver- tisements on ? Geegory. Rhymes : Dry den. — " Thou breakst through forms, with as much ease As the French king through articles." « To Sir G. Etherege." " Some lazy ages, lost in sleep and ease, No action leave to busy chronicles." Astraa Redux, 105, 106. And again, in Threnodia Augustalis, " these," ending line 410, and "miracles," ending line 414, are made to rhyme. Was it ever the fashion to pronounce these different terminations alike ; or does any other author of repute of that date use such rhymes ? Again, "hour" and "traveller" are made to rhyme in Astrcea Redux, 147, 148 ; " stars" and "travellers," in Religio Laid,, 1; "are" and "Lucifer," in The Medal; "men" and "sin," in Religio Laid, 89, 90; "convince" and "sense," in Ibid. 148 ; cum multis aliis. Haeby Leboy Temple. TTie Cadenham Oak. — Can any of the corre- spondents of " N. & Q." inform me if this famous old tree is still alive ? It flourished for nearly three centuries in Hampshire Forest ; and during this long period was visited by crowds of people, who, it must be confessed, entertained towards it a reli- gious veneration— 5 from its peculiarity of annually shooting forth its buds on old Christmas-day. If dead, as I suppose — for the account which I read some years ago stated that it was fast decaying — then I would like to know if the young tree, one of its progeny, is still flourishing in the forest, and enjoying, from its peculiarity, the same veneration Feb. 19. 1853.] NOTES AND QUEKIES. 181 which was paid to the parent stock. Those of your readers who wish to know more of this venerable oak, and of the trees which sprung from it, are referred to Mr. Gilpin's able and interesting work on forest scenery, published, as I believe, in London between sixty and seventy years ago. W. W. Malta. St. Mary's Church, Beverley. — In the memo- rials of Ray (JRay Society), at p. 138., is a curious account of the church of St. Mary at Beverley. Would some kind antiquary resident at Beverley, or its vicinity, compare the present state of the church with what Ray describes it to have been in his day ; and at the same time state whether " the inhabitants of Beverley " now " pay no toll or custom in any city, town, or port in England ? " Enivri. Tredagh. The Rev. Joshua Marsden. — I should be glad if any of the correspondents of " N. & Q." could furnish any particulars relative to the above gen- tleman. He was the author of a most exquisite morceau of about forty lines, entitled " What is Time ;" in reference to which, a literary periodical of some thirty years ago says : " If our readers are half as much struck with the following solemn appeal, as we ourselves have been, they will not wonder at its insertion where poetry so rarely finds room." Braemah. ' Bentleys Examination. — I have found this anec- dote of Bentley in Bishop Sandford's Memoirs. Is it authentic ? " When the great Bentley, afterwards so distin- guished, was examined for Deacon's Orders, he ex- pected that the Bishop would himself examine him ; and his displeasure at what he considered neglect, he vented in such answers as the following : Chaplain. Quid est Fides ? Benthtj. Quod non vides. Chaplain. Quid est Spes ? Bentlei/. Quod non liabes. Chaplain. Quid est Charitas ? Bentley, Maxima raritas." Are not these rhymes older than Bentley ? S^iJi lo'^J' 0 0 2U 0 n 5 () 0 h 0 (1 M 0 0 10 0 0 45 0 0 15 0 0 10 0 0 -Ih 0 0 10 0 0 ft 0 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 PHOTOGRAPHY. —Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of Silver).- J. B HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, were the first in England who pub- lished the application of this agent (see Aihe- nceum, Aug. 14th). Their Collodion (price 9I>oudon. 228 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 174. Albemarle Strbet, March, 1853. »XR. MURRAY'S LIST OF NEW WORKS. DISCOVERIES in the RUINS OF NINEVEH AND BABYLON : with Travels in Armenia. Kurdistan and the De- Bert : being the Result of a Second Expedition to Assyria. By AUSTIN II. LAYAKD, M.P. With nearly 400 Plates and Woodcuts. One Volume. 8to. 21s. (On Tuesday.) THE NINEVEH MONU- MENTS (SECOND SERIES) : consistine of SCULPTURES, BAS-RELIEFS. VASES, and BRONZES, chiefly from the PALACE of SENNACHERIB. 70 Plates. Folio. (Shortly.) A TREATISE ON MILL TARY BRIDGES, and the PASSAGE OF RIVERS IN MILITARY OPERATIONS. By GEN. SIR HOWARD DOUGLAS, Bart. Third Edition, enlarged. Plates. 8vo. (Next Week.) TWO VISITS TO THE TEA COUNTRIES of CHINA, and the BRITISH TEA PLANTATIONS in the HIMALAYA, with Narrative of Adventures, and Descrip- tion of the Culture of the Tea Plant, &c. By ROBERT FORTUNE. Tliird Edition. Woodcuts. 2 Vols. PostSvo. 18s. (On Tues- day.) V. THE STORY OF JOAN OF ARC. By LORD MAHON. Fcap. 8vo. Is. 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M., Vol. I. with engraved frontispiece, and illustrated with wood engravings, QHAKSPEARE'S PUCK, and 0 his FOLKSLORE, illustrated from THE SUPERSTITIONS OF ALL NATIONS, but more especially from the EARLIEST RE- LIGION AND RITES OF NORTHERN EUROPE AND THE WENDS. By WIL- LIAM BELL, Phil. Dr., Honorary Mem- ber of the Hiatoric Society for Lancashire and Cheshire, and Corresponding Member of the Society of Antiquaries for Normandy , at Caen. To whom application to be made at No. 17. Gower Place, Euston Square, and sent Free to all parts of the Kingdom for Post-OfiSce Order for lis. Opinions of the Press. " He (Dr. B.) has caught his tone and treat- ment from the insenious and industrious scho- lars of that part of the Continent. 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Dr. Bell has displayed in the work before us an amount of original investigation 80 much beyond what is generally found among recent writers upon Folk-lore, that he can well aflTord to have this slight omission pointed out."— i\'ofes and Queries, Oct. 2. " It is not too much to assert, that all that can be said, or has been discovered about ' The little animal ' (Puck), is gathered to- gether in Dr. Bell's most amusing and instruc- tive volume, which not only elucidates the mystery which hangs about it, but enters largely into all illustrations of the folk-lore and the superstitions of all nations, but espe- cially of the earliest reliaious rites of Northern Europe and the Wends. It has always been a marvel how Shakspeare could have possessed the information which he made available in his plays. Dr. Bell proves that he must have possessed far greater facilities than we are aware of. The work, besides possessing these features, enters into further antiquarian re- searches of a learned character : and is one which cannot fail to be highly appreciated wherever it makes its way into circulation."— Bell's Weekly Messenger, Feb. 26, 1853. Copy of a Note, dated Royal Crescent, Chel- tenham, Aug. 23, 1852. " Accept my best thanks for the first vol. of your 'Puck.' It is a most interesting work, and I am astonished at the vast quantity of matter you have brought together on the sub- ject : I say this on just hastily running it over. 1 must read it carefully. Heartily wishing you success in this volume, imd the early ap- pearance of the second, I am, &c.. "J. B-S_TH,LL.D., F.S.A." From Lewes, dated Sept. 26, 1852. " Through the kindness of our friend, C. R. S— th, I am favoured with a loan of your verjr curious and interesting book — M. A. 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Page ■ 253 . 254 . 255 . 255 • 2oG . 256 257 267 273 274 274 274 V0L.VII. — No. 176. "maelowe's "lust's dominion." The Rev. Mr. Dyce omits the play of Lusfs Dominion, or the Lascivious Queen, from the ex- cellent, and (in all other respects) complete edi- tion of Marlowe's Works which he has lately pub- lished, considering it to have been "distinctly shown by Mr. Collier" that it could not have been the work of that poet. I must say, however, that the argument for its rejection does not appear to me by any means conclusive. It runs thus : in the first act is presented the death of a certain King Philip of Spain ; and this King Philip must be Philip II., because in a tract printed in the Somers' Collection, giving an account of the " last words " of that monarch, are found passages which are plainly copied in the play. Now, Philip II. did not die till 1598, and the tract was not pub- lished till 1599, whereas Marlowe's death took place in 1593. Ergo, Marlowe could not have written Lust's Dominion. But we know that it was the constant custom of managers to cause acting plays to be altered and added to from time to time : the curious Diary of Manager Henslowe is full of entries of the payment of sums of twenty shillings or so, to the authors whom he kept, for I' adycyons " to the works of others. And surely it is no forced hypothesis to suppose that some literary cobbler employed to touch up Marlowe's work, finding a King Philip in it, should have thought to improve and give it an air of historic truth, by introducing the circumstances furnished by the pamphlet into the death-scene. Apart from these particulars, the king is neither Philip I. nor Philip II., but a mere King Philip of Spain in_ general, quite 'superior to historical consider- ations. The positive evidence in support of Mar- lowe's authorship is tolerably strong, though not absolutely conclusive. The earliest extant edition of the play bears his name at full length on the title-page. It is true that the date of that edition is 1650, sixty-six years after his death: still the publisher must have had some reasonable ground for attributing the work to him ; and in all cases comparatively little value ought to be attached to negative, when opposed by positive evidence. We 254 NOTES AND QUEEIES. [No. 176. need look no farther than this very edition of Marlowe for an illustration of the possibility of such a combination of circumstances as I have supposed. In the earliest known edition of the- play of Dr. Faustus is found an allusion to a cer- tain Dr. Lopez, who did not attain notoriety (by beino; hanged) till after Marlowe's death; but Mr. Dyce very justly only infers from this that the particular passage is an interpolation. According to the reasoning applied to Lusfs Dominion, Faus- tus also should have been expelled summarily, upon this objection : and yet, in the case of that play, we know that such a conclusion from such premises would have been erroneous. I am un- ■willing to lay much stress on the internal evidence to be drawn from the language and conduct of the play itself, because I am aware how little reliance can be placed on reasoning drawn from such ob- servations ; but no one, I think, will deny that there are many passages which at least might have been written by Marlowe : and, on the whole, I submit that it would have been more satisfactory if Mr. Dyce had included it in this edition. He has changed his practice since he printed among Middleton's works (and rightly) the play of the Honest Whore, a play generally — I believe, universally — attributed to Dekker alone, on the authority of one single entry in Henslowe's Diary, where the names of the two poets are incidentally coupled together as joint authors of the piece ! I should mention, that I take the dates and book-lore from Mr. Dyce himself. B. R. I. DOVER CASTLE : A NOTE TO HASTED. Lambard, Camden, and Kilburne all speak of an accumulation of stores in Dover Castle, on the origin of which various traditions and opinions existed in their days. " The Castell of Doner (sayth Lidgate and Rosse) was firste builded by Julius Ca-sar the Romane em- perour, in memorie of whome, they of the castell kept, till this day, certeine vessels of olde wine and salte, whiche they affirme to be the remayne of suche pro- uision as he brought into it, as touching the whiche (if they be natural and not sophisticate), I suppose them more likely to have beene of that store whiche Hubert de Burghe layde in there." — Lambard. " In this castle likewise antiently was to be seen a tower (called Caesar's Tower), afterwards the king's lodgings (excellent for workmanship and very high ), — a spacious hall (called King Arthur's Hall) with a faire gallery, or entry, — great pipes and cashes (bound with iron hoopes), wherein was liquor (supposed to be wine) which by long lying became as thick as treackle, and would cleave like bird-lime ; — salt congealed together as hard as stone, cross bowes, long bowes, and arrowes to the same (to which was fastened brass instead of feathers) ; and the same were of such bigness as not fit to be used by any men of this or late ages," — Kilburne, " Camden relates that he was shown these arrows, which he thinks were such as the Romans used to shoot out of their engines, which were like to large crossbows. These last might, though not Cesar's, be- long to the Romans of a later time ; and the former might, perhaps, be part of the provisions and stores which King Henry VIII. laid in here, at a time when he passed from hence over sea to France ; but for many years past it has not been known what is become of any of these things." — Hasted. The following extract from an inventory fur- nished by William de Clynton, Earl of Huntyng- don, Lord Warden, on handing over the castle to Bartholomew de Burghersh, his successor, dated " die Sabati in vigilia sancti Thome Apostoll, anno regni regis Edwardi tercel a conquestu Anglie decimo septimo" (i.e. September 20, 1343), will supply a satisfactory elucidation of what these stores were : " Item in magna Turri ; quinque dolea et j pipam mellis ; unde de j doleo deficiunt viij pollices ; et de alio deficiunt iij pollices ; et de alio deficiunt xvj pol- lices ; et de alio xv pollices ; et de quinto xj pollices ; et de pipa deficiunt xx pollices. Item, j molendinum manuale et ij molas pro eodem. " Item, in domo armorura iij springaldas magnas cum toto atilo* preeter cordas. Item, quinque minores springaldas sine cordis; et iij parvas springaldasf modici valoris ; L arcus de tempore Regis avi ; clvj arcus de tempore Regis nunc ; cxxvj arbalistas, de quibus xxxiij arbaliste de cornu ad duos pedes, et ix de cornu ad unum pedem, et iij nnagne arbaliste ad tur- num.j: Item, xliij baudrys ; vij''^ et ix garbas sagit- tarura ; Iviij sagittas large barbatas ; xxv haubergons debiles et putrefactos; xxij basenettos debiles de veteri tour ; xj galeas de ferro, de quibus vj cum visers ; xx capellas de ferro ; xxij basenettos coopertos de coreo, de veteri factura, debiles et putrefactos ; xxv paria cirotecarum de platis nullius valoris ; xij capellas de nervisde Pampilon depictas; xxx haketons§ et gambe- sons II nullius valoris; ixpicos; ij trubulos; j cenovec- torlum^ cum j rota ferro ligata ; j cuva ; iij instru- menta pro arbalistis tendendis; cxviij lanceas, quarum xviij sine capitibus ; j cas cum sagittis saracenorum ; ciij targettos, quorum xxiiij-*nullius valoris ; j veterem cistam cum capitibus quarellorum et sagittarum debi- lem ; ij barellos ; vj bukettos cum quarellis debilibus non pennatis ; j cistam cum quantitate capitum quarel- '•' Toto atilo ; quasi " attelage." f Springaldus; "veterum profectofuit balistcB genus, et, recentis militiae, tormentum est pulverarium, non ita ponderosum ut majoribus bombardis £equari possit, nee ea levitate ut gestari manibus valeat." — Ducange. % Arbaliste ad turnum ; arballsts that traversed. § Haukets ; " sagum militare." — Ducange. II Gambeson ; " vestimenti genus quod de coactlli ad mensuram et tutelam pectoris humani conficitur, de moUibus lanis, ut, hoc inducta primum, lorica vel cli- banus, aut his similia, fragilitatem corporis, ponderis asperitate non Isederent." — Ducange. \ Cenovectorium ; "a mudcart." — Ducange. Mae. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 255 lorum et quadam quantitate de cawetrappis in j doleo. Item, m' vj'^ et xxviij garroks* de majori forma. Item, iiij" garroks de eadem forma, sine capitibus. Item, m' vj" & xxiij garroks, de minori forma." Query, What were the " capellae de nervis de Pampilon depictae?" Ducange cites the word, but does not explain it. L. B. L. DEAN swift: autogkaphs in books. The biographer and the critic, down to the pamphleteer and the lecturer, have united in painting St. Patrick's immortal Dean in the blackest colours. To their (for the most part) •unmerited scandal and reproach thus heaped upon bis memory (as little in accordance with truth as with Christian charity), let me, Mt. Editor, oppose the following brief but emphatic testimony on the bright (and I firmly believe the right) side of the question, of the virtuous, the accomplished Ad- dison : " To Dr. Jonathan Swift, The most Agreeable Companion, The Truest Friend, And the Greatest Genius of his Age, This Book is presented by his most Humble Servant the Authour." The above inscription, in the autograph of Addison, is on the fly-leaf of his Remarks on se- veral Parts of Italy, ^c, 8vo. 1705, the possession of which I hold very dear. Permit me to add another beautiful example of friendship between two generous rivals in a glo- rious art. " My dear Hoppner, " In return for your elegant volume, let me re- quest you will accept this little work, as a testimony of ardent esteem and friendship. " Wliile the two books remain they will prove, that in a time of much professional jealousy, there were two painters, at least, who could be emulous, without being envious ; who could contend without enmity, and as- sociate without suspicion. " That this cordiality may long subsist between us, is the sincere desire of, dear Hoppner, Yours ever faithfully, Martin Archer Shee. Cavendish Square, December 7, 1805." This letter is written on the fly-leaf of Rhymes on Art, or the Remonstrance of a Painter, 2nd edit. 1805, also in my library. Need I offer an apology for introducing a third inscription ? " To my perfect Friend, Mr. Francis Crane, I erect this Altar of Friendship, And leave it as the Eternall Witnesse of my Love. Ben Jonson." * " Conjicio ^rarrofo* esse spingardarum tela, quibus pennae aereae aptabantur utpote grandioribus ; carrellis vero pennae plumatiles tantum." (See Ducange, sub voce Garrotus,') This is in the beautiful autograph of rare Ben, on the fly-leaf of Sejanus his Fall, 4to. 1605, large paper and unique, and bound in the original vellum. It also contains the autograph of Francis Mundy, brother of the dramatist Anthony Mundy, to whom it once belonged. It is now mine. Geosge Daniel. Canonbury. shakspeabe elucidations. In AWs Well that Ends Well (Act II. Sc. 1.) the king, when dismissing the young French noble- men who are going to the wars of Italy, says to them: " Let higher Italy — Those 'bated that inherit but the fall Of the last monarchy — see, that you come Not to woo honour, but to wed it." Mr. Collier calls this an " obscure passage," and offers no explanation of it, merely giving a note of Coleridge's, who, after Hanmer, proposes to read bastards for ''bated, saying of the passage itself: " As it stands, I can make little or nothing of it. Why should the king except the then most illustrious states, which, as being republics, were the more truly inheritors of the Roman grandeur?" Johnson, and the other preceding editors, seem to have taken a similar view of the passage. I trust it will not be regarded as presumption when I say, that to me the place offers no difficulty whatever. In the first place, 'bate is not, as Cole- ridge takes it, to except, but to overcome, put an end to (from abattre) ; as when we say, " abate a nuisance." In the next, we are to recollect that the citizens of the Italian republics were divided into two parties, — the Guelf, or Papal, and the Ghibelline, or Imperial ; and that the French always sided with the former. Florence, therefore, was Guelf at that time, and Siena of course was Ghi- belline. The meaning of the king therefore is : By defeating the Ghibelline Sienese, let Italy see, &c. As a Frenchman, he naturally affects a con- tempt for the German empire, and represents it as possessing (the meaning of inherit at the time) only the limited and tottering dominion which the empire of the west had at the time of its fall. By " higher Italy," by the way, I would understand not Upper Italy, but Tuscany, as more remote from France; for when the war is ended, the French envoy says : " What will Count Rousillon do then ? Will he travel higher, or return again into France?" — Act IV. Sc. 3. The meaning is plainly: Will he go farther on? to Naples, for example. I must take this opportunity of retracting what I have said about — " O thou dissembling cub, what wilt thou be When time has sow'd a grizzle on thy case?" Twelfth Night, Act V. Sc. 1; 256 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 176. Mr. Singer (Vol. vi., p. 584.) by directing attention to the circumstance of cm& being a young fox, has proved, at least to me, that case is the proper word, — a proof, among many, of the hazard of tampering with the text when not pal- pably wrong. Cub is the young fox, and fox, vixen, cub are like dog, bitch, whelp, — ram, ewe, lamb, &c. The word is peculiar to the English language, nothing at all resembling it being to be found in the Anglo- Saxon, or any of the kindred dialects. Holland, in his Plutarch (quoted by Richardson), when telling the story of the Spartan boy, says " a little cub, or young fox ; " and then uses only cub. It was by analogy that the word was used of the young of bears, lions, and whales : and if Shak- speare in one place (Merchant of Venice, Act II. Sc. 1.) says ^^ cubs of the she-bear," he elsewhere {Titus Andronicus, Act IV. Sc. 1.) has "bear- whelps." I further very much doubt if cub was used of boys in our poet's time. The earliest em- ployment of it that I have seen is in Congreve, who uses " unlicked cubs," evidently alluding to young bears : and that is the sense in which cub is still used, — a sense that would not in any case apply to Viola. Thos. Kbightubt. IMPRECATOET EPITAPHS. There is a class of epitaphs, or, we should rather say, there are certain instances of monumental indecorum which have not as yet been noticed by the many contributors on these subjects to your pages. I refer to those inscriptions embodying threats, or expressing resentful feelings against the murderers, or supposed murderers, of the deceased individual. Of such epitaphs we have fortunately but few examples in Great Britain ; but in Norway, among the Runic monuments of an early and rude age, they are by no means uncommon. Near the door of the church of Knaresdale, in Northumberland, is the following on a tombstone : " In Memory of Robert Baxter, of Farhouse, who died Oct. 4, 1796, aged 56. " All you that please these lines to read, It will cause a tender heart to bleed. I murdered was upon the fell, And by the man I knew full well ; By bread and butter, which he'd laid, I, being harmless, was betray'd. I hope he will rewarded be That laid the poison there for me." Robert Baxter is still remembered by persons yet living, and the general belief in the country is, that he was poisoned by a neighbour with whom he had had a violent quarrel. Baxter was well known to be a man of voracious appetite ; and it seems that, one morning on going out to the fell (or bill), he found a piece of bread and butter wrapped in white paper. This he incautiously devoured, and died a few hours after in great agony. The suspected individual was, it is said, alive in 1813. We know not how much of the old Norse blood ran in the veins of Robert Baxter's friend, who composed this epitaph; but this summer, among a people of avowedly Scandinavian descent, I copied the following from a large and handsome tomb in the burying-ground of the famous Cross Kirk, in Northmavine parish, in Shetland : « M. S. Donald Robertson, Born 1st of January, 1785 ; died 4th of June, 1848, aged 63 years. He was a peaceable quiet man, and to all appearance a sincere Christian. His death was very inuch re- gretted, which was caused by the stupidity of Laurence Tulloch, of Clotherten, who sold him nitre instead of Epsom salts, by which he was killed in the space of three hours after taking a dose of it." Among the Norwegian and Swedish Runic in- scriptions figured by Gosannson and Sjoborg, we meet with two or three breathing a still more re- vengeful spirit, but one eminently in accordance with the rude character of the age to which they belong (a.d. 900 ad 1300). An epitaph on a stone figured by Sjoborg runs as follows : " Rodvisl and Rodalf they caused this stone to be raised after their three sons, and after [to] Rodfos. Him the Blackmen slew in foreign lands. God help the soul of Rodfos : God destroy them that killed him." Another stone figured by Gosannson has en- graved on it the same revengeful aspiration. We all remember the Shakspearian inscription,. " Cursed be he that moves my bones ; " but if Finn Magnussen's interpretation be correct, there is an. epitaph in Runic characters at Greniadarstad church, in Iceland, which concludes thus : " If you willingly remove this monument, may you sink into the ground." It would be curious to collect examples of these menaces on tombstones, and I hope that other con- tributors will help to rescue any that exist in this or in other countries from oblivion. Edward Charlton, M.D» Newcastle-upon- Tyne. DERIVATION OF "lAd" AND "LASS." The derivation of the word lad has not yet been given, so far as I am aware ; and the word lass is in the same predicament. Lad is undoubtedly of old usage in England, and in its archaic sense it has reference, not to age, as now, but to service or dependence ; being applied, not to signify a youth or a boy, but a servant or inferior. Mar. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 257 In Pinkerton's Poems from the Maitland MSS. is one, purporting to be the composition of Thomas of Ercildoune, which begins thus : " When a man is made a kyng of a capped man." After this line follow others of the same bearing, until we come to these : " When ryeht aut wronge astente togedere, When laddes weddeth lovedies," &c. The prophet is not, in these words, inveighing ^against ill-assorted alliances between young men and old women ; but is alluding to a general botde- versement of society, when mesalliances of noble women to ignoble men will take place. This sense of the word gives us, I think, some lelp towards tracing its derivation, and I have no doubt that its real parent is the Anglo-Saxon lilafmta, — a word to be found in one instance only, in a corner of ^thelbyrt's Domas : " Gif man ceorles hlafcetan of-steth vi scyllingum gebete." By the same softening of sound which made lord and lady out of hlaford and hlcefdige, hla/ceta Tsecame lad, and hlafcetstre became lass. As the lord supplied to his dependants the bread which they ate, so each thus derived from the loaf the appellation of their mutual relation, in the plain phraseology of our ancestors. Dr. Leo, in his interesting commentary on the Itectitudines singularum personarum (edit. Halle, 1842, p. 144.), says : " Ganz analog dem Verhaltnisse von ealdore und (lingra ist das Verhaltniss von hlaford (brodherrn), hlwfdige (brodherrin), und hlafceta (brodeszer). Hla- Jhrd ist am Ende zum Standestitel (lord) geworden ; urspriinglich bezeichnet esjeden Gebieter; die Kinder, die Leibeigiien, die abhangigen freien Leute, alles was zum Hausstande und zum Gefolge eines Mannes gehbrt, werden als dessen hlaf atari bezeichnet." Perhaps some of your readers may favour my- self and others by giving the derivation of hoy and girl H. C. C. iKtnor §,atzi. Zona. — The ancient name of this celebrated island was / (an island), or I-ColumbMlle (the island of Columba of the Churches). In all the ancient tombstones still existing in the island, it is called nothing but Hy ; and I have no doubt that its modern name of lona is a corruption, arising from mistaking ti for n. In the very ancient copy •of Adamnan's Life of St. Columhkille, formerly belonging to the monastery of Reichenau (Aygia Dives), and now preserved in the town library of Schaffhausen, which I had an opportunity of ex- amining very carefully last summer, the name is written everywhere, beyond the possibility of doubt, loua, which was evidently an attempt to give a power of Latinised declension to the an- cient Celtic /. It was pronounced I-wa (i.e. Ee-wa). Who first made the blunder of changing the u into n ? J. H. Todd. Trin. Coll. Dublin. Inscriptions in Parochial Registers. — Very quaint and pithy mottoes are sometimes prefixed to paro- chial registers. I know not whether any commu- nications on this subject are to be found in your pages. The following are examples, and may perhaps elicit from your readers additional inform- ation. Cherry-Hinton, Cambridgeshire : " Hie puer aetatem, hie Vir sponsalia noscat, Hie decessorum funera quisque sciat." EiUyton of the Eleven Towns, Salop : " No flatt'ry here, where to be born and die, Of rich and poor is all the history : Enough, if virtue fill'd the space between, Prov'd, by the ends of being, to have been." Geobge S. Master. Welsh-Hampton, Salop. Lieutenant. — The vulgar pronunciation of this word, leftenant, probably arose from the old prac- tice of confounding u and v. It is spelt leivtenant in the Colonial Kecords of New York. The chano;es may have been lievtenant, levtenant, lef- tenant. Uneda. Philadelphia. " Prigging Tooth " or " Pugging Tooth." — Mr. Collier, in his new book on Shakspeare, contain- ing early manuscript corrections of the folio of 1632, says at page 191., in enumerating those of the Winters Tale, that the emendator substitutes (Act IV. Sc.2.) "prigging tooth"for the "pugging tooth " of the old copies. Now this, I believe, has been the generally received interpretation, but it is quite wrong. Prigging, that is stealing, tooth, would be nonsense ; pugging is the correct word, and is most expressive. Antolycus means his molar — his grinding tooth is set on edge. A pugglng-mill (sometimes abbreviated and called pug-mill) is a machine for crushing and tempering lime, consisting of two heavy rollers or wheels in a circular trough ; the wheels are hung loose upon the ends of a bar of iron or axle-tree, which is fastened by the centre either to the top or bottom of an upright spindle, moved by a horse or other power, as the case may be, thus causing the wheels in their circuit to revolve from their friction upon the trough, and so to bruise the nuts of lime, which together with the sand and water are fed by a labourer, who removes the mortar when made. The machine is of course variously constructed for the kind of work it has to do : there is a pugging-mill used in the making of bricks that is fitted with projecting knives to cut and knead the clay. 258 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 176. Emendator has doubtless restored the sense to many puzzling passages in Shakspeare, but he certainly is mistaken here in reading prigging for pugging. H. JB. J. Carlisle. Loitdon. — Is the following, which was copied October 11, 1811, from a MS. pasted on Spital- fields Church at that time, worth preserving in the pages of " N. & Q." ? Could any of your numerous correspondents furnish me with the author's name ? "London. " Houses, churches, mixt together ; Streets cramm'd full in ev'ry weather; Prisons, palaces, contiguous ; Sinners sad and saints religious ; Gaudy things enough to tempt ye j Outsides showy, insides empty ; Baubles, beasts, mechanics, arts. Coaches, wheelbarrows, and carts ; Warrants, bailiffs, bills unpaid, Lords of laundresses afraid ; Rogues that nightly prowl and shoot men ; Hangmen, aldermen, and footmen ; Lawyers, poets, priests, physicians. Noble, simple, all conditions ; Worth beneath a threadbare cover. Villainy bedaubed all over ; Women, black, fair, red, and gray. Women that can play and pay ; Handsome, ugly, witty, still. Some that will not, some that will ; Many a beau without a shilling, Many a widow not unwilling, Many a bargain, if you strike it,— This is London, if you like it." H. E. P. T. Woolwich. Note from the Cathedral at Seville. — " El Exc"" S"" D' Don Nicolas Wiseman, Obispo Coadjutor de Birmingham, y Rector del Collegio de Oscott, por decreto de 2 de Enero de 1 845, concedio 40 dias de Indulgentia per cada Padre- Nuestro, 6 Credo a Nuestri Seiior Jesu Cristo, 6 un Ave-Maria a su Santissima Madre, 6 un Padre- Nuestro en honor del Santo Patriarcha S' S" Domingo, cujas imagenes se veneran en esta Capilla, como por cualquier palabra afetuosa 6 jaculatoria con devotion." S.K.K Riddles for the Post Office. — The following ludicrous direction to a letter was copied verbatim from the original and interesting document : " too dad Tomas hat the ole oke otehut I O Bary pade Sur plees to let ole feather have this sefe." The letter found the gentleman at " The Old Oak Orchard, Tenbury." I saw another letter, where the writer, after a severe struggle to express " Scotland," succeeded at length to his satisfaction, and wrote it thus, " stockling." A third letter was sent by a woman to a son who had settled in Tennessee, which the old lady had thus expressed with all phonetic simplicity, " 10 S C." CUTHBERT BeDE» cauertJiS. NATIONAIi PORTRAITS. POETEAIT Or THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER, SON OF CHARLES I. A cotemporary portrait of this prince, fourth son of Charles I., was in existence. He was re- presented with a fountain by him, probably in early age. He died, at the age of twenty, in 1660, Where is this painting now to be found, or is any engraving from it known ? Granger describes an engraved portrait by Vaughan, representing the infant prince seated on a cushion ; and a rare por- trait of him by Lovell. It would be very desirable to compile a descrip- tive catalogue of painted portraits, those especially preserved in the less accessible private collections in England. Such a manual, especially if illus- trated with outline sketches or photographs, in order to render it available at a moderate cost,, would be most useful, and supply, in some degree, the deficiency of any extensive public collection of national portraits, such as has been commenced in France, at the palace of Versailles. Albert Way. Reigate. [Recognising as we do most fully the value of the- idea thrown out by Mr. Wat, that it would be de- sirable to compile a descriptive Catalogue of Painted Portraits, as the best substitute which we can have for an extensive public collection of such memorials of our Great and Good, we shall always be glad to record in the columns of " N. & Q." any uotices of such pictures as may, from time to time, be forwarded to us for that purpose. The suggestion that Photography might be usefully employed in multiplying copies of such por- traits, coming as it does from one whose skill as an artist rivals his learning as an antiquary, is the highest testimony which could be given to the value of an art which we have endeavoured to promote, from our con- viction that its utility to the antiquary, the historian,, and the man of letters, can scarcely be over-rated. ] BOSTON queries. I annex a prospectus of a second edition of my Collections for a History of the Borough of Boston and the Hundred of Skirbeck, in the County of Lincoln, which I am now employed upon in pre- paring for the press. As there may, and most probably will, arise many points upon which I may require assistance, I shall from time to time address (with your leave) inquiries for insertion in your Mar. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 259 useful miseellany, asking your readers for any in- formation they may be in possession of. At pre- sent I should be glad to be informed of the locality of Estoving Hall, the seat of a branch of the Hol- land family, of whom a long account is given by Blomefield, in his History of Norfolk, and which, he says, was nine miles from Bourn, in Lincoln- shire, but respecting which I can leai-n nothing from gentlemen in that neighbourhood. Drayton, so often alluded to by Stukeley, and referred to by Blomefield in connexion with the Holland family, is also of very uncertain locality. Can any of your readers assist me upon these points, either through your journal, or addressed to me at Stoke Newington ? I am also in want of information respecting the Kyme family, so as to connect the Kymes of Boston, and its neighbourhood, with the elder branch of that family, the Kymes of Kyme, which merged into the Umfraville family, by the marriage of the heiress of the Kymes with one of the Umfravilles. The account of " the buylding of Boston steeple," by H. T. H., at p. 166. of your present volume, is incorrect in many respects. That which I have seen and adopted is as follows. It is said to have been accepted as correct by Dr. Stukeley. I find it at the foot of a folio print, published in 1715, representing — " The west prospect of Boston steeple and church. The foundation whereof on y" Monday after Palm Sunday, An". 1309, in y« 3^ year of Edward y<^ II., was begun by many miners, and continued till midsumer foils, when they was deeper than y' haven by 5 foot, where they found a bed of stone upon a spring of sand, and that upon a bed of clay whose thickness could not be known. Upon the Monday next after the Feast of St. John Bapt'. was laid the 1st stone, by Dame Mar- gery Tilney, upon w"='' she laid £5. sterl«. Sir John Truesdale, then Parson of Boston, gave £5. more, and Rich"*. Stevenson, a Merch*. of Boston, gave also £5., wh"'' was all y« gifts given at that time." PiSHEY Thompson. Stoke Newington. WELBOSNE FAMILY. In Burke's Extinct Peerage it is stated that John de Lacy, first Earl of Lincoln, died a.d. 1240, leaving one son and two daughters. The latter were removed, in the twenty-seventh year of Hen. III., to Windsor, there to be educated with the daughters of the king. One of these sisters, Lady Maud de Lacy, married Richard de Clare, Earl of Gloucester ; but I can find no men- tion of either the name or marriase of the other. Am I correct in identifying her with " Dorothy, daughter of the Earl of Lincoln," who married Sir John Welborne (see Harl. MSS. 888. 1092 — 1153.) ? The dates in the Welborne pedigree per- fectly correspond with this assumption. Another question relative to this family is of greater interest, and I should feel sincerely obliged by any answer to it. Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, married Eleanora, daughter of King John, and had by her five children. The fourth son is called Eichard in Burke's Royal Families^ vol. i. p. xxiii. ; and the report is added, that " he remained in England in privacy under the name of Wellsburn." In the Extinct Peerage, the name of the same son is Almaric, of whom it says : " When conveying his sister fi'om France, to be married to Leoline, Prince of Wales, he was taken prisoner with her at sea, and suffered a long im- prisonment. He was at last, however, restored to liberty, and his posterity are said to have flourished in England under the name of Wellsburne." Is it not to be presumed that the above Sir John Wel- borne (living, as he must have done, in the latter half of the thirteenth century, and allying himself with the great family especially protected by Henry III., uncle of the De Montforts) was him- self the son of Richard or Almaric de Montfort, and founder of that family of Wellesburne, said to have "flourished in "England"? The De Montforts no doubt abandoned their patronymic in consequence of the attainder of Simon, earl of Leicester, and adopted that of Wellesburne from the manor of that name, co. Warwick, in the possession of Henry de Montfort temp. Ric. I. The only known branch of the Welborns ter- minated (after ten descents from Sir John) in coheiresses, one of whom married in 1574, and brought the representation into a family which counts among its members your correspondent Ursula. DESCENDANTS OF SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT. In a work published not many years ago, en- titled Antigua and the Antigtians, by Mrs. Flan- nigan, there is the following passage : " The Hon. Nathaniel Gilbert, Speaker of the House of Assembly in the island of Antigua, and one of the chief proprietors in that island, derived his descent from a family of considerable distinction in the west of England, where one of its members, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, associating himself with his kinsman, Sir Walter Raleigh, became one of the most eminent cir- cumnavigators of the reign of Queen Elizabeth." Dying, he left a son, Raleigh Gilbert, who along with others obtained from King James I. a large grant of land, in what was then called Plymouth, but which now forms part of the colony of Vir- ginia. To this place he emigrated with Lord Chief Justice Popham in 1606. Afterwards he succeeded to an estate in Devonshire on the death of his elder brother. Sir John Gilbert, President of the Virginian Company. Can any of your correspondents kindly inform me from what source I can complete the line of 260 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 176. dcBcent, by filling up the interval of three or four generations between the above Raleigh Gilbert and the Hon. Nathaniel Gilbert mentioned by !Mrs. Flannigan ? The present Sir George Colebrook and Sir William Abdy are connected, more or less re- motely, with the last-mentioned Mr. Gilbert. The English branch of the family is now es- tablished at Tredrea in Cornwall. (See Burke,) Any information whatever upon this subject would be exceedingly valuable to the inquirer. C. GONVILLE, Minor cauerte^. English Bishops deprived by Queen Elizabeth, 1559. — Me. Dredge's list (Vol. vi., p. 203.) was very acceptable and interesting ; but he has left unanswered several points regarding these bishops. 1. Bishop Scot's death is given as at Louvain, but not the period when it occurred. 2. Bishop Bayne is merely said to have " died at Islington in 1560," month unnoticed. 3. Bishop Ooldwell is "said to have died shortly afterwards (1580) at Rome," while I gave my authority as to his being still alive in the year 1584 (Vol. vi., p. 100.). 4. Bishop Pate is said to have also " died at Lou- vain," but no date is mentioned. 5. Bishop Pole " died in 1568." Is neither the place nor month known ? In conclusion, with regard to the " En- glish bishops deprived, 1691," only the years of the deaths of Bishops Frampton and White are stated. I trust Mb. Dredge, if he sees this, will forgive my being so minute and particular in my inquiries on the above points, and kindly recollect that I am far away from all public libraries and sources of information. For the replies he has so readily afforded, I am very grateful indeed. A. S. A. Wuzzeerabad. John Williams of Southivark, Esq. (elder brother of Morgan Williams, who married a daughter of Walter Cromwell of Putney, from whom de- scended Oliver Cromwell : Jones's Brecknockshire, vol. il. p. 111.). — Will you, or either of your readers, oblige me with some account of the male descendants of such John Williams ; or of John Williams (" heir to the paternal estate" of such Morgan Williams : Waring's Recollections of lolo Morganwg, p. 162.) and his male descendants, or any references to such account ? Gltwysig. " A Screw." — Why should a broken-down horse be called "a screw?" Is it because he has *' a screw loose," or because a force equivalent to the screw-propeller must be applied to make him go ? This was discussed at a hunting dinner the other evening, and the guests could arrive at no satisfactory conclusion : neither could they agree as to the definite meaning that should be assigned to "screw," and what description of horse came under that very condemnatory designation. Per- haps " U. & Q." can assist them to a proper mean- ing. Cuthbert Bede, B.A. Tanner's MSS. — In a collection of MSS. relative to Eton College, in Birch and Sloane Collection, British Museum, mention is made of Tanner's MSS., which, at the time these MSS. on Eton were collected (1736), were In the Picture Gallery at Oxford. Are these the MSS. inquired for by your correspondent in Vol. vi., p. 434. ? E. G. B. The Westminster Assembly of Divines. — On the cover of A Collection of Confessions of Faith, ^-c, of the Church of Scotland, in my possession, is the following memorandum : " The minutes of the Westminster Assembly are yet reserved in private hands." — Calaray's Abridgment of Baxter's Life, p. 85. In Dr. Williams's Library, Redcross Street, there is part of a journal ; but Neal, in his History of the Puritans (preface), tells us — " The records of this Assembly were burnt in the Fire of London." Strype, preface to Lightfoofs Remains, says : " A journal of the various debates among the learned men in the Westminster Assembly, was diligently kept by Dr. Lightfoot." And Strype tells us he had seen it. I shall be much obliged to any of your readers who can inform me where this journal, or any other, of the proceedings of the Assembly can be procured? Joseph Stansbury. The Witch Countess of Morton. — Can any one give me any information about a Countess of Morton who was called " The Witch ? " Her picture is at Dalmahoy. L. M. M. R. Mary, Daughter of King James I. of Scotland. — This princess Is stated to have been married to the Count de Boucquan, son of the Lord of Campoere in Zealand, and she had at least one son, born 1451 : any information as to her hus- band's family, her own death, &c. is requested ; for all notltia of our royal princesses are interest- ing. A. S. A. Wuzzeerabad. Hibemicis Hibemior. — Whence, and what the proper form of this proverbial expression ? W.T.M. Hong Kong. The Cucking-stool, when last used. — Can any of the correspondents of " N. & Q." Inform me of the latest period at which this Instrument of pun- ishment for scolds is recorded to have been used Mae. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 261 in England? The most recent instance men- tioned by Brand was at Kingston-upon-Thames, in 1745. In Leicester, however (and probably elsewhere), the practice continued to a much later period, as appears by the following entry in our municipal accounts for the year 1768-69 : " Paid Mr. Elliott for a cuckstool by order of Hall, 27." I have been informed by an octogenarian in- habitant of this town, that he recollects, when a boy, seeing the cucking-stool placed, as a mark of disgrace, against the residence of a notorious scold ; and the fact of this use of it here at so comparatively recent a period has been confirmed by another aged person, so that this practice pro- bably obtained for some years after the punish- ment by immersion, or exposure upon the cucking- stool, had fallen into desuetude. Did a similar use of the instrument prevail in other places about the same period ? I may mention that an ancient cucking-stool is still preserved in our town-hall. Leicesteiensis. Grafts and the Parent Tree. — Is there any ground for a belief that is said to prevail among horticulturists, that the graft perishes when the parent tree decays ? J. P. Birmingham. Conway Family. — Is it true that Sir William Konias (founder of the Conway family) was Lord High Constable of England under William the Conqueror ? The Welsh pedigrees in the British Museum assert as much, and that he married Isabel, daughter of Baldwin, Earl of Blois ; but it does not appear that there was a Count of Blois of that name. Ursula. Salt. — Dugdale, in his Antiquities of War- wickshire, p. 294., speaking of the town of Lea- mington, says : " All that is further observable touching this place is, that nigh to the east end of the church there is a spring of salt water (not above a stone's throw from the river Leaine), whereof the inhabitants make much use for seasoning of meat." Was salt a scarce article in the midland counties in those days ? When and where was the first salt-mine esta- blished in England ? Erica. Geological Query.~Ca,n any of your geological readers inform me what is the imagined reason that there is no increase of temperature in Scan- dinavia (as there is everywhere else) in descending into mines ? M ^^ i^ Wandering Jew. — I am anxious to learn the authority on which this celebrated myth rests. I am aware of the passage in John's Gospel (xxi. 21, 22, 23.), but I cannot think that there is no other foundation for such an extraordinary belief. Per- haps on the continent some legend may exist. My object in inquiring is to discover whether Eugene Sue's Wandering Jew is purely a fictitious charac- ter, or whether he had any, and, if any, what authority or tradition on which to found it. Tee Bee* Frescheville Family/. — In what work may be found the tradition, that the heir of the family of the House of Frescheville never dies in his bed ? The Wednesday Club. — Can any of the readers of "N. & Q." refer me to any notice of this club, which existed about a century back in the city of London ? Charles Reed. Paternoster Row. Oratories. — In a parish in the county of Essex there is a pretty little brick chapel, or "oratory," as it is called there, with a priest's house attached at the west end, of about the thirteenth century ; the length of both chapel and house being thirty feet, and the width fifteen. There is 'also a field called " Priest's Close," which was probably the endowment. Can any of your correspondents inform me if there are many such places of worship in England, . and, if so, to mention some, and where any accounts of them may be found ? «^t is quite clear that this oratory had no con- nexion with the parish church, being a mile dis- tant, and seems more likely to have been erected and endowed for the purpose of having mass cele- brated there for the repose of the founder's soul ? M. F. D. Arms of De Tumeham. — Can any of your readers inform me what were the armorial bearings of Sir Stephen de Turneham, who in the year 1192 was employed by Richard I. to escort his queen Beren- garia from Acre to Naples ? The writer would also be glad to obtain any particulars of the family and history of this brave knight, who seems to have possessed the entire confidence of his sove- reign, the redoubtable " Cceur de Lion." Probably he belonged to the same family as Michael de Turneham, the owner of estates at Brockley, near Deptford, and at Begeham (the modern Bayham), on the borders of Sussex, in the reign of Henry II., whose nephew, Sir Robert de Turneham, appears to have been distinguished in the Crusade under Richard I. Might not Stephen and Robert be brothers ? Did they leave descendants ? And, if so, when did the family become extinct ? Was it this Robert de Turneham whose wife was Joanna Fossard, who, about the year 1200, founded the Priory of Grosmont, near Whitby, in Yorkshire ? 262 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 176. John Thornholme, of Gowthorpe, near York, to whom arms were granted Sept. 11, 1563, was probably not of the same family? These arms are — On a shield argent, three thorn-trees vert. Crest : On a mount vert, a tower argent. Motto : " Probitas verus honos." Any particulars as to the early and subsequent history of this last-named family would also be valuable. 0. Poisons. — What are supposed to have been the poisons used for bouquets, gloves, &c., in the time of Catherine de Medici, and her friend Eene ? H. A. B. Open Seats or Pews in Churches. — Mr. Barr (^Anglican Church Architecture: Oxford, Parker, 1846) gives measurements, as by experience, found most convenient for many parts of this description of church fitting ; but he gives not the length of each sitting, or, in other words, the space, measured along the length of the bench, that should be allowed for each person. Neither does he give the height nor the breadth of the flat board to rest the elbows on when kneeling, or to place the books upon, which he proposes to substitute for the common sloping bookboard. Neither does he appear to have paid any attention to the disposal of the hats with which every male worshipper must, I fear, continue to be encumbered, and which I like not to see impaled on the poppy-heads, nor piled on the font, nor to feel against my knees when I sit down, nor against my feet when I kneel. If any of your correspondents could name a church Sn the open seats of which these things have been attended to, and well done, I should be much dis- posed to go and study it as a model for imitation ; and if satisfied with it, I should want little per- suasion for commencing the destruction of my old manor pew, and the fixing of open seats on its site. K.EGEDONUM. Burial of unclaimed Corpse. — In the parish of Markshall, near Norwich, is a piece of land now belonging to the adjoining village of Keswick. Tradition states that it was once a part of Mark- shall Heath ; but, at the enclosure, the parishioners of Keswick claimed and obtained it, because some years before they had interred the body of a mur- dered man found there ; the expenses of whose funeral the rate-payers of Markshall had inhu- manly refused to defray. I think I have some- where read a similar statement respecting a por- tion of Battersea Fields. Can either of these cases be authenticated ; or is there any law or custom which would assign a portion of a common to a parish which paid for the burial of a corpse found on it? E. G. R. Sir John Powell — the judge who tried the seven bishops. Where was he buried ? i. e. where is his epitaph (which is given in Heber's Life of Jeremy Taylor) to be seen ? A. C. R. [He was buried on September 26, 1696, in the chancel of the church of Langharne, in Carmarthen- shire, where there is a tablet to his memory, with a Latin inscription, recording that he was a pupil of Jeremy Taylor. The judge had a residence in the parish,] "Reynard the Fox." — There was a book printed in 1706 entitled The secret Memoirs of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, Prime Minister and Favorite of Queen Elizabeth, written during his Life, and now published from an old Manuscript never printed ; by Dr. Drake : printed by Samuel Briscoe, 1706. In his Preface he alludes to the History of Reynard the Fox : " There is an old English book, written about the time that these memoirs seem to have been, which now passes through the hands of old women and children only, and is taken for a pleasant and delightful tale, but is by wise heads thought to be an enigmatical history of the Earl of Leicester and his family, and which he that compares with these memoirs, will not take to be an idle conjecture, there are so many passages so easily illustrable, by comparing it with these memoirs. The book I mean is the History of Reynard the Fox, in which the author, not daring to write his history plainly, probably for fear of his power, has shadowed his ex- ploits under the feigned adventures and intrigues of brutes, in which not only the violence and rapacious- ness, but especially the craft and dissimulation, of the Earl of Leicester is excellently set forth." I shall feel much obliged to any of your readers who can inform me of the earliest English edition of Reynard the Fox, and whether others besides Dr. Drake have taken the same view of the history. W. D. Haggakd. Bank of England. [The earliest edition of Reynard the Fox is that printed by Caxton in 1481. Caxton's Translation was again printed by Pynson, and afterwards by Thomas Gualtier in 1550. Caxton's edition is of extreme rarity ; but there is a reprint of it by the Percy Society in 1844: with an introductory Sketch of the literary history of this popular romance, in which our corre- spondent will find a notice of the principal editions of it which have appeared in the various languages into which it has been translated.] Campvere, Privileges of. — May I ask the kind assistance of any of your readers on the following subject? Sir W. Davidson, who was political agent or envoy in Holland under King Charles II., is stated to have been " resident for H. M. king- dom of Scotland, and conservator of the Scots privileges of Campvere in the Low Countries," &c. ; Mae. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 263 sind under his portrait, engraved by Hagens, he is •described, among other titles, as being " conser- vitor and resident for His Majestie's most ancient !kin<»donie of Scotland in the Seventein Provinces." What were these privileges, and whence was the term campvere derived ? I have seen mention made of a mercantile house at Calais, in the sixteenth century, who had their ■" campfyer schypp, hyr saylls hallfe blewyw hallfe yewllow : " but this, I think, must refer to the ■trade in camphor, in the purification of which the Venetians, and afterwards the Dutch, exclusively •were occupied. J. D. S. [Campvere is another name given by the English to "Veere, or Ter Veere, a fortified town of the province •of Brabant, and the kingdom of the Netherlands. It was formerly the staple-town for the trade between Scotland and Holland ; but its privileges, and much of its commerce, have been removed to Rotterdam.] Bishops Inglis and Stanser of Nova Scotia. — In addition to the very interesting notice of the former given in Vol. vi., p. 151., I beg to ask • where and when he was born ? whether an En- glishman or American ? No reply has yet been I given regarding Bishop Stanser s death, or resig- nation of see. A. S. A. Wuzzeerabad. [As Sabine has included Bishop Inglis among the American Loyalists, it would appear that he was a native of the United States. His article commences, ■*' Charles Inglis, of New York ; " but it does not state that he was a native of that city. Bishop Stanser re- signed his see through indisposition in the year 1825, ;and died at Hampton, Jan. 23, 1829. See " N. & Q,.," Vol. vi., p. 425.] MONUMENT TO BARBARA MOWBRAY AND ELIZA- BETH CURLE AT ANTWERP. (Vol. v., pp. 415. 517. &C.) I adopt the above heading in preference to that ■which your correspondents C. E. D., M. W. B., r. H., and Nhrsl have, I think improperly, se- lected. The monument, which is to be seen in the church of St. Andrew at Antwerp, is said by them to have been erected by the two ladies Barbara Mowbray and Elizabeth Curie to the memory of their beloved mistress the Queen of Scots ; but it will be found to have been rather erected to the memory of those two ladies by Hippolytus Curie, the son of the former, and nephew of the latter, in or subsequent to the year 1620. The notice of it in my Murray's Handbook of 1850 is brief but accurate : " Against a pillar, facing the right transept, is a por- trait of Mary Queen of Scots, attached to a monument erected to the memory of two English ladies named Curie, who served her as ladies in waiting. One of them received her last embrace previous to hcr execu- tion." I beg to refer your correspondents to a Memoir by Mons. C. P. Serrure, which appeared in torn. iii. of the Messager des Sciences et des Arts de la Belgique, 1835, pp. 89—96., and was afterwards published at Ghent in a separate form, under the title of Notice sur le MausoUe de Barhe Moubray et Elizabeth Curie, dames dhonneur de la reine Marie Stuart, qui se voit dans VEglise paroissiale de Saint Andre, d Anvers, with an engraving of the monument. As the inscription conveys some biographical particulars of the ladies whose vir- tues it commemorates, and as this information is asked for by Nhesl, I have copied it : premising, however, that M. Serrure takes credit to himself for being the first to give it in a correct shape. It is as follows : « Deo Opt. Max. Sacr. Nobiliss. Dvar. e Britannia Matronar. Monvmentvm viator spectas : QucB ad Regis Cathol : tvtel. orthodo. religion, cavsa A patria profvgae. hie in spe resurrect, qviescvnt. In primis Barbarae . Movbrayd . lohan . Movbray Ba- ronis F. Qva; Serenlss. Mariae Stvartaa Rcginae Scot, a cvbicvlis Nvptvi data Gvilberto Cvrle, qui ann. amplivs. xx. A, secretis Reg. fverat vnaq sine qverela ann. xxiiii. Vixervnt, liberosq. octo svstvler. sex cselo transcriptis Filii dvo svperstites, in stvdiis liberallter edvcati. lacobvs socie. lesv sese Madriti aggregavit, in Hisp. Hippolytvs natv minor in Gallo. Belg. Societ. lesv Prov. adscribi Christi militise volvit. Hie moestvs cvm lacrymis optimae parenti . P. C. Quaeprid. Kalend. Avgvst. an". D. cio.iocxvi. aet. lvil Vitam cadvcam cvm aeterna commvtavit. Item Elizab. Cvrlae amitae ex eadem nob. Curleor. stirpe Maria? qvoq, Reginse a cvbicvlis, octo annis vincvlr. Fidae socite, cvi moriens vltimvm tvlit svavivm. Perpetvo cselibi, moribvsq. castiss. ac pientissimffi Hippolytvs Cvrle fratris eivs f. hoc monvm. Grati animi pietatisq. ergo lib. mer. posvit. Hsec vltimvm vitas diem clavsit, an". Dni 1620. iEtat. LX™". die 29 Maij. Reqviescant in pace. Amen." The inscription under the queen's portrait Is correctly given by M. W. B. ; except that, in the sixth line, the word " invidia" occurs after "hseret," and the "et" is omitted. Touching this same portrait, and the selfish, silly, sight-loving Englishman, M. Serrure writeth as follows : " Les Anglais, si avides de tout voir quand ils sont en pays etranger, et si curieux de tout ce qui appar- tient a leur histoire, ne manquent jamais d'aller visiter I'Eglise de St. Andre. Leur admiration pour ce monu- ment, sans doute plus interessant sous le rapport du souvenir qui s'y rattache, que sous celui de I'art, va si loin, que plus d'une fois on a pretendu, non-seulement 264 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 176. que le Portrait est un de ceux qui retrace le plus fidelement les traits de la malheureuse Marie Stuart, mais qu'on a ete jusqu'a I'attribuer au pinceau de Van Dyck. Aussi bon nombre d'amateurs d'outre-mer I'out-ils fait copier dans les derniers temps." W. M. K. E. BIGBY COKRESrONDENCE. (Vol. vii., p. 203.) I am a little surprised at the slight knowledge K. K. seems to have of Mr. Rigby— nor do I quite understand his statement : he says he pos- sesses sixty-seven letters of Mr. Rigby to his own grandfather^ and that his object is to discover, what he calls, the counterpart of the correspondence: and then he talks of this counter-correspondent, as if he knew no more of him than that he was an M. P., and "seems" to have done so and so. Now this counter-correspondent must have been his grandfather : and it would surely have sim- plified the inquiry if he had stated at once the name of his grandfather, whose lettei's he is anxious to recover. Mr. Rigby was one of the busiest politicians of the busy times in which he lived. He did not, as K. K. supposes, reside alto- gether in England. He was chief secretary to the Duke of Bedford when Lord Lieutenant of Ire- land, from 1757 to 1761 ; in which period he obtained the lucrative sinecure of Master of the Rolls in Ireland, which he enjoyed for upwards of twenty years ; during which he was a prominent figure in English and Irish politics, and was long the leader of the Bedford party in the English House of Commons. His correspondence would be likely to be, with any one he confided in, im- portant ; and with any body, very amusing : for, though a deep politician, he was of a gay, frank, jovial, and gossiping disposition. It was he who, when some questions were carried against him in the Irish parliament, and that some of his English friends wrote to ask him whether he would not resign on such an affront, concealed his political feelings under the jolly hon-vivant style of answer- ing : " What care I about their affronts ! there is nothing in the world I like half so well as wood- cock-shooting and claret-drinking, and here I have both in perfection : why should I resign ? " He died in 1788 ; and was succeeded in his estate at Mirtley, in Essex, hy Lieut.- Col. Hale Rigby (who, I think, but am not sure, assumed the name of Rigby for the estate), and who had an only daughter who married the late Lord Rivers ; and whose son is now, I presume, the representative of Mr. Rigby — the owner of Mirtley — and pro- bably, if they be in existence, the possessor of the "counter-correspondence" that K. K. inquires after. I have been thus particular in answering, as far as I can, K. K.'s Query, because I believe that any confidential correspondence cf Mr. Rigby must be very interesting, and I am glad to suggest where K. K. may look for the "counterpart;" but, whether they be obtained or not, I am inclined to believe that Mr. Rigby's own letters would be worth publication, if, as I have already hinted, his correspondent was really in either his private or political confidence. C, A considerable number of this gentleman's let- ters were addressed to his friend and patron, John^ fourth Duke of Bedford, and are among the MSS. at Woburn Abbey. A selection of the most in- teresting are printed in the Bedford Correspond- ence, three vols. 8vo. W. A. Richard Rigby, Esq., of Mirtley Hall, in Essex:, was Paymaster-General of the Land Forces from 1768 to 1782, when he was succeeded by Edmund Burke. Horace Wm. Beckford, the third Baron Rivers, married, in Feb. 1808, Frances, the only daughter of Lieut.-Colonel Frances Hale Rigby, Esq., of Mirtley Hall.* It is therefore probable, that the correspondence and papers referred to by K. K. may be in the possession of the present Lord Rivers. J. B. MAKIGMEEII — MELINGLERII — BEEEFELIiARII. (Vol. vii., p. 207.) p. C. S. S. has ascertained that all the barbarous terras medievally applied to certain classes of the inferior clergy, and referred to by Mr. Jebb (ante, p. 207.), are explained in the Glossarium of Du- cange. They are identical in meaning and de- rivation, though slightly differing in point of spelling, with " Marigmerii " and " Melinglerii " (cited by Mr. Jebb), " Marellarii," " Meraga- larii," and " Malingrerii," and are all to be found in the learned work to which reference is now made. Of the last of these words, Pirri himself (who is quoted by Mr. Jebb) gives the explan- ation, which is equally applicable to them all.. He says (in Archiepisc. Messan., sub an. 1347) : " Malingreriwn, olim dictum qui hodie Sacrista est." Ducange also thus explains the cognate word Mai^- rellarius : " iEdituus, custos asdls sacrse, vulgo Marguillier," &c. Mr. Jebb is therefore undoubtedly right in iden- tifying the signification of these terms with that of the French "Marguillier," the Latin phrase for which is Matricularius, so called because those officers were selected from the paupers who were admitted into the Matricula, or hospice adjoining, the church or convent : " Ex Matriculariis pauperibus quidam seligebantur ad viliora Ecclesiarum adjacentium munia, v.g. qui * See Burke. Mar. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 265 campanas pulsarent, ecclesiarum custodia invigilarent [^church-wardens in the true sense of the word], eas scoparent ac mundarent. Atque inde Matriculariorum (nostris Marguillier) in ecclesiis parochialihus origo," Of another singular word, Berefellarii, and of the adoption of PersoncB instead of it, the history is very amusinj?, though, perhaps, scarcely fit for tlie pages of " N. & Q." It would seem that these inferior servitors of the church were not very cleanly in their person or habits. The English populace, by a not very delicate pun on their name, were wont to call them bewrayed fellows, the meaning of which it is not necessary farther to explain. In a letter of Thomas, Archbishop of York (preserved in Dugdale's Monasticon, torn. iii. p. ii. p. 5.), the good prelate says : " Scilicet PrEBcentoris, Cancellarii, et Sacristce, ac Septem Personarura qui olira Berefellarii fuerunt nuncupati . . • Sed quia eorum turpe nomen BerefeUariorum, patens risui remanebat, dictos Septem de castero non Berefellarios sed Personas volumus nuncupari." The glossarist adds, with some naivete : " Cur autem ita obsc£ena hujusmodi iis indita ap- pellatio, dicant Angli ipsi ! " P. c. s. s. Mr. Jebb, in his Query respecting the exotica voces "Marigmerii" and " Melinglerii," seems to be right in his conjecture that they are both of them corruptions of some word answering to the French Marguillier, a churchwarden. The word in question is probably Meragularius. It appears to be a term but rarely used, and to occur but once in Martene, De Antiq. Eccl, Ritihus, torn. i. p. 233., Venice, 1783, in the conclusion of his extract " de ordlnario MS. ecclesiae Cabilonensis ;" where the officer in question performs the duty of the Vestararius : " Diaconus et Subdiaconus inter se plicant vesti- menta sua, Meragularius pra;stat auxiliuin sacerdoti." Though elsewhere Martene explains the term by "-S^dituus, custos asdis." With regard to the latter word, the meaning of which Mb. Jebb inquires, Berefellarii, I may suggest that he will find, on reading somewhat further in the archbishop's Statuta for Beverley, a further account of these same Berefellarii ; which almost precludes the likelihood of a blunder in the original document, or at least of Beneficiarii being the correct word. For the archbishop, having occasion to mention them again, gives the origin of their institution : " Quos quidem Berefellarios recolenda3 memori® Dom. Johannes de Thoresby dudum Eborum Archie- piscopus ad honorem dictae Ecclesije Beverlaci, et majorem decentiam ministrantium in eadem provincia ordinabat." He then proceeds : " Sed quia eorum turpe nomen BerefeUariorum, pa- tens risui remanebat, dictos Septem de caetero non Berefellarios sed Personas volumus nuncupari." And accordingly we find them called hereafter in this document by the very indefinite appella- tion, Septem Personce. The word Berefellarii seems obviously to be of Anglo-Saxon origin ; as well from the extract I have given above, as from the absence of the term in works on the continental rituals, as Martene for instance. And I would suggest, in default of a better derivation, that the word may have been Latinised from the Anglo-Saxon here fellan or sellan. The office would then be that of almoner, and the Berefellarii would be the "persons" who doled out victuals to the poor ; literally, barley- givers. Such an original would make the term liable to the objection to which the archbishop alluded; and the office does not altogether dis- agree with what was stated as the object of its institution, viz. : " Ad honorem ecclesiae Beverlaci, et majorem decen- tiam ministrantium in eadem." H. C. K. Rectory, Hereford. PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES. Replies to Photographic Questions. — Sir Wil- liam Newton is right respecting the active pro- perties of sulphuric acid ; it should therefore not be stronger than merely tasting of the acid ; but it has appeared to me to possess a superior effect in setting the alkalies free. I believe muriatic acid would have precisely the same effect, or Beaufoy's acetic acid, though It would be rather expensive. Starch would be Invaluable both for positives or negatives, if it could be laid on perfectly even ; but if pinned up to dry it all runs to one corner, and if laid flat It runs into ridges. Perhaps some artist may be able to favour us with the best mode of treating starch; Its non-solubility in cold water makes it an Invaluable agent in photography. The above Includes a reply to Mr. J. James' first Query : to his second, the solution may be elthed brushed or floated, but all solutions re- quire even greater care than doing a water-colour drawing, to lay them perfectly flat. The re- maining questions depend for answer simply on the experience of the operator : the formula given was simply for iodizing paper ; the bringing out, exposure in the camera, &c., have been so clearly described lately by Dr. Diamond, it would be useless to give further directions at present. G. H. should dispense with the aceto-nltrate and gallic acid, and bring up with gallic acid and glacial acetic acid only. This makes no dirt whatever, and is quite as effective. The marbling 266 KOTES AND QUERIES. [Na 176. he alludes to proceeds from the sensitive solution not being sufficiently dry when put into the ca- mera. Even if prepared paper is blotted off, which I think a very bad plan, it should have some time allowed it to dry ; also the faintness of the image depends either upon not giving time enough, or the aperture he uses for his lens is much too large ; or again, he has not found the true chemical focus, — it varies in single meniscus lenses sometimes as much as three-eighths of an inch nearer the eye than the visual : — all these are causes of indis- tinct images, and require patience to rectify them. I beg leave to subscribe entirely to Me. W. Bkown's remarks on the subject of Mr. Archer and collodion. I have one of Mr. Home's hand- bills, circulated with the first samples of collodion, headed "Archer's prepared collodion" in 1851, and had some of the earliest in the market. That Mr. Archer should fail in trying his own preparation goes for nothing at all, because, at the best of times, and with the most skilful, failures are often numerous and mortifying, in photography above all other arts ; therefore, unless some more correct data are given, the merit rests entirely on Mr. Archer. Weld Tatlob. Bayswater. Developing Paper Pictures with Pyrogallic Acid (Vol. vii., p. 117.). — Your correspondent R. J. F. asks if any of your photographic correspondents have developed their paper negatives with pyro- gallic acid. I have long been in the habit of doing so by the following process. Of Mr. Ar- cher's developing solution, viz., Pyrogallic acid Acetic acid Distilled water - 3 grs. - 1 drachm. - 1 oz. take twenty grs. (minims) : add an equal quantity of distilled water, and five drops (minims) of acetic acid. I pour the mixture upon a glass plate, and put the sensitive surface of my picture upon it ; moving it up and down by one corner, to prevent the paper being stained, and to observe the de- velopment of the picture ; which, when sufficiently come out, I blot and wash immediately, and fix with hyposulphite of soda or bromide of potas- sium. Thomas Wyaxt. Manchester. Photography in the Open Air; Improved Camera. — In your Number 172, p. 163., there is a Note of mine in reference to the use to which thin sheet India rubber might be applied. I there alluded to the difficulties attending a single " portable camera," in which all the coating, developing, &c. of your plates is to be done ; and for those gen- tlemen who have the means of carrying about with them a second box, I have devised a modification of Archer's camera, which, I think, will prove very useful. It is one which I am about to make for myself. This second box is one in which, when travelling, I can pack my camera, frames, glasses, and chemicals. Having arranged your camera, you proceed to arrange the second box, or " laboratory." This laboratory has three short legs, which screw, or fasten by any simple con- trivance, to it, so that it may stand a sufficient height from the ground to allow the bath, which fits in like the one in Archer's camera, to hang beneath it, and also that when working you may do so with ease. It is lighted by either yellow glass or India rubber. There are sleeves of India rubber for your arms, and the holes in the sides of the box traverse nearly the whole of the sides, for the purpose of moving your hands freely from one end of the box to the other ; there is also an opening for the head. The bottom of the box is divided: about two-thirds of it, and that nearest to you, has a gutta percha tray, with the four sides, three inches high, fitting it quite tight ; and in one corner a tube a few inches long, also of gutta percha, fixed to it, and passing through the bottom of the box, to allow the refuse wash- ings to run off. In the middle of this tray a de- veloping stand of gutta percha is fixed to the bottom, on which to lay the glass plates. The other one- third of the bottom of the laboratory is fitted thus : — There is a slit across the box, im- mediately before the wall of the tray, for the nitrate of silver bath to slip in. Immediately be- yond the edge of the bath is a small fillet of wood running across the box parallel with the bath, and so placed that if the bottom of the dark frame to contain the glass plate is rested against it, and the top of the frame rested against the end of the laboratory, the frame will slope at about an angle of forty-five degrees. Let there be a button, or similar contrivance, on the underside of the lid of the box, that the lid of the dark frame may be fastened to it when open. Bottles of collodion, developing fluid, hypo-soda, or solution of salt, &c., may be arranged in various convenient ways within reach. The proceeding then is very easy. Place the bath-frame and bottles in their places ; rear the glass plate in the frame ; shut the labora- tory lid ; place your hands in the sleeves and your head in the hood ; fix the door of dark frame to the top ; coat the plate ; place it in the bath with collodion side from you (it will then be in a con- venient position when you draw it out of bath to place at once in the frame) ; fasten the frame door ; open the box lid ; remove to camera ; after taking picture, return frame to its place in camera ; bring the plate to developing stand ; develop ; pour so- lution of salt over ; remove from box ; finish out- side with hyposulphite of soda. I have been thus explicit to render the matter as plain and intelligible as possible without aid of diagrams. But I shall be happy to give any Mae. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 267 one any further information, either privately, or through " N. & Q." It seems to me that by this contrivance you simplify the process as much as is almost possible ; you keep separate the different processes, and run little or no risk of mixing your chemicals, a misfortune which would spoil several hours' work, as well as entail a considerable loss of materials. The box would be no expensive ar- ticle ; any one possessing a little mechanical skill could construct it for himself, and its use as a packing-case for your apparatus would repay the cost. I have for some time been using a developing fluid, which appears to have some desirable quali- fications ; for it is simple, inexpensive, and keeps good, as far as I have tried it, for a very long period. i have worked with it when it has been made ten weeks; it slightly changes colour, but it throws down no deposit, and does not ever stain the film ; when first made, it is colourless as water. De. Diamond has kindly undertaken to test its value, and if he pronounces it worthy of being made known, the readers of "N. & Q." shall shortly have the benefit of it. J. L. Sisson. Edingthorpe Rectory, Norfolk. New Effect in Collodion Pictures. — In the course of some experiments I have been follow- ing in reference to a photograpic subject, a method by which a new effect in pictures on glass may be obtained has occurred to me. Such pro- ductions, when treated as positives, are of course white pictures upon a black ground ; and although for beauty of detail they are superior to those belonging to any other process, there is a certain harshness and want of artistic effect : to remedy this, I turned my attention towards obtaining a dark picture upon a light ground, as is the case when glass photographs are printed from ; in this I have succeeded, and as the modification affords a pleasing variation, it may be acceptable to the tastes of some of your readers. The principle I proceed upon is to copy, by means of the camera, from a previously-taken picture in a negative state. Suppose, for instance, our subject is an out-door view : I take a collodion picture — which would answer for a positive if backed with black : this, viewed by transmitted light, is of course negative, — an effect which may be produced by placing a piece of white paper behind it from this wMe-backed plate : I take another collodion picture, which, being reversed in light and shade, is negative by reflected light ; but viewed as a transparency is positive, and of course retains that character when backed with white paint, paper, or other substance lighter in colour than the parts formed by the reduced silver. Instead of the first picture being formed by the glass, any of the paper processes may be adopted which will afford negative pictures. Copies of prints may be beautifully produced on this principle by obtain- ing the first or negative by the ordinary process of printing. As these pictures are to form a con- trast with a white ground, they should be as brown in tint as possible ; nitric acid, or other whitening agents, being avoided in the developing solutions for both negative and positive. By this process the detail and contrasts can be kept far better than by the operation of printing : for it is exceedingly difficult to obtain a picture which will convey to the prepared surface an amount of light corresponding to the natural lights and shades, and the trouble of making collodion copies is far less than printing. There is certainly the draw- back of having the copies upon glass : I think, however, that some white flexible substance may be found, upon which the collodion, albumen, &c., may be spread ; but if they be intended for fram- ing, of course they are better on glass. The general effect is that of a sepia drawing. The picture first taken and used as a negative, may be preserved as a positive by removing the white back, and treating it in the usual manner. Permit me to observe, that much confusion arises from the manner in which the terms positive and negative are often used ; a negative glass picture is frequently spoken of as a definite, dis- tinct thing ; this is not the case, for all photo- graphic pictures upon glass are both negative and positive, accordingly as they are seen upon a back of lighter or darker shade than the reduced silver — by transmitted or reflected light. A picture intended to be printed from is no more a negative than another, its positive character being merely obscured by longer exposure in the camera. When first removed from the developing solution, glass pictures are negative, because they are seen upon the iodide of silver, which is a light ground. This is a thing of course well known to many of your readers, but beginners are, I know, often puzzled by it. Wm. Tudob Mablet. Manchester. Powdered Alum — How does it act ? — Sir W. Newton has again kindly informed me of his motive for using the powdered alum, which in "N. & Q." (Vol. vii,, p. 141.) he asserts readily removes the hyposulphite of soda. What is the rationale of the chemical action upon the hypo- sulphite of soda ? W. Adrian DELrEBiEE. 40. Sloane Square. "^t^liti to j^tnor ^utxiti, Chatterton (Vol. vii., p. 189.).— J. M. G. informs N. B. that he is possessed of the whole of the late Mr. Hazlewood's collection of volumes, tracts, and cuttings from periodicals, published during the period when the Rowieian and Chattertonian con- 268 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 176. troversy engrossed so much of public criticism and dispute. He has likewise various other articles relating to Chatterton, both in print and manuscript, col- lected during many years that he was resident at and connected with Bristol, which then naturally interested him in the subject. But what would be of far greater use to N. B. in ascertaining who ■was the author of the Rowleian poems, is an essay in manuscript, recently furnished to J. M. G. by a gentleman now resident in Bristol, whose an- cestors were acquainted with Chatterton's family, and who has in this document shown, not only great archaeological research, but has thrown much new light upon various disputed points both rela- tive to Chatterton's relations and friends, which go far to settle the opinion, that the venerable Rowlej', and not the boy Chatterton, was the writer of the poems. J. M. G. is afraid that this subject is one, the revival of which would fail to interest the public mind, or he might be induced to publish the essay, to which he has reason to believe that its author would give his consent ; and should J. M. G. again raise the controversy by sending to " N. & Q." any detached parts, he is apprehensive that the subjects of them would not meet with the atten- tion they formerly would have done. J. M. G. Worcester. Princes' Whipping-hoys (Vol. v., pp. 468. 545.). — In your publication are notices respecting two whipping-boys, Edward Browne and William Murray, who both endured punishment for the offences of English princes. I, however, think it not improbable such infliction was perpetrated in other kingdoms, and perhaps in Spain, for the improvement of Philip III. or some such worthy scion of royalty. Le Sage, who was a most in- comparable observer of men and manners, has, in his admirable novel of Gil Bias, introduced, with purely natural humour, and in his style so naif, an instance of such mode of correction. In livre 5ieme, chap, i., there is the history of Don Raphael, who at twelve years of age was selected by the Marquis de Leganez to be the companion of his son of the same age, who " ne paraissait pas ne pour les sciences," and scarcely knew a letter of his alphabet. The story goes on with describ- ing various endeavours of his masters to induce him to apply to his studies, but without success : till at last the Precepteur thought of the expedient to give le fouet to young Raphael whenever the little Leganez deserved it ; and this he did with- out mercy, till Raphael determined to elope from the roof of the Marquis de Leganez : and in some degree to revenge himself for all the injustice he had suffered, took with him all the argent comjy- tant of the Precepteur, amounting to one hundred and fifty ducats. In concluding, I may observe that there is a very neat edition of Gil Bias lately published in Paris, with illustrated vignettes by Gigmix, one of which represents the Precepteur operating upon the unfortunate Raphael : "... horribili sectere fiagello." — Hor. and young Leganez looking on seemingly uncon- cerned ! *► Richmond. ^'■Grvb Street Journal" (Vol. vii., p. 108.). — Some particulars relating to this work are given in Drake's Essays on the Rambler, &-c,, vol. i. p. 66. F. R. A. " Pinch of Smif" (Vol, vi., p. 431.). — I have been informed by a gentleman conversant in literary matters, that the author or compiler of this little volume was Benson Earle Hill, formerly an officer in the artillery, but at the time of his death (circa 1842-3) a performer or prompter at one of the theatres in the Strand. I may here mention another humorous little work, closely allied to the above, and entitled A Paper of Tobacco ; treating of the Rise, Progress, Pleasures and Advantages of Smoking : toith Anec- dotes of distinguished Smokers, Mems. on Pipes and Tobacco-boxes: and a Tritical Essay on Snuff. By Joseph Fume, 2nd ed., with additions. Lond. Chapman and Hall, 1839. 12mo. It contains six spirited and characteristic etchings by " Phiz," besides several woodcuts ; and is a very amusing book, well worthy of being enlarged, for which there are ample materials both in prose and rhyme. F, R. A. Race for Canterbury (Vol. vii., p. 219.). — J. F. infers that Hoadley was a competitor with Herring and Gibson for the archiepiscopal throne after the death of Bishop Potter, because he is mentioned in some lines under the woodcut broadside in his possession. He may also find him alluded to in the last lines of the other print in his possession : " Then may he win the prize who none will oppress. And the palace at Lambeth be Benjamin's mess." Benjamin being Benjamin Hoadley. I have two other prints upon this subject, be- sides the three mentioned by J. F. In one which has the title "For Lambeth," the bishop in the most distant boat has dropt his oars, sits with his arms across, looks very sulky, and exclaims, " Damn my scull." The other is entitled " Haw'y Haw'y L — b-th Haw'y." Three bishops, as in the others, are rowing towards Lambeth: a fourth, approaching in an opposite direction, is rowing " against tide.'* In the foreground are two groups. In one, two noblemen are addressing three competing bishops : "Let honour be the reward of virtue, and not interest." One bishop says: "I give it up till Mar. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 269 next." Another holds a paper, inscribed " 10,000?. for it." In the other group, two noblemen are promising to different bishops. Another bishop is lighting his way through boatmen ; and two per- sons are running forward as candidates for an arch- deaconry or dean of arches. Underneath are two lines : *' Sculls, sculls to Lambeth ! see bow bard they pull 'em ! But sure the Temple's nearer much than Fulham." Temple alluding to Sherlock, Fulham to Gibson. Underneath this print, some one, perhaps Horace Walpole, mistaking the date and the subject, has written : " The man whose place they thought to take Is still alive, and still aWake." There is still another print entitled " Lambeth," where three bishops are rowing from Lambeth, with the word "Disappointed" under them. A fourth is rowed towards Lambeth by a waterman, who exclaims " Your 're aU Bob'd ! " Edw. Hawkins. Chichester Pallant (Vol. vii., p. 206.).— Chiches- ter, I need not say, is of Roman foundation, and has several marks of its Roman origin ; the little stream that runs through it is called the Lavant, evidently from lavando. The Pallant, the chief quarter of the town, and, of old, a separate juris- diction, was called " Palatinus sive Palenta." " Pa- lantia, Palatinatus," says Ducange, "jurisdictio ejus qui habet jus lites decidendi supremo jure." The Pallant of Chichester is not to be confounded with the Bishop's Palace. It is in a different district, and was, no doubt, from Roman times, a separate palatine jurisdiction. C. Scarfs worn hy Clergymen (Vol. vii., pp. 143. 215.). — As Mr. Jebb has intervened voluntarily in this question, not merely as an inquirer or rea- soner, but as an evidence to facts, I hope I may be allowed to ask him his authority for the distinc- tion " between broad and narrow scarfs." After this assertion as to the fact, he adds his own per- sonal authority of having " in his boyhood heard mention made of that distinction." As I do not know his age, I would beg to ask when and where he heard that mention ; and to make my inquiry more clear, I would ask whether he has any (and what) authority for the fact of the distinction beyond having " in his boyhood heard mention of it?" We must get at the facts before we can reason on them. C. Alicia Lady Lisle (Vol. vii., p. 236.).— The lady referred to was Alice, or Alicia, daughter and coheir of Sir White Beconsawe : she was be- headed at Winchester, 1685. The jury by whom she was tried had, it is stated, thrice acquitted her; but the judge, that disgrace to human nature, Jefferies, insisted upon a conviction. Her husband was John Lisle the regicide, a severe republican, and one of the Protector's lords. An account of the family will be found in Curious Memoirs of the Protectorate House of Cromwell, vol. i. p. 273. The family of the present Lord Lisle, whose family name is Lysaght, and elevated to the peerage of Ireland in 1758, has nothing to do with that of the republican court. Respecting the old baronies of Lisle, full ac- counts will be found in the admirable report of the claim to that barony by Sir Harris Nicolas, one of the counsel for the claimant, Sir John Shelley Sidney: 8vo. Lond. 1829. G. Major- General Lambert (Vol. vii., p. 237.). — Major- General Lambert appears, from a meagre memoir of him given in the History of Malham in Yorkshire, by Thomas Hursley : 8vo. 1786, to have descended from a very ancient family in that county. According to the register of Kirkby Malhamdale, he was born at Calton Hall, in that parish, 7th of September, 1619, and lost his father at the age of thirteen. On the 10th of September, 1639, he married Frances, daughter of his neighbour Sir William Lister, of Thornton, in Craven, then in her seventeenth year, and said to have been a most elegant and accomplished lady. Nothing seems to be known as to the precise time or place of the death of Lambert or his wife, be- yond the tradition of his having been imprisoned in Cornet Castle, in the island of Guernsey, after the Restoration, and that he remained in confine- ment thirty years. His marriage is confirmed in the account of Lord Ribblesdale's family in Collins' Peerage, vol. viii. edition Brydges. John Lam- bert, son and heir of the major-general, married Barbara, daughter of Thomas Lister, of Arnolds- bigging, and had by her three sons, who all died V. p., and one daughter, who was the wife of Sir John Middleton, of Belsay Castle, in Northum- berland, and became the heir-general of her family. Pepys speaks of Lady Lambert in 1668. Perhaps these very imperfect notices may "elicit further information, — on which account only can they be worthy of a place in "N. & Q." Bratbbooke. Mistletoe (Vol. iii., pp. 192. 396.).— In addition to the trees, on which the mistletoe grows, men- tioned by "the late learned Mr. Ray" in the quotation cited by Dr. Wilbraham Falconer, I subjoin others named in Jesse's Country Life, some of which I have had opportunities of verify- ing : viz., horse-chestnut ; maple {Acer opalus, A. ruhrum, A. campestre) ; poplar (Populus alba, P. nigra, P. fastigiata) ; acacia, laburnum, pear; large-leaved sallow {Salix caprea) ; locust tree {Rohinia pseudo- acacia) ; larch, Scotch fir, spruce fir ; service tree {Pyrus domestica) ; hornbeam 270 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 176 (^Carpintis ostrya) ; Loranthus Europaus (Itself a parasite) ; olive, vine, walnut, plum, common laurel, medlar, grey poplar. The localities and authorities are stated. In answer to your correspondent Ache, I may add, that the opinion of recent botanists is con- trary to Sir Thomas Browne's notion with refer- ence to the propagation of the seed; for it is known that the seeds, in germinating, send their radicles into the plant to which they are attached ; and grow afterwards as true parasites, selecting certain chemical ingredients in preference to others. The mistletoe has never been known to grow In Ireland ; but its frequency in various parts of the world — in France, Italy, Greece, and parts of Asia — has been remarked by travellers. Its use seems to be to provide food for birds during those rare seasons of scarcity, when a very sparing supply of other fruits and seeds can be procured. Egbert Cooke. Scarborough. The Sizain (Vol. vi., p. 603. ; Vol. vil., p. 174.). — I know not whether any one of the sizains you have published may be the original, from which all the others must be considered as imita- tions or parodies ; but they bring to my mind an English example, which I met with many years ago in some book of miscellanies. I do not recol- lect whether the book in question attributed it to any particular author ; who, I presume, must have been some staunch adherent for Protestant ascen- dancy in the early part of the last century : " Our three great enemies remember, The Pope, the Devil, and the Pretender. All wicked, damnable, and evil, The Pope, the Pretender, and the Devil. I wish them all hung on one rope, The Devil, the Pretender, and the Pope." Since writing the foregoing, the following has been dictated to me from recollection ; which may be referred to about the period of George III.'s last Illness : " You should send, if aught should all ye. For Willis, Heberden, or Baillie. All exceeding skilful men, Baillie, Willis, Heberden, Uncertain which most sure to kill is, Baillie, Heberden, or Willis," M. H. Venda (Vol. vll., p. 179.). — This word, in Portuguese, signifies a place where wine and meat are sold by retail In a tavern. It also appears to answer to the Spanish Venta, a road-side Inn ; eomething between the French and English Inn, and the Eastern caravansaries. In the places which C. E. F. mentions, Venda In Portugal Is like Osteria In Italy, of which plenty will be seen on the plains of the Campagna at Rome. T. K. Meaning of "Assassin" (Vol. vil., p. 181.). — We owe this word to the Crusaders, no doubt ; but MuHAMMED wIU find a very interesting ac- count of the word In the Rev. C. Trench's admir- able little work On the Study of Words. See also Gibbon's Decline and Fall, chap. Ixiv. ; to which, If I remember rightly, Mr. Trench also refers, R. J. S. If MuHAMMED would take the trouble of looking Into the translation of Von Hammer's Geschichte der Assassinen, or, a more common book, The Secret Societies of the Middle Ages, he would find that there was " a nation of the assassins ;" and that his idea of the derivation of the name, which was first Indicated by De Sacy, is the received one. T.K. Dimidium Scientice (Vol. vil., p. 180.). — Mb. B. B. Woodward will find Lord Bacon's sententia, " Prudens interrogatlo quasi dimidium scientiae," In his De Augmentis Scientiarum, lib. v. cap. ill., " Partitlo Inventlvae Argumentorum In Promptu- arlam et Toplcam." Bibuothecar. Chetham. Epigrams (Vol. vii., p. 175.), — The true ver- sion of the epigram on Dr. Toe, which I heard or read about fifty years ago, is as follows : " 'Twixt Footman John and Doctor Toe, A rivalship befel, Which should become the fav'rite beau, And bear away the belle. " The Footman won the Lady's heart ; And who can wonder ? No man : The whole prevail'd against the part, — 'Twas Foot-maxi versus Toe-man." Perhaps the "John" ought to be "Thomas;" for I find, on the same page of my Common-place Book, the following : " Dear Lady, think it no reproach, It show'd a generous mind. To take poor Thomas in the coach. Who rode before behind. "Dear Lady, think it no reproach. It show'd you lov'd the more, To take poor Thomas in the coach, Who rode behind before. " SCEAPIANA. Use of Tohacco before the Discovery of America (Vol. iv., p. 208.). — Sandys, in the year 1610, mentions the use of tobacco as a custom recently Introduced, at Constantinople, by the English. (See Modern Traveller.^ Meyen, however, in his Outlines of the Geography of Plants, as translated for the Ray Society, says : " The consumption of tobacco in the Chinese empire is of immense extent, and the practice seems to be of great antiquity ; for on very old sculptures I have ob- served the very same tobacco pipes which are still used. Mar. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERmS. 271 Besides, we now know the plant which furnishes the Chinese tobacco ; it is even said to grow wild in the East Indies. It is certain that the tobacco plant of Eastern Asia is quite different from the American $pecies." This is the opinion of a botanist at once distin- guished for extensiveness of research and accuracy of detail ; although Mr. J. Crawford, in a paper read before the Statistical Society, on the 15th of November, 1852, seems to incline to a contrary notion. It is, however, necessary to remark that his facts tend rather to elucidate the statistics of the plant than its natural character, so that Meyen's opinion must, I think, stand good until it be disproved. Seleucds. Oldham, Bishop of Exeter (Vol. vii., p. 189.). — Perhaps it may help J. D. in his difficulty touch- ing the difference between the coat of arras borne by Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, and that borne by the Oldham family at Hatherleigh, to be informed of what I believe he will find, upon inquiry, to be the fact, viz. that Laing was the original name of the present family of Oldham at Hatherleigh ; and that, consequently, the arms of Laing may pos- sibly still be borne by them. * * Oxford. Bishop Hugh Oldham, B.C.L., was one of the family of Oldenham, of Oldenham, co. Lancaster, which gave for arms, Sable, between three owls arg., a chevron or : in chief, of the third, three roses, gules. Richard Oldham, Bishop of Sodor, was Abbot of Chester in 1452. Hugh was born in Goulburn Street, Oldham, and educated at Exeter College, Oxford, and at Queen's College, Cambridge : he was Rector of St. Mildred's, Bread Street, Sept. 19, 1485 ; Swineshead, February 3, M93 ; Wareboys, March 31, 1499 ; Shitlington, August 17, 1500; Vicar of Cheshunt, July 27, 1494 ; Overton, April 2, 1501 ; Canon of St. Stephen's, Westminster, 1493 ; Pre- bendary of South Aulton in Sarum, September, 1495; of Newington in St. Paul's, March 11, 1496 ; of South Cave in York, August 26, 1499 ; Archdeacon of Exeter, February 16, 1503 ; Chap- lain to Margaret, Countess of Richmond, and Master of St. John's, Lichfield, 1495 ; and St. Leo- nard's Hospital, Bedford, January 12, 1499. He was the founder of Manchester High School, and was consecrated between December 29 and January 6, 1504. He was a great benefactor to Corpus Chrlsti College in Oxford ; and the intimate friend of Bishop Smyth, co-founder of Brasenose College, with whom he had been brought up in the household of Thomas, Earl of Derby. He died June 25, 1519, and was buried in St. Sa- viour's Chapel in Exeter Cathedral. These notes are taken from a MS. History of the English Episcopate, which it is my hope to give to the public. Mackenzie Waicott, M.A. Tortoiseshell Tom Cat. — I am pretty certain that I once saw in " N. & Q." an inquiry whether there ever was a well-authenticated instance of a tortoiseshell torn cat. The inclosed advertisement, which I have cut from The Times of the 19th January, 1853, will perhaps give some of your readers an opportunity of testing the fact : « To be sold, a real Tortoiseshell Tom Cat. This natural rarity is fifteen months old and eight lbs. weight. Apply to John Sayer, Mr. Bennison's, book- seller, Market- Dray ton, Salop." L. L. L. [The inquiry will be found in our 5th Vol., p. 465.J Irish Rhymes (Vol. vi., and Vol. vii., p. 52;).— CuTHBERT Bede, in his notice of the Irish rhymes in Swift's poetry, quoted one couplet in which put rhymes to cut. Is this pronunciation of theword put an Irishism ? A late distinguished divine, who, although he occupied an Irish see, was certainly no Irishman, and who was remarkably particular and, I believe, correct in his diction, always pronounced this word in this manner (as indeed every other word with the same termination is pronounced : as ruty cut, shut, nut, but, &c.). The bishop to whom I allude pronounced the word thus, long before he ever had any communi- cation with Ireland : and it is strange that, although I have been in Ireland myself, I never heard put pronounced so as to rhyme with ctit by any native of that island. Rxibi. The following extract is a note by Lord Mahon, in vol. i. p. 374. of his edition of Lord Chester- field's Letters to his Son (Bentley, 1847). I can- not see how the quotation from Boswell bears upon either accent or cadence ; it appears to relate en- tirely to different modes of pronunciation : " It may be observed, however, that the questions of what are 'false accents and cadences' in our language appear to have been far less settled in Lord Chester- field's time than at present. Dr. Johnson says : ' When I published the plan for my dictionary, Lord Chester- field told me that the word great should be pronounced so as to rhyme with state ; and Sir William Yonge sent me word, that it should be pronounced so as to rhyme to seat, and that none but an Irishman would pronounce it grait. Now, here were two men of the highest rank, — the one the best speaker in the House of Lords, the other the best speaker in the House of Commons — differing entirely."^ — Boswell's Li/e, Notes of March 27, 1772. C. FOHBES. Temple. Consecrated Rings (Vol. vii., p. 88.). — The inquiry opened by Sir W. C. T. is shown to be one of much interest by the able communi- cation of your correspondent Cetrbp. I trust he will excuse me in expressing strong doubts as to 272 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 176. Havering, the cbapel in Essex, being so called from " having the ring." Nothing is more dan- gerous to any etymological solution than the being guided by the sound of words, rather than by the probable derivation of the name of the place or thing signified. I am aware that Camden says Havering is called so for the above-stated reason ; and other compilers of topography have followed what I venture to suggest is an error. Habban, in Anglo-Saxon, means to have ; and Ring is ring — this is not to be denied ; but in the general (and let me add excellent) rules for the investiga- tion of names of places affixed to the late Dr. Ingram's Translation of the Saxon Chronicle, I find Aver is from Aver, Br., the mouth of a river, ford, or lake ; and Ing, it is well known, is a fre- quent termination for the names of places — its import in Anglo-Saxon being a meadow. How far " the meadow near the source of the river, or stream" applies to the site of Havering, I will leave to those more competent than myself to decide, but offer the suggestion to the consi- deration of Ceykep and others. C. I. K.. Brasses since 1688 (Vol. vi., pp. 149. 256.). — In connexion with the subject of late brasses, a rubbing which I took from one in Masham Church, Yorkshire, may not be unworthy of a note. It runs thus : "Christopher Kay, Buried October the 23d, Anno Dom. 1689. [Mrs. Jane Nichollson, Bu. June the 4th, 1690.] C onfined . in . a . bed . of . dust H ere . doth .a . body . lye R aised . again . it . will . I . trvst I nto . the . Heavens . high S in . not . bvt . have . a . care T o . make . yovr . calling . svre O mit . those . things . which . trivial . are P rise . that . we . will . indure H ange . not . your . mind . on . secular . things E ach . one . doth . fade . apace R iches . the . chief, of . we . hath . wings. [A . Matron . grave . is . here . interr'd Whose . soul . in . heaven . is . preferr'd Aftwher . grandson . lost . his . breath She . soon . svrrender'd . vnto . death.] K eeping . no . certaine . place A diet . your . selues . unto . his . conuersation Y our . purchase . heaven . for . your . habitation." This, it will be seen, is an acrostic : the lines between brackets are insertions. Wm. Peocter. York. Derivation of Lowbell (Vol. vii., p. 181.). — In my younger days I frequently had occasion to draw out (from old established precedent) the form of an appointment, by the lord, of a game- keeper for a manor, in which the latter was au- thorised and required to seize and destroy all and all manner of gins, snares, springs, &c., including a dozen or more technical words, one of which was " lowbells." The manors in question were in Dorsetshire and Somersetshire, but I doubt not but that the same form was adopted in other counties in various parts of England. Being strongly impressed with the familiarity of the word on reading H. T. W.'s Note, I was induced to refer to Johnson's Dictionary, where I find my own notion fully borne out as follows : " Lowbell. — A kind of fowling in the night, in which the birds are wakened by a bell and lured by a flame." At this moment I have only the abridged edition (3rd edition, 1766) to refer to, and that does not give any reference or authority for the definition in question. I would observe, however, that I believe " loke " is either a Saxon or Scandinavian word, signifying a flame or firebrand, which, coupled with " bell," fully bears out the definition, and I think sufficiently accounts for the term " lowbelling " in H. T. W.'s Note, as the offender might have been greeted with bells and firebrands in lieu of the " tin pots and kettles," or by way of addition to them. May not this also serve to explain what is con- sidered as a puzzling term in Beaumont and Fletcher? Lowell being nothing more nor less than a snare, may not " Peace, gentle lowbell," mean " Peace, gentle ensnarer ? " M. H. The Negative given to the Demand of the Clergy at Merton (Vol. vii., p. 17.). — Warburton agrees with Bishop Hurd on this subject, for he observes as follows, in one of his letters (the 84th), that — " At a parliament under Henry III., ' Rogaverunt omnes Episcopi ut consentirent quod nati ante matri- monium essent legitlmi, et omnes Comites et Barones una voce responderunt quod nolunt leges Angliae mutari.' This famous answer has been quoted a thousand and a thousand times, and yet nobody seems to have understood the management. The bishops, as partizans of the Pope, were for subjecting England to the imperial and papal laws, and therefore began with a circumstance most to the taste of the Barons. The Barons smelt the contrivance ; and rejected a pro- position most agreeable to them, for fear of the con- sequences, the introduction of the imperial laws, whose very genius and essence was arbitrary despotic power. Their answer shows it : ' Nolumus leges Anglias^ mu- tari : ' they had nothing to object to the reform, but they were afraid for the constitution." C. I. R. Nugget (Vol.vi., pp. 171. 281. ; Vol. vii., p.l43.). — T. K. arrogantly sets aside the etymology of W. S. ; and, in lieu of the Persian nugud of the latter, would have us believe that migget is nothing more than a Yankee corruption of an ingot. I Mar. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 273 hold with W. S. notwithstandhig, and so will all who have had any dealings with the Bengalees : the term nuggut pisa being with them a common one for "hard cash;" and as the Hindostanee language is largely indebted to the Persian, the derivation of W. S. is no doubt correct. To ac- count for its occurrence in Australia, it is only necessary to say that that country has been for some years past a sanatarium for the debilitated Qui aye's, many of whom have settled there ; and becoming interested in the " diggings," have given the significant term of nuggut to what has in reality turned out hard cash, both to them and to certain lucky gentlemen in this city — holders of the script of the " Great iVw^-^w^ Vein" of Australia. Blackguard (Vol. vii., p. 77.).— It may, in some degi-ee, support the first portion of the argument so interestingly stated by Sir J. Emerson Ten- NENT respecting the derivation of this term, to record that, in my youth, when at school at the New Academy in Edinburgh, some five or six- and-twenty years ago, I used frequently to be en- gaged, with ray schoolfellows, in regular pitched battles, technically called by us bickers, with the town boys, consisting chiefly of butchers' and bakers' boys, whom we were accustomed to desig- nate as the blackguards, without, I am sure, ever attaching to that word the more opprobrious mean- ing which it now generally bears ; but only indi- cating by it those of a lower rank in life than our- selves, the gentlemen. May I venture to add, that whilst the former portion of Sir J. E. Tennent's Note seems to me to be fully satisfactory in proof that the term blackguard is originally derived from the ancient appellation of menials employed in the lowest and most dirty offices of a great household, and that it is thus purely English, — the last two para- graphs, on the other hand, appear to advocate an unnecessary and far-fetched derivation of the word from the French, and which, I humbly conceive, the true sense of the alleged roots, blague, blaguer, blagueur, by no means justifies j it being impossible to admit that these are, in any sort, " correspond- ing terms " with blackguard. G. W. R. Gordon. Stockholm. NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. Long and anxiously has the reading public been looking for Mr. Layard's account of his further dis- coveries in Nineveh and Babylon. That account has at length appeared in one large octavo volume, under the title of Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, with Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan, and the Desert, being the result of a Second Expedition undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum, by Austen H. Layard, M.P., and is enriched with maps, plaJis, and woodcut illustrations, to the extent of some hundreds. And on examining it we find that the vast amount of new light which Mr. Layard's discoveries in the wide and hitherto untilled field of Assyrian antiquities had already thrown on Sacred History, is increased to a great extent by those further researches, of which the details are now given to the public. With his ready powers of observation, and his talent for graphic de- scription, Mr. Layard's book, as a mere volume of travels over a country of such interest, would well re- pay perusal : but when we find in addition, as we do in every page and line, fresh and startling illustration of the truth of Holy Writ — when we have put before us such pictures of what Nineveh and Babylon must have been, and find, as we do, men distinguished in every branch of learning lending their assistance to turn Mr. Layard's discoveries to the best account, we feel we cannot be too loud in our praises of Mr. Layard's zeal, energy, and judgment, or too grateful to Mr. Murray for giving us at once the results which those qualities have enabled Mr. Layard to gain for us, in so cheap, complete, yet fully embellished a form. The blockade of Mainz was not a bad day for the already world-renowned story of Reynard the Fox, since that led Gothe to dress the old fable up again in his musical hexameters, and so give it new popularity. From Gbthe's version a very able and spirited English paraphrase is now in the course of publication. We say paraphrase, because the author of Reynard the FoXy after the German version of Gothe, with illustrations by J. Wolf, takes as his motto the very significant but appropriate description which Gothe gave of his own work, " Zwischen Uebersetzung und Umarbeitung schwebend." However, the version is a very pleasant one, and the illustrations are characteristic and in good taste. An Antiquarian Photographic Club, for the exchange among its members of photographs of objects of anti- quarian interest, on the principle of the Antiquarian Etching Club, is in the course of formation. Books Received. — The Family Shakspeare, in which nothing is added to the original Text, but those words and expressions are omitted which cannot with propriety be read in a Family, by T. Bowdler, Vol. V., containing Troilus and Cressida, Coriolanus, Julius Caesar, An- tony and Cleopatra, and Cymbeline. — The new vo- lume of Bohn's Standard Library contains the eighth and concluding volume of the History of the Christian Church, as published by Neander. The publisher holds out a prospect of a translation of the posthumous volume compiled from Neander's Papers by Dr. Schneider, and with it of a general index to the whole work. — The Physical and Metaphysical Works of Lord Bacon, including his Dignity and Advancement ofLearn- ing, in Nine Books, and his Novum Organum, or Precepts for the Interpretation of Nature, by Joseph Devey, M.A., forms the new volume of Bohn's Scientific Li- brary. 274 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 176. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. Gmeun's Handbook of Chemistry. Inorganic Part. Arch/Eologia. Vols. III., IV., V., VI., VII., VIII., X., XXV 11., XXVIII., unbound. The History of Shenstone, by the Rev. H, Saunders. 4to. London. 1794. Lubbock's Elementary Treatise on the TroEs. Transaciions of the Microscopical Society of London. Vol. I., and Parts I. and II. of Vol. II. Cdrtis's Botanical Magazine. Igt and 2nd Series collected. Todd's Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology. Complete, or any Portion. Gladstone's (W. E.) Two Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen ON the State Prosecutions of the Neapolitan Govern- ment. 1st Edition. 8vo. Swift's Works. Dublin : G. Faulkner. 19 Vols. 8vo. 1768. Vol. I. Fubsuit of Knowledge under Difficulties. Original Edition. Vol. I. The Book of Adam. The Chhistian Magazine. Vol. for 1763. Pro Matrimonio Principis cum defunct* Uxoris Sorore contracto Kesponsum Juris Collegii Jurisconsultoriim in AcADEMiA Rintelensi (circa lfi55). _^^_ MoNNER Jurisconsult., db Matrimonio. Bruckner, de Matrimonio. *»■* Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send their names. •»* Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of " NOTES AND QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street. fi. *. The volume referred to is the well-known reprint of the First Edition of Shakspeare. Tyro. How can we address a letter to this Correspondent ? A. C. W. The yolk of an Egg is the yelk, or yellow of the egg. In Beaumont and Fletcher's Wife for a Month it is to written ; " like to poach'd eggs, That had the pelk suck'd out." See Richardson's Dictionary, s. v. Jarltzberg. The name Radical is only an abbreviated form of Radical Reformer, which was the title originally assumed by the political party now known as Radicals. C. E. B. (M. D.) Dublin. TIte Query shall be iinmediately in- serted, if forwarded. The former does not appear to have been received. Recnac. Douce (Illustrations of Shakspeare, vol. i. p. 301.), speaking of the passage " Sans teeth, sans eyes," Sfc, shows that the word sans, introduced into our language as early as the time of Chaucer, has sometimes received on the stage a French pro- nunciation, which in the time of Shakspeare it certainly had not. H.Henderson (Glasgow). Glass may be cemented for Photo- graphic Baths, SfC. with >eating.wax. We think our Correspondent would find Dr. Diamond's Collodion Process far simpler than that which he is following. Replies to Photographic Querists next week. Mr. Weld Taylor's Cheap Method of Iodizing Paper incur next Number. GooKiNS OP Ireland, and Bitton. Gloucestershire (Vol. vi., p. 239.).— Will J. F. F. allow me the favour of his address, to enable me to transmit to him some papers relating to the Gookins ? He will much oblige H. T. Ellacombe. Clyst St. George, Devon. Collection of Antiquities, Books, &c., of the late ED. PRICE, Esq., F.S.A. PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, during the present Month, the Interesting Collection of Antiquities of the late ED. PRICE, Esq., F.S.A., including many valuable Specimens of Roman, Saxon, and other Pottery, Coins, Ancient and MediiE- val Metal Work, and other interesting objects, many of which have been engraved in the various Archocological and Pictorial Journals, and have been the subject of frequent reference in "Notes and Queries." Catalogues will be sent on application. MR. GLADSTONE'S ELECTION. Just published in 8vo., price Is. A STATEMENT OF FACTS connected with THE ELECTION of the RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE as Member for the University of Oxford in 1847, and with his re-elections m 1852 and IS^'S, by SIR STAFFORD H. NOBTHCOTE, Bart., a Member of Mr. Gladstone's Committee. Oxford and London : J. H. PARKER. In ftp. 8vo., price 1«. 6d. ■peCLESIjE ANGLICANiE JPv Relirio, Disciplina, Ritusque Saeri : CO.'INI Episcopi Dunelmensis Opusculum. Accedunt Argumenta quasdam brevlora de Fide Catholica ae Reformatione Anglicana. In Appendice. Ecclesiae Anglicanje Catechis- mus. EdiditFREDRICUS MEYRICK,M.A., Coll. S. S. Trinitat. apud Oxon. Socius. Ozonii, apud J. H. PARKER. Just published, with Etchings, price Is. AN URGENT PLEA for the REVIVAL of TRUE PRINCIPLES of ARCHITECTURE in the PUBLIC BUILD- INGS of the UNIVERSITY of OXFORD. By GEORGE EDMUND STREET, F.S.A., Diocesan Architect for the Diocese of Oxford. Oxford and London : J. H. PARKER. A LITERARY CURIOSITY, sent Free by Post on receipt of Three Postage Stamps. A Fac-simile of a very re- markably Curious, Interesting, and Droll Newspaper of Charles II.'s Period. J; H. FENNELL, 1. Warwick Court, Holborn, London. Just published, price Is., free by post, Is. 6d. DIRECTIONS for Obtaining Positive and Negative Pictures, by the C(JLLODION PROCESS, and for Printing the Proofs in various Colours upon Paper, by T. HENNAH. The AMMCJNIO-IODIDE OF SILVER in Collodion, for taking Portraits or Views on Glass, cannot be surpassed in quickness or delicacy of .letail. CHEMICALS of absolute purity especially prepared for this Art. Every description of APPARATUS with the most recent improvements. Instruction given in the Art. DELATOUCHE.& CO., 147. Oxford Street. To Members of Learned Societies, Authors,&c. A SHBEE & DANGERFIELD, £i LITHOGRAPHERS, DRAUGHTS- MEN, AND PRINTERS, 18. Broad Court, Long Acre. A. & D. respectfully beg to announce that they devote particular attention to the exe- cution of ANCIENT AND MODERN FAC- SIMILES, comprising Autograph Letters, Deeds, Charters, Title-pages, Engravings, Woodcuts, &c., which they produce from any description of copies with the utmost accuracy, and without the slightest injury to the originals. Among the many purposes to which the art of Lithography is most successfully applied, may be specified, — ARCHAEOLOGICAL DRAWINGS, Architecture, Landscapes, Ma- rine Views, Portraits from Life or Copies, Il- luminated MSS., Monumental Brasses, Deco- rations, Stained Glass Windows, Maps, Plans, Diagrams, and every variety of illustrations requisite for Scientific and Artistic Publi- cations. PHOTOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS litho- graphed with the greatest care and exactness. LITHOGRAPHIC OFFICES, 18. Broad Court, Long Acre, London. TO BOOK BUYERS. — All Readers. Collectors, Librarians, and per- sons fond of Literature or Literary Inform- ation, should not delay sending for a Catalogue (gratis) published nearly every mrnth, of pur- chases of Books, Old and New, at extraordinary low prices, and in good condition, in every de- partment, English and Foreign, to THOMAS COLE, 15. Great Turnstile, Lin- coln's-inn-Fields, London. of^the JOURNAL OF THE PHOTO- t) GRAPHIC SOCIETY. Contents. Introductory Remarks.— Inaugural Meeting; of the Society Proceedings at the First Or- dinary Meeting.— Papers read : 1. Sir William J Newton upon Photography in an Artistic View ; 2. Mr. H. Fenton on the Objects of the Photographic Society ; 3. Dr. J. Percy on the Waxed-Paper Process. — Review and Corre- spondence. No. II. will be published on the last day of this Month. TAYLOR & FRANCIS, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. B ENNETT'S MODEL ■ , WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EX- HIBITION. No. 1. Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities , and adapted to all Climates, mav now be had at the MANU- FACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold. 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas ; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2?., 3?., and 4?. Ther- mometers from Is. each. BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observutory. the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Mar. 12. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES; 275 ■pOSSS PHOTOGRAPHIC XL PORTRAIT AND LANDSCAPE EeNSES.— These lenses give correct delinition at the centre and margin of the picture, and have their visual and chemical actmg foci coiucideut. Great Exhibition Jurors' Beports, p. 274. " Mr. Ross prepares lenses for Portraiture having the greatest intensity yet produced, by procuring the coincidence of tlie chemical ac- tinic and visual rays. The splierical aberra- tion is also very carefully corrected, both in the central and oblique pencils." " Mr. Ross has exliibited the best Camera in the Exhibition. It is furnished with a double achromatic object-lens, about three inches aperture. There is no stop, the field is flat, and the image very perfect up to the edge." Catalogues sent upon Application. A. ROSS, 2. Feathcrstone Buildings, High Holborn. TO PHOTOGRAPHERS. — MR. PHILIP DELAMOTTE begs to announce tliat he has now made arrangements for printing Calotypes in large or small quan- tities, either from Paper or Glass Negatives. Gentlemen who are desirous of liaving good im- Sressions of their works, may see specimens of Ir. Delamotte's Prirtting at his own residence, 38. Chepstow Place, Bayswater, or at MB. GEORGE BELL'S, 186. Fleet Street. PHOTOGRAPHY.— XYLO- IODIDE OF SILVER, prepared solely by R. W. THOMAS, has now obtained an European fame ; it supersedes the use of all other preparations of Collodion. Witness the subjoined Testimonial. " 122. Regent Street. " Dear Sir, —Tn answer to your inquiry of this morning. I have no hesitation in saying that your preparation of Collodion is incom- parably better and more sensitive than all the advertised CoUodio-Iodides. which, for my professional purposes, are quite useless when compared to yours. " I remain, dear Sir, " Youis faithfully. ^* ^. Hjknneman. Aug. 30, 1852. To Mr. R. W. Thomas." MR. R. "W. THOMAS begs most earnestly to caution photographers against purchasing im- pure chemicals, which are now too frequently Bold at very low prices. It is to this cause nearly always that their labours are unattended with success. Chemicals of absolute purity, especially pre- pared for this art, may be obtained from R. W. THOMAS, Chemist and Professor of Photo- graphy, 10. Pall Mall. N.E — The name of Mr. T.'s prenaration, Xylo-Todide of Silver, is made use of by un- principled persons. To prevent imposition each Dottle is stamped with a red label bearing the maker's signature. PHOTOGRAPHIC PIC- TURES.-a Selection of the above beautiful Productions may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photo- graphy in all its Branches. Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE St CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Esta- blishment. Also every description of Apparatus, Che- micals, &c. &c. used in this beautifiil Art. .— 123. and 121. Newgate Street. PHOTOGRAPHY. — Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of Silver).— J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, were the first in England who pub- lished the application of this agent (see Athe- lUKtwi, Aug. 14th). Their Collodion (price 9(/. per oz.) retains its extraordinary sensitive- ness, tenacity, and colour unimpaired for months : it may be exported to any climate, and the Iodizing Compound mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with the latest Improvements adapted for all the Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras for Developing in the open Country. GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Ijcnses from the best Makers. Waxed and Iodized Papers, &c. Just published, price 1»., free by Post Is. 4d., THE WAXED -PAPER PHO- TOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUSTAVE LE GRAYS NEW EDITION. Translated from the French. Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebrated Lenses for Portraits and Views. General DepOt for Turner's, Whatman's, Canson Fibres', La Croix, and other Talbotype Papers. Pure Photographic Chemicals. Instructions and Specimens in every Branch of the Art. GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London. PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.— Negative and Positive Papers of What- man's, Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Fr&res' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldiue Chambers, 13. Paternoster Row, London. WESTERN LIFE ASSU- RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, 3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. Founded A.D. 1842. Directors. H. E. Bicknell, Esq. W. Cabell, Esq. T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. MP. G. H. Drew, Esq. W, Evans, Esq. W. Freeman, Esq. F. Fuller, Esq. J. H. Goodhart, Esq. T Grissell, Esq. J. Hunt, Esq. J. A. Lethbridge, Esq. E. Lucas, Esq. J. Lys Seager, Esq. J. B. White, Esq. J. Carter Wood, Esq. Trustees. W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C. : L. 0. Humfrey, Esq., Q.C. ; George Drew, Esq. Physician William Rich. Basham, M.D. Banters. — Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. POLICIES effected in this Office do not be- come void through temporary difficulty in pay- ing a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Pro- spectus. Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100?., with a Share in three-fourtha of the Profits: — Age 17- 22 - 27- £ s. d. - 1 14 4 - 1 18 8 - 2 4 5 Age 32- 37- 42- 3 8 2 ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. Now ready, price 10s. 6rf., Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL IN- VESTMENT and E.MIGRATION: being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO- CIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Com- pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR- THUR SCRATCHLEY, M. A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parlia- ment Street, London. ESTLABLISHED 1841. mcEDXCAZi, xsrvjaOiXD, AND CrBxn:&a.:& XiZZ^B ozfFZCE, 25. PALL MALL. _ During the last Ten Tears, this Society has issued more than Four Tliousand One Hundred and Fifty Policies — Covering Assurances to the extent of 0«e Million Six Huwlred and Eightj/savcn Thou- sand PouTuJSf aiuX upwards Yielding Annual Premiums amounting to Seventy-three Thousand Founds. This Society is the only one possessing Tables for the Assurance of Diseased Lives. Healthy Lives Assured at Home and Abroad at lower rates than at most other Offices. A Bonus of 50 per cent, on the premiums paid was added to the policies at last Division. of Profits. Next Division in 1853— in which all Policies effected before 30th June, 1853, will participate. Agents wanted for vacant places. Prospectuses, Forms of Proposal, and every other information, may be obtained of the Secretary at the Chief Office, or on application to any of the Society's Agents in the coimtry. F. G. P. NEISON, Actuary. C. DOUGLAS SINGER, Secretary. UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY; established by Act of Parliament in 1834 8. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London. HONORARY PRESIDENTS. Earl of Courtown Earl Leven and Mel- ville Earl of Norbury Earl of Stair Viscount Falkland Lord Elphinstone Lord Belhaven and Stenton Wm. Campbell, Esq., of Tillichewan. LONDON BOARD. Chairman. — Charles Graham, Esq. Deputy-Chairman Charles Downes, Esq. H. Blair Avarne, Esq. E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., F.S.A., Resident. C. Berwick Curtis, Esq. William Fairlie, Esq. D. Q. Ilenriques, Esq. ,T. G. Henriques, Esq. F. C. Maitland, Esq. William Railton, Esq. F. H. Thomson, Esq. Thomas Thoiby,Esq. MEDICAL OFFICERS. Physician — Arthur II. Hassall, Esq., M.D., 8. Bennett Street, St. James's. Surgeon.— "E. H. Thomson, Esq., 48. Bemeis Street. The Bonus added to Policies from March. 1834, to December 31. 1847, is as follows : — Sum Assured. 5000 «1000 50» Time Assured. 14 years 7 years 1 year Sum added to Policy. In 1841. In 1848. Sum payable atJDeath. 11 50 £ s.d. 6470 16 8 1157 10 0 511 5 0 * Example. — At the commencement of the year 1 84 1 , a person aged thirty took out a Policy for lOOOi., the annual payment for which is •2il. Is. %d. ; in 1847 he had paid in premiums 168?. lis. 8rf. ; but the profits being 2f per cent, per annum on the sum insured (which is 22?. 10s. per annum for each 1000/.) he had 157?. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much as the premiums paid. The Premiums, nevertheless, are on themost moderate scale, and only one-half Tieed be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for Life. Every information will be afforded on apidieatlou to the Resideot XUieotor. 276 NOTES AND QUEKIES. [No. 176. HAWKINSON'S SEATONIAN PRIZE POEMS. Third Edition, fcap., cloth, price 7». POEMS. By THOMAS ED- WARDS HAWKINSON, M.A., late of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. London : T. HATCHARD, 187. Piccadilly. Just published. Twelfth Edition, price 7«. PROVERBIAL PHILOSOPHY- By MARTIN F. 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'' Fac-simile" Etchings of a Set of Drawings, showing the Fortifications, round London, as directed to be done by the Parliament in 1642. No. 1. Plan of the Fortifications 2. A Redoubt with two Flanks, near St. Giles' Pound ; a small Fort at East End of Tyburn Road i a large Fort, with four Half-Bulwarks, across the Tyburn Road - - - 3. A small Bulwark at Oliver's Mount, against Tyburn Brook 4. A large Fort, with four Bulwarks, on the Reading Road, beyond Tyburu Brook ; a small Redoubt and Bat- tery on the Hai from St. James's Park 5. A Court of Guard in Chelsea Road - 6. A Battery and Breastwork in Tothill Fields 7. A Quadrant Fort, with four high Breastworks, at Foxhall 8. A Fort, with four Half- Bulwarks, in St. George's Fields - - . 9. A large Fort, with four Bulwarks, at the end of Blackman Street - 10. A Redoubt, with four Flanks, at the end of Kent Street - - - 11. 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A HISTORY of INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, living and fossil, with Descriptions of all the Species, and Ab- stracts of the Systems of Ehrenberg, Duiardln, Klltzine. Siebold, &c. By ANDREW PRIT- CHABD, ESQ., M.R.I. Also, price 5s., A GENERAL HISTORY OF ANIMALCULES, with 500 Engravings. Also, price 8s. 6d., MICROGRAPHIA, or Prac- tical Essays on Microscopes. London : WHITTAKER & CO., Ave Maria Lane. Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London s and published by George Bem, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.- Saturday. March 12. 1853. NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION roB LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTiaUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. •' VBTben found, make a note of." — Captain Cuttle. No. 177.] Saturday, March 19. 1853. C Price Fourpence. I Stamped Edition, grf. CONTENTS. NoTBS : — Page Inedited Letters of General Green and of Washington, by Edward Foss .... - - 277 On a Passage in tlie " Domestic Arciiitecture of Eng- land : " Surnames, by Josepli Burtt - - - 278 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 280 Folk Lore : — The ancient Custom of Well-flowering— Devil's Marks in Swine— Festival of Baal - - 280 Lord Monboddo, by W. L. Nichols - • -281 St. Valentine 281 Minor Notes : — His Excellency David Hartley— The Life and Correspondence of S. T. Coleridge — An old Riddle — The Word " rather " — In Jesum Cruel affixum ...--.. 282 Queries : — Corbet Peerage, by Lord Monson ... 283 The Duke of Wellington a Marechal de France, by Henry H. Breen 283 Minor Queries: — Prophecy in Hovcden — A Skating Problem — " Rap and rend for " — " The wee brown Hen "— Deprived Bishops of Scotland, 1638— Passage In Carlyle — Madagascar Poetry — Ink — Hamilton Queries — Derivation of Windfall— Do the Sun's Rays put out the Fire? — Denmark and Slavery — Sponta- neous Combustion — Bucks, most ancient and honour- able Society of — Lines quoted by Charles Lamb— De- scendants of Dr. Bill— "The Rebellious Prayer" — Ravenshaw and his Works .... 284 Minor Queries with Answers: — Yolante de Dreux Bishop Francis Turner — Raleigh's History - . 286 Replies: — Epitaphs, by George S. Masters, Edw. Hawkins, &c. - 287 Throwing old Shoes for Luck, by W. Pinkerton, &c. . 288 Owen Glyndwr [Owen ap Griffith Vychan, Lord of Glyndwrdwy] ...... 288 Coleridge's Cliristabel : " Christobell, a Gothic Tale " - 292 Photographic Notes and Queries : — Economical Way of Iodizing Paper — Queries on Sir W. Newton's Pro- cess — Suggestion to Photographers ... 293 Replies to Minor Queries : — Portrait of Pope — Conundrum — Herbe's " Costume Frangais " — Curious Fact in Natural Philosophy — " Hand cum Jesu itis, qui itis cum Jesuitis " — Tradescant Family — Arms of Joan d'Arc— JudjEus Odor — Philip d'Auvergne— Dr. Parr's A.E.A.O. — Jewish Lineaments — Sotadio Verses — BelU at Funerals — Collar of SS. — Dr. Marshall — Shelton Oak—" God and the world" — Dreng— Meals — Richardson or Murphy .... 294 Miscellaneous : — Books and Odd Volumes wanted - Notices to Correspondents Advertisements .... • 298 - 298 - 299 INEDITED LETTERS OF GENERAL GREEN AND OP "WASHINGTON. The letters of great men are always interesting, more particularly when they are connected with important historical facts. I presume, therefore, that those I subjoin from General Washington and General Green will not be unwelcome to your readers. They were among the papers of an officer, long deceased, who at the time was aide-de-camp to Sir Guy Carlton, the commander-in-chief of our army in America ; and were, I presume, in- tercepted before they reached their respective destinations. " General Green to General WasMnsrton, « Sir, " Head Quarters on Ashley River, May 31st, 1782. V0L.VII. — No. 177. " I had the honor of informing your Excellency, in a letter of the 19th instant, that a dangerous spirit of discontent had been discovered in the army, and of the measures I took to suppress it. I am happy to inform you that this spii-it seems entirely to have subsided, as the persons who fomented it are removed at a distance from the troops : and, as we have now a prospect of some cloathing, and more comfortable supplies, I hope it will no more appear. "Your Excellency has been informed of the late important and interesting changes in the face of affairs. — The arrival of Sir Guy Carlton, and the change of ministers and measures, will open a new field of hopes for this country. How far we may be benefited by it, a little time will deter- mine ; but it will inevitably be attended with one bad consequence, as it will relax our preparation for a continuance of the war, which, to me, ap- pears extremely probable. General Leslie has made overtures, and a proposition for a suspension of hostilities ; I do myself the honor to inclose you copies of his letter, and my answer on the subject, from which you will see the ground on which it stands. I wait most anxiously for advices from Congress or your Excellency, by which my conduct in the business must be ultimately di- rected. I suppose this measure has been adopted 278 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 177. by Sir Guy Carlton, and proposed to your Excel- lency ; but, as I am entirely at a loss to know on what conditions, and what purposes it has to an- swer, I can form no conclusive opinion on its propriety. " I am sanguine that the operations against Jamaica will go on, notwithstanding the late mis- fortune, which seems to be rather a splendid than useful victory to the enemy. And as Count de Guichen, who has arrived with a considerable squadron, and taken the command of the com- bined fleets in the West Indies, is still much supe- rior to the British, we have good reason to hope the enterprise may succeed. " Inclosed, I transmit your Excellency the Re- port of Brigadier-General Wayne of a consi- derable skirmish In Georgia, wherein Lieut.-Col. Brown, with four or five hundred men, were defeated. The plan was judicious, and executed in a manner that does great honor both to the general and the troops. It will have very happy consequences in Impressing the Indians with an idea of our superior power, and in the destruction of their cavalry. " The enemy continue their camp, entrenched at the Quarter House, In a strong position. Tbeir patroles of horse, and ours, frequently go over the same ground. Captain Armsti'ong of the Legion, and Captain Gill of the fourth regiment, with about forty dragoons of Lieut.- Colonel Laurens's com- mand, fell In with a troop of their horse two days ago, and took an officer, eight men, and ten horses, without suffering any other injury than two men wounded. " With the highest esteem and regard, I have the honor to [be] Your Excellency's Most Obedient Humble Servant, Nath. Green. His Excellency, General Washington." " General Washington to Oovernor Livingston. " Head Quarters, Newburgh, July 3rd, 1782. "From the inclosed information of Captain Stevens, there is reason to apprehend the business of driving cattle to the enemy is carrying on with great art and assiduity ; it would be a happy cir- cumstance if the villains concerned in it could be detected. I have therefore to propose to your Excellency, that you will be pleased to take such {)recautions as you shall judge best calculated to earn whether any such cattle are passing In droves, or smaller parcels (for they may be divided on the road), to the enemy. " If your Excellency should hear of them before they turn off towards New York, I think it would be advisable to employ some trusty man or men to dog and follow them privately, until the fact is ascertained ; otherwise. It Is to be feared, no posi- tive proof of the intention of the people engaged in this infamous trade can be obtained. " I sincerely wish ev^ry practicable plan may be attempted for seizing the cattle, apprehending and bringing to condign punishment the men ; as this would tend essentially to frustrate the insidi- ous schemes of our enemies, as well as deter their other agents from similar practices. " I have the honor to be. With perfect respect, Your Excellency's Most Obedient Servant, Go. Washingtox. "P. S. — I am honor'd with your Excellency's letter of the 24th June. " His Excellency Gov. Livingston." Edward Foss. ON A PASSAGE IN THE " DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF ENGLAND." SURNAMES. In this work, to the justly high character of which I need scarcely refer, the " General Re- marks" relating to the periods under consider- ation are full of information of the most interesting kind, as they often contain illustrations of manners and customs not to be met with elsewhere. In a portion of the "Remarks" illustrative of the thirteenth century, showing the difficulty and Insecurity of travelling at that time (pp. 120 — 122.), there is, however, an Incorrect rendering of an extract from an original document ; and this error seriously affiscts the "illustration" afforded by it. As I am in some degree personally in- volved In the matter, having supplied the material in its original shape, I may perhaps be permitted fully to explain and correct the passage. My only regret is, that I had not the opportunity of calling my friend's attention to the subject before the sheets were finally struck off. The extract is from an Account of the Chamberlain of Chester, 29—30 Edw. I., showing how the sum of 1000?. was transmitted from Chester to London, After referring to the convoy for the treasure : " It was not sufficient, however," says the late Mr. Turner, "tliat the money should be protected; in the absence of hostels, except in towns, it was necessary to secure the guards from hunger. Therefore they were accompanied hy two cooks, who provided ' a safe lodg- ing' daily for the money ^ and, as a matter of course, provided for the culinary necessities of its conductors." It will be seen that upon the word rendered " cooks " depends the whole value of this passage, Mak. 19. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 279 a.3 evidence of the road-side necessities of the period. That word, however, does not bear such a construction ; although, at first sight, nothing -would be more natural than to render it so. It is "written in the original "cok','' contracted ; and to those conversant with mediaeval Latin, it is known "to express "cokinus — coquinus," Gallice " co- -quin : " a word derived from " coquus," and not that word itself. It occurs commonly enough in the Royal Wardrobe Accounts, and means simply " a messenger." * For those who have not the •opportunity of referring to original documents, there is a very good account of the persons so designated supplied by the Liber quotidianus Con- irarotulcdoris Garderohce, anno 28 Edw. /., edited by John Topham, Esq., in 1787, from the original in the library of the Society of Antiquaries. It is referred to in the note to the Post Olfice Report as containing the words Cokinus, Nuncius, and Oarcio, used apparently in one sense. At p. 280. is an account of payments under the heading '*' Tituhis de expens' nuncior' et cok' Regis Ed- Tvardi," &c., and in the glossary this explanation 'Of the word is given : " Cokinus, Coquinus ' Homo vilisslmus nee nisi infimis coquinte ministerils iiatus,' says Ducange. Charpentier adds beggar. Here it means the Jo west kind of messengers or errand-boys, like sculls or scul- lions in colleges." But this is too low an estimate of the class. Having disposed of this passage, I wish now to ■draw the attention of your readers who have taken part or interest in the late discussion in your pages upon certain surnames, to the bearing which this extract, and others expressive of the indivi- duals there referred to, has upon that numerous series of names ending in " cock ; " about which so many, and, for these regenerate days, some singular suggestions have been made. The dis- cussion was, I believe, commenced in the Gentle- man's Magazine for May, 1837; and, in the num- ber for the same month in the following year, -J. G. N. suggested that many of those names might be referred to forms of " Coc, koc, le coq, which occur in records as abbreviations of coquus, •cocus — cook." How cavalierly the suggestions thus afforded by Mr. Urban's pages were treated by Mr. Lower, * In the Report from the Select Committee (of the House of Commons) on the Post Office in 1844, Sir F. Palgrave makes the following note on the word Co- Mnus, which occurs in some documents supplied to the Committee, and printed in their Appendix : " The word Coliinus, in the Wardrobe Accounts of the latter half of the thirteenth century, is used to signify a ' messenger ; ' but in what the Cokinus dif- fered from the Nuncius and the Gareio — the other terms employed in their accounts to signify the bearers of letters or messages — does not appear. your readers will see who refer to the pages of that gentleman's work upon English Surnames^ indicated in the author's last communication to you (" N. & Q ," Vol. v., p. 509.). But their faith in the improvement " N. & Q." has so greatly con- tributed to effect in such matters, will not how- ever let them be deterred by the terms there used from pursuing the_ subject. It will be seen that my present contribution will modify the view taken by J. G. N., but also, to a considerable extent, support it. I am not aware that any attempt has been made to show how early these names were used. I cau refer to several instances of the names " Wilcoc" or " Willecok," and " Badecok," two complete examples of the kind, in the documents of the reign of Edward I. Those of your readers who are members of the Camden Society have now before them a copy of a document in v/hich the first of those names occurs several times. I refer to the small House- hold Roll of John of Brabant while at the English, court, which is printed in the last volume of the Camden Society's Miscellany. No one doubts that by far the greater part of the names in question were originally corrupted forms of Christian names, with a suffix. Mr. Lower has done good service in showing thus much. And any one who refers to the list in the Royal Wardrobe Account of 28 Edw. I., and espe- cially those who can also consult other similar manuscripts, will admit that it would be quite possible that any Christian name might have beefti so used ; so numerous must have been the class of persons called " cokini." I will not further tres- pass upon your space with specimens of names so manufactured, as they can be formed with ease upon the first name "Wilcoc" from " Wille le cok,"' — the contracting mark being dropped. The final letter " k " is of importance, as distinguish- ing the derivative from the parent word "coquus;" from what period, and why., is doubtful. That there is but little early documentary evidence of the names in their complete state, might be attri- buted to the inferior class of the individuals so designated. Mr. Lower's sole explanation of the terminal in question is, that it Is a diminutive like " kin ; " and in justice to that view, I must not pass over the evidence afforded by the Brabant Roll of a case where the two names seem to be interchanged. One of Prince John's pages Is named on the roll "Hankin" (p. 7. line 3.) ; while, on the Wardrobe Account three years previous, where the servants are specified by name, "Hancock" is there, who is most likely the same person. It will ako be seen, that whereas In the Wardrobe Account the armourer's name is " Giles," and the barber's " "Walter" (see notes to the Brabant Roll), the foreit;u scribe of the account dubs them " Gllki.u" 280 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 177. and " "Woterkin." In following up bis argument upon this subject, Mr. Lower speaks of a person being called " Little Wilcock," as an instance of complete tautology : if, however, it is meant by this (as it seems to be), that a diminutive name was only applied to a diminutive in person, or only expressed such a one, I am sure he will find very many differ from him, as affection or familiarity was at least as likely to have originated its use. Tims, Peter de 'Gaveston would surely not be deprived of his knightly fame because he was called by Prince Edward "Perot" (Pierrote a Pierre). Thus also came "Amyot" from Amy, " Launcelot" from Laui-ence, " Gillot" from Giles. And " kin" has as much right to be so considered. But there being already these two diminutives in ordinary use as to names of persons, there surely was no occasion to apply to the same purpose a syllable which (with a mark of contraction) cer- tainly had a direct meaning, and expressed a vocation ; and which has very rarely been other- wise used in a diminutive sense. My object is not so much to advocate any par- ticular solution as regards these names, as to submit evidence bearing upon the subject, with such explanations as have occurred to me. Joseph Burtt. SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE. The habit of this celebrated author, to annotate in the margins of books which he was reading, must be well known to many of the subscribers of " N. & Q." I have in my possession a curious little volume of notes, &c. in Mr. Coleridge's handwriting, of course very highly prized, from which extracts were made in vol. i. pp. 274-5., &c. of Coleridge's Literary Remains, collected and edited by his nephew, H. N. Coleridge, Esq., 4 vols., 1836 : Pickering. But, in addition to this volume, I have a few with S. T. Coleridge's pencillings in the margins. The following is selected from Dr. Parr's cele- brated Spital Servian, and is appended to one of his (Dr. Parr's) notes, wherein he says : " Upon the various effects of superstition, where it has spread widely and thriven long, we can reason from facts. But in the original frame of the human mind, and in the operation of all those usual causes which re- gulate our conduct or affect our happiness, there seems to he a most active, constant, and invincible principle of resistance to the approaohments of atheism. ' All nature cries aloud ' against them, ' through all her works,' not in speculation only, but in practice." Mr. Coleridge's annotation upon the foregoing opinion of the learned Doctor is as follows ; and I select it as a specimen of Coleridge's astonishing recollection of any opinions he had formerly pro- mulgated, which might have called any laxity of principle, religious, moral, or political. Into doubt, and of his extreme anxiety to refute or explain them : " I never had even a doubt in my being concerning the supreme Mind ; but understand too sufficiently the difficulty of any intellectual demonstration of his exist- ence, and see too plainly how inevitably the principles of many pious men (Locke, Priestley, Hartley, even. Archbishop King) would lead to atheism by fair pro- duction of consequences, not to feel in perfect charity with all good men, atheist or theist ; and, let me add, though I now seem to feel firm ground of reason under my belief in (jod, not gratefully to attribute my uniform past theism more to general feeling than to depth of understanding. Within this purpose I hope that, without offence, I may declare my conviction, that in the French Revolution atheism was an effect, not a cause; that the same wicked men, under other circumstances and fashions, would have done the same things as Anabaptists within Munster, or as Inquisitors- among the South American Indians; and that athelsnv from conviction, and as a ruling inotive and impulse (in which case only can it be fairly compared with superstition), is a quiescent state, and per se harmless to all but the atheist himself. Rather is it that over- whelming preference of experimental philosophy, which, by smothering over more delicate perceptions, and de- bilitating often to impotence the faculty of going into ourselves, leads to atheism as a conscious creed, and in its extreme is atheism in its essence. This rather is, I should deem, the more perilous, and a plainer and better object for philosophical attack. O ! bring back Jack the Giant Killer and the Arabian Nights to our cliildren, and Plato and his followers to new men, and let us have chemistry as we have watchmakers or sur- geons (I select purposely honourable and useful call- ings), as a division of human labour, as a worthy profession for a few, not as a glittering master-feature of the education of men, women, and children. — S. T. C." J. M. G. Worcester. FOLK LORE. The ancient Custom of Well-flowering. — At Tis- sington, near Ashbourne, Derbyshire, annually, on Ascension Day, a beautiful ceremony called the " well-flowering " takes place ; and in it Psalms used by the Church of England are partially em- ployed. It Is a popular recognition of the value of those " perpetual fountains which gush out from below the dry wolds and limestone hills, bearing life and beauty on their course, — objects," i-emarks Professor Phillips In his admirable work on The Rivers, Mountains, and Sea Coasts of Yorkshire (recently published), "on which rustic love and admiration may tastefully bestow the emblematic flowers and grateful songs, which constituted a pleasing form of popular worship in the earlier ages of the world." Perhaps some correspondents of "N. & Q." may be enabled to mention, other Mar. 19. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 281 villages besides Tisslngton in which this innocent iand pleasing custom is still observed. I am aware that there are many places, especially in the north of England, in which a rustic celebration takes place annually at wells sacred from olden time ; but is not the " well-flowering" a distinct custom? Wm. Sii>nex Gibson. Newcastle. Devil" s Marks in Swine.— '^Wc don't kill a pig ■every day," but we did a short time since ; and after its hairs were scraped off, our attention was directed to six small rings, about the size of a pea, and in colour as if burnt or branded, on the inside of each fore leg, and disposed curvilinearly. Our labourer informed us with great gravity, and ■evidently believed it, that these marks were caused by the pressure of the devil's fingers, when he ■entered the herd of swine which immediately ran violently into the sea. — See Mark v. 11 — 15.; Luke viii. 22. 33. Tee Bee. Festival of Baal — The late Lady Baird, of Ferntower, in Perthshire, told me that, every year .at "Beltane" (or the 1st of May), a number of men and women assembled at an ancient druidical ■ Ellis's Specimens, vol. i. p. 73. : " The chrystal turneth into glass In state that it rather was." Here we have the adverbial form ; but in Chaucer's Troilus and Creseide, iii. 1342., we find the adjec- tival form : " But now to purpose of my rather speech," where, according to .the principle laid down by Dr. Latham, in his English Language, p. 262.,, 2nd edit., we should, I suppose, pronounce it rayther. This word has sustained various modifications- of meaning, but they are in general easily deducibl& from the original signification : e.g. the phrase "I had rather " is easily explained, as far as the word rather is concerned ; for that v/hich we do more quickly, we do preferably. But in such expres- sions as " I am rather tired," equivalent to " I am a little tired," the explanation is not so obvious. In this case rather seems to mean " In a greater degree than otherwise." Now, in such sentences \ as " I am glad you are come, the rather that I have- work for you to do," rather seems to require the signification " in a greater degree ;" and may we not therefore explain the case in question as an elliptical expression for "rather than not?" If Mar. 19. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 283 so, is it not a solitary instance of such a construc- tion in our language ? Perhaps some of your cor- respondents can inform me, at what period this use of the word was introduced ; for it is doubtless a modern innovation. Ekica. Warwick. In Jesum Cruci affixum. — " Afiixus llgno, Salvalor, crimina mundi Abstersit, patiens jussa cruenta necis; Aspicite ut languoie decus, turpescere membra, Intimus ut scse prodat in ore dolor ; Auditus saxis, intellectusque ferarum Sensibus, inventos Spiritus seger abit Splendida per tenebras, subito simulacra coruscant, Ardentesque micant per freta longa faces ; Pro servis dominus moritur, pro sontibus insons, Pro ajgroto raedicus, pro grege pastor obit,. Pro populo nex mactatur, pro milite ductor, Proque opera ipse opifex, proque homine ipse Deus : Quid servus, sons, segrotus, quid grex, popuhisque, Quid miles, quid opus, quidve homo solvat ? Amet." ' The present holy season has brought to my re- collection the above beautiful lines, which wei'C shown up some fifty years ago, for long copy, by a schoolfellow at Blun dell's scliool, Tiverton, and copied into my scrap-book. I think they are from the Poemata of Joannes Audoenus, but am not sure of it ; of this, however, I am sure, they can- not be better made known to the world than by your excellent publication. Wiijliam Cou^yns. Harlow. ^ntxiti. COKBET PEERAGE. Sarah, widow of Sir Vincent Corbet, Bart., was created (23rd October, 1679) Viscountess Corbet, of Linchlade, co. Bucks, for her natural life ; and in the patent the preamble runs, — that his Ma- jesty Charles II., " Having taken into his royal consideration the great worth and merits of the trusty and well-beloved Sarah Lady Corbet, together with the faithful services of the late Sir Vincent Corbet, grants," &c. This evidently explains but little of the real reason both of the grant and its limitation. Lady Corbet had, besides four daughters, two sons then living : both in turns succeeded to the baronetcy. If the peerage were a reward for the services of the late Sir Vincent (those services, indeed, consisting in his having been completely routed by Sir Will Brereton at ITantwich, and afterwards with six troops of horse taken by surprise at Drayton, fol- lowed eventually by fine and sequestration), — if, I say, for these services, nineteen years after the Restoration, and certainly three after Sir Vincent's own death, the peerage were bestowed on his widow, then why was it limited for her life ? Why was the unusual course taken of actually excluding- the succession of the issue, who naturally should have been the recipients of the honour ? We may conclude, therefore, the motive was personal favour, " the great worth and merits " of Lady- Corbet in fact, as the patent first asserts ; but then the Query arises what these were. Tra- dition says Lady Corbet was a beauty and a fa- vourite (the term may be understood) at a pro- fligate court, and the peerage was . the reward 7 but I cannot discover that this is more than tra- dition, and have never found any corroborative authority even among the many scandalous his- tories of the time, and I am most desirous to know if any such evidence can be given. It may be as well to add that in 1679 Lady Corbet was sixty-six years of age; but we may presume she still had attractions (unless these were only her rank) from the fact that two months- later she remarried Sir Charles Lee of Billesley. MoNSON". Gatton Park. THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON A MAUECHAL DE PEANCE. The Revue Britannique, in its Number for November, 1852, under the head of '' Nouvelley des Sciences," gives an account of the Duke of Wellington's funeral, and enumerates the titles of the illustrious deceased, as proclaimed on the occa- sion by Garter King-at-Arms. The writer marks in Italics those of Due de Brunoy en France^ Mare- chal de France, and Chevalier du Saint- Esj)rit, and then appends these remarks : " Que le titre de Due de Brunoy ai^ ete donne re- ellement par Louis XVIII. a Lord Wellington, c'est croyable. Le roi pouvait creer ce duche en sa faveur, sans blesser aueune susceptibilite militaire. Mais que ce prince politique ait pu nommer Marechal de France un general etranger, auqiiel il preferait donner le cor- don du Saint-Esprit, plutot que la simple croix de la Legion-d'Honneur, qu'on cherche en vain dans la list? des Ordres dont Lord Wellington fut deeore, c'est plus difficile a croire, a moins que cette nomination n'ait eu lieu avec des reserves et des conditions de secret, qui auraient fort peu satisfait celui qu'on supposait, sans doute, ambitieux d'un pareil honneur, puisque on le lui ofTrait. Le nombre des Marechaux fut limite et non augmcnte sous la Restoration. Louis XVIII. crea une Marechale, il est vrai ; — Si Lord Wellington fut nomme Marechal, ce titre, restreint a une qualifi- cation honorifique, comme celle de la veuve de Moreau, ne put jamais lui conferer aucun rang dans I'armee Fran^aise. Je somme ici le roi d'armes Jarretiere de vouloir bien produire le diplome du noble due." No man ever stood less in need of foreign order* than the Duke of Wellington ; and no man ever 284 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 177. had so many of them conferred upon him. As he was the last to assume a title that did not belong to him, so he would have been the first to repu- diate any such pretension, if put forward by others on his behalf. Allow me therefore to ask, Would it be inconsistent with what is due to the memory of the great Duke, or with our sense of national honour, to undertake the task of clearing up the doubts thus thrown out respecting his claim to the title of Marechal de France ? I believe these doubts have been repeated in other French jour- nals, and that no reply has yet been made to them by the English press. Henry H. Bbeen. St. Lucia. Prophecy in Hoveden. — I should be extremely obliged if any one of your numerous readers would give me the following information. In the ac- count given by Hoveden (p. 678. of the Frankfort edition of Sir H. Savile's Scriptores post Bedani) of the proceedings during the stay of Richard I. at Messina, that author says : " Then was fulfilled the prophecy which was found written in ancient characters on tablets of stone, near a vill of the King of England, which is called ' Here,' and which King Henry gave to William Fitz-Stephen. Ifere the said William built a new house on a pin- nacle, on which he placed the figure of a stag, which is supposed to have been done that the said prophecy might be fulfilled, which was to the following effect : * Whan thu seches in Here hert yreret. Than sulen Engles in three be ydeled. That han sal into Yrland altolate waie, That other into Puille mid prude bi seue, The thridde into Airhahen herd alle wreken drechegen.' " This is evidently full of typographical errors, and may be more correctly set forth in the En- glish edition of 1596, which I have not at hand. I therefore wish for information on these points : 1. What is the correct version of this prophecy, and where may it be found ? 2. AVhat place is meant by " Here?" I need hardly say that I have no difficulty as to the first two lines : " When you see a hart reared (erected) in Here, then shall England be divided into three parts." J. H. V. A Skating Problem. — The motto of your paper is, " When found, make a note of it." Here then is one for you. In several of my skating excursions I have ob- served, and noted it to others, that ice of just suffi- cient strength to bear any one in skates standing upon it, will instantly break if tried by the same person without having skates on. I don't know if any of your readers have made the same discovery: if so, can they explain the cause ? If, on the con- trary, any are incredulous enough to doubt the fact, I would recommend them to test the truth of my statement by a personal trial, before they pass a hasty judgment on the subject. A Skater. ^^Rap and rend for T — In Dryden's Prologue to The Disappointment, or the Mother in Fashion, we find these lines: " Our women batten well on their good nature All they can rap and rend for the dear creature." " All they can rap and run for " Is the more fre- quent colloquial version of this quaint phrase. In Chaucer's " Chanones Yeman's Tale " it stands thus : " But wasten all that ye may rape and renne." And to this last word Tyrwhit, in his Glossary, gives " rend ? " with a mark of interrogation, as doubtful of the meaning. Johnson gives it " rap and rend," and quotes a line of Hudibras : " All they could rap and rend and pilfer : " and adds, " more properly, rap and ran ; jiaepan, Sax., to bind, and 7-ana, Icelandic, to plunder." The question is, are we to accept this phrase in the sense it is commonly used, to seize and plunder ; or have later and better philologists mended the version ? The context in Chaucer does not seem to war- rant the interpretation given by Tyrwhit. The narrator is warning his hearers against the rogue- ries of alchemy : " If that your eyen cannot seen aright, Loketh that youre mind lacke not his sight. For tho' ye loke never so brode and stare, Ye shul not win a mite on that chaffare, But wasten all that ye may rape and renne. Withdraw the fire, lest it to faste brenne ; Medleth no more with that art, I mene ; F'or if ye don, your thrift is gon ful clene." M. " The wee brown Hen" — Can any of your cor- respondents oblige me with a copy of the old Jacobin song, the " Wee brown Hen ? " It begins thus : " I had a wee brown hen, And she had a wee brown tap, And she gaed out in the mornin' For to fill her crap. The violets were her coverin'. And everything was her care. And every day she laid twa eggs, And Sundays she laid mair. Och ! they micht hae letten her be. For every day she laid twa eggs, And Sundays she laid three." The words are very old, and conveyed a certain religious and political allusion. I know the tune Mar. 19. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 285 of it, and I sball take it as a favour to be furnished with a correct version of the song. Fras. Crossley. Deprived Bishops of Scotland, 1638. — Neither Bishop Keith, with all his industry (in his Hist. Catal. of the Scottish Bishops^, nor subsequent ecclesiastical writers on the same subject, appear to have been able to mention the period of the deaths of nearly all those prelates deprived of their sees in 1638. The researches of late years may, perhaps, have been more successful, and in that hope I now venture to inquire when and where the lives of the following Scottish bishops came to a close : — 1. David Lindsay, Bishop of Edinburgh. 2. Alex. Lindsay, Bishop of Dunkeld. 3. Adam Ballenden, Bishop of Aberdeen. 4. John Guthrie, Bishop of Moray. 5. James Fairly, Bishop of Argyle. 6. Neil Campbell, Bishop of the L North Wales, a village much frequented not only, by tourists, but by holiday-makei-s from all tho^ surrounding districts ; for whose especial benefit I. conceive the epitaph to have been written : " Our life is but a summer's day. Some only breakfast, and away ; Others to dinner stay, and are full fed ; The oldest man but sups, and goes to bed. Large his account, who lingers out the day: Who goes the soonest, has the least to pay." George S. Masters. Welsh Hampton, Salop. " The bathos can no further go" (Vol. vii,, p.5.).- Inscription copied, Nov. 21, 1833, from a tombstone to a fisherman in Bathford churchyard. « He drags no more, bis nets reclin'd, And all his tackle left behind, His anchors cast within the veil, No storms tempestious him assail. ^ In peace he rest — a?i Jesus plain , Reader /here lies — an honest man, A husband —father — friend — compeer — To all — who knew him — truely dear. Search the Great Globe ! — How few, alas! ] Are worthy now to — take his place." B. H. 1805." Some rural wag had substituted with his pencil 288 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. m. three words for the last three, which certainly rhymed better with alas ! E. D. Allow me to send you one of much merit, founded upon the same metaphor as those inserted at the page above quoted : *' Life's like an inn where travellers stay ; Some only breakfast, and away : Others to dinner stay, and are full fed ; The oldest man but sups, and goes to bed. Hard is his lot who lingers out the day ; Who goes the soonest has the least to pay." Edw. Hawkins. THROWING OLD SHOES FOB LUCK. (Vol. ii., p. 196.; Vol. v., p. 143. ; Vol.vii., p. 182.) Some light may perhaps be thrown on this mysterious custom by the following quotation from the Refutation des Opinions de Jean Wier, by Bodin, the celebrated French jurisconsult, and author of the Demonomanie des Sorciers (Paris, 1586), to the quarto edition of which the Refuta- tion is generally found attached. It may be neces- sary to observe, for the benefit of those unac- quainted with demoniacal lore, that Wier, though a pupil of Cornelius Agrippa, and what would be now-a-days termed exceedingly superstitious, was far in advance of his age, and the first to assert that some, at least, of the many persons who were then burned for sorcery were merely hypochon- driacs and lunatics, — fitter subjects for the care of the physician than the brand of the executioner. This heterodox opinion brought upon him a crowd of antagonistic replies, and amongst them the Refutation of Bodin. During a cursory examin- ation ofWier's voluminous demonological works (De Lamiis Libe?' ; Item de Commentatiis Jejuniis ; J)e Preestigiis Demonum, et Incantationibus ac Veneficiis : Basil, 1583), I have not met with the passage underneath referred to by Bodin ; but, no doubt, if time permitted, a closer search would discover it : " II se mocque aussi d'une Sorciere, a qui Sathan commanda de garder bien ses vieux souliers, pour un preservatif, et contre-charme centre les autre Sorciers. Je dy que ce conseil de Sathan a double sens, les sou- liers signifient les pechez, comme estas tousiours trainnez par les ordures. Et quand Dieu dist a Moyse et a Josue, oste tes souliers, ce lieu est pur, et sainct : il entendoit, comme diet Philon Hebrieu, qu'il faut bien nettoyer son ame de peehes, pour contempler et louer Dieu. Mais pour converser avec Sathan, il faut estre souille, et plonge en perpetuelle impietez et mechance- tez : alors Sathan assistera a ses bons serviteurs. Et quand aux sens literal, nous avons diet que Sathan fait ce qu'il peut, pour destourner les hommes de la fiance de Dieu aux creatures, qui est la vraye definition de I'idolatrie, que les Theologiens ont baillie: tellement que qui croira, que ses vieux souliers, ou les bilets, et autres babioles qu'il porte, le peut garder de mal, il est perpetuelle idolatrie. " W. PlNKERTON^ Ham. It will, I fear, be difficult to discover a satis- factory answer to Lord Braybrooke's questions on these two points. They cannot certainly be traceable to a Pagan origin, for Cupid is always pourtrayed barefooted ; and there is not, I believe, a single statue to be found of a sandaled Venus.^ I can certainly direct his Lordship to one author, a Christian author, St. Gregory of Tours, whc refers to a curious practice, and seemingly one well recognised, of lovers presenting shoes, as they now do bouquets, to the objects of their affection : " Cumqu, ut estate huic convenit, amori se puellari- prEBStaret aflTabiblem, et cum poculis frequentibus etiam- calceamenta deferret." — Gregor. Turon. Ex Vitis Pa- trum, vol. ii. p. 449. : see also same page, note 3. W. B. MacCabe. Allow me to inform Lord Bratbrooke that the custom of throwing a shoe, taken from the left foot, after persons for good luck, has been prac- tised in Norfolk from time immemorial, not only at weddings, but on all occasions where good luck is required. Some forty years ago a cattle dealer desired his wife to " trull her left shoe arter him," when he started for Norwich to buy a lottery- ticket. As he drove off on his errand, he looked round to see if she performed the charm, and con- sequently he received the shoe in his face, with such force as to black his eyes. He went and bought his ticket, which turned up a prize of 600/. ; and his son has assured me that his father always attributed his luck to the extra dose of shoe; which he got. E. G, R. The custom of throwing an old shoe after a per- son departing from home, as a mode of wishing him good luck and prosperity in his undertakings is not confined to Scotland and the northern counties, nor to weddings. It prevails more or less, I believe, throughout the kingdom. I have seen it in Cheshire, and frequently in towns upon the sea-coast. I once received one upon my shoulder, at Swansea, which was intended for a young sailor leaving his home to embark upon a trading voyage. Edw. Hawkins; OWEN GLTNDWR [oWEN AP GRIITITH VTCHAN^ LORD OF GLYNDWRDWr]. (Vol. vii., p. 205.) The arms referred to by Mr. Woodward are. those on the great seal and privy seal of " the irregular and wild Glendower," as Prince of AVales, Mae. 19. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 289 attached to two documents deposited in the Hotel Soubise, at Paris, in the Cartons I. 623. and I. 392., relating, it is supposed, to the furnishing of troops to the Welsh prince by Charles VI., king of France. Casts of these seals were taken by the indefati- gable Mr. Doubleday, to whom the Seal depart- ment of the British Museum, over which he presides, is so much indebted ; and impressions were exhibited by Sir Henry Ellis at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries, on the 12th of Decem- ber, 1833. Engravings of them, accompanied by the following notice, were communicated by Sir Henry to the Archeeologia, and will be found in that publication, vol. xxv. plate Ixx. fig. 2, 3. page 616., and ibid. pp. 619, 620. : " The great seal has an obverse and reverse. On the obverse Owen is represented, with a bifid beard, very similar to Rich. II., seated under a canopy of Gothic tracery : the half body of a wolf forming the arms of Iiis chair on each side : the background is ornamented with a mantle semee of lions, held up by angels. At his feet are two lions. A sceptre is in his right hand, but he has no crown. The inscription : ' OwENus .... Princeps Wali.ie.' On the re- verse of the great seal Owen is represented on horse- back, in armour; in his right hand, which is extended, he holds a sword, and with his left his shield, charged with, Quarterly, four lions rampant ; a drapery, pro- bably a kerchief de plesaunce, or handkerchief won at a tournament, pendant from his right wrist. Lions rampant also appear upon the mantle of the horse. On his helmet, as well as on his horse's head, is the Welsh dragon [passant]. The area of the seal is diapered with roses. The inscription on this side seems to fill the gap upon the obverse : ' Owenus Dei gratia . . . Wali-ie.' " The privy seal represents the four lions rampant towards the spectator's left, on a shield, surmounted by an open coronet [crown]: the dragon''' of Wales, as a supporter, on the dexter side ; on the sinister, a lion. The inscription seems to have been * Sigillum Oweni Principis Walhe.' No impression of this seal is pro- bably now to be found either in Wales or England. Its workmanship shows that Owen Glyndwr possessed a taste for art beyond the types of the seals of his pre- decessors." The dragon is a favourite figure with Cambrian bards ; and, not to multiply instances, the fol- lowing lines may be cited from the poem of the * This supporter, and the crest, as also the supporter which I shall mention presently, attached to the re- spective shields of Arthur Prince of Wales, and of Henry Prince of Wales, sons of Henry VII., is in fact a Wyvern, having, like the dragon, a tail resem- bling that of a snake, but differing from the dragon in the omission of the two hind legs. The supporter in respect of Wales, afterwards alluded to as assumed by the English monarchs of the House of Tudor, was a dragon strictly. '* Hirlas Horn," by Owen Cyfeilioc, Prince of Powys Wenwynwyn, — " Mathraval's'" Lord, the Poet and the Prince," father of Gwenwynwyn, Prince of Powys Wen- wynwyn (the Gwenwen of Sir Walter Scott's Betrothed)'. — " A dytwc i Rufut waywrutelyn Gwin a gwydyr goleu yn ei gylchyn * Dragon Arwystli arwystyl tervyn Dragon Owein hael o hil Kynvyn •{• Dragon iw dechren ac niw dychryn cat Cyvlavan argrat cymyw erlyn." Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales: London, 1801, 8vo., vol. i. p. 265. " And bear to Grufydd, the crimson-lanced foe, Wine with pellucid glass around it ; The Dragon of Arwstli, safeguard of the borders, The Dragon of Owen, the generous of the race of Cynvyn, A Dragon from his beginning, and never scared by a conflict Of triumphant slaughter, or afflicting chase." Gray, whose "Bard" indicates the inspiration with which he had seized the poetry and tradi- tions of the Cymri, thus refers to the red dragon as the cognizance of the Welsh monarchs, in his Triumphs of Owen [ap Griffith, Prince of North Wales] : " Dauntless, on his native sands, The Dragon, son of Mona, stands ; In glittering arms and glory dress'd High he rears his ruby crest." The dragon and lion have been attributed to the Welsh monarchs, as insignia, from an early period, and the former is ascribed, traditionally, to the great Cadwallader. In the Archeeologia, vol. xx. p. 579. plate xxix. p. 578., are descriptions of engravings of the im : pressions of two seals appendant to charters of Edward, son of Edward IV., and Arthur, son of Henry VII., as Princes of Wales, the ob- verse of each bearing three lions in pale passant, reguardant, having their tails between their legs, reflected upon their backs, upon a shield sur- ■* Mathraval, in the vale of Meifod, in Montgomery- shire, the palace of the sovereigns of Powys, erected by Rhodri Mawr, King of Wales : " Where "Warnway [Vwrnwy] rolls its waters under- neath Ancient Mathraval's venerable walls, Cyveilioc's princely and paternal seat." Southey's Madoc. f Cynfyn, father of Bleddyn, King of Powys, by his consort Angharad, Queen of Powys, derived from Mervyn, King of Powys, third son of Rhodri Mawr (the Great), King of all Wales, progenitor of the three Dynasties of North Wales, South Wales, and Powys : " chi fu di noi E de' nostri avi illustri il ceppo vechlo." 290 NOTES AND QUEEIES. [No. 177. mounted by a cap of maintenance : Prince Ed- beard's shield has on each side a lion as a sup- porter, holding single feathers, with the motto ■" Ich dien." On Prince Arthur's seal, the feathers are supported by dragons. Thomas William King, Rouge Dragon, in a letter to Sir Samuel Mey- rick, dated 4th September, 1841, published in the ArchcBologia, vol. xxix. p. 408., Appendix, regards the lion*s on these shields as the ensigns attributed at the period of the seals to certain Welsh princes, and the dragon as the badge of Cadwallader. In a MS. (for reference to which I am indebted io the courtesy of Sir Frederick Madden), which was recently sold at Sotheby's, containing trans- lations by Johannes Boerius, presented to Henry, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VII., about 1505, there is a beautiful illumination containing the arms of that prince : Quarterly France and Eng- land, with the red dragon as the dexter, and the greyhound of the House of York as the sinister, supporter. " tmift vtis fterjje iirajja hntm ttpa infjttc an» ^VttlXt SutCtntt" was the charge of a standard offered by Henry VII. at St. Paul's, on his entry into London after his victory at Bosworth Field ; and this standard was represented on the corner ■of his tomb, held by an angel (Willement's Regal Heraldry, 4to., London, 1821, p. 57.). The red •dragon rampant was assumed as a supporter by Henry VII. in indication of his Welsh descent, and was borne as a supporter, either on the dexter or sinister side of the shield, by all the other English monarchs of the House of Tudor, with the exception of Queen Mary, who substituted for it an eagle : and among the badges attributed to our present sovereign is, in respect of Wales, " a dragon passant, wings elevated gu., upon a mount vert." It may be assumed, with little doubt, that the ■colour of the dragon borne by Owen Glyndwr was rouge ; and although the colour of the other sup- porter of his shield, the lion, is not susceptible of such positive inference, it may be conjectured to have been sable, the colour of the lion, the prin- cipal charge on his hereditary shield. To Ma. AVoodward's immediate Query as to the blazon — colour of the field and charges — of the arms on these seals, I can afford no direct answer, never having met with any trace of these arms in the extensive collections of Welsh MSS. to which I have had access. These ensigns may have been adopted by Owen as arms of dominion (as those of Ireland by the English sovereigns) on his assumption of the principality of Wales, a suggestion countenanced, if not established, by four lions quarterly (" Quarterly gules and or, four lions rampant, counterchanged ") being as- signed to Griffith ap Llewelyn (killed April, 28 Hen. III., 1244, in attempting to escape from the Tower), eldest son of Llewelyn ap lor- werth, prince of Wales (dead Slst November, 25 Hen. IIL, 1240), father of the ill-fated and gallant Llewelyn ap Griffith, last sovereign of Wales, slain at Builth, December 10, 8 Ed. I,, 1282.^ Further confirmation is, perhaps, afforded to this suggestion by Owen having, it is under- stood, vindicated his assumption of the Cambrian throne as heir of the three sovereigi dynasties of North Wales, South Wales, and lowys respec- tively,— of the last, as male representative, through the Lords of Bromfield, of Madoc ap Meredith, the last monarch of that principality ; and of the two former as their heir-general, in respect of his mother, Elenor, sister of Owen (ap Thomas ap Llewelyn), Lord, with his paternal uncle, Owen ap Llewelyn ap Owen, of the comot [hundred] of Iscoed, September 20, 1344, Representative pater- nally of the sovereigns of South Wales, and, by female descent, of those of North Wales *, through Griffith ap Llewelyn above named. The hereditary arms of Owen's paternal line, the Lords of Glyndwrdwy, are those of his an- cestor, Griffith Maelor ap Madoc, of Dinas Bran, Lord of Bromfield, Yale, Chirk, Glyndwrdwy, &c., who died a.d. 1191, viz. "Paly of eight ar- gent and gules, over all a lion rampant sable," thus differenced, apparently, from " The Black Lion of Powys" (Argent a lion rampant sable), the royal ensigns of his father, Madoc ap Meredith, last sovereign Prince of Powys, who died at Win- chester in 1 1 60. I am unable to refer to any seal of the Lords of Glyndwrdwy, or of the Lords of Bromfield, bearing the family arms of their line ; but they are thus given invariably by the Cam- brian heralds, and, so far, are susceptible of proof by the most authentic MS. authorities of the Principality. It is, however, remarkable, that the Heraldic Visitations of Wales of Lewis Dwnn, ap- pointed in 1580 Deputy-Herald for all Wales, by Robert Cook Clarenceux, and William Flower Norroy King-at-Arms, published in 1846 by the Welsh MSS. Society, contain no pedigree of the house of Glyndwrdwy. Of the descendants, if any, of Owen Glyndwr himself, beyond hia children, I am not aware that there is any au- thentic pedigree, or other satisfactory proof; and there seems to be presumptive evidence that in 12 Henry VI., 1433 — a period so recent as nine- teen years from the last date, 19th February, 1 Henry V., 1414, on which Owen is ascertained to have been alive (Rymer's Fadera, ix. p. 330.), — his issue was limited to a daughter and heir, * " His [Owen Glyndwr's] father's name was Gryffyd Vychan : his mother's, Elena, of royal blood, and from wliom he afterwards claimed the throne of Wales. She was eldest daughter of Thomas ap Lle- welyn ap Owen, by his wife EUnor Goch, or Elinor the Red, daughter and heiress to Catherine, one of the daughters of Llewelyn, last Prince of Wales, and wife to Philip ap Ivor of Iscoed."— A Tour in Wales [by Pennant]: Lond. 4 to. 1778, p. 302. Mae. 19. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 291 Alice, wife of Sir John Scudamore, Knt., described in a petition of John, Earl of Somerset, to whom Owen's domains, on his attainder, had been granted by his brother, Henry IV., as " Un John Skydmore, Chivaler, et Alice sa femme, pretendaiitz la dite Alice etre file et heir au dit Owyn (G)yndwr)."— ifof. Pari 12 Hen. VI. I have not found evidence to show that there were any children of Alice's marriage with Scuda- more ; and, assuming the failure of her issue, and also the extinction of Owen's other offspring, the representation of the three dynasties — " the long line Of our old royalty " — reverted to that of his only brother, Tudor ap Griffith Vychan, a witness, as " Tudor de Glyn- dore," in the Scrope and Grosvenor controversy, 3rd September, 1386, and then twenty-four years and upwards, who is stated to have been killed under Owen's banner at the battle of Mynydd Pwll-Melyn, near Grosmont, Monmouthshire, fought 11th March, 1405. Tudor's daughter and heir, Lowry [Lady] of Gwyddelwern in Edeirnion, " una Baron, de Edurnyon," became the wife of Griffith ap Einion of Corsygedol, living 1400 and 1415 ; and from this marriage descend the eminent Merionethshire House of Corsygedol (represented by the co-heirs of the late Sir Thomas Mostyn, Bart., of Mostyn and Corsygedol ; namely, his nephew, the Honorable Edward Mostyn Lloyd Mostyn, of Mostyn and Corsygedol, M.P., Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire, and Sir Thomas's sister, Anna Maria, Lady Vaughan, mother of Sir Eobert Williames Vaughan, Bart., of Nannau) and its derivative branches, the Yales of Plas-yn- Yale, CO. Denbigh, and the Rogers-Wynns ofBryn- tangor in the same county ; the former represented by the Lloyds of Plymog, and the latter by the Hughes's of Gwerclas in Edeirnion, Lords of Kym- mer-yn-Edeirnion, co. Merioneth, and Barons of Edeirnion. These families, co-representatives of the three Cambrian dynasties, all quarter, with the arms of South Wales and North Wales, the ensigns I have referred to as the hereditary bearings of the Lords of Glyndwrdwy. Inde- pendently of the adoption of these ensigns in the Welsh MSS. in the British Museum, College of Heralds, and other depositories, it may be men- tioned that they are quartered in an ancient shield of the Vaughans of Corsygedol, suspended in the hall of Corsygedol, — one of the finest and most picturesque mansions in the Principality, — and that they appear in the splendid emblazoned Genealogy of the House of Gwerclas, compiled in 1650 by Robert Vaughan, Esq., of Hengwrt, the Camden and Dugdale united of Wales.* The * Of this celebrated antiquary, the author of British Antiquities Revived, and other valuable antiquarian arms in question are ascribed to the line of Brom- field and Glyndwrdwy, and, as quarterings to the families just named, by Mr. Burke's well-known Armory, the first and, indeed, only work, in con- junction with the Welsh genealogies in that gentle- man's Peercrg-e and Baronetage, and Landed Gentry^ affording satisfactory, or any approach to sys- tematic and complete, treatment of Cambrian heraldry and family history. Mr. Charles Knight also, highly and justly estimated, no less for a re- fined appreciation of our historic archa9ology, than for careful research, adopts these arms as the es- cutcheon of Owen in the beautiful artistic designs which adorn and illustrate the First Part of the drama of King Henry IV., in his Pictorial edition of Shakspeare. (^Histories, vol. i. p. 170.) The shield of the Lords of Glyndwrdwy, as mar- shalled by Welsh heralds, displays quarterly the arms assigned to their direct paternal ancestors, as successively adopted previous to the period when armorial bearings became hereditary. Thus mar- shalled, the paternal arms of Owen Glyndwr are as follows: 1st and 4th, "Paly of eight, argent and gules, over all a lion rampant sable," for Griffith Maelor, Lord of Bromfield, son of Madoc ap Meredith, Prince of Powys-Fadog ; 2nd, " Argent, a lion rampant sable " (" The Black Lion of Powys") for Madoc, Prince of Powys-Fadog, son of Meredith, Prince of Powys, son of Bleddyn, King of Powys ; 3rd, " Or, a lion rampant gules," for Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, King of Powys.* None works, the friend of Archbishop Ussher, Selden, Sir Simon d'Ewes, Sir John Vaughan, &c., It is observed in the Cambrian Register, " In genealogy he was so skilled, and his knowledge on that subject derived from such genuine sources, that Hengwrt became the He- ralds' College of the Principality, and no pedigree was current until it had obtained his sanction." His MSS, and library, formerly at Hengwrt, have been transferred to Riig in Edeirnion, the present seat of his descendant. Sir Robert Vaughan of Nannau ; and it may be confidently stated, that in variety, extent, rarity, and value, they surpass any existing collection, public or private, of documents relating to the Prin- cipality. Many of them are unique, and indispensable for the elucidation of Cambrian literature and anti- quities ; and their possessor, by entrusting, to some gentleman competent to the task, the privilege of pre- paring a catalogue raisonnee of them, would confer a public benefit which could not be too highly appre- ciated. To the noble collections of Gloddaeth, Corsygedol, and Mostyn, now united at Mostyn, as also to that of Wynnstay, the same observation might be extended. * The golden lion on a red field may have been displayed on the standard of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, but, from analogy to the arms assigned to the English monarchs of a corresponding period, it can, as armorial bearings, be only regarded, it is apprehended, as at- tributive. Of the armorial bearings of the English monarchs of the House of Normandy, if any were 292 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 177. of these ensigns is referable to a period anterior to that within which armorial bearings are attri- buted to the Anglo-Norman monarchs. The lion rampant is common to all branches of the line of Powjs ; but the bearing peculiar to its last monarch, Madoc ap Meredith, " The Black Lion of Powys," without a difference, has been transmitted exclusively to the Hughes's, Baronial Lords of Kyramer-yn-Edeirnion, and the other descendants of Owen Brogyntyn, Lord of Edeir- nion, younger son of Madoc ; of whom, with the exception of the family just named, it is presumed there is no existing male branch. The same arms ■were borne by lorwerth Goch, Lord of Mochnant, also a younger son of Madoc ; but they are now only borne subordinately in the second quarter by that chief's descendant, Sir John Roger Kynaston of Hardwick, Bart., and by the other branches of the Kynastons ; the first quarter having been yielded to the arms of (Touchet) Lord Audley, assumed by Sir Roger Kynaston of Hordley, Knt., after the battle of Blore in 1459, at which Lord Audley is said to have fallen by the hand of Sir Roger. As ali'eady stated, Griffith Maelor, Ma- doc's eldest son, bore the black lion differenced, as did also the twin sons of the latter, viz. Cynric Efell, Lord of Eglwys Egle, ancestor of the distin- guished line of Davies of Gwysaney in Flintshire, whose ensigns were " Gules, on a bend, argent, a lion passant sable ;" and Einion Efell, progenitor of the Edwards's of Ness Strange, and of other North Wallian families, who bore " Party per fess, sable and argent, a lion rampant counter- changed." The ancestor of the Vaughans of Nan- nau, Barts., — Cadvvgan (designated by Camden " the renowned Briton"), younger son of Blyddyn, king of Powys, sometime associated in the sove- reignty with his elder brother Meredith, exhibited, it is stated, on his banner an azure lion on a golden ground ; ensigns transmitted to the early Lords of Nannau and their descendants, with the exception — probably the only one — of the Vaughans of Wengraig and Hengwrt, represented paternally by the Vaughans of Nannau and Hengwrt, Baronets, used by them, we are left totally without contemporary evidences. The arms of William the Conqueror, which have been for ages attributed to him and the two suc- ceeding monarchs, are taken from the cornice of Queen Elizabeth's monument, in the north aisle of Henry VII. 's Chapel at Westminster. The arms assigned to Ste- phen are adopted on the authority of Nicholas Upton, in his treatise De Militari Officio, b. iv. p. 129., printed in 1654. For those of Henry II., there is no earlier authority than the cornice of Queen Elizabeth's monument, and it is on the second seal used by Richard I. after his return from captivity, that, for the first time, we find his shield distinctly adorned with the three lions passant guardant in pale, as they have been borne by subsequent English monarchs. (Wille- ment's Regal Heraldry.) who, transferring these arms to the second quarter,, bear in the first, " Quarterly, or and gules, four lions rampant counterchanged." The Wenwyn- wyn branch of the dynasty of Powys continued, or at a later period resumed, the red lion rampant on a gold ground, ascribed to Blyddyn ap Cynfyn ;• and it is not a little interesting, that recently a- beautiful silver seal, in perfect preservation, of Hawys Gadarn, heiress of that princely line, who by the gift of Edward IL became the wife of John de Cherlton, was found near Oswesti-y, representing, her standing, holding two shields : the one in her right hand charged with her own arms, the lion rampant ; that in the left with those of Cherlton, two lions passant. The legend around the seal is " s'hawisie dne de keveoloc." The original seal is now in the Museum of Chester, and was exhibited, I believe, by the Honorary Cu- rator, the Rev. William Massie, at a recent meeting- of the Society of Antiquaries. Of this venerable relic I possess an impression in wax ; and of the great and privy seals of Owen Glyndwr, beautiful casts in sulphur ; and I shall have pleasure in leaving them with the editor of " N. & Q." for the inspection of Mr. Woodward, should that gentleman desire it. John ap William ap John» Inner Temple. March 7, 1853. COLGBIDGE 3 chbistabel — " christobell, a gothic tale." (Vol. viL, p. 206.). Your correspondent S. Y. ought not to have charged the editors of Coleridge's Poems with negligence, until he had shown that the lines he quotes were inserted in the original edition of Christabel. They have not the musical How of Coleridge's versification, but rather the dash and vivacity of Scott. At all events, they are not tO' be found in the second edition of Christabel (1816), nor in any subsequent edition. Indeed^ I do not think that Coleridge made any altera- tion in the poem since its composition in 1797 and 1800. I referred to two reviews of Cole- ridge's Poems published in Blackwood in 1819 and 1834 ; but found no trace of S. Y.'s lines, " An old volume of Blackwood" is rather a vague mode of reference. It is somewhat curious that^ previous to the publication of Christabel, there appeared a conclusion to that splendid fragment. It was entitled " Christobell, a Gothic Tale," and was published in the European Magazine for April, 1815. It is dated "March, 1815," and signed "V.;" and was reprinted in Fraser\ Magazine for January, 1835. It is stated to be "written as a sequel" to a beautiful legend of a fair lady and her father, deceived by a witch in Mar. 19. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 293 the guise of a noble knight's daughter." It com- mences thus : " Whence comes the wavering light which falls On Langdale's lonely chapel-walls? The noble mother of Cliristobell Lies in that lone and drear chapelle." The writer of the review in Blackwood (Dec. 1839) of Mr. Tupper's lame and impotent con- clusion to Christabel, remarks that — " Mr. Tupper does not seem to know that Christabel was continued many years ago, in a style that per- plexed the public, and pleased even Coleridge. The ingenious writer meant it for a mere^eM desprit." Query : Who was this " ingenious writer ?" While on the subject of Christabel, I may note a parallelism in reference to a line in Part I. : " Her face, oh call it fair, not pale !" *' E smarrisce il bel volto in un colore, Che nan ^ pallidezza, ma candore," Tasso, G, Lib. c. ii. st. 26. J. M. B. S. Y. is " severe over much" andwider informed, in his strictures on the editors of Coleridge's Works (1852), when he blames them for not giving Cole- ridge the credit of lines which did not belong to him. The lines which S. Y. quotes, and a " great many more," — in fact, a " third part of Christa- bel,''' — were sent to Blackwood's Magazine in 1820, by the late Dr. William Maginn, as a first fruits of those imitations and pai-odics for which he afterwards became so famous. The success of his imitation of Coleridge's style is proved by the indignation of your correspondent. It is no small honour to the memory and talents of the gifted but erratic Maginn, that the want of his lines should be deemed a defect or omission in " one of the most beautiful poems in the English language." But in future, before he condemns editors for carelessness, S. Y. should be sure that be himself is correct. A. B. R. Belmont. PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES. Economical Way of Iodizing Paper. — The ex- travagant price of the salt called iodide of potas- sium has led me to experiments as to whether paper could not be iodized in another form ; and having been successful, I offer the process to the readers of " N. & Q." Having verified it three times, I can safely say that it is quite as effectual as using the above salt. The first solution to be made, is a saturated solution of iodine. Put about sixty grains of iodine (the quantity is not of importance) into an ounce bottle, and add proof spirits of wine ; set it near tne fire " on the hob ; " and when it is nearly boiling, agitate, and it will soon become a concentrated essence : take now a bottle of clear glass, called a quart bottle, and put in it about two ounces of what is called carbonate of potash (nothing more than purified pearlash); fill up with water to within an inch of the neck, and agitate ; when it is dis- solved, add any of the other approved sensitives, in discretionable doses, such as fluoride or bromide - of potassa, ammoniac salt, or common salt — it may have about sixty grains of the latter ; and when all are dissolved, add the iodine. This is added by degrees, and shaken ; and when it is a pale yellow, it may be considered to be ready for iodiz- ing : from some experiments, I am led to believe that a greater quantity of iodine may, if neces- sary, be added, only the colour should not be dark. And should the operator reach this point, a few drops of solution of cyanide of potassium may be added, until the pale colour returns. Bro- mine water I believe may be added, but that I have not used hitherto, and therefore cannot answer for its effects. The paper then having its usual wash of nitrate of silver, is then floated on the solu- tion about one minute, and the accustomed pro- cess gone through as described by most photo- graphers. It is only disposed to require a pretty strong solution of silver, say thirty grains to the ounce of water. This I attribute to the potash being in a little more caustic condition than when recrystallised with iodine. And the only differ- ence in the above formula between the two states is, that the iodine in the medical preparation is incorporated by means of iron filings with the water, which I only interpret into being a cheaper method ; which makes its high price the more scandalous, and I hope this method will save photographers from the imposition : the price of a quart of iodide of potassium would be about six shillings, by the above about ten-pence. And I can safely say, it is quite as effectual : theoreti- cally, it appears to be better, because iodine is exceedingly diflScult to preserve after being dis- solved and recrystallised. And much of it is lost in the preparing iodized paper : as, for instance, the usual way generally requires floating on free iodine at the last ; and with the formula here given, after using once, some small quantity of' tincture of iodine should be added before put- ting away, as the silver laid upon the surface of the paper absorbs more of the iodine than the potash. Therefore, a very pale yellow may be its usual test for efficiency, and the equivalent will be maintained. N. B. — Potash varying much in its alkaline pro- perty, some samples will remain colourless with addition of iodine ; in which case the judgment must guide as to the quantity of iodine. It should not exceed the ounce of tincture : about two drachms may be added after using it for paper. Weld Tatlob. 7. Conduit Street West. 2^4 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 177 Queries on Sir W. Keicton's Process. — Tlie process of Sir W. Newton is neai-ly similar to one I have successfully used for some years, and I can recommend it as effective and simple. A difficulty I have lately found, has been with mj iodized paper, which, when freshly used, is well enough ; but if kept a month or two, will only allow of the paper being prepared to take views just before using. I should much like to know how this occurs. If Sir W. Newton would answer the following Queries, he would add to the obligations that many others besides myself are under to him : 1. What paper does he use for positives, and what for negatives ? 2. Is it not better to dissolve the silver and iodide of potassium in three ounces of water each instead of one (see "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., pp. 151. 277.) ? 3. Is spring water fit for washing the iodized paper ; if it contains either sulphate or bicarbonate of lime or muriate of soda ? 4. How long ought the iodized paper to keep good ? 5. How long should the negative paper (on a moderately warm day) keep after being made sensitive, before exposing to the action of light ; and how soon after that should it be developed ? John Stewart. ^ Brighton. Suggestion to Photographers. — The Rev. Charles Forster, in his One Primeval Language (p. 96.), speaks of the desirableness of obtaininsr copies of two great inscriptions in the Djebel Mokatteb, — one in forty-one, the other in sixty-seven lines, supposed to have been written by the Israelites during their exode. In the words, however, of the Comte d'Antraigues, which he quotes in p. 84. : " II faudroit six mois d'un travail opiniatre, pour dessiner la totalite de ces caracteres." Is not this a temptation to some of your photographic friends, who may be turning their steps to the East during the ensuing season, to possess themselves of a treasure which by the application of their art they might acquire almost in as many minutes ? Verbum sat. SUepTtc^ ta i^mnr cSucrte*. Portrait of Pope (Vol. vii., p. 180.). — I cannot at this moment reply to Mr. J. Knight's Query, but perhaps can correct an error in it. There was no White of Derby ; but E& moras heold. Fen and faesten — fifel-cynnes card Won-s£eli wer " Beowulf, 1. 203. seqq Ed. Kemble. So he is introduced in the poem, when. In the dead of night, he comes to the hall where the warriors are asleep, ravlning for the human prey. The following Is something like the meaning of the lines : — " Grendel h'lght the grisly guest, Dread master he of waste and moor, The fen his fastness — fiends among, Bliss-bereft " This awful being was no doubt In the mind of those who originated the name grendles mere, before quoted from Kemble. The name is applied to a locality quite In keeping with the ancient mythological character of Grendel, who held the moor and the fen. Most strikingly does the same sentiment appear in the name of that strange and wilderlng valley of the Bernese Oberland, la Switzerland : — I mean the valley of Grindelwald, with its two awful glaciers. But when we come to consider the etymology of the name, we are led to an object which seems Inadequate, and Incapable of acting as the vehicle for these deep and natural sentiments of the In- human and the horrible. Grendel means, originally, no more than a har or rod, or a palisade or lattice-work made of such bars or rods. Also a bar or bolt for fastening a door, or for closing a harbour. Middle-aged people at Zurich recollect when the old "Grlndel" was still standing at the mouth of their river. This was a tremendous bar, by which the water- approach to their town could be closed against an enemy ; who might otherwise pass from the Lake of Zurich down the river Limmat, Into the heart of the town of Zurich. It was In Germany that this word lived longest as a common substantive. There Is no known Instance of It In Anglo-Saxon, other than -In proper names, and of these I know no more than are already enumerated above ; Avhereas, In the Middle High German, it Is by no means uncommon. It occurs In a mystery on the resurrection pre- served in this dialect, and edited by Ettmiiller, 1851 {Dat Spil fan der Upstandinge) . 1 cannot now find the line, but it is used there for " the gates of hell." Cf. also Ziemann's Mittelhoch- deutsches Worterbrich, voc. Grindel. Grimm, in his Mythology, establishes a con- nexion between Grendel and LoJd, the northern half-deity half-demon, the origin of evil. He was always believed to have cunningly guided the shaft' of Floder the Blind, who, in loving sport, shot his brother Balder the Gay, the beloved of gods and men. So entered sorrow into the hitherto unclouded Asaland. Grimm draws attention to the circumstance that Loki Is apparently connected with the wide- spread root which appears in English In the forms lock and latch. Here is a very striking analogy, 308 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 178. and it is supported by an instance from the present German : Hollriegel = vectis infernalis, brand of hell, is still recognised &s=-tenfel ; or for an old witch = devil's dam. And even in Latin documents we find the same idea represented. Thus, in a charter of King Edgar {Cod. Dipl, No. 487.), which begins with a recital of the fall of man, and the need of escaping the consequent misery, we have the fol- lowing : " Quamobrem ego Eadgar, totius Britanniae guber- nator et rector, ut hujus miserise repagulum quam pro- toplastus inretitus promeruit . . . evadere queam, quandara ruris particulam . . . largitus sum," &c. &c. As to the application of this name to localities, it seems to represent the same sentiment as the prefix of Giant, Grim, or Devil : and this sentiment would be that of the grand or awful in Nature, and mysterious or unaccountable in artificial works. I think we may then safely conclude, that all dikes, ditches, camps, cromlechs, &c., which have such titles attached to them, date from an age previous to the Saxons being in England. For example, if we did not know from other sources the high antiquity of Wayland Smith's Cave in Berkshire, we might argue tliat it was at least pre-Saxon; from the fact that the Saxons called it by the name of their Vulcan, and therefore that it appeared to them so mysterious as to be dignus vindice nodus. If your correspondent C. G., or any of your readers, can, either from their reading or from local knowledge, add any further illustrations or examples of this ancient heathen word, I, for one, shall receive them gratefully. I. E. Oxford. MCMMIES OF ECCLESIASTICS, (Vol. vi., pp. 53. 110. 203. 328.) Although I have myself seen the natural mxim- mies preserved at Kreuzberg on tlie Rhine, I can say nothing more with regard to tliem, than vouch for the accuracy of the accounts transmitted by your various correspondents under this head. Your Querist A. A. however may, if curious on this subject, be referred with advantage to Mr. T. J. Pettigrew's interesting History of Egyptian Mummies. In chap. xvii. of this work, many in- stances are adduced of the preservation of bodies from puti'efixctlon by the desiccating properties of the natural air of the place in which they are con- tained. He says : "In dry, and particularly calcareous vaults, bodies may be preserved for a great length of time. In Toulous?, bodies are to l)e seen quite perfect, although buried two centuries ago. In the vaults of St. Mi- chael's Church, Dublin, the same effect is produced ; and Mr. Madden says he there saw the body of Henry Shears, who was hanged In 1798, in a state of pre- servation equal to that of any Egyptian mummy." Garcilasso de la Veya, and more recent his- torians, may be referred to for accounts of the mummy-pits of Peru, the dry air of which country is an effectual preventive of the process of putre- faction. One of the most curious spectacles, how- ever, of this nature is to be found in the Catacombs of Palermo, where the traveller finds himself In the midst of some thousands of unburied bodies, which, suspended mostly by the neck, have become so distorted In form and feature in the process of desiccation, as to provoke an irrepressible smile in the midst of more solemn and befitting contem- plations. (Sonnini's ^VaueZs, vol. i. p. 47.; Smyth's Memoirs of Sicily and its Islands, p. 88.) Similar properties are also attributed to the air of the western islands of Scotland. " To return to our purpose," says P. Camerarlus (The Living Lihrarie, translated by Molle, folio, London, 1625, p. 47.),- " That which Abraham Ortelius reporteth after Gyrald de Cambren is wonderful], that the bodies of men rot not after their decease, in the isles of Arran ; and that therefore they bee not buried, but left in the open ayr, where putrefaction doth them no manner of hurt ; whereby the families (not without amazement) doe know their fathers, grandfathers, great-grandfathersi and a long race of their predecessors. Peter Martyr, a Milannois, saith the same of some West Indians of Comagra. These bee his words : ' The Spaniards being entered the lodgings of this Cacick, found a chamber fulie of dead bodies, hanging by ropes of cotton, and asking what superstition that was, they received this answer, Tliat those were the fathers, grandfathers, and great-grandfathers of the Cacick of Comagra. The Indians say that they keep such relikes preciously, and that the ceremonie is one of the i)oints of their religion. According to his qualities while he lived, his bodie, being dead, is richly decked with jewels and precious stones.' " Many other instances might be adduced, but you will now think that at least enough has been said on this subject. William Bates. Birmingham. VICARS-APOSTOLIC in ENGLAND. (Vol. vi., pp. 125. 297.400.; Vol. vli., pp. 242. 243.) Your correspondent A. S. A. seems very anxious to possess a complete list of the vicars-apostolic of England. With their names, and the date of their consecration and death, collected from vari- ous sources, I am able to supply him. The last survivor of the Roman Catholic bishops consecrated in England prior to the reign of Eliza- beth was Dr. Thomas Watson, api)ointed bishop of Lincoln in 1557 by (iueen Mary, and deprived (on the accession of Elizabeth) in 1559. Mak. 26. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. JO 9 Upon his denth, in 1584, the Catholic clergy in England were left without a head, and the Pope some time after appointed an arch-pj'iest, to super- intend them, and the following persons lilled the office : Died. - 1614. - 1621. Consecrated. 1598. Rev. George Black well. — Rev. George Birkhead 1615. Rev. George Harrison On the death of the latter the episcopate was re- vived by tlie pope in England, and one bishop was consecrated as head of the English Catholics. Consecrated. Died. 1623. Dr. William Bishop - - - 1624. 1625. Dr. Richard Smith - . - 1655. 1685. Dr. John Leyburn, with whom, in 1688, Dr. Giffard was associated ; but almost immediately after this England was divided into four districts, and the order of succi.ssion in each was as follows: London or Southern District, Consecrated. 1685. Bishop Leyburn Died. - 1703. 1688, Bishop Giffard (translated from the Midland District, 1703) - 1733. 1733. Bisliop Petre - - - - 1758. 1741. Bishop Challoncr - - - 1781. 1758. Bishop Honourable James Talbot 1790. 1790. Bisiiop Douglas - - - 1812. 1803. Bishop Poynter . - - 1827. 1823. Bishop Bramston . _ - 1836. 1828. Bishop Gradwell - - - 1833. 1833. Bishop Griffiths - - - 1847. Midland or Central District. 16S8. Bishop Giffard (translated to London, 1703). 1703. Bishop Witham (translated to the Northern District, 1716). 1716. Bishop Stonor . - - - 1756. 1753. Bishop Hornihold - - - 1779. 1766. Bishop Honourable T. Talbot - 1795. 1786. Bishop Berington . - - 1798. 1801. Bishop Stapleton - - - 1802. 1803. Bishop Milncr - - - - 1826. 1825. Bishop Walsh (translated to Lon- don, 1848). 1840, Bishop Wiseman (coadjutor). Western District. Died. 1688. Bishop Ellis . - 1726. 1715. Bishop Prichard - - 1750. 1741. Bishop York . - 1770. 1758. Bishop Walmesley - - 1797. 1781. Bi-^hop Sharrock - - 1809. 1807. Bishop Collingridge - . . 1829. 1823. Bishop Baines - - - 1843. Northern District. 1688. Bishop James Smith - . . 1711. 1716. Bishop Witham - - 1725. 1726. Bishop Williams - - 1740. 1741. Bishop Dicconson _ . 1752. 1750. Bishop Honourable F. Petre - 1775. 1770. 1780. 1790. 1810. 1S24. 1833. 1769. 1780. 1790. 1821. 1831. 1836. Consecrated. 1 768. Bishop Maire (coadjutor to Bishop Petre) Bisliop Walton - - - - Bishop Gibson - - _ - Bishop William Gibson (brother to the preceding bishop) Bishop Thomas Smith Bishop Penswick - _ . Bishop Briggs, removed to the new district of Yorksliire in 1840, and became Roman Catholic Bishop of Beverley in 1850. In 1840, England and Wales were divided among eight vicars-apostolic, and from that time until the year 1850 the following was the arrangement : London. Consecrated. Died. 1833. Bishop Griffiths - . - 1847. 1825. Bishop Walsh . - - - 1849. 1840. Bishop Wiseman, at first coadjutor to Bishop Walsh here, as he had been in the Central District.. Elevated to the archiepiscopate, 1850. Central. Bishop Walsh, removed to London in 1848. BishopUllathorne; became Roman Catholic Bishop of Birming- ham, 1850. Western. Bishop Baines - - - - Bishop Beggs _ - - - Bishop Ullathorne; removed to the Central District, 1848. Bishop Hendren, became Roman Catholic Bishop of Clifton, 1 850. Northern. Bishop Briggs; removed in 1840 to the new district of Yorkshire. Bishop Riddel! - Bishop Hogarth ; became Roman Catholic I3ishop of Hexham, 1850. Eastern. Bishop Wareing; became Roman Catholic Bishop of Northamp- ton, 1850. Yorlishire. Bishop Briggs, from the Northern District ; became Roman Catho- lic Bishop of Beverley, 1850. Lancashire. Bishop G. Brown ; became Roman Catholic Bishop of Liverpool, 1850. Bishop Sharpies (coadjutor) Wales. Bishop T. J. Browne ; became Roman Catho- lic Bishop of Newport, 1850. In 1850 came another change, and one arch- bishop and twelve bishops were appointed to rule 1825. 1846. 1823. 1843. 1846. 1848. 1833. 1840. 1848. 1840. 1833. 1840. 1843. 1840. 1843.. 1846. - 1847. 1850. SIO NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 178. over the Eomau Catliolic Church in England and Wales : Archbishop of Westminster. Consecrated. 1850. Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman. Bishop of Hexham. 1850. William Hogarth. Bishop of Beverley. 1850, John Briggs. Bishop of Liverpool. 1850. George Brown. Bishop of Birmingham, 1850. William Ullathorne. Bishop of Northampton. 1850. William Wareing. Bishop of Newport and Menevia. 1850. Thomas Joseph Browne. Bishop of Nottingham. 1850. Joseph William Hendren (from Clifton); re- signed his bishoprick, 185S. Bishop of Clifton. 1850. Joseph William Hendren (removed In 1851 to Nottingham). 1851. Thomas Burgess. Bishop of Salford. 1851. William Turner. Bishop of Plymouth. 1851. George Errington. Bishop of Shrewsbury. 1851. James Brown. Bishop of Southwark. 1851. Thomas Grant. The foregoing I believe to be, in the main, a correct account of the Roman Catholic episcopate in England and Wales from the accession of Eliza- beth down to the present year. J. R. W. Bristol. BANBURY ZEAL, ETC. '(Vol.vii., p. 106.) I have no doubt that the particular instance of Zeal in the cause of the Church at Banbury, which Addison had in mind when he wrote No. 220. of the Tatler, published Sept. 5, 1710, was a grand demonstration made by its inhabitants in favour of Dr. Sacheverell, whose trial had terminated in his acquittal on March 23 of that year. And my opinion Is strengthened by the introduction al- most immediately afterwards of a passage on the party use of the terms High Church and Low- Church. On June 3, 1710, the High Church champion made a triumplial entry into Banbury, which is ridiculed in a pamphlet called The Banb . . y Apes, or the Monkeys chattering to the Magpye ; in a Letter to a Friend in London. On the back of the title Is a large woodcut, representing the procession which accompanied the doctor ; among the personages of which the Mayor of Banbury (as a wolf), and the aldermen (as apes), are con- spicuous figures. Dr. Sacheverell himself appears on horseback, followed by a crowd of persons bearing crosses and rosaries, or strewing branches. The accompanying letter-press describes this pro- cession as being closed by twenty-four tinkers beating on their kettles, and a "vast mob, hol- lowing, hooping, and playing the devil." There is another tract on the same subject, which is ex- tremely scarce, entitled — "An Appeal from the City to the Country for the Preservation of Her Majesty's Person, Liberty, Pro- perty, and the Protestant Religion, &c. Occasionally written upon the late impudent Affronts offer'd to Her Majesty's Royal Crown and Dignity by the Peo- ple of Banbury and Warwick : Lond. 8vo. 1710." To your correspondent H.'s (p. 222.) quotation from Bralth wait's "Drunken Barnaby" may be added this extract from an earlier poem by the same writer, called " A Strappado for the Divell :" " But now for Bradford I must haste away : Bradford, if I should rightly set it forth, Stile it I might Banberry of the North ; And well this title with the town agrees, Famous for twanging ale, zeal, cakes, and cheese." A few words on " Banbury Cakes" and I have done. The earliest mention of them I am aware of (next to that in Camden's Britannia, published by Philemon Holland in 1608, and already re- ferred to), is by Ben Jonson, In his Bartholomew Fair, written 1614 ; where he introduces " Zeal- of-the-Land Busy" as "a Banbury Man," who " was a baker — but he does dream now, and see visions : he has given over his trade, out of a scruple he took, that, In spiced conscience, those cakes he made were served to bridales, maypoles, morrlsses, and such profane feasts and meetings." I do not know whether the sale of Banbury cakes flourished in the last century ; but I find recorded in Beesley's Hist, of Banbury (published 1841) that Mr. Samuel Beesley sold In 1840 no fewer than 139,500 twopenny cakes; and In 1841, the sale had increased by at least a fourth. In Aug. 1841, 5,400 were sold weekly ; being shipped to America, India, and even Australia. I fancy their celebrity In early days can hardly parallel this, but I do not vouch for the statistics. J. R. M.. M.A. Mar. 26. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 311 »a. SOUTH YERSUS GOLDSMITH, TALLETEAND, ETC. (Vol. vi., p. 575.) This remarkable saying, like most good things of that kind, has been repeated by so many dis- tinguished writers, that it is impossible to trace it to any one In particular, in the precise form in which it is now popularly received. I shall quote, in succession, all those who appear to have ex- pressed it in words of the same, or a nearly similar, import, and then leave your readers to judge for themselves. I cannot help thinking that the first place should be assigned to Jeremy Taylor, as he must have tad the sentiment clearly In view In the following sentence : " There is in mankind an universal contract implied in all their intercourses ; and words being instituted to declare the mind, and for no other end, he that hears me speak hath a right in justice to be done him, that, as far as I can, what I speak be true ; for else he by words does not know your mind, and then as good and better not speak at all." Next we have David Lloyd, who in his State Worthies thus remarks of Sir Roger Aschara : " None is more able for, yet none is more averse to, :that circumlocution and contrivance wherewith some men shadow their main drift and purpose. Speech was made to open man to man, and not to hide him ; to pro- mote commerce, and not betray it." Dr. South, Lloyd's cotemporary, but who sur- vived him more than twenty years, expresses the -sentiment in nearly the same words : *' In short, this seems to be the true inward judgment of all our politick sages, that speech was given to the -ordinary sort of meti, whei-ehy to communicate their mind, i>ut to wise men whereby to conceal it." The next writer In whom this thought occurs is Butler, the author of Hudibras. In one of his prose essays on the " Modern Politician," he says : " He (the modern politician) believes a man's words and his meanings should never agree together : for he that says what he thinks lays himself open to be ex- pounded by the most ignorant ; and he who does not jnahe his words rather serve to conceal than discover the sense of his heart, deserves to have it pulled out, like a traitor's, and shown publicly to the rabble." Young has the thought In the following couplet on the duplicity of courts : " When Nature's end of language Is declin'd. And men talk only to conceal their mind." From Young It passed to Voltaire, who in the •dialogue entitled "Le Chapon et la Poularde," makes the former say of the treachery of men : " lis n'emploient les paroles que pour deguiser leurs pensces." Goldsmith, about the same time, in his paper in The Bee, produces it in the well-known words : " Men who know the world hold that the true use of speech is not so much to express our wants, as to ccmceal them." Then comes Talleyrand, who is reported to have said : " La parole n'a ete donnee a I'homme que pour de- guiser sa pensee." The latest writer who adopts this remark with- out acknowledgment is, I believe, Lord Holland. In his Life of Lope de Vega he says of certain Spanish writers, promoters of the cultismo style: " These authors do not avail themselves of the inven- tion of letters for the purpose of conveying, but of con- cealing, their ideas." From these passages (some of which have already appeared in Vol. i., p. 83.) it will be seen that the germ of the thought occurs in Jeremy Taylor; that Lloyd and South improved upon it ; that Butler, Young, and Goldsmith repeated it ; that Voltaire translated It into ,French ; that Talley- rand echoed Voltaire's words ; and that It has now become so familiar an expression, that any one may quote It, as Lord Holland has done, without being at the trouble of giving his authority. If, from the search for the author, Ave turn to consider the saying itself, we shall find that its practical application extends not merely to every species of equivocation, mental reservation, and even falsehood ; but comprises certain forms of speech, which are intended to convey the contrary of what they expx'ess. To this class of words the French have given the designation of contre-verite ; and, to my surprise, I find that they Include therein the expression amende honorable. Upon this point the Grammaire des Grammaires, by GIrault Du- vivier, has these remarks : " La contre-verite a beaucoup de rapport avec I'ironie. Amende honorable, par exemple, est une contre-verite, une verite prise dans un sens oppose a. celui de son ^nonciation ; car, au lieu d'etre honorable, elle est infamante, deshonorante." I have some doubts as to whether this meaning of amende honorable be in accordance with our English notion of Its import ; and I shall be thank- ful to any of your readers who will help me to a solution. I always understood that the term honorable, in this expression, was to be taken in its literal sense, namely, that the person who made an open avowal of his fault, or tendered an apology for It, was acting, in that respect^ in strict con- formity with the rules of honour. It Is possible that, at first, the amende honorable may have been designed as a "peine infamante;" but Its modern acceptation would seem to admit of a more liberal construction. 312 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 178. There are other expressions, framed upon this "lucus anon lucendo" principle, which may fairly be classed among contre-verites. The French say that a thing is d propos de bottes, when it is alto- gether inappropriate. We all use the formula of "your most obedient, humble servant," even when we intend anything but humility or obedience. Henry H. Breen. St. Lucia. IRISH RHYMES. (Vol. vi., pp. 431. 539. 605.) Mr. Cuthbert Bede (Vol. vi., p. 605.) says " he thinks A. B. R. would have to search a long time, before he found, in the pages of Pope, such brogue-inspired rhymes as rake well and sequel, starve it and deserve it, charge ye and clergy, and others quoted by him at p. 431." Among the latter, I presume he chiefly relies on the rhymes satii'e and hater, creature and nature. Of all these I am able to adduce parallel in- stances both from Dryden and Pope. And first, as to 7-ake loell and sequel. Mr. Bede is, of course, aware that these are double rhymes ; that quel and well are good English rhymes ; and that the brogue betrays itself only in the first syllable of each, rake and se. It is, in fact, the same sort of rhyme as hreak and weak, which is of such frequent occur- rence both in Dryden and Pope. Here is an example from each : " Or if they should, their interest soon would break. And with such odious aid make David weak." Absalom and Achitophel. " Men in their loose, unguarded hours they take ; Not that themselves are wise, but others weak." Essay on Man. The next " brogue-inspired rhyme " is starve it and deserve it. Here, as in the former instance, the last syllables rhyme correctly, and the objec- tion is confined to starve and deserve. Let us see what Dryden says to this : " "Wrong conscience, or no conscience, may deserve To thrive, but ours alone is privileged to starve." Hind and Panther. And Pope : i " But still the great have kindness in reserve .- He help'd to bury whom he help'd to starve." Prologue to the Satires. Of this species of rhyme I have noted three other instances in Dryden, and two in Pope. As regards the rhyme charge ye and clergy, no instance, in the same words, occurs in Dryden or Pope. They did not write much in that sort of doggerel. But the brogue, even here, is nothing more than the confounding of the sounds of a and e, which is so beautifully exemplified in the fol- lowing couplet in Dryden : " For yet no George, to our discerning, Has writ without a ten years' warning." ' Epistle to Sir G. Etheredge. Next, we have the rhyme satire and hater. The? following in Dryden is quite as bad, if not worse r " Spiteful he is not, though he wrote a satire. For still there goes some thinking to ill-nature." Absalom and Achitophel. Of this rhyme satire and nature, I can adduce tw€>» other instances from Dryden. In the same category we must y)lace nature and creature, nature and feature. Here is an example- from Dryden ; and I can bring forward two othersc " A proof that chance alone makes every creature A very Killigrew without good nature." Essay upon Satire And here is one from Pope : " 'Tis a virgin hard oi feature, Old and void of all good nature." Answer to " What is Prudery 9 " Can Mr. Bede produce anything to match tho- foUowing sample of the crater, to be found in our most polished English poet ? " Alas ! if I am such a creature. To grow the worse for growing greater!" Dialogue between Pope and Craggs.. It will be seen, from the foregoing quotations, that the rhymes described as Irish were, a cen- tury and a half ago, common to both countries, — a fact which Mr. Bede was probably not suffi- ciently aware of when he introduced the subjecte in "N. & Q." For obvious reasons, the use of" such rhymes, at the present day, would be open to- the imputation of " Irishism ; " but it was not sa in the days of Swift. Henry H. Breen. St. Lucia. In a former Number I drew attention to thafe peculiar fondness for " Irish rhymes " which is more evident in Swift than in any other poet ;. and another correspondent afterwards gave ex- amples to show that " our premier poet. Pope,"" sometimes tripped in the same Hibernian manner.. In looking over an old volume of the New Monthly Magazine, during the time of its being edited by the poet Campbell, I have stumbled upon a pas»- SQge which is so apropos to the subject referred to, that I cannot resist quoting it ; and independent of its bearing on our Irish rhyming discussion, the passage has sufficient interest to excuse my making a Note of it. It occurs in one of a series of papers called " The Family Journal," supposed to have been written by the immediate descendants of the " "Will Honeycomb " of the Spectator. A diuneu- Mae. 26. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 313 party is assembled at Mr. Pope's, when the con- versation takes this turn : " Mr. Walscott asked if he (Dryden) was an En- glishman or an Irishman, for he never could find out. « You would find out,' answered Mr. Pope, ' if you heard him talk, for he cannot get rid of the habit of saying a for e. He would be an Englishman with all his heart, if he could ; but he is an Irishman, that is certain, and with all his heart too in one sense, for he is the truest patriot that country ever saw You must not talk to him about Irish rhymes,' added Mr. Pope, * any more than you must talk to me about the gods and abodes in my Homer, which he quarrels with me for. The truth is, we all write Irish rhymes, and the Dean contrives to be more exact that way than most of us.' 'What!' said Mr. Walscott, 'does he carry his Irish accent into his writings, and yet think to conceal himself? ' Mr. Pope read to us an odd kind of Latin-English effusion of the Dean's, which made us shake with laughter. It was about a consult- ation of physicians. The words, thougli Latin in themselves, make English when put together ; and the Hibernianism of the spelling is very plain. I re- member a taste of it. A doctor begins by inquiring, " ' Is his Honor sic ? Vrse Isetus felis pulse. It do es beat veris loto c?e.' " Here dt spells day. An Englishman would have "Used the word da. " ' No,' says tlie second doctor ; ' no, notis as qui cassi e ver feltu metri it,' &c. " Metri for may try. " Mr. Pope told us that there were two bad rhymes in the Jiape of the Lock, and in the space of eight lines : " ' The doubtful beam long nods from side to side ; At length the wits mount up, the hairs subside. But this bold lord, with manly strength endued. She with one finger and a thumb subdued.' " Mr. Walscott. ' These would be very good French rhymes.' " Afr. Pope. ' Yes, the French make a merit of ne- cessity, and force their poverty upon us for riches. But it is bad in English. However, it is too late to alter what I wrote. I now care less about them, not- withstanding the Doctor. When I was a young man, 1 was for the free disinvolte way of Dryden, as in the Essay on Criticism; but the town preferred the style of my pastorals, and somehow or other I agreed with them. I then became very cautious, and wonder how those lines in the Lock escaped me. But I have come to this conclusion, that when a man has established his reputation for being able to do a thing, he may take liberties. Weakness is one thing, and the carelessness of power another.' " — New Monthly Magazine, vol. xiii. (1825), pp. 551, 552. AVith regard to the French rhyme, T see, in a note to Odes and other Poems, by Henry Neele, 1821, that he apologises for rhyming multitude with solitude, by saying : " It is of that kind which is very common in French, but I fear hardly justified by Engh'sh practice. Still^ • La rime est une esclave, et ne doit qu'obeir.' " I would append to this Note a Query. Where in Swift's works is the "Latin-English effusion of the Dean's" to be met with ? * or is it composed for him by the writer of the article ? I only know of two such effusions really written by Swift; the Love Song, "Apud in is almi des ire," &c., and the Epigram on Die : " Die, heris agro at an da quarto finale Fora ringat ure nos an da stringat ure tale." I should also like to know the author of the clever series of papers from which I have quoted. CUTHBEKT BeDB, B.A. COUNT GONDOMAR. i (Vol. v., p. 489.) Your correspondent W. Stanley Simmonds will find a lengthy account of this notable Spanish Don — Diego Sarmiento de Acuiia, Conde de Gondomar — in the Nohiliario genealogico de los Reyes y Titulos de Espana of Lopez de Haro, folio, Madrid, 1622, vol. i. pp. 236—238. In this notice he chiefly figures, strange to say, as a military character I At the ripe age of seventeen this " famous captain '* is said to have chastised the insolence of that bold "English pirate, Francisco Draques," who in 1584 had had the temerity to land somewhere near Bayona, his sole object being of course plunder. Don Diego guarded well his territory of Tuy when the same formidable " dragon," in the year 1589, made his appearance before Co- ruiia ; and again in 1596, when the English Ar- mada visited ill-fated Cadiz. Being a person of " great parts," the Count was despatched to Eng- land as ambassador in 1613, and during the five years that he resided in this country, " the king' and his nobility showered upon him favours and honours innumerable." He once told James that; the flour of England (meaning the gentry) wa* very fine, but the bran (meaning the common people) was very coarse ; " La harina de Ligla- tierra es muy delgada y fina, pero el a/recho es muy grossero" — for Gondomar, like the learned Isaac Casaubon, had been subject to the grossest insults from the London rabble. We next find ranked among his praiseworthy deeds the follow- ing atrocious one : " Hizo cortar la cabefa al General Ingles Wbaltero Rale (Sir Walter Raleigh) por aver intentado descu- brimiento en las Indias Occideutales de Castilla a su partida." Another meritorious action is added : " A su instancia perdono la Magestad de aquel Re (James I.) a sesenta sacerdotes que estavan presos y condenados por causa de la religion, y a otros muchos Catolicos, passandolos todos consigo a Flandes." ['•' See " Consultation upon a Lord that was Dying,'* in Swift's Works, ed. Scott, vol. xiii. p. 471. — Ed.} 314 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 178. The title of Count Gondomar was conferred upon him by Philip III. in 1617, but the date of his death is still a desideratum. Many anecdotes concerning him are to be seen scattered in Howel's Treatise of Ambassadors. W. M. R. E. ]>OOB-H£AD INSCEIPTIONS. (Yol. vi., p. 543.) B. B. Woodward (urged, probably, by R. Rawxinson's question in Vol. vi., p. 412.) sends you the following inscription, " Sit mihi nee glis servus, nee hospes hirudo," copied from over the entrance to an old hostel in the town of Wymondham, Norfolk. He says he quotes from memory. Vol. vii., p. 23., you give an English translation of the inscription : " From servant lazy as dormouse, Or leeehing guest, God keep my house ; " but suggest that " hirudo " should be " hirundo," and produce some apt classical quotations suppos- ing it may be so, requesting Mr. Woodward to look again at the original inscription. In a recent Number (Vol. vii., p. 190.) Me. Woodward appears to have done this, and sends you the inscription correctly (as I beg to vouch, having often read and copied it, and living within four miles of the spot), thus : " Nee mihi glis servus, nee hospes hirudo." Permit me to add to this corroboration, that I should venture a different translation of the word " hospes " from your correspondent's, and render the notice thus : " Good attendance and eheap eharges:" taking " hospes " not as guest but host, and the literal words, " My servant is not a dormouse, nor (I) the host a leech." Ainsworth gives authority for " hospes " mean- ing host as well as guest, and quotes Ovid's Meta- morphoses in support of it. John P. Boileau. Ketteringham Park, Wymondham, Norfolk. With due respect to your correspondent A. B. R., the word "hospes" most probably means host, not guest. " Sit mihi nee servus glis, nee hospes hirudo." In Blomfield's Norfolk (but I cannot now lay my finger on the passage) the line is given as an inscription on the lintel of a door of an ancient hostelry, carved in oak. If so, the line may be rendered — " No maid like dormouse on me wait. Nor leech-like host be here my fate." But, on the supposition that guest is the proper meaning, "hirudo" might be taken in the sense of a greedy guest, although this would not be compli- mentary to the older hospitality. And even in the sense of gossiping, " hirudo " would not be so inappropriate an imitation of the " recitator acer- bus" at the conclusion of the Ars Poetica : " Nee missura cutem nisi plena cruoris hirudo." E. L. B. Ruthin. PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES. Photographic Gun- Cotton. — The "doctors dif- fer" not a little in their prescriptions for preparing the best gun-cotton for photographic use. How shall the photographer decide between them ? Dr. Diamond ("N. & Q.," Vol. vi., p. 277.) says (I quote briefly), '■'■Pour upon 100 grains of cotton an ounce and a half of nitric acid, previously mixed with one ounce of strong sulphuric acid. Knead it with glass rods during foe minutes" &c. Mr. Hunt, quoting (apparently with approba- tion) from Mr. Archer, says (p. 260., 3rd edit.), " Take one ounce by measure of nitric acid, mixed with one ounce by measure of ordinary sulphuric acid, and add to them eighty grains of cotton ; well stir," &c., '■'■for not more than fifteen se- conds," &c. " It will be seen that the cotton is not exposed to the action of the mixed acids iu this last mode longer than is necessary to saturate the cotton ; should the action be continued further, the solubility of the cotton is entirely lost." Not only is the order of manipulation different (a point probably not material), but the time be- tween " five minutes" and " fifteen seconds" must exercise a most important influence on the result. Who is right ? Cokely. Sealing-wax for Baths. — I notice in your an- swers to correspondents (No. 176., p. 274.), that you inform H. Henderson that glass may be cemented for baths with sealing-wax. May I recommend to H. Henderson the use of gutta percha, instead of glass, for that purpose ? Sheet gutta percha is now very cheap, and the baths are most easily made. I have had one of my own making in constant use since last July, having never emptied it but twice, to filter the nitrate of silver solution. It is not liable to breakage. The joinings are much less liable to leakage. And when it is necessary to heat slightly the silver solution (as it has been during the late cold wea- ther), I have adopted the following simple plan : Heat moderately a stout piece of plate glass; plunge it into the bath ; repeat the operation ac- cording to the size of bath. It is very useful to make a gutta percha cap to cover over the bath when not in use ; it protects it from dust and evaporation, and saves the continual loss of mate- rials arising from pouring the solution backwards and forwards. For home-work I have reduced Mar. 26. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 315 the whole operation to a very simple system. My bath, hypo-soda, developing fluid (of which, as it keeps so long, I. make ten ounces at a time), are always ready in a small closet in my study. These I arrange on my study-table : a gutta percha tray, a brass levelling-stand upon it, a jug of soft water, and half-a-dozen small plates to place my pictures on, after treating them with the hypo-solution (for, to save time, I do not finish washing them until I have done all the pictures I require). All these things I can prepare and ar- range in less than ten minutes, and can as easily return them to their places afterwards. With regard to Mb. Mabley's process, de- scribed in "N. & Q.," No. 176., p. 267., as I am but a beginner myself, and have much to learn, I should be sorry to condemn it ; but I should fear that his pictures would not exhibit sufficient con- trast in the tints. Nor do I see the advantage the pictures would possess, if they did, over positives taken by our process. We amateurs in the counti'y labour at present under great disadvantages, some of which I think the Photographic Society will re- move. I am myself quite unable to form an idea what the collodion pictures done by first-rate photographers are like. All the positives done by amateurs in this part of the world, and developed by pyrogallic acid, which I have seen, present a dirty brown hue, by no means pleasing or artistic ; and I have seen but very few, either developed by pyrogallic acid or protosulphate of iron, free from blemishes. I think if we were to act upon the suggestion made in "N. & Q." some time back, and send the editor a specimen of our perform- ances, it would be a slight return for his endea- vours in our behalf; and he would, I doubt not, honestly tell us whether our pictures were toler- able or not. I, for one, shall be very happy to do so. J. L. SissoN. Edingthorpe Rectory. Developing Chamber. — I think Mr. Sisson will find some difficulty in applying his very excellent idea of a sheet India rubber lighting medium to his portable laboratory, as the vapour of the ether will act upon it and render it sticky and useless after one or two usings. Allow me to suggest what I am in the habit of using, viz. a double layer of yellow glazed calico, stuck together with a little common drying oil, and allowed to dry for a ^QVf days : this causes a perfect exclusion of the actinic rays, and is very durable. F. Maxwell Lyte. Falkland, Torquay. The Black Tints on Photographic Positives. — A correspondent having inquired how these were obtained, and another replying that it was caused by starch, I beg to offer a process to your readers as to how they may obtain those carbonic tints ; though I must premise that the process requires some skill, and is not always successful, though always sure to make them black : but on occasions of failure the lights sink, and the brilliancy of the picture is lost. That it is not starch in the French process, unless that vehicle contains some pre- paration, I am tolerably certain ; the chloride of barium will often produce black images, though very uncertain ; and the black process as given by Le Gray is uncertain also. For myself, I generally prefer the colour given by ammoniac salt ; it is artistical and sufficient for any purpose. The present process, which I use myself when I re- quire a black colour, with its imperfections, I offer to the photographic readers of "N. & Q.," and here it is. Take a two-ounce vial, and have some powdered litharge of lead, by some called gold or scale li- tharge ; pound it fine in a Wedgewood mortar, and put in the vial about one scruple ; pour on it about half an ounce of Beaufoy's acetic acid, but do not replace the cork or stopper, as the gas evolved is very active, and will burst the vial, placing the operator's eyes in jeopardy ; agitate and allow it to stand some hours to settle, or leave it till next day, when it will be better for the pur- pose : then decant the clear part and throw the fajces away, return the solution into the bottle, and fill up with distilled water. The positive paper being now prepared with the ammonio- nitrate of silver, and placed as usual in the sun, the artist must remove it when a tolerably distinct image is visible, but not altogether up : this is one of the niceties of the process ; if it is too much done the blacks will be too black, and If not enough they will be feeble and want richness; it is when a visible image of the whole is de- veloped : at this point put the positive into cold water ; this will remove a great deal of the silver that has not been acted upon by the light : let it soak three or four minutes ; take it out and blot off the water, laying a clean piece of paper below. Now pour a small quantity of the solution of lead on one end, and with a glass rod pass It carefully over every part ; blot it off, and giving the paper a little time to dry partially, pass over a solution of newly made gallic acid ; the shadows will rapidly become perfectly blank, and the picture will come up. But another nicety in the process is the point at which it must be plunged into hyposulphite of soda solution ; if plunged In too soon the black will be mingled with the sepia tints, and If too late the whole tint will be too black. I offer it, how- ever, because I know its capabilltes of improve- ment, and the intensity of the black is sometimes beautiful : it is better suited for architectural subjects, where there is but little sky, as it will lay a faint tint over it ; but if a sky is attempted, it must be kept under by a brush with a little hyposulphite of soda solution, touching it care- "316 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 178. fully. The time it will take in becoming black will not exceed one minute; but as the eyesight is the guide, the moment the tints have changed from red to black is the proper time to arrest its further progress : the combination thus obtained •will not change, nor, 1 believe, become faint by time ; but I repeat it may be much improved, and if any abler hand, or one with better means at his disposal, will take the trouble to examine its capa- bilities, I shall be very thankful for his notes on the subject. N.B. The solution of lead must contain acid ; and if by keeping it does not change litmus-paper, acid must be added till it does. Weld Taylob. 7. Conduit Street West. HfpTtc^ ta iHtitor st of the Carpenter's terms in use at the period have been introduced with authorijes."— i'r^ace to the Fifth Edition. JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford ; 377. Strand, Londtm. and Foolscap 8vo., 10s. 6d. THE CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH ; illustrated with Brief Accounts of the Saints who have Churches dedicated in their Names, or whose Images are most frequently met with in Eng- land ; also the Early Christian and Medioevftl Symbols, and an Index of Emblems. " It is perhaps hardly necessary to observe, that this work is of an Archaeological, and not a Theological character. The Editor has not considered it his business to examine into the truth or falsehood of the legends of which he narrates the substance ; he gives them merely as legends, and, in general, so much of them only as is necessary to explain why particular emblems were used with a particular Saint, or why Churclics in a given locality are named after this or that Saint."— i'r^acc. " The latter part of the book, on the early Christian and mediaeval symbols, and on eccle- siastical emblems, is of great historical and architectural value. A copious Index of em- blems is added, as well as a general Index to the volume with its numerous illustrations. The work is an important contribution to English ArchoBology, especially in the depart- ment of ecclesiastical iconography. —Literary Qazette. JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. gtraud, London. Mae. 26. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 323 PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.— Negative and Positive Papers of Wliat- man's. Turner's, Sttiiford's, and Canson Frftres' make. Waxed-Paper for L« Gray a Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster Bow, London. To Members of Learned Societies, Authors, &c. ASHBEE & DANGERFIELD, LITIIOGKAPIIERS, DKAUGHTS- MEN, AND PRINTERS, 18. Broad Court, Long Acre. A. & D. respectfully beg to announce that they devote particular attention to the exe- cution of ANCIENT AND MODERN FAC- SIMILES, comprising Autograph Letters, Deeds, Charters, Title-pages, Engravings, Woodcuts, &c., which they produce from any description of copies with the utmost accuracy, and without theslightestinjury to the originals. Among the many purposes to which tlie art of Lithography is most successfully applied, may be specified, — ARCHAEOLOGICAL DRAWINGS, Architecture, Landscapes, Ma- rine Vitws, Portraits from Life or Copies, II- lumi' ated MSS., Monumental Brasses, Deco- rations, Stained Glass Windows, Maps, Flans, Diagrams, and every variety of illustrations requisite for Scientific and Artistic Publi- cations. PHOTOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS litho- graphed with the greatest care and exactness. LITHOGRAPHIC OFFICES, 18. Broad Court, Long Acre, London. WESTERN LIFE ASSU- RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, 3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. Founded A.D. 1842. Directors. H. E. Bicknell, Esq. W. Cabell, Esq. T. S. Cocks, Juu. Esq. M.P. G. H. Drew, Esq. W. Evans, Esq. W. Freeman, Esq. r. Fuller, Esq. J. H. Goodhart, Esq. T Grissell, Esq. J. Hunt, Esq. J. A. Lethbridge,Esq. E. Lucas, Esq. J. Lys Seager, Esq. J. B. White, Esq. J. Carter Wood, Esq. Trtutees, W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C. ; L. C. Humfrey, Esq., Q.C. ; George Drew, Esq. Physician. — William Rich. Basham, M.D. Bankers Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. POLICIES effected in this Office do not be- come void through temporary difficulty in pay- ing a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Pro- spectus. Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100?.. with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits: — Age £ 17 - - - 1 Age £ s. d. 82- « - 2 10 8 37- . - 2 18 6 42- - - 3 8 2 ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. Now ready, price 10«. ad.. Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL IN- VKSTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TRE *TISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO- CIE riKS, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Com- pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR- THUIl SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parlia- ment Street, Loudon. ISLINGTON, HIGHBURY, ETC. ALFRED ALLCHIN begs to inform Photograpers, that he can supply them with pure Chemicals for Photographic purposes. 32. COLES TERRACE, RICHMOND ROAD, BARNSBURY PARK. PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Esta- blishment. Also every description of Apparatus, Che- micals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art. — 123. and 121. Newgate Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC PIC- TURES.—A Selection of the above beautiful Productions may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photo- graphy in all its Branches. Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. TO PHOTOGRAPHERS. — MR. PHILIP DELAaiOTTE begs to announce that he has now made arrangements for printing Calotypes in large or small quan- tities, either from Paper or Glass Negatives. Gentlemen who are desirous of liaving good im- pressions of their works, may see specimens of Mr. Delamotte's Printing at his own residence, 38. Chepstow Place, Bayswater, or at MR. GEORGE BELL'S, 186. Fleet Street. Just published, price Is., free by Post Is. id., THE WAXED -PAPER PHO- TOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUSTAVE LE GRAYS NEW EDITION. Translated from the French. Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebrated Lenses for Portraits and Views. General DepSt for Turner's, Whatman's, Canson Fr^res', La Croix, and other Talbotype Papers. Pure Photographic Chemicals. Instructions and Specimens is every Branch of the Art. GEORGE KNIGHT St SONS, Foster Lane, London. PHOTOGRAPHY. — Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of Silver) J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, were the first in England who pub- lished the application of this agent (see Athe- jifejon, Aug. 14th). Their Collodion (price 9d. per oz.) retains its extraordinary senfitive- uess, tenacity, and colour unimpaired for months : it may be exported to any climate, and the TodizingCompound mixed as reqiiired. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with the latest Improvements adapted for all the Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras for Developing in the open Country . GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Lenses from the best Makers. Waxed and Iodized Papers, &c. TO PHOTOGRAPHERS. _ Pure Chemicals, and every requisite for the practice of Photography, according to the mstructions of Le Gray, Hunt. Bn'bisson, and other writers, may be obtained, wholesale and retail, of WILLIAM BOLTON (formerly Dymond & Co.), Manufacturer of pure Che- micals for Photographic and other puiposes. Lists may be had on application. Improved Apparatus for iodizing paper ia vacuo, according to Mr. Stewart's instruc- tions. 146. HOLBORN BARS. BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EX- HIBITION. No. 1. Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANU- FACTORY, 65, CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 13 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 6, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas ; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2Z.,3i., and 4Z. Ther- mometers from Is. each. BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE. UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY; established by Act of Parliament in 1834. —8. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London. HONORARY PRESIDENTS. Earl of Courtown I Lord Elphinstone Lord Belhaven and Stenton Wm. Campbell, Esq., ofTillichewan. Earl Leven and Mel- ville Earl of Norbury Earl of Stair Viscount Falkland LONDON BOARD. Chairtnan Charles Graham, Esq. Deputy-Chairman Charles Downes, Esq. H. Blair Avarne, Esq. E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., F.8.A., Rasident. C. Berwick Curtis, Esq. William Fairlie, Esq. D. Q. Ilenriques, Esq. J. G. Henriques, Esq. F. C. Maitland.Esq. William Railton.Esq, F. H. Thomson, Esq. Thomas Thorby, Esq. MEDICAL OFFICERS. Physician Arthur H. Hossall, Esq., M.D., 8. Bennett Street, St. James's. Surgeon. — "E-Vi. Thomson, Esq., 48. Eeruera Street. Tlie Bonus added to Policies from March, 1834, to December 31. 1847, is as follows : — Sum Time Sum added to Policy. Sum payable at Death. In 1841. In 1848. £ 5000 *1000 500 14 years 7 years 1 year £ 3.d. £ s. d. 693 6 8 j787 10 0 - - 15710 0 - - 1 11 50 £ s.d. 6470 16 8 1157 10 0 511 5 0 * Example. — At the commencement of the year 1841, a person aged thirty took out a Policy for lOOOi., the annual payment for which is i\l. Is. 8(/. : in 1847 he had paid in premiums 168?. ns. 8erpetuate, and render accessible, whatever is valuable, but at present little known, amongst the materials for the Civil, Ecclesiastical, or liiterary History of the United Kingdom ; and it accomplishes that object by the publication of Historical Documents, Letters, Ancient Poems, and whatever else lies within the compass of its designs, in the most convenient form, and at the least possible expense consistent with the production of useful volumes. The Subscription to the Society is U. per annum, which becomes due in advance on the llrst day of May in every year, and is received by MESSRS. NICHOLS, 25. PARLIAMENT STREET, or by the several LOCAL SECRE- TARIES. Members may compound for their future Annual Subscriptions, by the pay- ment of lo;. over and above the Subscription for the current year. The compositions re- ceived have been funded in tiie Tliree per Cent. Consols to an amount exceeding 900?. No Books are delivered to a Member until his Subscription for the current year has been paid. New Members are admitted at the Meetings of the Council held on the First Wednesday in every month. The Publications for the past year (1851-2) were : 52. PRIVY PURSE EX- PENSES of CHARLES II. and JAMES II. Edited by J. Y. AKERMAN, Esq., Sec. S.A. 53. THE CHRONICLE OF THE GREY FRIARS OF LONDON. Edited from a MS. in the Cottonian Library by J. GOUGH NICHOLS, Esq., F.S.A. 54. PROMPTORIUM: An English and Latin Dictionary of Words in Use during tlie Fifteenth Century, compiled chiefly from the Promptorium Parvulorum. By ALBERT WAY, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. Vol. II. (M to R.) (In the Press.) Books for 18.W-3. 55. THE SECOND VOLUME OF THE CXMDEN MISCELLANY, con- taining, 1. Expenses of John of Brabant, 1292-3 ; ?. Household Accounts of Princess Elizabeth, 1551-2 ; 3. Requeste and Suite of a True-hearted Englishman, by W. Cholmeley, 1.W3 ; 4. Discovery of the Jesuits' College at Clerkenwell, 1627-8 ; 5. 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A Treatise on the Rules and Duties of Monastic Life, in the An- glo-Saxon Dialect of the Thirteenth Century, addressed to a Society of Anchorites, being a translation from the Latin Work of Simon de Ghent, Bishop of Salisbury- To be edited from JISS. in the Cottonian Library, British Mu- seum, with an Introduction, Glossarial Notes, &c., by the REV. JAMES MORTON, B.D., Prebendary of Lincoln. THE DOMESDAY OF ST. PAUL'S : a Description of the Manors belong- ing to the Church of St. Paul's in London in the year 1222. By the YEN. ARCHDEACON HALE. ROMANCE OF JEAN AND BLONDE OF OXFORD, by Philippe de Reims, an Anglo-Norman Poet of the latter end of the Twelfth Century. Edited, from the unique MS. in the Royal Library at Paris, by M. LE ROUX DE LINCY, Editor of the Roman de Brut. Communications from Gentlemen desirous of becoming Members may be addressed to the Secretary, or to Messrs. Nichols. WILLIAM J. THOMS, Secretary. J5. Parliament Street, Westminster. WORKS OF THE CAMBEir SOCXETV, AND ORDER OF THEIR PUBLICATION. Restoration of King Ed- ward IV. Kyng Johan, by Bishop Bale. Deposition of Richard II. Plumpton Correspondence. Anecdotes and Traditions. Political Songs. Hayward's Annals of Eli- zabeth. Ecclesiastical Documents. Norden's Description of Essex. Warkworth's Chronicle. Kemp's Nine Dales Won- der. The Egerton Papers. Chronica Jocelini de Brake- londa. Irish Narratives, 1641 and 1690. Rishanger's Chronicle. Poems of Walter Mapes. Travels of Nieander Nu- cius. Three Metrical Bomances. 19. Diary of Dr. John Dee. 20. Apology for the Lollards. 21. Rutland Papers. 22. Diary of Bishop Cartwright. 23. Letters of Eminent Lite- rary Men. 24. Proceedings against Dame Alice Kjjteler. 25. Promptoiium Parvulorum: Tom. I. 26. Suppression of the Monas- teries. 27. Leycester Correspondence. 28. French Clironicle of Lon- don. 29. Polydore Vergil. 30. The Thornton Romances. 31. Verney 's Notes of the Long >"- Parliament. 32. Autobiography of Sir John Bramston, 33. Correspondence of James Duke of Perth. 34. Liber de Antiquis Lesibus. 35. The Chronicle of Calais. 36. Polydore Vergil's History, Vol. I. 37. Italian Relation of Eng- land. 38. Church of Middleham. 39. The Camden Miscellany, Vol. I. 40. Life of Ld. Grey of Wilton. 41. Diary of Walter Yonge, Esq. 42. Diary of Henry Machyn. ti. Visitation of Iluntingdon- "~ shire. 44. Obituary of Rich. Smyth. is. Twysden on the Govern- ment of England. 46. Letters of Elizabeth and James VI. 47. Chronicon Petroburgense. 48. Queen Jane and Queen Mary. 49. BuryWillsandlnventories. 50. Mapes de Nugis Curialium. 51. Pilgrimage of Sir R. Guyl- ford. ^T2r?>?.^„^"^^H'S ECCLESIASTICAL BIOGRAPHY -FOURTH, IMPROVED. AND CHEAPER EDITION. In 4 vols. 8to. (with Five Portraits), price 2?. 143. ECCLESIASTICAL BIO- GRAPHY ; or. Lives of Eminent Men connected with the History of Religion in Eng- land ; from the commencement of the Re- formation to the Revolution. Selected, and illustrated with Notes, by CHRISTOPHER WORDSWORTH, D.D., late Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. *** This Edition contains many additional Historical and Biographical Notes. RIVINGTONS. St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place ; Of whom may be had, by the same Editor (uniformly printed), CHRISTIAN INSTITUTES; a Series of Di-courses and Tracts, selected, arranged systematically, and illustrated with Notes. Second Edition. In 4 vols. 8vo. 2J. 14s. Jost published, in 8vo., price One Shilling, A THIRD LETTER to the BEV. S. R. MAITLAND, D.D., for- merly Librarian to the late Archbishop of Canterbury, on the GENXTINENESS of^the WRITINGS ascribed to CYPRIAN, Bishop of Carthage. By EDWARD JOHN SHEP- HERD, M.A. , Rector of Luddesdown ! Author of " History of the Church of Rome to the end of the Episcopate of Damasus." **« The First Letter on the same subject, price Is., and the Second, price 2s., may still be had. London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN & LONGMANS. NEW AND THOROUGHT.Y REVISED EDITION OF SIR DAVID BREWSTER'S TREATISE ON OPTICS, CORRECTED TO 1853. Just published, in fcp. 8vo., with Vignette Title and numerous Woodcuts, price 3s. 6d. cloth, i TREATISE ON OPTICS. J\ By SIR DAVID BREWSTER. K.H., D.C.L., V.P.R.S. Edin., Associate of the Na- tional Institute of France, Honorary Member of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg, and of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin, Vienna, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Gottingen, &c. A New Edition, revised throughout. London : LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN & LONGMANS. Just published, pp. 720, plates 24, price 21». A HISTORY of INFUSORIAL J\. ANIMALCULES, living and fossil, with Descriptions of all the Species, and Ab- stracts of the Systems of Ehrenberg. Dujardin, KlUzing, Siebo'ld, &c. By ANDREW PRIT- CHARD, ESQ., M.R.I. Also, price 5s., A GENERAL HISTORY OF ANIMALCULES, with 500 Engravings. Also, price 8s. 6y post u, 6d. TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS. THE GARDENERS' CHRO- ZETTE^^^ AND AGRICULTURAL GA- (The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY) Of Saturday, March 26, contains Articles on Agricultural statistics Beet, sugar, by Mr. Sinclair large and small, by Prof. Sullivan Bignonia Tweediana Boiler incrustations Boronia eerrulata Calceolaria pavonia Calendar, horticultu- ral agricultural Cloches, by Mr. Gil- bert Cyclamens, to increase Drainage, suburban, by Mr. Marshall deep and shal- low, Iw Mr. Hunt Nene Valley Farm practice Fruit,changing names of Heating public build- ings Ireland, Locke on, rev. Irrigation, Mr.Mechi's Larch, treatment of Level, bottle, by Mr. Lucas (with engrav- ing) Major's Landscape Gardening Manure, Stothcrt's Mint, bottled Nitrate of soda, by Dr. Pusey : Oaks, Mexican Onion maggot Pampas grass, by Mr. Gorrie Peaches, select Pears, select Plum, Huling'e su- perb, by Mr. Rivers Potatoes in Cornwall in tan Bain gauges, large and small Schools, union Sewage of Milan, by Captain Smith Societies, proceedings of the Linnean, Entomological, Na- tional, Floricultu- ral. Royal Dublin Steam culture Temperature, ground Trade memoranda Trees, to transplant Trout, artificial breed- ing of Vegetable lists, by Mr. Fry Vines, stem-roots of, by Mr. Harris Vine mildew Warner's (Mrs.) Gar- den Winter in SouthDevon THE GARDENERS' CHRO- NICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition to the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Sraithfleld, and Liverpool prices, with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool, and Seed Markets, and a complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the transactions of the week. ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London. T T. GODDARD, Astronomi- ff • cal Telescope Maker, 2. Jesse Cottage, Whitton, near Isleworth, Middlesex ; of whom Photographical View and Portrait Combina- tions may be obtained as follows : £ s. d. 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Payable at Coutts' Bank, or 14. Pall Mall East. G. AUBREY BEZZI, Hon. Sec. 848 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 179. MURRAY'S RAILWAY READING. Immediately, fcap. Sto. WELLINGTON — HIS CHA- BACTEB,^- HIS ACTIONS, - AND HIS WRITINGS. By JULKS MAUREL. " I am much mistaken in my estimate of M. Maurel's work, if it do not take rank now and iiereafter among tlie most accurate, dis- criminating, and felicitous tributes -wliich liave emanated from any country in any language to tlie memory of the Duke of Wellington. — Lord Ellesmere's Preface. To be followed by LOCKHART'S ANCIENT SPANISH BALLADS. LIFE OF LORD BACON. By LORD CAMPBELL. Volumes already published— FALL OF JERUSALEM. By DEAN MILMAN. STORY OF JOAN OF ARC. By LORD MAHON. HALLAM'S LITERARY ES- SAYS AND CHARACTERS. LIFE of THEODORE HOOK. THE EMIGRANT. By SIR r. B. HEAD. LORD ELLESMERE'S DIS- COURSE ON WELLINGTON. MUSIC AND DRESS. By a Lady. LAYARD'S POPULAR AC- COUNT OF NINEVEH. BEES AND FLOWERS. LORD MAHON'S "FORTY- FIVE." ESSAYS FROM "THE TIMES." GIFFARD'S DEEDS OF NAVAL DARING. THE ART OF DINING. OLIPHANT'S JOURNEY TO NEPAUL. JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street ; And to be obtained at all Booksellers, and Railway Stations. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, No. CLXXXIV., is just published. CONTENTS : APSLEY HOUSE. SCROPE'S HISTORY OF CASTLE COMBE. HUMAN HAIR. THE OLD COUNTESS OF DESMOND. HUNGARIAN CAMPAIGNS - KOSSUTH AND GORGEY. BUCKINGHAM PAPERS. SEARCH FOB FRANKLIN. THE TWO SYSTEMS AT PENTON- VILLE. MAUBEL ON THE DUKE OF WEL- LINGTON. JOHN MUBRAY. Albemarle Street. Bohn's Standahd Librabt fok Apbil. MISS BREMER'S WORKS, by MARY HOWITT. Vol. in. THE HOME, and STRIFE AND PEACE. Post 8vo. 3«. 6rf. HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden. BoHN^s Classical Library for April. A RISTOTLE'S POLITICS and j\ ECONOMICS, translated by E. WAL- FORD, M. A., with Notes, Analyses, Life, In- troduction, and Index. Post 8vo. 5s. HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden. BoHN*s Illdstrated Library for April. 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" It is written in a plain attractive style, which, in conjunction with the impartial feel- ing and the great research it evinces, is sure to make it a favourite." — vl rcAcEotogio Cam- brensis. London : JAMES DARLING, 81. Great Queen Street, Lincoln's- Inn Fields. Just published, in 8vo., price 15s. cloth, r\ OETHE'S FAUST : With \X Copious English Notes, Grammatical, Philological, and Exegetical, for Students of the German Language. By F AI>K LEBAHN, Ph. D., Author of" German in One Volume," &c. »** The Grammatical Notes contain the whole of the Text, in German and English, classified according to rules of grammar. "Faust" is thus brought within the reach of the merest beginner. In the Exegetical Notes, the Editor has endeavoured to render Goethe's own meaning strictly ; and where his inter- pretation difters from those of his predecessors, Goethe himself is adduced as authority, the supporting passages from liis other works being given in German. Copious extracts from other German authors are also given in the original. London : LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS. Just published, royal 12mo., 7s. 6c?., ELEMENTS OF PSYCHO- LOGY. Part I. By J. D. MORELL, A.M., Author of " An Historical and Critical View of the Speculative Philosophy of Europe in the Nineteenth Century," &c. &c. WILLIAM PICKERING, 177. Piccadilly, Just published, one vol. 8vo., 7s. 6d., RESEARCHES INTO THE HISTORY OF THE ROMAN CON- STITUTION i with an Appendix upon the Roman Knights. By W. IHNE, Ph. D. WILLIAM PICKERING, 177. Piccadilly. On April 1st, Part IV., price Is., with a beau- tiful engraving, REYNARD THE FOX; after the German Version of GOETHE. With Illustrations by J. WOLF. To be continued Monthly, and completed in Twelve Parts. WILLIAM PICKERING, 177. Piccadilly ; and may be had of all Booksellers. Just published, imp. 8vo., containing Thirty- seven Plates, cloth lettered, price 16s., THE HANDBOOK OF ME- DI^VAL ALPHABETS AND DE- VICES. By HENRY SHAW, F.S.A., Author of "Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages," &c. &c. This work contains twenty-six complete al- phabets, and from seventy to eighty initial letters of a larger and more elaborate cha- racter, the whole forming a series of specimens of almost every type to be found from the be- ginning of the tenth to the end of the seven- teenth century. To these have been added examples of the various forms of Arabic nu- merals in use from their first introduction in this country, and also a series of labels, mono- grams, heraldic devices, and other matters of detail, calculated to render it most useful as a work of reference. WILLIAM PICKERING, 177. PiccadUly. WORDSWORTH ON THE CHURCH OF ROME IN THE THIRD CENTURY. In 8vo., price 8s. 6d. OT. HIPPOLYTUS AND THE lO CHUBCH OF ROME.in the EARLIER PABT of the THIRD CENTURY ; from the newly-discovered " Philosophumena ; " or, the Greek Text of those Portions which relate to that subject ; with au ENGLISH VERSION and NOTES ; and an Introductory Inquiry into the Authorship of the Treatise, and on the Life and Works of the Writer. By CHR. WORDSWORTH, D.D., Canon of Westmin- ster, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place. Just published, pp. 720, plates 24, price 21s. A HISTORY of INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, living and fossil, with Descriptions of all the Species, and Ab- stracts of the Systems of Ehrenberg, Duiardin, KUtzine, Siebold, &c. By ANDREW PRIT- CHARD, ESQ., M.R.I. Also, price 5s., A GENERAL HISTORY OF ANIMALCULES, with 500 Enffravinga. Also, price 8s. 6d., MICROGRAPHIA, or Prac- tical Essays on Microscopes. London : WHITTAKER & CO., Ave Maria Lane. Printed hv Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 15. Stonefleld Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, m the Parish ol St Bri*B in the City of London ; and published by Georoe Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstau in the West, m the City of London , Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.- Saturday, April 2. 1853. NOTES AND QUERIES: A medium: OF. INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. •* "Wlten found, make a note of." — Caftaik Cuttle. No. 180.] Saturday, April 9. 1853. f Price Fourpence. t Stamped Edition, ^d. CONTENTS. Notes:— Page Rigby Correspondence - - - - - 349 Isthmus of Darien ..---- 351 Notes on several misunderstood Words - . - 352 Folk Lore: — Drills presaging Deatli — Beltane in Devonshire — Touching for King's Evil - - 353 Gaffer or Gammer, &c., by Thos. Keightley - - 354 Minor Notes : — Search for MSS Clifton of Norman- ton— The Three per Cent. Consols ... 354 Queries : — Wolves nursing Children, by Gilbert N. Smith - - 355 " The Luneburg Table " — Queen Elizabeth's Love of Pearls 355 Minor Queries : — St. Dominic—" Will " and " shall " — Sir John Fleming — Deal, how to stain — Irish Characters on the Stage — Arms on King Robert Bruce's Coffin-piate — Chaucer's Prophetic View of the Crystal Palace — Magistrates wearing their Hats in Court — Derby Municipal Seal — Sir Josias Bodley — Sir Edwin Sadler — The Cross given by Richard I. to the Patriarch of Antioch — Lister Family — Family of Abrahall, Eborall, or Ebrall— Eulenspiegel : Murner's Visit to England — Aged 116 — Annuellarius - 356 Minor Queries with Answers : — Boyer's " Great Theatre of Honour and Nobility " — List of Bishops of Norwich — "A Letter to a Convocation Man " — . Nicholas Thane — Churchwardens, Qualification of — Sir John Powell— S.N. 's " Antidote," &c Beads - 358 Replies: — Broad Arrow - - - - - .360 English Comedians in the Netherlands - • . 360 The Sweet Singers - - - - - - 361 Edmund .Spenser - - - - - - 362 Lamech killing Cain, by Francis Crossley, &c. - - 362 Photographic Notes and Queries : — Photographic Notes— On some Difficulties in Photographic Practice — Mr. Weld Taylor's cheap Iodizing Process - - 363 Replies to Minor Queries : — Somersetshire Ballad— . Family of De Thurnham — Major-General Lambert — Loggerheads — Grafts and the Parent Tree — The Lisle Family — The Dodo in Ceylon — Thomas Watson, Bishop of St. David's, 1687 to 1«99— Etymology of Fuss — Palindromical Lines — Nugget — Hibernis ipsis Hi- bcrniores — The Passame Sares (mel. Passamezzo) Galliard — Swedish Words current in England — Gotch — Passage in Thomson : " Steaming" — The Word "Party" — Curious Fact in Natural Philosophy — Low- bell — Life and Correspondence of S. T. Coleridge — Coniger, &c. — Cupid Crying — Westminster Assembly of Divines, &c. - • . . . Miscellaneous : — Notes on Books, &c. Books and Odd Volumes wanted Notices to Correspondents Advertisements - 364 - 3C9 - 370 - 370 - 371 V0L.VII. — No. 180. RIGBY COERESPONDENCE. [We are enabled, by the kindness of their possessor, to lay before our readers copies of the foliovring charac- teristic letters from the well-known Richard Rigby, Esq., who was for so many years the leader of the Bed- ford party in the House of Comitions. They were ad- dressed to Robert Fitzgerald, Esq., a member of the House of Commons in Ireland, and Judge of the Court of Admiralty in that country.] Mr. Righy to Mr. E. Fitzgerald. "Woburn Abbey, Wednesday, II th Dec, 1765. Dear little Bob, I am impatient to know if you had resolution enough to attend his Excellency last Sunday, as I advised, and if you had, what was the result of the audience. ........ I arrived here last night, and find the Duke and Duchess, Marquis and Marchioness, all in perfect health. With my love to the Provost *, tell him the chancellorship answers the intention to the utmost of his desire : we are wonderfully pleased with it. Tell him also that I do not find the de- falcation amongst our friends to be as was repre- sented in Dublin. Stanley is not, but has refused to be, ambassador to Berlin ; Lord North is not,, but has refused to be, vice-treasurer. The parlia- ment meets on Tuesday : the ministers of the House of Commons, who are to be rechose, can get nobody who is in Parliament to read the king''s ' speech for them at the Cockpit the night before. They, I believe, are iu a damned dilemma : how much that makes for us time must show. Cooper is bribed to be Secretary of the Treasury, by 5001. a-year for his life, uppn the 4| per cents, in the Leeward Islands, the same that Pitt's pension is upon. He remains for the present, however, at Bath. Calcraft will run Cooper hard at Rochester, against both Admiralty and Treasury. Wish Col. Draper joy for me of his red riband : he will have it next week with Mitchell, who returns to the . * T. Andrews, Provost of Trin. Col,, Dublin. 350 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 180. King of Prussia. The poor young prince cannot liver I have time for no more. Adifeu, yours ever, E.R. I expect to hear fully from you very shortly. St. James's Place, 1st Feb., 1766. Dear little Bob, Though you are a little villain for never sending me a word of news from Sir Lucius Pery, Flood, Lucas, and the rest of the friends to your enslaved country, yet I will inform you that yesterday, in the House of Commons, upon a question of no moment, only for fixing a day for the hearing a contested election, the ministry were run within 11 : the numbers 137 and 148. Twenty rats in the Speaker's chamber, and in all the cupboards in the neighbourhood. Monday next is the day for deciding the American question ; and do not be surprised if there is an end of the present ministry in less than a week. As soon as I know who are to be their successors, you shall hear from me again. If you are in want of such another patriot to second Lucas, Pitt is at your service. He seems likely to want a place. Yours ever, R.R. St. James's Place, 1 4th Nov., 1766. Dear little Bob, I have not wrote to you this age, nor have I any- thing very pleasant to say to you now. Our Par- liament is met in a very acquiescing disposition. The Opposition is sickly, and my great friend, who would naturally give it most strength and energy, is tired of it as much as he is of the Court. Lord Chatham seems, by all that has yet appeared, to have adopted all Grenville's plan of pacific mea- sures ; and as he formerly told us he had borrowed a majority, he seems now to have borrowed a system. The world has it, that we are joined to the ministry, and, as matters stand, I wish there was more truth in that report than there is ; but I have not the smallest expectation of a place, I assure you. Tell this or not, as you like. The Duke of Bedford says he sees no ground to oppose upon : he disapproves of mere factious opposition ; that no good can arise from such conduct either to ourselves or the public. I have been at the House only the first day, nor do I know when I shall go again. I cannot stomach giving my silent approbation to Conway's measures, be they good or bad. In this damned situation of affairs you will not expect I should write long letters ; but I could not avoid giving you a hint to let you know the true state of things. Adieu, my dear friend. Yours ever, St. James's Place, 2nd May, 1767. Dear Bob, The East India business is in a way of beinw settled, — 400,000/. to be paid by the company for three years, and no addition of term to be given for their charter. It remains for the General Court of Proprietors to consent to this next Wed- nesday, which, if they do, the Parliament will con- firm it on Friday. We had some good warm talk upon it yesterday in the House. Conway and Beckford and I sparred a good deal, and I am vain enough to think I did not come off with the worst of it. Conway said, inter alia, that Lord Chatham's health was too bad to have any communication of business. The world seems to agree that he is mad, and his resignation is talked of, — God knows with what truth. The American business is next Tuesday. I do not see much prospect of a junc- tion taking place where I have been labouring for it. We remain upon civil terms with each other, and no more. ....... My heart's love to all friends in Dublin : tell them it is every day more and more my opinion that this Lieutenant never means to set his foot in that kingdom, and I have good reasons for what I say. Adieu, my dear little fellow. I am ever yours, R.K. St. James's Place, SOth May, 1767. Dear Fitz, I have received your several letters, and am much obliged to you for them. I wish I could send you something real in the political way, as you call it, in return ; but there is as little reality as stability in our politics. Dyson has carried his persecuting bill against the East India Company through the flouse of Commons, in spite of the Secretary of State and Chancellor of the Exche- quer, both of whom helped us to make up a miser- able minority of 84 against 151. Cliarles went at one o'clock in the morning, when the House was up, to dinner with a set of our friends, at Sir Lau. Dundass's, and there talked a big language of resigning the seals the next day. The next day came, and we rallied the majority upon this state of independence with great success, both Charles himself, Wedderburn, and I ; and he invited him- self, Charles I mean, to dine with us again that day at Lord Gower's. Again the same language of resignation ; but the spirit has subsided since, and we hear no more of it. If Conway and he will take such usage, the Court will certainly let them keep their places ; for where can it find better tools ? The East India Company pursue the bill, with the council and evidence, to the House of Lords, where matters run much nearer ; for on the same day we were so beat in the House of Commons, Lord Gower's motions in the House of Lords, touching America, were rejected only by a majority of April 9. 1853.] l^OTES AND QUERIES. 351 three, two of which were the king's brothers. The Duke of York was absent. If we should succeed in that House, so as to reject this bill, possibly the ministry may break to pieces ; otherwise I rather think it will bobble lamely on, through the summer, •with universal discontent attending it. Chatham is certainly as ill as ever ; and, notwithstanding all reports to the contrary, Lord Holland has not been sent to by the Court. He is arrived at his house in Kent, and comes, but of his own accord, to town to the birthday. On that day, the clerks. Watts, and I go down to Lynch's for five or six days : I wish you was of the party. It would have been very kind indeed in Mr. Harvey, the six-clerk, to have tipped so soon. Your Lord Lieutenant says Le is to go. God help the poor man if he does. I am sorry for your account of the disorders in the college. I do not like anything that may throw reflexion on Andrews, and I will press him to come iiomewards. Adieu, my dear Bob. Most faithfully yours, R. R. Pay Office, 2nd May, 1769. Dear Bob, After I wrote to you last Saturday morning, I Tvent to the House, where I found a petition pre- sented from fifteen tailors or tinkers, freeholders of Middlesex, against Lutterell. The opposition ■wanted a call of the House for Wednesday fort- night. We insisted on hearing it next Monday, and divided 94 against 49. This business retards the prorogation till this day or to-morrow se'nnight: but we are adjourned till Monday ; so nothing but -hearing this nonsense remains. Wilkes' stock falls very fast every day, and upon this measure there was such difference of opinion amongst his friends, that Sawbridge and Townsend would not attend on Saturday. Serjeant Whitacre has desired to "be Lutterell's counsel gratis, in order to deliver his opinion at the bar of the House on the legality of Lutterell's seat ; and says he shall insist, if the .House should be of opinion that Lutterell is not duly elected, that he himself is, as having been next upon the poll of those who were capable of receiving votes. No news yet of your secretary. Some people are impatient to hear his report of the state of parties, and their several dispositions to support government, on your side the water. He must certainly be a most competent judge, after so long a residence there, and after such open and frank discourse as every man there would naturally hold with him upon critical matters. Some better judges than him, lately arrived from Ireland, make no scruple in declaring there will be a majority of forty against the Castle at the opening the session. Adieu, my dear little Bob : my love to the Provost. Yours ever, R.K. P-S. — I shall get the Journals of the House of Commons for you certainly. Lawford, Saturday Evening, 4th Nov., 1769. Dear little Bob, It would be ungrateful in the present company here not to take some notice of you, just as they had finished the last bottle of an excellent hogs- head of Burgundy, which you sent into my cellar, I believe, seven years ago. What has come since we will avoid mentioning. A few bottles, how- ever, of the former were reserved for the divine Charlotte, and she, and Caswell, and I have this day finished them; and the last glass went off to your health. Sister Charlotte wishes you public and private happiness during this bustling winter, and hopes that you are not determined to forsake the English part of your family for ever. I re- ceived your letter of the 24th here two days ago, and should most undoubtedly desire you to send me your votes, if I had not already engaged my old friend at the Secretary's office to do it ; but I beg early intelligence of your parliamentary pro- ceedings, about which I am very anxious. I do not believe there is the smallest foundation for believ- ing that Junius is Wedderburn. I had, a few days ago, great reason to guess at the real Junius: but my intelligence was certainly false ; for send- ing to inquire in a more particular manner, I dis- covered the person hinted at to be dead. He was an obscure man ; and so will the real Junius turn out to be, depend upon it. Are Shannon and Pon- sonby and Lanesborough still stout against Aug- mentation? or must the friends to the measure form a plan that they like themselves ? A letter from Colonel Hall, of the 20th regiment, this evening, informs me that General Harvey is come from Ireland, and is very impatient to see me : if his business is to consult me upon the utility of this military plan, I am already fully convinced of it : but nobody knows less than I do how to get it through your House of Commons, — I only hope by any means rather than a message from the king. Perhaps the measure is taken, and I am writing treason against the understanding of our own ■ ministers. God forbid ! but I do not approve of letting down the dignity and power of the chief governors of Ireland lower than they are already fallen, to quarrel with a mountebank at a custard feast. Adieu, my dear little fellow. Yours ever, most sincerely, R.R. ISTHMUS OF DARIEN. As public attention is now much directed to the canal across the Isthmus of Darien, one end of which is proposed to communicate with the harbour which was the site of the ill-fated at- 352 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 180. tempt at colonisation by the Scotch about 150 years ago, the subjoined extract, giving an ac- count of that harbour, by (apparently) one of the Scotch colonists, may be interesting to your readers. It is taken from a paper printed in Mis- cellanea Curiosa, vol. iii. p. 413., 2nd edit, entitled " Part of a Journal kept from Scotland to New Caledonia in Darien, Avith a short Account of that Country, communicated [to the Royal Society] by Dr. Wallace, F.R.S." : " The 4th [November] we came into the great har- bour of Caledonia. It is a most excellent one ; for it is about a league in length from N.W. to S.E. It is about half a mile broad at the mouth, and in some places a mile and more farther in. It is large enough to contain 500 sail of ships. The greatest part of it is landlocked, so that it is safe, and caimot be touched by any wind that can blow the harbour ; and the sea makes the land that lies between them a peninsula. There is a point of the peninsula at the mouth of the harbour that may be fortified against a navy. This point secures the harbour, so that no ship can enter but must be within reach of their guns. It likewise defends half of the peninsula ; for no guns from the other side of the harbour can touch it, and no ship carrying guns dare enter for the breastwork at the point. The other side of the peninsula is either a precipice, or defended against ships by shoals and breaches, so that there remains only the narrow neck that is naturally fortified ; and if thirty leagues of a Avilderness will not do that, it may be artificially forti- fied in twenty ways. In short, it may be made im- pregnable ; and there are bounds enough within it, if it were all cultivated, to afford 10,000 hogsheads of sugar every year. The soil is rich, the air good and temperate ; the water is sweet, and every thing contri- butes to make it healthful and convenient." C. T. W. NOTES OK SEVERAL MISUNDERSTOOD WORDS. MecTial is from the mint of Thomas Hey wood ; but, like many other words of the same stamp, it continued a private token of the party who issued it, and never, as far as I am aware, became current coin. Four times, at least, it occurs in his works ; and always in that sense only which its etymon indicates, to wit, " adulterous." In his " Challenge for Beauty :" " . . . . her own tongue Hath publish 'd her a mechall prostitute." Dilke's Old English Plays, vol. vi. p. 421. In his " Rape of Lucrece :" ". , . that done, straight murder One of thy basest grooms, and lay you both Grasp'd arm in arm in thy adulterate bed. Men call in witness of that mechall sin." Old English Drama, vol. i. p. 71. —where the editor's note is — "probably derived from the French word mechant, wicked." In his "English Traveller:" " . . . Yet whore you may ; And that's no breach of any vow to heaven : Pollute the nuptial bed with tnichall sin." Dilke's Old English Plays, vol. i. p. 161. This misprint the editor corrects to mickle : pro- fessing, however, as he well might, distrust of his amendment. Nares discards Dilke's guess, and says, " If a right reading, it must be derived froiu mich, truant, adulterous." Whereby to correct one error he commits another, assigning to mich a sense that it never bears. If haply any doubt should remain as to what the true reading in the above passage is, a reference to Heywood's Vari- 07ts History concerninge Women will at once assoil it. In that part of his fourth book which treats of adulteresses (p. 195.), reciting the very story on which his play was founded, and calling it " a moderne historic lately happening, and in mine owne knowledge," he continues his narrative thus : *' With this purpose, stealing softly vp the stayres, and listening at the doore, before hee would presume to knocke, hee might lieare a soft whispering, which sometimes growing lowder, hee might plainely distin- guish two voyces (hers, and that gentleman's his sup- posed friend, whom the maide had before nominated), where hee might euidently vnderstand more than pro- testations passe betwixt them, namely, the mechall sinne itselfe." Mr. Halllwell, in his compilation of Archaic and Provincial Words, gives Mechall, wicked, adul- terous, with a note of admiration at Dilke's con- jecture ; and a reference to Nares, in v. MichalL Mr. H. neither adduces any authority for his fir&fc sense, " wicked," nor can adduce one. To lowt, to mock or contemn. A verb of very common occurrence, but, as might be expected, quite unknown to the commentators on Shak- speare, though Its meaning was guessed from the context. As it would be tedious and unnecessary to write all the instances that occur, let the fol- lowing suffice : " To the holy bloud of Hayles, With your fyngers and nayles, All that ye may scratche and wynne ; Yet it woulde not be seen, Except you were shryven, And clene from all deadly synne. There, were we flocked, Lowted and mocked ; For, now, it is knownen to be But the bloud of a ducke, That long did sucke The thrifte, from every degre." " The Fantassie of Idolatrie," Foxe's Acts and Monuments, vol. v. p. 406. (Cattley's edition.) " Pride Is it, to vaunt princely robes, not princely virtues. Pride is it to lotcte men of lower sort, or pore April 9. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 353 lasers, as is some men's guise." — The Third Booke of Nobilitye; writte in Latine by Laurence Humfrey, late Englished, 1563. " Among serving men also, above all other, what wicked and detestable oaths are there heard 1 If there ■be any of that sort which fear God, and love his word, and therefore abstain from vain oaths, how doth his company hut him ! Look what an ass is among a sort of apes, even the very same is he among his fellows." — The Invective against Swearing, p. 361.; "Works of Thomas Becon (Parker Society). Samson was accounted of the Philistines for a fool, but he would rather die than suffer that opprobry unrevenged (Judic. xvi.). ■" David was lowted of Michol Saul's daughter, but she was made therefore barren all her life." — 2 Reg. vi. And same page, a little above : ■" He that calleth his brother fool, that is to say, con- temn him, mock him, or, as men call it now-a-days, lowting of a man, eommitteth such murder as is worthy hell-fire and eternal damnation." — A Declaration of the Ten Commandments, ch. ix. p. 373. ; Early Writings of 23ishop Hooper (Parker Society). " Renowned Talbot doth expect my ayde, And I am lowted by a traitor villaine And cannot help the noble Cheualier." The First Part of Henry VI., Actus Quartus, Scena Prima (First Folio Shakspeare). "Where I would note, by the way, that in three copies of the folio 1632, now by me, it is printed *'■ at traitor," although two of these folios have different title-pages ; that which appears to be the later impression bears under the portrait these words : " London, printed by Thos. Cotes, for Kobert Allot, and are to be sold at his shop at the signe of the Blacke Beare, in Paul's Church-yard, 1632." The other wants the words " at his shop," as described in Mr. Collier's edition. The mention of Mr. Collier's name is a hint that reminds me to advertise him of a mistake he lies under, in supposing that the Duke of Devon- hire's copy of the play of King Richard II. in 4to,, •dated 1605, is unique (yid. Collier's Shakspeare, "vol. iv. p. 105., Introduction) ; as there is another in the Philosophical Institute at Hereford, pre- sented by the late Edward Evans, Esq., of Eyton Hall, in the same county. But to return. Mr. Hallivvell, in his work istbove quoted, furnishes another instance of the verb loivl, from Hall's History of King Henry IV., -which the reader may consult for himself. I will merely add, that the interpretation there pro- pounded is plausible but unsound, the context t stores was the royal cipher — ER (with a crown, above) perhaps. On old guns of Henry VIII^ and Elizabeth, we find the rose and crown, but no broad arrow; more frequently Elizabeth's bear her cipher. A few articles I have seen of William III. are stamped with Wl (with a crowa above) : no broad arrow. Nor do I remember having ever seen it upon anything older than George III. This, however, is a question which may interest some gentleman of the Ordnance- Department, and induce him to make research where success is most likely to reward his trouble, viz. in the Tower, in the Royal Arsenal at Wool- wich, or amongst the ancient records in the Ordr nance Office ; for I presume there be such. P. C. S. S. (Vol. iv., p. 371.) says that "he al- ways understood " the broad arrow represented the " Pheon " in the arms of the Sydney family ; but, as he quotes no authority, we are at liberty to doubt the adoption and perpetuation of a bear- ing appertaining to any particular master-general of ordnance as a " king's mark," howsoever illus- trious or distinguished he might be. A. C. M> Exeter. ENGLISH COMEDIANS IN THE NETHERLANDS. (Vol. ii., pp. 184. 459.; Vol. iii., p. 21. ; Vol. vii., p. 114.) Returning to this question, I will communicate- a few extracts from the Gerechtsdagboeken (Mi- nutes of the Council) of the city of Leyden : — Sept. 30, 1604. — " Die van de Gerechte opt voor- schryven van Zyne Ex« en versouc van Jan VVoodtss,. Engelsman, hebben toegelaten ende geconsenteert dat hy geduyrende deze aenstaende jaermarct met zyn behnlp zal mogen speelen zeecker eerlick camerspel tot vermaeckinge van der gemeente, mits van yder pcrsoen (comende om te bezien) nyet meer te mogen nemen- nochte genyeten dan twaelf penn., ende vooral betaelen- tot een gootspenning aen handen van Jacob van Noordc, bode metter roede, vier guld. om ten behouve van de armen verstrect te worden." Translation, Tlie magistrates, on the command of his Excellcnca, and on the request of John Woodtss, an Englishman, have permitted and consented that he, with his coni.- pany, during the approaching fair, may play certain decent pieces for the amusement of the people, pro^ vided he take no more than twelve pennings from each person coming to see, and, above all, pay to Jacob van- Noorde four guilders, to be applied to the use of the poor. April 9. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 361 And again : Jan. 6, 1605. — " Op't versouck aen die van de Ge- rechte gedaen by de Engelsche Comedyanten om te mogen spelen : staet geappostilleert. Die van de Ge- rechte deser stadt Leyden gesien in haer vergaderinge opt Raedthuys der voors. stede, de favorable brieven van Recommandatie ende testimoniael vanden Forst van Brandenburch van de X Augustij des jacrs XVI<= vier, raitsgaders t consent by Zyne Ex'" van Nassau verleent den xxij Decembris laest verleden, Es dis- ponerende opt versouc int blanc van dezen, liebben voor zoo veel in hem is, de Engelsche Commedianten ende musicyns toondeis in dezen, conform haer versouc toe- gelaten binnen deser stede te mogen spelen en haer consten doen oufFenen ende vertoonen ter gewoenlycke plaetse te weten opten groten hofF onder de biblio- tecque, dewelcke hem toonders mits dezen ten eynde voorseyt, belast wert te werden ingeruymt, Ende dit al voor den tyt van veertien dagen eerstcomende, en mits, voor den jegenwoordige gracieiise toelatinge, gevende ten behouve van de gemeene liuysarmen dezer stede een somme van twaelf gulden van xl groot tstuck. Aldus, gedaen opten vi January XVI" en vyfF. My jegenwoordich en is get, J. van Hout." Translatioiu On the request to the magistrates of the English comedians to be allowed to perform, was decided : The magistrates of this city of Leyden, having seen in their assembly in the Town-House of the aforesaid city, the favourable letters of recommendation and testi- monial of the Prince of Brandenberg of the 10th Aug., 1604, as well as the consent granted by his Excellence of Nassau, the 22nd of Dec. last, have permitted the English comedians and musicians, according to their request, to perform and exercise and exhibit their arts in the accustomed place, namely, in the great court under the library; and this for the space of fourteen days, provided they, for this gracious permission, give twelve guilders of forty groats a-piece to the poor of this city. Done on the 6th Jan., 1605. Me present ; and signed "J. van Hout." Elsevier. Constanter has communicated the following lines of G. A. Brederode, confirming the state- ments of Heywood and Tieck : " Ick mach soo langh oock by geen reden-ryckers zijn : Want dit volckje wil steets met alien menschen gecken. En sy kunnen als d'aep haer afterst niet bedecken ; Sy seggen op haer les, soo stemmigh en soo stijf, Al waer gevoert, gevult met klap-hout al haer lijf ! Waren 't de Engelsche, of andere uytlandtsche Die men hoort singen, en soo lustigh siet dantse Dat sy suyse-bollen, en draeyen als een tol : Sy spreken 't uyt eaer geest, dees leeren 't uyt een rol. 't Isser weer na (seyd ick) als 't is, sey Eelhart schrander, Dat verschil is te groot, besiet men 't een by 't ander 1 D'uytheemsche die zijn wuft, dees raden tot bet goedt, En straffen alle het quaet bedecklelijck en soet." Translation. To stay with rhetoricians I've no mind : The fool they'll play with men of every kind, And, like the ape, exhibit what's behind. With gests so stiff their lesson they repeat, You'd swear with staves their bodies were replete I Heard you the men from merry England sing ? Saw you their jolly dance, their lusty spring? How like a top they spin, and twirl, and turn ? And from the heart they speak — ours from a roll must learn — From the Navorscher. THE SWEET SINGERS. (Vol. v.. p. 372.) A. N. asks for some historical notices of the above fanatics : as he may not be satisfied with Timperley's meagx-e allusion, allow me to refer him to the Memoirs of the Lord Viscount Dundee : London, 1714. The author of this, "An Officer of the Army," speaking of the stiff-necked Pres- byterians, says : " At this time (1681), about thirty of these deluded people left their families and business, and went to the hills, where they lived in rocks and caves for some weeks. John Gib, sailor in Borrowstowness, Walter Ker, in Trafritham, Gemmison, in Linlithgow, were their chief leaders. They called themselves the Sweet Singers of Israel, eat nothing that there was salt in or paid tax to the king, blotted the name of king out of their Bibles, and cohabited all together. When a party of dragoons took them at the Ouffins, in Tweed- dale, they were all lying on their faces, and jumped up in a minute, and called out with an audible voice, that God Almighty would consume the party with fire from heaven, for troubling the people of God. On the road, as they went to Edinburgh, when any of their relations or acquaintances came to visit them, they spit at them, and threw themselves on their faces, and bellowed like beasts, whereof his Highness (the Duke of York, then in Scotland) being informed, ordered them immediately to be set at liberty." A more detailed account of these Gibbites will ■ be found in the curious Presbyterian biographies " collected by, and printed for Patrick Walker, in the Bristo-Port of Edinburgh," the early part of last century. In that entitled " Some remarkable Passages in the Life, &c. of Mr. Daniel Cargill:" 12mo. Edin. 1732, A. N. will find the original story of the crazy skipper and his band of " three men and twenty-six women," whom worthy Mr. Cargill endeavoured unsuccessfully to reclaim. From this it would appear that the sweet singers went far greater lengths than above described, and that Gib, after the dispersion of his followers, took himself off to America, " where," says the afore- said Patrick, " he was much admired by the blind 362 i^OTES AND QUERIES. [No. 180. Indians for his familiar converse with the devil." For the further information of your correspondent, I would add that Walker's account of the Gibbites is very well condensed in that more accessible book BiograpMa Scoticana, better known as the JScots Worthies, where the deluded Gib figures under the head of " God's Justice exemplified in his Judgments upon Persecutors." J. O. EDMUND SPENSER. (Vol. vii., p. 303.) Mr. F. F. Spenser published the results of his I'esearches relative to Spenser in the Gentleman's Magazine for August, 1842 ; and towards the end ■of his communication pi'omised to record " many further interesting particular," through the same medium, but failed to do so. Mr. Craik has made special reference to Mr. F. F. Spenser's paper in a little work upon which he must have bestowed a vast deal of labour, and which contains the com- pletest investigation of all that has been discovered concerning the life, works, and descendants of the poet that I have met with : I refer to Spenser and his Poetry : by George L. Craik, M.A. : 3 vols. London, 1845. The appendix to vol. iii., devoted to an account of the descendants of Spenser, among other interesting matter, contains the history of the family descended from Sarah Spenser, a sister of Edmund Spenser, which is still represented. To which I may add that Spenser's own direct de- scendants are living in the city of Cork, and, I regret to say, in reduced circumstances. This should not be. A pension might well be bestowed on the descendants of Spenser, the only one of our four great poets whose posterity is not extinct. J. M. B. Tunbridge Wells. I have read with much curiosity and surprise a paragraph engrafted into " N. & Q." (Vol. vii., p. 33.) from The Times newspaper, June 16, 1841, announcing that a Mr. F. F. Spenser, of Halifax, had ascertained that the ancient residence of his own family, at Hurstwood, near Burnley, Lanca- shii-e, was the identical spot where the great Elizabethan poet, Edmund Spenser, is said to have retired, when driven by academical disappoint- ments to his relations in the north of England. I confess all this appears to me very like a hoax, there is such a weight of negative testimony against it. Dr. Whitaker, the learned historian of Whal- iey, describes Hurstwood Hall as a strong and well- built old house, bearing on its front, in large characters, the name of " Barnai*d Townley," its founder, and that it was for several descents the property and residence of a family branched out from the parent stock of Townley, in the person of John Townley, third son of Sir Richard Town- ley, of Townley — died Sept. 1562. His son, Barnard Townley, died 1602, and married Agnes, daughter and coheiress of George Ormeroyd, of Ormeroyd, who died 1586. It must be remembered that Hurstwood is in the immediate neighbourhood of Dr. Whi taker's ancient patrimonial estate of Holme ; and he must have been familiar with all the traditionary history of that locality. Yet he is silent on this subject, and does not allude either to the occasional resi- dence of the poet Spenser in those parts, or to the family of Spensers, who are stated in this para- graph to have resided at Hurstwood about four hundred years. Clivigee. tAMECH KILLING CAIN. (Vol. vii., p. 305.) Sir John Maundeville says : " Also, seven miles from Nazareth is Mount Cain, under which is a well ; and beside that well Lamech, Noah's father, slew Cain with an arrow. For this Cain went through briars and bushes, as a wild beast ; and he had lived from the time of Adam, his father, unto the time of Noah ; and so he lived nearly two thousand years. And Lamech was blind for old age." — Travels, chap, x., 'Bohn's Early Travels in Palestine, p. 186. To which is appended the following note by Mr. Thomas Wright, the editor : " This legend arose out of an interpretation given to Gen. iv. 23, 24. Sec, as an illustration, the scene in the Coventry Mysteries, pp. 44. 46. Zeus. J. W. M. will find this question discussed at length in the Dictionnaire de Bayle, art. "Lamech," and more briefly in Pol. Spiopsis Criticorum^ Gen. iv. 23. The subject has been engraved by Lasinio in his Pitture a fresco del Campo Santo di Pisa (torn, xvii.), after the original fresco by Buon- amico Buffalmacco, whose name is so familiar to readers of the Decameron. F. C. B. Bayle relates this legend in his account of Lamech as follows : " There is a common tradition that Lamech, who had been a great lover of hunting, continued the sport even when, by reason of his great age, he was almost blind. He took with him his son, Tubal- Cain, who not only served him as a guide, but also directed him where and when he ought to shoot at the beast. One day, as Cain was hid among the thickets, Lamech's guide seeing something move in that place, gave him notice of it ; whereupon Lamech shot an arrow, and slew Cain. He was extremely concerned at it, and beat his guide so much as to leave him dead upon the place." One of the frescos of the Campo Santo at Pisa gives the whole subject, from the otfering of Abel's and Cain's sacrifice, to the death of the young mau April 9. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 363 by the hand of Lainech, painted by Pietre da Orvieto about 1390. In one corner of the fresco, <;;aiu is depicted as a wild and shaggy figure, crouched in a thicket, at which Lamech, at the ■suggestion of his guide, shoots an arrow. Below, the homicide is represented as murdering the cause of his error by blows on the head inflicted with his bow. Cheverells. The following note upon the name of Lamech may perhaps serve to throw a little light upon the difficult passage in Genesis iv. 23, 24. — Lamech, in Celtic Lamaich, or Laimaig, means a sllnger of stones ; and Lamech being dextrous in the use of that weapon the sling, wantonly slew two young men, and boasted of the bloody deed to his two wives, Adah and Zillah, blasphemously maintain- iing that as Cain for one murder should be avenged sevenfold, so he, for his wanton act, would be avenged seventy and seven fold upon whoever should slay him. It may be considered strange that the name of Lamech should be Celtic, and that it should signify a slinger ; but I am strengthened in my opinion by reference to the Hebrew alphabet, in which the letter I is called lamed; but why it is so named the Hebrews can- not say. Now, if any one examines the Hebrew ^ he will perceive that it is by no means a rude representation of a human arm, holding a sling •with a stone in it. The word Lamech is derived from lam, the hand ; and the termination signifies dexterity in shooting or discharging missiles there- with. It is curious to notice that the remaining names in the passage of Scripture are Celtic : thus Cain is compounded of cend, first, and gein, offspring, — pronounced Kayean, i. e. first begotten. Adah means a fair complexioned, red-haii-ed woman ; and Zillah, peace, fi'om siotlad, pronounced shieta. Fkancis Crossxey. PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES. Photographic Notes. — G. H. P. has communi- cated (Vol. vii., p. 186.) a very excellent paper in reference to our numerous failures in the col- lodion process ; but the remedies he proposes are not, as he is aware, infallible. He gives the re- commendation you find in every work on the .subject, viz. to lift the plate up and down in the bath to allow evaporation of ether. I have made experiments day after day to ascertain the value of this advice, and I am convinced, as far as my practice goes, that you gain nothing by it ; indeed, I am sure that I much oftener get a more even film when the plate is left in the bath for about two minutes without lifting it out. I should be .glad of other photographers' opinion on the point. I have never found any benefit, but much the jContrary, from re-dipping the plate in the bath ; and I may observe the same of mixing a drop or two of silver solution with the developing fluid. I think with G. H. P. that the developing so- lution should be weak for positives. I omitted, in my description of a new head-rest, to say that it is better to have all the parts iu metal ; and that the hole, through which the arm runs, should be a square mortice instead of a round one, as is usual. A screw at the side sets it fast ; the lower portion of the upright piece being round, and sliding up and down in a tube of metal, as it does in the best rests, allowing the sitter to be placed in different positions. All this is very difficult to describe, but a slight diagram would explain it easily, which I would willingly, as I have before said, send to any one thinking it worth writing to me for. J. L. Sisson. Edingthorpe Rectory. On some Difficulties in Photographic Practice.— Being desirous to have a glass bath for the silver, ' I was glad to find you had given (in " Notices to Correspondents") directions for making one, viz. two parts best red sealing-wax to one part of Jef- fries' marine glue. I tried this, but found the application of it to the glass impossible, as it set immediately. Now, can you afford room for the means by which this may be remedied ; as my wish to substitute glass for gutta percha remains ? Now I am addressing you, may I offer one or two hints which may be of service to beginners ? If, after what has been considered a sufficient wash- ing of the glass, after the hypo., during the drying, crystals from hypo, remaining appear, and which would most certainly destroy the picture, I have found that by breathing well over these parts, and immediately repeating the washing, all ill effects are thoroughly prevented. To substitute hot water instead of breathing does not desti'oy the hyposulphite, and therefore will not do. When the plate shall be dry after the washing process, if a leaden, dim, grey appearance occurs, I have found that by tenderly rubbing it with fine cotton, and applying with a good-sized camel's hair pencil a varnish of about 8-lOths spirits of turpen- tine and 2-lOths mastic varnish, and then, before this gets dry, putting on the black varnish, the grey effect will have been removed. 1 have found the protonitrate of iron, as also the protosulphate, and not seldom the pyrogalUc, so difficult of application, that I have stained and spoiled very good pictures. I have therefore used, and with perfect success, a tray of gutta percha a little longer than the glass (say one-fourth of an inch), and one-fourth of an inch deep ; sliding from one end the glass into the tray (supplied im- mediately before using it), by which means the glass is all covered at once. I think the Rev. Mr. Sisson's suggestion, viz. to send you some of our specimens with collodion, 364 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 180. a very proper one, if not declined on your own part, and shall, for one, feel great pleasure in act- ing in accordance with it. You will, I trust, pardon my foregoing hints for beginners, as I well know that I have lost several pictures by hypo-crystals, and very many by the difficulty in developing. L. Merkitt. Maidstone. P.S. — I always find collodion by Dr. Diamonb's formula capital, and with it from five to ten seconds is time enough. Mr. Weld Taylor's cheap Iodizing Process. — I have no doubt Mr. Weld Taylor will be kind enough to explain to me two difficulties I find in his cheap iodizing process for paper. In the first place, whence arises the caustic con- dition of his solution, unless it be through the decomposition of the cyanide of potassium which is sometimes added ? and if such caustic condition exists, does it not cause a deposition of oxide of silver together with the iodide, thereby embrown- ing the paper ? Why does the caustic condition of the solution require a larger dose of nitrate of silver, and does not this larger quantity of nitrate of silver more than outbalance the difference between the new process and the old, as regards price? I jiay Is. ^d. for an ounce of iodide of potassium of purest quality ; the commoner commercial quality is cheaper. F. Maxwell Lyte. Somersetshire Ballad (Vol. vii., p. 236.). — " Go vlnd the vicar of Taunton Deane," &c. S. A. S. will find the above in The Aviary, or Magazine of British Melody, a square volume published about the middle of last century ; or in a volume bearing the running title — A Collection of diverting Songs, Airs, Sfc, of about the same period — both extensive depots of old song ; the first con- taining 1344, and the last, as far as my mutilated copy goes, extending to nearly 500 pages quarto. J. O. Family of De Thurnham (Vol. vii., p. 261.). — In reply to 0. I send a few notes illustrative of the pedigree, &c. of the De Thurnhams, lords of Thurnham, in Kent, deduced from Dugdale, pub- lic records, and MS. charters in my possession, namely, the MS. Rolls of Combwell Priory, which was founded by Robert de Thurnham the elder ; from which it appears that Robert de Thurnham, who lived tempore Hen. II., had two sons, Robert and Stephen. Of these, Robert married Joan, daughter of William Fossard, and died 13 John, leaving a daughter and sole heir Isabel, for whose marriage Peter de Maulay had to pay 7000 marks, which were allowed him in his accounts for services rendered to the crown. Stephen, the other son^ married Edellna, daughter of Ralph de Broc, and, dying circiter 16 John, was burled in Waverley Abbey, Surrey. He seems to have left five daughters and coheirs ; viz. Mabilia, wife of llalpk de Gatton, and afterwards of Thomas de Bavelinge- ham ; Alice, wife of Adam de Bending ; Allanoro, wife of Roger de Leybourne; Beatrice, wife of Ralph de Fay ; and Alienore, wife of Ralph Fitz- Bernard. Dugdale and the Combwell Rolls speak of only four daughters, making no mention of the wife of Ralph Fitz-Bernard ; but an entry on the Fine Rolls would seem almost necessarily to imply that she was one of the five daughters and co- heiresses. If not a daughter, she was in some loajf coheiress with the daughters ; which Is confirmed by an entry in Testa de Nevill : and, by a charter- temp. Edw.I., I find Roger de North wood, husband of Bona Fitz-Bernard, in possession of the manor of Thurnham, with every appearance of its having been by inheritance of his wife. With this ex- planation, I have ventured to Include Alianore,. wife of Ralph Fitz-Bernard, as among the daugh- ters and coheiresses of Stephen de Thurnham. The issue of all of these marriages, after a few years, terminated in female representatives — among them the great infanta Juliana de Ley- bourne — mingling their blood with the Denes, Towns, Northwoods, Wattons, &c., and other ancient families of Kent. I have two beautiful seals of Sir Stephen de Thurnham temp. John, — a knight fully capari- soned on horseback, but not a trace of armorial bearings on his shield; nor, in truth, could we expect to find any such assigned to him at that early period. L. B. L. Major- General Lambert (Vol. vii., pp. 237. 269. J. — Lambert did not survive his sentence more than twenty-one years. His trial took place in 1661, and he died during the hard winter of 1 683. The last fifteen years of his life were spent on the small fortified island of St. Nicholas, com- monly called Drake's Island, situated in Plymouth Sound, at the entrance to the Hamoaze. Lambert's wife and two of his daughters were with him on this island in 1673. (See " N. & Q.,"" Vols. iv. and v.) J. Leweltn Curtis. Loggerheads (Vol. v., p. 338. ; and Vol. vii-, pp. 192-3.). — Your correspondent Cambrensis, whose communication on this subject I have read with much interest, will excuse my correcting him in one or two minor points of his narrative. The little wayside inn at Llanverres, rendered famous by the genius of the painter Wilson, is still stand- ing in its original position, on the left-hand of the ro.ad as you pass through that vlllnge to Ruthin. Woodward, who was landlord of the inn at the time Wilson frequented it, survived his friend April 9. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 365 about sixteen years, leaving six cbildren (two sons and four daughters), none of whom however, as Cambkensis surmises, succeeded him as landlord. His widow shortly afterwards married Edward Griffiths, a man many years her junior, and who, at the period Camdrbnsis alludes to, and for a long time previous, was "mine host" of the "Log- gerheads." Griffiths died about three years ago, after amassing a large property by mining specu- lations in the neighbourhood. There are, I be- lieve, several fine paintings by Wilson in the new liall of Colomendy, now tlie residence of the relict of Col. Garnons. The old house, where Wilson lived, was taken down about thirty years ago, to make way for the present structure. T. Hughes. Chester. Grafts and the Parent Tree (Vol. vii., p. 261.). — In reply to J. P. of this town, I beg to say that the belief, that " the graft perishes when the parent tree decays," is merely one among a host of super- stitions reverently cherished by florists. The fact is, that grafts, after some fifteen years, wear them- selves out. Of course there cannot be wanting many examples of the almost synchronous demise of parent and graft. From such cases, no doubt, the myth in question took its rise. C. Mansfield Inglebt. Birmingham. The Lisle Family (Vol. vii., pp. 236. 269.). — Mb. Garland's Query has induced me to inquire, through the same channel, whether anything is known about a family of this name, some of whom are buried at Thruxton in Hampshire. There are four monuments in the church, two of which are certainly, the others probably, erected to mem- bers of the family. The first is a very fine brass (described in the Oxford Catalogue of Brasses), inscribed to Sir John Lisle, Lord of Boddington in the Isle of Wight, who died a.d. 1407. The next in date, and I suppose of much the same period, is an altar-tomb under an arch, which seems to have led into a small chantry. On this there are no arms, and no inscription. The tomb h now surmounted by the figure of a Crusader, which once lay outside the church, and is thought to be one of the Lisles, and the founder of the original church. On the north side of the chancel two arches looked into what was once a chantry chapel. In the eastern arch is an altar-tomb, once adorned with shields, which are now torn off. This chantry stood within the memory of " the oldest inhabitant;" but it was pulled down by the owner of the land appertaining to the chantry, and of its materials was built the church tower. Qne of its windows forms the tower window, and its battlements and pinnacles serve their old pur- pose in their new position. A modern vestry oc- cupies part of the site of the chantry, and shows one side the altar-tomb I have last mentioned. This side has been refaced in Jacobian style, and the arms of Lisle and Courtenay, and one other coat (the same which occur on the brass), form part of the decoration. Two figures belonging to this later work lie now on the altar- tomb, and many more are remembered to have existed in- side the chantry. The mixture of this late Ja- cobian work with the old work of the chantry is very curious, and can be traced all over what remains of it. The initials T. L. appear on shields under the tower battlements. I should be glad to find that these Lisles would throw any light on the subject of Mb. Gabland's inquiry ; and if they do not, perhaps some of your readers can give some information about them. The coat of arms of this family is — Or, on a chief gules, three lioncels rampant of the first. R.H.C. The Dodo in Ceylon (Vol. vii., p. 188.). — The bird which Sir J. Emerson Tennent identifies with the dodo is common on Ceylonese sculpture. The natives say it is now extinct, and call it the Hangsiya, or sacred goose; but whether deemed sacred for the same reason as the Capitoline goose, or otherwise, I must leave the author of J£leven Years in Ceylon to explain, he being the person in this country most conversant with Ceylonese mythology. I now wish to call Sir Emerson's attention to a coincidence that may be worthy his notice In con- nexion with his forthcoming work on Ceylon. If he will take the trouble to examine the model of the Parthenon^ in the Elgin Marble room of the British Museum, he cannot fail to be struck with its resemblance to the beautiful building he visited at Polonaroowa, called the Jaitoowanarama. The dimensions of the respective buildings I can- not at present ascertain; but the ground-plans are precisely similar, and each was roofless. But the most striking resemblance is in the position and altitude of the statues : that of the gigantic Bhoodho is precisely similar, even in the posture of the right arm and hand, to that of Minerva, the masterpiece of Phidias. On consulting his notes, he may find the height of the statues to correspond. That of Phidias was thirty-nine feet. Ol. Mem. Ju. Glen Tulchan. Thomas Watson, Bishop of St. David: s, 1687-99 (Vol. vii., p. 234.). — This harshly-treated prelate died at Great Wilbraham, near Cambridge, on June 3, 1717, aet. eighty years ; and, from a private letter written at the time, seems to have been burled In haste in the chancel of that church, " but without any service," which may perhaps imply that there was not a funeral sermon, and the ordi- nary ceremony at a prelate's burial. It is, how- 366 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 180., ever, intimated that he died excommunicated. In Paulson's History of Holderness is a notice of Bishop Watson, and of his relatives the Medleys, who are connected with my family by marriage ; but the statement that the bishop " died in the Tower" is incorrect (vol. i. Part II. p. 283. ; vol. ii. Part I. p. 47. ; Part II. p. 542., 4to., 1840-1). F. E. R. Milnrow Parsonage. He died in retirement at Wilburgham, or Wil- braham, in the county of Cambridge, June 3, 1717, aetat. eighty. — See Gough's Camden, vol. ii. p. 140., and Gentlemaiis Magazine, vols. lix. and Ix. Bishop Gobat was born in 1799, at Cremine, in the parish of Grandval, in Switzerland. His name is not to be found in the list of graduates of either Oxford or Cambridge. His degree of D. D. was probably bestowed on him by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Ttko. Dublin. 'Etymology of Fuss (Vol. vii., p. 180.).— " Fuss, n. s., a low, cant word, Dr. .Johnson says. It is, however, a regularly-descended northern word : Sax. FUJ-, prompt, eager; Su. Goth, and Cimbr. fus, the same ; hence the Sax. pyfan, to hasten, and the Su. Goth, fysa, the same," — Todd's Johnson. Richardson gives the same etymology, referring to Somner. Webster says, " allied, perhaps, to Gr. tpuffoM, to blow or puff'." Zeus. A reference to the word in Todd's Johnson's Dictionary will show, and I think satisfactorily, that its origin is fus (Anglo-Saxon), prompt or eager ; hence fysan, to hasten. The quotation given is from Swift. C. I. R. Palindromical Lines (Vol. vii., p. 178.). — The sotadic inscription, "NIYON ANOMHMA MH MONAN OYIN," is stated {Gentleman^ s Magazine, vol. xl. p. 617.) to be on a font at Sandbach in Cheshire, and (Gen- tleman's Magazine, vol. Ixiii. p. 441.) to be on the font at Dulwich in Surrey, and also on the font at Harlow in Essex. Zeus. Nugget (Vol. yi., pp. 171. 281. ; Vol. vii,, pp.143. 272.). — FuBvus is persuaded that the word nugget is of home growth, and has sprung from a root existing under various forms throughout the dia- lects at present in use. The radical appears to be snag, knag, or nag {Knoge, Cordylus, cf. Knuckle), a protuberance, knot, lump; being a term chiefly applied to knots in trees, rough pieces of wood, &c., and in its derivatives strongly expressive of (so to speak) misshapen lumpiness. Every one resident in the midland counties must be acquainted with the word nog, applied to the wooden ball used in the game of " sbinney," the corresponding term of which, nacket, holds in parts of Scotland, where also a short, corpulent person is called a niiget. So, in Essex, nig signifies a piece ; a snag is a well-known word across the Atlantic ; nogs are ninepins in the north of England ; a noggin of bread is equivalent to a hunch in the midland counties ; and in the neighbourhood of the Parret and Exe the word becomes nug, bearing (beside* its usual acceptation) the meaning of knot, lump. This supposed derivation is by no means weakened by the fiict, that miners and others have gone to the " diggins" from parts at no great dis- tance from the last-mentioned district; and we may therefore, although the radical is pretty- generally diffused over the kingdom, attribute its better known application to them. It is no objection that the word, in many of its forms, is used of rough pieces of tvood, as instances sliow that it merely refers to a rudis indigestaque moles characteristic of any article in question. FuRVUS. St. James's. Hihernis ipsis Hiherniores (Vol. vii., p. 260.). — This, which is no doubt the proper form, will be found in Southey's Naval History of England^ vol.iv. p. 104,, applied to "those of old English race who, having adopted the manners of the land^ had become more Irish than the Irishry." The expression originally was applied to these persons in some proclamation or act of parliament, which I think is quoted in the History of England \n Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopcedia : but that work has so bad an index as to make it very difficult to find any passage one may want. Probably Southey would mention the source whence he had it, in his collections for his Naval History in his Common- place Book. E. G. R. The Passame Sares (?nel. Passamezzo) Galliard (VoLvi., pp. 311.446.; Vol. vii,, p. 216.). — Will you allow me to correct a mistake into which both the correspondents who have kindly answered my questions respecting this galliard seem to have fallen, perhaps misled by an ambiguity in my ex- pression ? My inquiry was not intended to refer to galliards in general, the tunes of which, I am well aware, must have been very various, but to this one gal- liard In particular; and was made with the view of ascertaining whether the air is ever played at the present day during the representation of the Second Part of King Henry IV. C. Fohbes. Temple. Swedish Words current in England (Vol. vii., p. 231.). — I beg to inform your correspondent that the following words, which occur in his list, are pure Anglo-Saxon, bearing almost the same mean^ Apkil 9. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 367 ing which he has attributed to them : — wyrm ; hy, hya, to inhabit ; Jecc ; diofiil; dobl, equivalent to doalig : goepung; a heap ; lacan ; ', loppe ; nebb ; sniitbig, contagion ; stceth, a fixed basis. Eldon is Icelandic, from elldr, fire : hence we have " At sla elld lir tinnu," to strike fire from flint ; which approaches very near to a tinder-box. Ling, Icel., the heath or heather plant : Ijung I take to be the same word. Gat, Icel. for way or opening ; hence strand-gata, the opening of the strand or creek. Tjam, tiom, Icel., well exem- plified in Malham Tarn in Craven. C. I. R. Gotch (Vol. vi., p. 400.). — The gotch cup, de- scribed by W. R., must have been known in Eng- land before the coming of the present royal family, as it is given in Bailey's Dictionary (1730) as a south country word : it is not likely to have become provincial in so short a time, nor its origin, if Ger- man, to have escaped the notice of old ^iKoXoyos. The A.-S. verb geotan seems to have had the sense of to cast metals, as giessen has in German. In Bosworth's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary is leadgota, a plumber. In modern Dutch this is lootgieter. Thus, from geotan is derived iiigot (Germ, einguss), as well as the following words in Halliwell's Dic' tionary : yete, to cast metals {Pr. Parv.) ; helleyetere and hellyatere, a bell-founder (Pr.Parv.); geat, the hole through which melted metal runs into a mould ; and yote, to pour in. Grose has yoted, watered, a west country woi'd. E. G. R. Passage in Thomson : " Steaming " (Vol. vii., pp. 87. 248.). — This word, and not streaming, is clearly the true reading (as is remarked by the former correspondents), and is so printed in the editions to which I am able to refer. The object of my Note is to point out a parallel passage in Milton, and to suggest that steaming would there also be the proper reading : " Ye mists and exhalations, that now rise, From hill or streaming lake, dusky or gray, Till the sun paint your fleecy skirts with gold. In honour to the world's great Author, rise." Paradise Lost, Book v. CUTHBERT BeDE, B.A. [The reading is steaminy in the 1st edition of Para- dise Lost, 1667. — Ed,] The Word ''Party" (Vol. vil., pp. 177. 247.).— The use of this word for a particular person is earlier than Shakspeare's time. It no doubt occurs in most of our earliest writers ; for it is to be found in Herbert's Life of Henry VIII, in his trans- lation of the " Centum Gravamina " presented to Pope Adrian in 1521, the 55th running thus : ^ " That, if one of the marryed couple take a journey either to the warres, or to perform a vow, to a farre countrey, they permit the parti/ remaining at home, if the other stay long away, upon a sumtne of money payd, to cohabite with another, not examining suffi- ciently whether the absent party were dead." It may also be found in Exodus xxii. 9., where, though it occurs in the plural, it refers to two individuals : " For all manner of trespass, whether it be for ox,. for ass, for sheep, for raiment, or for any manner of lost thing, which another challengeth to be his, the cause of both parties shall come before the judges ; and whom the judges shall condemn, he shall pay double unto his neighbour." H. T. EliLACOMBE, Clyst St. George. Curious Fact in Natural Philosophy (Vol. vii., p. 206.). — In reply to Elginensis I send you a quotation from Dr. Golding Bird's Natural Phi- losophy in explanation of this well-known phe- nomenon : " One very remarkable phenomenon connected with the escape of a current of air under considerable pres- sure, must not be passed over silently. M. Clement, Desormes {Ann. de Phys, et Chim,, xxxvi. p. 69.) has observed, that when an opening, about an inch in dia- meter, is made in the side of a reservoir of compressed air, the latter rushes out violently ; and if a plate of metal or wood, seven inches in diameter, be pressed towards the opening, it will, after the first repulsive action of the current of air is overcome, be apparently attracted, rapidly oscillating within a short distance of the opening, out of which the air continues to emit with considerable force. This curious circumstance is- explained on the supposition, that the current of air,, on escaping through the opening, expands itself into a thin disc, to escape between the plate of wood or metal, and side of the reservoir ; and on reaching the circum- ference of the plate, draws after it a current of atmo- spheric air from the opposite side. . . . The plate thus balanced between these currents remains near the aperture, and apparently attracted by the current of air to which it is opposed." Dr. G. B. then describes the experiment quoted by Elginensis as " a similar phenomenon, and apparently explicable on similar principles.'* (Bird's Nat. Phil., p. 118.) Cokely. Lowhell (Vol. vii., p. 272.). — I may add to the explanation of this word given by M. H., that low, derived from the Saxon lozg, is still com- monly used in Scotland for a flame ; hence the derivation of lowbell, for a mode of birdoatching by night, by which the birds, being awakened by the bell, are lured by the light into nets held by the fowlers. In the ballad of St. George for England, we have the following lines : " As timorous larks amazed are With light and with a lowhell." The terra lowbelling may therefore, from the noise,; be fitly applied to the rustic charivari described by H. T. W. (Vol. vii., p. 181.) as practised in Northamptonshire. J- S. C, 368 NOTES AND QUEKIES. [No. 180. - Life and Correspondence of S. T. Coleridge (Vol. vii., p. 282.). — There can be but one opinion and feeling as to the want which exists for a really good biography of this intellectual giant; but there will be many dissentients as to the proposed biographer, whose life of Hartley Coleridge cannot be regarded as a happy example of this class of composition. A life from the pen of Judge Coleridge, the friend of Arnold and Whateley, is, we think, far more to be desired. ©. Coniger, S^c. (Vol. yii., pp. 182. 241.). — Af one extremity, the picturesque range of hills which forms the noble background of Dunster Castle, CO. Somerset, is terminated by a striking conical eminence, well-wooded, and surmounted by an embattled tower, erected as an object from the castle windows. This eminence bears the name of The Coniger, and is now a pheasant preserve. Mr. Hamper, in an excellent notice of Dunster and its antiquities, in the Gentleman^s Magazine, October, 1808, p. 873., says: " The Conygre, or rabbit-ground, was a common appendage to manor-houses." Savage, however, in his History of the Hundred of Carhampton, p. 440., is of opinion that " Cimeygar seems to be derived from the Anglo- Saxon Cyning, King; and the Mceso-Gothic Garas, the same as the Latin Damns, a house, that is, the king's house or residence. Mr. Hamper has some notion that Conygre means a rahbit-ground, &c., but Mr. H. does not go high enough for his etymology ; besides, how does it appear that a rabbit-ground was at any time an appendage to manor-houses? There is no authority for the assertion." I give you this criticism on Mr. Hamper valeat quantum, but am disposed to think he is right. At all events there are no vestiges of any build- ing on the Coniger except the tower aforesaid, which was erected by the present Mr. Luttrell's grandfather. Balliolensis. In the Irish language, Cuinicear, pronounced *' Keenekar," is a rabbit-warren. Cuinin is the diminutive of cm, a dog of any sort ; and from the Celtic cu, the Greeks took their word kvw, a dog. I am of opinion that the origin of rabbit is in the Celtic word rap, i. e. a creature that digs and burrows in the ground. Fras. Cbossley. Cupid crying (Vol. i., p. 172.). — I had no means (for reasons I need not now specify) of referring to my 1st Vol. of "N. & Q." until yesterday, for the pretty epigram given in an English dress by RuFUs; and as the writer in the Athenceum, whose communication you quote on the same subject (Vol. i , p. .308.), observes "that the translator has taken some liberties with his text," I make no apology for sending you a much closer rendering, which hits off with great happiness the point and quaintness of the original, by a septuagenarian, whose lucubrations have already been immor- talised in " N. & Q." " De Cupidine. Cur natum caedlt Venus ? arcum perdidit, arcura Nunc quis habet? Tusco Flavia nata solo : Qui factum ? petit haec, dedit hie, nam lumine formae Deceptus, matri se dari crediderat." " Cupid crying. Wherefore does Venus beat her boy ? He has mislaid or lost his bow : — And who retains the missing toy? Th' Etrurian Flavia. How so ? She ask'd : he gave it ; for the child. Not e'en suspecting any other, By beauty's dazzling light beguil'd, Thought he had given it to his mother." F. T. J. B. Westminster Assembly of Divines (Vol. vii., p. 260.). — Dr. Lightfoot's interesting and valuable "Jour- nal of the Assembly of Divines," from January 1, 1643, to December 31, 1644, will be found in the last volume of the edition of his Works, edited by Pitman, and published at London, 182.5, in 13 vols. 8vo. I believe a few copies of the 13th volume were printed to be sold separately. The MS. Journal in three thick folio volumes, preserved in Dr. Williams's library, Redcross Street, London, is attributed to Dr. Thomas Goodwin. A MS. Journal, by Geo. Gillespie, from Feb. 2, 1644, to Oct. 25, 1644, in 2 vols., is in the Advo- cates' Library, Edinburgh. The Rev. W. M. Hetherington published a tolerably impartial History of the Westminster Assembly, Edinburgh, 1843, 12mo. The most important work, as throwing light upon the proceedings of the Assembly, is the Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie. The only complete edition of these interesting documents is that edited by David Laing, Esq., and published in 3 vols, royal 8vo., 1841-2. John I. Dredge. Mr. Stansbuby will find the " Journal of the Assembly of Divines," by Lightfoot, in the new edition of his Works, vol. xiii. pp. 5. etseq. Some further light is thrown upon the subject by a parliamentary paper, printed " for the service of both Houses' and the Assembly of Divines." A copy of it is preserved in our University library (Ff. xlv. 25.). I have referred to both these docu- ments in A History of the Articles, 8fc., pp. 208-9. C. IIabdwick. St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge. The Journal kept by Lightfoot will be found in the 13th volume of his Works, as edited by the Rev. J. R. Pitman : London, 1825, 8vo. It should be studied by all those who desire to see a revived Convocation. S. R. M. J Apeil 9, 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 369 Epigrams (Vol. vli., pp. 175. 270.). — " Suum cuique " being a principle which holds good with regard to literary property as well as to property of every other description, I can inform your correspondent Balliolensis that the epigram on Dr. Toe, which he says was " represented to have proceeded from the pen of Thomas Dunbar, of Brasenose," was in reality the production of my respected neighbour, the Rev. William Bradford, M. A., rector of Storrington, Sussex. It was written by that gentleman when he was an under- graduate of St. John's College, Oxford. Bal- i-ioLENSis may rely upon the accuracy of this in- formation, as I had it from Mr. Bradford's own lips only yesterday. The correct version of the epigram is that given by Sceapiana, p. 270. R. Blakiston. Ashington, Sussex. " God and the world" (Vol.vii., pp. 134. 297.). — These lines are found, as quoted by W. H., in Coleridge's Aids to Rejection, p. 87., ed. 1831. Coleridge gives them as the words of a sage poet of the preceding generation (meaning, I suppose, the generation preceding! that of Ai*chbishop Leighton, a passage from whose works he has introduced as an aphorism just before). I have often wondered who this poet was, and whether the last line were really a quotation from Macbeth, or whether Shakspeare and the unknown poet had both but borrowed a popular saying. I also had my suspicions that Coleridge himself might have patched the verses a little ; and the communication of your correspondent Rt., tracing the lines in their original form to the works of Fulke Greville Lord Brooke, now verifies his conjecture. It may be worth while to point out another instance of this kind of manufacture by the same skilful hand. In the first volume of The Friend (p. 215., ed. 1818), Coleridge places at the head of an essay a quotation of two stanzas from Daniel's Musophilus. The second, which precedes in the original that which Coleridge places first, is thus given by him : " Since writings are the veins, the arteries, And undecaying life-strings of those hearts. That still shall pant and still shall exercise Their mightiest powers when Nature none imparts ; , And the strong constitution of their praise Wear out the infection of distemper d days." Daniel wrote as follows (vol. il. p. 373., ed. 1718) : " For these lines are the veins, the arteries And undecaying life-strings of those hearts. That still shall pant and still shall exercise The motion spirit and nature both imparts. And still with those alive so sympathize. As notirish'd with their powers, enjoy their parts." C. W. G. SkaHng Problem (Vol. vii., p. 284.). — The Query of your correspondent recalls the one said to have been put by King James to the mem- bers of the Royal Society : " How is it," said the British Solomon, " that if two buckets of water be equipoised in a balance, and a couple of live bream be put into one of them, the bucket con- taining the fish does not overweigh the other ? " After some learned reasons had been adduced by certain of the philosophers, one of them said, " Please your Majesty, that bucket would be hea- vier by the exact weight of the fish." " Thou art right," said the sapient king ; " I did not think there had been so much sense among you." Now, although I do not mean to say that A Skater propounds for elucidation what he knows to be a fallacy, yet I do assert that he is mistaken as to the fact alleged. He recommends any one who is "incredulous" to make the trial — in which case, the experimenter would undoubtedly find himself in the water ! I advise an appeal to common sense and philosophy : the former will show that a person in skates is not lighter than another ; the latter, that ice will not fracture less readily be- neath the weight of an individual raised on a pair of steel edges, than one on a pair of flat soles — all other circumstances being the same ; the reverse, indeed, would be the fact. The true explanation of the "problem" is to be found in the circum- stance, that " a skater," rendered confident by the ease with which he glides over ice on which he could not stand, will often also "stand" securely on ice which would break under the restless feet of a person in his shoes only. This has always appeared to be the obvious reason for the appa- rent anomaly to one who is No Skatbb. Parochial Libraries (Vol. vi., p. 432.). — Let me add to the list of parochial libraries that atWendle- bury, Oxon, the gift of Robert Welborn, rector, cir. 1760. It consists of about fifty volumes in folio, chiefly works of the Fathers, and, if I re- member rightly, Benedictine editions. It waa originally placed in the north transept of the church, but afterwards removed to the rectory. I believe that the books were intended for the use of the rector, but were to be lent to the neigh- bouring clergy on a bond being given for their re- storation. After many years of sad neglect, this library was put into thorough order a few years ago by the liberality of the Rev. Jacob Ley, student of Ch. Ch. Chevebells. NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. Books Received. — Reynard the Fox, after the German Version of Goethe, with Illustrations, by J. Wolf. Part IV. carries us on to The Trial, which is very ably rendered. — Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geo- graphy, by various Writers, edited by W. Smith. This Sixth Part, extending from Cinabi to Cyrrhestica, con- 370 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 180. tains numerous interesting articles, such as Constanti- nople, which gives us an outline of Byzantine History, and Corinth, Crete, Cyrene, §*c. — Mr. Darling's Gy- clopcedia Bihlioyraphica has now reached its Seventh Part, and which extends from Dr. Abernethy Drum- mond to Dr. John Fawcett. — The Journal of Sacred Literature, No. VII., containing articles on The Scythian Dominion in Asia; Modern Contributions to the Study of Prophecy ; Heaven, Hell, Hades; Nature of Sin and its earliest Decelopment ; Life and Epistles of St. Paul; Slavery and the Old Testament; Biblical Criticism; Memphitic New Testament; and its usual variety of Correspondence, Minor Notices, &c. — Gen- tleman's Magazine for April, which commences with an article on Mr, Collier's Notes and Emendations to the Text of Shakspeare's Plays. — Mr. Akerman, although the number of subscribers is not sufficient to cover the expenses, continues his Remains of Pagan Saxondum, The Fourth Part just issued contains coloured plates, the full size of the respective objects, of a Fibula from ■a Cemetery at Fairford, Gloucester ; and of Fibula, Tweezers, §*c. from Great Driffield, Yorkshire. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. The Truth Teller. A Periodical. JJahah Coleridge's Phantasmion. J. Ii. Pktit's Church Architecture. 2 Vols. K. Mant's Church Architecture considered in Relation to THE Mind of the Church. 8vo. Belfast, 1840. Cambhidgs Camden Society's Transactions. Vol. III. — Ellicott on Vaulting. Quartehly Review, 1845. Gardeners' Chronicle, 1838 to 1852, all but Oct. to Dec. 1831. Collier's further Vindication of his short View of the Stage. 1708. Congreve's Amendment of Collier's false and imperfect Citations. 1698. Filmer's Defence of Plays, or the Stage vindicated. 1707. The Stage condemned. 1698. Bedford's Serious Reflections on the Abuses of the Stage. 8vo. 1705. Dissertation on Isaiah, Chapter XVIII., in a Letter to Edward King, &c., by Samuel Housley, Lord Bishop of Rochester. 1799. First Edition, in 4to. EisHOP Fell's Edition of Cyprian, containing Bishop Pear- son's Annales Cypriania. Athenaeum Journal, 1847 to 1851 inclusive. A Description of the Royal Gardens at Richmond in Surry. In a Letter to a Society of Gentlemen. Pp. 32. 8vo. With a Plan and Eight Plates. No date, circa annum 1770 ? Memoirs of the Rose, by Mr. John Holland. 1 Vol. 12mo. London, 1824. Psyche and Other Poems, by Mrs. Mary Tighe. Portrait. 8vo. 1811. *^^'* Correspondents sending Lists of Bookt Wanted are requested to send their names. *«* Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street. i^atitti to C0rrciSp0ittr0nW. W. S. G. is thanked. We have not inserted the two Folk Lore articles he has sent, inasmuch as they are already recorded in Brand. W. S. D. The saying "God tempers the wind to the shorn Iamb," made s> popular by its application to Sterne's " Maria," is from a French proverb " A brebis tondue Dieu mesure le vent," viliich, in a somewhat older form, is to be found in Gru/er's Flori- legium : Francfort, 1611, p. 353., and in St. Eslicnne's Premices, published in 1594 See our 1st Vol., pp. 211. 236. 325. 3-57. 418. C. M. I. We propose to insert some articles on Shakspeare in «ur next or following Number. , M.A. and J. L. S. are referred to our No. 172., p. 157. Photography. Dr. Diamond's Photographic Notes are pre- pat'ine for immediate publication in a separate form. We may take this opportunity of explaining that Dr. D. is only an amateur, and has notlmig to do with Photography as a profession. We are the 7nore anxious to make this known, since, in consequence of holding an important public office. Dr. Diamond has but little leisure for pursuing his researches. J. B. S. will find what he requires at p. 277. of our last volume. C. B. (Birmingham). If the hyposulphite of soda is not thoroughly removed from a Photograph, it will soon become covered with reddish spots, and in a short time the whole picture may dis- appear. If cyanide of potassium has been used, it is requisite that the greatest care should be used to effect its removal entirely. W. L. (Liverpool). A meniscus lens of the diameter of four inches should have a focal length of twenty inches, and will pro- duce perfect landscape pictures fourteen inches square. It is said they tnill cover fifteen inches ; bzit fourteen they do with great definition. We strongly advise W. L. to purchase a good article. It is a bad economy not to go to a first-rate wjaier at once. J. M. S. (Manchester). You will find, for a screen to use in the open air, that the white cotton you refer to will be far too light. " Linsey woolsey " forms an admirable screen, and by bring left loose upon a stretcher it may he looped up so as to form drapery, S[C. If you cannot depend upon the collodion you purchase in your city, pray use your ingenuity, and make some according to the formulary given in Vol. vi., p. 277., and you will be rewarded for your trouble. C. E. F. The various applications to your bath which you have used have destroyed it in all probability past use. Ail solutions containing silver will precipitate it in the form of a white powder, upon the addition of common salt ; and from this chloride the pure metal is again readily obtained. The collodion of some makers always acts in the manner you describe ; and we have known it remedied by the addition of about one drachm of spirits of wine to the ounce of collodion. Spirits of wine also added to the nitrate bath — two drachms of spirits of wine to six ounces of the aqueous solution — is sometimes very beneficial. When collodion is inert, and the colour remains a pale milk and water blue after the immersion, a few drops of saturated solution of iodide of silver may be added, as it indicates a deficiency of the iodide. Should the collodion then be turbid, a small lump of iodide of potassium may be dropped into the bottle, which by agitation will soon effect a clearance ; when this is done, the fluid may be poured off from the excess of iodide which remains undissolved. Alex. Rae (Banff). You shall have a private reply at our earliest leisure. The questions you ask would almost comprise a Treatise on Photography. H. N. (March 30th). \st. You will find the opacity you complain of completely removed by the use qf the amber varnish, as recom- mended by Dr. Diamond, unless it proceeds from light having acted generally upon your sensitive collodion in the bath, or during the time of its exposure in the camera ; in which case there is no cure for it — 'Indly. A greater intensity in negatives will be pro- duced without the nitric acid, but with an addition of more acetic acid the picture is more brown and never so agreeable as a positive. 3rd. The protonitrate of iron used ptire produces a pic- ture as delicate, and having all the brilliancy of a Daguerreotype, ■] without its unpleasant metallic reflexion — the fine metal being deposited of a dead white ; and C07nbined with the pyrogallic actd solution in the proportion of one part to six or ten, produces pic- tures of a most agreeable ivory-like colour ith. The protonitrate of iron, when mixed with the pyrogallic acid solution, becomes of a fine violet blue ; but after some minutes it darkens. It should only be mixed immediately before using. The colour of the protonitrate of iron will vary, even rising the same chemicals. The cheap nitrate ofbaryles of commerce answers exceedingly well in most cases; but a finer silver surface is obtained by the use of the purified — 5th. We have generally succeeded in obtaining portraits in an ordinary room, the sitter being placed opposite and near the window : ^ course, a glass-house is much better, the roof of u^hich should be of violet glass, ground on the inner side. This glass can be bought, made especially for the purpose, at lid. the square foot. It ob- structs no chemical rays of light, and is most pleasant to the eyes, causing no fatigue from the great body of light admitted. A few complete sets of " 'Notes and Queries," Vols. i. to vi., price Three Guineas, may now be had ; for which early appli- cation is desirable. " Notes and Queries " is pttblished at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers 07i the Saturday. April 9. 1853.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 371 4 LITERARY CURIOSITY. _ A Fac-simile of a very Remarkably 0U3, Interesting, and Droll Newspaper ot Charles II.'s Keign. Sent Free by Post on re- ceipt of Three Postage Stamps. J. H. FENNELL. 1. WARWICK COURT, UOLBOBN, IiONUON. Just published, price Is., free by Post Is. id., THE WAXED -PAPER PHO- TOGRAPTIIC PROCESS of GUSTAVE I.E GRAY'S NEW EDITION. Translated from the French. - Sole Agents in the TTnited Kingdom for VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebrated Xenses for Portraits and Views. General Depot for Turner's, Whatman's, Canson Fr^res , La Croix, and other Talbotype Papers. Pure Photographic Chemicals. Instructions and Specimens in every Branch of the Art. GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London. PHOTOGRAPHIC PIC- Jt TURES._A Selection of the above Beautiful Productions may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Pnoto- graphy in all its Branches. Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photozraphical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. PHOTOGRAPHY. —Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of Silver).— J. B. IIOCKIN & CO., Cliemists, 289. Strand, were the first in England who pub- lished the application of this agent (see Athe- nmum, Aug. 14th). Their Collodion (price 9rf. per oz.) retains its extraordinary sensitive- ness, tenacity, and colour unimpaired for months : it may be exported to any climate, and the Iodizing Compound mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with the latest Improvements adapted for all the Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras for Developing in the open Country . GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Iicnses from the best Makers. Waxed and Iodized Papers, &c. TO PHOTOGRAPHERS. — MR. PHILIP DELAMOTTE begs to announce tliat he has now made arrangements for printing Calotypcs in large or small quan- tities, either from Paper or Glass Negatives. Gentlemen who are desirous of having good im- pressions of their works, may sec specimens of Mr. Delamotte's Printing at his own residence, 38. Chepstow Place, Bayswater, or at MR. GEORGE BELL'S, 186. Fleet Street. I>ENNETT'S MODEL ) WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EX- IBITION. No. 1. Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANU- FACTORY, 63. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold liOndon-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, SOjtuineas ; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2^,3^., and 4J. Ther- momeiers from Is. each. BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE. T O PHOTOGRAPHERS. Pure Chemicals, and every requisite for the practice of Photography, according to the instructions of Le Gray, Hunt. Brebisson, and other writers, may be obtained, wholesale and retail, of WILLIAM BOLTON (formerly Dymond & Co.), Manufacturer of pure Che- mii-als for Photographic and other purposes. Lists may be had on application. Improved Apparatus for iodizing paper in vacuo, according to Mr. Stewart s instruc- tions. 146. HOLBORN BARS. PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER— Negative and Positive Papers of What- man's, Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Fr&res' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster Row, London. PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Esta- blishment. Also every description of Apparatus, Che- micals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art. 123. and 121. Newgate Street. WESTERN LIFE ASSU- RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, 3. FAKLLIMENT STREET, LONDON. Foimded A.D. 1842. Directors. H. E. Bicknell, Esq. W. Cabell, Esq. T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P. G. H. Drew, Esq. W. Evans, Esq. W. Freeman, Esq. F. Fuller, Esq. J. H. Goodhart, Esq. T Grissell, Esq. J. Hunt, Esg. J. A. IvCthbridge, Esq. E. Lucas, Esq. J^. Lys Seager, Esq. J. B. White, Esq. J. Carter Wood, Esq. Trustees. W. "WTiateley, Esq., Q.C. ; L. C. Humfrey, Esq.iQ.C. ; George Drew, Esq. Physician. — William Rich. Basham, M.D. Banters. — Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. POLICIES effected in this Office do not be- come void through temporary difficulty in pay- ing a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Pro- spectus. Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100?., with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits: — Age 17- £ s. d. - 1 14 4 ' 1 18 8 Age £ s. d. 2 10 8 2 18 6 ARTHUR SCBATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. Now ready, price 10s. 6<7., Second Edition, with material additions. INDUSTRIAL IN- VESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO- CIE riKS, and on the (ieneral Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Com- pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR- THUR SCBATCHLEY, M. A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parlia- ment Street, London. ESTABLISHED 1841. mCBDXCAI., IXrVAXiIB, AND CElSrEXtAI. »F£ OFFICE, 25. PALL MALL. During the last Ten Years, this Society has issued more than Four Thousand One Hundred and Fifty Policies — Covering Assurances to the extent of One Million Six Hundred and Eighty-seven Thou- sand Pounds, and upwards Yielding Annual Premiums amounting to Seventy-three Thoiisaiul Pounds. This Society is the only one possessing Tables for the Assurance of Diseased Lives. Healthy Lives Assured at Home and Abroad at lower rates than at most other OfSces. A Bonus of 50 per cent, on the premiums paid was added to the policies at last Division of Profits. Next Division in 1853— in which all Policie* effected before 30th June, 1853, will participate. Agents wanted for vacant places. Prospectuses, Forms of Proposal, and every other information, may be obtained of the Secretary at the Chief Office, or on application to any of the Society's Agents in the country. F. G. P. NEISON, Actuary. C. DOUGLAS SINGER, Secretary. UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY; established by Act of Parliament in 1834. —8. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London. HONORARY PRESIDENTS. Earl of Courtown Earl Leveu and Mel ville Earl of Norbury Earl of Stair Viscount Falkland Lord Elphinstone Lord Belhaven and Stenton Wm. Campbell, Esq.. of Tillichewan. LONDON BOARD. Chairman. — Charles Graham, Esq. Deputy- Chairman. — Charles Downes, Esq. n. Blair Avame, Esq. E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., F.S.A., Resident. C. Berwick Curtis, Esq. William Fairlie, Esq. D. Q. Henriques, Esq. J. G. Henriques, Esq. F. C. Maitland, Esq. William Railton, Esq. F. H. Thomson, Esq. Thomas Thorby,Esq. MEDICAL OFFICERS. Physician Arthur H. Hassall, Esq., M.D., 8. Bennett Street, St. James's. Surgeon, — F. H. Thomson, Esq., 48. Berners Street. The Bonus added to Policies from March, 1834, to December 31. 1847, is as follows : — Sum Assured. 5000 • 1000 500 Time Assured. Sum added to Policy. In 1841. In 1848. I£ s. d. 683 6 8 - - - - Sum payable at Death. s.d. 78710 0 15710 0 11 50 s.d. 6470 16 8 157 10 0 511 5 0 * Example. — At the commencement of the year ! 84 1 , a person aged thirty took out a Policy for lOOOi!., the annual payment for which is 24?. Is. M. ; in 1847 he had paid in premiums 168Z. lis. %d. ; but the profits being 2} per cent, per annum on the sura insured (which is 22/. 10s. per annum for each 1000?.) he had 157Z. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much as the premiums paid. The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only one-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for Life. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident Director. 372 NOTES AND QUERIES. [No. 180. THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGA- ZINE for APRIL contains : — 1 . The Text of Shakspeare's Plays. 2. Mrs. Hamilton Gray's History of Rome. 3. Lares and Penates (with EngravrasrsX 4. Jacques van Artevelde. 6. Literary Relics of James Thomson and Allan Kamsay. 6. A Word upon Wigs. 7. The Income Tax. 8. Paris after Waterloo. 9. Cor- respondence of Sylvanus Urban : Concealed Lands ; Richard of Cirencester ; Artifice of a Condemned Malefactor ; Billinitsgate and Whittington's Conduit. With Notes of the Month ; Review of New Publications ; Reports of Archieological Societies, Historical Chroni- cle, and OniTOARY ; including Memoirs of the Earl of Belfast, Bishop Kaye, Bishop Brough- ton, Sir Wathen Waller, Rear- Admiral Aus- ten, William Peter, Esq., the late Provost of Eton, John Philip Dyott, &c. &c. Price 2s. 6